called the Sequani Then after his Victories in very great Battels he marched a Conquerour even to the British Ocean He was almost nine years in subduing all Gaul which lies between the Alps the River Rhone the Rhine and the Ocean in compass three thousand and two hundred miles Then he brought War upon the Britans who never before heard of the Roman Name and having overcome them he took their Hostages and made them tributary to the Roman Empire and ordered Gaul to pay an annual tribute of above three hundred thousand pounds And then passing the Rhine overcame the Germans in very great Battels he was so fortunate that he fought but thrice unsuccessfully once in Person against the Arverni twice in his absence in Germany where his two Lieutenants Titurius and Arunculeius were slain in an Ambush About the same time in the year of the City six hundred ninety seven Marcus Licinius Crassus Pompey's Collegue made the second time Consul was sent against the Parthians and when he fought at Carrae both contrary to the Omens and Praedictions of the Southsayers he was overcome by Surena one of Orodes his Captains and at last was slain with his Son a famous and valiant young Man The residue of his Army was saved by Cnaeus Cassius his Questor who with great resolution and courage so repair'd the calamity that repassing the Euphrates he overcame the Persians in many Battels Now that lamentable and horrible civil War came on which besides the calamities that happen'd in Battel changed the condition of the Roman Name For Caesar returning Conquerour from Gaul required another Consulship and it being without dispute carried on his side he was oppos'd by Marcellus the Consul Bibulus Pompey and Cato and commanded having dismissed his Army to return to Rome for which Affront from Ariminum where he mustered his Soldiers he march'd against his native Country The Consul with Pompey the whole Senate and all the Nobility fled out of the City into Greece Pompey being General rais'd War against Caesar in Epirus Macedonia and Achaia Caesar having entered the City forsaken made himself Dictator Thence marching into Spain he routed Pompey's brave and stout Armies under the three Generals L. Afranius M. Petreius and M. Varro Then returning he marched into Greece where fighting against Pompey he was in the first Battel overthrown and put to flight but the Night drawing on he escaped and upon Pompey 's not pursuing him he said Pompey knew not how to conquer he being only that Day in his Power to have been overcome Afterwards they fought in Thessaly at Palaeopharsalus with great Armies on both sides Pompey's Army consisted of forty thousand Foot and seven thousand Horse in the left Wing with five hundred in the right besides the Auxiliary Forces of all the East all the Nobility with a great number of Senators Praetors and such as had been Consuls and the Conquerors of ny Nations Caesar's Army amounted to thirty thousand Foot with a thousand Horse The Roman Forces were never greater at one time nor never commanded by more valiant Generals they might have overcome the whole World if they had fought against their Enemies But after a sharp fight Pompey being overcome and his Camp plunder'd fled to Alexandria that he might receive aids from the King of Aegypt whose Guardian he had been by order of Senate in his minority but he following Pompeys fortune more than true friendship slew him and sent his Head and Ring to Caesar which he looking on is reported to have wept beholding the Head of so worthy a Man and once his Son-in-law Afterwards Caesar coming to Alexandria Ptolemy had Designs upon his life for which reason Caesar made War with him and he being overcome was drowned in the Nile but his body was afterwards found covered with a Gold Coat of Mail. Caesar having won Alexandria gave that Kingdom to Cleopatra Ptolemy's Sister with whom he had been dishonourably acquainted Caesar returning from thence overcame in a Battel Pharnaces great Mithridates's Son who aided Pompey in Thessaly and also rebelling in Pontus had seiz'd upon many of the Roman Cities upon which misfortune he kill'd himself Then Caesar upon his return to Rome made himself the third time Consul with M. Aemilius Lepidus who was the year before in his Dictatorship General of the Horse From thence he went into Africa to the War which very many of the Nobility with Juba King of Mauritania had raised against him The Roman Generals were P. Cornelius Scipio of the ancient Family of Scipio Africanus he was Father-in-law to Pompey the Great M. Petreius Q. Varius and M. Porcius Cato L. Cornelius Faustus the Son of Sylla the Dictator and Pompey's Son-in-law Caesar in a pitch'd Battel after many Skirmishes overcame them Cato Scipio Petreius and Juba slew themselves but Faustus was put to death After a year Caesar coming back to Rome made himself Consul the fourth time but soon went into Spain where Cnaeus and Sextus Pompey's Sons had levy'd a great War they fought many Battels the last was at the City Munda in which Caesar was so near overcome that seeing his Soldiers sly he would have slain himself lest after so great Military Glory and fifty six years old he should fall into the power of these young Men at last having rallied his Forces he overcame them and slew Pompey's eldest Son and put to flight the younger Now Caesar having ended the Civil Wars through all the World returned to Rome and began to govern too insolently and against the customs of the Roman Liberties He would bestow Honours at his own pleasure which were before given by the people neither would he rise up to the Senate coming to salute him he performed other things after a regal tyrannick manner Whereupon above sixty Senators and Roman Knights conspired against him The chief of the Conspirators were the two Bruti of Brutus's Family who was the first that was made a Roman Consul and had expell'd the Kings with Cnaeus Cassius and Servilius Casca who stab'd Caesar on a certain day with twenty three Wounds when he came to the Senate The Seventh Book OF EVTROPIVS The Reign of Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero Galba Otho Vitellius Vespasian Titus Domitian From A. V. 710. to V. C. 850. By Mr. Thomas Cornwallis CAESAR being kill'd about the seven hundred and ninth year of the City the Civil Wars were renewed The Senate favouring the murtherers of Caesar Antony the Consul one of Caesars party endeavoured to overthrow them in a Civil War Having therefore disturbed the Commonwealth and done many ill things he was judged an enemy by the Senate The two Consuls Pansa and Hirtius were sent to pursue him with Octavianus Caesar's Nephew a young man eighteen years old whom he made his Heir and commanded to bear his name This is he who afterwards was call'd Augustus and obtained the Empire Wherefore these three Generals marching against Antony overcame him but it happened out that
when he marched out armed a Crow sat upon his right Arm and a little while after when they were fighting the same Crow struck at the eyes of the Gaul with his Wings and Claws that he could not see before him wherefore the Gaul being slain Valerius the Tribune gained not onely the Victory but also a Name For afterwards he was called Corvinus for this Deed and made Consul in the three and twentieth year of his Age. The Latins who would not send the Romans Soldiers began to exact this of them that one of the Consuls should be chosen out of their People and the other from the Romans which being denied they took up Arms against them but being overcome with a great slaughter the Romans triumphed and for this brave Action the Statues of the Consuls were placed upon the Pulpit from whence they spoke their Orations Now the Romans begun to grow powerful for they made War with the Samnites living about a hundred and thirty miles from the City who were situate between Picenum Campania and Apulia L. Papirius Cursor commanded in this War with the honour of Dictator Who going to Rome charged Q. Fabius Maximus General of the Horse to whom he committed the care of the Army not to fight in his absence But he having found an opportunity fought very successfully and routed the Samnites For which thing the Dictator commanded him to be beheaded because he had fought against his Command yet he was freed by the great favour of the Soldiers and the People and there arose so great a mutiny against Papirius that he had like to have been killed amongst them Afterwards in the Consulship of Titus Veturius and Spurius Posthumius the Romans very dishonourably were overcome by the Samnites and made Slaves by them But the Senate and the People broke the Peace which had been made through meer necessity Afterwards L. Papirius the Consul overcame the Samnites and making seven thousand of them Slaves triumphed for the Victory obtained against them At the same time Appius Claudius Censor brought into the City Rome the Water called from his name Claudia and paved the Appian way The Samnites having renewed the War overcame Q. Fabius Maximus and slew three thousand of his Men. Afterwards having his Father Fabius Maximus for his Lieutenant he subdued the Samnites and took most of their Towns Then P. Cornelius Rufinus and Manius Curius Dentatus being Consuls were both sent against the Samnites and overcame them in several great Battels Then they finished the War which the Romans had waged with the Samnites for nine and forty years Neither was there now any Enemy in Italy who would make trial of Roman Valour A few years after some Forces of the Gauls joined themselves with the Tusci and the Samnites but as they marched to Rome Cn. Cornelius Dolabella defeated them At the same time the Romans proclaimed War against the Tarentini who lived in the farthermost part of Italy because they had affronted their Embassadors they desired Pyrrhus the King of Epirus who was descended from Achilles to help them against the Romans who came soon after into Italy This was the first time the Romans fought with a forein Enemy P. Valerius Laevinus the Consul was sent to fight them who having taken Pyrrhus's Spies commands them to be led about his Camp to view his Army and then be sent back to tell Pyrrhus how the Romans managed their Actions Upon the joyning of the Battel Pyrrhus fled yet he overcame the Romans by the help of his Elephants which they feared having never seen them before But the Night putting an end to the fight Laevinus fled Pyrrhus took eighteen hundred Romans whom he used very honourably and also buried their dead whom when he saw lying upon the ground with their wounds in their Breast and Face and with a stern countenance he is reported to have held up his hands to Heaven uttering these words That he might have conquered the whole World if it had been his fortune to have had such valiant Soldiers Afterwards Pyrrhus having joyned the Samnites the Lucani and the Brutii to his Army marched to Rome wasting all places with fire and sword he destroyed Campania and came to the City Praeneste eighteen miles from Rome A little while after he retreated into Campania being affraid of the Army which followed him under the command of a Consul The Romans sent Embassadors to Pyrrhus to desire him to restore them their Captives whom he received very honourably and sent back their Captives without ransom He very much admired one of the Roman Embassadours Fabricius by name and when he knew him to be poor he would have enticed him to leave the Romans and come over to him promising the fourth part of his Kingdom Fabricius despised it Wherefore Pyrrhus esteeming the Romans at a high rate sent an Embassadour a great Man by name Cineas to make Peace with them on equal terms which were that he might reserve that part of Italy which he had Conquer'd The Romans liked not the Propositions Therefore the Senate sent word to Pyrrhus that he could have no peace with the Romans if he stayed in Italy Then the Romans commanded all those Captives which Pyrrhus had restored to be esteemed infamous who should have defended themselves with their Arms neither should they regain their former credit till they had brought back the spoils of their Enemies Pyrrhus his Embassadour returned with this answer whom when Pyrrhus asked what sort of place he found Rome he reply'd That he had seen a Country of Kings that they were all as brave Men there as he was counted in Epirus and Greece P. Sulpicius and Decius Mus the Consuls are sent Generals against him Upon the joining of the Battel Pyrrhus was wounded and his Elephants slain he lost in the Fight twenty thousand the Romans onely five thousand Pyrrhus fled to Tarentum the second year after Fabricius was sent to fight him whom before he could not bribe being one of the Embassadours having promised him the fourth part of his Kingdom Then his Camp and the King 's being nigh one another Pyrrhus his Physician came to him by Night promising to poyson the King if he would reward him for it whom he commanded to be carried bound to Pyrrhus and to be told that he had undertaken to kill him The King admiring at him is reported to have said This is that Fabricius whom 't is harder to disuade from honesty than to alter the Sun's course Then the King went into Sicily Fabricius having defeated the Samnites and the Lucani triumphed Then Manius Curius Dentatus and Cornelius Lentulus were sent against Pyrrhus Curius fought him and cut off his Army and having driven him to Tarentum took his Camp in the same day with the loss of three and twenty thousand of the Enemy Curius Dentatus triumphed in his Consulship he was the first Man that brought Elephants to Rome being four in number A little while after Pyrrhus
he suffer'd the Gauls and Pannonians to have Vineyards and his Soldiers having planted Vines on the Mountain Almus near Sirmium and on the Mountain Aureus in the upper Maesia he charg'd the Inhabitants to look after them he when he had waged a great many Wars having obtain'd peace said that within a little time there would be no need of Soldiers he was a valiant and just man equalling Aurelian in Military glory but excelling him in civility and was kill'd in the Iron Tower at Sirmium in a Mutiny of his Soldiers having reign'd six months and four days After him Carus being Emperor born at Narbona in Gaul made Carinus and Numerianus his Sons his Caesars with whom he rul'd two years but whilst he waged War with the Sarmatians having heard of the Insurrection in Persia marching to the East he performed noble actions against them and overthrew them in a Battel he took Seleucia and Ctesiphon very eminent Cities and when he had pitch'd his Camp by the Tigris was kill'd by a Thunder-bolt Numerianus his Son whom he had brought along with him into Persia a young man of very great hopes being carried by reason of a pain in his eyes in his Litter was treacherously kill'd through the incitement of Aper his Father-in-law and when he had cunningly hid him till he could get the Empire for himself his murder was found out by the stench of his body the Soldiers of his Guard being disturb'd with the smell having taken off the cloaths of the Bed after a few days discover'd his death In the mean time Carinus whom Carus when he made his expedition against the Parthians had left in Illyricum Gaul and Italy defil'd himself in all manner of Vice he put many to death with the accusation of forg'd crimes he abus'd many Noblewomen and was also mischievous to his fellow Students who had been somewhat smart upon him in their Schools for which being hated by all men he a little after was punish'd The Army returning home after the conquest of Persia when Carus and Numerianus their Emperors were killed one by a Thunder-bolt the other by treachery made Dioclesian Emperor born in Dalmatia of obscure Parents being generally reported to be the Son of a Scrivener but by some the Son of a Freeman to Anulinus a Senator he in the first Assembly of the Soldiers swore that he had no hand in killing Numerianus and when Aper who murder'd Numerianus stood next to him he run him through with his own hand in the sight of all the Army afterward he overcame Carinus in a great Battel at Murgum who liv'd hated and detested of all men he was deliver'd up by his own Army being stronger than the Enemy and deserted between the Mountain Viminatius and Aureus Thus Dioclesian obtain'd the Roman Empire and the Country people in Gaul making an Insurrection and calling their Rebellion by the name of the Bagaude under their Captains Amandus and Aelianus he sent Maximianus Herculius his Caesar to suppress them who in small Skirmishes overcame them and settled that part of Gaul Then also Carausius who born of a very mean Family had got great honor by his good service in the War when at Dononia all along the Coast of Belgick Gaul and Armorica he had undertook to secure the Seas which the Franks and the Saxons infested having often taken many Barbarians and not restoring the entire spoil neither to the Inhabitants of the Province nor presenting it to the Emperors when there began to be a suspicion that he had let in the Barbarians on purpose that he might meet them in their passage and so enrich himself with the spoils being commanded by Maximianus to be kill'd made himself Emperor and seiz'd upon on Britanny So when all over the world things were in confusion Carausius rebell'd in Britanny Achilleus in Aegypt the Quinquegentiani molested Africa Narseus made War in the East Diocletian advanc'd Maximianus Herculius from Caesar to Augustus and made Constantius and Maximianus Caesars of whom Constantius was Claudius's Grand-Son by his Daughter Maximianus Galerius was born in Dacia not far from Sardica and that he might also ally them by affinity Constantius married Theodora the Daughter-in-law of Herculius of whom he had six Children the Brothers of Constantine Galerius married Valeria the Daughter of Dioclesian both of them being forc'd to divorce their former Wives At last he made peace with Carausius when he had endeavoured a War in vain against him being very skilful in Military Discipline Allectus his Colleague kill'd him seven years after and kept Britanny three years after his death who also was kill'd by Asclepiodotus Captain of the Guards so Britanny in the tenth year was reduced to the the Roman Power About the same time a Battel was fought by Constantius in Gaul near the Lingones in one day he had experience of good and bad fortune for on a suddain the Barbarians rushing upon him he was forc'd to retreat into the City they were in such disorder that having shut up the Gates they drew him up the Walls by Ropes Within less than five hours after a fresh Army coming up he destroy'd almost sixty thousand Almans also Maximianus the Emperor finish'd the War in Africa having overcome the Quinquegentiani and forc'd them to make a Peace Dioclesian within the space of eight months overcame Achilleus besieg'd in Alexandria and kill'd him he exercis'd his Victory with cruelty and defil'd all Aegypt with severe proscriptions and slaughters but on that occasion he manag'd and did many things wisely which remain to this time Galerius Maximianus fought between Callinicum and Carrae at first unhappily but at last successfully yet rather through indiscretion than cowardise joyning Battel with a very few men against a very powerful Enemy wherefore being beat he went to Dioclesian who meeting him in the way was reported to have received him with such great pride that Galerius ran by his Litter some miles together afterwards having raised Forces in Illyricum and Maesia he fought again very successfully with equal conduct and valour in Armenia the Great against Narseus the Grand-father of Ormisda and Sapores having been himself a Scout with one or two Horsemen Narseus being overthrown he plunder'd his Camp took his Wives Sisters and Children a great many Persian Noblemen with a very rich Treasure and forc'd him to fly to the farthermost recesses of the Kingdom Wherefore upon his return this Conqueror was received with great honor by Dioclesian staying in Mesopotamia with a reserve Then they wag'd War sometimes together sometimes separate having overcome the Carpi the Basternae and the Sarmatians They plac'd a great many Captives of these Nations upon the Roman Frontiers Dioclesian was cunning witty and subtil so managing himself in his severity that other men might bear the hatred Nevertheless he was a very careful and prudent Prince and was the first that rather observ'd the form of Regal Customs than of Roman Liberty and when before his
of the Horse The first Sedition of the Roman People was in the sixteenth year after the expulsion under pretence that the Commons were oppressed by the Senate and the Consuls Then the Tribunes of the people were made as their proper Judges and Defenders by whom the people might be defended from the Senate and Consuls The next year the Volsci renew'd the War against the Romans and were overcome losing their chief City Corioli In the eighteenth year Quintius Marcius a Roman General who took the City Corioli from the Volsci was banished being angry he goes to the same Volsci and having an Army committed to him against the Romans evercame them in many Battels until he came within five miles of Rome designing to ruin his Native Country having sent back those Embassadors who desired peace had not his Mother Veturia and Wife Volumnia come to him from Rome But he being overcome by their Tears and Entreaties he drew off his Army And was the second who led an Army against his own Country after King Tarquin Coeso Fabius and Titus Virginius being Consuls three hundred Noble Men who were of the Fabian Family undertook the War against the Vejentes without aid promising the Senate and the People that they would by themselves maintain it Accordingly all of them marched out of Rome and every one of them was slain each of them deserving to have been a General One only survived of this great Family who being too young was left at home Soon after a new Register is made at Rome and the number of the Roman Citizens was found to be a hundred and nineteen thousand The year following when the Roman Army was blocked up in the Mount Algidus almost twelve miles from Rome Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus was made Dictator who managing a Farm of four Acres tilled it with his own hands He when he was found Plowing having wiped off the sweat from his Face put on his Robe and relieved the Army having overthrown his Enemies Three hundred and one year from the building of the City the Consular Power which was Supreme ended and ten Men were elected instead of two Consuls called the Decemviri but when they had passed over the first year well in the second year Appius Claudius one of the Decemviri would have defloured a certain young Maid the Daughter of one Virginius who at that time was in service against the Latins whom her Father killed lest she should be dishonour'd by him and returning to the Army raised a Mutiny The Power of the Decemviri was taken away and they condemned In the three hundred and fifteenth year from the building of the City the Fidenates rebelled against the Romans the Vejentes with their King Tolumnius aided them both of which Cities were so near Rome that Fidena was but seven and Veii eighteen miles off and also the Volsci joyned themselves to these But they were conquered by Aemilius the Dictator and Lucius Quintius Cincinnatus General of the Horse King Tolumnius being slain the City Fidena was taken and razed Twenty years after the Vejentes revolted and Furius Camillus the Dictator was sent against them whom he overcame first of all in a pitch'd Battel and took Veii one of the most ancient and the wealthiest Cities of Italy after a long Siege Then he took the noble City of the Falisci But he was maliciously accused as if he had not rightly divided the prey for which reason he was condemned and banish'd Not long after the Galli Senones came to Rome in pursuit of the Romans overcome at the River Allia twelve miles from Rome and took it nor could the Romans defend any thing but the Capitol which when the Gauls had besieged a long while and the Romans very much wanting provision Camillus who pass'd his banishment in a neighbouring City came upon them on a sudden and overthrew them Afterwards they departed having received a Sum of Gold to raise their Siege before the Capitol But Camillus chasing them so overcame them that he recovered the Gold which was given them and all the Military Ensigns which they had taken So the third time he entred Rome in triumph and was stil'd the Second Romulus as if he also had been the founder of his Country The Second Book OF EVTROPIVS The Wars with the Latins Sabins Samnites the Tarentine War with King Pyrrhus and the first War with the Carthaginians with other contemporary Actions of the Romans From V. C. 365. to 512. By Mr. Christopher Lowther IN the three hundred sixty fifth year after the building of the City and the first after it was taken by the Gauls they changed their Officers and instead of two Consuls set up Military Tribunes with a Consular Power From this time the Roman Empire began to enlarge its Dominions for Camillus in the same year took the City of the Volsci which had waged War against the Romans for Seventy years and the City of the Aequi and the Sutrini and having slain their Armies seized all their Cities for which actions he triumphed thrice Also Titus Quintius Cincinnatus pursuing the Praenestini who had come armed even unto the Gates of Rome defeated them at the River Allia and added their Cities to the Roman Empire and having besieged the City Praeneste made it surrender he performed all these actions in twenty days for which they decreed him a Triumph The Authority of the Military Tribunes lasted not long being soon dissolved For four years they were the Supream Officers in Rome then the Military Tribunes resumed again their Dignity with a Consular Power and kept it for three years but afterwards the Consuls were restored In the Consulship of Lucius Genucius and Quintus Servilius Camillus died whom the Romans honour'd above all their famous men next to Romulus Titus Quintius the Dictator was sent against the Gauls who had lately invaded Italy They had pitched their Camps four miles from the City Rome on the other side of the River Anio Titus Manlius a most noble Senator fighting with a Gaul who challenged him slew him in single Combat and having taken off the golden Chain that was about his neck put it upon his own which procured a perpetual honour to his Family that they should be called Torquati the Gauls were put to flight and a little while after Caius Sulpicius the Dictator routed them Not long after Caius Marcius overcame the Tusci and seven thousand of them were led in Triumph The second time the People were taxed and muster'd and when the Latins whom the Romans had subdued would not send them Soldiers they from themselves listed their young Soldiers and made ten Legions which amounts to sixty thousand armed Men or more Yet in these small Affairs the Romans discover'd great valour in their Wars for when they marched against the Gauls under their General Lucius Furius Camillus one of the Gauls challenged the valiantest Man of the Romans to fight with him Then Marcus Valerius a Tribune profer'd himself and
the Africans had a Fleet of four hundred against him Luctatius Catulus went sick a Shipboard for he had been wounded in the former Battel The Romans fought very valiantly over against Lilybaeum a City of Sicily they took seventy three Carthaginian Ships and sunk an hundred and twenty five they took thirty two thousand Prisoners having slain thirteen thousand with a great quantity of Gold and Silver Of the Roman Fleet there were but twelve Ships sunk This fight was on the sixth of the Ides of March The Carthaginians soon after desired to make Peace with the Romans which they granted them They restored the Romans their Captives and the Carthaginians having desired their own Captives might be ransomed the Senate commanded those who were in publick Prisons to be sent to them gratis expecting a Ransom onely for them in the possession of private men and upon their return to Carthage it should rather be paid out of the Treasury than by the Carthaginians Quintus Luctatius and Aulus Manlius being Consuls made War with the Falisci whose City heretofore abounded with Riches which War they finished within six days having slain fifteen thousand of the Enemy and granted Peace to the rest taking away half of their Land The Third Book OF EVTROPIVS The War with the Ligurians Sardinians Illyrians and the Cisalpine Gauls the second War with the Carthaginians with other passages From V. C. 512. to 551. By Mr. William Williams THE first Punick War being ended which continued for twenty two years the Romans being grown famous sent Embassadours to Ptolomy the Aegyptian King promising him aid because Antiochus the King of Syria had made War upon him He returned thanks to the Romans but accepted not their help for now the Battel was over At the same time Hiero the most powerful King of Sicily came to Rome to behold the Plays and gave two hundred thousand bushels of Wheat as a gift to the People In the Consulship of Lucius Cornelius Lentulus and Fulvius Flaccus at which time Hiero came to Rome the War also was carried on against the Ligurians in Italy and in conquering them the Romans triumphed The Carthaginians attempted now to renew the War inciting the Sardinians to rebel who ought to have been subject to the Romans according to their former Articles Yet Embassadours from the Carthaginians coming to Rome obtained Peace In the Consulship of Titus Manlius Torquatus and Caius Attilius Balbus the Roman people triumph'd over the Sardinians there being no Wars in any place the Romans enjoy'd peace which onely hapned when Numa Pompilius reigned from the building of Rome Lucius Posthumius Albinus and Cnaeus Fulvius Centumalus being Consuls waged War against the Illyrians and having taken many Cities the Kings of that Country submitted themselves and then the Romans triumphed first over the Illyrians In the Consulship of Lucius Aemilius great Armies of the Gauls passed over the Alps but all Italy assisted the Romans and 't is written by Fabius the Historian who was then a Soldier that eight hundred thousand Men were in readiness for that War but Affairs were manag'd so prosperously by the Consuls that forty thousand of the Enemies were slain and a Triumph Decreed for Aemilius Not many years after the Romans fought against the Gauls in Italy the War was ended in the Consulship of M. Claudius Marcellus and Cnaeus Cornelius Scipio Then Marcellus fighting with a small body of Horse slew with his own hand the King of the Gauls who was called Viridomarus After that with his Collegue he destroyed the great Forces of the Gauls and took Mediolanum and brought great Spoil to Rome and Marcellus triumphing carried the spoils of a certain Gaul on a Truncheon upon his shoulder In the Consulship of M. Minutius and P. Cornelius War was made with the Istri because they had robbed the Roman Ships which carried provision and they were all overcome The same year the Carthaginians began the second Punick War by Hannibal their General who besieged Saguntum a City of Spain in League with the Romans being in the twentieth year of his age his Army consisting of a hundred and fifty thousand Foot and twenty thousand Horse The Romans sent to Hannibal to keep the peace but he would not see the Embassadours Then sending also to Carthage that they should command Hannibal not to wage War against the Allies of the Roman people they received no civil answer In the mean while the Saguntines were overcome through Famine and being taken by Hannibal were put cruelly to the Sword Then Publius Cornelius Scipio having march'd with an Army into Spain and Tiberius Sempronius into Sicily War was proclaimed against the Carthaginians Hannibal having left his Brother Asdrubal in Spain passed over the Pyrenaean Mountains and made his way through the Alps hitherto unpassable in that part Hannibal is reported to have brought along with him eighty thousand Foot and twenty thousand Horse and seven and thirty Elephants In the mean while many Ligurians and Gauls listed themselves under Hannibal Sempronius Gracchus having notice of Hannibal's coming ship'd his Army out of Sicily to Ariminum Publius Cornelius Scipio first fought Hannibal the Battel being joyn'd his Soldiers fled and Scipio returned wounded into his Camp Sempronius Gracchus and Hannibal fought at the River Trebia He also was overcome Many in Ital submitted themselves to Hannibal he coming from thence into Tuscia fought Flaminius and slew him with five and twenty thousand Romans the rest being put to flight After that Quintus Fabius Maximus was sent against him He by not fighting stop'd the career of the Conqueror and after having found an opportunity overcame him In the five hundred and fortieth year from the building of the City Lucius Aemilius and P. Terentius Varro are sent against Hannibal succeeding Fabius in that War who admonish'd both the Consuls that they could overcome the eager and impatient Hannibal no otherwise than by deferring the Battel But through the rashness of Varro the other Consul contradicting him they fought at a Village in Apulia called Cannae both the Consuls were overcome by Hannibal In that Battel three thousand Africans were slain and a great part of Hannibal's Army wounded the Romans never suffer'd more in any Punick War for in this Fight Aemilius Paulus the Consul was slain and twenty that had been Consuls or Praetors thirty Senators were taken or kill'd three hundred Noble Men forty thousand Soldiers three thousand and five hundred Horse In which misfortunes the Romans disdain'd to mention Peace They listed their Servants having made them free a thing never done before After that Battel many Italian Cities which obeyed the Romans yielded themselves to Hannibal Who profering the Romans to redeem their Captives it was answered by the Senate that they wanted no such Citizens who when they were armed could not defend themselves After that he put them all to death with divers Torments and sent three bushels of golden Rings to Carthage which he pulled from the
return'd to Rome with great pomp in Perseus's Ship reported to have been of an unusual bigness with sixteen ranks of Oars and triumphed most magnificiently in his golden Chariot with his two Sons standing on each side of him and Perseus in the forty fifth year of his age with his two Sons going before him Caius Anicius also triumphed over the Illyrians and Gentius is led before his Chariot with his Brother and Children The Kings of many Nations came to Rome to this great Sight Amongst the rest Attalus and Eumenes Kings in Asia with Prusias King of Bithynia were entertained with much honour and they laid up the Presents which they brought in the Capitol with the consent of the Senate Also Prusias recommended his Son Nicomedes to them The following year Lucius Memmius fought successfully in Spain and afterwards Marcellus the Consul fortunately managed his Affairs there Then the third Carthaginian War begun in the six hundredth year from the building of the City in the Consulship of Lucius Manlius Censorinus and Marcus Manilius fifty one years after the second Punick War These carried the War to Carthage against whom Asdrubal fought as General and Famea commanded the Horse then Scipio the Nephew of Scipio Africanus was a Tribune of the Soldiers him all the Romans feared and respected for he was esteemed very serviceable both in their Battels and at their Councils therefore many things were managed fortunately through him by these Consuls neither did Asdrubal or Famea shun any thing more than to fight against that Squadron of the Romans where Scipio fought About the same time Masinissa the King of Numidia who for sixty years was in League with the Romans in the ninety seventh year of his age died leaving fortry four Sons behind him and ordered Scipio to divide his Empire amongst them Now Scipio being grown famous though but a young Man was made Consul and sent against Carthage he took it and sack'd it and finding there the Spoils which Carthage had gathered together from the destruction of many Cities he restor'd back upon proof to several Cities of Sicily Italy and Africa their Ornaments Thus Carthage was destroyed about seven hundred years after it was built and Scipio by his merit obtained the Name which his Grandfather had being stil'd for his Valour AFRICANVS the YOVNGER In the mean time one called Pseudophilippus took up Arms in Macedonia and utterly defeated Publius Juvencius the Roman Praetor sent against him After him Quintus Caecilius Metellus was sent thither by the Romans and twenty thousand of the Enemy being slain he recovered Macedonia and reduced Pseudophilippus under his Power War was also proclaimed against the Corinthians the Inhabitants of a most famous City in Greece for an affront done to the Roman Embassadours This City Mummius the Consul took and destroy'd then there were three noble Triumphs at Rome at the same time of Africanus out of Africa before whose Chariot Asdrubal was led of Metellus from Macedonia before whom Andriscus went otherwise called Pseudophilippus of Mummius from Corinth before him were carry'd brazen Statues Pictures and other Ornaments of that famous City One Pseudoperseus also rebelled in Macedonia having gathered together several Slaves pretending himself to be Perseus's Son but was overcome with seventeen thousand of his Men by Tremellius the Quaestor At this time an Hermaphrodite being seen at Rome was drowned in the Sea by the appointment of the Southsayers At the same time Metellus perform'd noble Acts in Celtiberia amongst the Spaniards Quintus Pompeius succeeded him a little after Quintus Caepio was sent Commander to the same War which indeed Viriatus waged against the Romans in Lusitania upon which through fear Viriatus was slain by his Soldiers after having made the Spaniards rebel against the Romans for fourteen years He was a Shepherd at first afterwards chief amongst the Thieves at last he stir'd up so many people to this War that he was thought the assertor of the Spaniards liberty against the Romans and when his Murtherers sought their rewards from Caepio the Consul he answered 't was never acceptable to the Romans to have a General murther'd by his own Men. Then Quintius Pompeius the Consul being overcome by the people of Numantia a rich City of Spain made a dishonourable Peace After him Caius Hostilius Mancinus made another League with the Numantians which the Senate and People commanded to be broken and Mancinus the Author of it to be given up to his Enemies that they might revenge the injury of this Rupture upon the cause of it wherefore after so great an ignominy the Roman Army being twice overcome by the Numantians Publius Scipio Africanus was made Consul the second time and sent to Numantia he first corrected the vicious Soldiers without any cruelty more by labour than punishment Then he took many Cities in Spain partly by force and partly by surrendry after a long Siege he took the City Numantia by Famine and ras'd it taking the rest of the Province into his protection About that time Attalus a King in Asia the less the Brother of Eumenes died and by making the Roman people his Heir added Asia to their Empire by his Will A little after Decimus Junius Brutus triumphed with great glory for his Victory over the Callaeci and the Lusitan and Publius Scipio Africanus triumphed the second time over the Numantians the fourteenth year after his first Triumph in Africa In the mean time War was rais'd in Asia by Aristonicus the Son of Eumenes whom he had by an Harlot this Eumenes was the Brother of King Attalus Publius Licinius Crassus was sent against him with the assistance of many Kings For Nicomedes King of Bithynia help'd the Romans and Mithridates King of Pontus with whom afterwards the Romans had a severe War and Ariarathes King of Cappadocia Pylaemenes King of Paphlagonia yet Crassus was overcome and slain in Battel his head brought to Aristonicus and his body buried at Smyrna Afterwards Perpenna the Roman Consul who succeeded Crassus hearing of the event of the War hastened into Asia and having overcome Aristonicus in Battel compelled him through want of Provision to a surrendry at the City Stratonice whither he had fled Aristonicus was strangled in Prison at Rome by the command of the Senate but Perpenna could not enjoy his triumph dying in his return home at Pergamum In the Consulship of Lucius Caecilius Metellus and Titus Quintius Flaminius Carthage in Africa by the command of the Senate was rebuilt as it is in my time two and twenty years after Scipio destroy'd it the Romans planting a Colony there In the six hundred twenty seventh year from the building of the City Caius Cassius Longinus and Sextus Domitius Calvinus being Consuls waged War with the Gauls on the other side of the Alps and the Arverni with Bituitus their King killing a great multitude of them at the River Rhodanus the spoil was great from the very Chains taken from them Bituitus surrender'd himself
from Athens and took the City afterwards a Battel being fought with Archelaus he so overthrew him that out of his hundred and twenty thousand there scarce remain'd ten and of Sylla's Army onely fourteen were slain Mithridates upon the news of this Battel recruited Archelaus with eighty thousand chosen Men out of Asia with whom Sylla fought again In the first Battel twenty thousand of the Enemy were slain with Diogenes the Son of Archelaus In the second all the Forces of Mithridates were cut off Archelaus himself three days lying hid in the Marshes Mithridates upon hearing of this began to treat with Sylla At that time also Sylla overcame the greatest part of the Dardani Scordisci Dalmatians and Moesians and received the rest into his protection When Embassadours came from King Mithridates desiring a Peace Sylla answered that he would not grant it unless the King deserting those places which he was possessed of returned into his own Kingdom Yet afterwards in a personal Treaty Peace was made between them That Sylla hasting to the civil War might be in no danger in his absence For whilst Sylla overcame Mithridates in Achaia and Asia Marius who was fled and Cornelius Cinna one of the Consuls renewed the War in Italy and having entred the City Rome slew the most Noble and consular Men of the Senate and proscribed many having pulled down the House of Sylla they compelled his Sons and Wife to secure themselves by flight every one of the Senate that remain'd flying out of the City came to Sylla in Greece intreating him that he would succour his native Country He passed over into Italy to fight against Norbanus and Scipio the Consuls he fought the first Battel against Norbanus not far from Capua where he slew seven thousand of the Enemy and took six thousand with the loss of one hundred twenty four of his own Then he marched against Scipio but before the Battel Scipio surrendred his Army without bloodshed But upon the new Election of Consuls at Rome Marius the Son of Marius and Papirius Carbo being chose Sylla fought Marius the younger and fifteen thousand of the Enemy being slain lost four hundred Men. Afterwards entring the City and pursuing Marius the younger to Praeneste he besieged him there and forced him to kill himself Then he had a fierce Battel with Lamponius and Carinates Captains of Marius's Party at the Gate Collina Eighty thousand Men were reported to have been in the Army against Sylla twelve thousand yielded themselves the rest were either slain in Battel in the Camp or in flight so unsatiable was the revenge of the Conquerors Cnaeus Carbo the other Consul fled from Ariminum into Sicily and there was slain by Cnaeus Pompeius whom but a young Man twenty one years of age Sylla upon the observation of his industry had made Commander of his Armies with the esteem of being next to himself Upon the death of Carbo Pompey recovered Sicily and passing into Africa slew Domitius one of Marius's Faction and Hiarbas King of Mauritania who aided Domitius After these things Sylla triumphed for conquering Mithridates with great Glory And Cnaeus Pompeius in the twenty fourth year of his age which never had been granted to any of the Romans triumphed for his Victory in Africa Thus these two cruel Wars ended the Italian which is called the Social and the Civil War both which carried on for the space of ten years destroyed above a hundred and fifty thousand twenty four Consular Men eight Praetors sixty Aediles and almost three hundred Senators The Sixth Book OF EVTROPIVS The Wars with Sertorius with the Gladiators and the Pirats the end of the Mithridatic The conquest of Crete and of Tigranes King of Armenia The Catilinarian Conspiracy the death of Crassus in Parthia the Wars in Gaul by Julius Caesar with the civil War between him and Pompey From V. C. 675 to 710. By Mr. Leonard Powel IN the Consulship of Marcus Aemilius and Quintus Catulus when Sylla had setled the Commonwealth new Wars arose one in Spain another in Pamphylia and Cilicia the third in Macedonia the fourth in Dalmatia For Sertorius who was of Marius's Party against Sylla fearing the fate of those who were slain stirr'd up the Spaniards to the War Quintus Caecilius Metellus his Son who overcame King Jugurtha and Lucius Domitius the Praetor were sent Generals against him Domitius was slain by Hirtulejus one of Sertorius's Captains But Metellus fought Sertorius with various success Afterwards when he was thought unfit by himself to manage the War Cnaeus Pompeius was sent into Spain Sertorius fought with variety of fortune against these two Generals till at last killed in the eighth year of the War by his own Soldiers Thus the War was ended by Cnaeus Pompeius a young Man and Quintus Metellus Pius and almost all Spain subdu'd by the Romans Appius Claudius after his Consulship being sent into Macedonia Skirmish'd with several people of the Province Rhodopa and there falling sick died Cnaeus Scribonius after the expiration of his Consulship was sent to succeed him he overcoming the Dardani marched a Conqueror even to the Danube and obtain'd a Triumph having ended the War in three years Publius Servilius a valiant Man was sent Proconsul into Cilicia and Pamphylia After the Conquest of Cilicia he besieged and took the best Cities of Lycia amongst these he took Phaselis Olympus with Corycus of Cilicia then going against the Isauri and they submitting he ended the War in three years The first of all the Romans that marched to the Mountain Taurus returning home he received a Triumph according to his merits and had the name of Isauricus Cnaeus Cosconius being Proconsul was sent into Illyricum he subdued the greatest part of Dalmatia took Salonae and ending the War returned to Rome in three year At the same time Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Catulus's fellow Consul would have raised a civil War but his insurrection was suppress'd in one Summer Then many received their triumphs together Metellus and Pompey from Spain Curio from Macedonia and Servilius from Isauria In the year of the City six hundred seventy six in the Consulship of L. Licinius Lucullus and Marcus Aurelius Cotta Nicomedes King of Bithynia died and made the Romans his Heir Mithridates having broken the Peace would have again invaded Asia and Bithynia Both the Consuls sent against him had various success for Cotta was overcome by Mithridates in a Battel at Chalcedon and being driven into the City was besieged there But when Mithridates marched from thence to Cyzicus that taking it he might invade all Asia Lucullus the other Consul encountred him and whilst Mithridates was busie in the Siege of Cyzicus he blocked him up in the Rear and overcame him in many Battels At last driving him to Byzantium now call'd Constantinople Lucullus also overcame his Captains in a Sea-fight Thus in one Summer and Winter Lucullus destroy'd almost an hundred thousand of Mithridates Soldiers In the year of the City