Generall whether they are to march in the Avantgard the Battell or the reere so that in marching every one of these three shall attend upon his Brigade and severall devisions and in the absence of the Sariant Maiour generall see that the order of marching and embattalliing be duely kept and observed And every one of these three Sariants maiours de Brigade are to be at the command of the Colonoll Generall or he that leads and commands that Brigade or Tercia and is to be sent to the Lord Generall the Lord marshall or Sariant Maiour Generall upon any ocasion which belongs to the present service These three Sariant Maiours of the Tercias are to be lodged as neere the Sariant Maiour Generall as conveniently may be And these three which attends upon the Avantguard the Battell and the Reere with the Sariant Maiour shal make choise of ground for the placeing of guards and assigne them to the Sariant Maiours of every Regiment they are to goe the Round and to visit the guard commonly every night and at such an houre as the Sariant Maiour shall appoint them either by day or night Jf any of these three Sariant Maiours of the field shall find any want of powder munition or victualls either in the Avantgard Battle or Reere aswell upon a march as when the troupes are quartered or during a fight He is presently to advertize the Sariant Maiour Generall with the said wants and then by his direction shall goe with an officer of every Regiment of that Tercia to the Generall or Lieutenant of the ordnance or to the commissary Generall of the amunition or victuals To conclude he having received his orders from the Lord Generall the Marshall or the Sariant Maiour Generall gives them to the Sariant Maiours of the particular regiments but because the word and the orders are to be sent to quarters farr distant one from another the Sariant Maiour of every regiment cannot come conveniently to the Sariant Maiour Generall Therefore the Sariant Maiour of the Brigades are to attend every morning and evening upon the Sariant Maiour Generall of the Army to receive their orders and to carry the word to the severall quarters whether the Sariant Maiour of the regiments comes to him and from him receiue the word and orders Of the Generall or Master of the Ordnance HE hath the charge of all the Artillery Armes Munition Ingiens Materials and Jnstruments of work yea of all things belonging to the Ordnance As beddings platformes carriages and whatsoever else appertaines to the Office of the master of the Ordnance Vnder the Lord Generall he hath absolute command over all officers appertaining to that Traine as the Lieutenant of the Ordnance the Controuler the Clark the Gentlmen of the Ordnance The Master-gunners Armorers Munitions Ingeniers Captaines of Pyoniers and Mineurs over all Smiths Carpenters and Wheelewrights as also over all Artificers and attendants upon the traine of the Artillerie Munitions and Matterials The General of the ordnance after the places for batteries are chosen and assigned him by the Generall of the Armie he is to obserue command and direct the makeing of Bedds and platformes for the ordnance he is also to give direction for the makeing of waies and explanadoes for the bringing up of the ordnance to their batteries and to see that the batteries be made Cannon-proofe and the port-holes so that the ordnance may most annoy an Enemy And after he is once commanded by the Generall to begin a battery he is to give order to his inferiour officers to play and beat with the ordnance upon such and such places till the Lord Generall giueth direction to the contrary and as occasion and ground is gained to advance and remove the ordnance to neerer places Also in a day of battell or fight he is to choose the most advantagious places for the planting of ordnance where they may gaule or offend an enemy most and to have a vigilent eye that all things be done in good order All the Artillery and carriages belonging to the traine of his office upon a march oâ— quarter to be in the safest place of the Army and therefore are to take place before all other carriages unlesse some of the Ordnance be drawne to march in the Avantguard Battell or Reere or to some other places where the necessity of the service may require He is to make lawes and orders for the well governing of the officers of his traine and all officers appertaning to his charge with which he is to make the Generall acquainted that he from time to time may know the state of the ordnance and of all things else belonging thereunto and to take care that the service of the land be not defrauded Of the Commis or Clark of the Munition and Materials THe Clarke of the Munition and Materials Marches under the traine of the Generall of the ordnance he by order from the Generall or Sariant Maiour Generall is to give out all munition as Powder Match and Bullets to the Regiments and Captaines according to the list or proportion commanded him by the Generall and as he receives his bullet from the Sariant Maiour Generall which orders being given out the Sariants of every company repaires to his quarter and lodging to receive it and to give him an acquittance under their hands for the receit thereof Likewise he is to take an account what powder bullets and match is shott away and spent in the Approaches and Trenches and the Colonell which commands there gives him a note how much was spent the night and day during his command there because he is to give up an account to the States and General how many barrills of powder bullets and match was spent in the said approches More over for entrenching outworks and Approches he is to deliver to the quartermaster of every Regiment so many materials to wit Spades Showels Axes Pickaxhes Hatchits and bills as there are workemen Commanded out of every Regiment and company which are to goe to work which Materials the quartermaster of every Regiment is to passe his hand for and to distribute them to the severall companies and when the work is ended to deliver them up to him againe or to give him a reconing how many were broken or lost upon service that the commis may render an account to the States Of the Lord Marshall of the Feild THe Lord marshall of the feild is in command and authority next unto the Lord Generall as is as it were his Lievtenant and mouth and therefore haveing so eminent a place he ought to be acquainted with all the duties of the officers of the feild especially with the Generalls office it selfe because there is such an affinity betwixt them as having absolute power to command the Army in the Generalls absence and may oftimes be employed to command the Army himselfe as commonly the marshals of France doe His office is also to see that Iustice be duely administred
and that the Lawes Articles and ordinances of marshall discipline be strictly kept and observed that all banishments and proclamations comming either from the Generall or the Councell of warre be published and excecuted and by his authority to cause malefactours and offenders to be punished for an example of others And seeing that all he doth is for the generell good of the whole Army he ought to be feared honoured and respected of all men and in no wise contradicted seeing it is his proper charge to take care that the policie and discipline of the Army established by the Generall bee exactly kept and maintained under his authority All quarrels and duels hapning between officer and officer souldier and souldier either of horse or of foote ought to be brought before him seeing it is his office to right the wronged and to punish the offender or by his wisedome and authority to appease and compose them The Lord Marshall also when the Avantguard is drawn out and are ranged in battallie while the battell and the reere are dislodging he sees and commands that both horse and foot march orderly and in their owne place And with some choise troupes marcheth before the Avantguard and considers the waies and passages as Valleys Rivers Marras Boggs Mountaines Hills Hedges Woods Hollow and Narrow waies throw which the Army is to passe that he may order the march accordingly as also to send out Scouts Guides Spies to discover and get inteligence from an Enemy He marches also in the head of the armie Sometimes with the Sariant Maiour Generall the quartermaster Generall and the quartermaster of the Regiments as men experienced to view and make choice of the ground wherein the Army is to bee lodged and quartered He obserues also the order of marching quartering and fighting the three chiefe things belonging to an Army and sees and commands that the march quartering and fight bee conformable to that order which the Generall hath prescribed and the devisions and Troupes being ranged in battallie he is full of action and considers the place and soyle of the ground the advantages of the Sunn Winde and dust and how the troupes with the most advantage may be brought to encounter an Enemy takeing care that the order commanded by the Generall be not changed and when the troups are engaged in fight he sees that they be duely seconded and relieved and being overlaid or charged to cause them to retreat orderly for the avoiding of disorder and confusion having a watchfull eye upon all casualities which may happen for what the Lord Generall ordaines the Lord Marshall sees performed and executed to the end that both their desires may take one and the same effect For when commanders undertakes a warre and fights with councell and iudgment and sees all things also executed with wisedome discretion and valour giving the succes to God no man can then be blamed The Lord Marshall also ought to be acquainted with the Generals designe and whether he is resolved to fight with an enemie or no To consider whether he is to charg an enemy in the Front in the Reere or on the flankes to hinder them from quartering and to send out convoyes for the cutting off of his Victuals and provisions He ought to consider likewise how an Enemy lies encamped which way he can come to attempt him whether he is to march and whither his dessigne tends what order he keeps with what Troupes he may hinder or annoy an Enemy or being once ingaged in fight where and how he may best second and relieve his owne men either with horse or foot to place and bring up the devisions of Muskettiers where they may most offend and gaule an Enemy and the bodies of Pikes may with the most advantage be brought to give a charge or a shock Also to understand and get intelligence of what force and strength an Enemy is what baggage carriages and incumbrances he hath and from whence his victuals and provisions are to come to know whether any more forces are to ioyne with him and how and in what manner he may break their conjunction He is also to have in a readinesse an exact Mapp of that Country through which the Army is to march and a description of all the waies rivers and passages through which the Army is to passe having also by him good Guides which are well acquainted with the severall passages of that Country and place The Lord Marshall likewise with the Sariant Maiour Generall ordaines and appoints all places for watches and Guards either of Horse or Foote which they assigne to the three Sariant Maiours of the Tercias and they to the Sariant Maiours of the Regiments and the places which they are to maintain and make good also for alarme-places and the choice of ground to fight a battell in for the most safety and defence of the Army In the day of battell he must be stirring and full of action to give orders and directions where need most requires and to 〈◊〉 both officers and Souldiers to acquit themselves like men Vpon a march or the Army being encamped he ought to counsell Tradesmen and victuallers which bring provisions to the army and gives command that they be not wrongd and abused by the Souldiers but that they may sell their commodities peaceably Likewise he gives order by his authority to the Provost Marshall Generall and to the particular Marshalls of every Regiment that they set reasonable rates and prizes upon victuals and beere for the good of the poore Souldier There are divers other points appertaining to the office of the Lord Marshal of the field which for brevities sake I omit The Office and charge of the Lord Generall of an Army A Generall hath absolute command over the whole Armie and is to know and understand well the severall duties and charges of every inferiour Officer under his command and ought to be a personage of great experience wisedome and discretion and capable to discerne and choose the best of different opinions which may often fall out in the councils of warre He ought also to be a personage descended of some noble House and Family which will give a lustre unto his command and a man of undaunted courage and authority severe and austere in his commaund and to be greatly feared honoured and respected a man full of resolution and magnanimity in the day of battell and constant and resolute in desperate cases happy in his dessignes and enterprises but above all religious fearing and invocating God to be propitious and favourable unto him to blesse his designes and to pray unto the Lord of hoasts to give him knowledge understanding and policy to govern his armie well and that he may keepe it in good order and under good discipline whereby it may become not onely capable of vanquishing but also victorious which depends alone upon the Almighty power of the Lord of Hoasts and that neither good nor badd successe should make him
change or alter his Countenance but upon the hottest services to give out his orders and directions with temperance and moderation without impatience choller cruelty or emulation against those that are under his command especially those who have gained honour and deserved well which he ought rather to advance and reward which will make him to be honoured loved and respected of all men A Generall also ought to be qualified with these excellent vertues as wisedome valour experience providence constancy authority and liberality and should well ponder and consider the occasion which might move him or engage him into a fight or to give battell to an Enemy he ought to be sparing and a good manager of the lives of his men and not rashly and unadvisedly to hazard his Troupes for he may aswell vanquish by policie in putting on the Lyons skinne and foreseeing all advantages and disadvantages as by surprising an Enemy unawares as by laying hold upon an advantage when their Troupes are in disorder when they are dispersed when they are dishartened harryed and wearied out when they are pinched with hunger thirst and cold and such like casualityes which may befall them Also by seeking to divert amuze and devide their Armie while he keepes his owne in peace concord and unity which is one of the chiefest points of Warre To gaine time and advantagious places to prevent and hinder an Enemy from possessing them and to seeke by all meanes to breake an Enemies dessigne and with all expedition to put his own into execution and to premeditate and to overweigh with a thousand things which depends upon the warre having a vigilant eye upon all occasions for the Art Military hath many difficulties attending upon it and one is not able to expresse the many hazards straights and plunges which befals this profession He ought not lightly to hazard his men either in skirmishes or in a battell unlesse he be forced to it and that upon very good grounds and advantages for having flesht his men in small occasions it hartens and embouldens his men and gives them the more incouragement and assurance of good successe for they perceiving the valliant wise and able carriage and conduct of their leaders and Commanders especially of their Generall this makes them fight bravely and gives them hope of victory A Generall also ought to take the grave Councell and advice of his Chiefes and Commanders and as is said to make choice of the best and yet not to make known his owne resolution for many a brave attempt and enterprise hath been broken for want of Secrecy and if he should reveale it to some intimate friend yet to do it as sparingly and reservedly as he can by which meanes he shall gaine knowledge and experience and in an instant will be ready to lay hold upon such and such occasions as may execute his resolution and there by make him capable of prevailing A Generall ought to take care that his Armie be not wearied out and fatigated overmuch which breedes sicknesses causes the weakning thereof to see Command that the Regiments be well armed duely exercised in all the seuerall motions of warre that Iustice be readily executed to be fauourable to good men and seuere against Euill-doers Offendours It is also the Office of a Generall to giue Charge that the Armie be provided with Victuals amunitions and other things belonging to the warre A Generall ought to speake diverse languages for hauing to doe with sundrie Nations vnder his Command being able to speake vnto them in their owne language this giues a great deale of Contentment Moreouer he ought to be learned a good Mathematician well seene in the points of Fortification and to haue excellent Inginiers about him that are carefull in running the lines of Approches for the preseruation of the liues of men It is requisite also that he should haue good Guides and spies about him to get him intelligence of the State of an Enemie ought to spare no mony that way for the breaking of an Enemies dessigne and for the aduancing of his owne A braue Generall also considers that the force of an Armie consists not in the multitude of men but in Valliant well experienced souldiers Officers which are well instructed and trained vp in the vse of their armes knovves that Victorie consists not in many Troupes but that an Enemies army being stronger then his as hath often hapned by obseruing of good order dicipline choosing of aduantages of VVind Sunne and Ground together with the ready obedience of his men in executing of his Commaunds by experience in their profession they become more bould confident in fight so that an old beaten souldier knowes by heart what his Chiefe Generall will require of him As a Generall should be beloued so likewise he ought to be feared of the two among Cammon souldiers rather to be feared for the most part of them vvil be soner restrayned from doing euill for feare of punishment then for any loue they beare to their Generall To conclude he ought to be experienced in the beleegring of Tovvnes Forts to vievv all places of advantages vvhere an Enemy may most offend him to forrifie his Campe strongly with lines of Circumvalation Forts and vvorkes vpon it to know the site and situation of a tovvne hovv in what manner those vvithin are able to defend it vvith men and munition to cause his Inginiers to be very circumspect and carefull how they run their lines to sap forward to the vveakest part of the Tovvne or Fort which he intends to become Master of vvith diverse other things requisite in a brave Generall vvhich for brevities sake I will omit NOW FOLLOWES IN VVHAT ORDER an Army ought to march in over a Campaigne narrow passages Woods and Rivers HAving shovvne the severall Offices of the Officers of the field it resteth novv to speak something in what order an Armie ought to march The Armie then being come to the Rendevous or being to disencampe from any place the afternoone or evening before the breakeing vp of it orders is giuē out that the Souldiers shal be provided vvith Munition so many dayes Victuals as the Generall shall Command But an Enemy being neere at hand vvhen the Generall vvill conceale thē breakeing up they dravv into Armes silently without sounding of Drum or Trumpet The Generall being attended vpon before his Lodging by the Sariant Majour Generall the Quartermaster Generall the Captaine of the Pionniers and some other Officers The most part of the Armie being dravvne into Armes the Generall gives Command to the cheife Inginier Quartermaster or some other to throvv dovvne the Trench fill vp the Ditch and to make such gappes in it that vvhole devisions Battaillions may march through them After the Trench is cast dovvne the Generall or the Sariant Majour Generall from him gives order that the Avantguards shall draw forth and march a
good distance without and there to stand make a halt till the Battell the Reere be also drawne out in obseruing a con venient distance betweene them In the interim the Ordinance Carriages waggons baggage that belongs to the Armie are likewise drawne out and put into order And the Guides Scouts and Pyonniers sent out before into the Countrie to discouver and to set out Centinels of Horse vpon all passages and heigths while the Armie is a marching forwards The Master of the Ordinance being present Commaundeth where the Ordinance and the traine of Carriages belonging to them shall march And giveth order to the Conductours Inferiour Officers to march forward as the nature propriety of the waies wil permit And if there be any rough waies which are to be explained he Ordaines the Captaine of the Pioniers and his men to make them plaine even likewise all the waggons of Amunition Victuals with the baggage are put in order by the Carriage Master conductours of the traine but the waggons and Carrs belonging to the horse they are ordered by their Officers to march according to the seignority of everie Regiment How the Artillerie and the Carriages are to March The Ordinance marches first with all the Carriages and the Pyonniers are alwaies by them having noe other waggons mingled among them so march in their order onely with one waggon before them laden with spades shovels Axses hachets hand biles and other instruments to make the wayes to explaine the ground ditches after which is drawne an Instrument which doth make a rut vpon the waye to show which vvay the Canon is to passe The lesser lighter pecces of Ordinance layd vpon their Carriages follovves the said Instrument aftervvard the great peeces dravvne upon block-vvaggons vvhen there is no danger but expecting to be encountred by an Enemie they dravv them vpon their Carriages for feare of loosing time in mounting them least an Enemie might fall suddenly vpon some part of the Armie Next after the Ordinance follovves the vvaggons vvith Instruments Tooles for Carpenters and Smiths the vvaggons laden vvith Bullets povvder and match and after them vvaggons vvith Pikes and muskets all vvhich being passed then follovves the vvaggons belonging to the Generall of the Ordinance his Inferiour Officers And after them all the vvaggons laden vvith munition for the Ordinance the Armie the vvaggons laden vvith Victuals provisions vvaggons for the sick and hurt and last of all the baggage belonging to the Officers of the vvhole Armie But vvhen necessitie requires some Feild peeces marches before in the head of the Armie vvhen an Enemie is expected to fall on vvith vvhich there marches some vvaggons laden vvith povvder match and Bullets to be vsed vpon any occasion All the Ordinance carriages and baggage being thus ordered and the armie devided into the Vantguard the Battell and the Reere the Sariant Maiours of the foote Regiments and the Commissaries of the Horse Troupes having order shevves vvhich vvay they are to leade the Troupes that they may give noc hindrance one to an other the Generall or the Sariant Maiour Generall gives Command that the Vantguard shall begin to march and sends out before it Guides light horsemen to discouver the passages yet so that they ride not so farre afore but that they keepe alvvaies vvithin sight of the Vantguard that vpon the discouverie of an Enemie they may advertize and givi them vvarnin of it in time The Vantguard then as is sayd hath commonly some small peeces of Ordinance marching before it vvhich likevvise may happen before the Battell in the Reere of all vvith a greater number of horse and foote as the necessitie may require so that the three Tercias of the Armie are all of thē provided vvith Ordinance vvhere it is thought most needeful and vvhere it is imagined an Enemie may give an attempt either vpon the Front the Reere or vpon either of the Flankes for vvhich one can give noe certaine rule but must defend themselves in that place vvhere the occasion presenteth it selfe When a Campagnie Heath or Feild is spacious and large then one may march in full Battaile by divisios close by one an other in good order vvhich an Enemy perceiving it may be he dares not offer battell othervvise every devision Battaeillion may march by it selfe vvith more ease and liberty then vvhen they are ioyned close together yet so that in case of necessity they may easely be dravvne vp together as likevvise the Ordinance baggage dravvne to that place vvhere they may be safest and best defended by the troupes if an Enemy should giue an attempt vpon them The vvaggons ought to be dravvne vp and ranged into eight or ten rancks close one to an other that they may march vvithout hindring one an other and the Ordinance may march vpon one of the flankes of the Armie and some Feild peeces before if necessity should require vvithout hindring or putting the rest of the vvaggons into disorder vvhich the Master of the Ordinance or the Carriage Master ought to Consider vvell and take a speciall care of The Chiefe Officer vvhich Commaundeth the Reereguard gives order that some Troups of light horsemen shall march vvith in sight of the vvhole Reere especially vvhen they are to passe over a Heath or Campagnie but the Countrie having mountaines hils vallies in it then the horse may be commaunded to march sometimes in the Vantguard sometimes in the Reere of all the Armie and keepe such vvatch and centinels vpon the highest places that an Enemy may not discouver the strength of the Armie as it passeth or in vvhat order it marches When the armie is to march throug some narrovv passages the Vantguard is commōly strengthened vvith some foote or Ordinance dravvne vp before it least an Enemie migt surprize it marches thē by files dravves vp as the conditiō of the place vvill permit In like manner the Reereguard in places of daunger ought to be strengthned as also the Battell to be ranged into such an order that the Ordinance Baggage being placed in the middest may come best to serve relieve the other Troups from vvhence they may send Harquebussiers as occasion serves to attend both vpon the Vantguard and che Reere and as the ground vvill best afford In case that the vvaies and passages be so narrovv that the Ordinance Carriages baggage takes vp so much time that the Vantguard cannot be easely seconded by the Reereguard then there may be appointed some Troupes of Reserve vvhich may march along vvith the Carriages Baggage to be disposed of in such a sort that they may the better relieve those Troupes vvhich should be overcharged by an Enemy Vpon such an occasion one ought to consider and observe vvell the nature conditiō of that passage throug vvhich the Armie is to march vvhether there be any vvindings and turnings
should breake in vpon the foote divisions so by this meanes they may with the more convenience second and relieve one an other otherwise the Foote being overlayd with an Enemies Horse having not Horse at hand to charge and second them might be easely routed and overthrowne and though and Enemie have not placed Horse betweene their battaillions of foote yet it may easely be done according to the discretion and foresight of the Generall All which shal be clearly demonstrated to the Eye by figure first in beginning with an Army of six thousand Horse 24 thowsand foote embattailed into three Tercias with their severall divisions and afterward I will show the grounds and platformes of the Battaile of Nieuport in Flanders fought Anno 1609 betweene Prince Maurice of famous memorie Albert Arch Duke of Austria and then proceede on to represent vnto you the formes of Battailes shown by the Prince of Orange abouesaid his highnesse brother the Prince of Orange that now is till Anno 1635 which may give some satisfaction to those which are desirous to follow the profession of a Souldier The Demonstration of the figures following marked with great A. and B. THe two first figures marked with the figure 1 and 1 are two Divisions of 25 files of pikes a peece and ten rankes deepe ranged in Battaille The second two figures noted 2. and 2. are two Divisions of muskettiers consisting also of 25 files a peece and 10 Rankes deepe as abovesaid Now if you are desirous to alter this forme and divide your Muskettiers into two parts then you may draw vp 13 files on the right flanke and 12 files on the left flanke of the Pikes and giving them their true In tervals and distances for the Muskettiers to fall away then there are two divisions made of a Regiment and they stand as is shewed vnderneath marked with the figure 3. The figure B represents the forme of an Armie embattailed consisting of 24 Regiments of foote each Regiment making two divisions of 100 men and 20 divisions of Horse Curassiers and Harquebusiers each division consisting of 300 Horse makeing six thousand Horse in all ranged into three Tercias with the true number of feete and distances betweene them as the figures showes Note also where the gentle Reader sees a P marked within the Division that signifies Pikes and the division underneath are muskettiers marked with the Letter M. To conclude the Horse are noted in French with C for Cavallerie and in English with H for Horse The figures that are Coloured are distinguished thus The Pikes with a yellow the Muskettiers with a green and the Horse with a red colour THE ORDER AND FORME OF QVARTERING and Encamping of an Army HAvings howne the figures of Generall Formes and orders of embattailling ranged in the wat 's of the vnited Provinces vnder the Command of his Excellency Maurice Prince of Orange of famous memorie and his Highnesse Frederick Henrie Prince of Orange our Captaine Generall that nowis I will proceede on and shew how and in what manner an Armie ought to be encamped with the sevetall divisions of their quarters beginning fitst with a Company of Foote and Horse then with a Regiment and afterward an Armie entrenched and last of all come to handle Approches and all things depending therevpon for the beseiging and takeing in of a Towne or Fortresse which for the most part I have translated out of Mr. Adam Fritach an excellent Mathematician in his booke printed Anno 1635. THE FIRST CHAPTER Of three sorts of Campes or Leagers THere are three kindes of Campes The first is called in Latine Castra Temporaura that is A Campe which staies not long in a place but removes and changes euery day the second Castra Strataria a settled Campe which environeth a Towne or a Fortresse with intent to take it in and the third is called Castra Sustentoria a Campe lying vpon a passage or river to stop and hinder the incursions of an Enemie from getting into a Countrie The Campe which dislodgeth euery moment is called Castra Temporanea This Campe is also called a Flying Leager hiving no certaine place of abode but at every motion is continually to attend an Enemie vpon every remove and this Armie is to encampe when the Enemies Armie encampeth and therefore is called a Flying Campe because it is to hinder the Enemies progresse A Campe having a trench Cast vp about it or beset with Turne Pikes and Palissadoes Now for a Campe which is ready to remove vpon an instant we vnderstand that which takes vp a quarter onely for one night which forme requires a great deale of wisedome and circumspection especially when it is to march or Quarter not farre from an Enemies Countrie Therefore it is very necessarie that the Generall sends out before a good number of Horse to view and informe themselves of the nature and condition of that place where the Armie is to Quarter that night for the accommodation where of they ought to chuse as neere as possibly may be a place situated in a plaine Feld to which the Armie being come and that in good time by day the Quarters shall be made neere vnto the a dioyning villages if there be any and the Horse lodged about them in places of danger most suspected A campe may be encompassed with a Trench 4 foot high and 3 foote broad for their more safety against an Enemie which otherwise might give an attempt vpon some part of the Armie The moorish grounds where is Enemie is not feared that may be beset with Turne Pikes or with Palissadoes which may be taken vp againe when the Campe removes After the Thenches are in defēce the Souldiers begins to make their huts of forks lathes withes and straw or for a night onely with sticks and boughes or such things as they can get the carriages and waggons laden with Amunition Materials and Victuals are to be lodged in the middest of the Campe with a small trench cast vp round about them but some peeces of Ordinance are to be planted vpon those avenues and passages where an Enemie may best give on vpon the Campe when the watches and the Centinels are disposed of the rest of the Armie goes to take their rest the next morning at the breake of the day and at drummes beating the Armie dislodges and every one makes ready for to march away while the trench is a Casting downe lest an Enemy which followes the Armie might lodge in the same quarter But if the Armie is not to march through an Enemies Countrie and that one is assured they cannot come neere vnto the Campe so soone it is not necessarie to environ the Campe with trenches but the Souldiers are either Quatered in houses or feilds next adioyning to them in disposing of guards and Centinels in every place needfull and this order of march observed everie day till the Armie is come vnto that place which is resolved to be beseiged where then
of an Armie from whose magnanimity valour wiâ—edome procedes many times good successe when occasions are offred which are for the most part executed by the horse especially in the day of battell who charging in good order vpon an advantage maye happely rout an Ennemie and get the victorie wheras contrarie wise by the disorders of the horse it maye breed great confusion and losse of men The Generall of the horse ought to take perticular notice not onely of the Captaines and officers but also of every gentleman and souldier that carries themselves bravely in the face of their Ennemie and to honour and respect them in publick which will encourage others to do the like when occasion presente itselfe to advance them to military charges Contrariewise to punish Delinquents and such as doe not their endeavour in doing whereof he shall be honored loued feared and respected of all men last of all by his high commaund he giues commaund for the due exercising of his troupes and helps in them their necessities To conclude the proportion or grosse of the States horse answerable to their foote consists in eighty troupes of horse namely Curassiers Carrabins and Harquebusiers two Companies of Curassiers and two Companies of Harquebusiers being ioyned together according to his highnesse order make a battaillon or a Devision These also being formed ordered into ten Regiments maye be drawne as the foote are into three Brigades or Tercias making the Avantgard the Battle and the Reere as yow see them ranged in the first figure by observing their true distances What a goodly show it is to see these 80 troupes of Horse drawne into three brigades the Generall commanding in the head of the Avantgard the Commissarie Generall in the battell the Lieutenant Generall in the Reere being brauely mounted well armed with their skarfes and 160. Trumpetters sounding Tantara in honour of their prince and Countrie I leaue it to the report of those which have seene it Also of what excellent use service horse maye be off in the day of battell for the breaking of foote as also vpon execution for the cutting off of Convoyes gayning of passages and the beating in of an Ennemie salying out of a Towne beseiged I will leaue to the testimonie of historie and here wil I shutt vp this second part FINIS FIRST OF THE ORDERING AND FORMING of a Devision or a Battalion and then the forme of an Army of thirty thousand Horse and Foote raunged in Battell THe ordering of a Regiment according to his highnesse the Prince of Orange his coÌ„maÌ„d hath bin showne already in the first part of this book namely that CoÌ„panies being made into even files ten deepe foure or fiue Comapnies ioyned together make a division to wit the Pikes are drawne first into one bodie and then the Muskettiers into an other standing in their true distance of three foote in file Ranke and 18 foote distance betweene the Pikes the Muskettiers this is the first order The second is wheÌ„ the Muskettiers are equally devided as neere as may be and drawne vp on the right and left flankes of the Pikes there to giue fire by Rankes or to march away as these two first figures marked with number 1 and 2 doe shew Now the fittest number of men to make a devision of is accounted to be 500. Pikes Musketteires that is 25 files of Pikes and 25 files of Musketteires or more or lesse of the one or of the other as they fall out This number being so embattailed makes an Agile bodie the best to be brought to fight and two of them being ioyned neere one an other can best second and releiue each other better theÌ„ your great Phalanges which are unweeldy bodies the experience whereof was seene in the Battell of Nieuport for being once broken routed they can hardly be reallyed againe and cannot bring so many men to Fight as the Lesser Bodies doe Many of these Devisions being drawne together make a Tercia or one of the third parts of an Armie and three of them the whole For all the Officers and Souldiers of an Army are devided into three parts called Brigadoes or Tercias each of them having a severall name to witt the Vantguard the Battell the Reereguard Now that Tercia which is to march first is called the Vantguard that which marches in the midst the Battaille and that which comes vp last the Reere Everie one of them vpon a march every day takeing their turnes interchangeably for the second day of the march the Battaile becomes the Vantguard and the Reere the second day hath the Battaile and the third day the Tercia which had the Reere the first day is the Vantguard Moreover each Tercia may likewise be subdivided into a Vantguard a Battaille a Reere to the end each of them with the more convenience may be orderly brought to fight and by that Cheife which commaunds them Therefore the Battaill one of the Tercias of the Army being placed in the midst that of the Vantguard may be drawne on the right and the Reere on the left flanke of the Battaille Now the number of the devisions which each of these Tercias haue are ordered and devided after this manner two devisions before two in the midst and two behind standing aboue as you may see in some of the figures of the Battells following having six or 7 devisions placed in everie Tercia The seventh being vneven is placed as a Reserve behind the Reere to second the others in time of neede The first devisions of the Tercias standing in a right line are to give the first charge according to the order of their March The second devisions standing likewise in a right line makes likewise the second troupes and the third part of the Battaile Now these devisions are also ordered and ioyned that if the first should be overcharged and come to give ground then the second are to come vp and to releiue the first yet in such a distance as they may not hinder one an other in marching by them but finde place to come vp betwixt the first The third devisions are to be placed directly behind the second in a distance twise as as the second is from the first that if it should happen that the first division should stand behind the second that then the third might have roome enough to put it self into good order The Horse Troupes are commonly ordered the one halfe on the right the other halfe on the left flanke of the divisions and Battaillons of foote as the first figure of an Armie demonstrates And sometimes there may be Battaillions of Horse interlaced and placed betwixt the intervals and distances of the Foote as the ground and necessity may require For if an Enemies Horse should be ranged betweene his Battaillions of foote it is needefull then that the other side should observe the fame forme likewise and have horse to encounter horse least they
a formall and a setled quarter called Castra strataria is made Castra Strataria and the proprieties thereof The propriety of this Campe may be observed well out of the Instructions of Veget in the 22 chapter of his fust booke as also in the Castrametation of Hygnius Gromaticus according to these observations following First that the Quarter be made in safe place that is where there are no hils and heights which may commaund and serve as an advantage to an Enemie when he resolves to relieve the Towne or Fort beseiged or to assault the Campe for being lodged and fortifying himself vpon them he may easilie overlooke the Campe and then it is subiect to be played vpon by an Enemies Ordinance That it be made if it be possible neere vnto some brooke or river which may commodiously serve aswell for the watering of Horse and Cattell as also for the Souldiers and by which with shipping or boats one may bring vp Munition with provisions and Victuals to the Campe by the helpe of a running river or the winde for the saving of excessive charges when one is driven to bring them vp to the Armie by Convoyes and waggons which oftentimes causeth a dearth in the Armie for commonly Victulars and Sutlars raises the price of their Victuals and commodities according to the lengh of the way if they be constrayned to bring them vp by waggon hire Besides it is a great advantage for a Quarter to lie by a river side because sometimes the water may be carryed round about the Campe which will make it stronger then if it were lodged in a plaine Feild and fortifyed with some small Forts and Redoubts so that all that charge is saved in makeing of workes if the Campe may commodiously be enclosed about with water I say nothing of the great stinke caused by dead Horse and beasts as also by Butchers and their shambles which like wise is avoyded by the helpe of Water neither are men so subiect to sicknesse and pestilence which takes away many times a greater number of people and weakens an Armie more then if it were assaulted by an Enemie For the prevention of which inconvenience the Carrions panchescand garbidges of Beasts are cast into it and carryed away with the streame and the Butchers quartered in the most remote parr of the Campe One must also have a speciall care that there bee no thick-bussches and woods about it where an Enemie may lie in Ambuscado or fortifie themselves without any hindrance which would keepe a Campe in Continuall feare of being assaulted by an Enemie out of a wood To make choise then of the sittest places to encampe and Quarter in those are held the most commodious which are situated in a plaine Feild seing an Enemie may be discovered a far of having then time to draw into Armes to oppose them and that the Canon may play vpon them in case an Enemie would attempt to assault the Campe by force As many sicknesses are engendred by stanch end the putrifaction of the aire so likewise many are caused by Moorish grounds Marras and bogs in regard of the damps and fogs which riseth out of the waters as also poysonable vapours arising out of marshie grounds where vpon the Souldiers hutts are built Therefore one ought to be well informed before a quarter or a campe be made for an Armie whether those grounds bee covered or overflowhe with water which may often happen in Autume or Winter which were a great annoyance and hurt to the Campe if it were driven to stay there all winter and that one knew not the Condition of the place Againe it may serve for some vse to helpe the beseiged or those which come to relieve the Towne when they may turne the water by some places into the Campe or can cut some dikes or Seabanques or keepe vp the water by banks and sluces to make it overflow the Campagnie which will bring a greater dammago to the Campe then fire would doe therefore one ought to consider and ponder well all these things and to thinke vpon some remedie to prevent these inconveniences One ought also to make choise of such a place which yeelds good store of grà sse and hay for Cattell and straw for the accōmodation of the Souldiers because the want of fourrage for Horse will constraine them to fetch it farre by convoyes which is dangerous for the Souldiers when an Enemie lies vpon the snap for them and their Horses in those places where they are driven to fetch their fourrage which one is forced to doe with great Convoyes and excessive expenses Also there must be care taken that there bee no want of wood for fyring and building of Souldiers buts as also straw serving for the same vse A Campe ought not to quartered too neere the Towne Beseiged lest the Enemie may reach it and doe great annoyance to it with his Canon neither ought it to be quartered too farre of but that one quarter may with expedition relieve one another as also those which worke in the Approches if the beseiged should sallie out vpon them therefore the furthest and the nearest distance for the better safety of the Campe is to lie without Canon shot The Circumference measure greatnesse and largnesse of a Campe ought to be answerable to the greatnesse or littlenesse of it for one must not take a place too little for a great Armie neither a place too great for a small Armie for the one will not be able to defend the Campe because of the smalnesse of it and the other not able and sufficient to defend a great place Finally it is a point of great consequence for a Campe to have all the avenues and passages that comes to it well guarded so that an Enemie cannot lodge neare it to hinder the provisions and Victuals which comes to it for want where of many times an Armie is forced to rise A Campe then being endowed with all these Proprieties no question but it is well settled But seing that such places are seldome found which answers to all these proprieties described above one must accommodate themselves according to the propriety of the place and repaire that by Art which is wanting by Nature If there being any hils or heigths in it you must quarter and lodge vpon them when the nature of the place will afford it or if there be any other commodious place neere vnto the Quarter it ought to be taken in and environned with a Trench and a Redoubt made in it and Ordinance planted vpon it But this height being situated vpon a passage or place of importance a Fort is made vpon it in taking away as much as possible may be all advantage from an Enemie The seige of the Bosch may give vs an exsample herein where was a height situated vpon the way as you go to Vliemen and towards the Longstrate vpon the top of which hill a fouresquare Fort was made with foure Demy-Bulwarkes and besides
which they suspect there is a mine and so cut it of invvardly But for their advantage they make ready also their Countermine made in that place chambers their povvder attending the effect of the Enemies mine and vvhen he springs his mine then they retire themselues into their nevv vvorke cut off and the Enemy being lodged in that peece of the Bulvvarke or Rampart vvhich they haue quitted then they blovv up their Countermine and slay all those vvhich they find in it The like also is done in outvvorkes and Counterskarfes vvhen one is driven to quitt them and that one cannot keepe them any longer OF PALISADOES PALES TVRNE-PIKES BARRICADOES QVADRANT-TANTERNAILES AND BEARES THE TENTH CHAPTER WEe haue often made mention of Palisadoes and the use of them especially vvhen they are struck into the ground about dry moates for then they serue in stead of vvater against the sudden assault of an Enemie so that not onely the moates before great vvalls and Rampards ought to be set with them but also all Outvvorkes must be fortified vvith them They are likevvise of excellent use in the Field vvhen trenches are set round vvith them and struck in round about Forts and vvorkes vvhich lie in the most dangerous places They are of no lesse use also in Fortresses especially vvhen the Beseiged are constrayned to make cuttings off vvithin a tovvne or Fort moreover they are good to be struck in upon the topp of Breaches vvhereof vve vvill treat in the next chapter These Palisadoes then are made in this manner follovving one makes choise of good and strong Sparrs being some 3 or 4 ynches in Diameter but of severall lengths according to the place into vvhich they are to be struck vvhereof some of them may be 5 6 or 7 foote long Novv the lovver end of them must be sharpened and pointed and the upper end flatt that they may be driven into the ground vvith a mallet or a beetle one bores also a hole some 3 or 4 ynches under the head of the Palisadoe an other some three ynches under the first hole and a third hole on the side through the middest of the tvvo others in such sort that the nailes vvhich are driven through it resemble as it vvere the corners In some also they use to driue in tvvo nailes so that they are not struck in a right Angle but rises a little tovvards the head of the Palisadoe The length of these nailes must be some eight or tvvelue ynches and so bigg that they cannot be easely bowed or broken and the Head vvhich is driven into the Palisadoe is some-vvhat greater then that vvhich sticks out vvhich ought to be very sharpe When you are to use these Sparrs vvhereof you must haue good store you take first of the shortest size being but fiue foot long and strick in a long ranke of them as you shall finde necessarie They are driven into the ground the depth of a foot and a half or sometimes more according as the Earth is conditioned and thus you shall make your first ranke then you shall driue in an other ranke of Palisadoes being six foote long vvhich are set behind the first ranke to the end they may run in a right line vvith the first but must be struck in a little sidelings to the end that their nailes may fill all places necessarie and the heads of these Palisadoes ought to stand about halfe a foote higher then the others In the same manner you driue in the third ranke vvhich must be half a foot higher then the second and thus you may doe if you vvill driue in a fourth ranke yea as many as it pleases you These Palisadoes are represented unto you in the 164 figure For the Palisadoes vvhich are used against assaults there are two sorts of them The first is that sort of Palisadoes vvhich are sett upon the Parapets of Forts Outworks and Redoubts for to hinder an Enemy that they may not so soone assault or scale a place these ought to be 3 or 4 ynches in Diameter and some 6 or 7 foote long vvhereof the half past is driven into the Parepett and the other half stands upright For the other sort those great headed piles or pales clasped together vvith chaines and plates of yron vvhich stād alwaies upon Rāpards and Bulvvarkes covered vvith a little roof against the time of necessity vvhen as an Enemy seekes to assault a Fortresse For by this meanes he is repulsed vvhen he vvould scale a Rampard because these Palisadoes or logs being cast dovvne a vvall annoyes greatly the Beseigers in regard of their vveight vvhich they are not able to resist though they be armed with head peeces OF PALISADOES PALES VRIZ-RVYTERS CAVALLIERS DE FRIZE Called in English Turne-piks THE TENTH CHAPTER WEe haue observed in our declaration of Originall names vvhence the Cavalleries De Frize tooke their name to witt at the siege of Groeninghen in Frizeland vvhere they served for great use by stopping and hindring the Enemies horse when they came to relieue the Tovvn and then got this name of Vrize ruyters in Dutch Cavalliers de Frize in French and Frize Horses or Turne-pikes in English and besides the stopping of a suddaine charge of Horse they are of excellent use to be clapt on the topp of a breach or some vveake place of a Trench or a vvall and good store of them ought to be carryed along vvith an Army on vvaggons to be sett up in some Avenus or passages to stop and hinder the sudden attempt of an Enemy vvhen one hath no time to cast up a trench In Fortresses they are also of greater use then chaines or Barres vvhich crosseth the streets For a man may skip over a chaine and a good Horse will leap over it But being beset and crossed vvith Turne-pikes neither Foot nor Horse are able to passe over them seeing they have staves and sharp points through them on all sides They may be set up also in the streets of Suburbs and other places instead of Barres and vvhere some broad places are to be kept in joyning many of them together vvhich is done ordinarily in the expeditions of Warres They are made in this manner following you take a tree of firme wood vvhich will not cleave vvhere of the Diameter is five or sixe inches and some 10 or 14 foot long vvhich is made vvith six corners so that it hath six sides and in the midst of these sides one bores three or foure inches one from another cros-wise and thē puts through these holes round javelings vvhereof the Diameter is an inch and a half or at the most two inches the lengt of them is sixe or size foot and so made that they are all of one length which are made of a strong and a firme piece of timber which will not easily bend nor will be weakned by raine these are thrust through these holes so that they are of a just length on both sides and have as many
the Generall to the Marshall of the Field and to the Sariant Majour Generall of the Army to know how and in what manner his Colonels Regiment is to march whether in one body alone or else in two devisions ioyned with others Whereupon he gives order how the Regiment is to be marshalled and ordered in what forme the Companies are to draw and when upon any service they are disbanded how to really them again as is required He receives his orders and commands either immediately from the Generall as is said or from the Marshall or Sarjant Maiour Generall whether the Regiment be to march in the Avantguard Battle or Reere he ought to have some knowledge how the Countrie lies through which the Army is to march whether over a spacious Campaignie in battail or through narrow passages woods over rivers or the like by drawing out of files as the ground and passage will afford as also what order and forme the Regiment is to keepe if they should be charged with Horse have Ordnance playing upon them or being troubled with baggage Jn the presence of his Colonel and lieutenant Colonel he is to be an assistant to them in seeing all orders and directions executed and performed and in the absence of them both to have the same authority and command as the Colonell or Lievetenant Colonell shall have In marching or embattailing he shall keepe as neere the middest of the Regiment as he can either in the Front the Reere or upon either flank so as he may best overlook and observe the order of their march or embattailling The Regiment being drawn up in devisions he gives to every Captain and Officer his place according to his Seignority and withall commands the Drum-majour and the other Drumms to beat a March and to move all at an instant and sees that the Souldiers keeps well their rankes and files and none to disbandie themselves or straggle He is to come every morning and evening to the Sarjant maiour Generall of the Army or to the Sarjant Majour of that Brigade or Tercia to receive the word and orders from him if there be no extraordinary cause to hinder him and when he hath received the word from the Serjant Majour Generall or from the Serjant Maiour of the Tercia his Colonell and Lieutenant Colonell being present in the quarter he gives them first the word and the orders and afterward delivers it over to the Sariant of every Company of the Regiment drawn in a ring according to the Seignority of their Captaines which are to come and attend upon him for the same As he doth receive directions for marching embattailling viewing of ground and placing of Guards from the Sariant Maiour Generall or the Sariant Maiour of that Brigade so he is to deliver them over to the Captaines and Officers of that regiment and to call upon them to whom it appertaines to see them duely executed Every night he is to visite all the guardes of that regiment and to keep duely the turnes of their Watches and marches that one Captaine or Company may not do more duty then an other as also in sending out Troupes upon service to the end that both the honor and the labour may be equally devided It is also his duty to speak for ammunition as powder bullets and match and for victuals for the regiment if there should be any want and to see them equally distributed to the Companies according to the proportion given out and finally to give order and proportion for the number of workemen or commanded men of the regiment which are to go to worke Of a Lieutenant Colonell THe next place above a Sariant Maiour is a Lieutenant Colonell which is an honorable charge when his Colonell is present he is to obey him in seeing all the commands and directions that are delivered by any publick officer or such as shall be within the authority of a Colonell himself to be duely executed in the absence of his Colonell having as absolute command and authority over the Regiment as the Colonell hath himselfe In marching or embattailling if the Regiment consists but of one devision whensoever the Colonell is in the head of his Regiment his place is to bring up the Reere of the Regiment but if it consists of two devisions then the Colonell leads the first and the Lieutenant Colonell the second but when his Colonell shall be in the Reere marching from an Enemy his place is then to be in the head of the Regiment Jf the Regiment consists of two Battaillons his devision is to quarter and lodge on the left hand of his Colonels and himself in the Reere of his owne Companie Of a Colonell THe Colonell of a Regiment hath a very honorable command and is called in Spanish Maestro del Campo that is one of the masters of the Feild and therefore ought to be a man of authority and respect having absolute command and authority over the Captaines and Officers of his Regiment and all such are to respect and obey his commands as fully as they would do the chiefest Commanders and ought to love and honour him which his valour wisedome and discretion will acquire him Also he is to see that all orders commands and directions which are delivered him by the publick Officers of the Army for guards marches quartering or any thing else as for matter of Iustice for ordering of the Troupes and furtherance of the service be duely executed and performed within his owne Troupes Further if he himselfe do find any mutinie or any discontented humors tending to mutinie extreme outrage or disorder or shall be by any of his Captaines Officers or Souldiers informed of any such thing he shall forthwith advertise the Lord Generall or Marshall of the Feild And if he find any other fault negligence or swarving from the directions or policy of the Army set down he shall straightway acquaint them by whom such direction came or was to come unto him or some other superior Officer and shall produce the party so offending with the Witnesses and Proofes that order may be given forthwith and Iustice done And if he faile to give this information of any thing he knows or heares of he shall be thought deeply faulty and if any such things passe without his knowledge he shall be thought of worse government then befits a man of his place and charge Vpon marches the Colonell shall be at the end of his Troupes that is next to the Enemy in the head of his Regiment going towards an Enemy and in the Reere comming off and is not to go from thence except it be for the ordering of his Troups or for some extraordinary occasion as to attend the Generall or the chiefe officers of the field He is also to see and command the Officers of his Regiment that their men be well armed and duely exercised A Colonell being one of the chiefe Officers of the Feild ought to be called to take councell and advice
in it or other intrieate vvaies as through vvoods hils and vallies vvhere an Enemy may best lay his Ambuscadoes therefore vpon every such turning or crosse vvay a troupe of horse some foote ought to be placed vpon it to guard there till the Ordinance Carriages Baggage be past out of daunger How one is to march through a wood But in passing through a Forrest a great vvood or a Grove there ought to be placed good store of Horse vpon the vvaies that goes into it vvhere the Armie is to passe to round guard it vvel a svvel on the one side as on the other And if there be any plaine or open places in it the Horse are to overspread it and to dravv there vp in Battell for the seeuring of the passage till the Ordinance Baggage be al past and that the foote and Horse follovv vvhich are appointed as a Reserve to bring vp the Reere The Armie then having passed through a vvood come againe into a plaine Campagnie or Feild some Horse are to guard the vvay that comes out of the vvood till the Horse troupes are dravvn vp in those Fields and are possessed of the heigths thereof How and in what manner an Armie is to passe over a River When an Armie is to march through a Countrie vvherein there are Rivers Brookes the States Armie carries continually along vvith theÌ„ some ten or twelue boates having plancks Sparrs Beames anckors Cables laden in them and vpon those Block-Waggons that are dravvne with some teÌ„ or twelve couple of horse vvhich comming to a river they presently take them dovvne casts out their anckors laies them over the river as broad as it is as many as they have vse of ioyning them together laying the beames plancks sparrs boards vpon them so in an instant claps over a bridge over vvhich the Armie Ordinance Carriages may passe vvithout daunger Sometimes also for expedition sake they lay over bundles of floate or slag bridges bound vp in Canvass as also they make a bridge with Barrels Hogsheads in laying sparrs planckes vpon them being clasped fastned hard together so that foote horse and some small Feild peeces may march over them A Bridge then having good Inginiers Carpenters and vvorkemen is presently made over a River or a brook for the securing vvhereof there are certaine peeces of Ordnance dravvne vp and planted by the river side to play vpon an Ennemie if they should force the passage over it and likevvise dravve vp some Harquebussiers lighthorsemen firelocks and muskettiers to give fire vpon an Enemie vvhile the bridg is a making As soone as the bridg is layd over some firelocks halfepikes horse marches first over it to maintaine and make good the other side of the river till all the Armie carriages be come over takes also along vvith them foure or fiue small peeces of Ordnance to scoure the passage a vvaggon laden vvith povvder and amunition and some Pionniers to make the vvaies hedges ditches plaines expecting an Enemie at hand commonly cast vp a trench or a vvorke on both sides of the bridge having some 500 Souldiers to guard it till the Armie al the Carriages and Baggage be passed ouer it Novv if an Enemie should seeke to oppose 〈◊〉 your passage over it the Ordinance horse and firelookes above mentioned are 〈◊〉 â—â—rposely vpon the Riversside to free the passage and to cleare the Coast HAVING SHOWNE THE DUTIES OF THE Officers of the Feild touching the Infanterie or foote before J shew the severall forming makeing of Battels It is necessary that I briefly speak some thing of the Officers of the Feild which commaunds the Cavallrie or Horse troupes which are these namely Of the Quartermaster Generall THe Quartermaster Generall of the horse hath the particular Quartermasters of every troupe as his assistants to ease him and to helpe him to discharge his place either when the troupes are lodged in howses or formally quartered in the feild from him they receiue their orders and billets for their troupes chaulking the name of their Captaines vpon the doores of every howse where the troupe is to lodge The further duties required in a Quartermaster Generall are described in this second part in speaking of the Quartermaster Generall of the foote Of the Commissarie Generall The Commissarie Generalls place ought to be given to a souldier of great experience who hath bin bred vp in the warres being a man of valour wisedome discretion in a CoÌ„missarie Generall is required also vigelencie dexterity and an ability to compose Quarrels and punish disorders which maye arise betweene officer officer souldier and souldier what he cannot doe by faire meanes he hath power authority sufficent to punish them Jt is also his dutie to give out orders to appoint guards vpon avenues and passages to keepe a list of all guards Convoyes other actions to receiue orders from the Generall or the Lord Marshall of the feild to give it first to the Generall of the horse and afterward to the Quartermasters of the troupes that they maye giue them to their Captaines and superiour officers also to range embattaille the horse in that forme and order which his Generall or Lieutenant Generall shall finde good in whose absence he commaundeth the Horse Of the Lieutenant Generall The charge of a Lieutenant Generall of the horse is of great authority reputation and therefore he ought to be a man of great experience valour and wisedome carefull diligent for the well ordering of the troupes because he commonly marches with them lodged among them He must haue knowledge of the waies passages through Countries and choose the best waye least meeting with an Ennemie lying in Ambuscado vpon a march he maye giue him a blowe Therefore he must alwaies haue his minde buyssied vpon the motions of his Ennemie discovering from what part they maye annoye him be it either foote or horse in how many howers they can march vnto him by what passages they maye assault him to send out Scouts Spies to giue him true intelligence that he maye be provided for them against some suddaine attempt To giue encouragement to officers and souldiers in the day of battell to carrye themselves brauely to charge home and to finde out all advantages to breake and route their Ennemie He ought not onely to carry himselfe lovingly to the souldiers in hearing them willingly and assisting them in their necessities but also to punish offenders seuerely which will make him to be both feared loved and respected Of the Generall The Generall of the horse is one of the principall chiefs of an Armie who ought to be a Souldier of great experience and valour for the most part a personage discended of a noble familly Yea a man of a high spirit commaund for vnder his charge are the sinewes of the principall forces
a Crowne-worke before it and before that as a surplus there was made a Horne-worke all which workes were neverthelesse environned with the line of circumvalation which encompassed the whole Armie for the Enemie could hardly assault the Campe on this side because the hill lay so that it commanded all the grounds about it When there is no River then all necessaries and provisions must be brought to the Campe by waggons wherevpon care must be taken that the waggonmen and Sutlars set not too high a price vpon their provisions and Victuals which might cause a Dearth and scarcity in the Army For the avoyding of stincks and noisome smels the dead Carions of horses and other Beasts ought to be carryed and buryed farre off without the camp and quarters to which order also the Butchers are subiect for the carrying away of the panches and Entrailes of the Cattell which they kill and to bury them in pits without the campe The woods thickers and groves which stand not farre from the campe ought to be taken in within the Trench when it may conveniently be done with asmall charge which wood and timber may serve for firing and other good vses But when they lie too farre of and cannot have all within the Compasse of the line of Circumvalation which may be dammageable to the Campe then they are cut downe and burnt lest an Enemie might lay any Ambuscadoes in them Also having a water or a river which may be stopped by the Beseiged so that in time it might overflow the Campe one ought to take a singular care by hindring it and casting vp of some bank to stop and carry it about the Campe to discharge it self elswhere wich necessity and experience will teach one All these things then being maturely considered and overweighed after one is well informed of the nature and condition of the soile lying about the Towne or Fortresse which is to be beseiged and being come within two or three Durch miles of that place the Quartermaster Generall before the Armie rides out with some 80 100 or a greater number of Horse as necessity may require to view the towne or Fortresse to be beseiged and considers well the soile and grounds that lies about it and draws a draught and platforme of them that he may the better distribute and give out the severall Quarters All Quarters are not alike over all and of one and the same forme but one must accommodate himself many times according to the site of the place for sometimes one must content himself with one Quarter alone and otherwhiles the Campe may be devided into two three foure or many quarters The Forme is also diverse seing one must governe themselves according to the situasion of the place The largnesse must be answerable to the number of the Regiments which are to be Quartered and which shal be handled in the next chapter THE SECOND CHAPTER OE THE DEVISION OF HVTS FOR Officiers Souldiers and Sutlers TOGETHER With the true measure and distances of them according to his Highnesse the Prince of Orange his new Order for a Regiment and for the quartering of the Captaines in the Reere for the preventing of fire and disorders BEfore wee come to the division of the ground appointed for the Quartering of a regiment of foote it will be necessarie to discribe first how much ground commonly a Companie of 120 or of a 150 and of 200 heades must haue which may serue then as a Generall rule in the distribution of the quartering of severall Regiments containing diverse Colours and Companies vnder them First for a Colours of 120 foote there is ordayned three hundred foote deepe But the bredth must be according to the number of the heades in a Company which are some more some lesse For a Company of 100 or 120 heads must take vp 24 foote inbredth that is two rowes of Huts and a street betwixt them a Companie of 150 must haue 40 foote in bredth to wit three rowes of huts and two streetes and a Collonels Companie of 200 heades requires 56 foote in breedth that is foure rowes of Huts and three streetes besides the back streetes which are betweene Companie and Campany As for Example the Quartermaster hath giuen him a Paralellogramma of ground which is 300 foote deepe and 24 foote broade for a Companie of 120 heades which he devides thus from the Lieutenants and Ensignes huts downeward to the Sariants huts in the Reere of the Sariants hutt and the boughs of the Captaines hutt next the Captaine hath allowed him 40 foote in depth and some 20 foote btoad because a passage for the Souldiers must not be stopt vp for him to build in Then betweene the Reere of the Captaines and the Sutlars hutts there is a large streete of 40 foote made for the passage of men and waggons and for feare of fyre And last of all there is 20 foote allowed for the depth of the Sutlars huts to wit ten foote for the forepart of his hutt for eating and drinking in and 10 foote for his Kitchin and this is the distribution for a Companie which must take vp according to the Princes new order three hundred foote in depth The bredth of a Quarter is according to the number of the Heades of a Company In the depth of 180 foote for the two rowes of huts aboue menrioned there may be made in each row twentie or two and twentie Hutts with a distance of two or three foote betweene every Cabin for the avoyding Eues-droppings and a little trench to receiue the Water made betwixt thim The doores of the Lieutenants and Ensignes Cabbins commonly opens towards the Front and the Armes and the Alarme place but the Sariants towardes the Reere The Souldiers doores open opposite one to an other that vpon any occasion they may presently draw out into Armes all which parts shal be discribed in the figure for a Regiment of ten Companies following HIS HIGHNESSE THE PRINCE OF ORANGE his new Order and Forme for Quartering of a Regiment of ten Companies of Foote to wit the Colonels being 200 the Lieutenant Colonels 150 and the Captaines 120 Heads THE DEMONSTRATION A Is the Colonels Hall Gallerie and Pavillion B Are two Hutts for his servants C The Kitchin D Two Hutts for the Butlar a Cellar and a pantrie E The Stable F A place for his Waggons G The Captaines Hutte H The Quartermasters I The Preachers Hutt K The Chirurgians Hut L The Lieutenants Hutts M The Ensignes Hutts N The Crutch for the Musketts P The Crutch for the Pikes Q The Alarme placc which is 200 foot between the head of the Quarter and the Trench R The Provost-Marshals Hutt and Prison S The Sariants Huts T The Backstreetes betweene each Companie V Is 20 foote between the front and the furthest side of the Pikes The bredth of the whole quarter for these 10 Companies is 436 foote The Coronells division 84 foote THE FORME OF QVARTERING OF A REGIMENT of Horse
bough or stick aswell in the front as in the reere of the quarter giving also to the Colonell his ground in the midst of his regiment But first the Quattermasters ptikes out the ground before and behinde for the Captaines gives there the bredth of the streete between the Sarjants in the reere of the souldiers huts and their owne as likewise the depth betweene the Captaines boughs the Sutlars huts marking out first the foure angles of his quarter by setting into the ground his quarter staues and flaggs of his Colonels colours The duty of a Sarjant THe quarter being so laid out then the Sarjant of euery Companie kilspits it and divides and makes the partition of the huts to the Gentlemen and souldiers which they prick out by line and small boughs or sticks stock into the ground and so divides the rowes of huts and the streets among them euery hut having some 4 or 5 foote in bredth and for vniformity sake 8 foote deepe and thus the ground for a whole Regiment of what number so ever the Companies be is marked and drawne out in a feild as the figure of a Regiment for 10 Companies before mentioned demonstrates The other quarters to wit for horse officiers ordinance and carriages are marked by number and letter in the campe following The Alarme place THere is left round about the circuit of the whole quarter a parallell on all sides some 200 or 250 foote betweene the front of the quarter and the trench called an Alarme Place for the souldiers to draw out into Armes into Parade or when any Alarme or commotion happens the Campe or quarter being environned with a Trench and a Parapet of six foote high six foote deepe and three foote in the bottome and the ditch 8 foote broade The souldiers of euery Companie are commonly commanded to make this trench parapet and ditch before their quarter or where it may fall on t because it serues for their own defence which the souldiers are to doe for their owne safty without giuing them any mony for it There is assigned by the Quartermasters to euery Regiment how much ground they must cast vp according to the commission and strength of euery company which proportionally is equally divided among the companies that one companie do no more work then an other In doing of which the Captaine and Officers of a companie are to ouersee it that the trench be done well and with expedition Now the whole circūference of the quarter being measured out by line and kilspitted there is a generall calculation made how many Regiments there are in the campe and how many companies each Regiment hath that one may know how many hundred companies there are in the army And then by the rule of 3 knowing the line and circumference and the number of companies say the number of all the Regiments and Compagnies which are to make upe the line of Circumvallation amounts to so many feete or rodes how much ground then must a Regiment of ten companies haue that containes so many men This calculation being made the companies of euery Regiment draw out so many men after the Quartermaster hath furnished them with materials which is quickly done seing the men are relieved and many hands as the proverbe is makes light worke and will make hast that they may haue time to build their own huts and cabins to keepe them vnder covert The quarters being thus fortified and the line of Circumvallation made a double ditch for horses and strong Redoubts Horne-works Crowne-works Batteries Half-moones and Spurs upon the commanding places of most danger as yout shall see in the Ichnographies of the lines of Circumvallation before the siege of the Bosch Mastrick and Breda which shall be shown God willing in my third part of this booke all these things then being done after the demonstration of this Campe we come next to handle approches THE DEMONSTRATION OF THE severall Quarters in this Campe A Is his Excellenties quarter which is 300 foote in depth and 125 in bredth B Is the Lords the States quarter being 300 foote in depth and 342 in bredth C The Generall of the ordinance and Magazin 300 foote in depth and 800 in bredth D The quarter of the Carriages and waggons E The quarter for Marchants Tradsman and Victulars F Mons. Chastillon quarter being 14 Companies making 28 Rowes of Huts 300 deepe and 500 foote broade G Mons. Bythunes being 13 Comp. making 28 Rowes 300 foote deepe and 500 in bredth H The Freeses being 5 Comp. making 15 Rowes 300 foote deepe and 235 foote broad I Sir Horace Veres Regiment being 14 English Comp. making 31 Rowes 300 foote deepe and 548 broad K Mons. Cicils Reg. being 7 Comp. making 15 Rowes 300 foote deepe and 292 broad L Colonel Ogles Reg. being 8 Comp. making 16 Rowes 300 foote deepe and 308 broad M Mons. Fulchs being 6 Comp. 18 rowes 300 foote deep and 300 broade N My Lord of Bach-louch being 6 comp. 12 rowes 300 foote deepe and 244 broade O Colonel Egmont his Reg. being 6 comp. 12 rowes 300 foote deep 244 broad P 7 comp. Wallons commanded by Count Iohn Ernest 14 rowes 300 foote deepe and 276 broad Q Count Ernest Lord Marshall 10 Comp. 25 rowos 300 foote deep and 450 foote broade R 6 Comp. of Hollanders 12 rowes 300 foote deep and 242 broad T Prince Henry Generrll of the Horse 4 Cornets 300 foote deep and 476 broad V Capt. Qwicht 3 Cornets 300 foote deepe and 250 broad W Mons Market Lieut. Generall 4 Cornets 300 foote deep and 349 broad X Mons Ryhoven 4 Cornets 300 foote doep and 340 broad Y Mens Bacx 4 Cornets 300 foote deep and 340 broad Z Mons. Wagheman 3 Cornets 300 foote deepe and 253 broad aa Mons Quaet 3 Cornets 333 foote deep and 350 broad bb Mons la Sale 4 Cornets 330 foote deep and 340 broad cc Mons Stakenbrouck 4 Cornets 300 foote deepe and 340 broad dd The Drost Sallant 4 Cornets 300 foote deep and 340 broad ee Peter Pany commanding the Princes guard of Horse 1 Corn 300 foote deep and 100 broad OF ALL MANNER OF APPROCHES AND their Profiles with the definition what approches are THE FIFTH CHAPTER THe Approch by which one approcheth safest towards a Towne or a Fortresse besieged are certaine hollow ditches called Trenches digged into the Earth whereby one may approch neare vnto a Towne or a fortresse covertly without any great harme if the lines be carryed well and kept from the sight of an enemy In approching one ought to consider well 1. The situation of the Towne or fort to be besieged 2. The propriety and forme of the approach 3. The beginning and distance of them and fourthly their profile 1. For the Site of the place one ought to consider well the propriety and nature thereof whether the ground bee high low hilly or plaine In plaine and even ground one may finde foure kinds of Earth to wit 1.
lusty souldiers which are vsed to work now besides the ordinairies armes which they carrie they take downe alōg with them into the approches spades shovells pickaxses and others materials necessary for work and are set in order by the Ingenier in that place where the Approch begins to the end they may begin with the more safety they have diverse guards of Foote and horse standing up and down here and there to defend them if the besieged should sally out vpon the workemen and because they may make a good beginning first they cast vp a Redoubt or two from whence the trench approch is run which are environned with a parapet a good ditch the sides of the redouts made some eigt rods square as you may see in the profile of trenches Indeed sometimes as occasion may serve they make demy Bulwarkes or it may bee Whole Bulwarkes for which one takes a Profilie answerable to the greatnesse for when they are litle one makes vse onely of the Profile of ordinarie trenches and when they are great thier Profile must be likewise correspondent vnto them These workes and Redouts serve for a Retreat to the workemen if an Enemy should make a great sallie vpon them for being retreated into the said Redouts they may resist an Enemie and stopp them till they are seconded so that such Redouts are very necessary For if the workemen had not a place to retreate into they would beforced to betake thēselves to their heeles and to abandon and loose their worke But the Inginiers which are employed therein ought to vse all the skill industrie and experience they have to run their lines in such a sort that those which are in the trenches and approches may not be discovered and seen by an ennemy In a word they may runne their approches with the more safety and as much expedition as possbile bee towards the place or part of the Fortresse which de Generall desires to become master off There are two principall parts in a Town or Fortress one of which must be battered if one is resolved to take it in and that is either a Curtaine or a Bulwarke What part of a Fortresse ought to be approched to IT is not good to approch to a Curtaine which is defended by the two next Bulwarkes and their flankes when you are to expect an enemies Canon continually on both sides of you especially when you would give an assault vpon it for afterward it may easely be cut off Besides that the moate is broader before the Curtaine thē in other places whence it followeth manifestly that there is no advantage in approching vpon such a place But a Bulwarke is the safest best to be approched to and taken in my reasons are these first the moate is not so broad and large as it is before the Curtaine a Bulwarke hath but a single defence coming from the Bulwark opposite to it which may be better beaten vpō by Batteries then the Curtaine can Moreover a Bulwarke hath but a little defence of it self because on may be forced to retire from it to make new workes cuttings of behinde that part which is quitted And because there is no so much space as is within the curtaine the fortification there of is more painefull and more incommodious therefore it is better to approach to wards Bulwarkes then curtaines which is found by practize and daily experience There are other works belonging to a Town or Fortresse as Crown-works Hoorn-works Tenailles Ravelings Halfe-moones and others The manner of carrying of approches wil be cleare and easie enough when wee come to shew an approch by figure vpon a Towne or Fortresse which is to be taken in After one hath naturely resolved whether he will run an Approch vpon a Curtaine or a Bulwarke The Ingenier being presēt at the breaking of the ground is to shew informe the workemen well how they are to run their line and as necessity requires being of diverse lengths but most commōly some 20 or 40 rod long or sometimes shorter or longer and broken and turned as often as is necessary The line then being laid out marked they divide and place the Workemen in order that they may not hinder one another Now they give to every man the length of foure or fiue foote and every one maketh as much hast as possible may bee to gett into the ground for the avoyding of the danger wherevnto he is exposed while he stands vpon the open feild therefore the Earth which he diggeth he casteth it vp before him and with all expedition maketh a hole like a graue it is needlesse that at the first breaking the ditch should be any broader or deeper then three foot for the Earth being cast vp three foote aboue the Ground and the ditch likewise three foote deepe a man then hath covert enough The Workemen then being got into the Ground they enlarge and deepen the Approches as necessity requires but those which are fardest of from the Towne they need not be soo deepe at the beginning as when they come neerer to the Fortresse The bredth of the Approches ought to be some 10 or 12 foote broad as may be found necessarie yea sometimee one is constrayned to make them larger least they might be to narrow in regard waggons may be driuen through them with materialls necessarie for the Gallerie as also Canon which must be drawne downe and mounted vpon the Batteries But by how much larger the Approches are made by so much ought the parapet of the Trench to be heightned that the Enemie may not discover the Souldiers that are in them Especially one ought to heighten those points and windings where the Line turnes otherwise it may proue very hurtfull and dangerous While the Souldiers are busied in makeing of the Line others are employed in makeing of a Batterie to hinder the Enemie from Sallying out When the night is past there are fresh workemen sent downe to relieve the first and to enlarge heighten and repaire that nights worke vnlesse some of them are willing to connue their worke and these commanded men are to have ten stiuers a peece which the Quartermaster of every Regiment who delivers the matterials doth solicite for and payes them After the first nights worke or it may be the same there are Corps de guard made to putt a good number of Souldiers into where they keepe their Maine guard which are made sometimes within the lines with which the Corps de guard ought to be Parallels or else vpon the point where the line turnes and sometimes without the Approches to which the Corps of guard are ioyned to them by a line of Communication so that they lie three or 4 Rod from them It is not alwaies needfull that these Redoubts be made square but one may make them long-wise or else with 5 Angles and after diverse other manners as the Ground will best afford Most commonly one workes by
assault of an Enemy The second manner of defence is made by Canon which must play continually from all places upon the workemen and Approches to doe them as much harme as possible may be whence it comes to passe that the Workemen are amazed and frighted when they see many of their fellow workemen fall and slaine miserably by the Canon which will abate their courage and make them worke more faintly in such sort that an Enemy is driven to leave of their worke till such time as the offensive side have made Batteries against the Beseiged But when it is not feisible they must be constrayned at last to breake up and quit the seige otherwise if they continue it wil be exceeding chargeable to them because no men will undertake the work but such as wil be soundly payed for it For every man hazards his life when Ordinance and Musketteirs play continually upon him and a man will not venter his life for nothing but will sell it at as deare a rate as he can besides in so doing it prolongs the time for an Enemy so that a Fortresse may sometimes be relieved or when Winter or bad weather comes on they may be forced to abandon the Siege The third manner is by makeing of all sorts of Outworkes and in takeing up the Ground whereunto an Enemie Approches which may be made during the siege and while an Enemie Approaches as by makeing of Ravelings Halfe-moones Horne-workes Tenailles and Traverses for all these workes may be made while an Enemie advances his Approaches towards a Towne or Fortresse but it were better they had bin made before the Towne was beseiged for the gaining of time and saving of charges which might be employed in other works The fourth maner is when the Beseiged make Counter Approches whereby they may resist an enemy that he may not get into the Outworkes and Counterscharfe with his approches where to hinder him they must cast up some Traverses and other lines running them from their outworks as it were to meet the Enemies works and so make them get ground as it were by peece-meale till they come to the Fortresse But neverthelesse one must observe well that they must be carryed and made so that they may alwaies flank upon the Beseigers works and approches and that the Approchers may do them as little harme as may be alwaies making them so that they lie open towards the Towne or Fort Beseiged from whence they are to be defended and must be so carried that they may give no advantage to an Enemy when he takes them in and see that they may be flanked from the Town and Fort both with Canon and Musket At the last seige of Bergen op Zoom there were many such Counter Approches made wherewith the Beseiged gauled the Enemy shrewdly insomuch that he was not able notwithstanding the losse of abundance of men to get a foot of ground of them having chests in the Counter-Approches which played continually with muskettiers and firelocks upon the Enemy and casting fireworks among them taking up also the ground and advantagious places before the Enemy could approach unto them which did disharten them much for assoon as Prince Maurice of happy memory came to Rosendale with his Army to relieve the Towne Marquis Spinola seeing no hopes of getting it after the losse of twelve thousand men was driven to rise without it and quit the seige OF ALL SORTS OF BRIDGES ESPECIALLY your flagg or Bulrush Bridges THE SEVENTH CHAPTER UPon an expedition of warre when of necessity an Army is to passe over a River or a Brook there are commonly carryed Boates or sloopes upon Waggons as hath been taught before having Beames or Boards all necessaries laid in the Boates to be used first they take downe the Beames and Posts and then the Plancks and Boards which is done in a trice when all things lie in order sometimes they carry onely Boats and sometimes onely plancks To make then a Bridge over a River first these Boats as many as you shall have use off to lay over the River are launced into the water which are bound together with ropes and fastened with Cables and Ankors in the bottome over which sparres and beames are laid and then plancks and bords layd orderly upon them for men to march over There are likewise such kind of bridges made with great boates in Fortresses lying upon a river side when an enemy is feared and where one dares not make any other bridge for it is drawn up every night like a draw-bridge that if an Enemy had any enterprise upon that place he might not passe over it There are made likewise bridges over the moates of the outworkes of a Fortresse but an Enemy being approached neere unto the Fortresse having made batteries to beate them down these bridges are broken down in the outworkes and sally bridges made to which they cannot do much harme for the making of which one takes some Barrels or Hoggs-heads bound about with iron and pitched unto which rings of iron are made fast for to put posts into them by which meanes these Barrels are ioyned together and lockt one to another upon which there are laid planckes for men to passe over and repasse and if one would take them up in the night they do it in such a manner that they are soon sundred one from another An Enemy cannot so easily spoile such a Bridge because it lies even with the water and if one part of it should be shot a peeces one may presenly help it againe with other Barrels and posts There is an other kind of Bridge over which one may give an assault whereof some of them are borne upon waggons and others upon boats and are made after the manner of Draw-bridges saving that they are lighter and are drawn upon the waggons or boates upon which they are laid but when one is to use them then they must take them downe Read the Treasury of the Mechanick Secrets of Augustine de Ramely The Artillery of Diego Vffano and the Theater of the instruments of Henry Leysing which treate of these things at large But of all Bridges none are found more necessary and usefull then those that are made of flaggs and Bulrushes For all others require great charges especially when some Ingenier takes some old invention from an ancient Author and gives it out for a new one for it is reason such a one should be recompenced because of his invention and afterward becomes a directour for the making of it as though no other could be made but that which he hath invented and so by this meanes makes his benefit of it and his count and reckoning according to his desire by making a bridge at such a high rate and charge that makes his masters purse light and his owne heavy But if you looke narrowly upon it you shall find it to be an old invention as one cast off and serves for no use The like doth happen here for when
the moate For the effecting whereof one must make provision of many things necessary thereunto and first of all get good store of longbrush and bundles of boughs to fill up the moate with a great number of plancks and posts ioyned and made together like a Gallowes all of them having one height and bredth which are so framed and made by the Carpenters before they are brought down into the Aproaches tha one may either take them asunder or pin them together without any great labour for being brought thither where they are to be used Jt is easily done by marking the joynts and peeces with one and the same number which they may fit and joyne together without any great difficulty Such a Gallowes hath five peeces to wit two posts which stand upright one croswise over them which ioynes the other two together and two props or supporters of timber to bear the crosse post up the two posts are set upright being 8 or 9 foot long and are cut halfe a foote in the upper end of them for the crosse beame or post to rest upon the other two posts and to ioyne them together and a foot and a halfe at the lower end is sharpned and set fast into the Ground so that it remaines seven foot high for the top of the Gallery Yo shall see the forme of it set out in the 160 figure following whereof the length of them from a b to c d are each of them 9. foot long and the bredth 6. or 7. inches the halfe of this breadth at the uppermost end of these two posts is cut the length of halfe a foot to lay the crosse beame upon them which ought to be cut in the like manner having the length of ten foot or thereabouts for the longer this crosse post is the broader will the Gallery be and the better for the souldiers to march five or fixe in front when they are to give an assault upon the breach the greatnesse is answerable to the two others being marked with A C. Now forasmuch as these posts are made in such a manner with joynts that they may soone be joined together or severed they cannot be so firme as those which are joined and pinned fast together by force without being afterwards taken asunder especially because of the great weight which they are to beare therefore there are props made to support the crosse post as you may see by E.F. and G.H. marked in the 160. figure all which being done and all the peeces joined and pinned fast together as is fitting every peece is marked and holes bored through them to fasten them together in a little time when there is occasion to have them set up Of the Bords and Planks for a Gallery AFter this you must provide in a readinesse good store of Fir boards and plancks which must be as long as the two posts or rather four or five inches longer so that if the distance between post and post be 5 foote broad then these plancks must be five foote and a halfe long for the odd half foot is divided into two equall parts taking up three inches on either side of the two posts into which holes are bored to naile the plancks and the posts fast together The ordinary space between the posts joyned together is commonly 4. or 5. but seldome six foot in bredth which oftentimes is changed according to the condition of the place and as the danger is great or little The thicknesse of the plancks is without any certain measure because it is needlesse to make them all of one thicknesse for it may so fall out that somtimes you must use a thick planck and some whiles a thinner is fitter to stop a hole withall as occasion may serve Now for the joyning and fastening of your posts together you must provide good store of oaken pins and bore all the holes with a borer to the end the holes may not cleave now all these pins ought to be of one bignesse Also in Galleries there are used nailes some greater and longer as you shall have use for some of them are 4. or 5. inches long for to naile the plancks with which covers the sides some other 6. or 7. inches long which nailes the props into the posts you must have good store of them of all sises for to use them when necessity shall require Your ordinary wheel-barrowes and shovels are here of exellent use but you must have shovels that have longer hafts then ordinary to cast the earth a good way into the moate which cannot be so well done with short hafts Jn this place one ought to make use of thick plank-blinds which we have mentioned in the chapter of gabions and blinds which serve for a very good use in Galleries as we shall show you hereafter A Gallerie raised without being covered with Earth is represented unto you in the 161 figure After you have sapt through the Counterscharfe and that you are come to the edge or brinke of the moate and resolve to lay a Gallerie over it you must first of all provide good store of these bundles of long brush before mentioned brought downe in waggons and abundance of wheele-barrowes to fetch Earth into the Gallerie to cast these things into the moat and to fill it up even to that place where you intend to make a Mine and in so doing you shall by degrees fill up the moate and make a good foundation for your Gallerie to rest and stand upon But because any cannot cast and lay these bush-faggots in order as one would you shall meet with some venturous souldier or another who for money will adventure in the night to goe out at the mouth of the Gallerie into the moate to lay them in order And to the end they may not be seen by the Enemy one must observe well to make the perpendicular of the face of the Bulwarke which will be the shortest way to come unto it The moate then being filled with these long bundles and fagots of Brush abovesaid so that one may cast Earth upon them brought from the next sap the work-men fetches good store of Earth in wheel-barrowes upon plancks laid in the Gallerie and brings it to the mouth of the Gallerie casts it upon a heape and then two or three workemen which are apointed to worke in the mouth of the Gallerie casts it into the moate to settle the fagotts This Earth cast up in the forme of a heape serves to cover and make a blinde for the work-men onely before but not on the sides and therefore they must be constrayned to make blinds on that side which is most dangerous til the posts be set up yea oftentimes they must make blinds on both sides of the Gallerie if an Enemy flanks it from two places After this one begins to set up one of the posts ioyned and pinned together as hath been taught and as you may see in the 160 figure And sets some men
purpose Now you must pierce and pull out these loggs by such wayes and meanes as is known unto Miners for the makeing of a way and a chamber to lay your Gunpowder in When you are assured that you cannot digge no deeper but that shall come to water then you must raise your Mine a little higher to the end the powder may lie drie in it The Miners then beginning to break into the wall do carry their Mine so close and secret as possible may be that the Besieged may not heare any noise or gather any notise where the mine is made and how it runs for if they doe without all question they will make a Counter-mine to discover and spoile your Mine begun so that you shall be driven to begin a new one in another place as hath happened many times The heighth and the bredth of the Mine must be made in such a manner as you may onely lay in the Barrels of powder for it ought to be no higher nor no broader because your intentiō is but onely to chamber your powder in it and therefore it must needs be so high as a man and no higher but that a man may onely work in that upon his kneés and that he stoops lower when he goes to lay the Powder into its chamber The heighth then must be but 4 or 4 foot and a half high at the most and the bredth but 3 and a half or foure foot according to vvhich measures the props and the planks are framed vvherevvith you are to underprop the Mine When you begin to mine into a Rampard or Bulwark you take out the earth and carry it away in a vessell or a pall of leather which is light in handing it one to another till it be brought out of the hole or entrance out of the Mine and laid in the Gallerie to the end the Enemy may not see it and gesse where abouts your Mine is The Master-miner which hath the conducting of the Mine ought to be a man of great experience how he ought to carry it lest he be mistaken and so make it in a place where he ought not to make it Therefore he must have knowledge of a Compasse and how the needle stands that he may carry his Mine aright He ought also to have skill in Geometry to the end he may know of what heighth he must carry his Mine according to the proportion of the Rampart The nearer he comes unto the place where he is to make his Chamber the narrower ought the way of the mine to be in such sort that it must be no broader or higher at the entrance into the Chamber but that a Barrell of powder may scarcely passe through the way for the straighter and the narrower the passage is into the Chamber the easier the Mine is stopt The place where the Chamber is ought to be so made that the powder doth not break neither the one nor the other side but that it may blow the earth upward Neverthelesse sometimes the Miners are commanded to make their Mine so as it may blow the earth into the Fortresse or else without which may be done if they make that side which is to be blown up not so thick as the other for the nature of powder is such that it maketh the greatest operation alwaies towards the weakest place and though it blows it up ordinarily yet commonly it searcheth most often the place where it may break out soonest in to the ayre which appeareth both in your Canon and Muskets The bignesse of the Chamber is divers for it must be made according to the greatnesse and proportion of the wall or Rampard neverthelesse one must observe that it be made as narrow as possible may be and yet must have room enough to lay the Barrels of powder into it the ordinary heighth is some six or seven foot and the bredth foure or five foot When the Chamber is ready then you lay in your Barrels the number whereof cannot be so precisely discribed For one Rampard is greater then an other in so much that a greater quantity of powder is requisite more for one place then an other The common opinion is that a Barrel of powder will blow up a rod or twelue foot of Earth The Barrels are laid in such order that in the twinckling of an Eye they take fire all at one time which causeth a greater operation then if one Barrell should be blowne up one after another After that your powder is chambred the with all expedition you must stop the entrance into the chamber with thick and strong planckes and stopp it hard and ramme it in with good Earth and leaue a little hole or traine to lay some powder in it which traine is carried to the very end of the mine and stops up the passage of it with firkins of Earth that the aire may neither come in or out For the stronger the Mine is stopt it will take the greater effect All things then being in a readinesse it is left so till one is commaunded to give fire to it In the 163 figure is represented unto you a myne marked A B C D E is the way upon the Bulwark E is the entrance into the chamber F G H and I is the chamber it self wherein the powder is laid Here a question might be moued whether mines ought to be carried with right lines or crooked The answer is that mines which are carried in a right line are sooner made but because they take not so good effect the other are to be preferred before them which are made with oblique lines For the windings and the turnings of them adds strength unto them that the powder hath not so much force to break the stopping Now suppose that it should break the stopping D E the rest therefore is not broken because the force of the powder is kept in by the Earth marked D and driven back to blow upwards or finding no vent to turne back againe where it vvas laid But in a right line vvhen the povvder breakes the stopping the effect thereof is hindred and deminished for it is certaine that the stopping which is made nevvly is not so firme as the old setled Earth vvhich hath lain a long time in it OF COVNTER-MINES THE NINTH CHAPTER WHere there is an Offensiue Warre there is also a Defensiue as appeareth by mines for the Beseiged having discouvered them vvhich one hath prepared for them and that there is no hope left but vvaiting for the Springing of an Enemies myne in their Rampard and to giue them an assault then they are to stand upon their defence and beginn to make mines also vvhich they eyther doe to offend an Enemy or to defend themselues by them Therefore vvee must understand here three kinds of mines to vvit the vvorkes vvhich are made to finde out an Enemies mine 2 The Countermines vvhich are made to spoyle an Enemies mine 3 the cutting off of a Bulvvarke or a Rampard
vvithin of the tvvo former vvee will treate in this Chapter For the first kind of Countermines vvee understand those vvorkes and mines vvhich are made to discover and find out an Enemies Mine and to kill the miners in it After one hath found it out as also for the casting dovvn of the same vvork and the taking avvay of the povvder chambred the Enemy vvill finde himself deceived vvhen he thinks to spring his Mine attending the operation thereof in vaine because the povvder is stolne out of it For to finde out an Enemies mine there are tvvo manner of vvayes the one vvhich vvas used by the Ancients and the other practised at this day Vitruvius in the said Chapter of his tenth book describeth the maner of the Ancients and saith that the Cite of Apolonia being besieged and the Besiegers having made some Mines under the earth to assault the Citizens on a sudden vvithin the vvalls the Citizens being advertised thereof vvere extreamly affrighted thereat and began to faint and lose their courage because they knevv no remedy to prevent it and could by no means finde out the place vvhere the Mines vvere made But Trypho Alexandrin vvhich lived in that age the Architector of this City caused to be made along under the vvalls a great many ditches and vvithall some Mines under the vvalls continuing them beyond the Enemies as farre as one could throvv a stone He caused to be hanged in these ditches vessels of Copper under thâ—se places vvhere the Enemy vvrought vvhich made a noise by reason of the moving of the earth vvhereupon he found out the Enemies Mines and filled Cauldrons of brasse full of boyling water and melted pitch to povvre it dovvn through those holes upon the heads of his Enemies mines He cast dovvn also mens dung vvhich vvas mixed vvith hot sand and gravell vvhich he did by night into the Enemies Mines into vvhich he had made divers holes and by this meanes slevv a great many of them Herodotus in his Melpomina makes mention of a Tinker vvhich dvvelt in the City of Barca besieged by the Persians vvho discovered the Enemies Mines by the meanes of a Buckler of Brasse vvhich he hung in divers places against the vvall and so found out at last the place under vvhich the Enemy mined But at this day to finde out an Enemies Mine they use to make counter-ditches as hath been said and before a Mine is begun it is necessary to be informed after the manner of the Ancients of the place vvhich may be undermined by an Enemy But Mines are searched out after divers other vvayes Some are of the opinion that round about the vvalls and Bulvvarks of a Tovvn or a Fortresse to vvit vvhen the fortificatioÌ„ is first begun one should make hiddeÌ„ caves and passages under the earth by vvhich one might discover and finde out an Enemies mine But this me thinks is not good because the vvalls and Bulvvarks are made thereby slender vveake and these caves being made vvith posts and planks vaults in tract of time are subject to rot and the Mines afterward falling dovvn all that labour is lost Also it is dangerous to make vauts in Rampards and Bulwarks seeing it is to be feared that such a work is not durable sith it must bear up so great and ponderous a vveight besides it vvill cost excessive expences And though these Counter-mines should be thus made and ordained yet it is not certaine but that an Enemy in myning may meet iust with one of these Mines and so take his way and advantage either over or under it and so leatt this Counter-mine alone A second opinion is this some findes it good that one should hang trees and other bushes in them which are found often in the Rampards of the Cimbri which being stirred with the least motion gives a sound whereby one may finde out the place where the mine is But this is a thing uncertain because the least gale of wind will easily shake these bushes and branches of trees And if they do so this must be done in a still and a calme vveather vvhen there is no vvinde stirring And therefore I ansvvere one ought to search out an Enemies mine at all times for it vvere an absurd thing for one to stay from finding an Enemies mine out till a calme time comes vvho vvill advance as much as possible may be his vvork vvithout staying for still or faire vveather Therefore this vvay serves but for little use A third and a better vvay and which is the ordinary way is to set a drum in the place suspected vvith some Dice pease or beanes vpon the head of it vvhich upon any stirring will leap upon the drum when it stands over the place vvhere one vvorks Neverthelesse you must not let it stand in one place onely but remove it novv and then from one place to another yea so often till you are assured of the place vvhich is shaken by the work vvhich is made under it Some make use of a Bason of litany filled vvith water and imagines that the mine is there vvhere the water moveth but that is uncertaine as that of the Cimbri is spoken of before but that of a drum is held to be the best and surest way Notvvithstanding one may make good use of Basons vvhen they are set upon a Rampard as a drum with peas or other things For by such a meanes one may knovv the place vvhich is undermined The use of Basons vvithout all question took its Originall from the Invention of a Kettle vvhereof vvee haue spoken even novv A fourth opinion besides these vvhich is in use also is a great long iron Borer to bore into the Earth wherevvith those which searched the Earth bores a hole with it into the Rampard laying his eare to the hole to listen well if he can heare any noize vvhich is practised in suspected places Many other Inventions are invented by necessity the mother of practise To resist then the mines of an Enemie one makes use of this practise following After you haue curiously searched out the Enemies mines and that you are assured of the place under vvhich they are hid then you may find them out vvithout all question nothing remaynes then but to make a Counter-mine against them vvhich is made in the same manner as vve haue discribed in the former chapter treating of mines to wit by under-propping the Earth vvith posts and laying planks betvveene them that the Earth may not tumble dovvn Now because one is not assured to meed iust vvith the Enemies myne vvhich may be made either too high or too low therefore you must make many till by one of them you haue found it out are come to the Chamber to take avvay the powder When an Enemies myne is carryed so secret and hidden that one cannot finde it out then the besieged must of necessity resolue to quit that part of the Rampard or Bulwarke under
proportion of a small Fort Royall where the proportion of the Polygones are of 5550 or 45 rodd When you resolve to cut off a worke a little more inward it will become narrower in a regard of the great work yet will be great enough to defend it selfe The Generall Cuttings of Crown-works will cost no great labour which may easily be showne in regarde it is very common An example thereof you may see in the 169 figure The cutting off being made one is forced to make a ditch between the worke quitted and the cutting off which ought neverthelesse to be done because one takes the Earth out of the ditch to make up the cutting off withall one must observe also that this cutting off must be made as strong as possible may be The cuttings off are maide only while an Enemy is approaching towards you but also when Towns and Forts are first fortified Your General cuttings off in Tenailles doth not differ from that which is made in Horn-works saveing that one make a Tenaile in stead of a Horn-worke The particular cuttings off of Horn-works is after so many wayes that one cannot shew here all the kinds of them A Cutting off is represented unto you in the 171 figure where a Horn-worke is cut off and two Revelings made in the sides of it which are defended by a third which are behinde the others though they have a sufficient defence of themselves yet the defence of the other Reveling is added to them over above and is defended from the Tenaille which is after it Besides this there is another kinde of cutting of a Horn-worke showne in the 172 figure In imitating these cuttings off one may make many others as necessity may permit and as an Enemy attempts upon you all which is impossible to marke out here A Generall cutting off a great wall or Rampard is used very seldome because the Besiegers and the Besieged will at last grow weary thereof Neverthelesse this hapned in the seige of Ostend which lasted three yeares three months and odd dayes for assoone as the Enemy had got into the wall by sapping and springing of mines they presenly had an other Cutting off ready to entertaine them in so much that dureing this seige there were many Counter-approches against approches Counter mines against the Enemies mines so that the Enemy could not get for a long time sarcely an inch of ground upon our men for there were above forty mines sprung on both sides when the Earth fel out men fought for that and turned up the Earth against them for these Generall and Royall cuttings off lasted till the Enemie had got more then halfe the Towne before they gate over the whole And though such a seige and such a great cuttings off happens but seldome yet you shall see an example thereof in the figure 173 where is showne how one ought to quit a whole part of a Towne or Fortresse vvith the Curtaine and Bulvvarks and hovv one by a cutting of a Bullvvarke or a Curtaine is more usual vvhereof vve savv an example at the seige of the Bosch in the Vucher Bulvvarks as also the last year at the seige of Breda vvhere both the Ginnekeis and Haghish Hornvvorks vvith both these Bulvvarks vvere most dangerously cut off Novv to represent unto you some cuttings off vvhich you may see in the 173 figure marked vvith A B and C. The letter C shovvs you hovv one ought to quit a vvhole Bulvvark and hovv you ought to make your Capital line after a Bulvvark is cut off Likevvise other kinds of cuttings off of Bulvvarks are represented unto you in the figure 174 175 176 177 and 178 after vvhich manner you may make many others and change and order them as an Enemie comes neere you and as the commodiousnesse of the place shall require It happens also sometimes that Curtaines are cut of invvardly vven as an Enemy may assault them vvith advantage becaus of their length You may then cut them of as is shovvn in 172 figure vvhen you have time enough to cut them of Royally But if time vvil not permitt you to make a royall fortification then you must make use of Traverses It is impossible to cut of a False-bray because of the little space vvhich is in it Notvvthstanding one may cast up some Traverses in it especially on that side vvhich the Enemy seeks to take in and tovvards vvhich part he vvould advance his gallery to the end you may not give too much to an Enemy but keep and maintaine the place as much as possible may be For the Besieged may lay hold on the same advantage as their Enemy doth vvhen he is once got into the False-bray and though vvhen he is in that they may cover the roof of it vvith planks one may neverthelesse set fire on it and disaccommodate the Enemy on all sides As for other vvorks as Revelings and Halfmoons you may see hovv they are cut of after the same manner as the Bullvvarks are if the vvorke vvhich is to be cut of be great enough and have place enough in it to be cut off But forasmuch as all this here showne concerneth principally the defence which ought to bee considered in ordinary Fortresses so one must have a speciall care to the materials whereof these workes are made for in making of them you must choose the best Earth that is to be got which will make your workes the stronger In outworkes you may alwayes take in the earth which is digged out of the moate· But because that sandy earth or earth mingled with sand is not so good it is lyned with rise or Brush which is layd betwixt and upon it In great Bulwarks where there is not Earth enough and besides that is sandy it must bee laid with rowes of Brush driving them in with stakes and sparrs of houses shot down with Canon But when the ground is so sandy that you cannot work it alone then you must lay dung and straw and other things betwixt it to make it hold together and you must wet the Earth as many times as is needful You may fortifie your Parapets with Gabions when you cannot make them otherwise and likewise you may set great musket baskets upon the top of the Parapet that it may be covered the better In Outworks one may make use of the ordinary Profile when you have time enough to make cuttings off or you may make them long before hand But the works which are made in great hast have no certaine rule howsoever you must make them as strong as possible may be and as meanes and time will give you leave Touching the cuttings off of Bulwarks and Curtains one can give likewise no certain rule only this you must ever have a care that all inward works and cuttings off lie open toward the Town or Fortres with this proviso also that they be not made so high but that the great works may over-look and command them For if the
Rampard of the cutting off be lower then the high Rampard of the Town then the Enemies Canon can do it no great harm because they are defended from the great Rampard Againe the Enemy cannot discover the place and the forme of the cutting off according to which one may governe themselves otherwise It is certain also that one cannot beate an Enemy from a high place which is neer at hand because he is blinded and covered with the Wall or Rampard All these things being finished when one is assured that an Enemy is ready to spring his Mine which cannot be found out one must then strengthen double the guards in every place bring your canon to those places where they may most gaul and flanck the enemy One ought to have an eye aswell on other places as only upon the Breach which is made by the springing of the mine For an Enemy hopeing that he may have drawn the most of the forces in a Town or Fortresse to defend the Breach may attempt some other place of the Fortresse which is not thought upon so become master of such a place which is not provided with a sufficient defence After that the Breach is made the Besieged must expect to be presently assaulted which they must maintaine and make good as long as possibly they can by defending the breach couragiously in doing whereof they must throw downe from the top of it abundance of these Sqare tanter-nailes spoken of in the chapter before for to annoy and prick the Enemy when he seeks to mount up and to enter it Vpon the top of the Breach also if they have time they may cast up a brest-worke as Sir Francis Vere did in Ostend or set up some turn-pikes to hinder the Enemy for entring and to strike in some Palissadoes upon the top of it having Clubs Flails Stones and Ashes to offend them It is necessary when the Enemy strives to enter it that the souldiers fight couragiously that the officers should encourage them with their presence to carry themselvs like brave men that being a place to gaine honour in by giveing them also premisses of reward and when they grow weary to see that they be seconded with fresh men which stand in readinesse behinde the Rampard to relieve them When they are not able to maintaine and defend the breach any longer then they must retire into the cutting off and take a new courage and a heart of grace in fighting behinde a new Rampard in makeing resistance as long as ever they are able and thus much for the second part Two divisions of 25 files of Pikes standing in their order in Ranke file making 500 men Ordre de Bataille de 24000 d'Infanterie et 6000 de Cavaillerie Ordonné en trois Brigades duquel le Front de A. B. a 5054 pieds Ordre de Bataille en Flandres vers Nieuport dressée l'An 1600. le 2e Iuillet par le Prince d'Orange Maurice Ordre de Bataille de l'Archeduc Albert en Flanders vers Nieuport le 2e Iuillet l'An 1600. Ordre de bataille d'Infanterie ordonné par le feu Prince d'Orange Maurice de tres boute memoire l'An 160â— Premiere forme de l'Ordre de Bataille devant Rees le 23e Septembre 1605. Ordre de Bataille de 37 Compaignies de Cavaillerie devant Rees le 23. Septemb. 1614. Premiere forme d'ordre de Bataille devant Iuliers dressée l'an 1610. e marchant depuis Vorstenberg Seconde forme de lordre de Bataille dressée depuis Vorstenberg vers Iuliers le 22e Aoeust 1620 A Forme of Horse Embattailed before Gulick Anno 1610. Ordre de Bataille de Cavaillerie devant Iuliers l'An mille six cent et dix An other forme of Embattailing Horse shoune before Rees by his Exce 1621 Ordre de Bataille de Cavaillerie devant Rees ordonné par son Excce en octob 1621. Ordre d'Infanterie en bataille devant Rees l'An 1614 duquel le front est long 2200 pieds et la bauteur 740 pieds Autre Ordre d'Infanterie en Bataille devant Rees l'an 1614 duquel le front est long 2750. pieds et la bauteur 1160. pieds Premiere Ordre d'Infanterie en Bataille devant Doormick l'An 1621. Seconde Ordre de Bataille de Cavaillerie et Infanterie Ordonné par Son Excce devant Doornick le â—e de Septemb. Infanterie en Bataille Autre Ordre d'Infanterie en Bataille Ordre d'Infanterie en Bataille pres Nimmege 1624. Ordre de Bataille Ordonné par le Prince Henry à Walwic Ordre-de-Bataille de toute L'Armeé Ordonné par Son Altezze devant le sort de Voren le 4e de Iuin 1642. The forme of the Battle which his Highnesse showed before Breda anno 1634. the Front is 8495. foote The forme of Battle showne by his Highnesse at Maersen the 10e of Iune 1635 the Front is 5050 foote Quartier d'un 〈◊〉 d'Infanterie de dix Compaignies selon l'Ordre de son Altezze le front à 434 pieds Quartier d'un Regiment de Cavaillerie de 5. Compaignies selon l'ordre de son Altezze le front à 430 pieds Figure d'Une Armée en Campaigne avec ques sa Cavaillerie et Infanterie selon l'Ordre du feu Prince d'Orange