indeed always go together but such Actions as these have in them more of Presumption than want of Wit Augustus Caesar having been tost with a Tempest at Sea fell to defying Neptune and in the Pomp of the Circensian Games to be reveng'd depos'd his Statue from the place it had amongst the other Deities Wherein he was less excusable than the former and less than he was afterwards when having lost a Battle under Quintilius Varus in Germany in Rage and despair he went running his Head against the Walls and crying out O Varus give me my Men again for this exceeds all Folly forasmuch as Impiety is joined with it invading God himself or at least Fortune as if she had Ears that were subject to our Batteries like the Thracians who when it Thunders or Lightens fall to Shooting against Heaven with Titanian Madness as if by Flights of Arrows they intended to reduce God Almighty to Reason Though the ancient Poet in Plutarch tells us Plutarch Point ne se faut couroucer aux affaires Il ne leur chaut de toutes nos choleres We must not quarrel Heaven in our Affairs That little for a mortal's Anger cares But we can never enough decry nor sufficiently condemn the senseless and ridiculous Sallies of our unruly Passions CHAP. V. Whether the Governour of a place besieg'd ought himself to go out to parley LUcius Marcius the Roman Legate in the War against Perseus King of Macedon to gain time wherein to re-inforce his Army set on foot some Overtures of Accommodation with which the King being lull'd asleep concluded a Cessation for certain days by this means giving his Enemy opportunity and leisure to repair his Army which was afterward the Occasion of his own Ruine The elder sort of Senators notwithstanding mindfull of their Fore-fathers Vertue were by no means satisfied with this Proceeding but on the contrary condemn'd it as degenerating from their ancient Practice which they said was by Valour and not by Artifice Surprises and Night Encounters neither by pretended Flight Ambuscadoes and deceitful Treaties to overcome their enemies never making War till having first denounc'd it and very often assign'd both the Hour and place of Battle Out of this generous Principle it was that they deliver'd up to Pyrrhus his treacherous Physician and to the Hetrurians their disloyal School-Master And this was indeed a Procedure truly Roman and nothing ally'd to the Graecian Subtilty nor the Pâ—nick Cunning where it was reputed a Victory of less Glory to overcome by Force than Fraud Deceit may serve for a need but he only confesses himself overcome who knows he is neither subdued by Policy nor Misadventure but by dint of Valour in a fair and manly War And it very well appears by the Discourse of these good old Senators that this fine Sentence was not yet receiv'd amongst them Aeneid l. 2. Dolus an virtus quis in Hoste requiret No Matter if by Valour or Deceit We overcome so we the better get The Achaians says Polybius adhorr'd all manner of double-dealing in War not reputing it a Victory unless where the Courages of the Enemy were fairly subdued Eam vir sanctus sapiens sciet veram esse victoriam quae salva fide Tncit in Agric. integra dignitate parabitur An honest and a prudent Man will acknowledge that only to be a true Victory which he has obtain'd without Violation of his own Faith or any Blemish upon his own Honour says another Ennius Vosne velit an me regnare hera quidve ferat fo rs Virtuâ—e experiamur If you or I shall rule le ts fairly try And Force or Fortune give the Victory In the Kingdom of Ternates amongst those Nations which we so broadly call Barbarians they have a Custom never to commence War till it be first denounc'd adding withall an ample Declaration of what they have to do it withall with what and how many Men what Ammunitions and what both offensive and defensive Arms but that being done they afterward conceive it lawful to employ this Power without Reproach any way that may best conduce to their own ends The ancient Florentines were so far from obtaining any Advantage over their Enemies by surprize that they always gave them a Months Warning before they drew their Army into the Field by the continual Tolling of a Bell they call'd Martinella For what concerns us who are not so scrupulous in this Affair and who attribute the Honour of the War to him who has the better of it after what manner soever obtain'd and who after Lysander say Where the Lion's Skin is too short we must etch it out with the Fox's Case The most usual Occasions of Surprize are deriv'd from this Practice and we hold that there are no moments wherein a Chief ought to be more circumspect and to have his Eye so much at watch as those of Parleys and Treaties of Accommodation as it is therefore become a general Rule amongst the Martial Men of these latter Times that a Governour of a Place never ought in a time of Siege to go out to Parley It was for this that in our Fathers days the Signeurs de Montmard and d' Assigni defending Mouson against the Count de Nassau were so highly censur'd yet in this Case it would be excusable in that Governour who going out should notwithstanding do it in such manner that the Safety and Advantage should be on his side as Count Guido de Rangani did at Reggio if we are to believe Bellay for Guicciardine says it was he himself when Monsieur de l' Escâ—â— approach'd to parley who stept so little away from his Fort that a Disorder hapning in the interim of Parley not only Monsieur de l' Esâ—â— and his Party who were advanc'd with him found themselves by much the weaker insomuch that Alessandro de Trivulcio was there slain but he himself was constrain'd as the safest way to follow the Count and relying upon his Honour to secure himself from the danger of the Shot within the very Walls of the Town Eumenes being shut up in the City of Nora by Antigonus and by him importun'd to come out to speak with him as he sent him word it was fit he should to a better Man than himself and one who had now an Advantage over him return'd this notable Answer Tell him said he that I shall never think any Man better than my self whilst I have my Sword in my hand and would never consent to come out to him till first according to his own Demand Antigonus had deliver'd him his own Nephew Prolomaeus in Hostage And yet some have done rather better than worse in going out in Person to parley with the Assailant witness Henry de Vaux a Cavalier of Champagne who being besieg'd by the English in the Castle of Commercy and Bartholomew de Bone who commanded at the Leagure having so sapp'd the greatest part of the Castle without that nothing
the War against 〈◊〉 Enemies fansying it would much contribuâ—â— to the Continuation of the Successes he had always obtain'd in the War against them Iâ— like manner certain of the Indians in a Day of Battel with the Spaniards carried with them the Bones of one of their Captains iâ— consideration of the Victories they had for merly obtain'd under his Conduct And other People of the same new World do yet carry about with them in their Wars the Relicks of valiant Men who have dyed in Battel to incite their Courage and advance their Fortune of which Examples the first reserve nothing for the Tomb but the Reputation they have acquir'd by their former Atchievements but these proceed yet further and attribute a certain Power of Operation The last Act of Captain Bayard is of a much better Composition who finding himself wounded to Death with a Harquebuze Shot and being by his Friends importun'd to retire out of the Fight made Answer That he would not begin at the last Gasp to turn his Back to the Enemy and accordingly still fought on till feeling himself too faint and no longer able to sit his Horse he commanded his Steward to set him down against the Root of a Tree but so that he might die with his Face towards the Enemy which he also did I must yet add another Example equally remarkable for the present Consideration with any of the former The Emperour Maximilian great Grand-father to Philip the Second King of Spain was a Prince endowed throughout with great and extraordinary Qualities and amongst the rest with a singular Beauty of Person but had withall a Humour very contrary to that of other Princes who for the dispatch of their most Important Affairs convert their Close-stool into a Chair of State which was that he would never permit any of his Bed-Chamber in what familiar degree of Favour soever Modesty of Maximilian the Emperor to see him in that Posture and would steal aside to make Water as religiously as a Virgin and was as shy to discover either to his Physician or any other whatever those Parts that we are accustomed to conceal And I my self who have so impudent a way of Talking am nevertheless naturally so modest this way that unless at the Importunity of Necessity or Pleasure I very rarely and unwillingly communicate to the Sight of any either those Parts or Actions that Custom orders us to conceal wherein I also suffer more Constraint than I conceive is very well becoming a Man especially of my Profession but he nourish'd this modest Humour to such a degree of superstition as to give express Orders in his last Will that they should put him on Drawen so soon as he should be dead to which methinks he would have done well to have added that he should have been hoodwink'd too that put them on The Charge that Cyrus left with his Children Cyrus's Reverence to Religion Xenophâ—n that neither they nor any other should either see or touch his Body after the Soul was departed from it I attribute to some superstitious Devotion of his both his Historian and Himself amongst other great Qualities having strew'd the whole Course of their Lives with a singular Respect to Religion I was by no means pleas'd with a Story was told me by a Man of very great Quality of a Relation of mine and one who had given a very good Account of himself both in Peace and War that coming to die in a very old Age of an excessive Pain of the Stone he spent the last Hours of his Life in an extraordinary Solicitude about ordering the Ceremony of his Funeral pressing all the Men of Condition who came to see him to engage their Word to attend him to his Grave importuning this very Prince who came to visit him at his last Gasp with a most earnest Supplication that he would order his Family to be assisting there and withal representing before him several Reasons and Examples to prove that it was a Respect due to a Man of his Condition and seem'd to die content having obtain'd this Promise and appointed the Method and Order of his Funeral Parade I have seldom heard of so long liv'd a Vanity Another though contrary Solitude of which also I do not want domestick Example seems to be somewhat a-kin to this That a Man shall cudgel his Brains at the last Moments of his Life to contrive his Obsequies to so particular and unusual a Parsimony as to conclude it in the sordid expence of one single Servant with a Candle and Lanthorn and yet I see this Humour commended and the Appointment of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus who forbad his Heirs to bestow upon his Hearse even the common Ceremonies in use upon such Occasions Is it not Temperance and Frugality to avoid the Expence and Pleasure of which the use and knowledge is imperceptible to us See here an easie and cheap Reformation If Instruction were at all necessary in this Case I should be of Opinion that in this as in all other Actions of Life the Ceremony and Expence should be regulated by the Ability of the Person deceas'd and the Philosopher Lycon prudently order'd his Executors to dispose of his Body where they should think most fit and as to his Funerals to order them neither too superfluous nor too mean For my part I should wholly referr the ordering of this Ceremony to Custom and shall when the time comes accordingly leave it to their Discretion to whose Lot it shall fall to do me that last Office Totus hic locus est contemnendus in nobis Cicero Tusc l. 1. non negligendus in nostris The Place of our Sepulture is wholly to be contemn'd by us but not to be neglected by our Friends but it was a holy Saying of a Saint August de civit Dei Curatio funeris conditio Sepulturae pompa Exequiarum magis sunt vivorum solatia quà m subsidia mortuorum The Care of Funerals the Place of Sepulture and the Pomp of Exequies are rather Consolations to the Living than any Benefit to the Dead Which made Socrates answer Criton who at the Hour of his Death ask'd him how he would be buried How you will said he If I could concern my self further than the Present about this Affair I should be most tempted as the greatest Satisfaction of this kind to imitate those who in their Life-time entertain themselves with the Ceremony of their own Obsequies before hand and are pleas'd with viewing their own Monument and beholding their own dead Countenance in Marble Happy are they who can gratify their Senses by insensibility and live by their Death I am ready to conceive an implacable Hatred against all Democracy and Popular Government though I cannot but think it the most natural and equitable of all others so oft as I call to mind the inhumane Injustice of the People of Athens who without Remission or once vouchsafing to hear what they had to say
Work and new Accidents to encounter Now I say that not in Physick only but in other more certain Arts Fortune has a very great interest and share The Poetick Raptures and those prodigious flights of Fancy that ravish and transport the Author out of himself why should we not atrribute them to his good Fortune since the Poet himself confesses they exceed his Sufficiency and Force and acknowledges them to proceed from something else than himself and has them no more in his Power than the Orators say they have those extraordinary Motions and Agitations that sometimes push them beyond their Design It is the same in Painting where Touches shall sometimes slip from the hand of the Painter so surpassing both his Fancy and his Art as to beget his own Admiration But Fortune does yet more accidentally manifest the share she has in all things of this kind by the Graces and Elegancies are found out in them not only beyond the Intention but even without the Knowledge of the Artist A judicious Reader does often find out in other Mens Writings other kind of Perfections and finds in them a better Sence and more queint Expression than the Author himself either intended or perceiv'd And as to military Enterprizes and Executions every one sees how great a hand Fortune has in all those Affairs even in our very Counsels and Deliberations there must certainly be something of Chance and good Luck mix'd with Humane Prudence for all that our Wisdom can do alone is no great matter the more piercing quick and apprehensive it is the weaker ii finds it self and is by so much more apt to mistrust its own Vertue I am of Sylla's Opinion and when I most strictly and nearer hand examine the most glorious Exploits of War I perceive me thinks that those who carry them on make use of Counsel and Debate only for Customs sake and leave the best part of the Enterprize to Fortune and relying upon her Favour and Assistance transgress at every turn the Bounds of Military Conduct and the Rules of War There happen sometimes accidental Alacrities and strange Furies in their Deliberations that for the most part prompt them to follow the worst and worst grounded Counsels and that swell their Couragâ—s beyond the Limits of Reason from whence it falls out that many great Captains Monluc in his Commentarisse to justifie those temerarious Deliberations have been forc'd to tell their Souldiers that they were by some Inspiration and good Omen encourag'd and invited to such Attempts Wherefore in this Doubt and Uncertainty that the short-sightedness of Humane Wisdom to see and choose the best by reason of the Difficulties that the various Accidents and Circumstances of things bring along with them does perplex us withall the surest way in my Opinion did no other Consideration invite us to it were to pitch upon that wherein is the greatest Appearance of Honesty and Justice and not being certain of the shortest to go the straightest and most direct way as in these two Examples I have before laid down there is no question to be made but it was more noble and generous in him who had receiv'd the Offence to pardon it as they both did than to do otherwise and if the former miscarried in it he is not nevertheless to be blam'd for his good Intention neither does any one know if he had proceeded otherwise whether by that means he had avoided the end his Destiny had appointed for him and he had however lost the Glory of so generous an Act. You will find in History many who have been in this apprehension that the most part have taken the course to meet and prevent Conspiracies by Punishment and Revenge but I find but very few who have reap'd any Advantage by this proceeding witness so many Roman Emperours and whoever finds himself in this danger ought not to expect much either from his Vigilancy or Power for how hard a thing is it for a man to secure himself from an Enemy who lies conceal'd under the countenance of the most officious Friend we have and to discover and know the Wills and inward Thoughts of those who are continually doing us service 'T is to much purpose to have a Guard of Strangers about a man's Person and to be always senced about with a Pale of armed men whosoever despises his own Life is always Master of that of another man And moreover this continual suspicion that makes a Prince jealous of all the World must of necessity be a strange Torment to him and therefore it was that Dion being advertis'd that Calippus watch'd all opportunities to take away his Life had never the Heart to enquire more particularly into it saying That he had rather die than live in that misery that he must continually stand upon his Guard not only against his Enemies but his Friends also which Alexander much more lively manifested in effect when having notice by a Letter from Parmenio that Philip his most beloved Physician was by Darius his money corrupted to poyson him at the same time that he gave the Letter to Philip to read sup'd of the Potion he had brought him Was not this by such a Resolution to express that if his Friends had a mind to dispatch him out of the World he was willing to give them opportunity to do it This Prince is indeed the Sovereign President of all hazardous Actions but I do not know whether there be another passage in his Life wherein there is so much steadiness and constancy as in this nor so illustrious an Image of the greatness of his Mind Those who preach to Prices so circumspect and vigilant a jealousie and distrust under colour of Security preach to them ruine and dishonour Nothing Noble can ever be perform'd without Danger I know a Person naturally of a very great daring and enterprizing Courage whose good fortune is continually prevented and forestall'd by such perswasions that he must retire into the gross of his own Body and keep those he knows are his Friends continually about him that he must not hearken to any Reconciliation with his ancient Enemies that he must stand off and not trust his Person in hands stronger than his own what promises or offers soever they may make him or what advantages soever he may see before him And I know another who has unexpectedly made his Fortune by following a contrary Advice Courage the Reputation and Glory of which men seek with so greedy an Appetite represents and sets it self out when need requires as magnificently in Querpo as in the neatest Arms in a Closet as Well as a Camp and this overcircumspect and wary Prudence is a mortal Enemy to all high and generous Exploits Scipio to sound Syphax his intention leaving his Army and abandoning Spain not yet secure nor well settled in his new Conquest could pass over into Africk in two contemptible Bottoms to commit himself in an Enemies Country to the power of a
main Land beyond their Mountains to which they go Naked and without other Arms than their Bows and Wooden-Swords fashion'd at one end like the head of a Javelin The Obstinacy of their Battels is wonderful and never end without great effusion of Blood For as to running away they know not what it is Every one for a Trophy brings home the head of an Enemy he has Kill'd which he fixes over the Door of his House After having a long time treated their Prisoners very well and given them all the Regalia's they can think of he to whom the Prisoner belongs invites a great Assembly of his Kindred and Friends who being come he ties a Rope to one of the Arms of the Prisoner of which at a distance out of his reach he holds the one end himself and gives to the Friend he Loves best the other Arm to hold after the same manner which being done they two in the presence of all the Assembly dispatch him with their Swords After that they Roast him Eat him amongst them and send some Chops to their absent Friends which nevertheless they do not do as some think for Nourishment as the Scythians anciently did but as a representation of an extream Revenge as will appear by this That having observ'd the Portugals who were in League with their Enemies to inflict another sort of Death upon any of them they took Prisoners Which was to set them up to the Girdle in the Earth to shoot at the remaining part till it was stuck full of Arrows and then to hang them They that thought those People of the other World as those who had sown the knowledge of a great many Vices amongst their Neighbours and who were much greater Masters in all sorts of Mischief than they did not exercise this sort of Revenge without Mystery and that it must needs be more painful than theirs and so began to leave their old way and to follow this I am not sorry that we should here take notice of the Barbarous Horrour of so Cruel an Action but that seeing so clearly into their faults we should be so blind in our own For I conceive there is more Barbarity in Eating a Man Alive than when he is Dead in tearing a Body Limb from Limb by Racks and Torments that is yet in perfect Sense in Roasting it by degrees causing it to be bit and worried by Dogs and Swine as we have not only read but lately seen not amongst inveterate and mortal Enemies but Neighbours and fellow Citizens and which is worse under colour of Piety and Religion than to Roast and Eat him after he is Dead Chrysippus and Zeno the Two Heads of the Stoical Sect were of Opinion That there was no hurt in making use of our Dead Carcasses in what kind soever for our necessity and in feeding upon them too as our Ancestors who being Besieged by Caesar in the City Alexia resolv'd to sustain the Famine of the Siege with the Bodies of their Old Men Women and other Persons who were incapable of bearing Arms. Javenal Sat. 15. Vascones fama est alimentis talibus usi Produxere animas 'T is said the Gascons with such Meats as these In time of Siege their Hunger did appease And the Physicians make no Bones of employing it to all sorts of use that is either to apply it outwardly or to give it inwardly for the health of the Patient but there never was any Opinion so irregular as to excuse Treachery Disloyalty Tyranny and Cruelty which are our familiar Vices We may then call these People Barbarous in respect to the Rules of Reason but not in respect to our selves who in all sorts of Barbarity exceed them Their Wars are throughout Noble and Generous and carry as much Excuse and fair Pretence as their Humane Disease is capable of having with them no other foundation than the sole Jealousie of Vertue Their Disputes are not for the Conquest of new Lands those they already possess being so fruitful by Nature as to supply them without Labour or Concern with all things necessary in such abundance that they have no need to enlarge their Borders And they are moreover happy in this that they only covet so much as their natural necessities require all beyond that is superfluous to them Men of the same Age generally call one another Brothers those who are younger Sons and Daughters and the old Men are Fathers to all These leave to their Heirs in common this full possession of Goods without any manner of Division or other Title than what Nature bestows upon her Creatures in bringing them into the World If their Neighbours pass over the Mountains and come to assault them and obtain a Victory all the Victors gain by it is Glory only and the advantage of having prov'd themselves the better in Valour and Vertue for they never meddle with the Goods of the Conquer'd but presently return into their own Country where they have no want of any thing necessary nor of this greatest of all Goods to know happily how to enjoy their Condition and to be Content And these in turn do the same They demand of their Prisoners soners no other Ransom than acknowledgment that they are overcome but there is not one found in an Age who will rather not choose to die than make such a Confession or either by Word or Look recede from the entire Grandeur of an invincible Courage There is not a Man amongst them who had not rather be Kill'd and Eaten than so much as to open his mouth to entreat he may not They use them with all Liberality and Freedom to the end their Lives may be so much the dearer to them but frequently entertain them withal with Menaces of their approaching Death of the Torments they are to suffer of the preparations are making in order to it of the mangling their Limbs and of the Feast is to be made where their Carcasses is to be the only Dish All which they do to no other end but only to extort some gentle or submissive word from them or to Fright them so as to make them run away to obtain this advantage that they were terrified and that their Constancy was shaken and indeed if rightly taken it is in this point only that a true Victory does consist Claud. in Panegyr Victoria nulla est Quam quae confessos animo quoque subjugat hostes No Victory can be entire and true But what does Minds as well as Limbs subdue The Hungarians a very Warlike People never pretended further than to reduce the Enemy to their Discretion for having forc'd this Confession from them they let them go without Injury or Ransom excepting at the most to make them engage their word never to bear Arms against them again We have several advantages over our Enemies that are borrowed and not truly our own 't is the quality of a Porter and no effect of Vertue to have stronger Arms and Legs 't
Prisoner to her as he accordingly did the Gentlemen of France never denying any thing to Ladies Does she not seem to be an Artist here Constantine the Son of Hellen founded the Empire of Constantinople and so many Ages after Constantine the Son of Hellen put an end to it Sometimes she is pleas'd to Emulate our Miracles We are told that King Clouis Besieging Angolesme the Walls fell down of themselves by Divine Favour And Bouchet has it from some Author that King Robert having sat down before a City and being stole away from the Siege to go keep the Feast of St. Aignan at Orleans as he was in Devotion at a certain place of the Mass the Walls of the beleagured City without any manner of Violence fell down with a sudden Ruine But she did quite contrary in our Milan War for Captain Rense laying Siege to the City Verona and having carried a Mine under a great part of the Wall the Mine being sprung the Wall was lifted from its base but dropt down again nevertheless whole and entire and so exactly upon its foundation that the Besieged suffer'd no Inconvenience by that Attempt Sometimes she plays the Physician Jason Phereus being given over by the Physicians by reason of a desperate Imposthumation in his Breast having a mind to rid himself of his Pain by Death at least in a Battel threw himself desperately into the thickest of the Enemy where he was so fortunately wounded quite through the Body that the Imposthume brake and he was perfectly cur'd Did she not also excel the painter Protogenes in his Art Who having finish'd the Picture of a Dog quite tir'd and out of breath in all the other parts excellently well to his own liking but not being able to express as he would the slaver and foam that should come out of his Mouth vext and angry at his work he took his Spunge which by cleaning his Pencils had imbib'd several sorts of Colours and threw it in a rage against the Picture with an intent utterly to deface it when Fortune guiding the Spunge to hit just upon the Mouth of the Dog it there perform'd what all his Art was not able to do Does she not sometimes direct our Counsels and correct them Isabel Queen of England being to Sail from Zealand into her own Kingdom with an Army in favour of her Son against her Husband had been lost had she come into the Port she intended being there laid wait for by the Enemy but fortune against her will threw her into another Haven where she Landed in safety And he who throwing a Stone at a Dog hit and kill'd his Mother in Law had he not reason to pronounce this Verse Menander◠〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 By this I see Fortune does better aim than we Fortune has more Judgment than we Icetes had contracted with two Souldiers to Kill Timoleon at Adranon in Sicily These Villains took their time to do it when he was assisting at a Sacrifice who thrusting into the Crowd as they were making signs to one another that now was a fit time to do their business in steps a third who with a Sword takes one of them full drive over the Pate lays him dead upon the place and away he runs Which the other seeing and concluding himself discover'd and lost he runs to the Altar and begs for Mercy promising to discover the whole truth which as he was doing and laying open the whole Conspiracy behold the third Man who being Apprehended was as a Murtherer thrust and hal'd by the People through the Press towards Timoleon and other the most Eminent Persons of the Assembly before whom being brought he Cry'd out for Pardon pleading that he had justly Slain his Fathers Murtherer which he also proving upon the place by sufficient Witnesses which his good Fortune very opportunely supply'd him withal that his Father was really Kill'd in the City of the Leomins by that very Man on whom he had taken his Revenge he was presently Awarded Ten Attick * The old Attick Mine was 75 Drach Mines for having had the good Fortune by designing to revenge the Death of his Father to preserve the Life of the common Father of Sicily This Fortune in her Conduct surpasses all the Rules of Humane Prudence But to conclude is there not a direct Application of her Favour Bounty and Piety manifestly discover'd in this Action Ignatius the Father and Ignatius the Son being proscrib'd by the Triumvity of Rome resolv'd upon this generous Act of mutual kindness to fall by the hands of one another and by that means to frustrate and defeat the Cruelty of the Tyrants and accordingly with their Swords drawn ran full drive upon one another where Fortune so guided the points that they made two equally Mortal Wounds affording withal so much Honour to so brave a Friendship as to leave them just strength enough to draw out their Bloudy Swords that they might have liberty to embrace one another in this Dying Condition with so close and hearty an Embrace that the Executioners cut off both their Heads at once leaving the Bodies still fast link'd together in this Noble Knot and their Wounds joyn'd Mouth to Mouth affectionately sucking in the last Bloud and remainder of the Lives of one another CHAP. XXXIV Of one Defect in one Government MY Father who for a Man that had no other advantages than Experience only and his own Natural Parts was nevertheless of a very clear Judgment The project of an Office of Enquiry has formerly told me that he once had thoughts of endeavouring to introduce this Practice that there might be in every City a certain place assign'd to which such as stood in need of any thing might repair and have their Business enter'd by an Officer appointed for that purpose as for Example I enquire for a Chapman to Buy my Pearls I enquire for one that has Pearls to Sell Such a one wants Company to go to Paris such a one enquires for a Servant of such a Quality such a one for a Master such a one enquires for such an Artificer some for one thing some for another every one according to what he wants And doubtless these mutual Advertisements would be of no contemptible Advantage to the Publick Correspondency and Intelligence For there are ever more Conditions that hunt after one another and for want of knowing one anothers occasions leave Men in very great necessity I have heard to the great shame of the Age we Live in that in our very sight two most excellent Men for Learning Died so Poor that they had scarce Bread to put in their Mouths Lilius Gregorius Giraldus in Italy and Sebastianus Castalio in Germany And do believe there are a Thousand Men would have invited them into their Families with very advantageous Conditions or have reliev'd them where they were had they known their wants The World is not so generally Corrupted but that I know a Man
does not please us that which makes us suffer Pain with so much Impatience is the not being accustomed to repose our chiefest Contentment in the Soul that we do not enough relie upon her who is the sole and soveraign Mistress of our Condition The Body saving in greater or less proportion has but one and the same Bent and Biass whereas the Soul is variable into all sorts of forms and subjects to her self and to her own Empire all things whatsoever both the Senses of the Body and all other Accidents and therefore it is that we ought to study her to enquire into her and to rowse up all her powerful Faculties There is neither Reason Form nor Prescription that can any thing prevail against her Inclination and Choice of so many Thousands of Biasses that she has at her disposal let us give her one proper to our repose and conservation and then we shall not only be shelter'd and secur'd from all manner of Injury and Offence but moreover gratified and oblig'd if we will with Evils and Offences She makes her profit indifferently of all things Errour and Dreams serve her to good use as a Loyal matter to Lodge us in Safety and Contentment 'T is plain enough to be seen that 't is the sharpness of our Conceit that gives the Edge to our Pains and Pleasures Beasts that have no such thing leave to their Bodies their own free and natural Sentiments and consequently in every kind very near the same as appears by the resembling Application of their Motions If we would not disturb in our Members the Jurisdiction that appertains to them in this 't is to be believed it would be the better for us and that Nature has given them a just and moderate Temper both to Pleasure and Pain neither can it fail of being Just being Equal and Common But seeing we have Enfranchis'd our selves from these Rules to give our selves up to the rambling Liberty of our own Fancies let us at least help to encline them to the most agreeable side Plato fears our too vehemently engaging our selves with Grief and Pleasure forasmuch as these too much Knit and Ally the Soul to the Body whereas I rather quite contrary by reason it too much separates and disunites them As an Enemy is made more Fierce by our Flight so Pain grows Proud to see us Truckle under it She will surrender upon much better Terms to them who make Head against her A Man must oppose and stoutly set himself against it In retiring and giving ground we invite and pull upon our selves the Ruine that Threatens us As the Body is more firm in an Encounter the more stiffly and obstinately it applys it self to it so is it with the Soul But let us come to Examples which are the proper Commodity for Fellows of such feeble Reins as my self where we shall find that it is with Pain as with Stones that receive a more spritely or a more languishing Lustre according to the Foil they are set upon that it has no more room in us than we are pleas'd to allow it Tantum doluerunt Aug. de Civit Dei quantùm doloribus se inseruerunt They Griev'd so much the more by how much they set themselves to Grieve We are more sensible of one little touch of a Chirurgeon's Lancet than of Twenty Wounds with a Sword in the heat of Fight The Pains of Child-bearing said by the Physician and by God himself to be very great and which our Women keep so great a Clutter about there are whole Nations that make nothing of it To say nothing of the Lacedaemonian Women what alteration can you see in our Switzers Wives of the Guard saving as they trot after their Husbands you see them to Day with the Child hanging at their Backs that they carried yesterday in their Bellies And the counterfeit Gipsies we have amongst us go themselves to Wash their's so soon as they come into the World in the first River they meet Besides so many Where 's as Daily steal their Children out of their Womb as before they stole them in that fair and noble Wife of Sabinus a Patrician of Rome for anothers interest alone without help without crying out or so much as a Groan endur'd the Bearing of Two Twins a poor simple Boy of Lacedaemon having stole a Fox for they more fear the Shame of their Knavery in stealing than we do the Punishment of our Knavery and having got him under his Coat did rather endure the tearing out of his Bowels than he would discover his Theft And another Cursing at a Sacrifice suffer'd himself to be Burnt to the Bone by a Coal that fell into his Sleeve rather than disturb the Ceremony And there have been a great Number for a sole Trial of Vertue following their instruction who have at Seven Years old endur'd to be Whipt to Death without changing their Countenance And Cicero has seen them Fight in Parties with Fists Feet and Teeth till they have fainted and sunk down rather than confess themselves overcome Custom would never Conquer Nature for she is ever invincible but we have infected the Mind with Shadows Delights Wantonness Negligence and Sloath and with vain Opinions and corrupt Manners render'd it Effeminate and Mean Every one knows the Story of Scaevola that being slipt into the Enemies Camp to Kill their General and having miss'd his Blow to repair his fault by a more strange Invention and to deliver his Country he boldly confess'd to Porsenna who was the King he had a purpose to Kill not only his design but moreover added That there were then in his Camp a great Number of Romans his Complices in the Enterprize as good Men as he and to shew what a one he himself was having caus'd a Pan of Burning Coals to be brought he saw and endur'd his Arm to Broil and Roast till the King himself conceiving Horrour at the sight commanded the Pan to be taken away What would you say of him that would not vouchsafe to respite his Reading in a Book whilst he was under Incision And of the other that persisted to Mock and Laugh in Contempt of the Pains inflicted upon him so that the provok'd Cruelty of the Executioners that had him in handling and all the Inventions of Tortures redoubled upon him one after another spent in vain gave him the Bucklers But he was a Philosopher What! a Fencer of Caesar's Endur'd and Laughing all the while Cicero Tusc l. 2. his Wounds to be search'd Launc'd and laid open Quis mediocris gladiator ingemuit Quis vultum mutavit unquam Quis non modo stetit verum etiam decubuit turpiter Quis cum decubuisset ferrum recipere jussus collum contraxit What mean Fencer ever so much as gave a Groan Which of them ever so much as chang'd his Countenance Which of them standing or falling did either with Shame Which of them when he was down and commanded to receive the Blow of
had sent to the Port having awak'd him to let him know that the Tempestuous weather had hindred the Senators from putting to Sea he dispatch'd a way another messenger and composing himself again in the Bed settled again to sleep and did so till by the return of the last messenger he had certain intelligence they were gone We may here further compare him with Alexander too in that great and dangerous Storm that threatned him by the Sedition of the Tribune Metellus who attempting to publish a Decree for the calling in of Pompey with his Army into the City at the time of Catiline's Conspiracy was only and that stoutly oppos'd by Cato so that very sharp language and bitter menaces past betwixt them in the Senate about that affair but it was the next day in the Fore-Noon that the controversie was to be decided where Metellus besides the favour of the People and of Caesar at that time of Pompey's Faction was to appear accompanied with a Rabble of Slaves and Fencers and Cato only fortified with his own Courage and Constancy so that his Relations Domesticks and several vertuous People of his Friends were in great apprehensions for him And to that Degree that some there were who past over the whole Night without Sleep Eating or Drinking for the manifest danger they saw him running into of which his Wife and Sisters did nothing but Weep and torment themselves in his House whereas he on the contrary Comforted every one and after having Supp'd after his usual manner went to Bed and slept profoundly till Morning that one of his fellow Tribunes rouz'd him to go to the encounter The knowledge we have of the greatness of this Mans Courage by the rest of his Life may warrant us securely to judge that his indifference proceeded from a Soul so much elevated above such accidents that he disdain'd to let it take any more hold of his Fancy than any other ordinary adventure In the Naval Engagement that Augustus won of Sextus Pompeius in Sicily just as they were to begin the Fight he was so fast asleep that his Friends were compell'd to wake him to give the Signal of Battel And this was it that gave Mark Anthony afterwards occasion to reproach him that he had not the Courage so much as with open Eyes to behold the order of his own Squadrons and not to have dar'd to present himself before the Souldiers till first Agrippa had brought him news of the Victory obtain'd But as to the business of young Marius who did much worse for the day of the last Battel against Sylla after he had order'd his Army given the word and Signal of Battel he laid him down under the Shade of a Tree to repose himself and fell so fast asleep that the Rout and Fight of his Men could hardly awake him having seen nothing of the Fight he is said to have been at that time so extreamly spent and worn out with Labour and want of Sleep that Nature could hold out no longer Now upon what has been said the Physicians may determine whether sleep be so necessary that our lives depend upon it for we read that King Perseus of Macedon being Prisoner at Rome was wak'd to Death but Pliny instances such as have lived long without sleep Herodotus speaks of Nations where the Men sleep and wake by half years And they who write the Life of the Wise Epimenides affirm that he slept seven and fifty years together CHAP. XLV Of the Battel of Dreux OUR Battel of Dreux is remarkable for several extraordinary accidents But such as have no great kindness for the Duke of Guise nor do much favour his reputation are willing to have him thought to blame and that his making a Halt and delaying time with his Forces he Commanded whilst the Constable who was General of the Army was Rack'd through and through with the Enemies Artillery his Battalion Routed and himself taken Prisoner is not to be excus'd And that he had much better have ran the hazard of charging the Enemy in the Flank than staying for the advantage of falling in upon the Rear to suffer so great and so important a loss But besides what the event demonstrated who will consider it without passion or prejudice will easily be induced to confess that the aim and design not of a Captain only but of every Private Souldier ought to look at the Victory in general and that no particular occurrences how nearly soever they may concern his own interest should divert him from that pursuit Philopoemen in an encounter with Machanidas having sent before a good strong party of his Archers to begin the Skirmish which were by the Enemy Routed and pursu'd who pursuing them and pushing on the Fortune of their Arms in the heat of Victory and in that pursuit passing by the Battalion where Philopoemen was though his Souldiers were impatient to fall on yet he was better temper'd and did not think fit to stir from his post nor to present himself to the Enemy to relieve his Men but having suffer'd them to be chas'd about the Field and Cut in pieces before his Face then charged in upon their Battallion of Foot when he saw them left Naked by their Horse and notwithstanding that they were Lacedaemonians yet taking them in the nick when thinking themselves secure of the victory they began to disorder their Ranks he did his business with great facility and then put himself in pursuit of Machanidas Which case is very like that of Monsieur de Guise In that Bloody Battel betwixt Agesilaus and the Boeotians which Xenophon who was present at it reports to be the rudest and most Blood that he had ever seen Agesilaus wav'd the advantage that Fortune presented him to let the Baeotians Battalion pass by and then to Charge them in the Rear how certain soever he made himself of the Victory judging it would rather be an effect of Conduct than Valour to proceed that way And therefore to shew his prowess rather chose with a wonderful ardour of Courage to charge them in the Front but he was well beaten and wounded for his pains and constrain'd at last to disengage himself and to take the course he had at first neglected opening his Battalion to give way to this torrent of the Boeotians fury and being past by taking notice that they march'd in disorder like men that thought themselves out of danger he then pursu'd and charg'd them in their Flanks and Rear yet could not so prevail as to bring it to so general a Rout but that they leisurely retreated still Facing about upon him till they were retired into safety CHAP. XLVI Of Names WHat variety of Herbs soever are shuffled together in the Dish yet the whole Mass is swallow'd up in one name of a Sallet In like manner under the consideration of Names I will make a hodge-podge of differ'ng Articles Every Nation has certain Names that I know not why are taken
's in the heat and Terror does More than their Sharpest Swords subdue their Foes But withal what better opportunity can he expect than that he has lost 'T is not here as in Fencing where the most hits gain the Prize For so long as the Enemy is on foot the Game is new to begin and that is not to be call'd a Victory that puts not an end to the War In the encounter where Caesar had the worse near to the City of Oricum he reproach'd Pompey's Souldiers that he had been lost had their General known how to overcome and afterwards claw'd him away in turn But why may not a man also argue on the contrary that it is the effect of a precipitous and insatiate Spirit not to know how to bound and restrain its ardour that it is to abuse the favours of God to exceed the measure he has prescrib'd them and that again to throw a Mans self into danger after a Victory obtain'd is again to expose himself to the mercy of Fortune and that it is one of the greatest discretions in the Rule of War not to drive an Enemy to despair Sylla and Marius in the Associate War having defeated the Marsians seeing yet a Body of Reserve that prompted by Despair was coming on like enraged Brutes to charge in upon them thought it not convenient to stand their charge Had not Monsieur de Foix his ardour transported him so precipitously to pursue the remains of the Victory of Ravenna he had not obscur'd it by his own Death And yet the recent memory of his Example serv'd to preserve Monsieur d' Anguien from the same misfortune at the Battel of Serisoles 'T is dangerous to attack a Man you have depriv'd of all means to escape but by his Arms for necessity teaches violent resolutions Port. Latin Decla Gravissimi sunt morsus irritatae necessitatis enrag'd necessity bites deep Lvc lib. 4. Mâ—yes Luc. Vincitur haud gratis jugulo qui provocat hostem The Foe that meets the Sword ne'er gratis Dies This was it that made Pharax withhold the King of Lacedaemon who had won a Battle of the Matineans from going to Charge a Thousand Argians who were escap'd in an entire Body from the defeat but rather let them steal off at liberty that he might not encounter Valour whetted and enrag'd by mischance Clodomire King of Aquitaine after his Victory pursuing Gondemar King of Burgundy beaten and making off as fast as he could for safety compell'd him to face about and make head wherein his obstinacy depriv'd him of the fruit of his Conquest for he there lost his Life In like manner if a Man were to chose whether he would have his Souldiers Ainquant and richly accoutred with Damaskt Arms or arm'd only for necessary defence this argument would step in in favour of the first of which Opinion was Sertorius Philopoemen Brutus Caesar and others that it is to a Souldier an enflaming of Courage and a spur to Glory to see himself brave and withal an imitation to be more obstinate in Fight having his Arms which are in a manner his Estate and whole Inheritance to defend which is the reason says Xenophon why those of Asia carried there Wives Concubines with their choicest Jewels and greatest Wealth along with them to the Wars But then these arguments would be as ready to stand up for the other side that a General ought rather to render his Men careless and desperate than to encrease their solicitude of preserving themselves That by this means they will be in a double fear of hazarding their persons as it will be a double temptation to the Enemy to fight with greater Resolution where so great booty and so rich spoils are to be obtain'd And this very thing has been observ'd in former times notably to encourage the Romans against the Samnites Antiochus shewing Hannibal the Army he had raised wonderfully splendid and Rich in all sorts of Equipage askt him if the Romans would be satisfied with that Army Satisfied replied the other yes doubtless were their Avarice never so great Lycurgus not only forbad his Souldiers all manner of Bravery in their Equipage but moreover to strip their Conquer'd Enemies because he would as he said that Poverty and Frugality should shine with the rest of the Battel At Sieges and elsewhere where occasion draws us near to the Enemy we willingly suffer our Men to Brave Rate and Affront the Enemy with all sorts of injurious Language and not without some colour of reason For it is of no little consequence to take from them all hopes of Mercy and Composition in representing to them that there is no fair Quarter to be expected from an Enemy they have incens'd to that degree nor other Remedy remaining but in the victory And yet Vitellius found himself deceiv'd in this way of proceeding for having to do with Otho weaker in the valour of his Souldiers long unaccustomed to war and effeminated with the delights of the City he so nettled them at last with injurious Language reproaching them with Cowardize and the regret of the Mistresses and entertainments they had left behind at Rome that by this means he inspir'd them with such resolution as no exhortation had had the power to have done and himself made them fall upon him with whom their own Captains before could by no means prevail And indeed when they are Injuries that touch to the quick it may very well fall out that he who went but ill-favour'dly to work in the behalf of his Prince will fall to 't with another sort of Mettle when the quarrel is his own To consider of how great importance is the preservation of the General of an Army and that the Universal aim of an Enemy is levell'd directly at the head upon which all the others depend the advice seems to admit of no dispute which we know has been taken by so many great Captains of changing their habit and disguising their persons upon the point of going to engage Nevertheless the inconvenience a Man by so doing runs into is not less than that he thinks to avoid For the Captain by this means being conceal'd from the knowledge of his own Men the Courage they should derive from his Presence and Example happens by degrees to cool and to decay and not seeing the wonted * As at the Battle of Ivry in the person of Henry the Great Marks and Ensigns of their Leader they presently conclude him either Dead or that despairing of the business he is gone to shift for himself and experience shews us that both these ways have been both successful and otherwise What besell Pyrrbus in the Battel he fought against the Consul Levinus in Italy will serve us to both purposes For though by shrouding his person under the Arms of Demogacles and making him wear his own he undoubtedly preserved his own Life yet by that very means he was withal very near running into the other mischief
of losing the Battel Alexander Caesar and Lucullus lov'd to make themselves known in a Battel by Rich Furnitures and Arms of a particular Lustre and Colour Agis Agesilaus and that great Gilippus on the contrary us'd to Fight obscurely Armed and without any imperial attendance or distinction Amongst other oversights Pompey is charg'd withal at the Battle of Pharsalia he is condemned for making his Army stand still to receive the Enemies Charge by reason that I shall here steal Plutarch's own words that are better than mine he by so doing depriv'd himself of the violent impression the motion of running adds to the first shock of Arms and hindred the justle of the Combatants who were wont to give great impetuosity and fury to the first Encounter especially when this came to rush in with their utmost Vigour their Courages increasing by the Shouts and the Career rendering the Soldiers Animosity and Ardour as a Man may say more reserv'd and cold This is what he says But if Caesar had come by the worse why might it not as well have been urg'd by another that on the contrary the strongest and most steady posture of Fighting is that wherein a Man stands planted firm without motion and that who makes a halt upon their march closing up and reserving their force within themselves for the push of the business have a great advantage against those who are disordered and who have already spent half their breath in running on precipitously to the charge Besides that an Army being a Body made up of so many individual Members it is impossible for it to move in this fury with so exact a motion as not to break the order of Battel and that the best of Foot are not engag'd before their Fellows can come in to relieve them In that unnatural Battel betwixt the two Persian Brothers the Lacedaemonian Clearchus who commanded the Greeks of Cyrus's party led them on softly and without precipitation to the Charge but coming within fifty paces hurried them on full speed hoping in so short a Career both to look to their order to husband their breath and at the same time to give an advantage of violence and impression both to their persons and their missile Arms Others have regulated this question in charging thus if your Enemy come running upon you stand firm to receive him if he stand to receive you run full drive upon him In the Expedition of the Emperour Charles the Fifth into Provence King Francis was put to choose either to go meet him in Italy or to expect him in his own Dominions wherein though he very well considered of how great advantage it was to preserve his own Territories entire and clear from the troubles and inconveniences of the war to the end that being unexhausted of her stores it might continually supply Men and Money at need that the necessity of War requires at every turn to spoil and lay waste the Country before them which cannot very well be done upon ones own to which may be added that the Country people do not so easily digest such a havock by those of their own party as from an Enemy so that Seditions and Commotions might by such means be kindled amongst us that the Licence of Pillage and Plunder which are not to be tolerated at home is a great ease and refreshment against the fatigues and sufferings of War and that he who has no other prospect of gain than his bare pay will hardly be kept from running home being but two steps from his Wife and his own House That he who lays the Cloth is ever at the charge of the Feast That there is more Alacrity in assaulting than defending and that the shock of a Battels loss in our own Bowels is so violent as to endanger the disjointing of the whole Body there being no passion so contagious as that of fear that is so easily believ'd or that so suddenly diffuses its Poison and that the Cities that should hear the Rattle of this Tempest that should take in their Captains and Souldiers yet trembling and out of breath would be in danger in this heat and hurry to precipitate themselves upon some untoward resolution Notwithstanding all this so it was that he chose to recall the Forces he had beyond the Mountains and to suffer the Enemy to come to him For he might on the other side imagine that being at home and amongst his Friends he could not fail of plenty of all manner of conveniences the Rivers and Passes he had at his Devotion would bring him in both Provisions and Money in all security and without the trouble of Convoy that he should find his subjects by so much the more affectionate to him by how much their danger was more near and pressing that having so many Cities and stops to secure him it would be in his power to give the Law of Battel at his own opportunity and best advantage and if it pleas'd him to delay the time that under covert and at his own ease he might see his Enemy founder and defeat himself with the difficulties he was certain to encounter being engag'd in an Enemies Country where before behind and on every side War would be made upon him no means to refresh himself or to enlarge his Quarters should Diseases infest them or to lodge his wounded Men in safety No Money no Victuals but all at the point of the Launce no leisure to repose and take breath no knowledge of the ways or Country to secure him from Ambushes and Surprizes And in case of losing a Battle no possible means of saving the remains Neither is there want of Example in both these cases Scipio thought it much better to go attack his Enemies Territories in Africk than to stay at home to defend his own and to Fight him in Italy and it succeeded well with him But on the contrary Hannibal in the same War ruin'd himself by abandoning the Conquest of a strange Country to go defend his own The Athenians having left the Enemy in their own Dominions to go over into Sicily were not savoured by Fortune in their design but Agathocles King of Syracuse found her favourable to him when he went over into Africk and left the War at home By which Examples and divers others we are wont to conclude and with some reason that events especially in War do for the most part depend upon Fortune who will not be govern'd by nor submit unto humane prudence according to the Poet. Manil. Astron lib. 4. Et male consult is praetium est prudentia fallax Nec fortuna probat causas sequitur que merentes Sed vaga per cunctos nullo discrimine fâ—rtur Scilicet est aliud quod nos cogatque regatque Majus in proprias ducat mortalia leges Prudence deceitful and uncertain is Ill Counsels sometimes hit where good ones miss Nor yet does Fortune the best Cause approve But wildly does without distinction Rove So that some
both and all the forms of setting out a Table demonstrated in Copper Plates Now in the Press and will be suddenly publish'd Miscellanies viz. Advice to a Daughter The Character of a Trimmer The Anatomy of an Equivalent A Letter to a Dissenter Cautions for choice of Members to serve in Parliament A Rough Draught of a New Model at Sea All written by the late Noble Marquis of Hallifax The Royal Politician represented in an hundred Emblems written in Spanish by Don Diego Saavedra Knight of the Order of St. Jago Plenipotentiary Ambassador To the Cantons of Switzerland At the Imperial Diet at Ratisbon At the famous Treaty of Munster And of the Supreme Counsel of State for both the Indies Translated from the Original by Sir Ja. Astry Books Printed for RICHARD WELLINGTON at the Dolphin and Crown in St. Paul's Church-Yard The History of Polybius the Megalopolitan containing an Account of the Affairs of the whole World but chiefly of the Roman People In three Vol. Translated by Sir Henry Sheers and Mr. Dryden Familiar Letters written by John late Earl of Rochester to the Honourable Henry Savile Esq c. with Several Letters by his Grace the Duke of Buckingham and several Love-letters by the Ingenious Mr. Thomas Otway in Two Vol. price 5. Shillings Sir Thomas Pope-Blunt's Essays upon several Important Subjects Price 3 Shillings Mons Tauvry's Treatise of Medicaments in Two Vol. Printed at Paris 1699. Faithfully Translated into English by one of the College Physicians Price 5. Shillings FINIS A Compleat INDEX Of the most Remarkable Matters contained in this First Book A ABundance distastiful and disappointing 451 Acquaintance 301 Actions of former Ages 361 Actions that Men should not cover to perform 413 Actions Vertuous now unknown 360 Affectation unbecoming a Courtier 266 Affection of a Father towards his Children 212 Age and its last effects 551 Age fit for managing an Estate 553 Age dispensing the Knights from the fatigues of the War Ibid. Age of Adult Ibid. Age capable of great Actions 554 Agesilaus's Battel against the Boeotians 466 Albigeois burnt alive 408 Alcibiades's Constitution 257 Alexander the Son of Jupiter 446 Alexander's Cruelty 6 Alexander blam'd by Philip his Father for singing at a Feast 394 Alexander's deep Sleep 461 Alexander's Horse 489 Alexander's Sweat 531 Ambassadours may sometimes conceal from their Master what they think fit â—80 Ambassadours of Samos 2â—â— Ambassadours Employment not confin'd 81 Ambition Enemy to Society 37â— Ambition of Cicero and Pliny 39â— Ambition unworthy 390 Answer of the Duke of Florence his Fool. 355 Antigonus the Son of the Sun 446 Appetites of several Sorts 5â—â— Appetites of Men irresolute 525 Arcesilaus Gold and Silver Vessels 383 Aretine despised by Montaigne 521 Arms of Value inflame the Soldiers Courage 479 Arms of Value increase the Enemys resolution with 〈◊〉 hope of a Rich Spoil 4â—â— Army expecting an Enemy 484 Armies of the Turks support themselves cheap 497 Arses wipt with a Spunge 5â—â— Art of Physick despis'd 179 Atlantis Island 31â— B BArbarians who are those that are to be call'd to that Name 3â—â— Barbarians's Country their Buildings Beds c. 3â—5 Barbarians's Love towards their Wives and 〈◊〉 towards their Enemies 3â—6 Barbarians believing the Immortality of the Soul 327 Barbarians Priests and Prophets 〈◊〉 Barbarians Weapons 32â— Barbarians Obstinacy in their Battels Ibid. Barbarians noble War 331 Barbarian Kings power 338 Barbarians Love Song 337 Barbarians Language Ibid. Bâ—rbarity against Men's Lives 329 Bargaining hated by Mountaigne 425 Battle lost by Antonius 280 Battle of Botidaea obtain'd by the Greeks 361 Battle of Auroy 366 Battle of Dreux remarkable for several Accidents 465 Battle of St. Quentio 477 Battle fought on foot by Cavalry 491 Battle at Sea gain'd against the Turks 341 Baths used by the Ancients before Dinner 504 Bâ—wdy-houses of several sorts 152 Beyard Captain of greas Courage 21 Beauty sought after by Women to the contempt of Rain 419 Beds made use of to lie on at Meals 504 Beggars in Shirt in the depth of Winter 355 Behaviour 353 Believe 276 Betis's Silence and Obstinacy 7 Bodies perfumed 504 Bodies when young ought to be bent 256 Boâ—tians's voluntary servitude 236 Book employment painful 386 Borromaeus's austere way of Living 423 Bâ—ws carrying long Arrows 495 〈◊〉 handling a Halbert with the wriggling of his Neck 148. â—â—â—vity agreeable to Men of Vnderstanding 236 â—â—â—thers Name 287 Brotherly Love neglected Ibid. Brutes subject to the force of Imagination 137 Bucanan 269 Buffoons jesting an the very moment of Death 404 Buffoons to make Sport at Meals 506 Burial much recommended 25 C CAesar and Pompey good Horsemen 489 Caesar's Horse Ibid. Calisthenes how he lost the favour of Alexander 256 Cannibals marâ—y many Wives 336 Canon shot unavoidable 67 Canopy of State allow'd but in Palaces and Taverns 527 Care and foresight of the future 15 Cato the younger his Death 362 Cato a true Pattern of humane Vertue 363 Cato's Praise 364 Cato's sound Sleep 362 Cato's Parsimony 522 Cato his Age when he Kill'd himself 551 Ceremony used at the Interview of Princes 71 Ceremony of the Lacedaemonians at the Interment of their Kings 17 Chabrias lost the Fruits of a Victory to take care of the Dead bodies of his Friends 26 Change to be Fear'd 460 Chastity valued in Marriage 151 Chastity a true Vertue 161 Chearfulness Sign of Wisdom 244 Chess Idle and Childish Game 513 Children Whipt to Death 418 Children in France Pretty 251 Children spoil'd with Delicacy 254 Children ought not to be Suddenly awak'd from their Sleep 270 Chivalry amongst the Lacedaemonians 259 Chrysippus ' s Writings 215 Cicero's Eloquence 262 Cicero's affected Eloquence 397 Cloaths unknown to many Nations 354 Collation betwixt Meals 506 College of Guienne where Montaigne was sent at Six Years of Age. 271 Company of ill Men dangerous 373 Commotions how are to be appeas'd 186 Composers of Cento's 217 Compositions that Smell of Oil and Lamp 56 Confidence gains the Heart 185 Confidence of another Man's Vertue 432 Conspiracy against Augustus 175 Constancy of some Old Men Women and Children 315 Constancy in Affliction 377 Constitutions of several Sorts 255 Contempt of Riches 432 Continency of the Capuchins 359 Continency in Marriage 31â— Conversation 237 Conversing with Men. 230 Copulation of a Husband with his Wife already with Child forbidden 310 Correction of the Male Children design'd to the Fathers and to the Mothers that of the Females 155 Covetousness from whence proceeds 424 Counsel of Livia to Augustus concerning Cinna's Conspiracy 176 Counsels depend upon Fortune 487 Courage Reputation and Glory as magnificent in a Closet as a Camp 184 Courtesie and Manners 71 Cowardice how to be punish'd in a Soldier 74 Cowardice punish'd by Shame and Disgrace 75 Cowardice of Seigneur Franget how punish'd 7â— Creatures esteem'd by their proper Qualities 440 Cruelty's horrid Examples 315 Cruelty of the Portugueses 329 Cruelty of Dionysius the Tyrant 5 Cruelty of Nero towards his Mother 369 Cuckoldry