could now beat them from their Camp Hereupon a great number of Horse and Foot were speedily assembled and made toward the Romans Caesar supposing it might so happen as in former times That the Britains being beaten would escape his Foot The Britains Overcome and save themselves by flight yet with about (r) Happily for CCC were written xxx or rather for 300 30 as Hottoman thinks by Mistake seeing 't is strange to think Caesar would joyn Battel with 30 Horse only 30 Horse which Comius of Arras brought over with him he placed the Legions in Battle-Array before the Camp not long after both Bodies were Engaged the Britains gave back and fled the Romans pursuing and killing many Burning and Wasting every where about as they returned to their Camp The same day the Britains send Ambassadors desiring Peace which they obtained They obtain Peace upon condition the number of Hostages before Imposed should now be doubled and sent after him into Gallia making hast thither because the Autumnal Equinox was at hand suspecting his Patch't and Crazie Ships might not well endure the Sea in Winter wherefore taking the first opportunity they Sailed soon after Midnight and came all safe to the Continent Caesar Winter'd in Belgia with all his Legions whither two only of the British Cities sent Hostages the rest (Å¿) This was his pretence of Invading Britain the Second time the People not thinking he would ever return to make War there again neglected Cajus Julius Câ— 52 53 Years before Christ The Roman Senate upon the Relation of these Services Decree him a (t) A Thanksgiving in Honor of him Supplication for 20 Days What. to their gods for 20 days in which by Decree of the Senate all the Temples of the gods were opened whither the People went cronwd with Garlands and offered Sacrifice with Singing Releasing Prisoners and other Triumphal Rites c. Supplication of Twenty Days Caesar departing from his Army in their Winter-Quarters went as his Custom was every (u) To observe what was done at Rome and to keep up his Interest among the People year into Italy first commanding the Lieutenants of every Legion they should build as many Ships as they could and Repair the old ones and directed they should be made Lower then those they used in the Mediterranean that they might more speedily be Laden Caes Com. Lib. v. Caesar goes into Italy and more easily drawn on Shore and for that by reason of the frequent changing of the Tide the Waves were less here then in their Seas and also Broader somewhat for the more commodious Transporting of Horses and other Cumbersome Fraight he ordered they should be nimble Vessels to which end their Lowness much conduced He returning to his Army by the singular Industry of the (x) There were all sorts of Artificers in their Legions and a Praefect or Master of them and the Soldiers themselves at their first entring into Service were Taught and did Learn Mechanic Arts. Portus Itius Where Soldiers At the Spring he returned Found 600. Ships built c. although there were a great scarcity of Materials found 600 Ships and 28 Long-Boats or Galleys built and within few days ready to be Launched Having Caressed the Soldiers and the Masters and Overseers of this Work he shews them what he would have done and Commands there should be a Rendezvous of them all at (y) Portus Itius Gessoriacus and Boulogne Cluverius affirms to be the same some think it to be Calais others a small Village called Withsan Vissen or Essen near Blaness in Boulonois between Calais and Boulogne where the nearest passage is into England or as others a kind of Marsh between those Towns where yet remain great heaps of Earth compassed with Ditches and a Tract of a Port. Port Itius from whence was the most commodious passage into Britain about 30 Miles from the Continent here he left a sufficient number of Soldiers to manage this Affair while he himself In which he Transports 6 Legions of Foot and 800. Horse with Six Legions and 800 Horse Marched into the Country of the (z) People of Old Belgium between the Mosell and the Rhene whose Chief City is now called Triers Aedui Who. and Where Seated upon the Mosell Treviri who would neither take Advice from or be Commanded by him But Hostages being given and things setled here and the (a) They had the right of Senators in the City and by the Senate were called Brothers they served in the Roman Army were Free and had the same Priviledges with Roman Soldiers Upon Caesars coming for Britain Dumnorix their Prince Mutinies and Revolts who being slain the rest Return to Obedience their Country was both the Burgundies Dutchy and County their Chief Town Bibracte after Augustodunum now Aâ—stun a small Bishoprick in the Dutchy of Burgundy Aedui reduc'd leaving Labienus to Guard the Haven and supply his wants he with Five Legions and 2000 Horse Imbarqu'd and about Sun-set sayl'd with a gentle South-west Wind which failed about Midnight and the whole Fleet being driven by the Current when it was light they could discover the Island on their Left-hand then taking advantage of the Tide turning they ply'd their Oars that they might reach that part of the Isle where they had Landed the Summer before in which Action the Diligence of the Soldiers was much to be praised who by an unwearied labor in Rowing caus'd their Ships of the greatest Burthen to keep way with the Long-Boats or Galleys they arrived about Noon where they saw no Enemy For as afterwards Caesar understood by the Captives Cajus Julius Caesar 53 54 Years before Christ the Britains coming thither in great numbers Armed when they saw so many Ships being of all sorts with their Victuallers esteemed Eight Hundred for fear they left the Shore and hid themselves in the Uplands Caesar Landing his Army and having advantageously Encamped it so soon as he knew from the Prisoners he had taken where the Enemy was leaving Ten Cohorts and 300 Horse under the Command of Q. Atrius to Guard his Ships then at Anchor after the (a) Three of the Clock in the Morning Third Watch he made toward the Enemy and having Marched Twelve Miles he discover'd them who with their Horse and Chariots advanced toward the (b) The River Stour in Kent The place Chilham or Julham That is Julius his Station or Mansion a small Town upon this River Camb. Brit. 237. As we commonly Gilian for Julian from Juliana Footmens Shields double one Broad and Flat the other concave like an half Tube in breadth 2 foot and half in length 4 foot Lib 49. f. 409. Rosin lib. 10. c. 16. between Canterbury and Wye beneath this Town is a Green Hillock Barrow or Sepulchre where the People report one Jul-laber was Buried who Camden thinks was Laberius the Tribune here slain his Conjecture is strengthened by the Distance of
he died without Issue accompanying King Henry the Second at the Siege of Tholose Anno Domini 1159. or 1160. 4. Maud [2.] Ibidem his eldest Daughter died young 5. Mary [3.] Ibidem f. 44. his second Daughter first Nun then Abbess in the Nunnery of Rumsey in Hampshire being secretly taken from thence was Married to Matthew Earl of Flanders c. and had Issue by him two Daughters Ida and Maud c. His Natural Issue were 1. WIlliam [4.] Ibidem who in a Charter of the former Williams is called his Brother c. 2. Gervase [5.] Ibidem begotten of a Norman Gentlewoman named Dameta and brought into England in the year 1140. was Abbat of Westminster twenty years and died in the year 1160. THE REIGN OF King Henry II. Anno Domini 1154. WHen King Stephen died King Henry was in Normandy and after his death so soon as he had notice came for England and landed here on the Seventh of December [1.] F. 92. n. 20. How King Henry came to the Crown and as Mat. Paris says was received by the Clergy and People with great Joy and by their Acclamations saluted King and Crowned at Westminster on the Nineteenth of the same Month by Theobald Arch-Bishop of Canterbury John Brompton [2.] Col. 1043. n. 40. writes That Stephen being dead Henry the Second the Son of Maud the Empress was by Arch-Bishop Theobald Consecrated King and received an Hereditary Kingdom without diminution The People shouting for Joy and Crying out Let the King live * Gervas Chron. Col. 1377. n. 30. He Banisheth or thrusts out the Flemmings and Strangers out of England He held his Court at Christmass at Bermundsey where he Treated with his Principal Men concerning the State of the Kingdom and setling Peace and resolved to expel the Strangers out of England and destroy the small Places of Strength built during the War In the Reign of King Stephen many Strangers Flemmings especially came over as Soldiers in hopes of great Booty and Plunder and had seated themselves in England by the permission of that King and were very loath to leave their warm Seats yet by his [3.] Ib. n. 50. He demolisheth the new built Castles Edict fixing them a day for their Removal when they saw they could not continue here they left the Nation and his next work was to have all the Castles demolished which had been built since the [4.] Ibidem n. 60. death of his Father except some few which were kept up for the Strength of the Nation The [5.] Ibidem Col. 1046. n. 40 50. He recalled the Crown Rents and Lands Crown Lands and Rents which King Stephen had given to his Followers he recalled and Commanded That whosoever were possessed of them they should be restored wholly and fully without any manner of diminution Many pleaded the Charts and Donations of King Stephen To which King Henry Answered That the Charts of an Invader ought not to prejudice a Lawful Prince They were very loath at first but at length they all resigned up theiâ— Usurped Estates In Northumberland they were most resolute and therefore [6.] Ibidem n. 50 60. King Henry went thither and cited before him William Earl of Albamarle and others who with great grief submitted to his Power and yielded up the Kings Lands and Demeasns which they had possessed many years together with the Castle of Scardeburgh in Yorkshire Hugh Mortimer only opposed the King who when he was Commanded to deliver his Castle of Bridgnorth in Shropshire fortified it against him which the King besieged and in a short time took and he begging the Kings Mercy for his Rebellion was Pardoned delivering also his other Castles From William the Son of King Stephen he took all the Lands his Father had given him except such as he held in the time of King Henry his Uncle In the time of Contention between [7] Ibidem Col. 1047 n. 10. Mat. Paris f. 96. n. 40. Maud the Empress and King Stephen for the Kingdom of England David King of Scotland had in her Name seized upon the Counties of Northumberland Cumberland and Westmerland and possessed them as his own These King Henry required of him and the then King of Scotland Malcolm presently parted with them and all their Rights receiving from him the Earldom of Huntington as belonging to him of Ancient Right In March the Queen was delivered of a Son at London called after his [8.] Chron. Gervas Col. 1377. n. 50. Fathers Name Henry After Easter there was a [9.] Ibidem Col. 1378. n. 20. An. Dom. 1155. Henry Son of King Henry born General Convention of the Bishops and Chief Men of all England at Walingford where they sware Fealty to the King and his Heirs to his eldest Son William if he should outlive his Father and to the Infant Henry if he outlived his Brother Not long after the [1.] Brompton Col. 1047. n. 50 60. Col. 1048. n. 10 â—0 Guil Neub rerum Angl. lib. 2. c. 5. Mat. Paris f. 96. n. 50. Rad de Diceto Col. 535. n. 20. An. Do. 1156. The Welsh Conqueâ—ed and yield Welshmen making Incursions into England King Henry raised a great Army to subdue them or at least bring them to a Peaceable Correspondency The Welsh trusting to the security of their Woods and Mountains retreated thither upon his Approach The Van of the Army marching on as well as they could in those places was intercepted by them and a great part of it cut off Henry de Essex the Kings Hereditary Standard-Bearer threw it down and fled and told those which he met the King was dead which put the Army into great confusion but upon the Kings hasty appearance it received new vigor Rallied and forced their Enemies to such Terms as satisfied the King He cut down their Woods and made open Ways into their Country had the Castle of Roelent and all other Places of Strength delivered unto him which they had taken from his Predecessors and received the Homage and Fealty of their Nobles and Great Men. For his Cowardise [2.] Ibidem An Appeal of Treason Henry de Essex was charged by Robert de Montfort a Nobleman of Fame with Treason and in a Trial by Battle was vanquished for which he ought to have lost his Life by Law but the King spared that causing him to be Shorn a Monk in the Abby of Reding and seized all his great Estate The Welsh thus secured the King had news that his Brother [3.] Joh. Brompton Col. 1048. n 40 50. An. Do. 1257. According to Mat. Paris 1156. King Henry's Brother Geofry claims Anjou Pleads his Fathers Will and Brothers Oath Geofry was very troublesome beyond Sea He was his next Brother and his Father Geofry Earl of Anjou had by Will given him that Earldom when his Brother Henry should be possessed of the Kingdom and Dukedom of Normandy his Mothers Inheritance and
that had a mind to go beyond sea should have Pass-ports On the 20th day of [2] Append. n. 207. March the King was at Oxford and impowered the Bishop of Coventry and Nicholas Archdeacon of Norfolk on the behalf of him and the Barons with him to treat with Simon Montfort and the Barons with him at Brackly before John de Valencinis about establishing a firm Peace but whether they ever treated or what was the effect of the Treaty I find not To the King at [3] Paris f. 993. 40 50. f. 994. lin 1 c. Northampton taken by the King and Prince Edward Oxford came his son Edward where they united their forces and marched toward Northampton where then were a Considerable part of the Barons forces They made a Breach in the Town Wall and took it by assault upon the Sunday before Palm Sunday in it he took fifteen Bannerets Milites vexilliferos or as [4] F. 385. n. 30. Mat. of Westminster Barones vexilliferos besides forty Ordinary Knights which were imprisoned in several Castles and their names are to be found in Paris From hence the King [5] Paris f. 994. n. 10 20. His success against several places marched to Notingham increased his Army and laid waste the Lands of his Enemies The Earl of Leycester marched toward London with design to go and besiege Rochester Castle which John de Warenna defended It was in some distress but the King came very opportunely to the relief of it Montfort left Forces sufficient to keep in those within the Castle and advanced toward the King who left London and marched toward Kingston Castle which belonged to the Earl of Glocester and took it and from thence went to Rochester and killed many of those Simon Montfort had left there and caused the rest to flee From thence he marched to Tonebridge and took in that Castle and from thence to Pevensey where he received into favour the Barons and Officers of the Five ports Vbi portuenses ad pacem receipt And from thence proceeded to Lewes where he was received in the Priory and his Son in the Castle where the Barons wrote to him Professing [6] Ibid. n. 20. The Barons Letters to the King to observe their oath and fidelity to him and desiring that he would not believe the lies many about him told of them affirming they put themselves into Arms not only against their own but his Enemies and the Enemies of the whole Kingdom Sealed by the Earls of Leycester and Glocester at the Request of the others of the Faction To which the King returned [7] Ibid. n. 30. The Kings the Answer That they were the cause of all the War Destruction Rapine and Misery that had befaln the Nation That their Intentions were not according to their Profession nor their Actions according to their Pretences and therefore defied them This Answer was dated at Lewes May 12th 48 of Hen. 3d 1264. In like manner [8] Ibid. n. 50 and f. 995. lin 1. Richard King of the Romans defieth the Barons Richard King of Romans Prince Edward and all the Barons and Knights that adhered to the King charged them with lies and defied them but withal provoked them to stand to the Judgment of the Kings Court to which they were ready to submit and make their Innocence appear These Letters were dated the same day After this the Barons sent Henry Bishop of London and Walter Bishop of Worcester their [9] Ibid. f. 995. n. 10. The Barons Offer to the King Mediators for peace to the King and offered for damages done by them through the Kingdom 30000 l. so that the Statutes of Oxford might stand good The King not accepting their offer they March towards Lewes The King refuseth their Offer where he then was who hearing of their coming advanced toward them [1] Ibid. n. 30 40 50. The Battel at Lewes The Battel being joyned Prince Edward ingaged the Londoners and beating them made too great a pursuit so that before his Return the other part of the Kings Army was Routed and his Father having his Horse [2] Ibid. f. 996. lin 1. The King and his Brother Richard taken prisoners killed under him was with Richard King of Almain taken prisoners and many other Barons and many slain But still the Castle of Lewes making a stout defence against the Barons at which the Prince took Courage and rallied [3] Ibid. n. 10. his Forces with design to try the fortune of another Battel which Montfort and his Confederates perceiving sent Messengers for Peace promising the next day they would effectually treat of it which was done by the [4] Mat. Westminster f. 393. n. 40. Montfort refers himself to the King of France to make a peace Mediation and Intercourse of Friers Minors between both parties and the Issue was this That they should apply themselves to the King of France and procure him to choose three Prelates and three Noblemen of France which six should nominate two French men who coming into England should choose a third person an Englishman which three should determine all Controversies between the King and Barons and order all things concerning the State of the Kingdom and for the [5] Ibid. n. 50. performance of this they were to take their Corporal Oaths on both sides and an Instrument was so to be made of it sealed with the Kings Seal and the Seals of others and that the Eldest Sons of both Kings should be delivered Hostages for the Security of this Agreement which was called the Mise of Lewes And so the King committed himself to his Enemies The King was to commit himself to his Enemies Prince Edward and Prince Henry delivered Hostages and they carried him to Canterbury and sent the Hostages Prince Edward and Henry Son to the King of Almain to Dover Castle and so came to London and sent Richard King of Almain to the Tower and their other Prisoners taken in that Battel to several Castles to be imprisoned * Ibid. f. 394. lin 2. And then plundered and spoiled all those that faithfully adhered to the King or that at any time had served him as well Clercs as Laics of all their moveable Goods This Battel was [6] Mat. Westm f. 387. lin 5. fought May the 14th and on the 17th of the same Month the King sent his [7] Append. n. 208. Writ to Drogo de Barentin Constable of the Castle of Windsor to Release Simon Montfort Son to the Earl of Leicester and Peter Montfort Senior according to the Agreement made between him and the Barons who had been taken at Northampton and Committed to him by his Son Edward After the same manner he wrote to William la Zouthe to deliver Peter Montfort the younger and to Iames Aud â—heâ—ey or Audley to deliver Robert Montfort his Brother both Sons of Peter Montfort On the 28th of May [8] Append. n. 209. Montforts Son made
this place from the Sea or Shore which is exactly 18 Miles which Answers justly the first March of Caesar after his Landing River and having the higher Ground impeached the Romans in their March and began the Fight but beaten back by Caesar's Horse The Britains beaten back by Caesar's Horse fly to a Fortress in the Woods The Manner of the Britains Fortifying they retreated to a place in the Woods notably strengthned by Art and Nature which as it seem'd they had made a Fortress in their Domestick Wars for all access and entrance into it was precluded by great Trees being cut down on every side and laid over-thwart few of them would Skirmish out of the Wood yet they kept the Romans out of their Fort and hindered their entrance But the Soldiers of the Seventh Legion making a (c) Testudo from the resemblance it had to a Tortoise Shell for as that defends this Animal so this secured the Soldiers there were of these Two sorts one whereof may properly be called Conscutation a Target or Shield-fence for the Soldiers holding their Targets or broad Shields over their heads and locking them one within another like a Vault or Roofe defended themselves from the Shot of Arrows or Slinging Stones from on high they also had Oblong Shields in fashion like an Half Tube or Cylinder which were clapped to their sides those which carried these were said to be Armed heavily and may seem to be the Triarii and Chief of the Soldiers See this sort of Testudo exactly described in Dio Cassius The other was an Engine made with Boards cover'd with Raw Hides under the Protection of which the Soldiers might safely Assault Walls and raise Aggeries Mounts and Rampiers against the Enemy Testudo and raising a Mount against their Fortifications took the place and drove them out of the Wood Their Fort Taken without much Blood-shed Caesar forbad a long pursuit for that he knew not the Nature of the place and it being toward evening would have the time employ'd in Intrenching his Army Next Morning he sent Foot and Horse in three several Bodies to pursue those which fled the hindmost not being out of sight there came Post from Q. Atrius Horsemen to Caesar with a Message A great part of Caesar's Fleet Wracked by Tempest That a great Tempest the Night before had shattered and wracked almost all his Ships and cast them upon the Shore their Anchors and Cables being not able to hold them nor the Mariners to guide them or indure the violence of the Storm at this News Caesar recalls his Legions and Horse and returns himself to the Fleet where he sees those things which he received by the Express about Forty Ships were lost the rest not to be Repaired and Refitted without great labor Therefore out of his Legions he chose what Shiprights and Workmen he could and commanded others to be called from the Continent he Writes to Labienus that with his Legions he should build and fit up as many Ships as he could and though it was a work of great difficulty yet he thought it necessary that all his Ships should be haled on (d) Caesar's Ship-Camp Where Cam. Brit 242 Cam. Bri. 213. The Romans Intrench their Army every Night Upon the Shore about Deal Sandon and Walmer are a long Range of heaps of Earth or Banks where the Learned Camden thinks this Ship-Camp was which he says by the People thereabout was called Romes-Work Shore and brought into the Camp that they might both be secured by the same Defence or Circumvallation This Stupendious Work was performed in Ten Days the Soldiers intermitting neither Night nor Day and having accomplish'd it Caesar causeth the Ships that remained to be haled on Shore into the Camp leaving the former Guard he Marched to the place from whence he had dislodg'd upon the News from Atrius where he found the Number of the Britains increased by the Confluence of People from many parts of the Country who by Common Consent made Cassibelan their General Cassibelan General of the Britains whose Territories were divided from the Maritime Cities by the Thames and were distant from the Sea about Eighty (e) The Borders of his Territories extended to the Thames in Surrey near Oaâ—elands and thereabouts which are 80 Miles from the East-Shore of Kent where Caesar Landed Miles other Cities formerly had with him continual Wars but now in the Common Danger they all made him their Commander in Chief A Sharp Fight between the Romans and Britains Many of the Britains slain The rest forced to the Hills and Woods The Roman Army being come within view of their Enemies the Horse and Charioteers of the Britains encountring their Horse fought sharply yet so as the Romans were every where superior to them and forced them to the Hills and Woods many of them being slain and some of the Romans also who too daringly pursued them A while after the Romans being busie in (f) It was the Custom of the Romans every Night to Intrench their Camp Intrenching their Camp and suspecting nothing they suddenly sallied out of the Woods and setting upon those which were * Guards and Sentinels Laberius slain in Station before the Camp fought stoutly to whose Aid Caesar sends Two Cohorts the (g) The First or Chief Cohorts of their Legions as some Write contained 1000 Men. chief of Two Legions who From whence they Sally out upon the Romans standing still at a little distance amazed at the newness of their Fight Charged boldly through the midst of them and came safe to the Relief of their distressed Companions That day Q. Laberius Durus a Tribune was slain but more Cohorts being sent to their assistance the Britains were driven back By the manner of this Battle which was fought within sight of the Camp the Romans perceived what advantage the Enemy had of them and how ill they were fitted for such a kind of fight when by reason of the weight of their Armor they could not pursue such as sled nor dare they leave their Ensignes nor were able without great danger to encounter the Horse who oft-times retreated on purpose and having by little and little drilled the Romans from their Legions would leap out of their Chariots and fight on Foot the Manner of Fighting with their Horses and Chariots being alike dangerous to them that retired and them that pursued Besides they fought not in great Bodies and Close Order but by Reserves one Division being a great distance from another and Succeeding and Relieving one another the Sound and Fresh Men giving Supplies to the Wounded and Weary The next day the Britains here and there afar off appeared upon the Hills and with less courage then the day before began to ingage the Horse The Britains again set upon the Romans But about Noon when Caesar had sent Three Legions and all his Horse with C. or Trebonius his Lieutenant to Forage suddenly
on all sides they assail the Forragers and Charge up to the very Legions and Standards the Romans by a stout onset repelled them and the Horse never gave over the Pursuit being confident in the aid of the Legions that followed them until they totally routed them and having killed a great number of them The Britains Totally Routed Very many slain they gave them neither time to Rally to make a Stand or to leap from their Chariots Forthwith upon this Overthrow the Auxiliaries which had come from all parts departed neither after that time did the Enemy appear with so great strength Caesar knowing their Design Caesar Marches toward Cassibelans Country Marches with his Army towards the Frontiers of (h) Cassivellannus Cassibelanus or rather Cassibelinus Prince or Ruler of the Cassii Cassibelan Who. some remains of whom there seems yet to be Caisbo Hundred wherein are Situated the Ruines of Verulam Cassibelaus Chief Town Belinus signifying commonly in this Island a Chief King Prince or Ruler So Cinobelin as it were Icenobelin Prince of the Iceni Camb. Britan. 275.292 Annotations on Giral Cambr. Desc of Wales c. 3. Camb. Brit. 213. Bede Eccles Hist cap. 2. fol. 26. and happily might be the same that Czar Cham Sultan Tentomarus and Gottiso are and were among the Moscovites Tartars Turks Tentones and Goths Dr. Powel sayes further That Hely the Father of Lud and this Cassibeline was called Magnus Belinus that is Great Belin. Cassibelan upon the River Thames (i) Near Oatlands in Surrey sayes Cambden at a place called Cowaye-Stakes and in this conjecture he affirms he could not be mistaken for that it was 80 Miles from the Shore of Kent as Caesar accounted and for other Reasons there assigned which was passable with Foot in one place only and that with difficulty when he came thither he perceived great Forces of the Enemy in good Order ready to receive him on the other side of the River the Bank being set with (k) Bede says the Remains of these Stakes were to be seen in his time which were about the Bigness of a Mans Thigh and Plated over with Lead sharp Stakes and others of the same kind covertly placed in the River whereof Caesar having notice from Prisoners and Fugitives sending his Horse first over presently Commands his Legions to follow who waded over so speedily and resolutely their heads only appearing above water and both Horse and Foot Charged the Enemy with such violence that they forsook the Bank and fled Cassibelan now out of hope to contend for Victory Cassibelan dismisseth the greatest part of his Army Keepeth only 4000 Charioteers to attend Caesar's Motion dismisseth the greatest part of his Forces keeping about 4000 Chariots to attend the Motion of the Romans and going somewhat out of the way securing himself in Woods and Fastnesses drives all away both Men and Cattel where the Romans were to pass whose Horse as they roved up and down to Wast and Plunder the Charioteers sallying out of the Woods surprized and cut off hereupon Caesar commands them not to depart from the Legions so that now as they Marched there was nothing left to do but to Wast empty Fields and Burn Houses Meanwhile the (l) Trinobantes Middlesex and Essex Trinobantes a very considerable People among the Britains from whom (m) He is by Entropius Bede and later Writers called Androgens as is noted by Cambden but why he knows not unless for his Wickedness and Treason for such a signification is plainly couched in that Name and he was one of the three first that called the Romans into Britain and betrayed the Country Mandubrace went to Caesar into Gallia and followed his Fortune his Father Imanuentius having been King in that Country whom Cassibelan had slain and this young Man saving his Life by flight send Ambassadors to Caesar The Trinobantes send Ambassadors and yield themselves who promising to yield themselves and be at his Command desire him to Protect Mandubrace and to commit the Government of their Country unto him Caesar requires Forty Hostages and Provision for his Army and sends Mandubrace unto them they comply with his Commands and sent what he required The Trinobantes being Protected from the violence of the Soldier the (n) The * Camb. 329. Iceni Who. Cam. Brit. 19â— There 273. There 207. Camb. Brit. 275.292 Cassibel Town There 292. Cam. Brit. 298. Dio. Book 43.224 225. Caesar 's Origin from Anchises and Venus Iceni who possessed Northfolk Southfolk Cambridge and Huntington-shires Cenimagni (o) were People in Hamshire in Holdshot Hundred and thereabouts Segintiaci (p) They inhabited Henley Hundred in Oxfordshire Ancalites (q) Their Seat was the Hundred of Bray about Maydenhead in Barkshire which seems to be a Contract from Bibract Bibroci (r) They gave name to the Hundred of Caishoâ— in Hertfordshire in which Old Verulam stood and where and in the Country thereabouts the Cassi were placed Cassi by their Ambassadors yield themselves to Caesar from these he understood Cassibelins (Å¿) Verulam out of whose Ruines St. Albans was Built Town was not far off strengthned and surrounded with Woods and Marshes Several other Nations also yield to Caesar well filled with Men and Cattel for the Britains call intricate Woods compassed about with a Mud-Wall and a Ditch a Town whether they were wont to resort for the avoiding the Incursions of their Enemies Thither Marches Caesar with his Legions he found the place notably Fortify'd by Nature and Art yet he Assaults it in two places Cassibelin's Town The Britains for some while defended it but not able to sustain the Force of the Romans fled out at another part of the Town What a Town was among the Britains Cassibelin's Town taken great store of Cattel were found there many were taken and many were slain in their flight While these things are done here Cassibelin sends into Kent where there were Four Kings Reigning Cingetorix Carvilius Taximagulus and Seegonax them he Commands to raise all the Force they could The Roman Ship-Camp assaulted The Britains Beaten Lugotorix taken and suddenly to assault the Ship-Camp this was attempted but when they came near unto it the Romans sallyed out killed many of them and took their Noble Leader or Captain (t) Or Cingetorix rather Lugotorix retreating safely to their Camp Cassibelin hearing of the Event of this Enterprise being often defeated and his Country wasted but most of all moved with the Revolt of his (u) Cities or People for Caesar always called a People living under and using one Law and the same Customs Civitas or a City Cities useth the Mediation of Comius of Arras to send Ambassadors about his Submission to Caesar who determining to Winter in Gallia Caesar departs taking Hostages c. Thus far Caesar's Commentaries Pliny Nat. Hist lib. 9. c. 35. by reason of some sudden Commotions there and the Summer being almost
their Matrons cutting off their Breasts and sowing them to their Mouths that they might seem to eat their own flesh Nero Claudius Caesar Anno Dom. 62 63 c. these things they did while they Sacrifized and Carouzed in the Temple of Andate their Goddess of Victory Suetonius with the Fourteenth Legion the Standard-bearers of the Twentieth and some Auxiliaries about Ten Thousand resolved to encounter the Britains and without delay prepared for Battle having chosen a place with a narrow entrance and a thick Wood for defence behind him Tacit. 14. Annal c. 34.252 and before him a wide Plain the Legionaries were drawn up in close order being encompassed with the Light-armed who always Fought first and moved as occasion offered it self the Wings consisted of Horse in the mean time the Britains ranged abroad in great Companies and Brigades triumphing and supposing now no Force able to resist them so that they brought their Wives and placed them in Wagons about the utmost parts of the Plain to behold the Slaughter of the Romans and to be Witnesses of their expected Victory Boadicia Commands the Britains Boadicia Commanding in Chief mounts a Chariot with her two Daughters and coursing about or standing upon an heap of Turfes as Dio Reports uses many Arguments to Bespeak the Courage of her Army Dio. lib. 2.704 or rather Rude Insolent Undisciplin'd Multitude consisting of 230 Thousand at last perswading them to pursue their Enemies Dio. lib. 62.703 as Dogs and Wolves do fearful Hares and Foxes she let out of her Lap a live Hare at whose running through them the Britains Shouted apprehending it Ominous and foresignifying the Romans Flight Suetonius though he perceived not his Soldiers to be terrified with the great Numbers of their Enemies yet exhorts them to fall on boldly and keeping close together to continue the Fight which could not be long after they had broken their Front the rest being but an irregular unweildly Multitude The Legions kept the Streight as a place of Defence Tacit. 14. ann c. 37.253 while the Britains had spent their Darts and then Marched into the Plain where the Auxiliaries and the Horsemen making way The Britains Overthrown they as an irresistible Wedge broke and dissipated whatever opposed them the rest fled but could not easily escape by reason of their own Wagons which were placed about the Plain they spared none and the dead Bodies of Men and Women were mixed on heaps together with the Carcasses of Horses The number of the Britains 80000 Slain There Dio. lib. 62.706 Tacit. 14. ann c. 38.253 said to be slain was 80 Thousand of the Romans 400 and about as many wounded Boadicia Poysoned her self according to Tacitus but Dio sayes she died of Sickness when the Britains had prepared for another Battle Suetonius drawing together his Army kept the Field with design to finish the War and Caesar out of Germany augments it with 2000 Legionaries 8 Cohorts of Auxiliaries and 1000 Horse who being disposed into their Winter Quarters from thence they wasted with Fire and Sword all such Countrys as opposed them or were wavering in their obedience But Famine was the greatest Enemy to the Britains who neglected to till their Lands making account to supply themselves with the Spoils and Provisions of their Enemies Nevertheless the hardiest and stoutest People and Nations were not inclinable to Peace although somewhat courted to it by reason of Suetonius his too much severity to those that yielded they also deferred their Submission Julius Classicianus Procurator in Britain for that Julius Classicianus who succeeded Catus in the Procuratorship being an Enemy to Suetonius reported That a new Lieutenant was coming who without the Rigor and Pride of a Conqueror would kindly receive into Favor such as yielded he likewise Wrote to Rome Nero Claudius Caesar Anno Dom. 62 63 64 c. That there was no end of the War to be expected while Suetonius continued in the Government That his bad success was to be referred to his ill Management of Affairs and his good to the Fortune of the Commonwealth To compose this Difference between the Lieutenant and Procurator and reconcile them Nero sent Polycletus a Libert Polycletus sent an Arbiter into Britain or one he had Manumitted from Servitude with some hopes that he might quiet and appease the Minds of the Tumultuating and Exasperated Britains There c. 39.253 he appeared in Britain in the same state and Equipage he had done in Italy and France and was received by the Soldiers with fear and Reverence but it seemed a Ridiculous thing to the Britains that so great a General and such a Victorious Army should give an account of their actions to a Slave These things however they were in themselves yet to the Emperor they were so represented that Suetonius after the loss of some of his Shipping upon the Shore was commanded the War not being finish'd to deliver up his Army to Petronius Turpilianus Petronius Turpilianus he neither being troublesome to the Enemy nor molested by them speciously imposed upon his own sloth and easiness the most acceptable name of Peace he being unacquainted with the Temper and failings of the Britains the more easily remitted them and having attempted nothing of moment deliver'd up the Province to Trebellius Maximus Trebellius Maximus who was yet more slothful and Ruled by the Mildness of his Temper and not by any sufficiency or experience in War he was contemned and hated of the Army for his Avarice and Sordidness and their dissatisfaction was fomented by Roscius Caelius Commander of the Twentieth Legion who objected to Trebellius the Defrauding and Impoverishing of the Legions and he again to Caelius Sedition and Want of Discipline Trebellius fled from the Rage of the Army yet returning again to his Command Ruled precariously and by Capitulation with the Soldiers In the 63 d Year of our Saviour and in Nero's time 't is Storyed That Joseph of Arithamaea with I know not who besides Joseph of Arimathea his coming into Britain but a Story came into Britain for the Propagation of Christian Religion and setled themselves at Glastonbury c. as it is declared at large in the Famous Narrative of his coming hither but I confess I cannot see any reason there is that this Story should be reputed Authentick for it is first related by William of Malmesbury who Lived and Wrote in the Year 1130 or thereabouts and is taken from the Chart or Epistle rather of St. Patrick Monasticon Tome 1. fol. 11. which is Printed in the Monasticon of the Learned and Laborious Dugdale wherein Josephus is not mention'd only the Twelve Disciples of Philip and Jacob it relisheth of the humor of those antient times and seems to be a farce of great improbabilities and untilligible stuffe and not unlike the many ridiculous and incredible Relations of Saints Miracles and Relicks which were Recorded in the Monastery
Picts Whence Camb. Britt fol. 82. Scots Whence Brit. fol. 86. Ambiani to the (i) Triers or as the French call it Treves seated upon the Mosell and is the Seat of an Archbishop and one of the Electors of the Empire Treviri he received a sad and astonishing Message That the (k) They were called Picts quasi Pictâ— from the Provincial Latin which was then much used on the South-side of the Wall in the Roman Province and were no other then the Britains who still Painted their Bodies as before the Provincial Britains had done from whence they also had their British Name and who inhabiting on the North side of the Wall made War upon the Romans Picts (l) They were called Scots Scytes or Seuiâ— as Cambden conjectures having had as other Nations their Original from Scythiae Histor Eccles lib. 1. c. 1.22 and lib. 2. cap. 4. Topogra Hiber c. 16.7 â— Camb. Brit. fol. 90. Attacots Lib. 2. Contra Jovianum they came first out of Ireland into Scotland as Bede Reports and out of the Province of Vlster as Giraldus Cambrensis says and setled themselves amongst the Britains and Picts in the West part of Scotland which did not presently obtain this name but in process of time when more of these Scots now properly the Highlanders came to them until they out-numbred and almost destroyed the Picts and the Kingdom of Northumberland also being wasted by the Danes fell into their hands The North parts of Britain received its Names from the Scots Scots and (m) 'T is doubtful whether they were Strangers or Inhabitants of some part of the Isle happily they might be wild and Mountanous Britains whatever they were they exceeded in Barbarity for St. Hierome says That when he was a young Man being in France he see them eate Mans flesh Attacots from the North together with the Francs and Saxons who were the most feared Invading the South-Coasts over against Gallia had harassed and with Fire and Sword destroy'd and ruin'd almost all Britain That they had Kill'd Nectaridius the Count or Comes of the Sea-Coast and surprized Buchobaudes Duke of Britain and General of his Land Forces by a Stratagem after he had to no purpose Ibid. lib. 27. c. 7. Picts Scots c. Invade the Province Nectaridius Slain Buchobaudes Surprized first sent Severus then Jovinus to suppress the Fury Violence and Incursions of these People The Necessities of Britain requiring a greater Assistance at last he sent Theodosius a Man of known Valor and Experience who was made Duke of Britain and with an Army of stout Young Men selected out of the Legions and Cohorts Lands at Rutupiae from whence with the (n) The Inhabitants of part of Holland and Gelderland chiefly between the Rivers Wale and Rhene they were Originally Germans and excellent Horsemen Batavians (o) People habiting about the Lake Mootis Ferrar. Lex removing from thence into Paâ—onia which contained Hungary part of Bosnia Sclavâ—nia Istria Carnâ—ola c. and thence into Lombardy in Italy or out of Scardinavia which contained Norway Swedeland Poland and part of Denmark c. as Dymonius Herulians and other Forces that followed him he Marches to London afterwards called Augusta and dividing his Army into several Bodies sets upon the Roving Theodosius Proprâ—tor Ibid. lib. 27. c. 7. London called Augusta The Scots and Barbarous Nations overcome Pillaging Enemy laden with Spoil from whom recovering the Plunder and Prisoners they had carry'd away he restores all to the Right Owners save a small Portion he gave to his wearied Soldiers and enters London Triumphantly having scatter'd their whole Force Valentinianus Primus and Valens 364 c and Proclaiming Impunity to such as deserted the Roman Service and Government they most returned to obedience Yet the Enemy being numerous of many Nations and in diverse Parties Anno Domini 365. he sent for to his assistance Civilis to be Vicar an able and upright Man and Dulcitius a Famous Captain to be Duke Theodosius having thus overcome and vanquished these many sorts of People and being imploy'd in repairing the ruin'd Castles and Cities and in laying the foundation of a firm Peace one Valentinus a Panonian Zosim lib. 4.742 Am. Marcell lib. 28. c. 7. a Man of a haughty spirit who was for some great Fault Banish'd into Britain with other Exiles and Soldiers Conspir'd against him as the only bar to his Design of obtaining the Government of the Isle who being discover'd with some few others that were most strictly joyned with him in the forming this Conspiracy were deliver'd to the Duke Dulcitius to be put to Death others he permitted to be quiet not making too severe an Inquisition into this Confederacy where many were ingaged left by this way of proceeding he might have increased the danger Am. Marcell lib. 28. c. 7. After this he Corrects many things out of order repairs Cities places Garrisons and strengthens the Castles and Limits of the Province with sufficient Watches and Praetentures or Forefences And thus having recover'd that part of the Province which was under the Power of the Enemy he reduc'd it to its former State and Government and from that time according to the pleasure of Valentinian it was called (p) The Division of Britain by the Romans Britannia Prima Britannia Secunda Britannia Flavia Câ—sariensis Britannia Maxima Caesariensis Camb. Brit. 111. Valentia Vpper Britain c. Lower Britain c. Vetturiones Maeatae Caledonii It was Customary with the Romans when they Conquer'd any Kingdom to give it new Names and divide it into several Portions or Provinces according to the Will of the Conqueror All the South Country between the Rivers Thames and Severn was called Britannia Prima because it was first Invaded and Conquer'd by the Romans Wales was called Britannia Secunda because next subdued All that Tract of land between the Rivers Thames Severn and Humber was called Britannia Flavia Caesariensis from Flavius Theodosius Augustus the Son of Theodosius and before it had this Name from him was part of Maxima Casariensis which after his time only contained all the Country between Humber and Tine or Hadrians Wall and was called so because it was the greatest part of the Conquer'd Country before Britannia Flavia was taken out of it And Lastly all that Country between Hadrians or Severus his Wall and Grahams Dike or Antonines Wall between Edinburgh and Dunbritton Frithâ— was called Valentia Britain was also by Dio divided in Citeriorem vel superiorem which contained these parts here described Inferiorem Barbaram vel ulteriorem which contained the Vetturiones whose Country the Picts or Maeatae possessed and the Caledonli whose Countrey the Scots the Conquerors of the Picts c. first Invaded and seized Valentia the (q) Certain Speculators or Scouts who were always coursing up and down in the limits of the Province to observe and discover the Motions and Approaches of the Enemy
into Normandy and by the help of the English he carried with him and some Forces he collected in Normandy he soon reduced it to obedience [3.] Ibidem Col. 208. Malmsb fol. 59. n. 20. Florent Wigor A. D. 1074. The Conspiracies of Ralph Guader In his absence Ralph Waher or Guader (m) Norman Customs brought into England So called from Guader Castle in Brittany Roger de Britolio (n) Bretevill a Seignory in Normandy of that name he was Son to William Fitz-Osbern Lord of Bretevill in Normandy and Earl of Hereford in England and from him it was that the [6.] Domesd Cestrescire Terr Hug. Com. in maner Roelend Atiscros Hundr same Laws and Customs which were observed in Bretevill were also observed and practised in Hereford after the Conquest Earl of Hereford and Waltheof the great Earl of Northumberland meeting at Ixninge near Newmarket on Ralph's Wedding day who Married against the Kings Command Emme Sister to the Earl of Hereford Conspired against William to deprive him of the Kingdom and having raised what Forces they could in their several Counties [4.] Ibidem endeavoured to joyn them but Wulstane Bishop of Worcester having notice thereof got what Strength he could together and hindred the Earl of Hereford for passing Severn with his Army Agelwin Abbat of Evesham Vrso Sheriff of Worcestershire and Walter de Laco a great Baron of Herefordshire coming with what Power they could raise to the Bishops Assistance [5.] Ibidem And as these prevented Earl Roger in his Proceedings so Odo Bishop of Baieux and Galfrid Bishop of Constance with an Army of English and Normans marched against Earl Ralph whom they found encamped near Cambridge He flies and not being able to give them Battle he fled to Norwich and soon after got into Brittany and from thence into Denmark leaving his Forces to the Mercy of their Enemies of whom the Christmass following some were banished some had their Eyes pluckt out others their Hands and Feet cut off Norwich Castle yielded And Norwich Castle being kept by his Countess was a while after rendred and leave given to her to go beyond Sea [6.] Hen. Huntington fol. 211. b. n. 40. In Denmark he prevailed with Canute Son to the King and Hacun a great Earl of that Country to assist him against William he sailed to England with 200 Ships but when they came upon the Coast finding an Army ready to receive them they diverted their Course and Landed in Flanders Some few [7.] Sim. Dun. Col. 209 210. A. D. 1078. Robert eldest Son to William Rebelled against his Father Unhorsed and hurt him in the Arm. years after this his eldest Son Robert to whom he had given Normandy in the presence of Philip King of France before his Expedition into England applies himself to Philip and by his Assistance entred Normandy with an Army and would have made himself Duke thereof King William hearing hereof passeth with an Army into Normandy where in Battle meeting with his Son hand to hand he was by him unhorsed and hurt in the Arm but his Son perceiving by his Voice it was his Father suddenly leaped off his Horse and mounted him again permitted him [8.] Ibidem Col. 210. n. 10. They are made Friends to march off with his Son William being wounded leaving many of his Followers dead behind him yet not long after by the Mediation of the Norman Nobility [9.] Orderic 573. B. And Robert is sent General against Malcolm King of Scotland they were reconciled and both came over into England Robert being sent General in an Expedition against [1.] Sim. Dun Col. 211. n. 60. Malcolm King of Scots who having invaded the borders of England retreated upon the approach of Robert Ingulph * Hist Croyl fol. 516. a. n. 50. The Castle upon Tine built whence Newcastle hath its name says that Scotland was then subjected to William and that Malcolm did Homage and Swear Fealty unto him at Abernithi Robert at his return built a Castle upon the River Tine from whence the Town of Newcastle took its name The Conqueror erected many Castles amongst which the Tower of London was one This he did and all his Earls Barons and other Great Men after his example to secure themselves from the Attempts and Insurrections of the English Towards the latter [4.] Ord. Vit. fol. 648. B. The King of France 〈◊〉 King William end of his Reign for the four years he survived his Wife Maud he was for the most part in Normandy [2.] Stow. fol. 40. being constantly in War and Dissention with his Neighbours [3.] Gemet lib. 7. c. 42. especially with the King of France who in a Sickness of King Williams jeered him for his fat Belly and said he Laid in at Rouen who to shew the King of France his up sitting [5.] Ibid. 655. D. 656. A. Gemet lib. 7. c. 44. King William enters his Country entred his Country in the last week of July and time of harvest and wasted it all the way he went and coming to a Town called by Ordericus (o) Where this Mandatum or Medanta was I cannot well say unless it be Mant upon the River Seyn between la Roche Guion and Meulan the Conquerors direct way or passage into the Country called Veuxin Francois which he then [9.] Ordâ—r fol. 655. D. Feudal Investiture claimed of the King of France and made this Expedition to recover Mandantum and by Gemeticensis Medanta he sacked it where with too much heat and labour the Castle Churches and Houses being burnt by the fury of his Soldiers he fell into the Sickness of which he died upon [6.] Ord. fol. 660. D. King William dies the Ninth of September Anno Domini 1087. While he was thus employed in Normandy he had notice that [7.] Ibidem fol 646. D. Odo his half Brother whom he had made Bishop of Bayux and Earl of Kent aspired to the Papacy and that he had bought a Palace at Rome whither he was going with a great Retinue of Normans and much Treasure [8.] Ibidem fol. 647. A. on a sudden and unexpectedly meeting him in the Isle of Wight as he was ready to take the Seas [9.] Ord. fol. 647. C. Anno Domini 1085. William seiseth his Brother Odo with his own hands As Earl of Kent not as a Clerk or Bishop The Crimes of Odo with his own hands seized on him when he could not perswade those with him to do it who saying he was a Clerk and could not be Sentenced without the Judgment of the Pope the Conqueror answered he seized him as Earl of Kent and his Viceroy and not as Clerk or Bishop All his Treasure was taken from him and the Crimes objected to him were infinite Oppressions of the People under his Government Seduction of the Kings Subjects to forsake the Realm and for Sacrilegious robbing many Churches He was sent
a Wall of Defence for the House of the Lord but when they saw the Wolf coming they left their Sheep and fled After this general Seisure of the Temporalties and Goods of the Bishops and Clergie But restored them to those who refused to comply with the Interdict to such of them as submitted to the King and refused to comply with the Interdict who celebrated Divine Service and administred the Sacraments the King by Special Writs [2] Append. N. 89 90 91. restored their Temporalties Goods and Chattels keeping in his hands the Lands and Goods of all Abbots Priors Religious and Clercs who submitted to the Interdict nor did he seize the Lands or Goods of any other Religious Persons or Clercs but such as [3] Append. n. 92. refused to perform Divine Service after the publishing of the Interdict which was upon the Monday next before Palm Sunday or the sixth Sunday or last Sunday in Lent And for the security of their Persons he Issued his [4] Append. N. 93. He sent out his Precept for their Protection Precept That no Man against his Peace should abuse either Clercs or Religious in word or deed and if they did and could be taken they should be hanged upon the next Oak Likewise for their Grain he [5] Append. N. 94. permitted all Arch-bishops Bishops Priors Religious Persons and Clercs after their Barns were shut up to sell it until the Feast of St. Catherin that is the 25th of November King Iohn Reflecting upon the Circumstances he was in fearing [6] Paris f. 2â—7 n. 10. He requires pleges of his great men for security of their Fidelity the Pope might absolve his Subjects from their Allegiance to him required Pleges of all the Great Men he suspected to be delivered to him for their future fidelity Many complied with his Commands some delivered their Sons others their Nephews or nearest Relations to the Messengers or Commissioners he sent for them [7] Ibid. n. 20. some of which coming to VVilliam de Braosa his Wife Maud told them she would not deliver her Children to their Master King Iohn because he ought honorably to have provided for his Nephew Arthur whom he Basely Killed Next Year [8] Ibid. n. 50. A. D. 1209. He forces the King of Scots to desire peace the King raised a great Army and marched toward Scotland and when he came to Norham Castle in Northumberland the King of Scots there met him and desired Peace King Iohn Reproves him for Receiving favouring or assisting his Fugitives and public Enemies but by the Mediation of Friends to both Nations [9] Ibid. f. 228. lin 1. The Terms upon which the peace was agreed they agreed upon these Terms That the King of Scots should pay unto him Eleven thousand Marks of Silver and that his Daughters should be delivered Pleges for the securing of Peace between them Afterwards [1] Ibid. lin 6. He received the Homages of all free Tenents in the Kingdom he received the Homages of all Men that were Free Tenents and Boys of 12 years of Age of the whole Kingdom suppose their Sons only whom after they had done their Fealty he received Kindly and dismissed them with the Kiss of Peace Deinde cepit Homagia de omnibus hominibus libere tenentibus etiam Duodecim Annorum pueris totius Regni Quos omnes post fidelitatem factam in Osculum patis accepit ac Dimisit [2] Ibid. lin 8. The Welchmen came to him at Woodstock and did their Homages The Welchmen also which was never heard of before came to the King at Woodstock and did their Homages to him although it was Burthensome as well to the Rich as Poor After two years [3] Ibid. n. 20. Pope Innocent commanded the Bishops to Excommunicate King John by name continuance of the Interdict and there seemed no hopes of King Iohns amendment or his giving Satisfaction Pope Innocent could no longer suffer his Rebellion to go unpunished Papa Innocentius ipsius Rebellionem Diutius multam Dissimulare non potuit whereupon by advice of his Brother Cardinals he Commanded the Bishops of London Ely and VVorcester by name to Pronounce him Excommunicate That so by Publishing the Sentence every Sunday and Holy-day in all Conventual Churches through England they might cause him more strictly to be avoided by all men [4] Ibid. n. 30 But when those Bishops committed the publication of the Sentence to their Brother Bishops and other Prelates that remained in England they all became Dumb Dogs either by favour or fear of the King and dare not Bark The Bishops in England durst not pubblish the Sentence Effecti sunt universi metu regio vel faâ—oâ— Canes muti non audentes Latrare and therefore Dissembling to Execute what was injoyned them they did not proceed in doing the Popes Commands according to due Form of Law Nevertheless the Sentence was known to all men and filled their mouths with Discourse [5] Ibid. n. 40. Geofry Arch-Deacon of of Norwich leaves the Kings Service Amongst whom Geofrey Arch-Deacon of Norwich as he sate in the Exchequer managing the Kings business Discoursed with his associates concerning the Sentence pronounced against the King saying it was not safe for Beneficed men to remain any longer in the Service of an Excommunicated King and so departed without leave The King having notice of it sent VVilliam Talebot a Knight after him with some Forces who took him put him in Prison and in Bonds His punishment where after a few Days by the Kings Command he had a Leaden Cope put on with the pressure whereof and want of Victuals he Dyed In this Time of the Interdict one Master [6] Ibid. n. 50. A. D. 1209. Alexander Caementarius mainteined the Kings cause against the Pope Alexander called Caementarius a counterfeit Divine Speudo-Theologus maintained the Kings Cause against the Pope Mat. [7] f. 269. n. â—0 Westminster says he was at Paris a famous Master Rector and Reader in Theology Parisijs celebris haberetur Magister Rector Lector in Theologia and that he Defended the Kings Cause out of Ambition And for that Reason by [8] Paris f. 229. lin 6. His Goods and Benefices taken from him procurement of the Pope his Goods and Benefices were taken from him and was reduced to so great Misery as in a poor habit he was forced to beg his Bread from Door to Door In the Year 1206 Dyed [9] Mat. West f. 267 n 20. f. 268. n. 50. VVilliam Bishop of Lincoln and this [9] Mat. West f. 267 n 20. f. 268. n. 50. year Hugh de VVells the Kings Chancellor was chosen Bishop who obteined leave of the King to go into France that he might receive his Consecration from the Arch-Bishop of Roven [1] Mat. Paris f. 229. n. 10 20. Hugh Bishop of Lincoln received his Consecration from Stephan Langeton The King Seized his Bishopric So soon as
Castle William Mareschal Walo the Legate and Peter Bishop of Winchester and others who then managed the Affairs of the Kingdom Summoned all the Kings Castellans and Knights and those that were in Garrisons in diverse parts to meet at Newark on Whisun-Tuesday to go along with them to raise the Siege of Lincoln Castle They all shewed a great readiness to Fight with the Excommunicated French and very joyfully met at the place and day appointed With them went the Legate and many other Prelates to persue with Prayers and Arms all such as were disobedient to the King and Rebels to the Pope When they were all come together they were 400 Knights 250 Balisharii Cross-Bow-men and such [8] Ibid. fol. 295. n. 10. Esquires and Horsemen without number That if necessity required they would supply the place of Knights The chief were William Mareschal and William his Son Peter Bishop of Winchester well skilled in Martial Affairs Ranulph Earl of Chester The chief persons in that Army William Earl of Salisbury William Earl of â—errars William Earl of Albâ—marle And the Barons were William de Albiny John Mareschal William de Cantelupo and William his Son Falcasius Thomas Basset Robert de Veteri-Ponte Bryan de Insula Geofry de Lucie Philip de Albiney with many Castellans well exercised in Military Discipline They stayed three days at Newark They stayed three days at Newark for the refreshment of their Men and Horses where they were Confessed and fortified themselves by the Perception of the Lords Body and Blood Corporis sanguinis Dominici perceptione sese muniâ—bant against the Assaults of their Enemies On Friday in Whitsun-week after their Confession and receiving the Sacrament The Legate [9] Ibid. n. 20. shewed how unjust that cause was which Lewis and the Barons his Adherents had undertaken to defend for which they had been Excommunicated and separated from the Vnity of the Church And then by name Excommunicated Lewis The Legate encouraged the King's Army and all his Accomplices and Favorers and especially all those that Besieged Lincoln But to those who had undertaken this Expedition he gave a full Pardon and the promise of Eternal Salvation This so animated the Army that they triumphantly marched towards Lincoln fearing nothing but the Enemies flight before they came thither When the [1] Ibid. n. 30 40. Barons and French which were in the City heard of their approach they received the news with Scoffs and Laughter thinking themselves to be secure However Robert-Fitz-Walter and Saher Earl of Winton went out of the City to observe the motions and number of the Kings Forces when they returned They march in great order towards Lincoln they reported their March to be very orderly but that they exceeded them in number This Account gave no satisfaction to the Earl of Perch and the Mareschall [2] Ibid. n. 50. Wherefore they went out to take a View of the Kings Army The Advices and Counsels of the French Officers various which marched in such order that they were mistaken in their Observations and returned both deceived and uncertain the advices upon this were various at last it was agreed the Gates should be Locked up and Watches set to keep out their Enemies and every one to make ready for a defence and in the mean time to Batter and Assault the Castle which they thought could not long hold out When the Kings [3] Ibid. f. 296. n. 10. The Kings Army Assaults the City of Lincoln The Baroâ—s and French are heaten Army was come before that part of the City where the Castle stands the Castellans by a private Messenger gave them notice of every thing that was done within and moreover told them that if they would they might enter at the Postern gate of the Castle which was left open for them Falcacius accepts the offer and enters with all such as he commanded and the Cross-Bow-men whilst the rest of the Army made an assault upon the Northern gate And having from the Castle wounded and unhorsed some of the most forward and valiant Barons He suddenly issued out and very narrowly escaped being taken put them all into Confusion which gave an opportunity to the whole Army to enter A very great number yeilded to the Conquerors mercy But the Earl of Perch [4] Ibid. n. 30. The names of the cheif Prisoners that were taken refusing to yeild to any Englishman that had been a Traytor to his own King was slain Of the Chiefest Barons were taken Saher Earl of Winton Henry de Boun Earl of Hereford Gilbert de Gant whom Lewis had lately made Earl of Lincoln Robert Fitz-Walter Richard Munfichet William Mumbray William Beauchamp William Mandut Oliâ—er Harcourt Roger Cressy William Colevill William de Ros Robert Ropesle Ranulph Cheinduit and about 400 Knights 400 Knights c. taken besides Esquires Ordinary Horsemen and foot This Victory was obteined on the 19th of May being Saturday in Whitsun-Week The spoyl of the [5] Ibid. fol. 297. n. 10 20. The City and Cathedral Plundered City and Cathedral was given to the Soldiers for the Legat had commanded they should treat all Canonical persons as Excommunicated When they had made an end of Plundering William Mareschall commanded all his Castellans to return home with their Prisoners and keep them under a strict guard till they knew the Kings pleasure Lewis [6] Ibid. f. 2â—7 n. 50. Lewis sends to his Father and Wife for more Forces He afraid to Anger the Pope leaves all to his wife hearing of this great overthrow forthwith sent Messengers to his Father the King of France and to his Wife the Lady Blanch to send some speedy Succours The King fearing he should anger the Pope if he should assist his Son who was Excommunicated left it wholly to Lewis his Wife [7] Ibid. fol. 298. n. 10. She sends 300 Knights with other Forces They were met and Beaten at Sea who speedily sent 300 stout Knights with a great many Armed men under the Conduct of Eustachius a Monk After they were Shipped a brisk wind drove them toward the Coast of England but by the way several of the Kings Ships under the Command of Philip de Albiney met with them between whom was a bloody Sea fight [8] Ibid. n. 30. And most taken Prisoners At length the French seeing no hopes of Success or Escape some desperately leaped into Sea and the rest yeilded themselves Prisoners When the News of this defeat came to Lewis it more grieved him than the overthrow at Lincoln [*] Ibid. n. 40. Eustachius the Monks Head cut off Eustachius the Monk offered a great summ of Money for his Life but Richard the Bastard Son of King John calling him wicked Traytor Told him he should never deceive any man further with false promises and so cut off his head After this [9] Ibid. n. 50. William Earl Marshal Besiegeth London the Mareschall encompassed London with a
recover it self Secondly They required the Churches might be [6] Paris ut supra Taxed by Lay-men according to the just and true value They answered It was not reasonable but contrary to Justice that Lay-men should meddle with Collecting of Tenths nor would they ever consent to a new way of Taxing but that the old should stand Thirdly That the Bishops and Abbats would pay the Tenths of their Baronies and Lay-fees fully according to the true and highest value To this they answered They were impoverished by [7] Ibid. f. 1003. lin 1. Depredations and Plundering That they followed the King in his Expeditions and spent so much Money that they were grown very poor and their Lands lay Vntilled by Reason of the War Fourthly They required that all Clercs [8] Ibid. n. 10. holding Baronies or Lay-Fee should go armed in their own Persons against the Kings Enemies or find so much Service Tantum Servitium as belong to their Land or Tenement To this they answered They ought not to fight with the Material but Spiritual Sword to wit with Prayers and Tears And that by their Benefices or Fees they were bound to maintain Peace not War And that they held their Barony in Frank-Almoign in puris Eleemosynis in pure Alms and therefore ought no Military Service but what was certain and would not perform any that was new Fifthly They required on the behalf of the [9] Ibid. n. 20. Pope That with all speed the Expedition of the Cross might be Preached through the whole Kingdom To this they answered That a great part of the People had been killed in War and that if now they should undertake the Crusado few or none would be left to defend the Nation At last it was said that the [1] Ibid. Prelates Will they Nill they were bound to comply with all these Demands by the Oath they had taken at Coventry that they would assist the King by all means they might or could To this they answered That when they made that Oath they only meant it of Spiritual help and wholesome Counsel Quando Juramentum fecerunt non intelligebant de alio Auxilio quam spirituali Consilioque salubri What was done further in Parlement I find not there was then no attempt made against the Disinherited within the Isle of Ely only they were [2] Mat. West f. 198. n. 20. restrained from making Excursions by the Forces the King had with him at Cambridge In the mean while the [3] Ibid. n. â—0 40. The Earl of Glocester enters London with a great Army He sent to the Legat to deliver up the Tower to him Earl of Glocester came with a great Army out of Wales to London and pretending to serve the King by the help of the Citizens that were his Friends entred the City and sent to the Legat to Deliver the Tower to him forthwith and prohibited all people to send in any Provision or Victuals to him The Rabble of the Cities and Country near it joyned with him they Plundered and spoyled what Citizens they pleased that they thought were not or they would not have their friends wasted the Countries and Robbed and Pillaged by Water and Land The King when first he heard of his preparations sent into the North and other parts for Recruits and his Son [4] Ibid. f. 399. lin 4. The King raises an Army to reduce him Edward brought from thence and from Scotland to his Father at Cambridge 30000 Men with which leaving a sufficient Guard there against the Disinherited in the Isle of Ely they marched to Windsor where their Army Dayly increased [5] Ibid. lin 6 7 8. The Earl with his Company in London began to fear the King and sent a Message to him for Peace upon their own Propositions which they could not obtain Then they Challenged and provoked the King to a Battel upon Hundeslawe now Hundsâ—o Heath Next Day the King Marched thither but found no Enemy From thence the King Marched to [6] Ibid. n. 10. Stratford where came to him the Earls of Bolongn and St. Paul out of France with 200 Knights and their Retinue the Gascoins likewise with many great Ships furnished with all sorts of Warlike Naval Arms fit for fight arrived near the Tower expecting the Kings Command [7] Ibid. n. 20 The Earl seeing he could not get the Tower out of the Legats Hands and that his Army was like to be shut up in the City applyed himself to Richard King of Almain and Philip Basset [8] Pat. 51. Hen. 3. M. 16. n. 49. De pace inter Regem G. Com. Gloucestr He sues for peace and pardon and obtains it for himself and his followers who made his Peace with the King he resolving to believe whatsoever they should say of or for him By which Peace he and all his Retinue and the Company with him the Londoners likewise and all his favorers were [9] Ibid. Pardoned for all Deeds done from his first motion out of Wales as well by Water as by Land in the City and without and in divers Counties which Pardon was not to Extend to the Disinherited that were not in the Kings Peace the Day the Earl began to March from Wales toward London And that the King might be assured he never should make War against him afterward he [1] Ibid. What securâ—ty he gave tâ— King for his future behaâ—viour offered his Oath his Chart Pleges and the penalty of 10000 Marks for security This Accord bears Date at Stratford June the 15 th the 51 st year of this Kings Reign and the Pardon June 16 th From the beginning of April when he set forth from Wales to this time he had been harrassing of the Countries where-ever he came and the City during his being there The King seeing he could not prevail with the Bishops and other Prelates to assist him with Mony in his very great Necessity The Bishops refuse to asâ— the King wiâ— Mony applyed himself to the Pope who by his [2] Cart. 5 Hen. 3. M. 1 in Câ—dula Bull wherein he recites all the affronts and injuries done to the King Queen and Prince by the Barons and the Miseries that befel them and the whole Kingdom and Church by those Wars with the Kings Extream want of Monies and Debts by reason thereof and the necessity of supplying him for the better support and defence of his Kingdom the Churches and his Peoples Liberties Especially by the Clergy The Pope granteth the King a tenth of all Ecclesitastic Revenâ—nues for thrâ— years who had received such Bountiful Gifts and Endowments from him and his Ancestors Granted the Tenth part of the Profits and Rents of all Arch-Bishopricks Monasteries and all Ecclesiastical persons whatsoever as well Regular as Secular Exempt as not Exempt in England Wales and Ireland for three years according to the true and highest value notwithstanding all former Bulls and Exemptions to the contrary This
De Primord Eccles c. 1 c. De Exord Christian Religion in his Counsils Baron Tom. 1.512 Parsons de Tribus Conv. Book 1. Alford Ann. Eccles Brit. fol. 11. and so forward Polydor. Virg. Histor Argl. lib. 2. fol. 19. Tacit. de vit Agric. c. 14.457 or whether it arrived here by any of the Apostles or by any from them by Special Mission or Designation or by accident as Polydor Quaeries in the Story of Joseph of Arimathaea it cannot be made out It is most probable and rational to assert that it came into Britain by Commerce with the Romans as by that the Manners of the Britains were Cultivated and their Barbarity Civiliz'd by some Converted Captives Hostages or Fugitives or with the Business and Traffique here of some other Christians of less note and whether it were from Rome or any other place the matter is not much Veranius succeeded Didius in the Lieutenancy of Britain and died within a year after him the Government was assigned to Suetonius Paulinus one of the most famous Military Men of his age who established what was gotten and proceeded to Conquer further until he came to the Island (y) The Isle of Anglesey in Wales Mona which was well Peopled and a Receptacle of Fugitives he makes flat-bottom'd Vessels in which he passed his Foot over the Shallows and Sands and his Horse following Suetonius Paulinus Tacit. lib. an 1â— cap. 30.250 There 250 251 either forded the Shallows or Swam Upon the Shore stood divers Bodies of Armed Men the Women in dismal Habit like Furies ran up and down with their Hair about their Ears and Fire-brands and burning Torches in their hands the Druids (z) Their Priests of whom afterwards lifting up their hands to Heaven filled the Air with hideous Cries and Curses The Roman Soldiers were astonished at the Novelty of the Spectacle and like Men Enchanted as if all their Limbs were rigid and benum'd stood still while they were wounded until the General spake and incouraged them not to fear a heard of silly Women or a Fanatick Multitude when they fell on knockt them down and threw them into their own Fires after this they placed Garrisons in their Towns and cut down their Woods and Groves consecrated to cruel Superstitions The cruel Superstition of the Britains in the Isle of Anglesey for they Sacrificed the Blood of Captives upon their Altars and Praedicted their Success by the Inspection of the Entrals of Men. While Suetonius was busied here he had News of a sudden Revolt of the Province Prasutagus King of the Icenians famous a long time for his Wealth and Opulency made Caesar Coheir with his two Daughters There Ch. 31.251 thinking thereby to preserve his Kingdom and Family from injury but it hapned otherwise his Kingdom was seized on and harassed by Centurions his House became a Prey to their Servants and under-Officers his Wife Boodicia (a) Boodicia vodica Boadicea according to some or as Dio Bunducia was Whipped his Daughters Ravished the Chief of the Icenians as if the Romans had received the whole Country by Gift were deprived of their Goods and dispossessed of their Estates and his Kindred made Slaves Dio. lib. 62.701 Seneca one of Nero's Counsellors having forced many of the Chief of the Britains to take great Sums of Money of him upon Usury did then for his private gain exact the Payment of it on a sudden to their utter ruin and Decianus Catus the Procurator in Britain renewed the Confiscation of their Goods which Claudiuus had remitted The Colony at Camalodunum thrust the Owners and Antient Inhabitants out of their Houses and Possessions calling them Vassals and Slaves the Temple also erected to Claudius was a great burthen to them while the Priests that attended there under pretence of Religious Dues seised each Mans Goods To these common Grievances of the afflicted People the present opportunity seemed to offer means of redress while the Roman General was in Mona The Iceni being made a Province The Iceni and Trinobantes Revolt There 701 and inciting the Trinobantes and other Nations not wholly brought under subjection to do the like take Arms and resolved to free themselves About this time diverse Prodigies were observed to portend the Sub version of the Roman Colony to wit Tacit. ann lib. 14. c. 32.251 Prodigies the Image of Victory falling down Revers'd at Camalodunum Strange Noises heard in the Air Strange Apparitions seen in the Sea the Ocean in shew Bloody and the Print of Mens Bodies upon the Sands and certain Women in Extasie foretold the Destruction to come These things as they terrify'd the Romans so they added courage to the Britains and because Suetonius was far absent the Colony required help of Decianus the Procurator but he sent them no more then 200 and those ill Armed The Soldiers trusting to the Protection of their Temple and not mistrusting the Conspiracy of some amongst them that favored the Britains neither Fortify'd themselves nor sent out of the Colony the Old Men and Women and such as were not able to bear Arms the Old Soldiers flee to the Temple which was Besieg'd and in two days forc'd Petilius Cerealis Lieutenant of the Ninth Legion coming to their Relief was met upon the way his Legion routed all his Foot slain he escaping with the Horse into the Roman Camp Catus whose Rapine and Extortion had partly caused this Insurrection fled into Gallia But Suetonius There c. 33.252 with wonderful presence of Mind Marcht through his Enemies Countries to London a place not known at that time by the Name of a Colony but famous only for concourse of Merchants and Traffique being doubtful whether he should make that the Seat of War he viewed his Soldiers and considering the small number of them and the rashness of Petilius resolves with the loss of one Town to save the rest nor was he moved with the Prayers or Tears of any that desired him to stay but giving the Signal of Departure took with him such as were able and willing to go such as through weakness of Age or Sex or for love of the place stay'd behind were oppressed and perished by the Enemy (a) The Ruines whereof are in and near St. Albans in Hartfordshire Verulamium a Roman Free-Town had the same fate for the Britains passing by the Forts and Garrisons assailed the Richest Places and most easie to be won lading themselves with the Spoils of their Enemies whom they Hanged Burned and Crucified There c. 33.252 using all the cruelty and inhumane outrage that a Giddy-Rabble elated with success could think of they took no Prisoners either to preserve them for Ransom or Exchange according to the Laws of War but cut in pieces both Romans and their Allies 80000 Romans slain Dio lib. 62.700 There lib. 62.701 to the number of 70 Thousand or as Dio 80 Thousand They hang'd up naked the Noblest and Honestest of
508 515. Personal Feudal Thanes or Tenents in (k) Grand Serjeanty or Grand Service is a Service that cannot be due to any Lord from his Tenent Grand Serjeanty what but to the King only because what is to be done he ought to do it in his own Person As to be General of the Kings Army to bear the Kings Banner his Sword his Spear or other Weapons And to bear the Office anciently of Marshal Constable or Champion to follow the Kings Banner or Standard within the four Seas to give notice of the Irruption of Enemies by sound of Trumpet Horn c. grand Serjeanty or Knights Service in chief These had large Possessions for their personal Services had honorary Dignity and were part of the greater Nobility of those times and were commonly named and mentioned in the Saxon [2.] Ibidem Annals and Story with Earls as also in Charters of the Saxon Kings The Saxon words Eorlas Degnas Eorlas Thegnas being by Florentius of Worcester Huntingdon Hoveden and our antient Historians translated Comites and Barones Earls and Barons and the Writers after the Normans coming either received Thegn translated by Baro or used so to translate it where they met it in the Saxon Story These [3.] Ibid. fol. 518 519. Feudal Thanes or such as held of the King in chief by Military-Service were of the same kind with them that were after the Normans Honorary or Parliamentary Barons and their Thainlands only were the Honorary Thainlands and such as were afterwards Parliamentary Baronies But to return to our Parallel from whence we have somewhat digressed Comes a general word for many Officers Comes was as general a word among the Roman Provincials and in the old German Laws for a Person of absolute Power a Governor or Ruler of a Province City Burgh or Castle or for an extraordinary or sometimes lower Judge as Ealderman was with the English Saxons and as Greve or Grave was amongst the Germans Hence Comes Pagorum Provinciarum Civitatis Limitum A Count of a Pagus or Country a Count of a Province a Count of a City a Count of the Borders or Marches against an Enemy Grave answers Comes To which do answer the German Gawe or Gograve Landgrave Burgrave Marchgrave and Gravia in Barbarous Latin for Comitatus in Saxon and German Graffscaft And as Comes often signified a Judge as he did preside in giving judgment so [4.] Witch-bild Saxon. Gryph c. 61. n. 10. Judges in the ancient Saxon-language were called * Besoldus derives Graven and perhaps truly from the German Crawen Cani or gray-haired as if a man should say Seniores ancient men or Senators And by Interpretation Discursus polit 4. c. 4. n. 3. Grave whence Nobiles praecipui Optimates Noble the Chief or best men The Romans were frequently first Patres Senatores Fathers and Senators then Comites or Counts This agrees with our Ealdormen or Seniores Oldermen which denoted here our chief Governors and Officers under the Saxon Kings Graven These Dignities of Dux and Comes Duke and Earl or Count were translated from the old Roman to the German Empire being found in the Constitutions of Emperors and other Writers before the Goths and Lombards over-ran those Countries nor is it probable the Roman Emperors did frame their Court according to the Model of Barbarous Nations Seld. Tit. Hon. p. 2. n. 22. Besold Discursus polit 4. c. 4. n. 1. They were first officiary afterwards had Feuds or Fees annexed to them during the pleasure of the Donors only About the time of the declining Empire they became Patrimonial and Hereditary Seld. ibid. n. 23. Besold ib. n. 12. Fees became first Hereditary in Germany Fees when first Hereditary in Germany about the time of Otho the Great Anno Dom. 970. that is descended to the Issue Male of him that was first invested with them And afterwards under Conraedus Salicus about 1030. to Grand-children c. Seld. ut supra And in France Dukedoms Earldoms or Counties and Baronies Earldoms and Baronies not Patrimonial in France â—efore Hugh Capet were of old Names of Office and Government only and not of Patrimonies and might be revoked at the pleasure of the Prince certainly they did not then belong to the Heirs of Dukes and Earls c. The first was Hugh * Capet was anointed July 30. 9â—7 and died 22. Nov. 996. or 998. Capet who to draw to him the affections of the Nobility by whose help he had without right obtained the Kingdom of France that made them perpetual and then afterwards other small Fees passed to their Heirs whilst they were Knights or Soldiers Hottom in Feud Disput col 845. A. B. Before the year of our Lord 900. in the Reign of King Alfred In K. Alfred's Reign Earldoms were not Hereditary in England Earldoms or Counties were here given and revoked at the Kings pleasure for he accusing his Earls and Governors of Provinces which they had received of his Gift of Ignorance threatned to displace them if they did not take care to be more learned and knowing in such matters as they had cognisance of they affrighted at his Menaces though some of them old and very ignorant yet rather than part with their Earldoms and Places of Power they earnestly apply themselves to Study that they might make themselves capable of understanding what was just and equal Asser de Gestis Alfredi fol. 21. n. 20 30. Their Possessions here in those times were sometimes whole Counties sometimes parcels of Counties sometimes a whole Kingdom as it was in the Heptarchy sometimes more sometimes less which much depended upon the King's pleasure Seld. Tit. Hon. p. 2. c. 5. n. 3. Besides these Possessions they had a third part of the Profits of the Shires and of the Mulcts and Forfeitures as every where may be seen in Doomesday in the time of Edward the Confessor The third part of the Profits c. due to the Earl For the third Penny of Forfeitures take one instance for many in the Customs of Chester Tit. Cestre-shire if any one brook the Peace that was granted by the Earl at the Kings command of the hundred Shillings which were forfeited for that the Earl had the third Penny â—o it was in Germany So was it in Germany the Earl had the third part of the Pleas Mulcts Punishments or Composition due to the Crown or Palace if he did his Office vigorously but if he were negligent he had nothing Ll. Longobard lib. 1. Tit. 2. c. 10. who desires to be further satisfied in the various acceptations of Dux Comes Aldermannus Grave c. may see Seldens Tit. Hon. p. 2. c. 1. Hottom in verb. Feud Spelm. Glossar verb. Aldermannus Lindinbrog Glossar Besold discurs polit 4. c. 4. Cassiodor formul lib. 6. Towards the end and in many other places Orders of men the same in Germany as in England Nor did we resemble
them but were soon repelled by them they being more in number and better armed At length Harold comes up with a Potent Army and gives them Battel at (l) Alias Battle Bridge upon the River Derwent not far from York Stanford Bridge where though the Norwegians made a stout and obstinate resistance yet at length the English obtained the Victory Harfager and Tosto with the greatest part of their Army being slain and most of their Fleet taken only Oslaus Harfager's Son and Paul Earl of Orcades had liberty to depart with twenty Ships they leaving a vast (m) Here was so much Gold as seven lusty young men could carry besides other rich Spoils all which Harold taking to his own use disgusted his Army Treasure behind them Gul. Pictav 197. A. 198. A William was not idle all this while but calling together the great men of his Country consults with them and propounds the Conquest of England to the chief of them who disswade him from the attempt as a thing too difficult to be effected and beyond the Power and Force of Normandy and which might change the excellent State of their Country into a miserable Condition Gul. Pictav 197. A. B. There were then in Normandy besides Bishops and Abbots several Lay-men knowing and able to advise such were Robert Earl of Mortaign half Brother to William Robert Earl of Ou Richard Earl of Eureux Son of Robert Archbishop of Roan Roger Beaumont Roger Montgomery William Fitzh-Osborn Hugo vicecom Ibidem and Viscount Hugh these he consulted with but so as the result of all things was left to the Duke himself how many Ships to equip and with what Men and Armes and at length every one chearfully makes ready what was charged upon him according to his Possessions and the value of his Estate and having prepared a great number of Ships and a great Army of Normans Flemmings Malms de gest Reg. fol. 56. a. n. 50. Geâ—er de duc Nor. l. 6. c. 34. French Poictovins Aquitans and Britans both Horse and Foot after some stay for a wind at the mouth of the River Dive he fell down to and set sail from St. (n) Now St. Valery upon the River of Soame in Picardy Waleric or Gualeric with a gentle Gale and landed at Pevensey in Sussex erected a Fort there to secure his Ships and their retreat (o) 'T is said by Cambden he burnt all his Ships that he might cut off from his Souldiers all hopes of Safety by flight if so Britan. fol. 106 He had it out of the Manuscript History of Battle Abbey in Bib. cotton sob Effigie Domitian A. 2. fol. 1. Malms Will. 1. fol. 57. Dunel Brompton A. D. 1066. Gesta Guliel Ducis f 202. D. In Will 1.56 b. 57. b. certainly he designed no place of Safety for a retreat or to secure his Ships wherein he placed a Garrison Gul. Pictav Gesta Gul. Ducis fol. 199. c. and marching from thence to Hastings he raiseth another Fortification for the same Purposes and Garrisons that likewise and then declares the Causes of the War first for revenging the death of his Kinsman Brompt col 958. (p) Son to Ethelred and younger Brother of Edw. the Confessor to Emme Alfred whom Godwin Harold's Father and his Sons had cut off with many Normans Secondly to chastise Harold for banishing Robert Archbishop of Canterbury and other Normans out of England and Thirdly to gain the Kingdom from Harold which he had possessed by Perjury and to which he had no right it being his by Grant by nearness (q) It could hardly be thought his Army should consist of raw Souldiers for Malmsbury Sim. Dunel and Brompton reports from Gulielm Pictaviensis that the main Body of it remained impregnable against all the Assaults and Charges of the Enemies until by a Counterfeit retreat which the English thought a flight and followed them by which means they opened their close Order when the Normans suddenly faceing about charged and broke them in pieces scattered them and obtained the Victory c. of kindred and promise of Obedience and Subjection he restrained his Army from Plundering Malmsb. in Will 1. f. 56. b. telling them they ought to spare those things which were suddenly to be their own and for fifteen days they behaved themselves so quietly as if they thought not of War The News of this Descent of the Normans in Sussex Ingulph f. 512. quickly came to Harold by several Messengers who puffed up with his late Victory dream'd of the like success for the future and refusing the Terms offered him by William's Envoy Malms ut sup a Monk either to quit his Pretences to the Kingdom or hold it as his Vice-roy Gul. Pictav fol. 200. c. or that they two by Combate for the sparing the Effusion of Blood in the sight of both Armies might decide and end the Controversie in great hast with a small part only of his Army he came near unto Hastings Ingulph Ibid. and having gathered together the Country-people formed of them a (q) It could hardly be thought his Army should consist of raw Souldiers for Malmsbury Sim. Dunel and Brompton reports from Gulielm Pictaviensis that the main Body of it remained impregnable against all the Assaults and Charges of the Enemies until by a Counterfeit retreat which the English thought a flight and followed them by which means they opened their close Order when the Normans suddenly faceing about charged and broke them in pieces scattered them and obtained the Victory c. rude and undisciplined Army staid not for his Northern Forces but next morning gives (r) On the fourteenth of October not many days after the Battel at Stanford-bridge Earl William Battel and fighting valiantly all day until evening often as a common Souldier hand to hand with his Enemies at length about twilight upon a Hill whither he had retreated he was shot thorough the head with an Arrow and slain together with his Brothers Gurth and Lefwin and most of the English Nobility here present (Å¿) Malmsbury says they were not there but being appointed by Harold he posting before to meet the Normans to bring the Riches and Spoils taken in the last Battel to London where hearing that Harold was slain they courted the People to make one of them King he also there says that the other great men would have chosen Edgar King if the Bishops would have consented but by reason of the present danger and their Domestick Dissentions it could not be effected Then Edwin and Morcar with some few others that escaped came to London and sent their Sister Algith the Queen and Wife to Harold Sim. Dunelm A. D. 1066. into the remote parts of the Nation and consulted with Aldred Archbishop of York the Citizens and Seamen to make Edgar Atheling King but while they provided and prepared to oppose William the two Earls with their Forces withdrew
Bachervill Bellomont or Beaumont c. de Vetulis wasting it with Fire and Sword whose Son Roger de Bello-monte or Beaumont encountred him with what Force he could raise He is overthrown and his two Sons killed routed his Forces and slew him and his two Sons Helbert and Elinantius [2.] Gul. Piâ—av f. 179. D. 180. A. B. After him (g) He was [4.] Gemet lib. 5. c. 13. Guy Earl of Vernon who Constantin le Contantin Son to Raynald Earl of Burgundy by Alice Daughter of Richard the Second Duke of Normandy Guy Earl of Vernon and Brion pretended to the Title of the Dukedom who with the assistance of Nigel Governor of Constantin or the Territory of (h) That part of Normandy is like a Peninsula being environed with the Sea West and North and bounded with the River Vire East [5.] Vales not Gaff fol. 156. Le Constantin or Contantin so called from the chief Town or City thereof Constance [6.] Ibidem fol. 73.4 le Bessin Baiocassin Le Bessin or Baiocassin so called from the chief City thereof Bayeux is that part of Normandy bounded with the Rivers Dive East and Vire West and with the Brittish Sea North. Constance Raynulph Viscount of Bayeux or Bessin and the greatest part of Normandy resolved to try it by his Sword and was overcome at Valoignes from whence he fled to Brion a strong Town Guy beaten where William besieged him and being almost starved he employed Mediators for Mercy which was granted Asks Pardon and recives it and the Duke being possessed of his Castle permitted him to remain in his Court and pardoned his Abettors and Followers These Clowds blown over William receives a greater Trouble from Galfrid [3.] Ibidem fol. 181. D. Martel Earl of Anjou who having subdued Tedbald Earl of Tours and taken that City from him and seised Poictou Ejecting Earl William usurped also Damfront and Alencon Galfrid Martel seizeth Damfront and Alencon They are retaken Ibidem fol. 182 183. Members of Normandy The Duke after having given him a Diversion by marching into Anjou besieges Alencon and takes it Martel being come very near to relieve it but hearing it was yielded struck with a sudden fear he fled with his Army and Damfront submitted to the Duke so soon as he came before it [4.] Ib. 184. B. After these (i) He [7.] Gul. Pictav fol 1. was Son to Richard the Second Duke of Normandy Brother to Richard the Third and Uncle to William William de Archis or Earl of (k) Now Arques near the Town of Diepe Arch not being forewarned or restrained by the Ruine of Guy or overthrow of Martel Arms against William fortifies and Mans his Castle of Arches against him [5.] Ib. 18. C. Henry King of France comes to his relief and his Army intercepted by Ambush to whose Relief Henry King of France came with a great Army William de Archis Arms against the Duke Fortifies his Castle which was intercepted by an Ambush the Earl of Ponthieu and many Men of Note killed and Hugo Bardulf taken Prisoner The King of France then considers what he had [6.] Ibid. D. His Castle is taken and Earl William taken into favour done repents he had abetted the Earl of Arche and marches back The Castle then reduced to miserable straights and the Defendents even starved supplicate to yield saving only their Lives which were granted and he did not only give his Uncle the favour of staying in his Country but also gave him large [7.] Ibidem 186. A. Ibidem Possessions and Rents using him more like a Friend than Enemy Many also Deserters in this juncture went over to the King of France whom the Duke received again into favour These [8.] Ibid. B. The King and Princes of France Confederate against William Successes raised envy in the minds of the King of France and the other Princes of that Nation with suspicion of his Greatness the Roman Emperor assisting and being in League with him so that Tedbald Earl of Tours the Earl of Poictou Galfrid Martell Earl of Anjou and the whole Powers of Burgundy Avergn Aquitain and Gascoign Confederate with the King against him and raised two mighty Armies designing to destroy his whole Country whereof one under the Command of Odo the Kings Brother and his most familiar Friend Rainold entred the Country of Caux the other Commanded by the King himself enters the East part of Normandy and proceeds towards Eurux and Roan They are beaten and fly The Duke likewise divided his Army the better to encounter his Enemies into two parts and Heads that himself which opposed the King [9.] Ib. 187. B. the other under the Command of (l) [8.] Ib. 195. Gemet c. 20. He was Son or Grandchild to William Earl of Ou who was Natural Son of Richard the First Duke of Normandy and was made Earl of Ou by Richard the Second his half Brother by the Mother side Robert Earl of Ou or Ewe Hugh Gornay * [9.] Ib. lib. 8. c. 37. He was Son of Thurstan de Bastenburgh Hugh Montfort Walter Giffard * The same with William Fitz-Osbern the Son of Osbern Crispin or Crepon William Crispin and other valiant Officers suddenly set upon the Army at Mortimer in Caux Apud mare mortuum put them to flight and took many Prisoners * The King hearing of this Victory fled also in great haste out of Normandy * and concluded a Peace upon these Conditions Ibidem c. That the Prisoners taken in the Battle should be delivered to the King and that by his Consent and Gift the Duke should for ever enjoy as his own whatsoever he had or could take from Geoffry Martel Earl of Anjou Ibidem And he presently directs his chief Commanders to build a Fortress at Hambrieres in Anjou which [1.] Ibidem 188. A. Martel by the help of William Earl of Poictou and Eudo Earl of Brittaine besieged and assaulted but so soon as William approached to relieve it they fled Soon after the [9.] Guil. Pict 1â—8 B.C. The King of France and Martel enter Normandy again King of France breaking the Peace entred Normandy again with a great Army to whom Geoffry Martel joyns what Forces he could raise and by quick Marches came through the Country now called [1.] Per Oximâ—nsem Comitatum Hyesmes to the River Dive destroying all that Country with Fire and Sword to the Sea Coast none resisting none pursuing them but while they were passing that River the King with part of the Army being over the Duke comes suddenly upon them with a flying Army and cuts off almost all those which were on that side the River towards him They are beaten and fly or forceth them into it and drowns them the King looking on but not able to help them who with the Earl of Anjou in all speed fled once more out of
William Crispin were taken [1.] Ibid. fol. 855. A. The King of France was alone and lost in a Wood from whence a Country Man conveyed him to Audeley whether the remains of his routed Army was retired In this Battle were [2.] Ibidem fol. 884. D. But 900 Horsemen on both sides but 900 Milites or Horsemen on both sides unless perhaps there might be so many Milites besides their Retinue and they accounted a great number whereof only three were killed for they were so Cloathed with Iron as they could scarce be in danger [3.] Ibidem fol. 885. B. King Lewis his Standard was here taken and King Henry bought it of him that took it for 20 Marks which he kept as a token of the Victory His Horse also was taken which was sent back next day with his Saddle Bridle and whole Furniture And Prince William sent likewise his Cousen William the Son of Duke Robert his Horse which he had lost with many other Gifts When King Lewis [4.] Ibid. D. Almeric de Monteforti perswades King Lewis to raise a new Army returned to Paris Almeric de Monteforti who was not in this Fight came to Visit and Comfort him being much dejected at his ill fortune in their Discourse he encouraged him to attack his Enemies again and advised him to send to the Bishops Earls and other great Persons of the Kingdom and then the Priests with their Parochians by the Bishops Directions would go with him whether he should Command them that so by a common Army he might take revenge upon his publick Enemies and promised the utmost of his own and his Friends Assistance [5.] Ibidem fol. 886. A. The King being well pleased followed his Advice and forthwith sent his Edict to the Bishops who readily obeyed it and Anathematized the Priests and Parishioners of their several Diocesses if they went not with the King at the time he should appoint with their whole Strength against the Rebellious Normans They came from Burgundy [6.] Ibidem B. C. Berry Paris the Countries of Orleance Vermandois Beavais Laudun and le Estamps and other places as Wolves to their Prey and committed strange Outrages in their March which the Bishops permitted out of hatred to the Normans To these the King joyned an Army which he gathered from Noyon and the Isle from Tournay and Arras from Gournay and Clermont and from all the Provinces of France and Flanders The French besiege Breteul that he might restore to their ancient Honours all such as were in exile for the sake of William the Son of Duke Robert With this Army he laid Siege to Bretteuill or Breteul which is in the heart of Normandy The Governor of this place was Ralph de Guader a Britain The Valour of Ralph de Guader Governor of Breteul who valiantly sallied out upon and fought with them and commanded all the Gates of the Castle to be opened but none could enter such was the courage of the Defendants At three of the Gates there was a sharp and obstinate Conflict and many sell on both sides King Henry so soon as he heard [7.] Ibidem C. D. the French were returned into Normandy sent his Son Richard with a Supply of 200 Milites or Horse to Ralph de Guader which being discovered the courage of the Assaylants began to fail them The brave Governor went from Gate to Gate to encourage and aid his Soldiers and often changed his Armour that he might not be known The King followed his Son and those he had sent before with a great Army and resolved to fight the great Body of the French But they despairing of taking the Town were forced to return into France The French march home carrying back nothing besides plundred Goods but Ignominy and Blows [8.] Ibidem fol. 857. A. William de Chaumont the King of France his Son in Law and other haughty Soldiers much moved at their ill success before Breteul in their march home set upon the Castle of Tiliers where Gilbert the Castâ—llan suddenly sallied out upon them and took William Prisoner for whose Redemption he had 200 Marks of Silver Others also of his Company he surprised and the rest fled with disgrace Upon this success [9.] Ibidem B. C. Richer de Aquila a great Baron submitted to the King and by the Mediation of his Uncle Rotro Earl of Perch obtained his Fathers Estate both in England and Normandy The Castellans of Gloz and Lire followed his Example made their Peace and delivered them up to King Henry In the midst of [1.] Ibid. D. An. Do. 1119. October (g) This Pope was [2.] Orderic f. 848. A. Guido Arch-Bishop of Vienne in Dauphin seated upon the River Rhone a Frenchman and chosen the Second of February then last past he was Son to William Duke of Burgundy whose Mother was Alice Daughter of Richard the Second Duke of Normandy Calixtus the Pope with the Roman (h) By the Roman Senate Ordericus means * Ibidem the Colledge of Cardinals many of whom he names and says it was their special Prerogative to chose and Consecrate the Pope Senate came to Rhemes stayed there fifteen days and held a Council There were fifteen Arch-Bishops and more than two hundred Bishops An Ecclesiastical Council at Rhemes with many Abbats and Dignified Men of the Church for by the Popes Command they were called out of Italy Germany France Spain Britany and England the Isles of the Ocean and all the Western Provinces [3.] Ibidem King Henry's Prohibition and Directions to his Bishops in this Council The King of England indeed permitted the Bishops of his Kingdom to go to the Synod but did altogether prohibite them to make any Complaints of any sort whatever telling them he would do every one that complained Right in his own Land [4.] Ibid. fol. 858. A. That he paid yearly the Revenue those that had gone before him had granted to the Roman Church And yet says he I hold the Priviledges in like manner acknowledged due to me in ancient times declaring the further Liberty he gave them in these words Go ye salute the Pope in my name and only hear his Apostolical Precepts but bring none of his new Inventions into my Kingdom In this Council the King of France accompanied with his [5.] Ibidem C. D. The King of France in this Council complains of the King of England Barons came and made his Complaint against King Henry That he was his Confederate and yet committed many Spoils and Rapines upon his Subjects That he violently invaded Normandy that was a Fee of his Kingdom That against all Law and Right he detestably Treated Robert Duke of Normandy that was his Vassal and Henry's Lord and Brother That he had taken and a long time detained him in Prison And behold says he William the Son of the Duke who I present here before you he hath utterly disinherited and banished By
Flor. Wigorn. f. 673. Several Towns and Castles revolt to the Empress Milo to whom he had in the life of King Henry committed the Custody of that Castle having done Homage and sworn Fealty to him for it When the arrival of the Empress in England was certainly known several Towns Castles and Men of Note revolted and did Homage to her as their Queen after her coming to Bristol [9.] Malmsb. f. 104. a. n. 40 50. Hen. Hunt f. 22â— a. n. 50 Chron. Norm f. 977. A. B. Shrewsbury Town and Castle taken some of the Defendents Hanged The Governor of Dover affrighted with that Example yields the Castle Geffry Talbot with the City of Hereford declared for her Paganell and the Town and Castle of Ludlowe and a great part of Wales William Moiun and Dunster Castle Ralph Luvell and Castle-Cary William Fitz-John and the Castle of Harpetre all in Somersetshire Robert the Son of Alured of Lincoln and Warham Castle and Town all submitted to her and William Fitz-Alan with the Town of Shrewsbury which he quitted when the King came against it and left a Deputy in it who made Oath to him to defend it In few days he took the Town and Castle and Hanged some of the Prisoners which had such effect upon Walchelm Maminot the Governor of Dover Castle which the Queen then besieged that so soon as he heard it he yielded it to her The King marched with his Army from place to place and Castle to Castle endeavouring to take them in but where he had no hopes of doing it he built an Anti-Castle or Fortress commonly before the Gate at a small distance either to keep them in and so starve them or to prevent their going out in great Parties into the Country and so in a great measure preserve that from Plundring While King Stephen was thus employed [1.] Hen Hun. ibid. b. n. 10 20 c. Chron. Norm ut supra David King of Scots invaded England on behalf of his Niece the Empress David King of Scots with a great Army invaded Northumberland and the North Parts By the Direction and Advice of Thurstan Arch-Bishop of York and Walter de Espec a powerful Baron of Northumberland A great Standard in form of a Dragon was fixed at Alverton now North-Alverton in Yorkshire to which the Forces and Voluntiers of those parts resorted which were raised by the Industry Diligence and great Pains of the two Persons last named with their Friends A great accession of Force they had from William Earl of Albamarle William Peuerel of Nottingham Roger de Molbraio or Moubray and Ilbert Lacy. These with Walter de Espec under the Earl of Albamarle were the great Commanders The English kept close to their Standard the Scots charged them furiously and were received and beaten back and then charged by the English with great Courage and Resolution His Army Routed whereupon they fled and the English obtained a compleat Victory killing 10 or 12000 upon the place This was the famous Battle of the Standard The famous Battle of the Standard largely described by Richard Prior of Hagustald and of which Ailred Abbat of Rievall hath written a particular Tract The War in England between Maud the Empress and King Stephen managed with great Rapâ—ne and Barbarity Hence forward during all of this Kings Reign in most of the Historians we read of nothing almost but Fire and Sword Blood and Slaughter Rapine Plunder and Captivity One full Instance whereof I will give you from an Eye-Witness the Continuer of the Chronicle of Florence of Worcester The [2.] Contin Fâ—or Wigorn. f 671 673. A. D. 1139. Worcester burnt and taken Clergy and Citizens of Worcester had often received King Stephen with great Joy and Kindness They were told that their Enemies from Gloucester would suddenly come and Burn Waste and Plunder their City They were much terrified at the Report and Consult what to do The Result was They should betake themselves to the Protection of Christ and his Blessed Mother commit themselves to the Tuition of St. Oswald and Wulstan sometimes Bishops of that City Those that were present might see all the Citizens Goods carried into the Cathedral There was scarce room in the Monastery for the Clergy All the Hangings and Ornaments of the Church and Altars were taken down and laid aside The Clergy sang within the Church the Mothers and Children cried and lamented without On the Seventh of November on which day began a great Frost the City of Gloucester came with a great Army of Horse and Foot By these words it appears the Monk was then present to take spoil and burn the City of Worcester Nos autem saith the Monk timentes Ornamentis Sanâ—uarii benignissimi Patroni nostri Oswald reliquias Albis induti tota sonante Classe c. But we fearing the Ornaments of the Sanctuary carried abroad in our Surplesses the Reliques of our most benigne Patron Oswald with humble Procession the whole Quire and Company singing aloud and walking with them in the Church-yard from one Gate to another to the terror of our Enemies who attacked a strong Fortress on the South side of the City The Rapine of the Soldiers and were beaten off from thence they go and assault the North side where they enter and fire it in many places and burn a good part of the City but the greater part stood They had a very great Prey of the Citizens Goods and of Oxen Sheep Cowes and young Cattle and Horses in the Country They took very many in the Lanes and Streets and coupled them together like Dogs and carried them away and had they or had they not wherewithall to pay the Price put upon them they were compelled to pay such Ransom as by Oath they had promised On the Thirtieth of [3.] Ibidem f 673. The Earl Worcesters revenge for the destruction of that City The Earl of Worcester who he was November (a) The Earl of Worcester was Waleran Earl of Mellent now Meulan seated upon the River Seyn in Normandy [5.] Dugd. Baron Tom. 1. f. 225. col 2. Hen. Hunt f. 226. a. n. 50. he was made so by King Stephen and William de Bello Campo or Beauchamp of Elmly Castle in that County turned out who was Hereditary Castellan at Worcester and Sheriff of the County by Emelin his Mother Daughter and Heir of Vrso de Abeâ—ot the Earl of Worcester came to the City and when he saw how it was burnt was much grieved and perceiving what injury he had received gathered together some Forces and went to Sudley in Gloucestershire to be revenged upon (b) He was Son to Harold who was Son [6.] Ibid. f. 21. col 2. f. 428. col 2. Flor. Wig. f. 629. Anno Dom. 1055. John Fitz-Harold who he was to Ralph Earl of Hereford in Edward the Confessors time which Harold is to be found in Domesday-Book in Gloucester and Warwick-Shires noted thus Heraldus filius
after there happened some Discontent between Lewis [5.] Ibidem f. 985. B. Anno Domini 1151. The King of France and his Queen dissatisfied one with another They are Legally Divorced King of France and his Queen which so increased that they thought of a Separation by Consent and in Lent the Arch-Bishops and Bishops were Assembled at Bangency a Town upon the River Loir and it appearing by their Oaths they were Allied in Blood and that there was Consanguinity between them they were in the Close of Easter duely separated by Ecclesiastick Authority And about [6.] Ibidem Henry Duke of Normandy Marries her Whitsunday the Duke of Normandy Married her by the name of Alianor Countess of Poictou she being Inheritrix of that Earldom and the Dukedom of Aquitan At which Marriage the [7.] Ib. C D. The King of France displeased with that Marriage He Invades Normandy c. Duke Henry makes Peace with the King of France and beats his Brother out of Anjou King of France was much moved for he had only two Daughters and no Issue Male by her and with Eustachius Son of King Stephen Robert Earl of Perch the Son of Theobald Earl of Blois and Geofry his younger Brother joined together to take from him Normandy Anjou and Aquitan When the Normans thought all would suddenly be lost he so ordered his Affairs and behaved himself with such Conduct and Resolution that he made Peace with the King of France and beat his Brother out of Anjou and forced him to make Peace with and be reconciled to him While he was setling and securing Normandy and his Territories in France King Stephen thought also to secure and establish the Crown of England upon himself and Family and to that purpose called [8.] Chron. Ger. col 1371. n. 50. Hen. Hunt f. 226. b. n. 30. a General Council at London That is to say Theobald the Arch-Bishop the Bishops and Great Men of England He propounded to them the Coronation of his Son Eustachius King Stephen desired to have his Son Eustachius Crowned The Arch-Bishop refused to do it that thereby he might deprive Duke Henry of his Right and particularly required the Arch-Bishop of Canterbury to whom of Ancient Right it belonged to Anoint and Consecrate Kings that he would perform that Office to his Son who Answered That the Pope by his Letters had forbidden him to Crown or Anoint his Son because he contrary to his Oath had Usurped the Kingdom For this Repulse [9.] Chron. Gervas Col. 1372. lin 1. Hen. Hunt ut supra the King his Son and those which favoured him were vehemently Angry and shut up all the Bishops with their Primate in one House that by Threats and Terrors they might extort that which neither by Price or Prayer they could prevail in The Arch-Bishop made his escape out of the House and got over the Thames in a Boat leaving some of the Bishops wavering The Arch-Bishop flies beyond Sea and in a Complying Temper and fled to Dover and so beyond Sea And so the Kings Design was defeated which notwithstanding Mat. Paris says the Earls and Barons of England did Swear Allegiance and Fidelity to Eustachius Fol. 84. lin 3. For his Resolution in this Case and Flight the King seized and spoiled all his Lands and Possessions Not long after the King besieged [1.] Hen. Hun. ibid. n. 40. Chron. Gerv. ibid. n. 10 20. An. Do. 1152. Newbury Castle and took it and then came before Walingford and blocked it up close as they could neither well get out or any Victuals in and being thus pressed they sent Messengers to their Lord Duke Henry either to send Relief or give them leave to deliver the Castle to the King This year died [2.] Ibidem n. 30. Maud the Queen and Wife of King Stephen dies Maud the Wife and Queen of King Stephen on the Third of May and was buried in the Monastery at Feversham in Kent that her Husband and she had founded Duke [3.] Ibidem Duke Henry comes into England with an Army He takes Malmsbury Castle Robert Earl of Leicester comes in to him Henry all things being in pretty good order in France was hastned over with this news from Walingford came with an Army into England and first of all Besieged and took Malmsbury Castle where Robert Earl of Leycester came in to him and also more than thirty strong Castles with their Garisons submitted to him From [4.] Ib. 1373. n. 20 30 40 50. Hen. Hun. f. 127. b. n. 10 20. The Duke besiegeth Craumerse Fort and Relieves Walingford Castle The King and Duke meet and Treat Nothing is Concluded Malmsbury he went with all speed to Walingford to relieve his almost famished Friends there and besieged the Castle or great Fort of Craumerse He compassed it about and all the Kings Forces in it with a large Ditch or Trench and so ordered the matter that his Forces in Walingford might go out but those which he had begirt could no ways get out King Stephen Collected all the Forces he could to raise this Siege when Duke Henry was informed he was coming towards him he left his Trenches and went to meet him with his Army drawn into Order ready to Fight Both Armies being ready for Battle in a great Plain William Earl of Arundel Mediated a Truce or Treaty between the Duke and King After some Discourse of Peace they came to no Conclusion but referred themselves to a further Treaty and each parted to his Army Before the second [5.] Ibidem 30 40. Treaty and Overtures for Peace Eustachius King Stephens eldest Son and Simon Earl of Northampton both died at the same time the two great and Potent Enemies of Duke Henry whose deaths facilitated the finishing of the ensuing Peace Theobald Arch-Bishop of Canterbury laboured heartily between the King and Duke to bring them to an Accord [6.] Ib. f. 228. a. lin 3. Henry also Bishop of Winchester who had horribly troubled the Nation by making his Brother King now moved with Repentance when he saw the Nation ruined with Rapine Fire and Slaughter [7.] Joh. Brompton Col. 1037. n. 40. An. Do. 1153. assisted in the finishing this great Work of Peace by which it was Concluded That King Stephen should Reign as King during his Life and that Henry as Lawful Heir should succeed him The Bishops and Barons were summoned by the Kings and Dukes Precept to Winchester in the end of November to give their Assent to the Peace and Confirm it by Oath The Charter of King Stephen containing all the Articles of this Peace may be seen in the [8] N. 35. King Stephen dies An. Do. 1154. Appendix He lived not a year after this Peace so solemnly Confirmed departing this Life upon the 25 th of October in the year following 1154. and was Buried at his Monastery in Feversham In the Fourteenth of this King Anno Domini 1149. Mat. Westm An.
Treaty the Issue whereof was Wexford surrendred that they yielded and delivered four Hostages to be kept by him for their good Behaviour and Fidelity to him for the future He no sooner was possessed of the City but he gave it with the whole Territory to Robert Fitz-Stephan and Maurice Fitz-Girald according to the Agreement he had made with him and to Hervey Mont-Maurice he gave in Fee two Cantreds or Hundreds between Wexford and Waterford lying upon the Sea Having thus reduced Wexford by the addition of the [4.] Ibid. c. 4. Dermot marches into Ossery People of that place he made up an Army of 3000 men with which he marched toward (d) A Portion of Leinster anciently and at the time of Conquest a County or Earldom Camd. Britan. f. 731. there are two of them one named Vpper-Ossery in the Diocess of Leighlin another called the lower lyes North of Ormond and is a Diocess of it self but the Bishops House and Residence is at Kilkenny So Holinshed in the Conquest of Ireland c. 4. Camden calleth the first Lower-Ossery ibid. f. 742. and the last Vpper-Ossery f. 744. Osserie the Prince whereof Duuenald or Donald amongst all his Rebels was the greatest Enemy to Dermot The Army advancing to the skirts and out-side of the Country entred a little way into it but finding the Passages into the inaccessible Woods and Bogs so secured Barricado'd fortified and guarded by the Osserians who resolved stoutly to defend themselves hereupon the Army retreated into the Plains the Osserians trusting to their former good Fortune in many other Ingagements and thinking their Enemies through fear had turned their backs issued out of their fastnesses and persued them in the open Fields Robert [5.] Ibidem Fitz-Stephan totally routs the Osserians Fitz-Stephan taking the advantage faced about with his Horse and charged them furiously making great Slaughter with the Lances and totally routed them and such as the Horse overthrew and trampled down the Foot with their Irish Axes cut off their Heads and presented them to Dermot After this they entred the most inward Parts of the Country and ruined it with Slaughter Rapine and Burning So that the Prince of Ossery The Prince of Ossery swears Fidelity to Dermot by advice of his Council desired Peace gave Hostages and sware Fidelity to Dermot It was rather a feigned than real Peace on both sides Robert Barrie and (e) Henry the First King of England had a base Son [8.] Sandford's Genealog Hist f. 31. by Nesta aforesaid Daughter to the King of South-Wales called Fitz-Henry or Fitz-Roy he was born bred lived and married in Wales and had two Sons Meiler and Robert the two Persons here mentioned Meyler were the most conspicuous for their Courage and Valor in this Engagement Dermot [6.] Ibid. c. 5. Roderic resolves with all his Force to oppose Dermot and his Strangers with this Success became formidable through the Island Roderic King of Connaught and (f) There was always [9] Holinsh Conquest of Ireland f. 8. n. 10. one Principal Governor amongst the Irish and he was commonly one of the Mac Carty's in Monster Morroghs in Leinster or O Conors in Connaught chosen by the Nobility he made Peace and War and what he commanded was always done Monarch of all Ireland by his Messengers called together all the Primates or Chief men of the whole Nation upon Consultation they agreed unanimously to rise against Dermot and led several Armies and an infinite multitude of Men says my Author into Leinster most of his pretended Friends forsake him not regarding their Promises or Oath Fitz-Stephan and his men with some few others stuck close to him and in a place not far from Ferns surrounded with thick Woods steep Mountains and Bogs by Nature and Situation almost inaccessible they secure themselves and by cutting down Trees and placing them so artificially and with Ditches and Pits which they digged in places of advantage they shut out their Enemies yet with great Art reserved entrance for their Friends Roderic [7] Ibid. c. 6. Roderic sollicits Fitz-Stephan to withdraw but prevails not sent to Fitz-Stephan and endeavoured to perswade him by great Promises and Gifts to depart and leave that Country with Love and Peace where he could challenge no right but prevailed not The same Messengers went to Fitz-Murchard to Mac Morogh to induce him to joyn Arms and destroy the Strangers with full assurance he should peaceably enjoy all Leinster and the firm friendship of Roderic but could not move him But at length [1] Girald Ibid c. 10. A Peace concluded between Dermot and Roderic by the intervening of Messengers and Friends a Peace was made on these Conditions That Dermot should enjoy Leinster acknowledging Roderic as Prince and Monarch of Ireland by due subjection and that the Peace might remain firm he delivered his Son * Cnothurn according to Stanihurst Cnuth to him as an Hostage This Agreement was published and confirmed by their Oaths and it was further privately agreed between them that Dermot should call no more Strangers into Ireland and that such as were there should be sent away Just after this Agreement [2] Ibid. c 11. Maurice Fitz-Girald lands at Wexford with a great Force Dermot marches towards Dublin and spoils the Country came Maurice Fitz-Girald Brother by the Mother to Fitz-Stephan with ten Knights thirty other Horse-men and one hundred Archers on Foot in two Ships and landed at Wexford Dermot rejoyced and was much encouraged at his coming and forthwith raised an Army and marched towards Dublin Maurice being General while Fitz-Stephan was busied in building a Castle upon a Rock called Karrec In a short space the whole Country belonging to the City and others adjoyning with Depredations Slaughters and Burnings was almost destroyed The Citizens desire Peace and gave good Security for their Fidelity to their Prince for the future In the mean time there happened [3] Ibidem Roderic makes War upon Donald Discord between Roderic Prince of Cannaught and Donald Prince of Limrick Roderic with Arms invades the Territories of Limrick Dermot sends Fitz-Stephan with his Troops to the Aid of his Son in Law Donald by whose assistance he obtained Victory in every Conflict He is overthâ—own and withdraws with disgrace insomuch as Roderic withdrew himself from his Government with disgrace Robert Barrie and his Brother Meiler were very eminent for their Bravery in these Engagements Fitz-Murchard or Morrogh [4] Ibid. c 12. Fitz-Murchard projects the obtaining the Monarchy of Ireland encouraged by this Success having regained his Country thought of recovering his antient Right and propounded to him himself the subduing of Connaught and obtaining the whole Monarchy of Ireland and secretly imparts his Project to Fitz-Stephan and Maurice They think it easily to be accomplished if he could procure more English Forces He sollicites Fitz-Stephan for more Forces from England And writes to Richard Earl of
Ship into that Nation and by the same recalled all the English appointing them to return by Easter or to be disinherited and live in perpetual Exile The Earl sent Reymund to the King then in Aquitan with a Letter Reymund pleads for their continuance there in which he puts him in mind he had his License to go and assist his Vassal Dermot and tells him that as whatsoever he had acquired proceeded from his Munificence so it was all at his command and should return to him whenever he pleased In the beginning of May [5] Ibid. c. 20. f. 771. n. 50. A. D. 1170. Dermot Fitz-Murchard being a very old man died at Fernes About [6] Ibid. c. 21. A. D. 1171. Hasculph attempts to recover Dublin Whitsuntide the same year Hasculph sometime Governor of Dublin attempting to regain that City came into the River Liffe now the Road or Haven with sixty Ships filled with Norwegians and Inhabitants of the Northern Isles who landed and assaulted it But Miles Cogan the Governor defended it so well and his Brother Richard sallying out upon them beat them off with so great slaughter that they fled He is repulsed by Cogan and taken Prisoner their Leader John Thewoode being killed and Hasculph taken in the Silt or Ouse as he was making to his Ships who was reserved for Ransom but being brought before Miles he told him these were but a small Company and came only to try what might be done but if he lived in a short time there should come a far better and greater Force So soon as he had said this Miles caused his Head to be struck off And at last Beheaded The Irish Princes or Great Men [7] Ibid. c. 22. The Irish Princes agree to besiege Dublin perceiving that no recruits of either Men or Victuals came from England to the Earl and his Forces collected a vast Army from all parts of the Country and besieged Dublin By the Instigation of Laurence Bishop of that place this was done and he with the Prince of Connaught Roderic wrote to Gotred Prince of Man and other Chiefs or Princes of the Islands promising great rewards for their assistance who with thirty Ships full of Fighting men arrived in the Port of the City or Water of Liffe Two [8] Ibidem Dublin much pressed with want of Victuals months the Siege had continued without any relief by Land or Sea when Victuals began to be scarce amongst the besieged and to add to their Distress at this time they by Donald Son of Dermot were informed who came from the Borders of * Perhaps now Kinsale with the Country about it Fitz-Stephan besiegâ—d in Karrec Castle Kencele that Robert Fitz-Stephan was by those People and the men of Wexford to the number of 3000 besieged in his small Castle of Karrec not far from Waterford and unless he were relieved within three days he must fall into his Enemies hands Within Dublin [9] Ibidâ—m there were with the Earl Reymund and Maurice Fitz-Girald the last was mightily moved with the Calamity of his Brother Robert his Wife and Children seeing he was to defend a Defenceless Castle made only of Boughs of Trees Wood and Turf [1] Ibid. c. 23. Maurice and Reymund perswade the Earl to Sally out and attack the Enemy Reflecting upon their desperate condition Maurice and Reymund perswade and exhort the Earl and the small Troops within the City to go out and attack the Enemy who though they appeared in very great Numbers yet were all naked and unarmed men and to encourage and provoke them to such an Heroic and Glorious Attempt recounts to them the Greatness and Bravery of their former Actions that with inconsiderable Force and Numbers they had destroyed and dispersed great Bodies of men The Soldiers and Adventurers [2] Ibid. c. 24. strive who should Arm first and were divided into three small Troops in the first commanded by Reymund were twenty Knights in the second commanded by Miles were thirty and in the third commanded by Maurice were forty with some other Horsemen and a few Citizens joyned to every Division or Troop with these leaving enough for the Guard of the City they march out and suddenly about nine of the Clock in the Morning They set upon Roderic on a sudden and Defeat his whole Army they set upon an Army of Thirty thousand men who neither expected or thought of them killing very many of them and dispersing the rest Roderic trusting to the multitude of his men and no ways suspecting such a desperate Sally was Bathing himself and hardly escaped The English persued their Enemies until the Evening beating off and dispersing as well the Southern as other Bodies of men They spoil his Camp and return well provided with Victuals that lay on several parts of the City under several Chiefs and Commanders and then returned well provided with Victuals Carriages and Spoils On the morrow having secured and placed sufficient Guards in the City they march toward Wexford In the [3] Ibid. c. 25. The Wexfordians take Fitz-Stephan by a Trick mean time the Wexfordians and Kencelians take Robert Fitz-Stephan by a Trick and Falsity when they could not prevail by Force They brought before the Ditches of the Castle the Bishops of Wexford and Kildare with other men in Religious Habits and divers Reliques upon which they all affirmed upon Oath that Dublin was taken and the Earl Maurice and Reymund and all the English were destroyed that the Army of Connaught and Leinster were coming from thence and were very near Wexford that they did this out of kindness to him that he and the People with hm might quietly be conveighed over into Wales before the multitude who were his desperate Enemies came up Fitz-Stephan believing them gave himself into their Power and Protection they no sooner had Possession of him but killed some of his men beat and grievously wounded others and put them into Prison and Bonds But very suddenly there came contrary news that the Siege of Dublin was raised and the Earl was marching toward them Upon which they fired the Town of Wexford and removed themselves and Goods with their Captives into the Isle of Beg or St. Beger at the mouth of the Harbour The Earl [4] Ibid. c. 26. The Earl marches toward Wexford to relieve Stephan in his march toward Wexford was impeached at Odrone a narrow and difficult place by reason of Bogs and other impediments which was also fortified with Stakes here the Forces on both sides were engaged many of the Irish were slain the English gained the pass with the loss of one man only and marched into the Champain Country Meiler in this Fight was eminent above all others for his Valor When they [5] Ibid. c. 28. The Irish threaten to kill all the Prisoners if the Earl should disturb them came to the Bordes of Wexford they were informed of the case and condition of
Forces he conducted the Earl to Wexford leaving the care of that Town unto one Tyrell or Purcell him the Waterfordians slew and all the English they could find in the Streets or in their Houses Man Woman and Child not sparing Age or Sex yet the City it self was preserved by such as were in Reginald's Tower who drove the Traytors out of the City and forced them to seek for Peace which they obtained upon hard Conditions Reymund marries Basilia At Wexford Reymund was married to Basilia and the Wedding night being over next day hearing Roderick King of Connaught had again destroyed Mâ—th and was marched into the Country near Dublin went with his Forces toward him but he stayed not his coming Reymund finding him retired repaired the Castles in Meth and brought things to such a pass as through fear of him the Nation for some short time remained in Peace But long it was not [7] Ibid. c. 8. Donald breaks his Oath made to King Henry e're Donald O Breen or Brin King of Limerick and Mounster departed from the Fealty he had sworn to the King of England Whereupon Reymund gathered together an hundred Knights or men at Arms and with twenty other Horse-men as his Guard three hundred Archers on Horseback and as many on Foot about the first of October attacqued Limerick and coming to the River Shanon that almost encompasseth the City which was deep and swift they could proceed no further David Welsh his Courage David Welsh so called from his Family not Country a couragious young Gentleman that despised Death in respect of Honor forced his Horse into the River and passed over it and from the place where he was cried out to the Army he had found a Foord yet none followed him but one Geofry Judas a common Soldier who was drowned Meiler seeing this envying the Courage and Honor that David Welsh had got in his passing over and safe return clapt Spurs to his Horse and went through the River notwithstanding the great danger he was to undergo from the Stones thrown at him from the Walls and the opposition he was to meet with at his going out of it on the other side yet he got safe upon Land and was presently encountred by the Enemy Reymund observing in what danger his Nephew was incouraged his Army and led them over with the loss only of two of his Guards and one common Soldier named Guido Reymund takes Limerick that were drowned He presently drove the Enemy into the City and with great slaughter of the Citizens took it by force wherein the Army found much rich Booty and Gold When Reymund [8] Ibid. c 10 had put the City into good order leaving there fifty Knights or men at Arms with 200 ordinary Horse and as many Archers he marched into Leinster leaving Miles of St. Davids Governor of it Hervey de Monte Marisco envying the Honor and Success of Reymund notwithstanding he was related to him by the Marriage of his Cousin German Nesta Hervey endeavors to undermine Reymund the Daughter of Maurice Fitz-Girald plied the King continually with secret and malitious Informations against him insinuating and asserting that he would not only subdue and usurp to himself and followers the Country of Limerick but also the whole Nation of Ireland The King moved with this Information and giving credit to Hervey sent [9] Ibid. c. 11 four Legats or Commissioners Robert Poer Osbert de Hereford William de Bendinges and Adam de Gernemie or rather Gernemâ—e whereof two were to come with Reymund being recalled into England and two were to stay with the Earl But it so happened that while Reymund was preparing for his passage into England Messengers came from the [1] Ibid. c. â—2 Garison in Limeric Donald besieges Limeric relating that Donald O Breen Prince of Tuomond with a great multitude had besieged or encompassed it and that in Winter time they had spent most of their Victuals and therefore desired sudden Relief The Earl was very earnest and sollicitous to relieve them and called upon and quickened the Army to that undertaking Reymund sent to relieve it but they all denied to march without Reymund The Earl advising with the Kings Commissioners at length as well by the earnest request and pressure of him as of them Reymund undertook the Service and marching towards Cashil with 80 Knights or men at Arms 200 ordinary Horse and 300 Archers besides the Irish he brought with him Murchard Prince of Kincel perhaps now Kynsale and Donald Prince of Ossory he heard that Donald of Tuomond had left the Siege of Limeric and was coming to meet him at the Pass of Cassil which was of it self very strong but by new fortifying it with Ditches cutting down of Trees placing them Artificially and making strong Hedges it was made as it were impassable The Army [2] Ibid. c 13. Meyler enters Limeric marched in three Divisions Meyler commanded the first who made such a furious onset at the Pass as he almost destroyed the Hedge and Barricado of Trees killing many of the Defendents and opened his way through it by the Sword on the Vigil or Eve of Easter and on Tuesday that week entred Limeric with his Victorious Army and repaired what had been ruined or destroyed by the Siege Not long after [3] Ibidem Conaught and Tuomond swear Fealty to King Henry Reymund had Conference with the Princes of Conaught and Tuomond on the same day but not in the same place after much discourse each Prince gave Hostages and swore inviolable Fidelity for the future to the King of England and his Substitutes No sooner [4] Ibidem Reymund helps Dermot against his Rebel Son was Reymund returned with his Hostages to Limeric but Dermot Mac-Carty sent and supplicated him for assistance against his eldest Son Cormach O Lechan who had almost driven him out of his Kingdom promising him and his Soldiers large rewards He takes advice about his request and then marches to Cork takes the Town subdues the Rebel Son and restores the Father and returned with much Booty and good satisfaction to Limeric Under pretence of Peace the Son caught his Father and imprisoned him the Father under the same pretence got his Son and chopt off his Head A. D. 1175. After this the Prince of Conaught sent his Submission and Conditions to the King of England [5] Hoved. f. 312. b. n. 10 20. King Henry holds a Council at Windsor by his three Commissioners Catholic Archbishop of Tuam Cantord Abbat of St. Brandan and Laurence his Chancelor On the sixth of October the King held a great Council at Windsor present there the King his Son the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishops of England and present also Laurence the Archbishop of Dublin and the Earls and Barons of England where they made this Concord and Agreement on behalf of Roderic of Conaught First The King of England [6] Append.
N. 38. Conditions and Articles between King Henry and Roderic granted to Roderic his Liegeman the Kingdom of Conaught so long as he should serve him faithfully that he should be a King under him ready at his Service as his * Sicut homo suuâ— Vassal or Man and that he may hold his Land as well and in Peace as he held it before the King of England entred Ireland paying unto him Tribute c. Second If any of his People were Rebels to the King of England and him and refused to pay Tribute by his hand and to perform other Rights to the King of England he should Justice or punish and remove them and if he could not Justice them the Constable of the King of England and his force should do it c. with several other things mentioned in the Concord it self In this Council King Henry [7] Hoved. f. 313. a. n. 10. Augustin made Bishop of Waterford by King Henry gave unto Mr. Augustin and Irishman the Bishoprick of Waterford then void and sent him over with Laurence Archbishop of Dublin to be consecrated by Donat Archbishop of Cassil In the next year [8] Ibid. f. 316 a. n. 20. A. D. 1176. Pope Alexander the Third sent Vivian Priest Cardinal Legat of the Apostolick See in Scotland and the circumjacent Isles and in Ireland and Norwey to hear and determine in Ecclesiastical Causes This year about the beginning of June died [9] Ib. b. lin 6. Earl Strongbowe dyes at Dublin Earl Strongbowe at Dublin of whose death Reymund then in Desmond [1] Girald Cambr. ut supr c. 14. had notice from his Lady Basilia which he indeavoured to keep private from the Irish and immediately upon the news he called a Council of his most knowing and trusty Friends to consider what was to be done in the present Constitution of Affairs and for that Reymund was suddenly to depart for England they resolved to remove the Garison out of Limeric and disperse it into the Maritim Towns and the strong places in Leinster to reinforce them and to leave the charge and defence of that City Reymund commits Limeric to O Brien to Donald O Brien or Breen of Tuomond Prince of Limeric as one of the King of England's Barons who gave new Hostages and made fresh Oaths for to defend the Town restore it to the King of England upon demand and to preserve the Peace But the English were no sooner over one end of the Bridge He breaks down the Bridge and fires the Town but Donald caused the other end to be broken down and the City to be fired in four places from hence the Army marched to Dublin The Irish Annals place the death of Earl Richard and the coming of Cardinal Vivian into Ireland in the year following A. D. 1177. The Kings [2] Ibid. c. 1â— Commissioners after the Earls death make hast into England and acquaint the King with the change of Affairs in Ireland who forthwith sends (a) This William was reckoned as one of the Houshold or Dapifer to King Henry the Second Hoved. f. 301. b. n. 40. and was Seneschal of Normandy Poictou or some other his Dominions in France he was Luxurious and Proud yet Covetous and scraped together much Wealth by indirect as well as fair courses He was harsh unkind and injurious to the Officers both Military and Civil which he found in Ireland He was negligent in his Government and therefore continued but a short time in it Girald Cambren l. 2. c. 16 17. William Fitz-Adelm * In Hiberniam procuratorem misit Procurator thither with ten Knights or Men at Arms of his private Guards or William Fitz-Adelm sent Procurator into Ireland Houshold to attend on him and joyned with him John de Curcy with whom he sent ten others of the same Quality Also Robert Fitz-Stephan and (b) * F. 293. b. n. 10 Hoveden calls him Miles de Coggeham Richardus Comes de Striguil magno congregato exercitu invasit Hiberniam maximam illius partem subjugavit sibi auxiliante eâ— Milone de Coggeham viro bellicoso facta concordia cum Rege Diviliniae filiam illius in uxorem duxit cum Regno Diviliniae that is Leinster Miles Cogan who for two years last past had served him nobly and bravely in his Wars of France and England with twenty to attend upon their Persons Reymund hearing they were landed marched to Wexford and received them with great respect and kindness and forthwith delivering up the Cities Garisons Forts and Hostages of all Ireland to William Fitz-Adelm as Senescal sent by the King John de Curcy [5] Ibid c. 16. f. 791. lin 1. John de Curcy holdly sets upon Vlster finding William Fitz-Adelm to act Covetously Timorously and Deceitfully as not being faithful to those under his command or formidable to the Enemy He took out of the Forces of Dublin which by the sloath of the General and for want of Pay and their usual refreshment by Plunder two and twenty Knights or men at Arms and 300 others And boldly sets upon the Kingdom or Province of Vlster not yet attempted by the English Arms. Cardinal [6] Hoved. f. 320. b. n. 10 20. He takes Doun Vivian beforementioned was with King Guthred in the Isle of Man at Christmass and after Epiphany or Twelf-day passed into Ireland and remained at Doun the chief Town then of Vlster while he was there about Candlemass [7] Ibid. Girald Cambren Hibern Expugn lib. 2. c. 16. f. 794. n. 20. A. D. 1177. John de Curcy came before that place and took it without trouble the Governor Dunleue or perhaps Donald not being provided for a defence fled The Cardinal mediated a Peace between the King and John but without effect Whereupon Roderic King of that Province and Dunleue raise an Army of 10000 Irish in few days and march toward Doun to besiege it John de Curcy thought it could no ways be for his advantage to be shut up in a Fortress he had built in a corner of the City and therefore drew out the few men he had not exceeding seven hundred and went toward them resolving to try the Fate of a Battle He obtains a Victory over Roderic and Dunleve They came to a sharp and cruel Engagement wherein he obtained the Victory with a mighty slaughter of his Enemies though not without great loss on his own side Roger Poer a stout young Gentleman was the second eminent Person in this Action Giraldus Cambrensis in the same Chapter tells us of four other Battles fought by John de Curcy in Vlster but just only mentions them and the places where they were fought Stanihurst also in his [8] P. 182. History of Ireland passeth them over as briefly but Dr. Hanmer in his [9] F. 148. I take this to be the Book of Houth so often cited by Camden and Dr. Hanmer Chronicle of that Nation from
drew his men together and marches toward the Newry to go into Vriel but in his march he had notice that the Irish of those Parts were in Arms and provided for their defence and were incamped South of Dundalke The English marched toward them and procured a Poor Frier to go and tell them that there were great Forces arrived from England at Tre or Drogedagh and that they were marching toward them the English when they came within a Mile of the Irish Army they went forward in such order as might make the greatest shew and appear many in number by the advantage of the places where they marched The English approaching make a great shout with which the Irish were so daunted as they broke their order tumbled one upon another and attempted to pass the River when the Tide coming in many were drowned and others that dare not adventure through the Water were killed by the English O Hanlan with his men had passed the Water The Frier shewed unto the English a Ford where they went over and pursued the Irish which were about 6000 A Fight between Courcy and O Hanlan and the English 1000 the matter was so ordered on both sides that they must fight the Conflict was sharp the English Foot gave back and left Courcy in the midst of his Enemies his Brother Amoric comes into to his relief rallies and incourageth the Soldiers who charged the Irish so briskly as they made them retreat The slaughter was great on both sides and each of them drew off without boasting of Victory The Fourth [6] Ib. f. 157. Girald ut supr l. 2. c. 16. f. 795. n. 10. was at the Bridge of Ivori where Courcy prevailed and slew many of his Enemies These were the great Acts of John de Courcy who commanded those English Forces that subdued Vlster after which he built many Castles in fit places for the Security of it and established there a firm Peace While John de Courcy [7] Ibid. c. 17. was thus imployed in reducing Vlster Miles Cogan who was * Dublinens familiae constabularius urbis custos c. Miles Cogan invades Connaught Constable of or had the chief command of the Forces of Dublin and Governor of that City under William Fitz-Adelm Seneschal of Ireland with Forty Knights 200 other Horse-men and 300 Archers passed the River Shannon and invaded Conaught the men whereof burnt their own Cities and Towns hid their Food and Victuals in Caves under ground and drove their Cattle into Fastnesses The English * Anglicana familia cum Tuemoniam Metropolin pervenisset c. Forces went as far as Twomond or Tuam the Metropolis and staid there eight days but not finding wherewithall to subsist returned to the Shannon where Roderic Prince of Conaught met them with three great Bodies of men There was a sharp Fight and many of the Irish slain but Miles and his men got safe to Dublin with the loss only of three Horse-men After this William Fitz-Adelm was recalled and [8] Ibid. c. 18. A. D. 1177. Hugh de Lacy was by King Henry made Procurator General that is Seneschal or Governor of Ireland Rex Henricus Hugonem de Lacy generalem Hiberniae Procuratorem constituit This same year in a general Council at Oxford [9] Hoved. f. 323. n. 20 30 40 c. Henry makes his Son John King of Ireland King Henry made his Son John King of Ireland by the Grant and Confirmation of Pope Alexander Venit Rex Oxeneford in Generali Consilio ibidem celebrato constituit Johannem filium suum Regem in Hibernia concessione confirmatione Alexandri summi Pontificis Benedictus Abbas [1] P. 97. a. says he purchased or procured a License from Pope Alexander to make which Son he would King of Ireland Rex perquisierat ab Alexandro summo Pontifice quod liceret ei filium suum quem vellet coronare Regem facere de Hibernia He gave in the same [2] Hoveden uâ— supra Henry grants to Fitz-Stephan and Cogham the Kingdom of Cork Council to Robert Fitz-Stephan and Miles de Cogham the Kingdom of Cork for the Service of sixty Knights to hold of him and his Son John except the City of Cork and one Cantred or Hundred which the King reserved to him and his Heirs The King gave also to Herbert Fitz-Herbert and William the Brother of Earl Reginald and Jollan de la Pumeray their Nephew the Kingdom of Limeric for the Service of sixty Knights or for sixty Knights Fees except the City of Limeric and one Cantred which he retained to him and his Heirs He likewise delivered to William Fitz-Adelm his Dapifer or Seneschal the Custody of the City of Wexford with all its Appertenencies and decreed that for the future the places following should belong to the Service of Wexford Harkelow with its Appertinencies Glascarric with its Appertinencies and the Land of Gilbert Boisrohard Ferneg Winal with its Appertinencies and all the Land of Hervey between Wexford and the River of Wexford the Service of Raimund de Druna the Service of Frodrevelan the Service of Vthmorth Leighlerin the Tenement of Maâ— Taloe with its Appertinencies and Leis the Land of Geofry of Constentine with its Appertinencies and all the Land of Otneld King Henry also delivered in Custody unto Robert Poer his Marshal the City of Waterford with all its Appertinencies and ordained that for the future these places following should belong to the Service of that City all the Land which is between Waterford and the River beyond Lismore and all the Land of Ossery with its Appertinencies Dublin committed to Hugh de Lacy. He also delivered in Custody unto Hugh de Lacy Dublin with all its Appertinencies and ordained that these places following should belong to the Service of Dublin the whole Land of O Felana with its Appertinencies and Kildare with its Appertinencies and the whole Land of Ophaly with its Appertinencies and Wicklow with its Appertinencies and the Service of Meth and the Service of four Knights Service which Robert Poer owes for his Castle of Dunavet When the King had thus [3] Ib. f. 324. a. lin 8. All to whom Lands were committed swear Fealty to the King and his Son John given the Lands in Ireland and divided their Services he made all those to whom he had committed the Custody of them to become his and his Son John's Men or Vassals homines suos Johannis filii sui Devenire and to swear Ligeance and Fidelity to them for those Lands Afterward he gave [4] Ibid. n. 20. to Philip Bruise the whole Kingdom of Limeric for the Service of sixty Knights to hold of him and John his Son for Herbert and William the Brothers of Reginald Earl of Cornwall and Joslan de la Pumeray their Nephew would not have that Kingdom because it was not then fully subdued for the English had killed the King of Limeric who was the
been abused and ill treated and told them what a stripling the King's Son was and how he was accompanied and governed by very young men in whom was no Gravity or Sobriety no Stanchness or Prudence by which they or their Country might be safe and secure These three Princes [8] Ibid. f. 808. l. 1. c. Those three Princes were prepared to come to John and acknowledge their subjection to him But were diverted by the ill usage of the Irish were then prepared to come and wait upon Earl John to acknowledge their subjection and pay their Duty to him But hearing this news and suspecting what might be the end of such beginning concluded to joyn together against the English and enter into a League of Defence of their Liberties and Country and now became Friends who before were Enemies Upon these Misdemeanors [9] Ibid. n. 50. King Henry removed the young men from the Affairs of Ireland and puts in experienc'd men John de Curcy made Governor of Ireland King Henry removed these young People that understood not the Affairs of the Nation and put in experienced men who had been employed in the Conquest of it to manage them and made John de Curcy Chief Governour of Ireland who with the Army scowred the Countries of Cork Limeric and Connaught and made them quiet At the time of committing these Extravagancies [1] Ibid. f. 809 n. 30 40. Three different Interests in Ireland there were in Ireland three different Interests and three such as then they called Armies one of the Normans another of English and a third of Welsh The first were in great Favour the second in less and the third in none at all The Normans were Luxurious drinking much Wine they refused to be placed in the Marches or Borders against the Enemy or in Castles far from the Sea they were always with and not to be separated from the Kings Son They were great Talkers Giraldus Cambrensis his Character of the Normans in Ireland The first Subduers of Ireland discontented John the Kings Son did nothing considerable in that Nation Boasters and Swearers very Proud and Contemners of all others greedy of Places of Honour and Profit but backward in undertaking any hazardous or dangerous Action or performing any Service that might deserve them and for these reasons the old Militia that first invaded the Island seeing themselves neglected and slighted and the new men only caressed sate still and acted not so as Earl John made small progress in the further subduing of that Country After this Giraldus Cambrensis tells us how Ireland was to be compleatly conquered and how to be governed and then shuts up his History in these words Finem igitur hic Historiae [2] Ibid. f. 811 n. 10. ponentes Dum ea quae scimus loquimur quae vidimus fideliter testati sumus novis de caetero Historicis tam indolis egregiae gesta futura digno coaequanda explicandaque stilo nunc relinquamus In his Topography of Ireland he is frequently Fabulous and Romantick relying upon Tradition common Story and Relations of the People The greatest part of his History is undoubtedly a true Narrative of things done though it is tedious to read being written in long Tropical Sentences and as it were Quibling Convertible and Gingling Latin which was the Eloquence of those times I have as it were Epitomized him in this Relation of the Conquest or Acquest of Ireland not having heard of or found any other that hath given so good an Account of it He tells many times of strange Victories obtained by very few men against great Numbers which Stories may have some allowance if we consider how fearful the Irish were of Bows and Arrows which killed and wounded at distance The * The Irish Arms were only a short Lance two Darts and a sharp Hatchet which they used with one hand and they threw Stones when their Arms failed such as they could grasp in one hand which they had always ready Cambren Topograph Hibern Distinct 3. c. 10. f. 738. n. 50. use whereof they seemed not to know before they had been taught it by frequent Fighting with the English and how they were confounded and amazed at the Arms charging and management of the Horse-men until for some time they had been used to them and began to understand it Hoveden [3] F. 359. a. n. 50. b. n. 40. A. D. 1185. John the Kings Son returns out of Ireland The Pope by his Bull gave King Henry leave to make which Son he pleased King of Ireland And sent a Crown of Peacocks Feathers interwoven with Gold says that King Henry after the return of his Son John out of Ireland without doing any thing considerable there hearing Vrban was chosen Pope sent to him and obtained many things which his Predecessor Lucius would not grant amongst his Favours one was That he had leave confirmed by his Bull to make which Son he would King of Ireland and as an Argument and token of this Concession and Confirmation he sent him a Crown of Peacocks Feathers interwoven with Gold There is nothing more to be found of this Hugh de Lacy but his [4] Annal. â—ibeâ—n A. D 1186. Hugh de Lacy his strange Death Death which the Annals of Ireland tell us happened in this manner when he was very busie and intent about building the Castle of Dervath and finding the Irish he employed in preparing the Ground and doing other things toward the erecting of it very unskilful at the use of the Tools and Instruments they wrought with he himself undertook to shew them how they were to work with them and while he took a Pick-Axe out of the hand of one of them to shew him the use of it and striking with it held it in both his hands His Head was cut off by an Irish Laborer and stooped inclining his head the man chopt it off with an Hatchet or Irish Axe Cambrensis that I know of hath not the full Relation of this Story but in his Recapitulation of things done in Ireland this is [5] Lib. 2. Hibeâ—n Expugn c. 34. f. 807. n. 20. one among the rest where he saith thus De Hugonis de Lacy à securibus male securi Dolo Hibernensium suorum apud Dervath Decapitatione Not long after Roger Poer who under this [6] Ibid. c. 20. Roger Poer treacherously slain by the Irish Hugh commanded the Forces at Lethlin in Ossory was treacherously slain and amongst others is by Cambrensis reckoned as one that lost his Life [7] Ibid. f. 810 n. 50. c. 37. by the Treachery of the Irish In the year 1187. after Christmass [8] Hoveden f. 361. b n. 40. Two Cardinals sent by the Pope to Crown John King of Ireland His Coronation deferred by his Father He was only Lord of Ireland Pope Vrban sent into England Octavian Sub-Deacon Cardinal and Hugh de Nunant afterward Bishop of Coventry
Noblemen The Conditions of the Peace September the King of France and his Mother met at a Parlement or Conference Convenerunt ad Colloquium c. with the Honorable and Great Men of that Kingdom who after the death of the Kings Father had made War one upon another in which Treaty Peace was made upon the following Conditions First That the Earl of Champaigne the principal Author of this Discord should undertake the Croysado to the Holy-Land and there with an Hundred Knights fight against the Enemies of Christ Secondly That the King of France and his Mother should swear upon the Holy Gospels That they would restore to every one their Rights and that they would Judge all Men of that Nation according to right Custom or Law due to every Man In the mean time King [2] Ibid. n. 20.30 The English Army lies idle in France Spend their Money pawn their Horses The King returns into England Henry with his Army lay idle at Nantes doing nothing but spend his Treasure The Earls and Barons seeing Hubert de Burgh would not permit them to fight with their Enemies Feasted according to the English manner and invited one another and Drank as if it had been Christmass Those which were poor having spent all their Money Sold or Pawned their Horse and Arms At length the King in October having provided for the defence of that Land left 500 Knights and 1000 Stipendiary Servientes or Horsemen under the Command of Ranulph Earl of Chester William Marshal and William Earl of Albemarl shipped himself and Landed at Portsmouth on the 26th of that Month. After the Kings departure [3] Ibid. n. 40. The English make an inroad into Anjou and Normandy the Earl of Chester and others whom he had left the Chief Governors of his Army made an Incursion with the whole Army into Anjou and took Gontier Castle demolished it and burnt the Town and soon after entred Normandy in like manner and took the Castle of Pontorsun and levelled it with the groud and burnt the Town they returned into Britain with great spoils without any loss to themselves A. D. 1231. In the year 1231. [4] Ibid. n. 50. A Parlement or Conference The King demands three Marks Scutage of every Knights Fee The King at Christmass kept his Court at Lambeth and on the 26th of January He met his Prelates and Great Men at Westminster Convenerunt ad Colloquium apud Westmonasterium Rex cum Prelatis aliis Magnatibus Regni where the King required a Scurage three Marks of every Knights Fee of all that held Baronies of him whether Laics or Prelates But Richard Archbishop of Canturbury and some Bâ—shops opposed it alledging that Ecclesiasticks were not to be Taxed by and with Lay-men for that in Transmarine Countreys Scurage was Granted by Laics without them However all the rest as well Laics and Clercs as Prelates readily submitted to the King's pleasure Soon after the Archbishop of Canturbury [5] fol. 368. n. 10.20 The Archbishop Complains to the King of the Justiciary The King asserts his Prerogative complained to the King that Hubert the Justiciary had possessed himself of the Castle and Town of Tonebridge and other Lands that belonged to the late Earl of Glocester deceased for which Homage was due to the Church of Canturbury To whom the King replyed That the above-mentioned Earl held of him in Capite and that it was his Prerogative to dispose of the Wardships of Earls and Barons and of their Heirs to whom he pleased till they should come to full Age. When the Archbishop could obtain no other Answer He Excommunicated all that had entred upon the aforesaid possessions The Archbishop goes to Rome The King sends to defend his cause Richard Earl of Cornwal Marries the Countess and also every one except the King that should converse with them and then went to Rome to prosecute his Suit in that Court The King likewise sent Roger de Canteln with some others to plead his Cause before the Pope This year at Easter Richard the Kings Brother Married Isabel Countess of Glocester Sister to William Marshal Earl of Pembroke which William dyed immediately after that Solemnity This year in May the [6] Ibid. n. 30. The Welch make incursions into England The Bishops Excommunicate them Welch under their King Leolin made many Incursions and great spoils upon the Borderers of Wales sparing neither Sacred Persons nor Places when the Bishops and Prelates heard of it they Excommunicated Leolin and all his Favorers and Abettors and the King having raised an Army to repress them built Maud Castle which the Welch had formerly demolished and placed a strong Garrison in it to hinder their incursions Having finished this Castle in October he returned into England Ibid fol. 370. n. 30. This year in June [7] fol. 369. n. 30. The King of France designed to invade Britany His Carriages Victuals and Warlike Engines taken A Truce for three years the King of France with a great Army designed to invade Brittain but was prevented by the Earls of Brittain and Chester who had prepared an Ambush to intercept the Carriages of his Army with the Victuals and Engines which so effectually succeeded that they took and destroyed them all The French being thus surprized and discouraged a Truce was agreed upon and concluded for three years between the two Kings On the King of France his part by the Archbishop of Rhemes and Earl of Bologne and on the King of Englands part by the Earls of Brittain and Chester who soon after came into [8] Ibid. n. 40. Richard Marshal offers Homage for his Brothers Estate England with Richard Mareschal and were very honorably received by the King Then Richard Mareschal offered to do Homage to the King and whatever else was required of him as Heir to his Brother William Mareschal deceased To whom the King by the advice of his Justiciary gave this Answer That He heard his The King refuseth to receive his Homage and Commands him to depart the Kingdom Brothers Wife was with Child and would not determine any thing till that was certainly known adding moreover that He had confaederated with his Enemies in France and upon that Account commanded him to depart the Kingdom within fifteen days and never to return again upon pain of perpetual imprisonment When he received this Answer from the King he passed over into [9] Ibid. n. 50. He resolves to recover his Inheritance by force Ireland where he was kindly received had all his Brothers Castles delivered to him and had Homage with Fealty done him Also Pembroke Castle with the Honor belonging to it was yielded to him After this he got together a great number of Armed Men resolving if necessity required to recover his Inheritance by force The King upon this changed his Thoughts and accepted his Homage and Fealty The King accepts his Homage and granted him all his Rights taking only
the Pope That there were no such Peers in England as in France and therefore it was lawful for the King of England by the Justices he appointed to Banish any guilty persons out of the Kingdom and by Judgment to condemn them When the Bishops heard this they unanimously Threatned by name to Excommunicate all the Kings principal Counsellors In the top of the list stood Peter Bishop Winchester Peter de Rivallis Stephen Segrave Justiciary and Robert Passelew Treasurer The Bishop of Winchester alledged for himself That he was Consecrated Bishop by the Pope and was thereby exempt from their Authority and to prevent the Sentence appealed to the Pope Then the Bishops Excommunicated all those who alienated the Kings mind from his Natural Subjects and all those that disturbed the Peace of the Kingdom When in that Conference by an express the King was certified the Mareschal [2] Ibid. n. 30. The King commanded the Bishops to Excommunicate the Mareschal but they refused had retaken his Castle he was much troubled and Commanded all the Bishops to Excommunicate him but they utterly refused it because as they said he did thereby only recover what was his Right Then the King Summoned all that ought him Military Service to meet at Glocester with Horse and Arms the Day after All Saints The [3] Ibid. n. 40. King having gathered together a great Army at Glocester Marched towards Wales but the Mareschal had before destroyed all the Forage so that in a short time through want of Provision the King was forced to retire with his Army to the Castle of Grosmund when the Mareschal by his spies understood that the King lodged within the Castle and the greatest part of his Army Quartered without in Tents he came by Night and entred the Camp The Kings Army defeated by the Mareschals policy and put the whole Army into such disorder that they immediately fled and left 500 Horses and all their Baggage for a Prey to the Mareschal who would not suffer any of the Kings Soldiers either to be taken or hurt so that only two of the whole Army and they through their own indiscretion fell by the Sword The King seeing himself left alone and encompassed with Enemies placed his Ravaging Poictovins [4] f. 390. l. 2. Ruptarios Pictavenses in his Castles to hinder the Incursions of the Welch under the Command of John de Monmouth and Radulph de Toeny and returned to Glocester Then the Mareschal [5] fol. 390. n. 10. The Mareschal surprized by ambush and difficulty escaped Marched towards Monmouth which was Fortified and defended by Baldwin de Gysnes with his Poictovins and Flemmings to whom the King had committed the Town who seeing the Mareschal viewing the Castle with some few Soldiers by Ambush almost surprised him and he had been taken Prisoner had not his own Valour and the Bravery of some that were with him rescued him out of their hands in this Skirmish Baldwin was so desperately wounded that he was taken up half Dead which made them to leave the Mareschal and retire with their Captain into the Town When the rest of the Army [6] Ibid. n. 50. hâ—ard what had befaln their General they came with great fury and revenged themselves upon the Strangers killing and taking Captive most of those that came out of the Town Hubert de Burgh [7] fol. 3â—â— n. 10 20 30. being prisoner in the Castle of Divises in Wiltshire had notice from a friend at Court That the Bishop of Winchester his great Enemy had earnestly desired of the King the custody of that Castle that so as it was said he might have an opportunity to dispatch him Upon this Information Hubert Hubert de Burgh endeavoured his escape but without success by the assistance of two Servants that waited on him made his escape on Michaelmass-Eve out of the Castle and got into the Parish Church So soon as it was known he was gone out of the Castle many of the Garrison went out with Lanters Clubs and Arms to seek him How he was Treated by the Soldiers They found him in the Church before the Altar with a Cross in his Hand they beat and banged him driving him and the two that helped him to make his escape into the Castle and put him under a strict Guard When the Bishop of Salisbury heard what was done The Bishop of Salisbury Excommunicated them for violating the Churches priviledge he went to the Castle and Commanded those that had violated the priviâ—dge of the Church that they should carry him back and leave him in the same state they found him They told the Bishop they had rather Hubert should be hanged then themselves Whereupon he Excommunicated all by Name that refused to do what he bad them and with the Bishop of London and other Bishops obtained his liberty of the King and he was sent back to the Church Decimo quinto Calendarum Novembris That is on the 18th of October * Ibid. n. 40. The King upon this being very angry ordered the Sherif of the County so to guard the Church as he might be starved for want of Victuals 'T is certain Hubert made his escape and as certain he was sent back to the Church before the 18th of October For on the 15th of that Moneth the King [8] Append. n. â—54 Letter to the Good Men of Wiltshire to let them know he had sent Ralph de Bray and Ralph de Norwich his Justices to receive the Abjuration of the Kingdom from Hubert de Burgh if he would not come out of the Church and stand to the Law in the Kings Court or to do him Justice in the Kings Court if he would come out of the Church and answer there as he had agreed to do But if he would do neither the Wiltshire Men were commanded diligently to guard the Church and Churchyard as the Justices should direct On the 30th of the same Month Hubert by the [9] Paris f. 389. n. 30. Hubert escaped into Wales habited like a Soldier assistance of his Armed Friends was taken out of the Church by force and having been by them Armed like a Soldier made his escape in that disguise into Wales and joyned himself to the Kings Enemies In the year 1234. the King kept [1] f. 393. n. 4â— A. D. 1234. his Christmass at Glocester with a very small Court because many of the Great Men that suffered so much at the Castle of Grosmund were retired and could make no appearance On the day after Christmass-day [2] Ibid n. 50. The Marescal defeats John of Monmouth John de Monmouth having gathered together a great number of Soldiers designed privily to attaque the Mareschal but being Countertricked by the Mareschals Policy he was defeated and a great number of his Soldiers slain and he narrowly escaped [3] fol. 394. n. 10 20. And spoiled the Estates and Goods of the Kings principal Counsellors
afterwards appeared and with John Bailiol submitted to a Fine for their Miscarriages And then the King and Queen being put into such a Condition as they liked King Henry returned into England Peter Egeblank Bishop of Hereford and the Queens Vncle [4] f. 910. n. 20 30 40. Annal. Burton f. 348. A. D. 1255. Peter Egeblanke Bishop of Hereford his project to supply the Kings wants Paris ut supra 5. n. 50. observing the King uneasie by reason of his Debts and for want of Money had a strange Invention for a supply with which he acquainted him and with the Kings leave went to Rome toward the end of Summer to perfect his Design 5 where he found the Pope likewise in Dumps for the great Debts he had contracted which he said the King of England was obliged to Discharge under the pain of being disinherited and the ill posture of the Church affairs He comforted the Pope with a way he had to help him and by the assistance of some 5 Cardinals by whose advice the Pope persued the projects of his Predecessor who could bend him any way he obteined from him what he pleased His device was to Forge Obligations from as many Bishops Abbats and Priors as he pleased in the Summ of 500 600 or 700 Marks or more [6] Ibid. f. â—11 lin 1. to this or that Siena or Florentine Merchant or rather Vsurer for Money pretended to be Borrowed of them which was * Append. n. 181. expended at Rome about Transacting the affairs of their particular Churches About the Feast of St. Edward the 13th of October the Bishop of Bononia came to the King and brought the [7] Ibid. f. 911. n. 50. Edmund the Kings Son invested with the Kingdom of Sicily and Apulia Ring which the Pope sent to his Son Edmund with which in a numerous multitude of Great Men he solemnly Invested him with the Kingdom of Sicily and Apulia with which says the Monk the King was as much pleased as if he had received the Homages of the Sicilians and Apulians or had been possessed of their Cities and Castles About this time Pope Alexander [8] f. 913. n. 20 30. The Pope sent Rustand a Gascoign into England sent Master Rustand a Gascoign a Lawyer and one of his Sub-Deacons into England giving him and the Arch-Bishop of Canturbury power to gather a [9] Append. n. 182. The Powers granted to him and the Arch-Bishop of Canturbury Tenth in England Scotland and Ireland to the use of the Pope or King indifferently notwithstanding any former Letters Indulgencies form of Words Cause or Thing whatsoever He also gave them power to absolve the King from his Vow of undertaking the Expedition of the Cross to Ierusalem yet so as he should change it into an Expedition into Apulia against Manfred Enemy to the Church of Rome and to this he was Sworn by the Bishop of Bononia and to draw him on the Pope * Append. n. 183. gave him all Moneys in England which were to be collected toward the Maintenance of the Expedition to the Holy Land Upon the Feast of St. Luke or 18th of October most of the great men of England were at Westminster [1] Paris ut supra n. 40 50. The King desireth his Brother and Great Men either to grant or lend him money but could prevail with neither amongst whom the King first bespoke his Brother Richard earnestly pressing him to give him an Ayd in Money to whom the Pope also wrote supplicating him to lend his Brother forty thousand either Marks or Pounds not said what that he might shew a pious Example to others The Earl was neither moved by the Prayers of the King or Pope and for that especially he had undertaken an expedition into Apulia being wheadled by the Whispers of the Italians without his Advice or the assent of his Baronage When he accosted others about the same matter They answered That then all had not been Summoned according to the Tenor of their great Charter and therefore they would then [2] Ibid n. 40. make no Answer or Grant any Aid without their Peers which were absent The Parlement saith the Monk by many fictitious Delays fictis occasionibus was continued a Month while the great men had emptied their Purses at London who then returned home having done nothing A. D. 1256. On the fifth Sunday in Lent the Arch-Bishop of Messina before the Prelates Clergy and Laity [3] Annal. Burton f. 372. Convened in a great Multitude in the Chapter House at Westminster propounded to them the Business of Sicily for which he was sent hither by the Pope and indeavoured by his Letters and own perswasions to induce them to undertake the prosecution of it with the King after some Days Deliberation the Clergy and Laity drew up their Reasons against it and delivered them to the King and Arch-Bishop in French and Latin The Reasons of the Great Men against the King Rationes [4] Ibid. Reasons of the Great men against the Kings undertaking an expedition into Sicily Magnatum contra Regem FIrst the Distance of that Kingdom from England Also the passage through the Territories of Potent men that were Enemies to the King Also the possession of and other places by the Enemy which were passes to other parts of the Kingdom Also the Confirmation of a Prince in the Kingdom Also his Confederation and Amity with the Natives and Neighbours Also the possession of almost all the Cities Castles and Fortresses against him Also the great Revenue of the Kingdom Also the great Charge the King had then been at and had received no advantage but rather loss Also the vast and necessary expenses yet to come for the payment of his Debts the Voyage thither and the obteining of the Kingdom for which all England sufficed not Also the Destruction and Impoverishing of the Kingdom of England by many and frequent Iters or Circuits of Justices and by Extorsions and many sorts of prises and other oppressions Also the small stock of Money the King and his Son were furnished with for this Attempt the Poverty of the Inhabitants of England both Clergy and Laity Also the Troubles of Gascony Ireland and Scotland Also the Incursions of the Welch Also the Diminution of the power of the Kingdom of England in Counsel Money and Men which was like to happen by Richard Earl of Cornwall's leaving of it Also the King of France and the Great men of Neighbour Nations especially such as heretofore had Lands in England would be incouraged to attempt upon it if for the Design of Sicily it was emptied of Men Arms Counsel and Money Also we will not nor do we agree That the King take upon him the Burthen of this Expedition lest it may seem he delivered himself into the Hands of his Enemies by our consent Neither can or will we undertake the Burthen of the said Affair with the King for the Reasons aforesaid and
The Earl Marescal Peter of Savoy The Earl of Hereford The Earl of Albemarle The Earl of Winchester The Earl of Oxford John Fitz-Geofry John de Gray John de Bailol Roger Mortimer Roger de Montalt Roger de Sumery Peter Montfort Thomas de Greley Fulco de Kerdiston Aegidius de Argenton John Kyriel Philip Basset Aegidius de Erdington All Barons or Knights and great Tenents in Capite not one such Commoner as in these times amongst them But instead of Granting or providing an Ayd for the King when their own Turn was served The Barons [7] Paris f. 971. n. 20 30 40 50. A. D. 1258. The Barons quarel with the King about his half Brothers and other Strangers They oppose the Provisions and are forced to leave Oxford and the Realm Quarrelled with him about his four half Brothers Ademar or Athelmar Elect of Winchester Guy de Lezignan Geofry de Lezignan and William de Valentia his Son Edward John Earl of Warren and Henry his Nephew Son to the King of Almaign who Boggled at and Refused at that time to Swear and give their Consent to the provisions and fell into great Heats against the Poictovins and other Strangers Insomuch as they forced the Kings Brothers from Oxford who as Mat. Westminster [8] f. 391. n. 10. The Barons choose Hugh Bigod Justiciary says in the beginning Resisted the Rebellious Faction The Barons no sooner heard of their Flight but they chose Hugh Bigod their Justiciary and Summoned all their Followers to attend them and with Horse and Arms to persue them which was done so Swiftly and by such numbers as the Parlement was thereby dispersed and broken up and never left persuing and menacing of them until they quitted the Kingdom who for their security in their passage beyond Sea obteined the Kings [9] Append. n. safe Conduct which bears Date July 5th and had Humfry de Bohun Earl of Hereford and Essex John Earl Warren William de Fortibus Earl of Albemarle and other Nobles assigned to Guard them The Oath of Confederacy or Association which the Community of England entred into at this meeting at Oxford we find transmitted to posterity in the same [1] f. 413. Annals with this Title and in this Form Ceo jura Commun de Engleterre a Oxford Nus tels et tels fesum a saver a tute genz The Oath of Confederacy taken by the Comunity at Oxford Ke nus avum Iure sur Seintes Evangeles e sumus tenu ensemble par tel serment e promettuns en bone fei Ke chescun de nus e tuz ensemble nus Entre Eiderums e nus e les nos Cuntre tute genz Dreit fesant e rens pernant Ke nus ne purrum sanz Mesfere Salve a * * Fei le Rei was that Faith and Obedience they had Sworn to him when they did their Homage and Fealty fei le Rei e de le Corune E premetâ—uns sur meime le serment Ke Nus de Nus ren ne prendre de Tere ne de Moeble par Que cest serment purra estre Desturbe u en Nule ren Empyre E si nul fet en Cuntre ceo nus le tendrums a Enemie Mortel This the Community of England did swear at Oxford We Such and Such make it known to all People That we have Sworn upon the Holy Gospels and that we are obliged or bound together by that Oath and we promise in Good Faith That every one of us and all together shall Ayd one another And that we will do Right to our Selves and Ours against all Men taking nothing therefore which cannot be done without Misdoing Saving the Faith we owe to the King and the Crown And we promise upon the same Oath That we will not take any thing from one another either Land or Moveable i. e. Goods whereby this Oath may be disturbed or any ways impaired And if any Man shall do contrary hereunto we will hold him for our Mortal Enemy In the same place is to be found the Oath of the Twenty four Ceo est le Serment a Vint e Quatre Chescun jura sur seintes Evangeles Ke il al honur de Deu The Oath of the Twenty four e al a fei le Rei e al profit del Reaume Ordenera e tretera Ovekes les avant dit jures sur le Refurmement e le amendment del Estar del Reaume E Ke ne lerra pur dun ne pur premesse pur amur ne pur hange ne pur pour de nulli ne pur Gain ne pur perce Ke leaument ne face solum la tenur de la Letire Ke le Rei ad sur ceo Done e sun * * For fei fez ensement That is This is the Oath of the Twenty four Every one Swear upon the Holy Gospels That to the Honor of God and by keeping their Faith to the King and to the profit of the Realm He would Ordain and Treat with those that had Sworn before That is the Comunity about the Reformation and Amendment of the State of the Kingdom And that he would not desist from that Work for any Gift Promise Love or Hate nor for the Power of any Man nor for Gain or Loss but that he would Loyally that is faithfully or justly do according to the Tenor of the Kings * * See Append n. 189. Letter which he had granted and also made There also is to be found the Oath at that time Given to the Chief Justice of England Ceo Jura Le haute Justice de Engleterre Iâ— Iure Ke ben et leaument a sun poer fra ceo Ke apent a la Iustierie de Dreiture tenir a tute genz al prou le Rei e del Reaume solum le purveyance fete et a fere par les vint et Quatre et par le Cunseil le Rei e les Hauz Humes de la tere Ke li Iurrunt en cestes choses a aider e a Menteinir That is This the High Justice of England did or shall Swear The Oath of the Chief Justice He Swears or Swore That Well and Loyally to his Power he would do what apperteined to his Office of Justice and do Right to all Men. To the advantage and good of the King and Kingdom according to the Provisions made and to be made by the Twenty four and by the Council of the King and the Great Men of the Land who had sworn to Ayd and Maintain him in these things With these is to be found the Oath of the Chancellor of England Ceo Iura le Chanceler de Engleterre Ke il ne Enselera nul bref fo rs Bref de Curs sanz le Mandement le Rei et de sun Cunseil Ke serra present Ne Enseler Dun de grant Garde ne de Grant * * The Word here wanting I suppose to be Marriage ...... ne de Eschaetes sanz le assentement del Grant Cunseil u de la
Then the Mareschal and those that were confederated with him ravaged spoiled and burnt the Lands Goods and Houses of the Kings principal Counsellors so that nothing escaped them from the borders of Wales to Shrewsbury which they also burnt And all the time King Henry remained with the Bishop of Winchester at Glocester not having sufficient force either to oppose The Bishops urge the King to make peace with the Mareschal but he refused or repress these Devastations From whence he went to Winchester and left those Countreys to his Enemies The Bishops urged the King to make peace with the Mareschal he refused unless he would acknowledge himself a Traytor with a Halter about his Neck When the King's [4] Ibid. n. 40 50. Counsellors saw their Houses burnt their Fields destroyed and their Friends the Poictovins in great numbers slain and themselves without remedy They studied to ruine the Mareschal by Treachery whom they could not conquer by force which they compassed by this means The Kings Counsellors contrive the Mareschals destruction They composed and wrote Letters in the Kings Name without his privity Sealed with 〈◊〉 and Eleven of their own Seals and directed them to Maurice Fitz-Gerold the Kings Justiciary in Ireland to Walter and Hugo de Lascey Richard de Burgh and Geofrey Marâ—h and to several others Juratos Marescalli Homines the Marescals sworn Men shewing that although the Mareschal was proclaimed a Traytor and by the Judgment of the Kings Court Proscribed and Devested of his Paternal Inheritance yet he ceased not to persue the King with his wonted Malice wherfore they willed them as the Kings faithful Subjects to use their utmost endeavors when ever the Mareschal should come thither to take him alive or dead and present him to the King which if they carefully performed all his Inheritance and Possessions in Ireland should be divided among them Their Proposals to the Irish for which they had the Kings promise and they would become Sureties for the performance of it When the [5] fol. 395. n. 10. Irish heard the tenor of these Letters they sent private Messengers to the Counsellors with Letters assuring them That if they could be secured by the Kings Charter of what was promised they would undertake to effect what was desired Then the Counsellors stole the Seal form Ralph Bishop of Chichester the Chancellor and Sealed a Charter without his knowledge by which all the Rights and Possessions of the Mareschal were to be divided among them and dispatcht a Messenger wâ—h it to the above-named Irish Great Men who no sooner received it but they confederated and resolved the destruction of the Mareschal Then they raised a great Army and entred his Lands took his Castles and plundered them that they might provoke him to come over into Ireland On Candlemass-day [6] Ibid. n. 40. The King rebuked some Bishops for corresponding with his Mareschal the King came to a Conference Rex venit ad Colloquium at Westminster wherin the King severely rebuked Alexander Bishop of Chester and some other Bishops for having too much correspondence with the Earl Mareschal and for endeavouring to dethrown him The Bishop in a great heat Excommunicated all those that suggested such things to the King [7] Ibid. n. 50. Edmund the Elect of Canturbury was present at this Conference who with many Bishops of that Province went to the King and represented to him the miserable state both He and the Kingdom was brought into by his following the Counsels of Peter Bishop of Winchester The Bishopâ— advise the King to remove Forreigners from his Counsels upon whose Advice and Counsels they charged all the Events Wars and Calamities that happened to King John and the Nation in his time and also what had happened in this Kings time and Peter de Rivallis and their Accomplices [8] fol. 396. n. 40. Adding That if he did not very suddainly remove from his Court such Counsellors and receive his Native and Liege Subjects to his Counsels and management of the Affairs of the Realm as is the custome of other Nations they must proceed to Ecclesiastical Censures against all Gain-sayers The King answered He could not Reform his Council His Answer until he had taken their Accounts and desired a small Respite So the Colloquium or Conference was dissolved and every one went away satisfied and full of hopes of a speedy accommodation On the Second of April [9] f. 397. l 7. A.D. 1234. Edmund was Consecrated Arch-Bishop of Canturbury the King being present On the 9th of April the [1] fol 397. n. 10 20 30. He proceeds to reform his Court and Council King the Earls and Barons the new consecrated Archbishop with his Suffragans and other Prelates met at a Conference ad colloquium convenerunt at Westminster wherein he promised to be directed by their Counsels and some few days after he commanded the Bishop of Winchester to retire to his Bishopric and mind the care of Souls and not concern himself any further in the Affairs of the Kingdom He likewise commanded Peter de Rivallis to give up his Accounts and yield up his Castles and depart the Court assuring him upon his Oath if he were not a Beneficed Clerc he would cause his Eyes to be bored out He also discharged the Poictovins from his Service both in his Court and Garrisons commanding them to go into their own Countrey and never see his Face more Thus having purged his Court and removed his evil Counsellors and cleared his Kingdom of Strangers he submitted himself to the Advice and Counsels of the Archbishop and Bishops by whom he hoped to reduce his unsetled Kingdom to a prosperous condition After this he sent [2] Append. N. 155. Edmund the Archbishop of Canturbury with the Bishops of Chester and Rochester to Leolin Prince of Wales and Richard Earl Mareschal 〈◊〉 Treat about Peace [ ] 〈◊〉 n. 40. The Mareschal passeth over into Ireland to secure his Lands and Castles But the Mareschal receiving notice of the spoils and rapine that was committed upon his Lands and Castles in Ireland and seeing the King was gone Southward and had left his design against Wales took with him only fifteen Knights and passed over Sea and as soon as he landed Geofry Marsh with the other Great Men that were confederated against him came to him and advised him to reduce his Enemies by force and he might thereby easily bring all Ireland to his Obedience [4] Ibid. n. 50. The Mareschal fearing the innate Treachery of the Irish was not willing to close with the Advice given But Geofry having at first reproached him for his cowardise and telling him of and urging his Right by lineal Descent from Strongbowe that had conquered Ireland and then giving him full assurance of their Assistance and Fidelity He reduced the Irish to his Obedience He is treacherously betrayed and desperately wounded He raised a great Army and proceeded
with such suceess that no one durst withstand him He took the City of Limeric and the Kings Castles as well as those of his Enemies The Irish let him know by certain Templars sent to him That he acted traiterously against his Prince in Ireland as he had done in England and by Geofry Marsh or de Marisco his contrivance was desperately [5] fol. 400. lin 4. wounded in Fight and taken prisoner where after some days continuance he dyed of his wounds [6] fol. 403. n. 10. The King laments his death When the King received the news of his death he much lamented the loss of so great a Soldier affirming he had not left his [7] Ibid. n. 30. He inviteth the proscribed Noblemen to an accommodation equal in the Kingdom The Archbishops and Bishops returned from Lewelin to the King at Glocester and informed him That before any Treaty he desired the Noblemen that were confederated with him might be received into Favor Then the King sent out his [8] Ibid. n. 40. A. D. 1234. Letters to all those that were proscribed to meet at Glocester on the 29th of May to be reconciled unto their King and to be restored to their Inheritances The Archbishop and Bishops promising them safe Conduct [9] Ibid. n. 50. The first that came to the Kings Peace was Hubert de Burgh late Justiciary of England and Earl of Kent whom the King received with Kisses and Embraces [1] fol. 404. n. 10 20. They accept the Offer and are reconciled to the King After him came Gilbert Basset and Richard Sward with many others who were proscribed with them and were all received with the Kiss of Peace and reconciled to the King and had all their Rights and Inheritances restored of which their Reconciliation [2] Append. N. 155. Several of them received into his Council and Restoration he gave Lewelin speedy notice and also at the Intercession of the Archbishop He Granted to Gilbert Brother to Richard Earl Mareschal late deceased all his Inheritance both in England and Ireland and received his Homage And on Whitsunday following at Worcester He Knighted him and gave him the Mareschals Staff of his Court and received Hubert de Burgh Gilbert Basset and Richard Sward into his Councils The Archbishop and Bishops that were sent to Treat with Lewelin made a [3] Ibid. n. 156. A Truce made between the King and Lewelin Prince of Wales Truce for two yeas from the Feast of St. James or 25th of August following upon these conditions That all injuries done on both sides since the last Truce should be referred to those â—at made it That all Lands taken from any one in the late War should be restored That all Men and Tenents that had receded from the Fealty of their Lords and adhered to the contrary party might return again without damage or being questioned for it Of this Truce he gave notice to his Brother Richard Earl of Cornwal and Ralph de Tony that they might be taken into it if they would for their Lands in the Marches At the same meeting the Arch-Bishop produced a Copy [4] 〈◊〉 n. 30 40. of that Treacherous Letter that was sent into Ireland against Richard Earl Mareschal And the King The treacherous design against the Life of Richard Earl Mareschal discovered The King summoned his old Counsellors to give up their Accounts and to stand to the Law before the whole Assembly of the Bishops Earls and Barons protested that through the importunity of the Bishop of Winchester Peter de Rivallis and other Counsellors he consented his Seal should be put to those Letters but assured them upon his Oath he never saw the Tenor of them Then the King summoned the Bishop of Winchester Peter de Rivallis Stephan Segrave and Robert Passelew to appear on the Feast of St. John Baptist to give up their Accounts and to answer to such Crimes as should be objected against them and stand to the Law But being conscious of their own wickedness and not daring to stand a Tryal some took Sanctuary in Cathedral or Conventual Churches and others fled as was believed but hid themselves in the New Temple Then the King [5] fol. 405. n. 10 20 30. Peter de Rivallis severely rebuked and threatened by the King at the request of the Arch-Bishop promised them safe Conduct and appointed the 14th of July for them to appear at Westminster to answer to the Articles against them Peter de Rivallis was the First that appeared in a Clercs Habit and saluted the King sitting upon the Bench with his Justices who as soon as he saw him called him Traytor and accused him for giving him pernicious Counsel and required him to give an account of his Treasuryship the Wardships of young Noblemen and Women and Escheats and other Profits of the Crown and then told him he would commit him to the Tower He said he was a Priest and ought not be imprisoned or be in the custody of Lay-men The King told him he had hitherto behaved himself as a Lay-man and as such he exacted what was committed to him yet said the Arch-Bishop was present and if he would undertake for him he should be delivered to him He was silent and the King sent him to the Tower He is committed to the Tower and seized all his Lay-possessions because under his Clercs Habit he had a Coat of Mayl and a Knights Falchion at his Girdle which did not become a Clerc he remained there only two days and then was taken out by the Arch-Bishop carried to Winchester But taâ—en out by the Arch-Bishop and put into the Cathedral The same [6] Ibid. n. 40. Stephen Segrave called to an Account day appeared Stephan Segrave before the King He called him Traytor and added that it was by his wicked Counsel Hubert Earl of Kent was removed from the Office of Justiciary and imprisoned And that many of the Nobility were proscribed He required him also to give an Account of his Justiciaryship and by the Mediation of the Arch-Bishop and Bishops gave him time till Michaelmass following to prepare for it Hugo de Paâ—eshulle named Justiciary Then the King named Hugo de Pateshulle a Clerc his Justiciary Son of Simon de Pateshulle who had formerly managed that Office with great integrity This year about the Feast of St. John Baptist The [7] fol. 406. lin â— The King sendeth Aid to the Earl of Brittain Truce between the Kings of England and France expiring King Henry sent over to the Earl of Brittain Sixty Knights and 2000 Welch to enable him to strengthen the weak places of his Dominions because the King of France had raised a great Army and had actually besieged one of the Earl of Brittains Castles but was soon defeated by the English Forces Their success against the French The King of France resolves to invade Brittain and many of the French were slain and all their