like hapned in a lake of Thessaly named Sicendus In Italy the hardy shrews are venomous in their biting but passe ouer the Apennine once there are no more such to be found In what country soeuer they be let them go ouer the tract of a cart wheele they die presently In Olympus a mountaine of Macedony there are no wolues ne yet in the Isle of Candy and there verily are to be found no Foxes nor Beares and in one word no hurtfull or noisome beast vnlesse it be a kinde of spider called Phalangium whereof we will speake more in due time and place And that which is more wonderfull in the same Isle there are no stags or hinds saue only in the region and quarter of the Cydoniates no wild bores likewise nor the fowle called the Godwit or Attagene ne yet Vrchins To conclude in Africk ye shall find no wild bores no Stags and Hinds no roe-bucks and Does ne yet Beares CHAP. LIX ¶ What Creatures are hurtfull to strangers NOw some liuing creatures there be that do no harm at all to the inhabitants of the same countries but kill all strangers Namely certain serpents in Tirinthe which are supposed to breed of themselues out of the very earth Semblably in Syria there be snakes and specially along the banks of Euphrates that will not touch the Sirians lying along asleep nay if a man that leans vpon them be stung or bitten by them he shal find no hurt or mischief thereby But to men of all other nations whatsoeuer they are most spightfully bent them they will with great greedinesse eagerly assaile and fly vpon yea and kill them with extreme paine and anguish and therefore it is that the Sirians destroy them not Contrariwise Aristotle reporteth That in Latmos a mountain in Caria the Scorpions will do no harm to strangers marie the inhabitants of the same country they will sting to death Now let vs proceed to other liuing creatures besides those of the land and discourse of their sundry sorts and kinds THE NINTH BOOKE OF THE HISTORIE OF NATVRE WRITTEN BY C. PLINIVS SECVNDVS CHAP. I. ¶ The nature of water Creatures I Haue thus shewed the nature of those beasts that liue vpon the land and therein haue some societie fellowship with men And considering that of all others besides in the world they that flie be the least we will first treat of those fish that keep in the sea not forgetting those also either in running fresh riuers or standing lakes CHAP. II. ¶ What the reason is why the sea should breed the greatest liuing creatures THe waters bring forth more store of liuing creatures and the same greater than the land The cause wherof is euident euen the excessiue abundance of moisture As for the fouls birds who liue hanging as it were houering in the aire their case is otherwise Now in the sea being so wide so large and open readie to receiue from heauen aboue the genitall seeds and causes of generation being so soft and pliable so proper fit to yeeld nourishment and encrease assisted also by Nature which is nouer idle but alwaies framing one new creature or other no maruell it is if there are found so many strange and monstrous things as there be For the seeds and vniuersall elements of the world are so interlaced sundry waies and mingled one within another partly by the blowing of the winds and partly with the rolling and agation of the waues insomuch as it may truly be said according to the vulgar opinion that whatsoeuer is engendred and bred in any part of the world besides is to be found in the sea and many more things in it which no where else are to be seen For there shall ye meet with fishes resembling not onely the forme and shape of land creatures liuing but also the figure and fashion of many things without life there may one see bunches of grapes swords and sawes represented yea and also cowâ—…umbers which for colour smell and taste resembleth those growing vpon the earth And therefore we need the lesse to wonder if in so little shell fishes as are cockles there be somewhat standing out like horse-heads CHAP. III. ¶ Of the monstrous fishes in the Indian sea THe Indian sea breedeth the most and biggest fishes that are among which the Whales and Whirlepooles called Balaenae take vp in length as much as foure acres or arpens of land likewise the Pristes are two hundred cubits long and no maruell since Locusts are there to be found of foure cubits in length and yeeles within the riuer Ganges of thirtie foot in length But these monstrous fishes in the sea are most to be seen about the middest of Summer when the daies be at the longest with vs. For then by the means of whirlewinds storms winds and blustering tempests which come with violence down from the mountains and promontories the seas are troubled from the very bottome and turned vpside downe whereupon the surging billowes thereof raise these monsters out of the deep and roll them vp to be seen For in that manner so great a multitude of Tunnies were discouered and arose that the whole armada of king Alexander the great seeing them comming like to an armie of enemies in order of battell was driuen to range make head against them close vnited together for otherwise if they had sailed scattering asunder there had bin no way to escape but ouerturned they had bin with such a force and sway came these Tunnies in a skull vpon them And verily no voice crie hollaing and houting no nor any blowes and raps affrighted this kind of fish only at some cracke or crashing noise they be terrified and neuer are they troubled and disquieted so much as when they perceiue some huge thing ready to fall vpon them In the red sea there lies a great demie Island named Cadara so farre out into the sea that it maketh a huge gulfe vnder the wind which king Ptolomaeus was 12 daies and 12 nights a rowing through forasmuch as there is no wind at all vses to blow there In this creeke so close and quiet there be fish and Whales grow to that bignes that for their very weight and vnweldines of their bodie they are not able to stirre The Admirals and other captaines of the fleet of the foresaid Alexander the great made report That the Gedrosi a people dwelling vpon the riuer Arbis vse to make of such fishes chawes the dores of their houses also that they lay their bones ouerthwart from one side of the house to another in stead of beames joists and rafters to beare vp their floores and roufes and that some of them were found to be fortie cubits long In those parts there be found in the sea certaine strange beasts like sheep which goe forth to land feed vpon the roots of plants and herbes and then returne againe into the sea Others also which are headed like Horses Asses and Buls and those many
only in this sort who had won the price in the race at those solemn sacred games which were held in Greece and those horse-runners they called Celeres howbeit afterwards the like honor obtained they who had born themselues best at the running of chariots whether they were drawn with 2 horses or four And from hence came the manner with vs of our valiant captains and victorious generalls to haue their statues made riding triumphant in their chariots Howbeit long it was first ere this fashion came to be taken vp and before the daies of Augustus Caesar late Emperour of famous memory there had not been knowne any such images at Rome riding in chariots either drawne with six steeds or Elephants as now there be The manner also of riding in coches with 2 horses about the cirque or shew place which vsually they did who had bin lords Pretors of Rome represented in their pourtraitures is not antient Concerning statues erected vpon columns or pillars they be of greater antiquity as may appeare by that of C. Menius who vanquished the antient Latines that inuaded the territory of Rome vnto which nation the people of Rome was woont by vertue of the league to allow the third part of the bootie and pillage gotten in the wars during the Consulship of which C. Menius vpon the victory atchieued of the Antiats the city of Rome ordained that the beak-heads with their brasen tines which were taken from them in a conflict at sea should be fastened vnto the pulpit of publicke pleas and Orations which thereupon was euer after called Rostra and this fortuned in the 416 yeare after the foundation of Rome The like statue vpon a column was set vp for the honour of C. Duillius who first defeated the Carthaginians by sea and for that nauall victorie entered Rome in triumph the same remaineth at this day to be seen in the Forum or grand place of the city Semblably P. Minutius obtained the same honour who being Purueior generall of corne for the city in time of a dearth behaued himselfe so well in that office that his statue of brasse was erected vpon a piller without the gate of Rome called Trigemina and that by an vniuersall contribution of the people who gaue voluntarily toward the charges therof euery man to the value of an ounce of brasse coine And I wot not whether I may boldly say that he was the first man who receiued that honour at the peoples hands for before-time I am well assured that the Senat only granted such rewards for mens good seruice Certes these were braue and honourable memorials had they not begun vpon occasion of some trifling matters to speake of For such a statue was that of Actius Nauius the Augur or Soothsayer which stood before the entrie of the Curia or Councell-chamber of Rome the base or foot of which pillar was burnt at what time as the said Curia or Senat-house caught a light fire at the funerals of P. Clodius The like image was set vp by authoritie from the State in the publicke place of elections at Rome called Comitium to the honor of Hermodorus the Ephesian who translated out of Greeke into Latine the lawes of the 12 tables which the ten Decemvirs had gathered and set down for the publicke benefit of the city As for the statue of Horatius Cocles which remaineth to this day there was another reason of it and the same of greater credit and importance for that he alone sustaining the charge and brunt of K. Porsenaes army made good the woodden bridge ouer Tybre at Rome and caused the enemies perforce to abandon the place As touching the Statues of the Prophetesses Sibyllae three of them there be neare vnto the Rostra before said but of a lesse making whereat I nothing maruell the one was repaired by Sex Pacuvius Taurus one of the Aediles of the Commons the other two by M. Messala And I assure you I would haue taken these Images and that of Actius Nauius to haue beene the most antique of all others as being set vp in the daies of K. Tarquinius Priscus but that I see the statues of the former kings within the Capitoll CHAP. VI. ¶ Statues without gowne or robe at all Of other Statues Which was the first statue on horse-backe When and whereupon all the Images as well publicke as priuat were demolished and put downe What women they were at Rome who were honoured with brasen statues and which were the first statues erected publiquely at Rome by strangers AMong the said Statues of Roman kings that of Romulus is without any coat or cassocke at all like as that also of Camillus which standeth at the pulpit Rostra As for the Image of Q. Martius Tremellius which was erected before the temple of Castor and Pollux the same was in a gowne and sitting vpon horse-backe this noble knight had vanquished the Samnites twice and by the winning of Anagnia a city not far from Rome procured thereby an easment vnto the people from paying tribute vnto the state for the maintenance of the wars In the ranke of the most antique monuments of Rome I may range the statues of Tullius Cloelius L. Roscius Sp. Nautius and C. Fulcinius which stand about the Pulpit Rostra and these were the foure Roman Embassadors who against all law of Nations were during their embassage murdered by the Fidenatians For this was an ordinary custome with the Romanes to honour those in this manner who in the seruice of the Commonwealth were vniustly killed as may appear likewise by P. Iunius and T. Coruncanus who by Teuca the queene of the Illyrians were put to death notwithstanding they came in embassade to her And here I cannot ouerpasse one point noted in the Annals that the measure of the statues erected in the common place at Rome was set down precisely to be three foot in height whereby it may appeare that this proportion and scantling in those daies was thought to be honorable Neither wil I conceale from you omit the memorable example of C. Octauius who for one word speaking lost his life this man beeing sent as Embassadour vnto king Antiochus and hauing deliuered his message vnto him according to his charge and Commission when hee saw that the king made no haste to giue him his dispatch presently but said hee would make him an answer another day made no more adoe but with a wand or rod that he had in his hand drew a circle about the king and compelled him by force to giue him his answer before he stirred his foot without that compasse But this cost him his life and for that he was killed thus in his Embassage the Senat of Rome ordained That his statue should be erected in the most conspicuous place of the city and that was in the publick pulpit for Pleas and Orations the Rostra before named I read in the Chronicles that the Senat made a decree that Taracia Caia or as some
especially when the occupying vse and interest thereof hath gained a man as much as the principall Now as touching the titles and inscriptions of Bookes the Greekes therein haue a wonderfull grace and great felicitie some haue intituled them 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 whereby they would giue vs to vnderstand of A sweet hony-combe * others 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is to say The horne of plenty and store in such sort that whosoeuer readeth these goodly titles must needs hope for some great matters in such bookes and as the proverb goeth looke to drinke there or else no where a good draught of hens milke You shall haue moreouer their bookes set out with these glorious inscriptions The Muses The Pandects Enchiridion 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Goodly names all and such as who would not make default of appearance in court and forfeit a recognisance or obligation to vnclaspe such books and turne ouer the leafe But let a man enter into them and reade forward Lord how little or no substance at all shall he find within the verie mids answerable to that braue shew in the front or outside thereof As for our countreymen Latines I meane and Romans they be nothing so fine and curious as the Greeks grosse are they in comparison of them in giuing titles to their books they come with their Antiquities Examples and Arts and those also be such authors as are of the most pleasant and finest inuention amongst them all Valerius who as I take it was named Antias both for that hee was a Citizen of Antium and also because the ancestors of his house were so called vvas the first that gaue to a booke of his owne making the title of Lucubratio as a man would say Candleworke or Night-studie Varro he tearmeth some of his Satyres Sesculyxes and Flexibulae Diodorus among the Greekes was the first that laied aside toyish titles and because he would giue some braue name to his Chronicles entituled it Bibliotheca i. a Librarie Apion the famous Grammarian euen hee whom Tiberius Caesar called the Cymball of the world whereas indeed hee deserued to bee named a Timbrill or Drum rather for ringing and sounding publique fame was so vain-glorious that he supposed all those immortalized vnto whom hee wrote or composed any pamphlet whatsoeuer For mine owne part although I nothing repent mee that I haue deuised no pretier Title for my Booke than plaine Naturalis Historia i. The reports of Nature without more ceremonie yet because I would not be thought altogether to course and rate the Greekes I can be content nay I am willing to bee thought in this behalfe like vnto those excellent grand masters in Greece for Painting and Imagerie whom you shall finde in these Reports of mine to haue entituled those rare and absolute peeces of worke vvhich the more wee view and looke vpon the more wee admire and wonder at for their perfection with halfe titles and vnperfect inscriptions in this manner Apelles went in hand with this Picture or Polycletus was a making this Image as if they were but begun neuer finished and laid out of their hands which was done no doubt to this end that for all the varietie and diuersitie of mens iudgements scanning of their workemanship yet the Artificer thereby had recourse to make excuse had meanes I say to craue and haue pardon for any faults and imperfections that could be found as if hee meant to haue amended any thing therein amisse or wanting in case hee had not beene cut off and preuented by death These noble workemen therefore herein shewed right great modestie that they set superscriptions vpon all their painted tables pourtraitures and personages as if they had beene the last peeces of their workemanship and themselues dissabled by vnexpected death that they could not make a finall end of any one of them for there were not knowne as I take it aboue three in all which had their absolute titles written vpon them in this forme Ille fecit i. This Apelles wrought and those pictures will I write of in place conuenient By which it appeared euidently that the said three tables were fully finished and that the workeman was so highly contented with their perfection that he feared the censure of no man No maruaile then if all three were so much enuied and admired throughout the world no marueile if euerie man desired to be master of them Now For my selfe I know full well and confesse freely that many more things may be added not to this story alone but to all my bookes that I haue put forth alreadie which I speake by the way because I would preuent and auoid those fault-finders abroad those correctors and scourgers of Homer for surely that is their very name because I hear say there be certaine Stoike Philosophers professed Logicians yea and Epicurians also for at Grammarians hands and Criticks I neuer looked for other who are with child still and trauaile vntill they be deliuered of somewhat against my bookes which I haue set forth as touching Grammer and for this ten yeares space nothing is come to light but euermore the fruit miscarieth belike before the full time as the slip of an vnperfect birth whereas in lesse space than so the verie Elephant bringeth forth her calfe be it neuer so big But this troubleth me neuer a whit for I am not ignorant that a silly woman euen an harlot and no better durst encounter Theophrastus and write a booke against him notwithstanding hee was a man of such incomparable eloquence that thereupon hee came by his diuine name Theophrastus from whence arose this prouerbe and by-word Marie then go chuse a tree to hang thy selfe And surely I cannot containe and hold my tongue but I must needs set downe the verie words of Cato Censorius so pertinent to this purpose whereby it may appeare that euen Cato himselfe a most worthy personage who wrote of militarie Discipline who had beene brought vp and trained to feats of warre vnder Great Scipio Africanus or rather indeed vnder Anniball who in the end could not endure Africanus himselfe but was able to controll him in martiall affaires and who besides hauing the conduct as L. Generall of the Romane armie atchieued the better hand ouer his enemies in the field and returned with victorie this Cato I say could not auoid such backbiters and slanderers but knowing that there would be many of them readie to purchase themselues some name and reputation by reprouing the knowledge and skill of others brake out into a certaine speech against them And what was it I know right well quoth hee in that booke aforesaid that if these writings of mine come abroad once and be published to the view of the world there will be many step forth to quarrell and cauill therewith such fellows soonest and most of all who are quite void of vertue and honestie and know not what
Man I Am abashed much and very sory to thinke and consider what a poore and ticklish beginning man hath the proudest creature of all others when the smel only of the snuffe of a candle put out is the cause oft times that a woman fals into vntimely trauel And yet see these great tyrans and such as delight only in carnage and bloudshed haue no better original Thou then that presumest vpon thy bodily strength thou that standest so much vpon Fortunes fauors and hast thy hands full of her bountifull gifts taking thy self not to be a foster-child and nurceling of hers but a naturall son borne of her owne body thou I say that busiest thy head euermore and settest thy minde vpon conquests and victories thou that art vpon euerie good successe and pleasant gale of prosperity puffed vp with pride and takest thy selfe for a god neuer thinkest that thy life when it was hung vpon so single a thred with so small a matter might haue miscarried Nay more than that euen at this day art thou in more danger than so if thou chance to be but stung or bitten with the little tooth of a Serpent or if but the verie kernell of a raisin go downe thy throat wrong as it did with the poet Anacreon which cost him his life Or as Fabius a Senator of Rome and Lord chiefe Iustice besides who in a draught of milk fortuned to swallow a small haire which strangled him Well then thinke better of this point for he verily that will euermore set before his eies and remember the frailty of mans estate shall liue in this world vprightly and in euen ballance without inclining more to one side than vnto another CHAP. VIII ¶ Of those that be called Agrippae TO be borne with the feet forward is vnnaturall and vnkinde and such as come in that order into the world the Latines were wont to name Agrippae as if a man should say born hardly and with much ado And in this maner M. Agrippa as they say came forth of his mothers wombe the only man almost known to haue brought any good fortune with him and prospered in the world of all that euer were in that sort borne And yet as happy as hee was and how well soeuer he chieued in some respects he was much pained with the gout and passed all his youth and many a day after in bloudy wars and in danger of a thousand deaths And hauing escaped all these harmfull perils vnfortunate he was in all his children and especially in his two daughters the Agrippinae both who brought forth those wicked Imps so pernicious to the whole earth namely C. Caligula and Domitius Nero two Emperours but two fiery flames to consume and waste all mankinde Moreouer his infelicitie herein appeared that hee liued so short a time dying as he did a strong and lusty man in the 51 yeare of his age tormented and vexed with the adulteries of his owne wife oppressed with the heauy and intolerable seruitude that he was in vnder his wiues father In which regards it seems he paid full deare for the presage of his vntoward birth and natiuitie Moreouer Agrippina hath left in writing That her son Nero also late Emperor who all the time of his reigne was a very enemy to all mankinde was borne with his feet forward And in truth by the right order and course of Nature a man is brought into the world with his head first but is carried forth with his feet formost CHAP. IX ¶ Births cut out of the wombe BVt more fortunate are they a great deale whose birth costeth their mothers life parting from them by means of incision like as Scipio Africanus the former who came into the world in that manner and the first that euer was sirnamed Caesar was so called for the like cause And hereof comes the fore-name also of the Caesones In like sort also was that Manlius borne who entred Carthage with an army CHAP. X. ¶ Who are Vopisci THe Latines were wont to call him Vopiscus or rather Opiscus who being one of two twins hapned to stay behinde in the wombe the full terme when as the other miscarried by abortiue and vntimely birth And in this case there chance right strange accidents although they fall out very seldome CHAP. XI ¶ Examples of many Infants at one birth FEw creatures there be besides women that seeke after the male and can skill of their companie after they be once conceiued with yong one kind verily or two at the most there is knowne to conceiue double one vpon the other We find in books written by Physitians and in their records who haue studied such matters and gathered obseruations that there haue passed or bin cast away from a woman at one only slip 12 distinct children but when it falleth out that there is some pretty time betwixt two conceptions both of them may carry their full time and be borne with life as appeared in Hercules and his brother Iphiclus as also in that harlot who was deliuered of two infants one like her owne husband the other resembling the Adulterer likewise in a Proconnesian bond-seruant who was in one day gotten with childe by her master and also by his Baily or Procurator and being afterwards deliuered of two children they bewrayed plainly who were their fathers Moreouer there was another who went her full time euen nine moneths for one childe but was deliuered of another at the fiue moneths end Furthermore in another who hauing dropped downe one childe at the end of seuen moneths by the end of the ninth came with two twinnes more Ouer and besides it is commonly seen that children be not alwaies answerable to the parents in euery respect for of perfect fathers and mothers who haue all their limmes there are begotten children vnperfect and wanting some members and contrariwise parents there are maimed and defectiue in some part who neuerthelesse beget children that are sound and entire and with all that they should haue It is seen also that infants are at a default of those parts their parents misse yea and they carry often times certaine markes moles blemishes and skarres of their fathers and mothers as like as may be Among the people called Dakes the children vsually beare the markes imprinted in their armes of them from whom they descend euen to the fourth generation CHAP. XII ¶ Examples of many that haue been very like and resembled one another IN the race and family of the Lepidi it is said there were three of them not successiuely one after another but out of order after some intermission who had euery one of them at their birth a little pannicle or thin skin growing ouer their eye Some haue bin known to resemble their grandsires and of two twins one hath beene like the father the other the mother but he that was borne a yere after hath bin so like his elder brother as if he had bin one of the twins Some women
or poole it would draw the same dry and was of power by touching onely to open lockes or vnbolt any dore whatsoeuer Of Achoemenis also another herb they made this boast That beeing throwne against an armie of enemies ranged in battel array it would driue the troups and squadrons into feare disorder their ranks and put them to flight Semblably they gaue out and said That when the king of Persia dispatcâ—…ed his Embassadors to any forrein states and Princes he was wont to giue them an herb called Latace which so long as they had about them come where they would they should want nothing but haue plenty of all that they desired besides a number of such fooleries wherewith their bookes bee pestered But where I beseech you were these herbs when the Cimbrians and Teutons were defeated in a most cruell and terrible battell so as they cried and yelled again What became of these Magitians and their powerfull herbs when Lucullus with a small army consisting of some few legions ouerthrew and vanquished their owne kings If herbs were so mighty what is the reason I pray you that our Romane captaines prouided euermore aboue all things how to be furnished with victuals for their camp and to haue al the waies and passages open for their purveâ—…ours In the expedition of Pharsalia how came it to passe that the souldiers were at the point to be famished for want of victuals if Caesar by the happy hauing of one hearbe in his campe might haue injoied the abundance of all things Had it not bin better think ye for Scipio Aemilianus to haue caused the gates of Carthage to flie open with the help of one herbe than to lie so many yeres as he did in leaguer before the city with his engins ordinance to shake their wals batter their gates Were there such vertue in Ethiopius aforesaid why do we not at this day dry vp the Pontine lakes and recouer so much good ground vnto the territory about Rome Moreouer if that composition which Democritus hath set downe and his bookes maketh prayse of to be so effectual as to procure men to haue faire vertuous and fortunat children how happeneth it that the kings of Persia themselues could neuer attaine to that felicity And verily wee might maruell well enough at the credulity of our Ancestors in doting so much vpon these inuentions howsoeuer at the first they were deuised and brought in to right good purpose in case the mind and wit of man knew how to stay and keepe a meane in any thing els besides or if I could not proue as I suppose to doe in due place that euen this new leech-craft brought in by Asâ—…lepiades which checketh those vanities is growne to farther abuses and absurdities than are broched by the very Magitians themselues But this hath beene alwaies and euer will bee the nature of mans mind To exceed in the end and go beyond all measure in euery thing which at the beginning arose vpon good respects and necessary occasions But to leaue this discourse let vs proceed to the effects and properties remaining behind of those herbs which were described in the former booke with a supplement also and addition of some others as by occasion shall be offered and presented vnto vs. Howbeit to begin first with the remedies of the said Tettars so foule and vnseemly diseases I mean to gather a heape of as many medicines as I know appropriat for that malady notwithstanding I haue shewed alreadie of that kind not a few Well then in this case Plantaine stamped is very commendable so is Cinquefoile and the root of the white Daffodill punned and applied with vineger The young shoots or tender branches of the fig-tree boiled in vineger likewise the root of the Marsh-Mallow sodden with glow in a strong and sharpe vineger to the consumption of a fourth part Moreouer it is singular good to rub tettars throughly with a pumish stone first to the end that the root of Sorrell stamped and reduced into a liniment with vineger might be applied afterwards therupon with better successe as also the floure of Miselto tempred incorporat with quick-lime the decoction likewise of Tithymale together with rosin is much praised for this cure but the herb Liuerwort excelleth all the rest which therupon tooke the name Lichen it groweth vpon stony grounds with broad leaues beneath about the root hauing one stalke and the same small at which there hang downe long leaues and surely this is a proper herb also to wipe away all marks and cicatrices in the skin if it be bruised and laid vpon them with hony Another kind of Lichen or Liuerwort there is cleauing wholly fast vpon rockes and stones in manner of mosse which also is singular for those tettars being reduced into a liniment This herb likewise stancheth the flux of bloud in green wounds if the juice be dropped into them and in a liniment it serueth well to be applied vnto apostumat places the jaundise it healeth in case the mouth and tongue be rubbed and annointed with it and hony together but in this cure the Patients must haue in charge To bathe in salt water to anoint themselues with oile of almonds and in any case to abstain from all salads and pothearbs of the garden For to heale tettars the root of Thapsia stamped with hony is much vsed As for the Squinsie Argemonia is a soueraigne remedy if it be drunk in wine Hyssop also boiled in wine and so gargarized likewise Harstrang with the rennet of a Seale or Sea-calse taken both of them in equall portion moreouer Knot-grasse stamped with the pickle made of Cackrebs and oile and so gargled or els but held only vnder the tongue Semblaby the juice of Cinquefoile being taken in drink to the quantity of three cyaths this juice besides in a gargarisme cureth all other infirmities of the throat And to conclude with Mullen if it be drunk in water it hath a speciall vertue to cure the inflammation of the amygdals or almond kernels of the throat CHAP. V. ¶ Receits for the scrophules ar wens called the Kings-euill for the paines and griefes of the singers for the diseases of the breast and namely for the Cough PLantaine is a soueraigne herb to cure the Kings euill also Celendine applied with honey and hogs lard so is Cinquefoile The root of the great Clot-bur serueth for the same purpose if it be incorporat with hogs grease so that the place after it is annointed therewith be couered with a leafe of the said Bur laid fast vpon it in like manner Artemisia or Mugwort also a Mandrage root applied with water is good for that purpose The broad leafed Sideritis or Stone-sauge being digged round about with a spike of yron and taken vp with the left hand and so applied vnto the place cureth the kings euill prouided alwaies that the Patients when they be healed keep the same herbe still by them
workmen in this kinde Of Sthenis making are the images of Ceres Iupiter and Minerva which at Rome are within the temple of Concord The same man took pleasure in counterfeiting ancient dames and matrons weeping praying aad offering sacrifice Simon of Aegina was very good at the making of a dog and an archer Stratonicus that famous cutter and engrauer was neuer well but when he pourtraied some Philosopher or other no more than Scopas both the one and the other As for wrestlers and champions armed men hunters and sacrificers they were the onely workes that these artificers following delighted most in to wit Batten Eucher Glaucides Heliodorus Hicanus Leophon Lyson Leon Menodorus Myagrius Polycrates Polydorus Pythocritus and Protogenes who also was a most excellent renowned painter as I will hereafter shew more at large also Patrocles Polis Posidonius born at Ephesus who likewise chased and engraued in siluer most finely Periclimenus Philon Simenus Timotheus Theomnestus Timarchides Timon Tisias and Thrason But aboue all other Callimachus is the workeman of greatest note in regard of a by name giuen vnto him and that was Cacizotechnos and well he might be so called for hee would alwaies be finding fault with his own workmanship neuer could see when to make an end thinking still that he had not bestowed art ynough vpon that he had vnder his hand And so he brought forth little or nothing perfect in the end A notable and memorable example to teach all men not to be ouer curious and exquisit in any thing but to hold a measure in all And there is a daunce of Lacedemonian women of his making a piece of work which he went about also to amend and when he thought to make it better he marred it clean so that it lost all the grace it had before Some say that this Callimachus had bin in former time a painter And since I haue entred so far into this Treatise of statues images I may not passe ouer in silence but note as it were by the way one thing of Cato although haply it may be thought but a meere vanity In that expedition or voiage wherein Cyprus was conquered and reduced vnder the dominion of Rome hee made port-saile of al the pillage taken there saue only one statue of Zeno not for the excellencie of the matter for it was but brasse nor yet for the art and curious workmanship thereof but for that it was the image of a Philosopher In this discourse of statues and images I must not passe by one although it is not certainely known who was the maker of it and this is Hercules in his shirt and other habit thathe wore vpon the mount Oete standing now at Rome neere vnto the publicke pulpit called Rostra Made he is whosoeuer did it with a grim sterne and sower countenance and such indeed as doth bewray and feel those intollerable torments which the body sustained by that poisoned shirt sent to him from Deianira Vpon this statue there stand 3 titles or inscriptions the first is this L. Luculli Imperatoris de Manubius i. L. Lucullus Lord Generall erected this statue out of the spoile of the enemies the second Pupillus Luculli filius ex S. C. dedicauit i. The son of L. Lucullus being orphan or ward dedicated this by an order or act from the Senat the third T. Septimius Sabinus Aedilis Curulis ex priuato in publicum restituit i. T. Septimius Sabinus Aedile Curule for the time being hath from a priuat house caused it to stand againe in publick place This is the image of that worthy Hercules that fought so many battels indured such hard conflicts and labors and was so highly honored Now is it time to return to the different kinds and sundry temperatures of brasse from which I haue digressed first and foremost therefore this is to be noted That in Cyprian brasse or copper there is to be considered one sort which is named Coronarium and the other that they call Regulare and both the one and the other will abide the hammer be brought into thin plates As for the Coronarium or Laton when it is reduced into thin leaues or plates and then coloured or rubbed ouer with the gal of an oxe it looketh like gold and maketh a faire shew in those coronets that plaiers weare whereupon it tooke the name Coronarium the same after that to euery ounce of it there be put six scruples of gold and be reduced into a very thin foile resembleth the color of fire like a rubie or carbuncle stone As touching this brasse it is found also in other mines of mettal like as the pot brasse Caldarium this only is the difference that this Caldarium wil melt only for vnder the hammer it will break whereas the other sort of copper named Regulare yeeldeth to the hammer and will be drawne out whereupon some there be who call it Ductile i. battable and such is all the kind of copper or Cyprian brasse That also which is found in the mines of other mettalls by art refined differeth from the foresaid pot-mettal for out of what mine soeuer it commeth after that the drosse imperfections therof be throughly purged by the fire being thus I say clensed it becommeth Regulare and wil abide the hammer As for all other sorts besides the Cyprian brasse aboue named the Campane brasse is counted best like to which there is much in other parts also of Italy and in the prouinces but to euery hundred pound of brasse they put 8 pound of lead then they boile it as it were and melt it again with a soft fire for want and scarsitie of wood and fuell And what difference there may be in that regard it is most of all seen in the heart of France where it is commonly melted for lack of other fuel among stones made red hot for by reason that this is a swift scorching fire it becommeth black and brittle withall besides they melt it but once but surely to doe so oftner maketh very much for the goodnesse thereof CHAP. IX ¶ The difference in Brasse the diuers mixtures thereof and how Brasse should be kept MOreouer it were not amisse to note thus much also that all kind of brasse melteth best in coldest weather Now there is another temperature of brasse which serueth for founders imageurs and brasen tables called thereupon in Latine Statuaria and Tabularis which is made in this manner following first the masse ore or stone as it commeth out of the mine is melted in the bloome-smithie and so soone as it is melted they put thereto a third part of the brasse Collectaneum that is to say broken pieces of old vessels that haue bin vsed and bought vp here and there In the choice whereof this care would be had that for to giue vnto this temperature the kind seasoning as it were which peculiarly it requireth there would be gottensuch pottain or old mettall which is ouerworne and by ordinary
f. 414 g. against suddaine frights and feares what remedie 315. d. sea-Frogs fishes medicinable 434. i. 440. h. i. k riuer-Frogs medicinable ibid. a Frogs tongue will cause a woman to answere directly to questions in her sleepe and to tell all 434. i of Frogs Magicians report wonders ibid. k Frogs a good bait for Purple fishes ibid. Liuer of a Frog 434. l. medicinable 439. a. b. c Frugalitie exiled out of Rome 483. c Fruits which be hurtfull 163. d in Fruit gathering what ceremonious words vsed 297. b Frumentie made of Spelt what medicinable vertues it hath 139. c Frumentie made of the common wheate Triticum 140. l the vse thereof in Physicke ibid. F V Fucus Marinus See Sea-weed a Fuke for a red 327. c Fugitiue slaues arrested by charmes and staied from running away 295. c Fugitiue stone in Cizycum why so called 581. b Fullers thorne what operation it hath 195. b Fullers hearbe See Radicula Fullers why neuer goutie in their feet 306. h how they may wash and scoure their cloth 311. c. 560. k Fullers earth Camolia what vse it hath in Physicke ibid. i vsed to scoure clothes ibid. See Cimolia the act Metella prouiding for Fullers 560. k Fullo a kinde of Beetle flie 390. l L. Fulvius Argentarius committed for wearing a chaplet of Roses 81. d Fumiterrie the second kinde of Capnos an hearbe 236. l the vertues thereof 247. c a Funerall cloth will neuer after be moth-eaten 299. c for the Fundament seat or tuill and the infirmities thereof in generall appropriat remedies 60. g. 72. k. 102. k. 106. â— 107. a. 121. d. 144. i. 146. k. 155. f. 165. b. 167. d. 174. k â—â—â— d. â—52 k. â—84 l. accidents of the Fundament proceeding of cold and moisture how to be cured 184. h. 196. g chaps and Fissures in the Fundament how to be closed and healed vp 183. d. 195. c. 196. h 280. l. 333. d. 351. a. e 384. l. 444 i. k. 519. d. Excrescences and werts there growing 126. l. 133. c 134. g. i. 384. l. 507. f. 519. d. Fundament or seat galled 255. f. 384 l. 444. i Fundament fallen hanging forth or peruerted how to be reduced and setled 103. e. 106. m. 156. g. 164 g. 193. b 195. a. 256. g. 384. l. 398. g. 444. k. blind haemorrhoids in the Fundament or bigs incident therto how to be eased 384. m. 444. i. 516. i. 519. d. 521. b See more in Piles haemorrhoids running extreamely how to be staied 385. a See more in Haemorrhoids Fundament enflamed and appostumat how to be cured 131. d. 141. e. 146. k. 161 a. 333. e. exulcerat how to be healed 159. d. 175. a. 192. h. 196. k 197. a. 320. i. Fungi what kinde of Mushromes 132. m. their generation and sundry kindes ibid. Furnian Plate 480. k Fusses and Fusse bals See Mushromes F Y Fylth scraped from wrestlers bodies consisting of sweat and oyle together in what causes medicinable 303. a Fylth scraped from the wals of wrestlers places thought to be medicinable ibid. c Fyre medicinable 596. b the wonderfull power of Fyre 598. m. the operations thereof 599. a hard to say Whether Fyre consume or engender more 599. b. G A GAds of steele quenched what effects they doe worke 250. i. Gaeodes a stone why so called 589. b. the nature thereof ib. Gagates the Ieat stone 589. b. why so called ibid. the description and generation thereof 589. c. the nature ibid. Gall of a Boeufe good for the eares 325. d Gall of greater beasts what operation it hath in Physicke 321. a. Gall of smaller beasts what vertue it hath ibid. Gall of Buls for what good 321. a Gall of beasts how to be ordered prepared put vp and kept ibid. Gall of an horse reiected as a poison 321. b Galls betweene the legs how to be skinned 146. k. 181. c 185. b. 187. f. 189. c. 334. g. 474. i. how to be auoided 256. g. if they be exulcerat 474. i Galled skin or fretted off in any place how to be healed 43. f 60. g. 101. b. 161. d. 178. g. 184. i. 185. b. 192. i. 197. d 265. f. 287. d. 303. c. 319. d. 350. i. Gall-nuts of diuerse kindes 177. e. their vertues in Physicke ibid Galbanum how to be chosen 179. f. the vertues it hath ibid. not good in the strangurie 180. â— Galactitis a pretious stone 626. m. why so called ibid. some name it Leucographos Leucas and Synnephites ibid. it causeth obliuion 627. a. it breedeth store of milke in nources 626. m Galactites a kinde of Emeraud 627. a Galaena Lead-ore 472. k. 517. c it serueth to trie siluer 472. k Galaicos a pretious stone 627. a Galangall what hearbe 236. m. the description ibid. the root what vertues it hath in Physicke 237. b Galatian earth medicinable 561. d Galaxius a pretious stone 626. m Galedragon an hearbe 283. c. the description ibid. the vertues ibid. Galeobdolon 282. g. the description ibid. Galeon an hearbe ibid the description ibid. Galeopsus an hearbe ibid the description ibid. Galeos the Lamprey enemie to the Puffen 430. h Galeotis what it is 361. b Galerita a bird good for the cholique 383. c. d. how to be prepared and vsed ibid. Galgulus a bird See Icterus Galleries open See Terraces Galli the priests of the order of Cybele with what shard of earth they gueld themselues 554. i Gallius a riuer in Phrygia of a strange operation 402 m Gandergoose an hearbe See Orchis Gangrens what cureth 75. c. 76. k. 139. a. 141. f. 142. m 144 g. 148. l. 149. d. 167. a. 172. i. 173. d. 188. l. 282. h 512. h. Ganymedes the faire boy most artificially represented in brasse by Leocras how he was rauished and carried away by an Aegle 502. i Gardens of great estimation in old time 10. h Gardens of Alcinus and Adonis ibid. Gardens in a citie who first deuised 10 k Gardens pendant in the aire 580. h. who first deuised 10 h Garden compriseth Haeredium 10. i custodie of Gardens to whom ascribed 10. i. k Gardens commended 10. k. l. 11. a. 12. k Gardens where to be seated or how ordered 13. a. b Gardenage a sure commoditie 12. g. the profit that a garden yeeldeth 12. h a Garden sheweth a good or bad housewife 12. h Gardens gaue syrnames to noble houses in Rome 12. l Gardens to be prouided of water 13. a Garden-hearbes distinguished by their sundry parts and vses 13. c Syrians great Gardiners 41. a Gargarismes 102. k Gargle in swine how to be helped 216. l Garlands See Guirlands Garlicke the properties medicinable that it hath 43. d the discommodities thereof 44. m Garlicke how to be set and ordered afterwards 21. f. 22. g Garlicke heads described 21. d Garlicke the countrimans treacle ibid. Garlicke the Aegiptians do sweare by 20. g Garlicke differeth one sort from another by circumstance of time 21. e Garlicke causeth a strong breath 22. g. h. how that is to be preuented ibid. Garlicke vnset