commanded that wives should not be chosen for their money for he said that husbands would more severely observe the Laws of Matrimony when they were obliged by no respects of Dowry He ordained that the greatest reverence should not be given to men rich or powerful but to those who were of the greatest age and to speak the truth age had nowhere in the world a more venerable respect and because their manners before being dissolute these Laws at first might appear to be harsh and hard he dissembled that Apollo of Delphos was the Author of them and that he received them from his Instructions that so the fear of Religion might take away all tediousness from the obedience of them Lastly that he might give eternity to his Laws he did oblige the City by oath that they should change nothing in their Laws till he returned and counterfeited that he would go to the Oracle at Delphos to consult what should be taken away or added to them But he travelled not to Delphos but to Creet and lived there in perpetuall banishment and dying he commanded that his bones should be cast into the Sea left being brought to Lacedemon they should think themselves discharged of the Religion of their Oath and dissolve their Laws With these Laws the City 4o flourished in a little time that when they made war with the Messenians for defiling their Virgins in a solemn sacrifice of the Messenians they bound themselves by a great Oath that they would never return untill they had levelled Messenia to the ground so much did they promise to themselves either by their strength or by their fortune therefore when contrary to their confidence they were detained ten yeers in the siege of the City and after so long a widdowhood were called back by the complaints of their wives they fearing that this continuation of the war they should endammage themselves more then the Messenians for what yong men the Messeninas lost in the War could be supplyed again by the fruitfulness of the women but unto them their losses in the War were dayly and the Husbands being absent there could not be any fruitfulness of their Wives therefore they did choose yong men out of that number of the Soldiers who after the administration of the Oath did come as Recruits unto the Army who being sent back to Sparta a promiscuous copulation with all women was permitted thinking that the conception would be more mature if the women did deserve for it by the 4ryal and use of several men The Children born from these were called Parthenians in reflection on their mothers chastity who when they arrived to Thirty years of Age for the fear of Penury for they having no Father into whose Patrimony a Succession might be hoped did choose for their Captain Phalantus the Son of Aratus who was the Author to the Sparâ—ans of sending home the yong men for the proâ—agation of Children that as they had his Faâ—her the Author of their Original so they might 4ave his Son the Original of their hope and digâ—ity Not taking leave of their Mothers by 4hose loosness they thought they had contracted 44famy they travel'd to seek out new Habitatiâ—ns and through many Adventures having been tossed long upon the Seas they arrived at last in Italy and the Tower of Tarentum being taken and the ancient Inhabitants forced from it they there made a Plantation for themselves But after many years their Captain Phalantus being by sedition driven into banishment did repair unto Brundusium to which place the ancient Tarentines retired being as I have said forced from their own Habitations He dying did perswade them that they should beat his bones and last Relicts into dust and privately strow them on the publick place of meeting of the Tarentines for Apollo at Delphos did by this means promise that they should recover their City and Country again they conceiving that to fulfil his revenge he had betrayed the fate of the Citizens did obey his Instructions But the sense of the Oracle was contrary for it promised by this deed a perpetuity to them and not an amissiâ—n of their City Thus by the counsel of their banisht Captain and the officiousness of the Enemies the City of Tarentum was through all Ages possessed by the Parthenians In the memory of which benefit divine honours were decreed to Phalantus In the mean time the Messenians when they could not be overcome by prowess were circumvented by deceit having for fourscore yeers endured the grievous scourges and for the most part the bonds and the other calamities of a conquered City after a long patience of punishments they renewed the War and the Lacedemonians did so much the more eagerly combine themselves unto Arms because they were to fight against their own Captains therefore when injury on this side and indignitie on the other side did exasperate their swords the Oracle at Delphos being consulted the Lacedemonians were commanded to fetch a Captain for their War from Athens The Athenians when they understood the Answer of the Oracle in the disgrace of the Lacedemonians did send Tyrtaeus the Poet a man lame in feet who being overthrown in three battels did bring down the Spartans to so much desperation that they set free their servants for recruits of their Armie and the Widows of the slain were promised to them in marriage that they might succed not only in the number but also in the dignity of the Citizens that were lost But the Kings of the Lacedemonians least by fighting against Fortune they should heap more calamity upon their City would have marched back with their Army had not Tyrtaeus intervened who at a full Assembly recited to the Army some Verses he had made by which he shot so great a heat of courage into the breasts of the Souldiers that more mindful of their burial then of their safety they fastened Medals on their right Arms in which their own and their Fathers Names were engraven that if the fury of the battel should have deveured them all and by the space of time the lineaments of their bodies should lie confused together yet by the observation of their Titles they might be discovered and delivered unto burial When the Kings perceived the Army to bee thus encouraged they sent a Messenger to eâ—form the Enemy with their Resolutions which possessed the Messenians not with any fear but a mutual emulation they fought therefore with such height of Courage that there was scarce ever seen a more bloody battel the Lacedemonians at last did obtain the victory In the process of time the Messenians commenced the third War at which time the Lacedemonians amongst their other Associates did call the Athenians to their ayd but suspecting their fidelity and pretending them to be supervacaneous they dismissed them from the service which left so deep an impression in the hearts of the Athenians that they translated the money which was collected over all Greece for the
Arms at their very entrance into their Gates and not above one hundred men and disabled too by their age did enter into a fight against fifteen thousand Souldiers so much strength and courage the sight of their City and of their houshold gods did administer who infused into them greater spirits as much by their presence as by the remembrance of them for when they saw for whom and amongst whom they stood they were all of a resolution either to overcome or die a few old men undertook the whole brunt of the battel unto whom before that day appeared not all the youth and Army of their Enemies could be equal In this fight two Captains of the Enemies were slain In the mean time when the coming of Agesilaus was reported the Thebans retreated and some few hours after the battail again began for the youth of the Lacedemonians being inflamed with the courage and glory of their old men could not be kept back but would throw themselves upon their Enemies howsoever the Thebans had the Victory and Epaminondas performing the duty not onely of a General but of a resolute and couragious Souldier was grievously wounded which being understood the Thebans through the excess of grief were possessed with fear and the Lacedemonians through the excess of joy with a kind of amazement and as it were with a consent on both sides they departed from the batâ—el Some few daies afterwards Epaminondas deceased with whom the whole strength of that Common-wealth dyed also for as if you break or blunt the edge of any weapon you take from the residue of the steel the power to hurt so this Captain who was the edge of their courage being taken away the whole strength and vigor of that Theban Commonwealth was immediately rebated insomuch that they did not seem onely to lose him but to have all perished with him for before this Captain they did never mannage any memorable war and were famous afterwards not for their vertues but their overthrows so apparent it was that the glory of his Countrey was born and dyed with him It is hard to say whether he was a better man or a better Captain for he sought the Government not for himself but for his Countrey and was so careless of money that he had not wherewith to defray the charges of his own Funeral moreover he was no more covetous of glory then of money for the Commands were all thrown upon him refusing and drawing back from them and he so deported himself in his places of honour that hee seemed not to receive but to give an ornament to the dignity it self So great was his knowledge in Letters and Philosophy that it may be wonderful how that excellent experience in the affairs of war should arrive unto a man born amongst the Arts neither did the manner of his death differ from the institutions of his life for being brought half dead into his Tent he collecting his voyce and spirits demanded onely if his Enemy had taken his Buckler from him when he fell which when hee understood was preserved he desired to see it and it being brought unto him he kissed it as the companion of his labours and his glory Hee again demanded Who had obtained the Victory when it was answered The Thebans he replyed It was well and so gratulating his Countrey he did give up his last breath In his grave the vertues not onely of the Thebans but of the Athenians also was buried for he being taken away whom they were accustomed to emulate they did degenerate into sloth and laid forth the publick Revenues not as before on Fleets and Armies but on festival dayes and on the setting forth of Playes and visiting the Scene oftner then the Camp they onely celebrated the Theators famous with Poets and Actors praysing their Poets and their Orators more then their Captans by which means it came to pass that in these leisures of the Grecians the name of the Macedons but ignoble and obscure before should rise into glory and that Philip bred up in the vertues and institutions of Epaminondas and Pelopidas being three yeers as an Hostage at Thebes should put the Kingdom of Macedonia on the necks of Greece and of Asia as the yoak of their servitude THE SEVENTH BOOK OF IVSTINE MAcedonia was heretofore called Aemathia after the name of their King Emathion the first experiments of whose vertue were extant in those places Their beginnings were but small and their bâ—unds but narrow the people were called Pelasgi and the Country Boeotia But afterwards by the prowess of their Kings and the industry of their Nation having first subdued their borderers and after them other People and Nations they extended their Empire to the furthest bounds of the Orient Telegonus the father of Astriopaeus whose name we have received amongst the most famous Commanders in the Troâ—on war was said to reign in the Country of Poeonia which now is a part of Macedonia On the other side in Europa there raâ—gned Europus by name But Caranus with a vast multitude of the Grecians being commanded by the Oracle to loâ—k out a seat for hâ—mâ—n Macedonia when he came into Emathia he unexpectedly possessed himself of the City of Edissâ— he Inhabitants not perceiving it by reason of a tempest and a great mist that did attend it In this expedition he followed the conduct of a slock of Gâ—â—ts who â—led towards the Town from the violence of the tempest and calling the Oracle into his memory by which he was commanded to seek out a place to rule in the Goats being his leaders he made that City the â—eat of his Kingdom and whithersoever afterwards â—e advanced he religiously observed to have the same Goats before his Ensigns to be the Leaders on in his enterprize who were the authors of his Kingdom for the memory of this event he called the City Edissa Aegaea and the people Aegaeâ—des After this Midas being forced away for he also possessed a part of Macedonia and some other Kings with him he alone succeeded into the place of them all and having united the Nations into one he brought the several people of Macedonia into one body and the Kingdom increasing he made the foundaâ—ion strong with an intent to raise it higher After him Perdicas reigned whose life was famous and his last words at his death were as memorable as the precepts of the Delphian Oracle for full of age and dying he shewed to his Son Argaeus the place where he would be buryed and commanded that not onely his own but the bodies of all who succeded him in his Kingdom should be interred the same place presaging that if the Relicks of his Successors should be buryed there the Kingdom should perpetually continue in that Family And it is superstitiously believed that the issue failed in Alexander because he changed that place of Sepulchre Argaeus having governed the Kingdom moderately and with the love of the people did leave Philip his
and to see them with their own blood to parentate to the ghosts of their Enemies whom they had slain When Perdiccas had spoken this according to that excellent eloquence which was natural in him he so prevailed upon the Footmen that his Counsels being approved he was chosen General by them all The Horse at the same time being reduced into concord with the Footmen did chose Aridaeus for their King But a portion of the Empire was reserved for the Son of Alexander if a Son were born unto him When this was done the dead body of Alexander was placed in the midst of them that the Majesty of it should be a witness to their Decrees These things being composed Antipater was made Governor of Macedonia and of Greece The custody of the Treasure was committed to Craterus The care of the Army and of all Military affairs was assigned to Meleager and Perdiccas And Aridaeus was commanded to convey the body of Alexander unto the Temple of Ammon Perdiccas being incensed against the Authors of the sedition did on a sudden his Colleague being ignorant of it command that there should be a lustratiâ—n of the Army for the death of the King and having brought the Army into the Field all men agreeing to it he privately commanded that the seditious persons should be called out of every Band and delivered to punishment Being returned the Provinces were by him divided amongst the Princes that at once he might remove the Emulators and make the allotments in the Empire the benefit of his bounty Aegypt in the first place and a part of Africa and Arabia did come by lot to Ptolomy whom Alexander from an ordinary Souldier had advanced for his Chivalry Cleomenes who builded Alexandria was commanded to deliver that Province to him Laomedon the Mitylaenean received Syria which bounded on it Philotas with his Son received Cilicia and Illyria Acropatus was Governor of Media the greater and Alcetes the brother of Perdiccas was set over Media the less Susia and the Nat on thereabouts was assigned to Synus and Phrygia the greater was assigned to Antigonus the Son of Philip Learchus obtained Lycia and Pamphilia Cassander was to command Caria and Menander Lydia Thracia and the Countries nâ—er to the Pontick Sea were given to Lysimachus and Cappadocia and Paphlagonia to Eumenes The chief Tribunalship of the Camp was given to Seleuchus the Son of Antiochus Cassander the Son of Antipater was set over the Life-guard of the King The former Lieutenants were retained in the further Bactria and the Kingdoms of India but Taxiles commanded all betwixt the two Rivers Hydaspes and Indus Phiton the Son of Agâ—nor was sent into the Colonies planted amongst the Indians Axiarches was to command the Parapomeni and bounds of the Mounâ—aâ—n Caucasus Statanor was set over the Dracans and Argaeans and Amyntas the Bractrians Sythaeus obtained the Sogdians Nicanor the Parthians Philip the Hyrcanians Phratafarnes the Armenians Neoptolemus the Persians Peucestes the Babylonians Arthous the Pelasgians and Archeâ—ilaus the Mesopotamians This division of the Empire which was as a fatal gift to every one did prove unto many a subject of great additions for not long after as if they had divided Kingdoms and not Lieutenantships being made Kings of Lieutenants they purchased great wealth for themselves and dying left it to their posterity When this was done in the East the Athenians and Aetolians with all their power did proceed in the war which they undertook Alexander being alive The occasion of the war was That Alexander returning out of India did send letters into Greece by which the banished of all Cities were restored those onely excepted who were guilty of murther These Letters being read all Greece being present at the Olympick Fair a great combustion did arise because many of the banished men were driven from their Country not by the Laws but by the faction of the Princes who feared that being called back they might grow more powerful then themselves in the Common-wealth Many Cities dâ—d therefore openly murmur and declared that their liberty was to be vindicated by war The Athenians and Aetolians were the chief sticklers in it Which when it was reported to Alexander he commanded that a Fleet of one thousand ships should be in readiness with which he would prosecute war in the West resolving with a strong power to level Athens to the ground The Athenians therefore having drawn an Army together of thirty thousand Souldiers and two hundred ships did make war against Antipater who by lot was Governor of Greece and delaying the battel and protecting himself within the Walls of Heraclea the Athenians did close besiege him At the same time Demosthenes the Athenian Orator who was driven from his Country being condemned for bribery having received a sum of gold from Harpalus and who fled from the cruelty of Alexander having perswaded the City to war against him did lead a banished life at Megarae who when he understood that the Athenians had sent Hyperides their Ambassador to sollicite the Pelopennensians to joyn in war with them having followed him to Syceon he by his Eloquence joyned Arges Corinth and other Cities to the Athenians For which he was called back from banishment the Athenians having sent a ship to meet him in the way In the mean time Antipater being besieged in Heraclea Leosthenes the Captain of the Athenians was slain with a dart from the Wall as he came to give some directions in the Leaguer which so encouraged Antipater that he sallyed forth and possessed himself of some of the works of the Enemies After that he by his Ambassadors desired help of Leonatus who when he marched to his assistance the Athenians meeting him with a gallant Army and having given him battel on horse-back he received a grievous wound of which he dyed Antipater although he beheld his Auxiliaries were overcome yet he in wardly rejoyced at the death of Leonatus for he gratulated himself that his emulator was taken from him and that the remainder of his fortes was come unto him Therefore with this addition to his Army when he appeared to be equal to his Enemy in strength having raised the siege he marched into Macedonia Whereupon the Forces of the Grecians the Enemy being driven from their Confines did steal away into their own Cities In the mean time Perdiccas having made an unjust war on Ariarathes the King of the Cappadocians and being Conqueror in the battel did bring nothing from him but wounds danger for the Cappadocians flying from the fight into the City having slain their own wives and children did set their own houses on fire with all the Forces which they had and having brought thither all their wealth they threw both it and themselves into the flame so that their Enemies the Conquerors of them their Possessions did enjoy nothing but only the spectacle of the fire After this that by his power he might arrive to royal Authority he pretended to the
back into Sicily by the Carthaginians who having recovered themselves by the aggregation of new Forces did begin the war again which they had abandoned by reason of the Pestilence Hanno was chosen General of the war whose Enemy Suniator the most powerful at that time of all the Carthaginians when in hatred to him he had frequently in the Greek Tongue acquainted Dionysius of the approch of the Army and of the temper and sloath of the General the letters being intercepted he was accused of Treason and condemned for it and an Act was passed by the Senate that no Carthaginian should afterwards either speak or write in the Greek Tongue that they might hold no discourse nor write unto the Enemy without an Interpreter Not long after Dionysius whom neither Sicily nor Italy could contain being overcome and wearyed out with the daily encounters in the war was slain by the treachery of his own Souldiers THE One and twentieth BOOK OF IVSTINE DIonysius the Tyrant being slain in Sicily the Souldiers did substitute in his place his eldest Son who was called after his Fathers Name both for the maturity of his Age and that the Kingdom might be more firmly united if it continued in the power of one man then if it should be by parts divided amongst many of his children But Dionysius in the beginning of his raign had a desire to take away his Uncles as those who would be partakers with him in his Kingdom and be the perswaders of his brothers to have it divided amongst them And the better to dissemble his design he thought it requisite in the first place to assure himself of the good opinion of the people being more excusedly to perform what he had determined if he stood fast in the approbation of them all He delivered therefore out of prison three thousand that lay there in chains together and for three years dismissed the payment of all tributes and by all Artifices sollicited the affections of all men to him Then resolving to put in practice his contrived villany he put to the sword not onely the kinsmen of his brothers but even his brothers themselves beginning his tyranny first in his own Family before he exercised it in others and left not so much as the spirit of fraternal consortment to those to whom he owed a consortment in his Kingdom His emulators being thus taken away and falling into sloth he became unweildy in his body by too much riot and contracted so great a weakeness in his eyes that he could not endure the Sun or Dust or any splendor of light By reason of which believing that he began to become despicable he committed outragious cruelties and filled not as his Father the prisons with enchained Citizens but filled the City with the murthers of them by which he grew both contemptible and hateful unto all Therefore when the Syracusians had determined war against him he was in a great suspence whether he should lay down his royal Authority or make resistance in war against them but his Souldiers propounding to themselves a great booty and the plundering of the City he was enforced by them to try it out in battel with them Being overcome when not long after he had the same ill fortune in the fight again he sent Ambassadors to Syracusae promising to lay down his tyranny if they would send some to him to agree upon Articles for a peace The Syracusians sending some of the most eminent in their City to him he commanded them to prison and brought his Army to overthrow their City which at that present feared no assault nor the approach of any Enemy at all The fight was a long time doubtful in the City but the Citizens overcoming with their multitudes Dionysius was routed and beaten out of it And fearing to be besieged in the Tower he fled privately into Italy with all his Princely furniture Being there as a banished man he was received by the Locrensians who were in friendship with him and he possessed himself of their Tower where he exercised his accustomed cruelties He commanded the wives of the chiefest of the City to be defloured He took away the Virgins by force and having ravished them he returned them to those who were to espouse them The most wealthy of all the City he commanded to be expelled or to be slain and did confiscate their goods And when there was not the lest occasion for any further rapine he circumvented the whole City by this studied project When the Locrensians were oppressed by the war of Leophron Tyrant of Rhegium they vowed if they were Conquerors they would prostitute their Virgins on a day dedicated to Venus This vow being unperformed when they made unfortunate wars against the Lucanians Dionysius called them to a publick Assembly and did exhort them to send their wives and daughters into the Temple of Venus dressed in the richest cloathes they could put on and that one hundred of them chosen by lot might perform the publick vow and that for Religions sake they might stand one whole Moneth in the open Stews all men having before taken an Oath not to defile any of them And that the Virgins might not be deceived performing the Vows of the City he ordained that not a Maid should be marryed until husbands were first provided for them This counsel being approved in which provision was made both for the superstition and the chastity of the Virgins the women adorned in the most sumptuous manner did come in throngs to the Temple of Venus every one of whom Dionysius despoyled having sent in Souldiers to the Temple and converted the Ornaments of the Matrons into his own Wardrope He killed also some of the Husbands of the richest of them and some women he tormented to betray their Husbands wealth when by these arts he raigned six years being driven from the City by the Confederacy of the Citizens he returned into Sicily and after a long peace all men being secure he became Master of Syracusae by treachery Whiles these things were thus mannaged in Sicily Hanno the General of the Carthaginians in Africa employed his own treasure in which he exceeded the bank of the Common-wealth to become absolute Soveraign of all and attempted having first killed the Senate to usurpe the Kingdom For the acting of this wickedness he set apart a solemn day for the marriage of his Daughter that by the religion of his Vows he might both the better commit and conceal his abominable design He prepared a Feast for the people in the publick places and for the Senate in his own house that with Cups infected with poyson he might more secretly and without any witnesses destroy them and the more easily invade the Commonwealth deprived of her Magistrates This being betrayed to the Senators by his servants the wicked plot was declined but not revenged least in a man so powerful the plot should prove more prejudicial being known then concealed Being therefore contended by a
of this honourable warfare was so great that it would continue through all Ages and be determined by no measure of time it being recorded that they were the onely men in the world who translated to their Enemies the wars which they could not themselves sustain at home and of their own accord followed the Conquerors and besieged the besiegers of their own City He concluded that the war therefore was to be carryed on by them all with a gallant joyful resolution there being no reward more abundant for the Conquerors nor any monument more honourable for the conquered By these exhortations the courages of the Souldiers were erected but they were amazed again at the portent they beheld which was that being under Sayl the Sun was ecclipsed of which the King gave an account with no less care then was his preparation for the war he affirmed that if it had hapned before they had set forth it might be believed that it persaged loss unto them but it coming to pass after they had lanched forth it did portend ill to those against whom they did advance Moreover that the natural defect of the Stars did alwayes persage some present change of State and it was most certain that the condition of Carthage being then in their height of flourish there was a change persaged by it and calamity to come The Souldiers being thus comforted he commanded all the ships to be burned that they might all understand that the means of their flight being taken away they must either overcome or fall by the sword Afterwards having born down all before them wheresoever they did march and set on fire the Towns and Castles Hanno General of the Carthaginians did advance to give them battel with an Army of thirty thousand men The battel being fought two thousand of the Sicilians and three thousand of the Carthaginians were slain with the General himself with this Victory the courages of the Sicilians were erected and the spirits of the Carthaginians fainted Agathocles his Enemies being overcome did sack and raze their Towns and Castles driving away great booties and killing many thousands of his Enemies He afterwards pitched his Tents within five miles of Carthage that they themselves from the Walls of their Cities might behold the loss of those things which were most pretious to them together with the wasting of their Fields and the burning of their Towns In the mean time the great Fame over all Africa of the Army of the Carthaginians being overthrown and of the taking of their Cities being divulged a sudden wonder and amazement did invade them from whence should arise so great an overthrow in so potent an Estate especially ftom an Enemy overcome And not long after not onely all Africa but the most noble of the Cities having followed the novelty did revolt to Agathocles and assisted the Conqueror both with corn and money To this calamity of the Carthaginians the news of their Army in Sicily overthrown with their General did arrive to make up the height of their affliction For after the deparure of Agathocles out of Sicily the Carthaginians being become the more secure in their Leagure before Syracusae were utterly routed and cut in pieces by Antander the brother of Agathocles Therefore when the fortune of the Carthaginians was the same both at home and abroad not onely their tributary Cities but the Kings who were their Confederates revolted from them weighing the interests of friendship not by fidelity but success Amongst others Offellas King of the Cyrene who entertained a vain hope to be master of all Africa did by his Ambassadors enter into a League with Agathocles and accorded with him that the Carthaginians being overcome the one should obtain the command of Sicily and the other of Africa Therefore Offellas came with a formidable Army into the society of the war having often dined together Agathocles who alwayes entertained him with humble submissions and flattering complements because Offella had adopted his eldest Son to succeed him in the Kingdom did at the last kill him and having possessed himself of his Army the Carthaginians renewing the war with all their might were overcome again in a great battel not without much effusion of blood on both sides By this overthrow the Carthaginians were brought to so great a desperation that if there had not been an insurrection in the Army of Agathocles Bomilcar who was General of the Carthaginians had revolted to him with the remainder of his Army For which offence he was fastned to a Cross in the middle of the Market-place to make the same place the monument of his punishment which before was famous for the Installation of his honours But Bomilcar with so great resolution endured this cruelty of the Citizens that he declaimed against the wickedness of the Carthaginians from the height of the Cross as from the height of a judgement-seat Sometimes he objected how Hanno was circumvented by them with false accusation that he aspired to the Kingdom sometimes he did call into their memory the banishment of innocent Gisco sometimes the silent suffrages against his Uncle Amilcar sometimes he alledged the nature of his own offence which was that he had rather make Agathocles a friend unto them then an Enemy After he had roared out this in a great Assembly of the people he expired In the mean time Agathocles having overcome all in Africa did deliver his Army to his eldest Son Archagathus and returned into Sicily conceiving that nothing had been performed in Africa if Syracusae in Sicily was any longer besieged For after the slaughter of Amilcar the Son of Gisco the Carthaginians had sent a new Army thither Therefore on his first approach all the Cities of Sicily having heard of his atchievements in Africa did strive as if in emulation which first should surrender it self unto him and by this means the Carthaginians being driven out of Sicily he became the aâ—â—olute Master of the whole Iland And returning afterwards to Africa he was received by an insurrection of his Souldiers for his Son had deferred the payment of the Army until his Father returned Having therefore called them to an Assembly he stroaked them with fair words and told them that their Pay was not to be demanded of him but to be sought for from their Enemy and that a common victory would produce a common booty He desired them to be patient but a little until the relicts of the war were ended and when Carthage was taken he would satisfie all their hopes The military tumult being thus pacified some few daies afterwards he did bring his Army to the Camp of his Enemies and inconsiderately engaging with them he lost the greatest part of his Army Therefore when he was fled into his Tents and saw the envie and blame of the ill managed war turned upon himself and feared withal the former offence of having not payed his Army he fled away about midnight having not any with him but his
Amongst these complaints all the Court resounded with the lamentations of the Standers to behold this so sad a departure at length the necessity of their Journey did impose an end to their tears and the death of the King did follow his travelling Family Whiles these things were in agitation the Carthaginians understanding how the affairs were carryed in Sicily conceiving that an occasion was offered to them to become Masters of the whole Iland they passed thither with a great Army and subdued many Cities At the same time Pyrrhus made war against the Romans and being desired by the Sicilians to assist them as hath been mentioned heretofore when he came to Syracusae and had there conquered many places he was called as well King of Sicily as of Epirus In which felicity rejoycing he bestowed on his Son Helenus whom he begat on the daughter of Agathocles the Kingdom of Sicily as discending to him by the priviledge of Inheritance and gave to his Son Alexander the Kingdom of Italy After this he made many prosperous battels with the Carthaginians In the process of time there came Ambassadors from his Confederates in Italy reporting that they could not resist the Romans and that they must surrender all unto them unless they were relieved with sudden supplies Being perplexed with this doubtful danger and uncertain what to determine or whom first to assist he providently consulted for the safefy of both For the Carthaginians pressing him on this side and the Romans on the other it appeared dangerous unto him not to transport his Army into Italy but far more dangerous to abandon Sicily least that the one should not appear forsaken nor the other lost for the want of Recruits In this tempest of growing dangers the safest haven of Counsels did appear to fight it out in Sicily with all the powers he could make and the Carthaginians being beaten to carry his conquering Army into Italy The battels therefore being joyned although he overcame his Enemies yet because he withdrew his Army from Sicily he was interpreted to be overcome and his Confederates revolting from him he lost speedily the Kingdom of Sicily as he easily did obtain it But having found no better fortune in Italy he returned into Epirus His fortune in both these places was as admirable as exemplar For as before in his prosperity the happiness of his affairs flowing above and beyond his desires he added the command of Italy to Sicily and grew glorious by many victories against the Romans â—so now in his adversity his Fortune having destroyed what she had builded and made him an example of humane frailty she added to the loss of Sicily the ruine of his Navie at Sea and the disgraceful battel against the Romans and his dishonourable departure from Italy After his departure from Sicily also Hiero was made chief Magistrate whose moderation was so great that with the approbation of all the Citizens he was created General against the Carthaginians and not long afterwards King His infant Education was a Prophetess of his future Majesty for he was the Son of Hieroclytus a noble man who derived his original from Gelus an antient Tyrant of Sicily but his birth on the Mothers side was sordidly ignominious For he was begotten on a Mayd-servant who was his mother and therefore it was commanded by his Father that he should be exposed as the disgrace and dishonour of his Family But the Bees having layd honey round about him where he was left did nourish him being very young and wanting all humane comfort for many days by reason of which his Father being admonished by the South sayers who persaged in their songs that the Kingdom was portended to him did cause him to be brought home and with all his care and endeavor did instruct and bring up to that hope of Majesty which was promised being but a boy at Shool amongst his companions a Wolf suddenly appearing took his book from him and being a young man and learning his first rudiments in the art of war an Eagle pearched on his buckler and on Owl on his Spear which did presage that he should be wary in Counsel high in courage and be crown'd a King at last He often fought with those that challenged him and always returned a Conqueror he was rewarded by King Pyrrhus with many Military gifts he was as admirable for his strength as for the beauty of his body pleasing in discourse just in employment moderate in command and nothing could be seen that was wanting in him of a King but the Kingdom only THE Four and twentieth BOOK OF IVSTINE WHile these things were thus managed in Sicily King Ptolomy sirnamed Ceraunicus and Antiochus and Antigonus dissenting in Greece and makeing war amongst themselves almost all the Cities of Greece being encouraged by it as if an occasion were offered them to recover their liberty did send to one another and by their Ambassadors having obliged themselves into a league of friendship they did break forth into an apparent war that they might not seem to make war with Antigonus they assaulted the Aetolians his Confederates pretending that the cause of the war was because they had by force possessed themselves of the Cyrean Fields which by the consent of all Greece were dedicated to Apollo To this war they made choyce of Aras for their General who with a prepared Army did spoyl both the Cities and wrecks of Corn which was layd up in those Fields and what they could not take they did set on fire Which when the Aetolian Shepherds beheld from the tops of the Mountains having drawn themselves together into a body of five hundred they pursued their scattered Enemies not knowing how numerous they were because the amazement of the sudden assault and the smoak of the fire had taken from them the full discovery of their Enemies and having killed nine thousand of them they put the residue to fight After this the Spartans beginning the war again many of the Cities denyed them ayd conceiving that they sought not after liberty but the soveraign command of Greece In the mean time the wars amongst the Kings were ended for Ptolomy having beaten away Antigonus and possessed himself of the Kingdom of all Macedonia did make peace with Antiochus and joyned in affinity with Pyrrhus his daughter being given to him in marriage and being safe from all fear of a forraign Enemy he turned his unrighteous minde to commit domestick wickedness and by treachery prepared the destruction of Arsinoe his sister that he might both deprive her Sons of life and her self of the possession of the City of Cassandria His first artifice was by dissembling his love to convert his sister in the way of marriage for he could not otherwise then by the pretence of love finde access to the Sons of his sister whose Kingdom he would enjoy But this wicked design of Ptolomy was made known unto her but he did send her word not giving any belief
complaints of the Lacedemonians whose Fields in mutual hatred the Achaians had laid wast The Senare answered the Lacedemonians that they would send Ambassadors into Greece to look upon the affairs of their Associates and to take away the suspitions of all injury but instructions were privily given to the Ambassadors that they should dissolve this intire Body of the Achaians and make every City to subsist by her own priviledges that so they might more easily be inforced to obedience and if any appeared to be stubborn that they should be broken The Princes therefore of all the Cities being called to Corinth the Ambassadors did recite the Decree of the Senate and declared what was the Counsel which was given to them They declared that it was expedient for all that every City should have her own Laws and her own priviledges which the Achaians no sooner understood but in a fury they presently killed all that were strangers and had violated the Romane Ambassadors themselves if upon notice of the tumult they had not fled away in a great fear When this was declared at Rome the Senate did immediately Decree that the Achaian war should be undertaken by Mummius the Consul who not long after having transported his Army into Greece and all things with great care being provided for did provoke his Enemies to battel But the Achaians as if it had been no trouble at all to conquer the Romanes had nothing in a readiness for War but thinking more of the booty then the fight they brought their Carriages into the Field to draw from thence the spoyls of their Enemies and placed their Wives and Children on the adjacent Hills to behold the pleasure of the Battel which was no sooner begun but being slain before the eyes of their Wives and Children they became a sad spectacle to them for the present and left them a grievous remembrance of it for the future and their Wives and Children being made Captives of Spectators were an easie prey unto their Enemies The City of Corinth it self was pull'd down and all the people sold in the most ignominious manner that in those times was practised that this Example might strike a fear into the other Cities to take â—eed of Innovations for the time to come Whiles these things were in action Antiochus King of Syria made War upon Ptolomy King of Egypt the Son of his elder Sister but â— slow man and so consumed with daily luxury that he not onely neglected the Offices of Regal Majesty but was deprived also of the sense of an ordinary man Being therefore beaten out of his Kingdom he fled to Alexandria to his younger brother Ptolomy and having made him a partaker in his Kingdom they joyntly sent Ambassadors to the Senate at Rome by whom they desired their help and implored the Faith of their Society The supplications of the Brothers did move the Senate Therefore Publius Popilius was sent Ambassador to Antiochus to command him not to invade Egypt or if he was already in it to withdraw from it The Ambassador having found him in Egypt the King kissed him for Antiochus above the rest did respect Popilius when he was a Hostage at Rome Popilius desired him to forbear all private friendship when the Mandates and the Interests of his Country intervened and having produced the Decree of the Senate he delivered it to the King when he found the King to demur upon it and to say that he would refer it to the Consultation of his friends Popilius with a rod which he had in his hand having inclosed him in a spacious Circle that it might contain his friends with him did require him to counsel with them in the Precinct of that Round and not to move out of it before he had given an Answer to the Senate Whether he would have peace or War with the Romanes This sharp proposition did so blunt the minde of the King that he answered that he would obey the Senate After this Antiochus returning to his Kingdom dyed having left behind him a son very young to whom when Guardians were assigned by the people his Uncle Demetrius who was then a Hostage at Rome having understood of the death of his brother Antiochus addressed himself unto the Senate and alledged that his brother being alive he came to Rome as a Hostage for him but being dead he did not now know whose Hostage he might be therefore he pleaded that it was just he should be dismissed from Rome to be invested in his Kingdom which as it was due by the law of Nations to his elder brother so it was now due unto himself who must have the precedency of the Pupil by the priviledge of Age When he observed that the Senate silently presuming that the Kingdom would be more safe unto them under the Pupil then under him were un willing to grant him leave to depart Having secretly departed to Hostia under the pretence of hunting he there took shipping with the Companions of his flight and being brought into Syria he was received with the applause of all men and the young Prince being put to death the Kingdom by his Guardians was delivered unto him Much about the same time Prusias King of Bithinia contrived how to put to death his son Nicomedes endeavouring to provide for his younger sons whom he had by Nicomede's Step-mother and who were then at Rome But the plot was betrayed by those who undertook to perform it they exhorted the young man being provoked by the cruelty of his Father to prevent the deceit and return the wicked act upon the Author of it nor was it hard to perswade him to it therefore being sent for when he came into the Kingdom of his Father he was saluted as King and Prusias his Father being dis-invested of his Kingdom became as a private man and was forsaken of his own servants When he concealed himself in corners he was discovered and commanded to be killed by his son with no less wickedness then he commanded his son to be killed THE Five and thirtyeth BOOK OF IVSTINE DEmetrius having possessed himself of the Kingdom of Syria conceiving that the common hatred by this Innovation would prove ruinous to himself he determined to inlarge the bounds of his Soveraignty and to encrease his Revenues by making War upon his Neighbours Therefore being become an Enemy to Ariathes King of Cappadocia because he refused to marry his Sister he received his suppliant Brother Holofernes injustly driven from the Kingdom and rejoycing that he had offered to him an honest Title of the War he determined to restore to him his Kingdom But Holofernes having ungratefully made a League with the Antiochians and growing into enmity with Demetrius he took counsel to expel him from the Kingdom by whom he was restored to it which although Demetrius understood yet he spared his life that Ariathes might not be freed from the War which his brother Demetrius threatned to bring upon him howsoever having
did make spoile in Asia and fought many battels in many places and being every-where a Conqueror he reduced the Cities which revolted he subdued some others and added them to the Commonwealth of Athens And thus having vindicated the antient glory of the Athenians by Sea and made himself moâ—e famous by some Conquests by Land being much desired by the Citizens he returned to Athens In these encounters he took two hundred ships from the Enemy and a great booty The Army rerurning in triumph the people in throngs came forth to meet them and with wonder they gaze upon all the Souldiers in general but on Alcibiades in particular The whole City did fasten on him their eyes they extolled him as sent from Heaven and beheld him as Victory her self They repeated what he atchieved for his Country and what being a banished man he had acted against it excusing him that he was incensed and provoked to it So much of high concernment there was in this one man that he was both the Author of their large Dominions subverted and again restored They did prosecute his merits not onely with all humane but with divine honors and contended with themselves whither they more contumeliously expelled him or more honourably received him they brought those gods to gratulate him to whose execrations they had before devoted him and they would now place him in Heaven to whom they had denyed the society of men They made satisfaction for disgrace with honors for losses wâ—th rewards and for execrations with prayers They discoursed noâ— of the adverse fight in Sicily but of the Victory of Greece not of the Fleets he lost but of those he won not of Syracuse but of Ionia and Hellespont This was the fortune of Alcibiades who never knew a mean either in the favours or the displeasure of his Citizens Whiles this was done at Athens the Lacedemonians made Lysander General both by Sea and Land and Darius King of the Persians had made his Son Cyrus Governor of Lydia and Ionia in the place of Tissafernes who with men and money did raise up the Lacedemonians to the hope of their former fortune Being increased in their strength with the suddenness of their approach they suppressed Alcibiades sent into Asia with one hundred ships and spoiling the Countrey made rich with long peace his Souldiers in the desire of the booty being dispersed and not suspecting the coming of an Enemy so great therefore was the slaughter which the Lacedemonians made that in this fight the Athenians received a greater wound then they did give in the former and so great was their desperation that immediately they changed their General Alcibiades for Conon believing they were overcome not by the fortune of the war but by the deceit of Alcibiades on whom the former injuries more prevailed then the latter benefits they alleaged that in the former war he over-came onely to shew the Enemies what a General they had despised and yet he might fell the Victory more deer unto them for the vigor of his wit his love to vices and the luxury of his manners made all things credible in Alcibiades Fearing therefore the violence of the people he betook himself to a willing banishment Conow succeeding Alcibiades in the Government of the Army having before his eyes how great a Captain he was that was before him did make the Navie readic with the greatest industry but men were wanting to the ships the most valiant being slain in taking the spoils of Asia Boyes therefore and old men were armed and great was the number of the Souldiers but weak was the strength of the Army The Lacedemonians made no long work of them for being unable to resist they were everywhere either killed or taken prisoners and so great was the overthrow that not onely the Common-wealth but even the name of the Athenians did seem to be extinguished so lost and desperate was their condition and so great an exigence were they brought unto that for want of Souldiers they gave the priviledges of the freedom of the City to strangers liberty to slaves and impunity to the condemned and with this câ—nscribed Army composed of the out-casts of men the late Lords of Greece did defend their Liberties They had once more a minde to try their fortune at Sea and they were possessed with such a sudden height of courage that when they before despaired of their lives they were now even confident of Victory But these were not the Souldiers who should uphold the name of the Athenians nor these the Forces with which they were accustomed to overcome neither could any military abilities be expected from these men who were inured to bonds and not unto Tents They were all therefore either killed or taken Conon their General only remained alive who fearing the cruelty of the Citizens with eight ships did repair unto Evagoras the King of Cyprus But the General of the Lacedemonians the war happily being mannaged did insult over the fortune of his Enemies He sent the ships he took the booty being layd forth upon the Decks in the way of triumph to Lacedemon and received the Cities into his protection which payed tribute to Athens the fear of the doubtful fortune of the war detaining them till then in their fidelity the Athenians had now nothing left them but the Citie it self when this was reported at Athens they all abandoning their honours did traverse the streets of the City in great fear they demanded the news of one another and examined the authority of the Messengers imprudency kept not at home the young nor delibity the old nor the weakness of their Sexe the women So much the sence of the calamity had possessed every Age. Late in the night they assembled in the Market-place and began to lament the publick misfortune some bewailed their brothers some their sons some their parents some their kindred some their friends deerer then their kindred and with private mischances mingled the publick losses sometimes thinking of the ruine of themselves sometimes of the ruine of their Countrey sometimes conceiving the fortune of the living to be more miserable then the fortune of the dead they did every one propound unto themselves siege and famine and the proud conquering Enemy The destruction and firing of the City the general captivity and most miserable slavery did still present it self before their eyes believing that the ruines of the former City were far more happy when their sons and fathers being alive they were onely punish'd with the destruction of their walls and honours They had now no Fleet to which as before they might repair nor had they any Army by whose valour being preserved they might build greater walls In this manner lamenting the condition of their City their Enemies came upon them and at once did inviron them with an Army and besieged them with hunger They knew that not many of their forces remained and they provided that no man should be brought in
designed Much about that time Darius the King of the Persians dyed leaving behind him two sons Artaxerxes and Cyrus His Kingdom he bequeathed to Artaxerxes and to Cyrus the Cities of which he was before Lieutenant This Legacy of the Father did seem to Cyrus to be unequal he therefore privily prepared war against his brother which when it was told to Artaxerxes he sent for his brother who pretending innocency did come unto him and was by him bound with chains of gold and had been put to death if his mother had not commanded him to the contrary Cyrus being dismissed did now begin to make war against his brother not covertly but openly not dissemblâ—ngly but professedly and from all places did draw Auxiliaries to him The Lacedemonians being mindful of the assistance he sent them in their war against the Athenians did decree to send help upon him but in such a way as if they did not take notice against whom the war was made that if the occasion so required they might procure unto themselves the favour of Cyrus and if Artaxerxes had overcome they might hope for his Patronage and his pardon because they determined nothing openly against him But in the encounter the chance of the fight having brought both brothers directly opposite one against another Artaxerxes was first wounded by his brother but was delivered from further danger by the swiftness of his horse Cyrus being overpowred by the King's Life guard was slain out-right Artaxerxes being Conqueror enjoyed the Army and the spoils of his brothers war In that battel Cyrus had ten thousand Greeks that came to his assistance who in that part of the field where they stood did overcome and after the death of Cyrus could neither be conquered by the power of so great an Army nor yet taken by treachery but returning in so great a march through so many unconquered Nations and barbarous people they with their valour did secure themselves even unto the confines of their own Countrey THE SIXTH BOOK OF IVSTINE THe Lacedemonians after the common condition of men who the more they have the more they do desire being not content that their strength was doubled by the access of the Athenian power did begin to affect the Government of all Asia The greatest part whereof being under the command of the King of the Persians Dercillides who was chosen general for that war when he found that he was to fight against two of the Lieutenants of Artaxerxes Pharnabasus and Tissafernes who were attended with the powers of formidable Nations he resolved to make a peace with one of them Tissafernes seemed most fit for his design being more remarkable for his industry and more powerful by the Souldiers of the late King Cyrus who being treated with and conditions being agreed upon betwixt them he was dismissed whereupon he was accused by Pharnabasus before the King that he repulsed not the Lacedemonians who had invaded Asia but maintained them at the King's charge and contracted with them to delay the wars as if all the loss of the Empire should not be put upon one score He alledged it to be an unworthy thing that the war should be bought and not carried on with resolution and that the Enemy should be removed with money and not with Arms Tissafernes being estranged from the King by these complaints Pharnabasus did perswade him for the mannaging of the wars at Sea to make Conon the Athenian Admiral in his place who his Countrey being lost by war did led a banished life in Cyprus for the Athenians although they were broken in their fortunes had yet some strength at Sea and if one were to be chosen he alledged that they could not finde amongst them an abler man Having received five hundred talents he was commanded to make Conon Admiral of the Fleet This being known at Lacedemon they by their Ambassadors did desire ayd of Hercimon King of Aegypt for the carrying on of the war at Sea who sent them one hundred ships and six hundred thousand measures of corn and very great ayd was also sent unto them from the rest of their Associates But a worthy Commander was wanting to so great an Army and against so great a Captain Therefore their Associates desiring Agesilaus King of the Lacedemonians to lead forth their Armies it was a long time debated whether they should make him their General or no by reason of the answer of the Oracle of Delphos which denounced a period to their Government when the royal Command halted for Agesilaus was lame of his feet but at last resolving that it were safer that the King then Kingdom should halt they sent Agesilaus with a formâ—dable Army into Asia Two such Captains as these to command in this war could not easily be matched again for they were equal in age valour counsel providence and in the glory of their atchievements and when fortune gave them a parity in all things yet she preserved them unconquered by one another Great was the preparation of both for the war great were the acts which they performed But a sedition of the Souldiers whom the former Lieutenants of the King had defrauded of their pay disturbed Conon the Souldiers demanding their Arrears the more roundly because knowing their duties in the war should be the harder under so great a Captain Conon having a long time wearyed the King in vain with Letters did at the last repair in his own person to him but being denyed either to see him or to speak with him because he would not prostrate himself unto him after the custom of the Persians he treated with him by Messengers and complained that the wars of the most mighty King did suffer through indigence and having an Army equal to the Enemies he was overcome by the want of money in which he did exceed them and was found inferiour in that part of strength in which he was far superiour He desired that the moneys for the war might be trusted into his hand it being dangerous that it should be committed unto many The moneys being received he returned to the Navie and made no delay in the prosecution of the war He acted many things valiantly and many things happily he plundred the Fields he sacked the Cities of his Enemies and as a Tempest did beat down all before him With which proceedings the Lacedemonians being affrighted did determine to call back Agesilaus out of Asia for the defence of his own Countrey In the mean time Lysander being left by Agesilaus to command the Forces at home in his absence being resolved to try the fortune of the war by battel did with great care and industry provide a mighty Navie and Conon being ready to joyn in battel with the Enemy did with great judgement assign unto every ship its station and the emulation of the Souldiers was no less then of the Captains for Conon the Admiral did not so much labour for the Persians as for his Countrey and in their
at once with all the Forces of Darius being afraid before that the wars would be delayed if the Persians should have divided their Army Before the battel did begin both the Armies made a stand and did look on one another The Macedons did wonder at the multitudes of their Enemies at the greatness of their bodies and the beauty of their Armor The Persians were amazed that so many thousand of their Souldiers had so often by so few been overcome The two Kings did ride round abâ—ut their Armies Darius assured his that if the division were made throughout his Army he had ten men in arms to fight against but one of his Enemies Alexander admonished the Macedonians not to be troubled with the multitudes of their Enemies nor with the greatness of their bodies or the novelty of the complexion of their Arms he commanded them onely to remember that this is the third time they fought with them and so consider that they were become never the better men by their so often flying away but carryed alwayes with them the sad remembrance of their former overthrows of so much blood they had lost before in the two other battels He assured them that as Darius did exceed in men so did he in strength He perswaded them to despise that Army shining with gold and silver in which there was more booty then danger the Victory being not to be purchased by the glittering of ornaments but by the edge of the sword After this both Armies were joyned in battel The Macedons in contempt of the Enemy so often overcome did throw themselves upon the swords of the Persians And the Persians desired rather manfully to die then to be overcome seldom more blood in any fight was shed Darius when he saw his Army overthrown would willingly have dyed himself But those who stood next unto him did compel him to flie Some perswading him to break down the Bridge of the River of Cydnus to stop the passage of his Enemies he made answer That he would not so dishonourably provide for his own safety by exposing so many thousands of his Souldiers to the fury of their Enemies and that the same way of flight was to he open to others which lay open to himself Alexander in his own person was alwayes present in the greatest difficulties and where he saw his Enemies on their thickest squadrons to fight most bravely he clapped in upon them and would have all the dangers to be wholy his own and not his Souldiers In this battel hâ— gained unto himself the whole Empire of Asia in the fifth yeer of his reign and so great was his felicity that after this no man durst to rebel and the Persians after the Empire which continued so many yeers did patiently endure the yoak of servitude His Souldiers being rewarded and refreshed so great was the booty that it took up forty daies to receive the full account of it he found hid in the City eleven thousand Talents After this he took Persepolis the chief Seat of the Persian Empire a City renowned for many yeers and full of the spoyls of the World which first appeared at the destruction of it As those things thus passed eight hundred Greeks did come unto him who with dismembred bodâ—es did endure the punishment of their Captivity beseeching him that as he had delivered Greece so he would deliver them also from the cruelty of their Enemies The King having granted them leave to return to their own Country they made choyce to be seated rather in a plantation abroad least in the stead of joy they should present unto their Parents the lamentable and loathed spectacle of themselves In the mean time Darius to purchase favour of the Conqueror was bound by his knismen in golden chains in a Town of the Parthians called Tancas I believe the immortal gods so ordained it that the Empire of the Persians should have its end in their Land who were afterwards to succeed in the Government Alexander pursuing the chase in a full gallop came to the same Town on the next day He there understood that Darius in a close waggon was carryed away by night his Army therefore being commanded to follow he pursued him with onely seven thousand horse and in the way had many and dangerous encounters And having in the chase numbred many miles when he could not receive the least notice of Darius he respited a little to breathe and bait his horses As one of his Souldies did go unto the next spring he found Darius bleeding through many wounds but yet alive whereupon he made use of his Captive to be his Interpreter whom when Darius found by his voyce to be a Persian he said that this brought some comfort to him in his present misfortunes that he should speak to one who understood him and should not in vain breathe forth his last words He desired that it might be represented to Alexander that he dyed much in his debt being obliged to him for many favours having never the happiness to return any he was much to thank him that he deported himself towards his Mother and his children not like an Enemy but a King and was more happy in his Adversary then in his own kindred for the lives of his Mother and his children were given to them he said by his Ennemy but his life was taken away by his kinsmen to whom he had given both life and Kingdoms for which he should receive that recompence which he being a Conqueror should be pleased himself to take All the thankfulness which he being a dying man could return unto him was to beseech the powers above and the powers below and the gods that dispose of Scepters that they would grant him the Empire of all the World For himself he desired to have rather a solemn then a sumptuous Funeral As for what pertained to the Revenger of his death it ought he said to be made Exemplar it being not onely Alexanders but the common cause of all Kings which to neglect would be as dishonourable as it were dangerous for as in one the Example of his justice so in the other the cause of his futuâ—e safety would be declared for the performance of which he gave his right hand the onely pledge of the Faith of a King Having spoken these wordâ— and stretched forth his hands he dyed which when it was reported unto Alexander having beheld him he with tears prosecuted his death so unworthy of that height wherein he lived and commanded that his body should be buried after the manner of their Kings and be carryed to the Tombs of his Predecessors THE TVVELFTH BOOK OF IVSTINE ALexander after this with great Funeral expences did honour those Souldiers whom he lost in the pursute of Darius and divided fifteen thousand Talents amongst their fellows who did accompany him in that Expedition The greatest part of their horses were lost by the excessive heat and those which remained alive made
did prevail much upon him who was his familiar acquaintance and bred up with him in the School of Aristotle and was at that time sent for by him to commit his Deeds to History Having therefore called back his mind to the war he took into his protection the Dracons and Chorasmians who did submit unto him Not long after to make himself yet more hateful he commanded that he should not only be worshipped but adored which was the onely thing he had forborn in the proud imitation of the Persian Kings Calisthenes was the most sharp and resolute of all that did contradict it which brought a destruction both on him and many others of the Princes of the Macedons for they were all put to death under the pretence of treason Netheless the Macedons would not admit of adoration but onely retained the Custom of saluting their King After this he marched into India to bound his Empire with the Ocean and the farthest East to which glory that the ornaments of his Army might be agreeable he cover'd with silver the trappings of their horses and the arms of his Souldiers and from their silver bucklers he called his Army Argyraspidae When he came unto the City of Nysa the Inhabitants not resisting him by reason of their religious confidence in the assistance of their god Bacchus by whom that City was builded he commanded that it should be spared being glad that he followed not onely the Militia but the foot steps of the god After this he did lead his Army to the sight of the holy Hill which was cloathed with Vines and lvie the goods of Nature and that so elegantly as if it had been adorned by the art and industry of the hand of the Planter But his Army was no sooner marched to the Hill but transported with a sudden rapture they did by instinct break forth into the sacred ululations of the God and to the amazement of the King did run up and down without any prejudice that he might understand that by sparing the Inhabitants he provided as well for his Army as for them From thence he marched to the Hills of Dodalus and to the Kingdom of Queen Cleophis who having yielded her self unto him she received back her Kingdom having redeemed it by granting him the use of her body obtaining that by wantonness which she could never have purchased by the force of arms She called her son Alexander who was begotten by him who afterwards enjoyed the Kingdom of the Indians Queen Cleophis by reason of this violation of her chastity was afterwards called by the Indians The royal Whore Having marched almost through India when he came to a Rock as wonderful in its bigness as in the difficulty of its ascent into which many Nations fled he understood that Hercules was by an Earthquak prohibited from the taking of it Being therefore transported with a desire to overcome the Acts and Labors of Hercules with infinite difficulty and danger he became master of it and took into his protection all the Nations in that place One of the Kings of the Indians was called Porus as admirable by the strength of his body as by the greatness of his minde who having understood before of the advance of Alexander had prepared an Army to entertain him The battels being joyned he commanded his Army to invade the Macedons and demanded for their King being resolved as a private Enemy to fight with him hand to hand Alexander made no delay to answer him and in the first encounter having fallen head-long to the ground his horse being killed under him he was preserved by the concourse of his Guard Porus being almost covered with blood from many wounds which he received was taken Prisoner and with such indignation grieved that he was overcome that after his Enemy had given him quarter he would neither take any sustenance nor suffer his wounds to be dressed and with much difficulty was perswaded to be contented to live Alexander in the honour of his valour did send him back safe into his own Kingdom He erected there two Cities one called Nicaea the other Bucephale after the name of his horse After that having overthrown their Armies he took the Adrestrians Strathenians Passidams and Gangaritans when he came to the Euphites where they attended his coming with an Army of two hundred thousand horse all his Army being tired as well by the numbers of their Victories as by their labors did beseech him with tears that he would put at last a period to the war and once think upon a return into his Country they besought him to look upon the yeers of his Souldiers whose age would scarce suffice to their return some shewed him their gray hairs some their wounds some their bodies consumed with sickness and some their bodies with the loss of blood They onely they said were the men who enduced the continual war-fare of two Kings Philip and Alexander They did entreat him that he would restore their Relicts and what was left of them to the graves of their Fathers there being no defect in their zeal but in their age Howsoever if he would not spare his Souldiers that he would spare himself and not weary his good Fortune by too much oppressing it Being moved with these so just entreaties he commanded his Camp as to give an end to his Victories to be made more magnificent then was usual that by the large extents thereof both the Enemy should be terrified and an admiration of him should be left unto posterity His Souldiers did never undertake any work more readily and their adjacent Enemies being slain with a great joy they returned unto them From thence he marched to the River Acesines on which he sailed to the Ocean The Gesonae there and the Asybians two Nations of whom Hercules was the Founder did submit unto him from thence he sailed to the Ambrians and Sycambrians which Nations with fourescore thousand armed foot and threescore thousand horse were ready to receive him Having overthrown them in battel he did lead his Army to their Citie and being himself the first man that scaled the Walls when he found the City to be abandoned by its Defendants he leaped down without any Guard into it The Enemy when they did behold him alone with a great shout from every place ran towards him to try if in one man they could end the wars of the World and give a revenge to so many Nations Alexander did as resolutely resist them and did fight alone against so many thousands It is incredible to be spoken that not the multitude of his Enemies nor the pointed force of their weapons nor the cries and shouts they made provoking one another could any wayes affright him he alone did kill and put to flight so many thousands of them but when he perceiv'd that he began to be over-powred by their numbers he applyed himself to the body of a Tree that stood close unto the Wall by which defence
the war affirming that with their swords they would cut in pieces the Decrees of the Macedons Being advanced with his Army into Aetolia he commanded the Cities to pay him contribution and violently forced it from those who refused it Afterwards he marched unto Sardis to Cleopatra the sister of Alexander the Great that by her voyce the chief Officers and Centurions might be confirmed concieving that regal Majesty would turn all to that side for which she stood Such was the veneration of the greatness of Alexander that even by the addresses of women the favor of his sacred name was implored On his return Letters were found dispersed over all the Camp in which great rewards were promised to those who should bring the Head of Eumenes to Antigonus Eumenes having understood it and called the Souldiers to an Assembly did in the first place give thanks that there was not any found amongst them who preferr'd the hope of a bloody reward above the Oath of his fidelity and craftily concluded that these Letters were contrived and scattered by his directions thereby to make a trial of their resolutions He declared that his safety consisted in the power of them all and that none of the Generals would so overcome as to decree that such a most wicked act should be determined against him By this means he confirmed the staggering resolutions of his Souldiers for the present and provided for the future that if any such thing should happen again his Souldiers might believe that it was no corruption of their Enemy but the temptation of their General They therefore all by throngs did offer themselves and their endevours for the preservation of his person In the mean time Antigonus came upon them with his Army and having encamped close unto him did on the next day set his Army in Array to give him battel Eumenes also with great care marshalled the Field and made no delay of the encounter but being overcome he fled into a Castle that was fortified where when he saw that he must undergo the fortune of a siege he disbanded the greater part of his Army lest he should be delivered to the enemy by the consent of the multitude or the siege should be oppressed by their numbers After this in a most humble manner he sent Ambassadors to Antipater who only was equal in power to Antigonus who when he found that considerable ayds were sent unto him by Antipater he raysed the siege Eumenes was now delivered from the fear of death but not from the fear of danger having before disbanded a great part of his Army Therefore looking round about him to provide for his safety it seemed most expedient to him to have recourse to the Argyraspides of Alexander the Great an invincible Army and shining with the glory of so great and so many Victories But Alexander being deceased the Argyraspides disdained to be commanded by any conceiving that the Militia under others would be but disgraceful after the memory of so great a King Eumenes therefore did court them with alluring words and full of submissive respects did complement with every one of them sometimes calling them his fellow-Souldiers sometimes his Patrons sometimes the Companions of his dangers in the great labours of the East sometimes his Supporters and the onely Refuges of his safety they he said were the onely men by whose valour the East was overcome the onely men who exceeded the wars of Bacchus and the Monuments of Hercules by whom Alexander was made great by whom he obtained divine honours and immortal glory He besought them to receive him not as their General but as their fellow-Souldier and to be admitted as a member of their body Being on this condition entertained he not long after by admonishing all of them and by gently correcting what was done amiss amongst them did by degrees usurp the Soveraignty of Command nothing was done in the Camp without him nothing could be contrived or determined without his Policy At the last when it was declared that Antigonus came against him with an Army he enforced them to come down and to give him battel where when they despised the Commands of their General they were overcome by the valour of their Enemies In that battel they did not onely lose their glory gained in so many wars but their booty also with their wives and children But Eumenes who was the Author of their overthrow and had no other hope of safty did encourage the conquer'd affirming that they were superior to their Enemies in courage for they slew five thousand of them and if they would but continue the war he assured them that the Enemy of their own accord would desire peace of them He enformed them that their losses by which they thought themselves overcome were but two thousand women and a few children and slaves which were but the luggage the lumber of the war and to be repaired by fighting and prosecuting and not by forsaking the Victory But the Argyraspides made answer that they would neither fly after the dammages of Matrimony and the losses of their wives nor would they make war against their own children Moreover they did torment him with reproaches that in their returning home after so many yeers of their pay dearly earned with the rewards of so many Victories he recalled them being discharged into new wars and battels as lasting as they were dangerous and had with vain promises deceived them being almost at their journeys end in the very entrance of their Country and the sight of their houshold gods and now having lost all the booty which they gained in their happy warfare he would not permit them in the penury of their old age to rest being overcome Immediately upon this their Captains not knowing of it they sent Ambassadors to Antigonus demanding that what they had lost might be restored to them He promised that all things should be returned if they would deliver up Eumenes unto him which being understood Eumenes with a few men did attempt to flâ—e but being brought back and his affairs altogether desperate there being a great concourse of the multitude he desired to have the liberty to speak unto the Army which being readily granted by them all silence being made and his handcuffs of steel taken off he stretched forth his hand unto the people having yet some other chains upon him and said Souldiers Behold here the habits and the ornaments of your General which none of the Enemies have imposed upon me for that would be my comfort Iâ— is you who of a Conquerour have made me conquered and of a General a Captive four times within this one yeer have you obliged your selves unto me in an Oath of fidelity but that I do omit for it becomes nor the miserable to be reproachful One thing I intreat of you that if Antigonus be resolved to take away my life that you will give me the leave to die amongst you For it concerns not him
place of Amilcar who when he made many successful encounters both by Sea and Land did at last on a sudden lose all his Army by the rage of a pestilential Planet Which when it was reported at Carthage the City was so full of sorrow and lamentation as if it had been taken it self The shops and houses were shut up so were the Temples of the gods no publick duties of religion were performed and all Offices intermitted which belonged to the administration of justice They all slocked in throngs to the Haven and asked those few who came out of the ships who escaped the fury of the mortality how their Sons and kinsmen did and when they were assured of their deaths of which before they were uncertain and were in some hopes that the Reports were false they filled all the shoar with their lamentations nothing was heard but sighes and throbs and the sad complaints of the unhappy Parents In the mean time the distressed General Amilco came down out of his own ship raggedly cloathed and in the habit of a servant the multitudes of the mourners pressed round about him to behold him And he amongst the rest lifting up his hands to Heaven sometimes bewailed his own and sometimes the publick fortune sometime he accused the gods who took from them so many Ornaments and Trophies of the war and of the victories which they had given them and had destroyed the victorious Army not by war but pestilence so many Cities being taken and the Enemies so often overcome in the battels both by Sea and Land Howsoever he said he brought some comfort to the Citizens that the Enemies though they might rejoyce yet they could not glory in their calamity for they could neither say that those who were dead were killed or that those who returned were routed by them The booty he said which the Enemy found in their abandoned Tents was not such as they could boast to be the spoyls of a conquered Enemy but such as by the casual deaths of their Masters they had seized upon being poor and transitory things which no body was left to own that in relation to their enemies they departed Conquerors but in the relation to the plagues they departed conquered Howsoever he affirmed that he took nothing more neer unto his heart then that he could not die himself amongst so many most valiant men and was preserved not for any delight which he took in life but onely to be the sport of calamity yet nevertheless having brought the miserable relicks of his Army to Carthage he would follow also himself his deceased Souldiers and would make it apparent to his Country that he did not continue to that day because he had a minde to live but that he would not by his death betray these whom the direful pestilence had spared by leaving them amongst the Armies of their Enemies With this Resolution and complaint having entred the City as he came to the threshold of his own door he dismissed the multitude that followed him with his last Farewel unto them and having locked the door with his sword he put a period to his own life not admitting any not so much as his own Sons to come unto him THE Twentieth BOOK OF IVSTINE THe Carthaginians being driven out of Sicily Dionysius seized upon the command of the whole Iland and thinking so great an Army without action would be prejudicial to his Kingdom he transported his forces into Italy that the Souldiers should be both exercised with continual labor and the bounds of his Kingdom enlarged His first war there was amongst the Grecians who enhabited the next Coasts of the Italian Sea who beings overcome he assaulted all their Neighbors and destined to himself all the Grecians that possessed Italy who at that time enjoyed not onely a part but almost all Italy for many Cities after so great a Tract of Antiquity do to this day demonstrate that they received their original from the Grecians For the people of Tuscany who inhabit the Coast of the lower Sea did come from Lydia And Troy being taken and sacked did send forth the Venetians who are the Inhabitants on the Coasts of the upper Sea under Antenor their Commander Adria also which is washed by the Illyrian Sea is a Greek City which gives a name to the Adriatick and so is Arpos which Troy being overthrown Diomedes builded being brought by shipwrack into that place Pisca also amongst the Ligurians is beholding to the Graecians for her original And amongst the Tuscans Tarquinia derives her beginning from the Thessalians and the Spinambrians and Perusians from the Achaians What shall I speak of the City Cere and the Latine people who seem to be planted by Aeneas And are not the Falicians Japigians Nolans Abelans Plantations from Calcedo in Greece What shall I speak of all the Provinces of Campania What shall I speak of the Brutians Sabinians and the Samnits what of the Tarentins which we have read did come from Lacedaemon and were called Spurii It is recorded that Philoctetes did build the City of the Thurins whose Monument is yet to be seen in that place As also the Arrows of Hercules which were the first ruine of Troy are to be seen in the Temple of Apollo The Metapontins also do shew in the Temple of Minerva those Tools of Iron with which Epeus from whom they are derived did build the Trojan horse by reason of these Inhabitants all that part of Italy is called Graecia major But in the beginning of these Originals the Metapontins with the Sybarits and Crotonians did resolve to drive all the other Grecians out of Italy and having first of all taken by force the City of Syris they killed fifty young men embracing the Image of Minerva and the Priestess her self amongst the Altars of the Goddess having on her the Sacerdotial ornaments Wherefore when they were punished with pestilence and sedition the Crotonians first of all repaired to the Oracle at Delphos for a remedy to whom it was answered That an end to their calamity would ensue if they would pacifie the violated power of Minerva and the ghosts of the slaughtered young men Therefore when they began in the first place to erect the Statue of Minerva and afterwards of the young men according to the just proportion of their bodies the Metapontins having understood the Oracle of the gods did resolve to be as forward in the Religion as they and erected small Images of stone to the young men and pacified the goddess with Manufactures of Wool And thus the Plague was ceased in both places the one striving who should exceed in magnificence and the other in swiftness The Crotonians being recovered to their health were not long quiet But being discontented that in the taking of the City of Syris the Locrensians did send Auxiliaries against them they made war upon them which so troubled the Locrensians that they besought ayd of the Lacedemonians The Lacedemonians being
league with him being induced to it by the fear of his power considering that what strength by this confederacy he gave to Agathocles against the Syracusians he added as much to himself for the enlargement of his private fortunes Therefore Peace was not onely made with Agathocles but he was also made Praetor of Syracusae After this tapers of wax being brought forth and lighted he did swear to Amilcar to be careful upon all occasions to advance the Interests of Carthage Having then received of him a Garrison of five thousand Africans he killed all those of greatest power in the City and intending as it were to form a new Government in the Common-wealth he commanded the people to be called forth into the Theater the Senate being disposed of into another place as if he would consult with them concerning something before hand and thus having ordered his affairs and brought in the Souldiers he besieged the people and put the Senators to the sword and having finished the slaughter of them he killed those that were most rich and most forward of the people This being done he leavied more men and formed an Army with which he assaulted the neighbouring Cities fearing no Enemy at all He also perfidiously provoked with injuries the Associates of the Carthaginians Amilcar permitting it Of which the Confederate Cities did complain at Carthage not onely of Agathocles but of Hamilcar of the one as a domineering Tyrant and of the other as a Traytor by whom the fortunes of the Confederates were given to a most deadly Enemy by the making of a peace with him and by delivering Syracusae to him as the pledge of their Society a City alwayes at enmity with the Carthaginians and the Rival of Carthage for the command of Sicily and now at last by delivering up the Cities of their Confederates to the same Agothocles under the title of a friendship they did declare that those things would suddenly redound to the Carthaginians themselves and they should suddenly perceive how much evil they brought not onely to Sicily but to Africa also With those complaints the Senate was incensed against Amilcar But because he had the Command of the Army they passed silent suffrages on him and commanded that before they were reported they should be cast into an urne and sealed up until another Amilcar the Son of Gisco should return from Sicily But the death of Amilcar prevented these close contrivances and the dumb suffrages of the Carthaginians who being injuriously condemned by his own Citizens his cause unheard was delivered from them by the friendship of death This administred a subject to Agathocles to make war against the Carthaginians The first encounter of the war was with Amilcar the Son of Gisco by whom being overcome he retreated to Syracusae to renew the war with greater Force But the fortune of the second battel was the same as of the former wherefore when the conquering Carthaginians had laid a close siege to Syracusae Agathocles finding himself neither equal to them in strength nor any wayes prepared to endure the fury of the siege and withal by reason of his cruelty and other offences that he was forsaken of his Confederates he resolved to carry the war into Africa A wonderful boldness it was that he who was inferior to his Enemy in his own Land and Cities should translate the war into their Countrey and advance to encounter with them abroad being not able at home to desend himself and that being overcome he should insult over the Conquerors The silence of this counsel was no less admirable then was the design he undertook professing onely to the people that he had found them out a way to victory He desired them that they would arm themselves with a resolution patiently for a while to indure the difficulties of the siege or if the condition of their present fortune was grievous to any of them he gave them free leave to depart where they pleased when one thousand and six hundred of them did go away he provided the rest with corn and money for the necessity of the siege he onely took with him fifty Talents for his present use being to provide himself with other things rather from his Enemy then his Companions Having then granted freedom to all the servants that were of age to bear arms he did oblige them by Oath to be faithful to him and afterwards shipped them and the greatest part of his Army and having made equal the condition both of bond and free he conceived that there would be betwixt them a mutual emulation of vertue All the rest were left for the defence of his Country In the seventh year of his raign none of his Souldiers knowing whether they were to be transported he directed his course to Africa taking with him his two Sons who were then of age Archagathus and Heraclidas when they all believed that they were imbraked either to plunder Italy or Sardinia having landed them on the shore of Africa he declared his design unto them and enformed them in what condition Syracusae was to whom there was no other help remaining then to do unto their Enemies what they suffered themselves The war he said was managed otherwise at home then it was abroad Those were onely the ayds at home which the strength and Forces of the Country did administer but abroad the Enemy was often overcome with his own strength their associates revolting from them and in the hatred of continued Soveraignty looking after innovation and forraign ayds To this he added that the Cities and Castles of Africa were not encompassed with Walls not builded on the tops of Hills but lay open in the Champain without any defence and these might easily be brought to joyn in society with him to prevent their utter ruine The war he said would be more grievous to the Carthaginians in Africa it self then in Sicily where they would all joyn their Forces together against one City more famous by her name then her by strength and what strength he brought not with him he would take it there Neither would the sudden fear of the Carthaginians be of a small moment to the victory who undoubtedly would tremble amazed at the gallant confidence of their Enemies And this terror of theirs would be encreased by the firing of their Towns and the plundering of their Castles and contumacious Cities and by the spoyls of Carthage it self By all which they should perceive that war not onely lay open to them against others but to others also against them and by this means that the Carthaginians might not only be overcome but Sicily be delivered from the burthen of their Forces for the Enemies would never continue in the besieging of Syracusae when they were put so hard to it at home The war he alledged could never be carryed on more easily nor the booty be more abundant for Carthage being taken all Africa and Sicily would be the reward of the Conquerors Moreover the glory
Son Archagathus which when his Souldiers understood they were struck with so great a fear as if they had been all taken by their Enemies They declared that they were twice abandoned by their King in the midst of all their Enemies and that their safety was forsaken by him who ought by the Law of Arms to take care of their burial When they would have purchased their King who was received by the Numidians they were enforced to fly back unto their Tents but Archagathus was taken by them who had lost his Father in the error of the night In the mean time Agathocles had embarked himself for Syracusae in the same ships which brought him from Sicily He was a singular Example a King and yet the forsaker of his Army and a Father and yet the betrayer of his children But his Souldiers having articled for an agreement in Africa after the flight of the King did deliver themselves to the Carthaginians having first killed the Sons of Agathocles Archagathus being commanded to be slain by Archesilaus his Fathers old friend demanded of him what he thought that Agothocles would do by his children by whom he was made childless To whom he answered That it was enough for him to understand that they out-lived the children of Agathocles After this the Carthaginians sent Commanders into Sicilyâ— to prosecute the relicts of the war with whom on equal conditions Agathocles did conclude a peace THE Three and twentieth BOOK OF IVSTINE AGathocles King of Sicily having made peace with the Carthaginians subdued part of the Cities dissenting from him through confidence of their own strength Afterwards as if he had been confined too closely in the bounds of one Iland a part whereof in his first beginnings he could not presume so much as to hope for he transported his Army into Italy following the example of Dionysius who subdued many Cities in that Nation His first Enemies were the Brutii who appeared to him to be the most valiant and the most rich and by their situation most prompt to be injured by their neighbours for they had driven from Italy the Inhabitants of many Cities who had been Grecians and in war had overcome the Lucanians from whom they had derived their Original and had afterwards made peace with them on equal terms So great was the wildness of their nature that they would not spare their own Original For the Lucanians were accustomed to institute their children in the same Laws as the Lacedaemonians did For in their beginning to be striplings they were bred up in the Woods amongst the Shepherds without any to attend them and without any garment to put on or to lie down in that so in their first years they might inure themselves to hardness and frugality without any accommodation of the City Their food was what they got by Hunting their drink honey and milk and the chryâ—â—al of the Fountain And thus they by degrees were hardned to the labours of the war Fifty of their number were first accustomeâ— to plunder the Fields of their neighbours their multitude encreasing and sollicited by the prey they troubled all the Countries round about them Therefore Dionysius the Tyrant of Sicily being wearyed with the complaints of his Confederates did send six hundred Africans to suppress them whose Castle it being betrayed to them by a woman called Brutia they surprized and planted there a City the Shepheards flocking thither to behold and inhabit the new City called themselves Brutiâ— after the name of the woman Their first war was with the Lucanians the au hors of their original and being elevated with the victory over them when they had made a peace on equal terms they subdued the rest of their Neighbours and in a short time purchased so much wealth that they seemed formidable even unto Kings At last Alexander King of Epirus when he came with a great Army to the assiâ—â—ance of the Grecian Cities was destroyed by them with all his Forces whereupon the resolutions of them being inflamed by the success of their felicity they became terrible to their own Neighbors At last Agathocles being implored to invade them in the h pe of enlarg ng his Territories he passed from Sicily into I aly The Brutians being startled at the noise 〈◊〉 his approach did send Ambassadors into Sicily to him desiring his society and right â—and of friendship whom Agothocles deluded for having invited them to supper he promised them audience the next day and on the morning following he embarked his Army for Italy the Ambassadors suspecting no such thing But the event of the deceit was not fortunate for not long after the violence of his disease did enforce him to return into Sicily and being taken over all his body the pestiferous humour raging in all his nerves and every joynt he was assaulted as it were with an inward war of every member By this desperation of his Recovery a war began betwixt his Son and his Nephew both challenging the Kingdom as if he had been dead in this war his Son being slain his Nephew possessed himself of the Kingdom Agathocles when the painfulness of his disease and the difficulty of the cure and the anguish of his minde did daily encrease and one malady did grow upon and strive to overtake and exceed the former dispairing of his life did by Sea send back his wife Theogena to Aegypt from whence he fetched her and two small children which he begot of her with all his money family and Princely movables in which none of the Kings then living did exceed him fearing lest the fury of his Enemy who usurped and plundered his Kingdom should seâ—â—e on them also Nevertheless his wife would not be aâ— long 〈…〉 me plucked from the embraces of her sick husband and did beseech him That her departure might not be added to the cruelty of his Nephew and she might seem as unconscionably to forsake her husband as he to have made war against his Uncle she affirmed that when she marryed him she not onely undertook to be a partaker in his prosperities but in all fortunes whatsoever and would willingly purchase with the danger of her own life the sad happiness to receive the last breath of her husband and perform his funeral Rights in which she being gone there was none left to succeed her with that obsequiousness of piety which was due unto him His little children departing did hang upon their father and embraced him with many doleful complaints On the other part his wife who should see her husband no more did weary him with her kisses and no less miserable were the tears of the old man The Mother and Children bewailed the dying Father the Father bewailed his banished wife and children They at their departure lamented the melancholy estate of the old and sick man their Father he lamented the condition of his children and that they should be left in misery whom he had brought up unto the hope of a Kingdom
on a sudden the Priests of all the Temples the Prophets themselves with their hair dishevelled in their most solemn habits and fillets did tremble all with indignation did run forth mad into the Front of the Army where the fight most violently was maintained They cryed out that their god was come down that they beheld him leaping into the Temple laughing from the opened Roofs thereof for whiles they most humbly emplored his help a young man as admirable in his beauty as the tall proportion of his body with two armed Virgins who were his Companions did appear and did meet them out of the two adjoyning Temples of Diana and Minerva neither did they onely behold them with their eyes but they heard also the twang of his Bow and the clashing of his Armour they therefore conjured them by the utmost Imprecations that they would not delay to make a thorow-dispatch upon their Enemies the gods being their Leaders and to joyn themselves Companions with them in the Victory with these words being enflamed they did all throw themselves upon the points of their Enemies swords and immediately they perceived the presence of their god For part of the Hill being torn off by an Earthquake did overwhelm the Army of the Gauls and the most thick and pointed wedges did fall to the ground not without some wounds to the Delphians Immediately there followed a great Tempest of hayl lightning thunder which devoured those who fainted by reason of their wounds Brennus their General when he could not endure the anguish of his wounds did end his life with his Poynedo Belgius the other of their Generals the Authors of this war being punished departed in a flying march out of Greece with ten thousand of his Associates But Fortune was not more propitious to them flying for fearful as they were there was no night without rain or cold nor day without labor and danger but daily storms and snow concrete with Ice and hunger and weariness and above all the great evil of too much watching did consume the miserable Relicks of the unhappy war The people also and Nations through which they marched did pursue them flying before them as a prey By which means it came to pass that not one of so great an Army who not long before being too confident in their strength and numbers presumed to plunder the gods did now remain to witness the remembrance of so great an overthrow THE Five and twentieth BOOK OF IVSTINE PEace being concluded betwixt the two Kings Antigonus and Antiochus when Antigonus returned into Macedonia a new Enemy did on a sudden arise unto him for the Gauls who were left by Brennus to defend the bounds of the Nation when he advanced into Greece that they alone might not seem idle having armed fifteen thousand foot and three thousand horse did invade the Getes and Tribals and having overcome them they did hang like a dark cloud over Macedonia and sent their Ambassadors to King Antigonus to offer him a mercenary Peace and to discover his strength Antigonus with royal magnificence did invite them to a stately Banquet set forth in the highest manner that could be devised The Gauls admiring the vast weights of gold and silver which on purpose were layd open to their observations and being provoked by the abundance and variety of the booty returned more greedy of war then when they came forth The King also commanded that the Elephants should be shewed unto them for a terror it being a sight unaccustomed to them and that they should see the ships laden with Souldiers and gallantly equipped being ignorant that he did hereby tempt them by the rlchness of the booty whom he thought to have affrighted by the greatness of his power The Ambassadors being returned made all things greater then they were and declared both the wealth and the security of the King his Tents they said were covered with gold and silver and defended neither by works nor ditches and as if their riches were defence enough they neglected all Military duties thinking belike that they needed not the defence of Iron because they abounded with gold By this relation the desires of the greedy Nation were the more provoked to the prey The Example of Belgius did the more excite them who not long before had overthrown the Army of the Macedons and killed the King himself With the general consent of all they in the night did invade the Tents of the King who foreseeing this tempest did give order the day before to take away all the precious moveables and privately to hide themselves in the adjoyning woods neither was the Camp otherwise preserved then that it was thus abandoned For the Gauls when they saw all things forsaken and not onely without Defenders but also without a Guard conceiving it to be rather an Ambush then a flight they did forbear for a while to enter into the Ports thereof At last they possessed themselves of them rather examining and searching then plundering them and not long afterwards taking away what they found they did carry it to the shore There when too rashly they thought to seise upon the ships they were killed by the Sea-men and by a part of the Land Army who fled thither with their Wives and children suspecting no such danger And so great was the slaughter of the Gauls that the report and opinion of this Victory procured peace to Antigonus not from the Gauls but some other stubborn Enemies who were his Neghbors The yong men of the Gauls at that time were so numerous that they swarmed all over Asia neither did the Kings of the East manage any wars without the mercenary Army of the Gauls neither did those who were banished or beaten from their Kingdoms address themselves unto any but to the Gauls onely So great was the terror of their name or the invincible happiness of their Arms that the King believed their Majestie was not safe nor could they recover it being lost unless they were assisted by the valor of the Gauls Being therefore called by the King of Bithynia to his help and the Victory obtained they divided the Kingdom with him and called that Country Gallograecia Whiles these things were performed in Asia Phyrrus being overcome by the Carthaginians in a battel at Sea desired ayd of Antigonus King of Macedonia declaring that if he assisted him not he must be enforced to return into his Kingdom and seek the advancement of his Fortunes from the Romans Which when his Ambassadors brought him word was denyed having dissembled the reason he pretended a sudden departure In the mean time he commanded hls Confederates to provide for the war and delivered the Government of the Tower of Tarentum to Helenus his Son and Milo his friend Being returned into Epirus he immediately invaded the bounds of Macedonia where Antigonus did meet him with an Army and being overcome by him was put to flight Pyrrhus hereupon did take Macedonia into his power
with a wicked but a manly boldness from his ravenous disposition he was called Hierax because in snatching away the goods from other men he followed not the life of a man but of a Bird of prey In the mean time Ptolomy when he understood that King Antiochus did advance to the ayd and help of Selencus made peace with Seleucus for ten years that he might not fight at once against two But peace being granted by the Enemy it was reversed by the Brother who having drawn unto him a mercenary Army of the Gauls in the stead of a Brother did render himself an Enemy In that war by the prowess of the Gauls Antiochus was Conqueror but the Gauls believing that Seleucus was slain in the battel did turn their swords against Antiochus himself believing they should plunder Asia with more freedom if they had destroyed all the Royal Progeny Which when Antiochus perceived he ransomed himself from them as from high-way men with gold and not long after entred into a league with his own mercenaries In the mean time Eumenes King of Bythinia his Brothers being dispersed and consumed with civil discords being as it were to invade the uncertain possession of Asia assaulted the Gauls and the Conqueror Antiochus at once who being weary c. many of them wounded in the former encounter it was not difficult for him to overcome them In that time all the wars were designed for the destruction of Asia and as one was more powerful then another he always seized upon Asia as a prey The two Brothers Seleucus and Antiochus did wage war for Asia Ptolomy King of Aegypt in pretence to revenge his sister did also greedily covet the Empire of Asia on this side Eumenes of Bythinia on the other side the Gauls being always a mercenary Army did make a prey of Asia and amongst so manythere was no man found to be a Defender of it Antiochus being overcome when Eumenes had possessed the greatest part thereof the two Brothers the booty being lost for which they made war could not yet agree amongst themselves but the forraign Enemy being neglected they did drive on a war for the mutual destruction of themselves In which Antiochus being overcome the second time and wearyed with flying which continued many dayes he at last directed his course to Artamenes his Father-in-law who was King of Cappodocia He having nobly entertained him at first did not long after contrive to take away his life by treachery which Antiochus having understood did provide for his safety by flight And when wandring up and down he could finde no place in which he might reside with safety he repaired to Ptolomy his Enemy conceiving his assurance to be more safe then his Brothers being either conscious what he intended to him or what he had deserved of him But Ptolomy being not to be reconciled to him did command him to be kept in close imprisonment from whence by the endeavors of a woman whom familiarly he knew he made an escape having deceived his Keepers and flying away he was seized upon and killed by Thieves Much at the same time Seleucus having lost his Kingdom being thrown from his horse did lose his life and thus these two brothers being Brothers also in banishment after the loss of their Kingdoms did suffer the punishment of their transgressions THE Eight and twentieth BOOK OF IVSTINE OLympias the Daughter of Pyrrhus King of Epirus having lost Alexander her husband who was also her Brother when she took upon her self the guardianship of her two Sons Pyrrhus and Ptolomy begotten by him and the Government also of the Kingdom the Aetolians attempting to force from her part of Acarnania which her husband had purchased with his sword she addressed her self to Demetrius King of Macedonia who having before espoused the sister of Antiochus King of Syria she delivered him her own Daughter Phytia in marriage also that so by the right of consanguinity she might obtain that assistance which she could not procure by Compassion The Nuptials therefore were solemnized by which the favour of the new marriage was confirmed and the offence for giving distast to the old was contracted But the first wife as if she had been divorced did of her own accord depart to her Brother Antiochus and did by importunitie inforce him to make war upon her husband The Arcanians also distrusting the Epirots did implore ayd of the Romans against the Aetolians and obtained of the Senate of Rome that Ambassadours should be sent who should command the Aetolians to withdraw their Garrisons from the Cities of Arcania and permit those to be free who onely heretofore refused to ayd the Grecians against the Trojans the Authors of their Original But the Aetolians returned a proud answer to the Ambassadors of Rome upbraiding them with the Carthaginians and the Gauls by whom they were oppressed with so many wars and so often absolutely overcome they told them that they must first open their Gates to fight against the Carthaginians which the fear of the Punick war had shut before they could translate their Army into Greece They desired them also to call to minde who they were whom they threatned the Romans they said could not defend their own Citie against the Gauls and it being taken they did not rescue it by the sword but redeemed it with Gold which Nation having invaded Greece with a far greater number they without any Auxiliaries received from strangers or from their own Country-men did totally overthrow and gave them that seat for their Sepulchers which they propounded to themselves for their Armies and their Empire On the other side the Romans trembling at the burning of their City did give the leisure to the Gauls to possess themselvs of almost all Italy They declared that the Gauls were first to be beaten out of Italy before they should impose any command upon the Aetolians and that they should first defend their own before they should undertake to protect the interests of others proceeded further in disdainful Interrogatories and what men are these Romans Shepherds who by robbery detained the Lands from their right Master who through the infamy of their discent could not provide themselves with Wives unless they took them by violence who erected their City by parricide and mingled the matter of the foundation with brothers blood They declared that the Aetolians were always Princes of Greece and exceeded others as much in dignity as in valor They were the onely men who always despised the Macedonians flourishing with the command and Soveraignty of the World who feared not King Philip who contemned the Edicts of Alexander the Great after his conquest of the Persians and the Indians when the world trembled under his Laws They therefore admonished the Romans to be contented with their present fortune nor provoke those Armies by whom they saw the Gauls were overthrown and the Macedons made contemptible And having thus dismissed the Roman Ambassadors that they might not
and by the murder of his own son did declare what they ought themselves to expect of their King Cleopatra having ended the dayes of her mourning for the death of her son when she perceived that she was oppressed by a war also from her late husband her brother she by her Ambassadors demanded aid of Demetrius King of Syria whose own fortunes were as various as they were memorable For when Demetrius made war against the Parthians as mention hath been made before and in many encounters overcame them being on a sudden surrounded by an Ambuscado having lost his Army he was taken himself Arsacides King of the Parthians in the greatness of his royal spirit having sent him into Hyrcania did not only honour him with the Respect due unto a King but gave him his daughter also in marriage and promised to restore unto him the Kingdom of Syria which in his absence Trypho became Master of After his death Demetrius despayring of return and not enduring Captivity and loathing a private life although a fatt one and a wealthy did contrive with himself how he might escape into his own Kingdom His friend Calamander was both his Companion and his perswader to undertake this journey who after his Captivity in Syria having hired a guide did bring him disguized in a Parthians habit through the desarts of Arabia into Babylon But Phrahartes who succeeded Arsacides by the swiftness of his horses did cause him to be brought back being overtaken by the compendiousness of their goings Being brought unto the King he not only pardoned Calamander but gave him a reward for his fidelity to his friend but having very roundly checked Demetrius he sent him to his wife in Hyrcania and commanded that he should be observed by a stricter guard In process of time when the children which he had by his wife did seem to be a stronger obligation on him for his fidelity he did endeavour to make his escape again having the same friend to be his Companion but by the same infelicity he was taken again near unto the bounds of his own Kingdom and being the second time brought unto the King he was looked upon as a hated man and not suffered to come into his presence But being then also dismissed to his wife and children he was sent back into Hyrcania and confined to a City upon a penalty not to go out of it and in the reproach of his childish levity was laden with golden shackles But no compassion of the Parthians nor respect of any consanguinity was the occasion of this their clemency towards Demetrius but because the Parthians affected the Kingdom of Syria they determined to make use of Demetrius against his brother Antiochus as the opportunity of time or the fortune of the war should require This being understood Antiochus thinking it discretion to take the advantage to begin the war did conduct his Army which he had hardened with many neighbouring wars against the Parthians But his preparation for luxury was no less then for the carrying on of the war for three thousand of his black guard followed eight thousand of the armed men amongst whom also a great number were Cooks Bakers and Players and all of them so abounding with Gold and Silver that the common Soldiers had their shoes enterlaced with Gold and trod upon that mettal for the love of which all other Nations do fight with steel In their Kitchings also their instruments were of silver as if they advanced rather to keep some great feast then to prosecute a war Anticohus approaching many Kings of the East did meet him who in detestation of the Parthian Pride delivered themselves and their kingdoms to him Not long after the battail began and Antiochus having overthrown his Enemies in three several fields and possessed himself of Babylon he was called Antiochus the great And the people in all the neighbouring Nations revolting to him there was nothing left to the Parthians but their own Country and the boundaries of it At the same time Phrahartes sent Demetrius into Syria with a considerable Army of the Parthians to possess himself of his own Kingdom that upon that account Antiochus should be called off from Parthia to defend his own Interests And because he could not overcome him by strength he did every where attempt him by Stratagems The Army of Antiochus abounding with multitudes the winter coming on he quartered his Army in several Cities which was the cause of his destruction For when the Cities beheld themselves oppressed with the billeting the injuries of the soldiers they revolted to their old Masters the Parthians and on a prefixed day by treacheries they did all assault the divided Army that thereby one might be disabled to bring assistance unto the other Which when Antiochus understood being resolved to relieve those who were next unto him he advanced with that party which with him had their winter quarters In his way he encountred with the King of the Parthians against whom in his person he fought more couragioâ—sly then all his Armie At last when he had overcome his enemies by fine force being abandoned of his own Souldiers through the treacherie of their fear he was slain Phrahartes did bestow upon him the solemnitie of magnificent funerals after the manner of Kings and being taken with the love of the Virgin did marrie the daughter of Demetrius which Antiochus had brought along with him and began to repent that ever he suffered Demetrius to go away and having sent in full speed several troops of horse to fetch him back they found him in safetie in his own Kingdom fearing the same design of Phrahartes and having in vain attempted all things to reduce him they returned to their own King THE Nine and thirtyeth BOOK OF IVSTINE ANtiochus being overthrown in Parthia with his Armie his Brother Demetrius being delivered from the Captivitie of the Parthians and restored to his own Kingdom when all Syria was in lamentation by reason of the loss of the Armie as if he had happily managed his own and his Brothers wars with Parthia in which the one of them was taken and the other slain he was resolved to make another war in Egypt his mother in law Cleopatra having promised him that Kingdom as the reward of his assistance against her Brother But whiles he affected the possessions of other men as oftentimes it comes to pass he lost his own by the revolt of Syria for the Antiochians first of all under the command of their General Trypho having in detestation the pride of their King which became intolerable by the exercise of his Parthian crueltie and after them the Apamenians and other Cities following their examples did revolt from King Demetrius in his absence But Ptolomy King of Egypt having his Kingdom invaded by him when he understood that his sister Cleopatra having taken with her the wealth of Egypt was fled unto her Daughter and to Demetrius her Son in law did suborn a
did gratulate the Senate the People and the Provinces but he could not gratulate him It having been better for him alwayes to suppress ill Princes then taking upon him so great a burthen to be subject not onely to the troubles and the dangers but also to the reports of all as wel enemies as friends who when they presume that they have deserved all things if they cannot extort any thing from him will be more cruel then the greatest Enemies He forgave all the penalties due at that time for not paying the Tributes he relieved the afflicted Cities he commanded that Boyes and Girles born of poor Parents should be brought up throughout all the Towns of Italy at the charge of the Commonwealth He that he might not be terrified by the access of Malignants was then advertised by the saying of Mauritius a grave and an ingenious man who being his familiar friend and at Supper with him when he beheld Veientones who had been Consul to be present who had brought many private informations to Domitian against him mention being made in the time of Supper of Catulus who was the chief informer What would he have done said Nerva if he had out-lived Domitian Why he would have supped with us too said Mauritius He was a most knowing and frequent reconciler of all differences He removed Calphurnius Crassus with his Wife to Tarentum for solliciting the Souldiers with great promises against him the Senators reproving him for his too much lenity When the Murtherers of Domitian were demanded to be put to death he was so much amazed at it that he could not forbear to vomit or defer the forced burthen of his belly howsoever he did vehemently oppose the Vote of the Senate saying That it were better to die then to injure the power of the Empire and to betray those by whose meanes he assumed the Authority which he had But the Souldiers letting alone their Prince did kill Petronius with a sword but the privie members of Parthenius were first cut off and thrown in his face Gusperius redeemed his life with great sums of money and grown more insolent he constrained Nerva to give thanks to the Souldiers before the people because they had destroyed the worst the most wicked of all men He adopted Trajan into the place of a Son with whom he lived three noneths and one night exclaiming against â—ne Regulus with a very loud voyce being in a great choler against him he fell into an extream sweat and dyed not long afterwards on the same day wherein there was an Ecclipse of the Sun Vlpius Trajanus VLpius Trajanus born in the City of Tudertum was called Vlpius of his Grandfather and Trajanus of Trajus who was the first of his Fathers stock or else he was so called after the name of Trajane his Father he raigned twenty years He did demonstrate himself to be so brave a man and of such admirable parts that the great wits of the most excellent Writers are hardly able to express them He took upon him the Empire at Agrippine a noble Colony in France In the affairs of War he used industry in the affairs of peace lenity and in relieving the distressed Cities liberality And seeing there are too things which are expected in great Princes Religion at home and Fortitude in Arms abroad and Wisdom in both he was indued with so great a measure of the noblest gifts that he seemed to enjoy a transcendent temperature of all Vertues onely he was a little too much addicted to meat and wine he was liberal towards his friends and did use the society of them as if he enjoyed with them the same society of life He builded certain Baths in the honor of Sura by whose means he attained to the Empire It would appear superfluous to give you an exact account of him in particulars it is sufficient that he wss absolute in all things He was patient of labour studious to do the Souldiers good and all good men he loved the most candid wits the most learned men although he himself was not much indebted unto Learning and but a little Eloquent He was a great lover of Justice and as well a finder out of new Rights both Humane and Divine as an observer of the Antient All which in him seemed so much the greater because the splendor of the Romane State being as it were quite destroyed and levelled to the ground by many cruel Tyrants he was thought to have been sent by Providence for the redress of such great calamities and many wonders did presage his coming to the Empire Amongst the rest a Chough from the top of all the Capitol was heard to speak in the Greek tongue 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is by Interpretation It shall be well The Ashes of his Body being burned were brought to Rome and buryed under his Pillar in the Market-Place of Trajan His Image as those who did come in triumph were accustomed was brought into the City the Senate and the Army going before it In his time the River of Tyber overflowed more dangerously by far then in the raign of Nerva and covered very many Houses There was also a great Earthquake in many of the Provinces attended with a devouring Pestilence and the calamities of consuming fires all which he much helped by exquisite remedies and ordained for the time to come that no House should be higher then threescore foot because of the vast ruines and expences when such fires did happen whereupon he was deservedly called A Father of his Country He lived six and forty years Aelius Adrianus AELius Adrianus of Italian Parentage and cousin-germane to Trajan the Emperour was born at Adria which Town standing in the Country of the Piceni did give a name to the Adriatick Sea He raigned twelve years he was so intirely addicted to the Greek Tongue that by many in derision he was called Graeculus He augmented the Attick Studies and manners not onely with Poetry but with the faculty o singing and with the art of healing and with Musick and Geometry He was an excellent Painter and Carver and a rare workman in Brass or Marble and next to Polycletus or Euphranor a man would have thought that he had been onely made for those Arts for they never received so exquisite an elegancy as by the work of his hands He had a memory beyond belief and could remember all places businesses Souldiers and call them all by their own names although he had been long absent from them He travelled on foot over all the Provinces and in that Expedition was the formost by far of all that were with him in the way he restored many Cities and established them by sundry Orders For after the discipline of the Legions he had many Bands by Hundreds together of Smiths Carpenters Engineers and all manner of workmen either for the building the walls or for the adorning them In all causes he was a most absolute Judge being born as it were to
Shepheard and the other exposed for the Grand child of the King The name of the Nurse was afterwards called Spacon for so the Persians do call a bitch The boy being brought up amongst the Shepheards received the name of Cyrus Not long after being by lot chosen King amongst his Play-fellows when by wantonness he punished those who appeared to be stubborn with stripes a complaint was brought from the fathers of the boys to the King disdaining that the sons of ingenuous men should be whipped like slaves by a servant of the Kings The boy being sent for and the reason of it demanded when with a countenance nothing changed he made answer that he did as a King the King admiring his constancy did call to mind his dream and the answer of the Magitians into his memory and when his Physiognomy and likeness and the time of his being exposed and the confession of the Shepheard did all agree he acknowledged him to be his Grandchild and because he thought he was clear of his dream the domination of Cyrus being exercised amongst the Shepheards he only dismissed him with a check but being angry with Harpagus in revenge of his preserved Grandchild he slew his own son and delivered him to his father to feast on Harpagus for the present having dissembled his grief deferred his hatred of the act to an occasion of revenge Some yeers after this when Cyrus grew into years Harpagus being admonished with his grief that he was childless did write unto Cyrus how he was made over by his Grandfather to the Persians how he commanded him to be slain being a little one how he was preserved by his benefit how he had offended the King by it and lost his own son He exhorted him to prepare an Army and advance the ready way into the Kingdom promising that the Medes should turn unto him the Letter because it could not be carried openly the Kings Garrisons guarding all the avenues was put into the belly of a disentrail'd Hare and he Hare was delivered to a faithful servant to be carried to Cyrus into Persia Nets were also given to him that under the pretence of hunting the deceit might be more conceal'd The Letters being read he was commanded in a dream to take the same course and was forewarned that whom he first should meet with on the next morning he should take him as a Companion in his enterprizes Beginning his journey about the break of day he met with the servant of a Median Sybaris by name who lately had escaped out of prison his pedigree being demanded he no sooner understood that he was a Persian but his chains being knocked off he took him as his companion and returned to the City of Persopolis The people being there called together he commanded all of them to be ready with their hatchets to cut down the wood that shut up the way which when they had cheerfully performed he invited them on the next day to a dinner and when he observ'd them made more cheerful he demanded of them that if a condition were propounded to them which course of life they would make choice of whether of yesterdays labor or of this days dinner as they all cryed out Of this days dinner you shall live all your lives said he like to yesterdays labor as long as you obey the Medes but if you will follow me you shall lead a life like to your present feasting All of them rejoycing thereat he made war upon the Medians Astyages forgetting what Harpagus had deserved of him did commit the chief command of the war unto him he no sooner received the Army but presently did betray it unto Cyrus revenging the cruelty of the King with the perfidiousness of revolt which when Astyages understood having from all places drawo together new forces he advanced in person against the Persians and the fight being begun again with great resolution whiles his men were in the height of the conflict he placed a part of his Army on their Rear and commanded them to fall on the flying souldiers with their swords as on enemies proclaimed to those in the Van with him that unless they overcame they should find no less resolute men on their Rear then in their Front therefore he advised them to look to it whether this Army was to be broken by them flying or that by them fighting Admonished by this necessity his Army did fight with great resolution therefore when the Army of the Persians being forced began to give ground a little their mothers and their wives did meet them and desired them to return into the battel the souldiers delaying to rally and to charge again the women pulling up their cloaths did shew them the nakedness of their bodies and asked them if they would fly back into the wombs of their mothers or their wives being restrained with this check they returned into the battel and having made a violent impression upon their enemies they inforce those of fly from whom before they fled In this fight Astyages was taken from whom Cyrus took nothing but his Kingdom and deported himself to him rather like a Grandchild then a Conqueror and because he would not return again unto the Medians he made him Governor of the populous Nation of the Hyrcanians This was the end of the Empire of the Medes which continued three hundred and fifty years Cyrus in the beginning of his Reign made Cybaris Governor of Persia gave him his sister to marriage having according to his vision in the night delivered him from his chains and made him his companion in all his enterprizes But the Cities of the Medians which were tributary thinking their condition changed with their Empire did revolt from Cyrus which was the cause and original of many wars unto him but the greatest part of them being at last subdued when he made war against the Babylonians Croesus the King of the Lydians who in those days was famous for his treasure and rich moveables did march to their assistance but being overcome and solicitous for his own safety he fled into his back Kingdom Cyrus after this victory having setled the affairs in Babylon did carry the war into Lydia where he easily overcame the Army of Croesus they being discouraged at the fortune of the former fight Craesus himself was taken but by how much the war was of the less danger by so much the milder was the victory Croesus had his life and some parts of his Patrimony and the City Borce granted to him in which although he lived not a Kingly life yet it was next to Kingly Majesty This clemency was no less profitable to the Conqueror then the Conquered for it being known that war was made against him Auxiliaries came in such great numbers to him out of all Greece as to extinguish a common fire so great was the love which the Cities in general did profess to Croesus that Cyrus would have pull'd a heavy war from all
Greece upon himself if he had determined any thing too cruelly against Croesus In the process of time Cyrus being imployed in other wars the Lydians again rebelled who being again overcome their horses and arms were taken from them and they were commanded to exercise voluptuous and effeminate arts and employments by which means that industrious heretofore powerful and warlike Nation being weakned by sloth and riot did lose their antient vertue and whom before Cyrus no wars could master being fallen into luxury ease and excess did overcome The Lydians had many Kings before Croesus famous for many adventures but the fortune of Candaules is to be compared unto none who when he made his wife the subject of all his discourse whom he too much loved for the excellence of her beauty and as if silence were the enemy of beauty being not content with the tacit conscience of his pleasures unless he revealed the secrets of wedlock to add at last a proof to his asseveration shewed her naked to his companion Gyges by which fact he made both his friend his enemy being allured to commit adultery with his wife and her love being thus betrayed to another he estranged his wife from himself for not long after the murder of Candaules was the reward of the marriage The wife being â—ndowred with the blood of her husband delivered both her self and the Kingdom of her Husband to her adulterer Cyrus Asia being overcome and all the East brought into his power did make war upon the Scythians In that time Thomyris was Queen of the Scythians who being not like a woman affrighted at the approach of her enemies she suffered them to pass over the river of Araxes when she might have hindred them conceiving that the event of the battell would prove more successful to her within the bounds of her own Kingdom and that the flight would be more difficult to her enemies by reason of the interposition of the river Cyrus therefore when he had passed over his forces having advanced a little further into Scythia did there pitch his tents on the next day dissembling a fear as if he flying back had forsaken his Camp he left behind him great store of wine and of those things which were necessary for a Banquet which when it was declared to the Queen she sent her young son to pursue him with the third part of the Army When he came to Cyrus Camp the young man being unexperienced in the affairs of war forgetting his enemies and as if he came to feast and not to fight did permit the Barbarians unaccustomed to wine to overburthen themselves with it and the Scythians were overcome with wine before they were overcome in war for this being discovered Cyrus returning by night did oppress them not thinking of him and put all the Scythians to the sword and the son of their Queen Thomyris so great an Army being lost and which is more to be lamented her only son did not pour forth her grief into tears that she was childless but did reserve it into the comfort of revenge and with the like policy of deceit circumvented her enemies insulting at their late victory for counterfeiting a distrust of her strength and retiring in some disorder by reason of the loss received she brought Cyrus into a straight betwixt two hills where her Ambuscado being lodged she killed two hundred thousand of the Persians with the King himself In which victory this also was memorable That there remained not a messenger of so great an overthrow The head of Cyrus being cut off the Queen commanded it to be cast into a tub filled with the blood of men with this exprobration of his cruelty Satisfie thy self she said with blood which thou thirstedst after and of which thou hast always been insatiable Cyrus did reign thirty yeers being admirably remarkable not only in the beginning of hâ—s reign but by a continual success through all his life His son Cambyses did succeed him who addâ—d Aegypt to his Fathers Empire but being offended with the superstitions of the Aegyptians he commanded the Temples of Apis and of others of their Gods to be demolished He sent also his Army to destroy the most famous Temple of Ammon which Army was lost being overwhelmed with tempests and with hills of sands After this he saw in his sleep that his brother Mergides should reign being affrighted at which vision he delayed not to commit parricide after sacriledge for it was not easie for him to spare his own who had committed violence against the Gods To this so cruell an execution he selected one of his friends a Magician called Comaris In the mean time he himself being grievously wounded in the thigh with his own sword dropping by chance out of his scabberd died of that wound and endured the punishment either of parricide commanded or of sacriledge committed This being made known by a Mesenger Magus committed the villany before the death of the King was reported and Mergides being killed to whom the Kingdom was due he subâ—lituâ—ed his own brother Oropastes in his room for he was like unto him in the favor of face and in the lineaments of body and no man suspecting the deceit Oropastes was made King in the stead of Mergides which was reserved the more private because amongst the Persians the person of the King under the awful pretext of Majesâ—ie is always concealed Therefore the Magi to win unto them the favor of the people did forbear the Tributes and granted a vacation from wars for three yeers that they might confirm the Government to them by favours and largesses which they had obtained by deceit which was first suspected by Orthanes one of the Nobility a man of a most sharp apprehension therefore by his Agents he enquires of his daughter who was one of the Kings Concubines whether the Son of Cyrus were King or no who returned answer that she did not know it her self nor could learn it of another because every one of them were shut up by themselves He then commanded her to feel his head being asleep for Cambyses had cut off both the ears of Magus Being then assured by his daughter that the King was without ears he declaâ—ed it to the Nobility and by the Religion of an Oath did oblige them to the slaughter of this counterfeit King There were only seven that were conscious of this confederacy who immediately that they might not have the leisure to repent and disclose the plot with swords under their garments did repair to the Court. There those being killed whom they met with in the way they came unto the Magi who wanted not courage to defend themselves for with drawn swords they killed two of the Conspirators howsoever they were apprehended by the greater number one of whom being fast in the arms of Gobrias his companions doubting lest they should kill him in the stead of Magus because it was acted in a dark place he commanded them to
in effect then their wishes I will in a few words give you the original of them and the rather because they rose not as other Nations from small beginnings to their heigh of glory for they besides those additions which by degrees they purchased by their valour did also much boast of their original for they were not Aliens neither did a collected Refuse of people give an original to this City but they were born in the same Soyl which they did inhabit and where was their seat there was also their original They first taught the Manufacture of Wool and the use of Oyl and Wine and shewed to those who fed on Acoâ—ns how to plough and sowe without all doubt good letters and eloquence and the order of civill Discipline have Athens as their Temple Before the days of Deucalion they had Cecrops for their King whom Antiquity did feign to be of two forms he being the first who in marriage joyned the male unto the female Cranaus succeeded him whose daughter Attis did give a name to the whole Countrey After him Amphitrion reigned who first of all did consecrate the City to Minerva and called it by the name of Athens In his time a Deluge of water overwhelmed the greatest part of Greece those only were preserved alive whom the tops of the mountains received into protection or who were transported in ships to Deucalion King of Thessaly for which cause he is said to restore mankind By order of Succession the Kingdom descended to Erictheus in whose Reign the sowing of Corn was found out by Triptolemus at Eleusinum for the honor of which gift were the mighty devotions celebrated by women called Eleusina sacra Aegeus the father of Theseus possessed also the Kingdom of Athens from whom Medea departing being divorced from him by reason of the full age of her Step-son did repair to Colchos with her son Meaus begotten by Aegeus After Aegeus Theseus and after Theseus Demophoon who assisted the Greeks against the Trojans did possess the Kingdom of Athens There were some old grudges betwixt the Athenians and the Dorians which the Dorians intending to revenge asked counsel of the Oracle concerning the event of the war it was answered that the Dorians should have the better if they killed not the King of the Athenians When the Armies therefore were to joyn in Battel the Dorian Souldiers received Orders above all things to be careful of the person of the Athenian King Codrus at that time was King of the Athenians who the answer of God and instructions of the enemies being understood having put off his royal habiliments came all in rags carrying on his neck a bundle of vines into the Camp of the Dorians where in the throng of those that did oppose him he was slain by a souldier whom he cunningly wounded with his hook The body of the King being known the Dorians marched back without any engagement at all By this means the Athenians were delivered from the war by the vertue of their King who for the safety of his Country did devote himself to destruction After Codrus there was no King of Athens which is added to the memory of Codrus his name The administration of the Commonwealth was transmitted to yeerly Magistrates but the City had then no Laws at all because the will of the Rulers did pass for Laws Solon therefore was chosen a man famous for Justice who with his Laws did as it were erect a new City and did deport himself with so great a temper between the Senate and the People that when he propounded something for one order which might seem to displease the other he received equall thanks from both Amongst many excellent things of this man this doth most prefer it self to observation The Athenians and the Megarans did contend with arms for the propriety of the Isle of Megara almost to the utter destruction of both parties After many overthrows it began to be a capital offence amongst the Athenians if any one had but propounded the vindication of their right to the Island Solon being therefore perplexed left by his silence he should be unprofitable to the Commonwealth or by his speech he should indanger his life he disguised himself into a madness by the liberty whereof he could not only speak but do things that were prohibited In a torn unfashioned habite just like a mad man he came into the publick where a great assembly being drawn together that the better he might dissemble his counsell he began to perswade the people in verses unaccustomed to him to that which was forbidden and so possessed the minds of them all that immediately war was decreed against the Megarans In the mean time the Megarans being mindful of the war which was made against them by the Athenians and fearing lest they should seem in vain to have attempted war against them did repair to their ships having a design to oppress by night the Athenian Matrons at their Eleusin devotions Which being understood Pisistratus Captain General of the Athenians did lay an Ambush for them the Matâ—ons being commanded to celebrate their Devotions with their accustomed noise and clamor on the very approach of their enemies that they might not perceive they were discovered and Pisistratus having unexpectedly set upon them as they came down from their ships he easily overcame them their Fleet being taken he immediately did set sails for Megara the women above the Decks being mixt with the men that they might pretend a show of the captive Matrons The Megarans when they observed the form and building of the ships and the booty that was purchased ran down to the shore to meet them where being all slain Pisistratus became almost Master of the City it self Thus the Megarans by their own deceit did give a victory to their enemies but Pisistratus as if he overcame for himself and not for his Countrey did by subtility invade the soveraign Authority for having afflicted himself at home with voluntary stripes his body being torn he came forth into the Market-place and an Assembly being called he shewed his wounds unto the people be complained of the cruelty of the Rulers by whom he dissembled that he suffered this opprobrious injury tears were added to his complaints and by his envious words the credulous people were incensed he affirmed that he was hated by the Senate for his love unto the people and obtained a Guard for the preservation of his person by the power of whom being established in his tyranny he reigned three and thirty yeers After his death Diocles one of his sons having ravished a Virgin was killed by the brother of the Maid His other brother Hippias being setled in his fathers Government did command the killer of his Brother to be apprehended who when by torments he was inforced to name those who were guilty with him of the murder he named all the friends of the Tyrant who being put to death the Tyrant demanded if there were any
yet remaining of them he answered there are no more whom I now desire to have dead but the Tyrant himself by which words after the revenge of his Sisters chastity he shewed himself to be a Conqueror of the Tyrant himself By his vertue the City being admonished of her liberty Hippias at last was driven from his Kingdom into banishment who repairing to the Persians did offer himself as a Guide unto Darius in his war against his Countrey Therefore the Athenians the approach of Darius being understood desiring aid of the Lacedemonians a City then in friendship with them and finding that by reason of some Religion they demanded the respite of four days their assistance being not regarded with ten thousand of their own Citizens and a thousand Auxiliaries of the Platensians they advanced into the fields of Marathon against six hundred thousand of their Enemies Miltiades was Captain Geneâ—al of the war and the Author not expecting the Lacedemonian aid who was armed with so great a confidence that he believed there was more advantage in the swiftness of the march then in the assistance of his friends Great therefore was the cheerfulness and courage of their minds which they shewed in their eager running to the battel insomuch that when there was the space of a mile betwixt both Armies in full speed and before the flight of their arrows they came up unto the faces of their enemies neither was success wanting to their boldness for they fought with so much courage that you would take these to be men and the other sheep The Persians being overcome did fly into their ships many of which were sunk and many taken In this fight so great was the prowess of every one that it is hard to judge whose praise was the greatest But the glory of young Themistocles did apparently shine forth amongst the rest in whom his Imperatorious Honours to come were easily to be seen The glory also of Cynegirus an Athenian Souldier is celebrated by the praises of many Writers who after innumerable slaughters in the fight when he had driven the flying enemies to their ships he took hold of a ship laden with men with his right hand nor did he let loose his hold till he lost that hand His right hand being cut off he fastened upon the ship with his left hand and having lost that also he took hold of the ship with his mouth so great was his courage that being not wearied with so many slaughters nor both his hands being lost being yet overcome at the last thus dismembred as he was and like an inraged wild beast he fought even with his teeth In that battel the Persians lost two hundred thousand men besides those who perished at Sea Hippias the Athenian Tyrant was also slain the Author and Promoter of the war the Gods the revengers of his Countrey taking punishment of his treachery In the mean time Darius when he would renew the war died in the very preparation of it many children being left begotten both before and after his reign Artobazanes being eldest by the priviledge of his age did challenge the Kingdom which the right and order of birth and nature her self doth allow to the Nations But Xerxes did make his plea not in relation to order but to the happiness of his birth It was true indeed he said that Artobazanes was the first-born but when Darius was a private man but he was born when Darius was a King therefore his brothers who were born to Darius being but a private man could not challenge to themselves the Kingdom but only that private Fortune which Darius had before he was a King He alledging that he was the first whom his Father being a King did beget to inherit the Kingdom To this it was added that Artobazanes was born when not only his father but his mother also were of a private Fortune but he was born his mother being a Queen and that he never saw his father but when a King moreover that King Cyrus on his mothers side was his Grandfather not only the heir but the erector of so great an Empire Therefore if the Father had left both Brothers endued with equall right yet he should carry it both by the right of his Mother and his Grandfather This strife with concording affections they did refer to their Uncle Artaphernes as to a Domestick Judge who the cause being examined made Xerxes King and so brotherly was the contention that neither the Conqueror did insult nor the conquered repine and in the very height of the contestation they sent presents to one another and had not only undistrustful but delightful feastings together The Judgement it self was also given without arbitrators and without reproaches so much more moderately did brothers then decide great Kingdoms amongst themselves then they do now share but small Patrimonies Xerxes made preparations five yeers together for the Grecians which when Demaratus King of the Lacedemonians who lived as a banished man in the Court of Xexes understood being more friendly to his Countrey after his flight then to the King after his benefits lest they should be oppressed by an unexpected war he did certifie the particulars to the Magistrates in Tables of wood and covered the Letters with wax spread over them that neither the Characters might be read which would have bin if they had nothing to cover them nor the fresh wax betray the deceit he then gave them to a faithful servant to be carried and did command him to deliver them to the Magistrates of Sparta which being brought unto them it held them long in suspence at Lacedemon for they saw nothing written and yet believed that they were not sent in vain and that the business was so much the greater by how much it was the more concealed The men not knowing what to conjecture the sister of King Leonides found out the design of the writer the wax therfore being taken off the advertisements of the war were discovered Xerxes had by this time armed seven hundred thousand men out of his own Dominions had three hundred thousand sent to his assistance that it is not unworthily recorded that Rivers were drank up and that all Greece was hardly able to contain his Army he was also said to have one hundred thousand Ships To this so great an Army a General was wanting for if you look upon the King you will rather extol his wealth then his conduct of which there was such abundance in his Kingdom that when Rivers were consumed with his multitudes yet his Exchequer was still full He was always seen the last in the fight and the first in the flight humble in dangers and when the occasion of fear was over one high-minded Before the trial of the War as if he was Lord of Nature her self by the confidence oâ— his numbers he levelled mountains and raised the valleys all to one height some Seas he covered with Bridges and contracted others for the
advantage of the Saylors His entrance into Greece as it was terrible so was his departing foul and shamefull for when Leonides King of the Lacedemonians had secured the Straights of Thermopylae with four thousand men Xerxes in contempt of their powers commanded those of his souldiers to encounter them whose kinsmen were slain in the Marathonian Plains who whiles they began to revenge their friends were the beginning of the overthrow and these being followed by an unprofitable multitude a greater slaughter was occasioned Three dayes together there they fought to the grief and indignation of the Persians on the fourth when it was reported to Leonides that the tops of the Straights were possessed by twenty thousand of the enemie he exhorted his associates to drawback and to reserve themselves for some better service for their Countrey He would try his own fortune he said with the Lacedemonians being more indebted to his Country then to his life the residue were to be preserved for the general defence of Greece The command of the King being heard the rest were dismissed and the Lacedemonians only remained In the beginning of the war counsell being asked of the Oracle of Delphos it was answered that either the King of the Lacedemonians or the City must fall therefore when King Leonides did set forth to the War he so confirmed the resolution of his own souldiers that they all knew he advanced with a mind resolved to dye He therefore did possess himself of the Straights that he might overcome with a few with greater glory or fall with less dammage to the Common-wealth His Companions therefore being dismissed he exhorted the Spartans to remember that howsoever did they fight they must fall and that they should take heed lest they might seem to have more couragiously stood still then to have fought therefore he said they were not to attend to be invironed by their enemies but as soon as night should administer the opportunity to fall unexpectedly upon them secure and hugging an abusing joy The Conquerors he said could never dye more honourably then in the Tents of their enemies It was no hard task to perswade those who were resolved to dye they presently buckled on their Arms and six hundred men did beat up the Quarters of five hundred thousand immediately they advanced to the Pavilion of the King to dye with him or if they vvere over-povvered to dye especially in his tent and sight The Alarum vvas heard over all the Camp The Lacedemonians after they could not find cut the King did fly up and dovvn as Conquerors over all the Camp and killed or overthrew whatsoever did oppose them as knowing that they did not fight in hope of victory but to revenge their own deaths The fight was continued from the beginning of night unto the greatest part of the next day at the last not overcome but being weary with overcoming they fell upon the great heaps of the carkaâ—es of their enemies Xerxes having received two overthrows by land was determined to try his fortune on the Sea But Themistocles the General of the Athenians when he understood that the Ionians against whom the King of the Persians had undertaken this war had set forth to Sea with a Navy to his assistance he resolved to sollicite them to take part with him and because he could not have the opportunity to confer with them he provided that Symbols should be provided and left written on the stones by which they were to sail in these words What madness hath possessed you O Ionians What crime is this which you undertâ—ke Did you before make war upon us your Founders and do you now intend it again upon us your Defenders Did we therefore build your Walls that they should be those who must overthrow our own What was not this the cause that at first made Darius and now Xerxes to make war against us because we would not forsake you rebelling Come away from that Siege into our Tents or if you think this Counsel not safe the battels being joyned withdraw your selves by degrees keep back your Oars and depart from the War Before the Battel at Sea vvas fought Xerxes had sent four thousand men to plunder the Temple of Apollo at Delphos as if he vvould vvage vvar not vvith men onely but also vvith the Immortal Gods vvho vvere all destroyed vvith tempests and thunders that he might understand that the greater the anger of the Gods is by so much there is no povver of men that is able to stand against them After this he set on fire Thespiae and Placeae and Athens destitute of inhabitants and because vvith his svvord he could not destroy the men he did devour their houses with fire for the Athenians after the battel of Marathon Themistocles forevvarning them that the victory over the Persians vvould not be the end but the cause of a greater vvar did build tvvo hundred ships and having asked Counsel of the Oracle on the approach of Xerxes the answer was that they should defend themselves with walls of wood Themistocles conceiving that by the Oracle a defence of shipping was â—mplicitely understood did perswade them all that their Country was their confines and not their walls and that the City did consist not in the houses but the Citizens therefore they should better commit their safety to their ships then to their City and that God was the Author of this counsel This counsel being approved of and the City being abandoned they lodged their wives and children with their most precious moveables in the close Islands they themselves being armed did repair unto their ships There were other Cities also that followed the example of the Athenians When all their Fleet was united and resolved for a Sea-fight and had possessed themselves of the Straights of Salamis that they might not be circumvented by the multitude of Xerxes Fleet there did arise a dissention amongst the Princes who when they would forsake the war to defend their own possessions Themistocles fearing that by the departure of his confederateâ— his strength should be diminished did acquaint Xerxes by a faithful servant that he might now with ease take all Greece being drawn up into one place But if the strength of the Cities which weâ—e now marching homeward should be scattered he must pursue after then one by one with greater labor By this artifice he prevailed upon the King to give a sign and sound to the battel The Greeks also being busied at the advance of their enemies did prepare for the fight with their â—nited powers The King in the mean time one part of his ships not far from him did stand upon the shore as spectator of the fight but Artemisia Queen of Halicarnassus who came to the aid of Xerxes in her own person did fight most gallantly amongst the foremost of the Commanders for as you might here behold a womanish fear in a man so in a woman you might see a manly courage When the fight
was doubtful the Ionians according to the Instructions of Themistocles did by degrees with-draw themselves from the fight whose revolt did alter the resolution of their companions therefore looking round about them where to fly they were at a stand and presently after being overcome they were all put to slight In the violence of this fear many ships were drowned and many sunk and many dreading as much the anger of their King as the fury of their enemies did steal away into Persia Xerxes being amazed at this overthrow and uncertain what to resolve upon Mardonius came unto him and did exhort him that he would return into his own Kingdom lest the report of the unprosperous war might occasion some sedition at home and as the custome is making the best of all things he desired that he would leave to him the command of three hundred thousand of selected men with which he would eithet to his glory overcome all Greece or if the event fell otherwise he should fall before the enemies without the infamy of his Master The counsell being applauded the Army was delivered to Mardonius and the King himself intended to lead back the remainder of them into his own Kingdom But the Grecians having notice ot the Kings retreat did take counsell to break down the bridge which Xerxes as if he had been Conqueror of the Sea had made at Abydos that his passage being hindred he should either be destroyed with his Army or through desperation of success be inforced to sue for peace But Themistocles fearing lest the enemies being shut up in Greece it might raise their desperation into resolution and enforce them with their swords to open that way which was obstructed to them he declared that there already were too many Enemies left in Greece behind and that their numbers ought not to be increased by obstructing them in their return When he could not prevail by his counsell he sent the same servant to Xerxes and did thoroughly inform him of it and perswaded him by a swift flight to make sure his passage He being amazed at the information of the Messenger left all his souldâ—ers to be commanded by his Captains and himself with a small retinue did make all haste unto Abydos Where when he found the bridge to be loose and broken by the winters stroms in a great feare he passed over in a Fishers Sceph It was a sight worthy the observation and in the estimation of things to be admired for the variousness of human condition to behold him hiding himself in a small vessel whom not long before scarce all the Sea could contain and that he should be without the attendance of servants whose armies by reason of their multitude were a burden grievous to the earth to bear them Neither had his Armies by Land which he assigned to his Captains a more happy expedition for to their daily travell there being no rest to the fearfull famine was joyned and the want continuing many days did bring the Plague upon them and so great was the noysomness of the dying that the High-ways were filled with Carkases and Beasts and Birds of Prey did follow the Army being tempted by the multitude of the Carkases In the mean time Mardonius did sack Olynthus in Greece and did sollicite the Athenians to the hope of peace and to the friendship of the King promising them to build again their Citie that was burned and to make it greater then before when he found that they would sell their liberty at no price having burned what he began to rebuild he marched with his Army into Baeotia thither the forces of the Greeks did follow him which consisted of one hundred thousand men The battell there being fought the fortune of the King was not changed with the General Mardonius being overcome did fly as out of a wrack at Sea with a few men his tents full of Princely wealth were taken and the Persian gold being divided amongst them the luxury of riches did there first seize upon the Grecians On that day in which the forces of Mardonius were overthrown there was a fight also at Sea against the Persians under the Mountain of Mycale in Asia There before the engagement when the two Fleets stood opposite to one another it was with confidence reported to both Armies that the Grecians had obtained the Victory and that the Army of Mardonius was utterly overthrown so great in this was the celerity of Fame that when in the morning the Battell was fought in Baeotia in a few hours through so many Seas and so many hills and valleys it was brought by neon into Asia The war being ended there was a counsell called concerning the rewards of the Cities and by the judgement of all the vertue and the prowess of the Athenians was preferred above the rest and by the attestation of all the Cities Themistocles being judged to be the most meritorious amongst the Commanders did increase the glory of his Country The Athenians therefore being enlarged both by the rewards of the War and by the glory of it did begin again to build their City and because their walls were stronger and of a greater compass then they were before they began to be suspected to the Lacedemonians wisely fore-seeing that if the Ruines of their Citie could give them so great additions what would they now purchase the City being enlarged and walled about They therefore did send Ambassadors to admonish them not to build again Fortifications for their Enemies and the Receptacles of a War to come Themistocles observing that they envyed the increasing glory of their City yet determining not to deal abruptly with them did answer the Ambassadors that they would send messengers of their own to Lacedemon who should debate with them concerning the same subject The Spartans being dismissed he exhorted the Athenians to make haste of the work and not long after he did go himself as an Ambassador to Lacedemon and sometimes in his journey counterfeiting an indisposition in his body sometime accusing the sloth of his fellow-Ambassadors without whom nothing could be concluded he from day to day so long delayed the time that he gave them at Athens the leisure to accomplish the work In the mean time it was told the Spartans that the buildings at Athens were almost finished whereupon they sent Ambassadors again to look upon the work Themistocles hearing of it did write unto the Magistrates at Athens to keep the Ambassadors of Lacedemon in safe custody and to detain them as a pledge lest any thing should be determined too cruelly against himself He then addressed himself to the Senate of the Lacedemonians where he declared that Athens was fenced round about and that they were able now to sustain a War not only by their Walls but by their Armies And if for that they would make him suffer he told them that their Ambassadors were detained at Athens as a pledge of his safety He then did sharply reprehend them
then a Passage to which when you are arrived you will think that the Promontories did cleave asunder and were divided which before were joyned into one Sicily was first called Trinacria and afterwards Sicania At the beginning it was the Country of the Cyclops who being extinguished Aeolus possessed himself of the command of the Iland after whom every one did stoop to the Government of Tyrants there being never any Land more fruitful of them In the number of whom when Anaxilaus with justice and mercy contended with the cruelty of others his moderation gain'd him no little profit for when dying he left many little children and committed the Tutelage of them to Micythus a servant of his of approved fidelity so great was the love which they did all bear unto his Memory that they chose rather to obey a servant then to abandon the children of the King and the Governors of the Ciâ—ie forgetting their dignity did permit that the Majesty of the Kingdom should be administred by a servant The Government of Sicily was heretofore attempted by the Carthaginians and with various success they for a long time did fight with the Tyrants but their General Hamilcar being lost at last with his whole Army the conquered were quiet for a season In the mean time when the Inhabitants of Regium did labour with discord and the City was divided into two parts the old Souldiers who combined altogether being called by the Inhabitants of the City of Imera to their ayd having relieved the City did fall upon their friends whom they came to assist and not only seized upon their City but took their Wives and Children captive their Fathers and Husbands being slain who did oppose them a villany by no Tyrants to bee paralleld How much more honourable were it for the Rhegians in this cause to be conquered then to conquer for although by the Laws of War they had served the Authors of their Captivitie or their Countrey being lost they were necessitated to be banished yet they should never have left their City nor their Wives and Children as a prey to the most barbarous of Tyrants nor be sacrificed themselves almost on their own Altars and in the presence of the gods of their Countrey The Catanians also when they found the Syracusians too heavily to oppress them distrusting their own strength desired ayd of the Athenians who whether out of the desire to encrease their Dominions being masters already of Greece and Asia or whether for fear that the Lacedemonians Forces should be added to the Syracusian Navie sent Lamponius their Captain with a Fleet into Sicily that under pretence of assisting the Catanians they should indeavour to possess themselves of the whole Iland And because their first beginnings were prosperous enough their Enemies being often slain or routed with a great Navie and a stronger Army they came again to Sicily under the command of Lachetes and Chariades But the Catanians either through fear of the Athenians or the tediousness of the War made peace with the Syracusians the Auxiliaries of the Athenians being dismissed Not long after when this Covenant of Peace was ill observed by the Saracusians they sent their Ambassadors again to Athens who in old and ragged habiliments their hair both of head and beard being of an unsightly length and in a most slovenly and deformed posture to move compassion did address themselves to the Assembly Tears were added to their prayers and their supplications so prevailed upon the people inclined to pity that they condemned their Captains who brought back their Auxiliaries from them Hereupon a great Navie was prepared Nicias and Alcibiades and Lamachus were made Captains and so formidable an Army was sent into Sicily that they became even a terror to those unto whose ayd they marched Not long after Alcibiades being called back to answer to the Charge that was brought against him Nicias and Lamachus did obtain two Victories by Land and with a close siege having begirt their Enemies they block'd up the passage which brought them their relief from Sea The Syracusians labouring under the burden of these necessities desired ayd of the Lacedemonians which was dispatched to them but with one Captain Gylippus by name but such a one that no assistance could be comparable to his He the nature and course of the War being understood and yet almost in a lost condition they had drawn together some few inconsiderable Forces our of Greece and Sicily did in the first place possess himself of some places of reserve fit for the carrying on of the War After this being twice routed in the third encounter he slew Lamachus one of their Commanders of the Athenians and having put his Enemies to flight he relieved his besieged friends On this the Athenians transferr'd the War from Land to Sea which being suddenly known Gylippus sent to Lacedemon for the Fleet to his assistance and for some recruits if need were for the service of the Land The Athenians also sent Demosthenes and Eurymedon in the place of their Captain that was killed with supplies both of men and money And by the common decree of Cities the Pelopennesians sent Auxiliaries in great numbers to the Syracusians and as if that the War of Greece was translated into Sicily they did fight on both sides in the height of resolution with all the powers they could make In the first encounter at Sea the Athenians were overcome who lost all and all their moneys both publick and private This distress at Sea was seconded by a distress at Land and being routed there also it was the counsel of Demosthenes that they should remove themselves and the War from Sicily whiles their affairs though shaken and ruinous were not quite lost and that they ought not to persevere any longer in a War unluckily begun he alleaged that there may be more grievous and more unfortunate Wars at home for which they ought to reserve the Forces of their City But Nicias whether through shame of the ill success or through fâ—ar to leave destitute the hopes by abandoning the cause of his Associates or fate so ordaining it was resolved not to stir Therefore the fight again at Sea was renewed and they were called back from the storm of their former misfortune to some hope of Victory But by the unexperience of their Captains who assaulted the Syracusians defending themselves in the streights of the Sea they were easily overcome Eurymedon their Captain fighting most bravely amongst the foremost was the first that was slain The thirty ships which he commanded were all immediately devoured by the fire Demosthenes and Nicias being themselves all overcome did convey their Army to the shoar thinking that their flight would be more safe by Land whereupon Gylippus seized upon one hundred and thirty of their ships which they had abandoned and pursuing the Athenians in their flight he took many Prisoners and put many to the sword Demosthenes the Army being lost did with his sword
with which growing miseries the Athenians being discouraged after a long famine attended with a great mortality they desired peace And a long debate there was amongst the Lacedemonians and their Associates Whether it were expedient that it should be vouchsafed them or not when many were of judgement that the very name of the Athenians was to be extinguished and the City utterly to be destroyed with fire The Lacedemonians denying that of the two eyes of Greece one of them was to be plucked out did promise peace unto them if they would pull down their wals towards Pyreum and surrender the ships unto them which were left and withal receive thirty of their Delegats to govern their Commonwealth The City being delivered upon these conditions the Lacedemonians did commit unto Lysander the charge of it This yeer was remarkable for the besieging and taking of Athens and for the death of Darius King of the Persians and for the banishment of Dionysius the great Tyrant in Sicily The State of Athens being altered the condition of the Citizens was changed with it Thirty Rulers were set over the Common-wealth who became all Tyrants for at their entrance into their government they did take unto themselves a Guard of three hundred men there scarce remaining so many Citizens by reason of so many overthrows and as if this number were too little to secure the City it received a Garrison of seven hundred Souldiers of the Lacedemonians after this they began the slaughter of the Citizens with a design upon Alcibiades left he should invade the Commonwealth again with an intent to deliver it When they found that he was fled to Artaxerxes the King of the Persians they sent in full speed to intercept him in the way and having found where he was when they could not openly put him to death they burned him alive in the chamber where he slept The Tyrants being delivered from this fear of their Revenger did fill the wretched Relicks of the City with slaughters and rapine which cruelty when they found it did displease Theramenes who was one of their numbers they did put him to death to be a terror to the rest whereupon they fled all out of the City and Greece was filled with the Athenian exiles which being all the security they had that also was taken from these miserable men for by an Edict of the Lacedemonians the Cities were prohibited to receive the banished on this they all conveyed themselves to Argos and Thebes where they not onely lived in banishment but entertained the grateful hopes to be restored to their Countrey Amongst the number of the banished there was one Thrasibulus a man of great vigour both in body and in minde and of noble Parentage who propounding to himself that something although with danger ought to be undertaken for the publick safety having drawn the banished men together he seized upon Phyle a Castle on the Borders of Athens neither was the favour and assistance of some other of the Cities wanting who had in compassion the extremity of their sad condition Therefore Hismenias the Prince of the Thebans did assist them with private although he could not with publick helps And Lysias the Syracusian Orator being also a banish'd man did send at his own charge five hundred Souldiers to assist them in this recovery of the Countrey of the common Eloquence The encounter was sharp the Athenians exercising all their courage for the recovery of their own Countrey and the Lacedemonians fighting more securely for the possessions which belong'd to others the Tyrants at last were overcome who flying into the City having in revenge filled it with slaughter they did also dispoil it of Arms and suspecting all the Athenians to be guilty of treachery they commanded them to depart out of the City and to live in the ruines of the Suburbs which were pulled down and in the mean time they defended themselves with forraign Souldiers After this they attempted to corrupt Thrasibulus and to promise him a share in the Goverment which he refusing to accept they desired ayd of the Lacedemonians which being sent unto them they renewed the encounter in which Critius and Hippomachus two of the most cruel of all the Tyrants were killed the others being overcome when their Army which for the greatest part consisted of the Athenians did flie away Thrasibulus with a loud voice did cry out unto them and demanded What made them to fly from the Conqueror whom they ought rather to assist as the Desendor of their common liberty He told them that his Army was composed of their own Citizens and not of Enemies neither did he take up Arms to force any thing from them but to restore unto them what they had lost he made war he said on the thirty Tyrants and not on the City of Athens he did admonish them that they were all of one blood of one Law of one Religion and of one Militia through the course of so many wars He did implore them to have compassion on their banished Citizens and though they themselves would be patient slaves yet they should restore their Countrey unto them that they might receive their liberty With these words he so prevailed upon them that the Army being return'd into the City they commanded the Tyrants to remove to Eleusina ten being substituted who should govern the Common-wealth who being nothing terrified with the example of the former Tyrants did tread in the same paths of cruelty Whiles these things were thus mannaged at Athens it was enformed at Lacedemon that the Athenians had taken Arms again whereupon Pausanias their King was sent to suppress them who being touched with compassion did restore the banish'd Citizens to their City and commanded the ten Tyrants to abandon the City and to go to their companions to Eleusina Peace being made not many dayes after the Tyrants on a sudden resenting with indignation that the banished were restored and that they were condemned to banishment as if the liberty of the Citizens were their slavery they did make a new war upon the Athenians But a Treaty being had as if they were to receive again their Domination being in the way by policy intercepted they were all put to death and made the sacrifices of the publick peace The people whom before they commanded to live about the ruines of the remotest walls were called back into the City and the City dispersed into many members was reduced again into one body and that no dissention should arise concerning any thing committed in the time of war they all did oblige themselves by oath that there should be an oblivion of all dissentions In the mean time the Thebans and Corinthians did send Ambassadors to Sparta to demand their proportion in the spoils of the common war and danger which being denyed they did not openly declare a war against the Lacedemonians but with silence did conceive so great an indignation that all might understand that a war was
afflicted estate as he was heretofore the Author of their loss so he would now be the author of their power restored and receive that Countrey by conquering which he had lost by being conquered which would be so much the more glorious that he fought not with the forces of the Athenians but of another Nation and fighting at the charge and danger of the King of Persia he should overcome for the advantage of his own Countrey and gain true renown by other arts then the former Generals of Athens had purchased for they defended their Countrey by overcoming the Persians he by making the Persians Conquerors should restore his Countrey being lost On the other side Lysander besides his conjunction with Agesilaus was also an emulator of his vertues and did contend that he might not fall shore of him in his acchievements the splendor of his glory and not in the moment of an hour by his over-sight subvert the State gain'd by so many battels and continued for so many Ages The same was the care of the Souldiers and of all the Commanders whom a deeper impression did possess not so much that they should onely lose the great riches they had obtained as that the Athenians should again recover it of them But by how much the fight was the more perillous the Victory of Conon was by so much more glorious The Lacedemonians being overcome The Garrisons of the Enemies were drawn away from Athens and the people restored to their ancient dignity were delivered from their bondage and many Cities were reduced This was the beginning to the Athenians of reassuming their power and to the Lacedemonians of ending theirs who as oâ— they had lost their valour with their Dominions did begin to be despised by their next neighbours First of all the Thebans the Athenians helping them did make war upon them which City out of the infinite advantages by the vertue of their General Epaminondas was raised up to be the Commandress of all Greece The fight was by Land in which the fortune of the Lacedemonians was the same as it was against Conon at Sea In that battel Lysander was slain who was General before against the Athenians when they were overcome by the Lacedemonians Pausanias also another Captain of the Lacedemonians being accused of treachery did betake himself to banishment The Thebans having obtained the Victory did advance with all their Army to the City of the Lacedemonians thinking suddenly to become masters of it because they were abandoned of all their Associates Which the Lacedemonians fearing they sent for Agesilaus their King out of Asia who did there gallant service for the defence of his own Countrey for Lysander being slain they had confidence in no other Commander and because it was long before he came with an Army suddenly mustred they adventred of themselves to fight with their Enemies but being conquered not long before they had neither strength nor courage to oppose their Conquerors therefore at their first encounâ—er they were overthrown but Agesilaus came opportunely to their rescue and the fight being renewed he with his fresh Souldiers being all hardned to the services of the war did with an easie violence pluck the Victory from his Enemies but he received a dangerous wound himself which being understood the Athenians fearing least the Lacedemonians being Conquerors they should be reduced into their ancient condition of servitude did leavie a new Army and sent it to the ayd of the Boeotians under the command of Iphicrates a gentleman of not above twenty yeers of age but of a vast expectation The vertue of this young man was admirable for amongst so many and so great Captains the Athenians had never any General before of greater hope or forwardness in whom there were not onely all the Arts belonging to a Commander but to an Orator also Conon having understood of the return of Agesilaus did draw back out of Asia to spoyl the Câ—untrey of the Lacedemonians who the fear of the war growing round about them were brought almost to the bottom of despair having plundred the Countrey of his Enemies he marched to Athens where he was entertained with great joy of all the Citizens but he himself was more possessed with grief to behold the City burned and pulled down by the Lacedemonians then he was with joy to see it restored to its freedom Therefore what places were burned he repaired and what places were pull'd down he re-edified out of the profit of the booty of the Army of the Persians This was the fate of Athens that being before burned by the Persians it was builded up again with their spoyls and being now destroyed by the Lacedemonians it was â—estored again with the treasure that was taken from them and the condition of the war beâ—ng changed they had now those for their Associates who were then their Enemies and they were now their Enemies to whom they were then united in the neerest bonds of society Whiles these things were thus mannaged Artaxerxes King of the Persians sent Ambassadors into Greece by whom he commanded all to lay down their Arms and whosoever should refuse so to do he would esteem him for an Enemy He restored liberty and all that belonged to them to the Cities which he did not thereby to give redress to the labours and the wars of Greece occasioned by the growing hatred of the Citizens but that he himself being wholly imployed in the Aegyptian war by reason of the ayd which they sent the Lacedemonians against his Lieutenants his Armies should not be detained in Greece The Grecians being wearyed with many wars did eâ—dily obey him This yeer was remarkable not onely that a sudden Peace was made over all Greece but that at the same time also the City of Rome was taken by the Galls But the Lacedemonians being secure and having treacherously observed the absence of the Arcadians did lay a vigorous siege unto their Castle and having taken it they did put a Garrison into it The Arcadians therefore with a prepared Army taking the Thebans unto their ayd were resolved to regain what they lost by war In the fight Archidamus the General of the Lacedemonians was wounded who when he beheld the destruction of his men demanded by a Herald the bodies of the dead to give them burial For amongst the Grecians this was a sign of a victory acknowledged with which confession the Thebans being contented they sounded a retreat Some few daies after neither of them exercising hostility against each other when as it were by a silent consent there was a truce the Lacedemonians being engaged in another war the Thebans under the command of Epaminondis entertained a sudden hope to become masters of their Citie therefore in the beginning of the night in a silent match they did advance to Lacedemon but they could not take the Citizens unprepared for the old men and the weaker youth the approach of their Enemies being discovered did meet them in
multitude of his Enemies the fear of new treacheries the want occasioned by the continual wars and the Kingdom exhausted of Souldiers did much distract him and the wars of many Nations from several places did at one time conspire to oppress Macedonia because he could not answer them all at once he thought it expedient to dispence with some for a while he therefore upon an agreement did compound for a peace with some others he overcame with easie assaults by the conquest of whom he confirmed the doubtful minds of his Souldiers and took from himself the contempt of his Enemies His first war was with the Athenians who being overcome by an Ambuâ—cado he without money for fear of a greater war did permit them all to go safe away when it lay in his power to have put them all to the sword The war being afterwards carryed against the Illyrians he slew many thousands of his Enemies Afterwards he took the famous City of Larissaea from whence he unexpectedly advanced against the Thessalians not for the desire of prey but that he might add to his Army the strength of the Thessalian Cavalry by which means the body of their horse being joyn'd to his foot he made his Army invincible The event of these things answering his expectation with success he took to wife Olympias the daughter of Neoptolemus King of the Molossians her brothers son Arymbas who was her overseer and was then King of the Molossians did make the marriage having himself marryed Troas the sister of Olympias which was the cause of his destruction and the manifold calamities which afterwards fell upon him for whiles he hoped to make some additions to his Kingdom by the affinity of Philip being depriv'd by him of his own Kingdom he grew old in banishment These things being thus passed Philip being now not contented onely to remove wars did now provoke and challenge others Nations of his own accord As he was besieging Methona an arrow from the walls as he was passing by did put out his right eye for all which wound he became not the flower in the prosecution of the war nor was he made more angry by it against his Enemies who some days afterwards having supplicated for peace he did grant it to them and was not onely moderate but also merciful against the conquered THE EIGTH BOOK OF IVSTINE WHiles the Cities of Greece sought every one to enjoy they all lost the Soveraignty of Greece for restlessly running into mutual destruction they perished being overcome of all and not unless oppressed they found what every one did loose For Philip lying in wait in Macedonia as in a watch-Tower for the liberties of them all whiles he did foment their divisions by sending ayd to the weaker parties he made both the Conquerors and Conquered to undergo the yoak of servitude The Thebans were the cause and the beginning of this calamity who when they were masters of all and carrying their good fortune with too impotent a mind did publickly before a general Councel at Greece accuse the Lacedemonians and Phocensians as if before they had endured but small punishments for the slaughters and the rapines which they committed it was layd to the charge of the Lacedemonians that they had seized upon the Tower of Thebes in the time of truce and to the Phocensians that they had plundered Baeotia as if after Arms and War there were a place left for the Laws When the judgement was carryed according to the pleasure of the Conquerors they were condemned in a greater sum of money then they were able to pay Therefore the Phocensians when they were deprived of their wives and children and possessions in a desperate condition Philomelus being their Captain they seized upon the Temple of Apollo at Delphos and being angry with men they would be revenged of God being made rich with the gold and silver which there they found they made war upon the Thebans with a mercenary Army and though all abhorred this act of the Phocensians by reason of the sacriledge yet the Thebans contracted more envie by it by whom they were enforced to this necessity and both the Lacedemonians and Athenians sent ayd unto them In the first encounter Philomelus became master of the Camp and Tents of the Thebans but in the second battel he fell first of all fighting amongst the thickest of his Enemies and with the forfeit of his impious blood did answer for the crime of his sacriledge Onomerchus was made Captain in his place against whom the Thebans and Thessalians chose not a Captain of their own Citizens for fear of his domineering if he should prove Conqueror but Philip King of the Macedonians to be their General and of their own accord they did fall into that power and domination in another Commander which they feared in their own Philip therefore as if he was rather a revenger of the Sacriledge then of the Thebans commanded all his souldiers to weare wreaths of bayes on their brows and thus as if god was his conduct he advanced to the battel The Phocensians seeing the Ensigns of the God being affrighted with the consciousness of their offence throwing down their Arms did fly away and with great slaughter and bloodshed did expiate the violation of Religion It is incredible what glory this atchievement brought to Philip amongst all Nations Him they extoll'd as the vindicator of sacriledge the Revenger of Religion which the world with all its power was obliged to keep undefiled the onely man who was thought worthy to exact a Piacle for the sin committed to plunder God He next unto the gods was esteemed by whom the majesty of the gods was vindicated But the Athenians the event of the war being understood did seize upon the streits at Thermophyle to keep Philip from Greece as they did heretofore the Persians but not with the same courage nor the same cause for then they fought for the liberty of Greece now for publick sacriledge then to vindicate the Temples from the violent prophanation of the Enemies now to defend the violent Prophaners against the Vindicators of them and they deported themselves as defenders of that wickedness in which it was a shame to be Connivers being altogether unmindful that in the uncertainty of their affaires they had heretofore repaired to that god as to the Author of their Counsels and he being their conduct they had undertook so many wars and formerly erected so many Cities and obtained so great a Soveraignty both by Sea and Land and mannaged nothing either publick or private without the majesty of his divinity Who would imagine that wits adorned with all variety of learning and brought up under such excellent Laws and Institutions should commit so horrible an impiety that they had nothing left of which after it they might justly accuse the Barbarians But Philip observed no more faith himself towards his Associates for fearing least he should be overcome himself of his Enemies in the impiety
of sacriledge in a hostile manner he seized upon those Cities of which but immediately before he was Protector those Cities which sought under his conduct those Cities which gratulated both him and themselves for the victory they had obtained he in a scornful manner sold not long afterward both the wives and children of them all he spared not the Temples nor the consecrated houses nor the publick nor the private gods whom not long before he adored Insomuch that he seemed not to be the Revenger of sacriledge but to grant a liberty for sacriledges After this as if he had done admirably well he marched into Cappadocia where having mannaged the war with the like perfidiousness and the neighbouring Kings being taken and slain by treachery he joyned the whole Country of Cappadocia to the Kingdom of the Macedons After this to take away the infamy of envie with which at that present he laboured above other men he sent several persons through several Kingdoms and most flourishing Cities to plant a belief that King Philip had laid up a great bank of money for the erecting of new walls through the Cities and for the building of Fanes and Temples and made Proclamations by Heralds to the end that work-men might come in to undertake the building who when they came to Macedonia being frustrated by long delayes they departed home in silence fearing the anger of the King After this he invaded the Olynthians who after his slaughter of one of his brothers did in compassion entertain the two other whom Philip resolved to put to death pretending they desired to partake with him in the Kingdom being the children of his mother-in-law for this onely cause he utterly destroyed this ancient and noble City and his brothers being delivered to their destined destruction he enjoyed a great booty together with the desires of his paricide After this as if all things were lawful which he had a mind to do he seized upon the golden Mines in Thessaly and on the silver Mines in Thrace and that he might leave nothing inviolated he at last resolved to exercise Pyracies on the Seas These things in this manner mannaged it came to pass that the two brothers of the King of Thrace did make choyce of him as an Arbitrator of their differences not out of any contemplation of his justice but both of them fearing least by his assistance he should add more strength and quite over-ballance the cause and power of the other But Philip according to the versatilness of his wit did come with a gallant Army the two brothers unsuspecting it not as an Arbitrator but a General and deprived them both of the Kingdom by force not like a Judge but as a Theif and a plunderer While those thing were in agitation the Athenians sent Ambassadors to him to desire a peace who having had audience he sent himself Ambassadors to Athens with the condition of it and a peace was concluded for the advantage of them both There came also Ambassadors from the other Cities of Greece not so much for the love of peace as for the sears of war for the fire of their rage being not to be extinguished but by blood the Thebans and Boetians did desire that he would vouchsafe to profess himself to be the General of Greece against the Phocensians being possessed with so great a hatred against the Phocensians that forgetful of their own ruine they desired rather to perish themselves then not to destroy them and to endure the known cruelty of Philip then to pardon their Enemies The Ambassadors of the Phocensians on the other side the Lacedemonians and Athenians being joyned with them did crave that the war might not proceed this being the third time that they bought with moneys a forbearance of it A vile thing it was and shameful to behold that Greece being at that time the mistress of the world both in strength and dignity and alwaies the Conqueress of Kings and Nations and at that time the Commandress of so many Cities should humble her self at the doors of a stranger and either craving or deprecating war should put all her hope in the assistance of another The Revengers of the world were brought so low by their own discords and by civil wars that of their own accord they flattered a sordid part not long before of their own clientry and this especially was done by the Thebans and the Lacedemonians before emulous which of them both should enjoy the absolute command of Greece as Greece at this present would have the command of them Philip in these dissentions for the ostentation of his glory did ride as it were in triumph over the tops of so great Cities and did deliberate with himself which part was most worthy of him Having given audience in private to the Ambassadors on both sides to the one side he did promise the forbearance of the war having obliged them by an Oath not to divulge his answer unto the others he gave assurance that he suddenly and powerfully would assist them he commanded both either to prepare for war or to fear it and thus with a double answer both sides being secure he seized upon the straights of Thermophylae Then the Phocensians finding themselves circumvented by the treachery of Philip had their recourse to Arms but they had not the leisure to prepare an Army nor to draw unto them any Auxiliaries and Philip threatned utterly to destroy them if they would not surrender themselves unto him But there was no more trust in his composition then there was in his promise that the war should be forborn They were therefore everywhere put to slaughter and violated the Children were pluck'd from their Parents the Wives from their Husbands and the Images of the gods were not safe nor left in their own Temples This was all the miserable comfort that they enjoyed that when Philip had defrauded his Associates in the distribution of the booty and ingrossed it all to himself they could finde nothing of their own goods amongst their Enemies Being returned into his Kingdom he drove Cities and People as Shepherds do their Flocks sometimes into their Summer and sometimes into their Winter Pastures He translated every place according to his own pleasure as he would have them peopled or left desolate lamentable was the face of all things and like unto an utter ruine There was no fear of any invasion of the Enemy no running about of the Souldiers in the streets no tumult of Arms no plundering of goods nor forcing men into Captivity but a silent grief and sadness did possess them and a fear that even the very tears in their eyes should be censur'd for delinquency Their griefs did increase in their counterfeiting and in their concealing of them sinking so much the deeper by how much they were the less seen to express them Sometimes they revolved in their mindes the Sepulchers of their Anceâ—â—â—rs sometimes their old houshold gods sometimes their own houses in
of them all with all their children were put to death that there should not be so much as a shadow to be seen of so great a villany After this Artaxerxes having contracted a disease by the excess of grief deceased himself a happier King then a Father The Inheritance of the Kingdom by order of succession was devolved on Occhus who fearing the like conspiracy did fill the Court with the slaughter of his kinsmen and the ruins of the Princes being touched with no compassion in the respect either of blood or sex or age belike that he might not be more innocent then the Parricides his brothers And having as it were thus purified his Kingdom he made war upon the Armenians in which one of the Enemies having sent a challenge to try his force in Arms with any in a single fight Codoman with the good opinion of all advanced to encounter him who the Enemy being slain did restore both victory to the Persians and almost their lost glory For this atchievement so gallantly performed he was made Governor of the Armenians and in the process of time after the death of Occhus in the memory of his ancient valor he was chosen King by the people and being honoured with the name of Darius that nothing might be wanting to the regal Majesty he a long time mannaged the war with great courage but uncertain fortune against Alexander the Great at the last being overcome by him and slain by his own kinsmen he ended his life with the Empire of the Persians THE ELEVENTH BOOK OF IVSTINE AS there were divers Nations in the Army of Philip so he being slain there were divers agitations of minds in his Army Some being oppressed with the injury of servitude did advance themselves to some hope of liberty others not pleased with the tediousness of so remote a war did rejoyce that the expedition would be remitted Some there were who lamented that the torch lighted for the marriage of the daughter should be now imployed to be put under the pile of the Father And no small fear it was that possessed his friends at so sudden a Change of the affairs revolving in their minds how much Asia was provoked before Europe was subdued and how unfaithful and uncertain were the Illyrians the Thracians and Dardaneans and others of the barbarous Nations that were adjacent to them which people if they should all revolt together it was impossible to redress it In these destractions the coming of Alexander was as a Soveraign remedy who in a set speech did for the present so perswade and comfort the Souldiers that he took off all fear from the timerous and did raise the opinion of all into a great hope of him He was then but twenty yeers of age in which he so moderately promised so much that it might appear to all that he reserved more for the proof He gave to the Macedonians the immunity of all things unless a discharge from the wat 's by which he so much attracted their love that they said they had changed onely the body but not the vertue nor the valor of the King The first care he had was for his Fathers obsequies at which he gave a charge above all things that all who were guilty of his Fathers death should be slain before the Tombe of his Father he onely reprieved Alexander the brother of the Lyncestae preserving in him the inaguration into his dignity for he was the first that did salute him King He also took care that his brother Caraunus born of his Step-mother who aspired to the Kingdom should be put to death In the first beginning of his Reign he awed many Nations that were about to rebel appeased divers seditions in the East and joyful at the success of his proceedings he marched privately into Greece where having called all the Cities to Corinth after the example of his Father he was made General in his place After this he did go on with the preparations for the Persian war which was begun by his Father and being altogether imployed to make provision for it he was enformed that the Athenians Thebans and Lacedemonians had revolted from him to the Persians and that the Author of that treachery was Demosthenes the Orator who was corrupted by the Persians with a great sum of gold He alledged that all the Forces of the Macedonians were overthrown by the Triballians with their King and in his speech composed for that purpose he produced his Author before the people who affirmed that he was wounded in the same battel wherein the King was slain By which report the resolutions of almost all the Citizens being startled they resolved to shake off the Garrisons of the Macedons to meet with and to prevent these difficulties he marched into Greece with so much speed and with so gallant and so prepared an Army that whom they knew not of to come they could hardly believe they saw In his way he exhorted the Thessalians and did put them in minde of the benefits of Philip his Father to them and of the neer relations of his Mother descended from the generation of the Aeacidans His exhortation was agreeable to the Thessalians they created him General of Greece after the example of his Father and delivered to him all their tributes and revenews But the Athenians as they were the first in the revolt so they began to be the first in repentance and turning the contempt of their Enemy into their admiration of him they extoll'd the youth of Alexander despised before above the vertue of the ancient Captains Ambassadors therefore being sent they besought a forbearance of the war Alexander having heard them and severely reprehended them did remit the war After this he advanced against the Thebans and would have exercised the same indulgence towards them if he had found the same repentance but the Thebans were resolved to make use of their Arms and not of entreaties or deprecations Being overcome they endured the heaviest punishments of the most miserable captivity When a Councel was called to debate on the utter destruction of the City the Phocensianâ— and Plataeans the Thespians and Orchomaenians the Associates of the Macedonians and the partakers with Alexander in this victory did demonstrate to him the ruines of their own Cities and the cruelty of the Thebans charging them with their inclinations towards the Persians against the liberty of Greece not onely for the present but for the continuance of many Ages for which cause the hatred of all people was upon them to be manifested by this that they have all bound themselves by an oath the Persians being overcome to pull down Thebes To this they added the fables of their former abhominations with which they have filled all Scenes insomuch that they are to be abhorred not onely for their present treachery but for their ancient infamy Eleadas one of the Captives having obtained liberty to speak did alledge that they did not revolt from the King
between both the Phrygias which City he desired to be master of not so much for the booty as for that he understood that in that City in the Temple of Jupiter there was consecrated the plough of Gordius the knots of whose cord if any could unlose the Oracle did persage of old that he should raign over all Asia The cause and original was from this When Gardius was ploughing in this Country with his Oxen great flights of birds of all sorts did flie round about him and repairing to the Augurs of the next City to know the reason of it he met in the Gate of the City a Virgin of an excellent beauty and having demanded of her to what Augur he should more particularly address himself she having understood the occasion and having some knowledge herself in the Art by the instructions of her Parents did make answer that the Kingdom was presaged to him and did offer her self the companion of his hope and to be his companion in marriage So â—air a condition did seem to be the first felicity of the Kingdom After the marriage there did arise a sedition amongst the Phrygians and counsel being asked what a period should be put unto the differences and when the Oracles did answer That to end the discord there was need of a King and it being demanded again who should be the King They were commanded to make him King whom they should finde with a Plough entring into the Temple of Jupiter Gordius was the man whom presently they saluted as their King He consecrated to Regal Majesty in the Temple of Jupiter the Plough by which the Kingdom was conferr'd on him After him there reigned his Son Midas who being instructed by Orpheus with the solemnities belonging to the worship of their gods did fill all Phrygia with Religion and Ceremonies by which during the whole course of his life he was safer then by his Arms. Alexander therefore the City being taken when he came into the Temple of Jupiter he demanded where the Plough was which being shewed unto him when he could not discover the ends of the cord lying hid among the multiplicity of the foldings he gave a violent interpretation to the sense of the Oracle and cutting the cords asunder with his sword he found the ends lying undiscovered in the mysterie of the twists Whiles he was doing this he was informed that Darius was approaching to give him battel with a formidable Army Therefore fearing the danger of the streights he in a swift march did lead his Army over the Mountain of Taurus in which expedition his foot without any respite did run five hundred furlongs When he came unto Tarsus being taken with pleasantness of the River Cydnus running through the midst of the City having unbuckled his Armor and being covered with sweat and dust he threw himself into the River which was extreamly cold On an sudden so great and so chilling a benumnedness did posses every joynt that being speechless the danger could be neither deferred nor any hope oâ— remedy admitted There was one of his Physitians Philip by Name who promised to give a redress unto his evil but some letters sent the day before by Parmenio from Cappodocia did render him suspected to the King who not knowing of Alexander's sickness did write unto him to have a careful eye on Philip his Physitian because he was corrupted by Darius with a great sum of money howsoever thinking it safer to doubt the trust of his Physitian then his undoubted disease having received the Cup he delivered the letters to him sted fastly did behold him as he drank the physick Having observed hâ—m to be not moved at the sense of the letter he became more cheerful on the fourth day afterwards was recovered In the mean time Darius advanced towards him with an Army of three hundred thousand foot one hundred thousand horse The multitude of his numbers did trouble Alexander in the respect of the fewness of his Souldiers but computing with himself what great atchievements he had performed by that paucity and how many Nations he had overthrown his hope did overcome his fear and thinking it dangerous to delay the Battel least some desperation should grow upon the minds of his Souldiers being mounted on horse-back he did ride about his Army and by several exhortations did enflame the courage of the several Nations he stirr'd up the Illyrians and the Thracians with the ostentation of the wealth of the Persians the Grecians with the memory of their former wars with their perpetual hatred against the Persians He put the Macedonians in mind of Europe overcome and of Asia desired by them and that the world had not any Souldiers that were comparable unto them This battel he said would put an end to their labors but no end unto their glory As he delivered these words he did once and again command his Army to stand that by that delay they might the better observe and sustain the unweâ—ldy numbers of their Enemies neither was Darius less industrious in the marshalling of his Army for omitting no office of a General he in his own person did ride about the Army and did exhort every one and admonish them of the ancient glory of the Persian Empire and of their everlasting possession which was given of it by the immortal Gods After this the battel was fought with great resolution in which both Kings were wounded and the fight was doubtful until Darius fled whereupon there followed a great slaughter of the Persians there were slain of their foot threescore and ten thousand and ten thousand of their horse and forty thousand were taken Prisoners Of the Macedons there were slain one hundred and thirty foot and one hundred and fifty horse In the Camp of the Persians there was found much gold and other rich movables Amongst the Captives there were the Mother and the Wife who was also the sister of Darius and his two daughters to visit and to comfort who when Alexander came in person with some men in Arms they imbracing one another as if immediately they were to die did make a skrieking lamentation then humbling themselves to the knees of Alexander they desired not life but onely a respite from death so long until they had buried the body of Darius Alexander beimg moved at their so great a piety did both give them an assurance of the life of Darius and withal took from them the fear of death and did command that they should be esteemed and saluted as Queens and commanded the daughters of Darius to look for husbands suitable to the dignity of their Father After this taking into his observation the riches and precious Furniture of Darius he was possessed with admiration at it he then first began to delight himself with luxurious Banquets and the magnificence of Feasts and to be tempted by the beauties of Barsine his Capive on whom having afterwards begot a Son he did call him
Hercules But remembrâ—ing that Darius was yet alive he commanded Parmenio to seize upon the Persian Fleet and sent some others of his friends to take possession of some Cities in Asia which the fame of his Victory being understood came presently into the hands of the Conquerors the Lieutenants of Darius delivering themselves with vast sums of gold unto them After this he advanced into Syria where many Kings of the East with Fillets and Miters did meet him of whom some he received into the society of his friendship according to their merits and from others he took their Kingdom new Kings being chosen in their places Amongst others A'bdolominus chosen King of Sidonia by Alexander was remarkable who living but miserably before all his imployment being either to scoure ditches or to water gardens was ordained King by him the Nobility of that Kingdom being rejected least they should impute their royalty to their birth and not to the benefit of the giver When the City of Tyre had sent to Alexander by their Ambassadors a Crown of gold of great weight in the pretence of gratulation the gift being gratefully accepted Alexander did declare unto them that he would repair himself unto Tyre to pay his vows to Hercules the Ambassadors replying that he should perform that better in the old Town of Tyre and in the more ancient Church desiring withal that he would forbear to enter into their new City Alexander was so incensed at it that he threatned utterly to destroy their City and immediately drawing his Army to the Iland he was not less resolutely received by the Tyrians through the confidence they had of being assisted by the Carthaginians The example also of Dido did confirm them in their resolution who Carthage being builded were masters of the third part of the World thinking it dishonourable if their women had more resolution to subdue forreign Kingdoms then they had to defend their own liberty Those therefore who were unfit for the service of the war being removed to Carthage and the ayd of that City desired to be hastned they were not long after taken by treachery After this he took Rhodes Aegypt and Cilicia upon composition and was resolved to go to Jupiter-Hammon to ask counsel of him concerning the event of things to come and concerning his own Original for his mother Olympias had confessed to his Father Philip that Alexander was not begotten by him but by a serpent of a vast extent and bulk And Philip not long before his death did openly confess that Alexander was not his Son and caused Olympias to be divorced from him as being guilty of incontinence Alexander therefore desiring to know the divinity of his Original and to deliver his Mother from Infamy did send some before him to suborn the Priests what answers they should give unto him Entring into the Temple the Priests immediately did salure him as the Son of Ammon He being joyful of this his adoption by the God did command that he should be esteemed as his Father After this he demanded whether he had taken full revenge on all the Murtherers of his Father It was answered That his Father could neither be killed nor die but the revenge for King Philip was fully performed After this having propounded a third demand unto them It was answered That both Victory in all wars and the possession of all Lands was granted to him His Companions also were enjoyned by the Priests to worship him as a God and not as a King From hence he was possessed with a strange insolence and a wonderful pride of minde being altogether estranged from that familiarity which he had learned by the letters of the Grecians and the Institutions of the Macedons being returned from Hammon he builded Alexandria and commanded that a Colâ—ny of the Macedons should be the chief Seat of Aegypt Darius flying to Babylon desired Alexander by letters that he might have the liberty to redeem the Captive Ladies and promised him a vaste sum of money But Alexander returned answer That to redeem those Captives he must not onely have his money but all his Empire Not long after Darius did write again to Alexander and in his letter he offered him the marriage of his Daughter and a great part of the Empire but Alexander did write back unto him that he gave him but that which was his own before and commanded him to come as a Suppliant to him and to permit the Conqueror to dispose of the Kingdom at his own pleasure Wherefore having abandoned all hope of peace Darius did prepare again for the war and advanced against Alexander with four hundred thousand foot and one hundred thousand horse In his march he was enformed that his Wife was dead in her extremity of pain by an abortive birth and that Alexander did lament her death and assisted at her burial which civilities he used towards her not out of the heat of vain love but the obligations of humanity for he was assured that Alexander did never see her but once when he oftentimes repaired to comfort his Mother and his Daughters Darius then confessing that he was truly conquered when after so many battels his Enemy in courtesies did overcome him and that it should not be altogether unpleasing to him if he could not be victorious especially when he was conquered by such an Enemy did write the third time unto Alexander and gave him thanks for his civil respects unto his Family and offered him his other Daughter to Wife and the greater part of his Kingdom even to the River of Euphrates and thirty thousand talents for the other Captives Alexander returned answer That the giving thanks of an Enemy was superflucus neither had he done any thing in flattoâ—y of him or in the distrust of the event of the war or to complement for conditions of peace but out of the greatness of his minde by which he had learned to contend against the Forces but not the calamities of his Enemies He promised that he would allow the same Grants to Darius if he would be his Second and not his Equal But as the World could not be governed by two Suns no more could it endure the Government of two such great Empires in a safe condition Therefore he should come he said and make a surrender of himself on that present day or prepare for the battel on the next nor promise to himself any other fortune then of what before he had the experience On the next day their Armies stood both in battel-array Immediately before the fight began a deep sleep invaded Alexander possessed with too much care who being onely wanting in the battel he was with much ado awakned by Parmenio All men demanding the cause of so sound asleep in such apparent danger when in his greatest leisures he was alwayes moderate of it He made answer that being delivered from a great sear the suddenness of his security was the occasion of it for he might now fight
he permitted his Souldiers to marry those female Captives to whom they had indeared themselves politickly conceiving that having in their Tents a representation of their houses and Families at home the labour of the war would be both more pleasant by the company of their wives and their desires to return into their Countries would be more moderate And that Macedonia also should be less exhausted with recruits if young Souldiers should succeed in their old Fathers places and fight in the same works in which they were born being likely to be more constant upon duty exercising not onely their youth and childhood but having their cradles also rocked in the Camp This Custom remained afterwards amongst the Successors of Alexander and maintenance was provided for the Infants and Instruments for the making of Arms and the furniture for horse were given them to practice on when they were but young and their Fathers had allowances appointed them according to the number of their children and if their Fathers dyed nevertheless the children had the pensions of their Father their Infancy amongst so many Expeditions being as a continual war-fare Therefore from their minority being enured to labour and to dangers their Armies were unconquerable for they thought no otherwise of their Tents then of their Country and that an encounter was alwayes nothing else but Victory This is that off-spring which were called Epigoni The Parthians being overcome Andragoras one of the most noble of the Persians was made Governor of them from whom the Kings of Parthia did afterwards derive their Original In the mean time Alexander did begin to exercise his rage on his own men not like a King but like an Enemy Nothing more incensed him then that he was upbraided by them that he had subverted the Customs of his Father Philip and of his own Country for which offence old Parmenio next unto the King in Dignity and his Son Philotas being questioned for other pretences were both put to death On this there did arise a murmur over all the Camp in compassion of the condition of the innocent old man and of his Son and sometimes they were heard to speak that they could not hope for any better themselves which when it was reported unto Alexander fearing least the same reproach should be divulged in Macedonia and that the glory of his Victories should be eclipsed by the ignomy of his cruelty he dissembled that he would send some of his friends into his own Country who should be the Messengers of his Conquests He desired the Souldiers to write freely unto their friends being but seldom to enjoy such an apportunity again by reason of the more distant remoteness of the war This being done he commanded the packet to be brought privately unto him by which having discovered what every one thought of him he reduced them who had written to their friends more hardly of him into one Company either with an intent to destroy them or to distribute them into Colonies in the furthest parts of the world After this he subdued the Dracans Evergetans Parimans Paropamissidans Hydaspians and the other Nations which live at the foot of Caucasus In the mean time Bessus one of the friends of Darius was brought bound in chains who had not onely betrayed but also killed the King whom Alexander delivered to the brother of Darius to be tormented in revenge of his treason thinking Darius was not so much his Enemy as he had been a friend to him by whom he was slain And that he might give a name to those Lands he builded the City of Alexandria on the River of Tanaia within seventeen daies having made a Wall about it six miles in compass and translated thither the people of three Cities which Cyrus had erected He builded also twelve Cities amongst the Bactrians and the Sogdians having distributed amongst them whomsoever he found to be seditious in his Army After this upon a holy day he called his friends together to a banquet where mention being made by them in their wine of the deeds performed by Philip Alexander preferr'd himself above his Father and extoll'd unto the Skies the greatness of his own atchievements the greatest parts of his Guests assenting to him Therefore when Clytus one of the old men tempted by the confidence of his friendship with the King did advance the memory of Philip and the battels which he fought he so inflamed Alexander that a spear being snatched from one of the Guard he killed him at the banquet and insulting over him he objected to him being dead how bravely he defended his Father Philip and how highly he praised his wars After his passion was blown over and he was satisfied with his blood and the consideration of his reputation succeeded into the room of his anger pondering with himself sometimes the person of him who was slain and sometimes the cause of his being slain he began to repent of what he had done and that he gave so discontented an ear to the prayses of his Father which he ought not to have given to his reproaches and lamented that his old friend and his innocent one was slain by him being full of wine and supper and by the same fury being hurryed into repentance as he was into passion he would have kill'd himself Melting into tears he did imbrace the body of the dead he did handle his wounds and did confess his madness to him as if he had heard him and taking the spear again into his hand he turned the point of it to himself and had done a thorough execution with it if his friends had not prevented him this resolution to die continued with him certain dayes afterwards The remembrance of his Nurse sister unto Clytus was an addition to his repentance for whom being absent he was greatly ashamed that he returned her so foul a recompence for the nourishments she had given him and that being a young man and a Conqueror he should with Funerals requite her in whose arms he was bred up He then considered what reports what disgrace he had by this violent act pull'd upon himself not onely in his Army but amongst the conquer'd Nations how much fear and hatred he had cotracted amongst his friends how sad he had made his Feast sitting more terrible at his banquet with his friends then armed in face of his Enemies Then Parmenio and Philotas then Amyntas his kinsman then his Step-mother and his Bothers being killed then Attalus Eurilochus and Pausanias and others of the slaughter'd Princes of Macedonia did present themselves unto his memory For this he four dayes persevered in an abstinence from all meat until at last he was intreated by the prayers of all the Army desiring that he would not lament so much the death of one as to destroy them all nor forsake them whom he had brought into the furthest part of the East amongst barbarous and cruel Nations and provoked by the war The perswasions of Calisthenes the Philosopher
he along time did sustain their multitudes His friends at length the danger being understood did leap down unto him of which many were slain and the battels continued doubtful until all his Army the Walls being thrown down did come to his assistance In this fight being shot with an arrow under the breast he fainted through the loss of blood yet he fought so long with one knee on the ground until he had killed him who wounded him The cure of the wound was more grievous then the wound it self but being at last restored from almost a desperation of recovery he sent Polipercon with his Army unto Babylon He himself with a selected number of Souldiers did go aboard his Fleet to make some discovery on the Ocean When he landed at the City of King Ambigerus the Inhabitants understanding that he was not to be overcome by the sword did arm their Darts with poyson and with a double wound of death forcing their Enemies to retreat from their Walls they killed many of them When amongst others Ptolomy was deadly wounded and was even ready to expire an herb was shown to the King in his sleep as a remedy for the poyson which being found out and steeped in Ptolomys drinck he was suddenly delivered from the danger and by this remedy the greater part of the Army was preserved The City being taken he returned to his ships and sacrificed to the Ocean imploring a happy return into his Country And as a Chariot driven about the gole having put bounds unto his Empire where the creeks or the solitudes of the Land did suffer him to pass or the Sea was navigable he was at last brought by a favourable tide into the mouth of the River of Indus There as a Monument of what he had done he builded the City of Barce and erected Altars having left one of his friends as his Lieutenant over the Maritine Indians Being afterwards to march altogether by Land having understood that the places were dry about the middle of his way he caused Wells to be digged and great store of fresh water being found he came to Babylon Many of the conquered Nations did there by their Ambassadors accuse his Lieutenants whom Alexander without any respect of friendship did cause to be put to death in the sight of the Ambassadors After this he took to marriage Statyra the daughter of King Darius and gave in marriage to the Princes of the Macedons the most noble of the Virgins chosen cut of all Nations that by the community of the fact the fault of the King might appear the less He then called his Army together promised at his own charges to pay all their debts that intirely they might carry home with them both their booty and their pay This munificence was remarkable not onely for the sum but for the ground of the Gift nor was it more grateful to the Debtors then to the Creditâ—rs because the exaction as well as the solution was of equal difficulty to them both Three and twenty thousand Talents were layd forth in this largess The old Souldiers being dismissed he supplyed his Army with those of younger age who being retained did murmur at the departure of the old Souldiers and demanded to be discharged themselves they required that Alexander would not number their yeers but their pay unto them and being chosen into the same war with old Souldiers they thought it just they should be disobliged of their oath with them at last they turn'd their entreaties to reproaches and told him since he had so great a minde to it he should end the wars alone with his Father Hammon Alexander on the other side sometimes did chastise his Souldiers sometimes he did perswade them that they would not with seditions clow'd the glory of their warfare At the last when he found that he prevailed nothing by words he leaped unarmed from the tribunal amongst the armed multitude to apprehend the authors of the sedition and no man opposing him he with his own hand took twelve of them and hurried them to punishment either the fear of the King did give them so great a patience to die or the Discipline of the war did give the King so great a constancy to exact punishment of them After this having called the Auxiliaries of the Persians to convention by themselves he extolled their perpetual fidelity both towards himself and towards their former Kings He made mention of his benefits to them and that he never did deport himself towards them as being conquered but rather as the Companions of his Conquests lastly that he transposed himself into their manners and fashions and not they into the manners of his Country and that the Conquerors did mingle in marriage and affinity with the conquered He declared that he was now resolved to commit the Custody of his Body not to the Macedons onely but to them And accordingly he chose out of their young men one thousand of them to be in the number of his Guard he mingled also a party of the Persian Auxiliaries with his own Army to inure themselves to the Discipline of the Macedons which the Macedons took much to heart alledging that the Enemies of the King were overcome by him for their own advantage Then they all weeping did repair unto him and besought him that he would rather satisfie himself with their punishments then with their ignominy By which modesty they prevailed so much upon him that he dis-authorized eleven thousand of the antient Souldiers Of his old friends there were dismissed Polypercon and Clytus Gorgias Polydamas and Antigonus In their return Craterus was appointed to be their chief who was also to be the Kings Lieutenant in Macedonia in the place of Antipater who was called out of Macedonia to bring some Recruits unto the Army and to be in the place of Craterus Their pay was given to them in their return as if they had continned still in the Army Whiles these things were thus managed Ephestion dyed one of the Kings friends and most deer unto him both by the endowments of his beauty and by the obsequiousness of his youth whom Alexander contrary to the dignity of a King did a long time lament and erected him a Tomb on which he layd forth twelve thousand Talents and commanded after he was dead that he should be worship'd as a god Returning to Babylon from the furthest shores of the Ocean he was informed that Ambassadors from Carthage and other Cities of Africk as also from Spain Sicily France and Sardinia and from divers Cities of Italy did attend his arrival The terror of his name had so possessed the whole World that all Nations submitted to him as to their destined King For this cause approaching to Babylon to keep as it were a Parliament of the World some of the Magicians did advise him not to enter into the City affirming that it would be fatal to him wherefore Babylon being omited he turned aside to Byrsia an
marriage of Cleopatra sister to Alexander the Great and Wife to Alexander late King of Epirus Olympias her Mother seeming enclined to it But he resolved first to over-reach Antipater under this pretence of affinity he therefore dissembled to desire his daughter in marriage to the end that he might the sooner obtain of him a recruit of young men out of Macedonia which deceit Antipater fore-saw and whiles Perdiccas courted two Ladies at the same time he obtained neither After this there did arise a war betwixt him and Antigonus Craterus and Antipater assisted Antigonus in their own persons and having made a Peace with the Athenians did substitute Polypercon in the Government of Greece and Macedonia The affairs of Perdiccas being in some difficulty he came into Cappadocia and he took into Counsel with him Aridaeus and the Son of Alexander the Great the charge of whom was committed to him to debate there concerning the carrying on of the war It was the opinion of some that the war should be translated into Macedonia the head and original of the Kingdom and where Olympias the Mother of Alexander lived who would bring no small moment to their party besides the favor of the Inhabitants in their respect to the names of Alexander and Philip. Others differed in judgement from it and it was concluded that it was better for the present to begin with Aegypt least whiles they were withdrawn into Macedonia Asia might be seized on by Ptolomy In the mean time Paphlagonia Caria Lycia and Phrygia were added to the Provinces of which Eumenes was Governor It was appointed that they should there attend the coming of Antipater and Craterus Alcetas the brother of Perdiccas and Neoptolemus did joyn themselves with their Armies to the Armies of Perdiccas The charge of the Navie was committed to Clytus Cilicia was taken from Philotas and given to Philoxenus Perdiccas himself with a formidable Army did march into Aegypt And thus the Macedons their Captains being divided into two parties were armed against their own bowels and turning their swords from an hostile war they covered themselves with civil blood after the example of mad men who themselves do tear their own hands and members Ptolomy in Aegypt with wise industry did lay up great riches for with singular moderation of government he attracted the Aegyptians to him and obliged the neighbouring Kings with benefits and all civil respects He also enlarged the bounds of his Empire having possessed himself of the City Cyrene and was now so great that he feared not so much his Enemies as he himself was become terrible to them The City of Cyrene was builded by Aristaeus who being tongue-tyed was called Battus Cyrenus his Father King of the Iland of Thera when he came to the Oracle of Delphos to implore the god to take away the disgrace from his Son who could not speak he received an answer by which his Son Battus was commanded to go to Africa and to build there the City Cyrene which being done he should enjoy the use of his tongue When the answer seem'd like a jeer by reason of the similitude of the Iland Theramenis from which they were commanded to travel so great a journey to build a City in Africa the Oracle was was not obeyed Not long after having their contumaciousness punish'd with a Pestilence they were enforced to be obedient to the Oracle their number being so few that all of them could scarce fill one ship when they came into Africa having driven away the Inhabitants they seated themselves on the Hill Cyra delighted both with the pleasantness of the place and the abundance of the water There Battus their Captain the knots of his tongue being unâ—yed did begin to speak which encouraged them the promises of the god being in some part fulfilled to proceed in the building of the City Having there pitched their Tents they received the opinion of the ancient Fable that Cyrene a Virgin of an excellent beauty being forced from the Hill Pelion to Thessaly by Apollo and brought to the cliffs of the same Hill which they did inhabite being bid by the god did bring forth four Children Nomius Aristaeus Eurocus and Agaeus those who were sent by their Father Hypsaeus King of Thessaly to seek out the Virgin did reside in the same place with her being taken with the pleasure of the place Three of the Boys being grown unto age did return afterwards into Thessaly where they enjoyed their Fathers Kingdom Aristaeus did reign in Arcadia and first delivered unto men the use of Bees and Honey and Milk and Curds and the knowledge of the Solstices and the motion of the Stars Which being understood Battus the name of the Virgin being known by the Oracle did build the City Cyrene Ptolomy being encreased with the strength of this City did make ready for war against the coming of Perdiccas But the hatred contracted by his arrogance did more hurt Perdiccas then all the Forces of his Enemies insomuch that his Companions not enduring him did fly away in Troops unto Antipater Neoptolemus being left for the assistance of Eumenes would not onely fly away but also attempted to betray the Army which when Eumenes perceived he held it necessary to fight with the Traytor and Neoptolemus being overcome did fly unto Antipater and Polypercon did perswade them by continual marches to advance against Eumenes and to fall upon him being proud of the Victory and grown secure by reason of his flight But Eumenes had notice of it and the treacheries were turned against the Traytors who thinking to have assaulted him unsuspecting their advance and unprepared to receive them they were assaulted themselves not thinking of his approach and wearyed withall by their watching and their travels in the night In that fight Polypercon was slain and Neoptolemus fighting hand to hand a long time with Eumenes both of them being wounded was at the last overcome and killed by him Eumenes being Conqueror in two battels did a little support the afflicted parties of his Companions And Perdiccas at last being slain he was saluted as King by the Army of the Enemy with Phython and Illyrius and Alcetas the brother of Perdiccas and war was decreed against them by Antigonus THE Fourteenth BOOK OF IVSTINE EVmenes having understood that Perdiccas was slain and himself adjudged as an Enemy by the Macedoniaens and that war was denounced against him by Antigonus did of his own accord declare it to his Souldiers lest fame should make it greater then it was or affright the minds of the Souldiers with the novelty of the danger and withall that he might take new counsels from their motions if he found that they were animated against him He therefore constantly professed that if these things were a terror unto any of them he would willingly grant him leave to depart By which words he so enflamed the minds of all to adhere unto him that of their own accord they did exhort him to
unwilling to employ their forces into so remote a war did advise them to crave ayd of Castor Pollux Neither did the Ambassadors despise the counsel of their friends And departing to the next Temple having offered sacrifice they implored the assistance of the gods and having obtained as they thought what they desired and being as ioyful as if they should carry the gods themselves with them they placed Cussions for them in the ship and by a fortunate adventure they brought home comfort to their distressed Army in the stead of help This being known the Crotonians themselves did send Ambassadors to the Oracle at Delphos imploring the grant of victory and prosperous events in thâ— wars to come It was answered that the Enemies were first to be overcome by Votes and afterwards by Arms. Hereupon the Locrensians devoted to Apollo the Tythes or Tenths of their booty having understood that the Crotonians had devoted but the ninth part which they reserved with great privacy lest the answer of the god being known they should be overcome in their Votes Therefore when both Armies were drawn into battel-Array and there were marshalled in the Field one hundred and twenty thousand armed men of the Crotonians the Locrensians looking upon their own Musters which could not at the most amount to above fifteen thousand men having abandoned all hope of Victory they did destinate themselves to a certain death and so honourable an heat did grow upon them all out of this desperation that in the battel they thought themselves to be Conquerors if they dyed not unrevenged Thus whiles they desired to die honourably they overcame happily and their despair was the original of their Victory In the heat and height of the labour of their sword an Eagle constantly appeared to fly in the front of the Locrensian Army and sometimes wheeling about the wings of the Army she would immediately return and be seen again to hover over them until they were become Masters of the Field In the wings of their battel there were also seen two young men to fight in Armor far different from others and remarkable by the height and greatness of their bodies and by their white horses and coâ—cineous paludaments neither did they appear any longer then whiles the battels were fighting The incredible swiftness of the report of the victory did encrease the wonder of it For on the same day on which the Battel was fought in Italy the Victory of the Locrensians was reported at Corinth and Athens and at Lacedaemon After this the Crotonians delighted themselves neither in the exercises of honour nor in the use of Arms for they hated what so unhappily they undertook and had changed their lives into luxury had it not been for the documents of Pythagoras the Philosopher who being born at Samos was the Son of Demaratus a rich Merchant he was indued with excellent gifts of wisdom and understanding and travelled first into Aegypt and afterwards to Babylon to learn the motion of the Stars and to understand the beginning of the World And having therein attained to the perfection of knowledge he returned to Creet and Lacedaemon to instruct himself in the Laws of Minos and Lyâ—urgus with which their Laws being the most famous of all in those daies he reduced the people of Crotona from the abuse of riot by his example to the use of temperance and frugality He daily extolled vertue and cryed down the vices of luxury and did number to them how many Cities were destroyed by this devouring sin and at last he was so much followed by the multitude that what was thought almost incredible even some of the most riotous of those people were converted into the manners and principles of the most thrifty of men He had several Schools and several Auditories and distinctly taught the Matrons from the men the children from their Parents He taught the Matrons chastity and obsequiousness towards theit husbands and he taught their husbands temperance and to be lovers of Learning He alwayes prompted both unto frugality as if it were the mother of all vertues and by his daily disputation he so prevailed that the Matrons did leave off their Garments of gold and other ornaments of their dignity as the instruments of luxury and these ornaments being brought them into the Temple of Juno they were by these Matrons consecrated to the goddess her self professing that the best ornaments of Matrons was chastity and not gorgeous apparrel How much also he prevailed by conquest on the young men the conquered spirits of the contumacious women â—id declare But when three hundred of the young men having obliged themselves by oath through the Interest of their society did like Separatists segregate themselves from the rest of their Citizens being suspected to hold a clandestine Conspirary they exasperated the Citizens against them who would have burned them altogether being convened in one house In this tumult there perished about threescore of them the rest were condemned to banishment Pythagoras having lived twenty years at Crotona did remove himself to Metapontum in which City he dyed they had there so great an admiration of him that they made of his house a Temple and did worship him as a god Dionysius the Tyrant having as before we mentioned transported his Army out of Sicily into Italy and made war upon the Grecians who there inhabited he overcame the Locrians and did assault the Crotonians through a long respite scarce resuming new strength so great was their overthrow of their former war they now more valiantly resisted with a few men the powerful Army of Dionysius then heretofore with many thousands they resisted the inconsiderable number of the Locrensians So much vertue hath poverty against insolent riches and sometimes so much more certain is a dispaired then a presumed Victory In the mean time the Ambassadors of the Gauls who not many Moneths before had burned Rome did address themselves to Dionysius making wars in Italy and desired a league and friendship of him they affirmed that their Nation was now seated between his Enemies and would be of great concernment to him both to attend him in the Van or to defend him if his Enemies should take the advantage to press upon him in the Rear This Embassie was acceptable to Dionysius wherefore having entred into a league with them and re-inforced his Army with Auxiliaries from them he did begin the war again The cause which brought these Gauls to seek new habitations in Italy was civil discord and daily dissentions at home being weary with the tediousness whereof when they came in multitudes into Italy they did drive the Tuscans from their possessions and builded Millain Comum Brixia Verona Bergomum Tridentum and Vincentia The Tuscans at the same time under the command of Rhetus having lost their ancient habitations did possess themselves of the Alpes and called the Country which they commanded Rhetia after the name of their Commander Not long afterwards Dionysius was called
of the Macedons So fatal was this overthrow and so great the rout that few of them were preserved by flight the rest were either all slain or taken Prisoners When this was reported throughout all Macedonia the Gates of the Cities were shut all places were filled with mourning sometimes they lamented the loss of their children sometimes they feared the destruction of their Cities they called upon the names of Alexander and Philip as if their Kings had been their gods and emplored their assistance under whom they were safe not onely against their Enemies but also Conquerors of the World they emplored them that they would defend their Country which by the glory of their atchievements they had made second unto Heaven and to relieve those now in their distress whom the fury and rashness of King Ptolomy had destroyed All men despairing Sosthenes one of the Princes of the Macedons thinking that in this extremity they must use deeds as well as prayers having drawn the youth of the Macedons into a body he both restrained the Gauls growing insolent with their Victory and defended the Macedons from the plunderings of their Enemies for which benefit of his conduct and valour many of the Noble men of Macedonia affecting the Kingdom he by his birth although ignoble was advanced above them all and being saluted King by the Army he compelled the Souldiers to take the Oath of Allegiance not in name of the King but of the General In the mean time Brennus under whose command one part of the Gauls had poured themselves into Greece having understood of the victory of his Associates who under Belgiu had overcome the Macedons disdaining that so rich a booty and laden with the spoyls of the East should so easily be abandoned having amassed a body of one hundred and fifty thousand foot and fifteen thousand horse did break into Macedonia and having plundred the Towns and preyed the Fields Sosthenes did advance against him with a gallant Army of the Macedons but being not so numerous they were overcome by the multitude and the weaker by the stronger The Macedonians being overcome did hide themselves within the Walls of their Cities and Brennus being Conqueror did plunder up and down the Country of all Macedonia no man opposing him And as if those spoyls were too unworthy of his avarice he turned his minde to the Temples of the immortal gods prophanely asserting that the gods being rich ought out of their abundance to contribute unto the poverty of men He presently therefore marched to Delphos preferring gold the temptation of Religion above the violation of the immortal gods who he affirmed did stand in no need of riches it being their custom to bestow them upon men The Temple of Apollo is placed at Delphos on the Hill of Parnassus a rock everywhere hanging over it in which place the frequent confluence of men did erect a City who coming thither in great numbers to the confirmation of the Majesty of the god did inhabit on that Rock The Temple and City is not defended by Walls but by precipices not made by hands but made strong and guarded by Nature so that it is hard to say whether the strength of the place or the majesty of the god be more to be admired The middle of the Rock doth open it self into the form of a Theater by reason whereof the clamour of men and the clangor of the Trumpets when they are sounded the hollowness of the Rocks returning and banding the sound from one to another and playing with it amongst themselves the sound is heard more multiplyed by the reboation and appears greater far then when at first it was delivered This is that which striketh a greater terror of Majesty into those who are ignorant of the cause and adds a reverent amazement to the admiration much about this hollow of the Rock on the middle of the height of the Hill there is a little plain and in it a deep hole out of which the Oracle proceeds which being a cold breath driven up as it were by a winde doth possess the minds of the Priests with a madness who being filled with god he doth enforce them to give answers to those who do demand them By reason of this there were to be seen many and very rich gifts both of Kings and others who do manifest by their magnificence both the gratititudes of the Givers and the Answers of the gods Brennus when he beheld the Temple did make a halt with his Army debating whither he should presently assault it or give his weary Souldiers the respite of one night to refresh themselves Euridanus and Tessalonus two Commanders who joyned themselves unto him in hope of the booty did counsel him to cut off all delayes whiles the Enemies were unprepared and his new approach had struck a terror into them but they affirmed that if they should give them the deliberation of one night the Enemies might put on new resolutions by the access of new supplies and the wayes which now lay open might be obstructed But the common Souldiers of the Gauls out of their long want when they found the Country to abound with wines and all manner of provision did disperse themselves about the Fields being no less joyful with the abundance they found then with their victory and forsaking their Ensigns they did range up and down as Conquerors to seise on all things which gave some respite to the Delphians for on the first report of the coming of the Gauls the Country people were prohibited by the Oracle to bring their Vintage and Harvest into their Towns which saving counsel was not understood until the abundance of wine and other provisions being left as a temptation and delay to the Gauls the Auxiliaries of the neighbouring Countries had the leisure to draw together and the Delphians being encreased by the access of their Forces did fortifie their City before the Gauls falling to their swill of Wine as to their prey could be called to their Standards Brennus out of all his Army made choyce for this service of threescore and five thousand foot The Army of the Delphians and their Associates did not amount to above fourteen thousand in contempt of whom Brennus the more to encourage his men did shew them the greatness of the booty and the Statues drawn with four horse of which a vast number were seen afar off all with solid gold moreover he affirmed to them that the booty was far more considerable in the weight then in the show With this information the Gauls being as much inflamed as with their last nights Wine did fall upon the onset without respect of danger The Delphians on the other side putting their confidence in their god and not in their own strength did with contempt oppose their Enemies and from the top of the Hill some of them with Arms and some with stones did overwhelm and repel the Gauls in their Scalado In the heat of this encounter
and as if he had ballanced the loss of Italy and Sicily with the regaining of the Kingdom of Macedonia he did send both for his Son and for his friend which he did leave at Tarentum Antigonus with a few horsemen the Companions of his flight being on a sudden forsaken of all the ornaments of his dignity did repair to Thessalonica to behold the events of his lost Kingdom hiring a mercenary Army of the Gauls to renew the war And being again utterly overthrown by Ptolomy the Son of Pyrrhus and in his flight attended but with seven men he not onely lost all hope of the recovery of his Kingdom but fled into solitary places and made them the best procurers of his safety Pyrrhus being now advanced to so great a height of soveraignty was not content with that which with modesty he durst not aspire unto in his hopes but propounded unto himself the Empire both of Greece and Asia he took a felicity and pride in his wars as in his Soveraignty for no man could resist him whithersoever he turned his power but as he was esteemed invincible in adding Kingdom unto Kingdom so having overcome them and obtained them he quickly lost them being more fortunate to obtain then to preserve having afterwards transported his forces on the other side of Chersonesus he was received by the Embassies of the Athenians Achaians and Messenians And all Greece amazed at the glory of his name and at the wonders of his Atchievements against the Romans and Carthaginians did with a labouring expectation attend his arrival His first war in Greece was against the Lacedemonians where he was opposed more by the valour of the women then the men There he lost his Son Ptolomy and the ablest and the choycest men in his Army For so great a multitude of women did press in throngs upon him for the defence of their Country as he was besieging Sparta that he was enforced to retreat from them being not more valiantly then modesty overcome Moreover it is affirmed that his Son Ptolomy was so able a man of his hands that he took the City of Corcyra being followed onely with threescore men In a battel at Sea there being but seven men with him he leaped out of his boat into the ship of his Enemies and did enforce it to obedience And at the assault of the City of Sparta he gallopped into the middle of the City and was there killed by the concurse of the multitude whose body when it was brought unto his Father it is reported that Pyrrhus said thar he was slain a great while later then he feared or then his rashness did deserve Pyrrhus being beaten back by the Spartans did march to Argos where when he endeavoured to besiege Antigonus shut up in that City he fighting most violently amongst the thickest and the formost was slain with a stone thrown from the Walls his head was brought unto Antigonus who using the victory with gentleness did dismiss his Son Helenus delivered to him with Epirus and gave him leave to depart to his own Kingdom aud delivered him the body of his unburyed Father to be interred in his own Country Amongst all Authors the Fame is constant and clear enough that no King either of that or the former Age was to be compared to Pyrrhus and that not onely amongst Kings but other personages there was seldom any to be found of a more just or a more Religious life So great was his knowledge in Military affairs that although he made war with so great Kings as Lysimachus Demetrius and Antigonus yet he alwayes remained unconquered In the war also of the Illyrians and Sicilians and of the Romanes and Carthaginians he was never inferiour to them and oftentimes a Conqueror who though his Country was but narrow and before ignoble by the Fame of his atchievements and the uprightness of his conversation he did renown it over all the World THE Six and twentieth BOOK OF IVSTINE AFter the death of Pyrrhus there were great motions and tumults of war not onely in Macedonia but in Asia also and in Greece for the Pelopennesians were by treachery betrayed to Antigonus and according to the several inclinations of the Inhabitants partaking either of joy or grief as the several Cities either hoped for ayd from Pyrrhus or were afraid of his power so now they either entred into league with Antigonus or flung themselves upon a war by the mutual hatred amongst themselves In this commotion of the troubled Provinces the City also of Epirus was by tyranny invaded by Aristotimus the Prince by whom when many of the Rulers of the City were slain and more of them driven into banishment the Aetolians desiring of him by their Ambassadors that the Exuls might be permitted to have their wives and children come unto them he at the first denyed it and afterwards as if he had repented of what he had denyed he gave all the Matrons leave to repair unto their banished husbands and appointed a day for their departure They as if they should for ever suffer banishment with their husbands taking with them their richest moveables when they had met at the gate of the City to travel all in one troup they were apprehended and committed to prison and plundred of all their goods the little children being slain in the laps of their Mothers and the Virgins their daughters ravished All men being amazed at this domineering cruelty one of their Rulers Helemat by name an old man and destitute of children and one that feared not the respect of age being not obliged to the respect of pledges having called to his house the most faithul of his friends did exhort them to the revenge of their Country They all debating on a way to conclude the publick with their private danger and desiring a time for deliberation he sending for his servants did command them to lock the doors withall to go unto the Tyrant and desire him to send some of his Guard to apprehend the Conspirators assembled in his house objecting to every one of them that because he could not be the Author of delivering his Country he would be the revenger of it being forsaken by them Hereupon they being surprized with a doubtful danger chusing the more honourable way of the two they conspired to kill the Tyrant and Aristotimus by this meanes was slain in the fifth Moneth af er he had usurped the Tyranny In the mean time Antigonus being oppressed with several wars which he made against King Ptolomy and the Lacedemonians and a new Army of Enemies from Gallograecia having left in his Camp some few Companies to defend it against the other Enemies he marched with his chief power against the Gauls Which being understood the better to prepare themselves to the fight they did offer sacrifices for the good event of the battel And a great slaughter and utter destruction being persaged to them by the entrails of the beasts they desperately turning their
being understood Antiochus the King of Syria the antient hatred betwixt both Kingdoms exciting him in a sudden War did possess himself of many of his Cities and did invade Egypt it self On this Ptolomy was surprized with fear and by his Ambassadors desired Antiochus to forbear until he could get his Army in a readiness And having drawn very considerable Forces from Greece he overcame Antiochus and had dispoyled him of his Kingdom if he had but a little helped Fortune and improved the advantage by his valour But contented with the restauration of the Cities which he had lost and having made a Peace he greedily imbraced a Subject for sloth and being fallen into luxury having slain his wife Eurydice who was his own sister he was overcome by the allurements of Agathocleâ— the Harlot and forgetting the greatness of his Name and Majesty he wasted the nights in wantonness and the days in riot Timbrels and Dances were added the Instruments of Luxury and he was not now looked upon as a King but as a professed Master of looseness he delighted himself with Minstrels and all the provocations of lust This was the hidden disease and the sad symptomes of the falling Court. Licentiousness afterwards increasing the impudence of the incontinent woman could not be contained within the wals of the Palace whom the daily and intermingled pollutons of the King with her Brother Agathocles a prostitute of an aspiring comeâ—ness did make more insolent No little aggravation to this was the Mother Euanthe who held more fast the King inthralled with the allurements of both her children Therefore being not contented to possess the King they did now also possess the Kingdom Now they were seen in publick and saluted and attended Agathocles the Prostitute being joined to the side of the King did govern the City and the women did dispose of the Sâ—aâ—s of Judicature of Lieutenant-ships and places of Command neither was there any man of less power in the Kingdom then the King himself In the mean time having left five sons by his sister Eurydice he died Thus whiles the women seized upon his Exchequer and indeavoured to govern the Kingdom by making a League with the deboystest and most dissolute persons the business was a long time concealed but it being discovered at last Agathocles was killed in the first place by the concourse of the multitude and the women to revenge the death of Eurydice were fastened upon crosses The King being dead and the infamy of the Kingdom being as it were expiated by the punishment of the Harlots the Alexandrians did send their Ambassadors to Rome intreating them that they would undertake the Guardianship of the young Prince and protect the Kingdom of Egypt which they said Philip and Antiochus having made a League together had divided amongst themselves The Embassy was gratefull to the Romans at that time seeking an occasion to make War against Philip who lay in wait to entrap them in the time of the Carthaginian War To this may be added that the Carthaginians and Hannibal being overcome the Romans feared the Arms of no man more Considering with themselves how great a commotion Pyrrhus with a few Bands of the Macedonians had made in Italy and what great atchievements they had performed in the East Ambassadors were therefore sent to require Philip and Antiochus to refrain from the Kingdoms of Egypt Marcus Lepidus was also sent into Egypt to be protector of the Kingdom in the behalf of the young Prince Whiles these things were in action the Ambassadors of Attalus King of Pergamus and of Rhodes did address themselves to Rome complaining of the injuries of King Philip which complaint took away all the delay of the War against Macedonia Immediatly in pretence of bringing aid to their associates War was denounced against Philip and many Legions were sent with the Consul into Macedonia And not long afterwards all Greece in confidence of the Romans success against Philip being erected into a hope of their former liberty did make VVar upon him so that the King being urged on every side was compelled to desire peace the conditions whereof when they were expounded by the Romans King Attalus began to redemand his priviledges the Rhodians demanded theirs the Achaeans and Aetolians theirs On the other side Philip did grant that he could be induced to obey the Romans but it would be an unworthy part of him if he should condiscend that the Grecians being overcome by Philip and Alexander his Predecessors and brought under the yoke of the Macedonian Empire should like Conquerors impose Laws of peace on him who ought rather to give an account of their subjeâ—â—ion then lay a claim to liberty At the last Philip being importunate a Truce was made for two moneths and the peace which could not be concluded in Macedonia was to be concluded on by the Senate at Rome In the same year between the two Ilands of Theramenes and Therasia in the midst betwixt both banks and the Sea there was a great Earthquake In which to the wonder of those who sailed by the waters growing suddenly hot there arose an Iland out of the Deeps And on the same day an Earthquake in Asia did shake Rhodes and many other Cities and bringing a great ruine with in did wholly devour others All men being affrighted at the prodigie the prophets presaged that the rising Empire of the Romans should devour the ancient one of the Greeks and Macedons The Senate in the mean time having refused to make any Peace with Philip he sollicited the Tyrant Nabis into the society of the War and having brought his Army into the field and marshalled them to incounter their enemies who were prepared to receive them he did exhort them by declaring to them that the Persians Bactrians and the Indians and all Asia even to the end of the East was overcome by the Macedons and that this war ought so much the more couragiously to be sustained by them as Liberty is more noble then subjection But Flaminius the Roman Consul did excite his Souldiers unto Battel by the Commemoration of their late Atchievements demonstrating that Carthage and Sicily on this side and that Italy Spain on the other side were conquered by the Roman valour and that Hannibal was not to be ranked below Alexander the great who being beaten out of Italy they had subdued Africa it self the third part of the world Moreover the Macedons were not to be esteemed according to their ancient fame but by their present strength for now they waged not war with Alexander the great whom perchance they heard to be invincible neirher with his Army who subdued the East but with Philip a boy not yet grown up to maturity of Age who hardly was able to maintain the bounds of his own Kingdom and with those Macedons who not long ago became a prey to the Dardanians They did only boast of the honors of their Ancestors but the Romans were renowned for the present
Father did excite all these Nations to joyn in assistance with him against the Romans In the mean time there did arise a war betwixt King Prusias to whom Annibal fled after the peace granted to Antiochus by the Romans and Eumenes Which war Prusias first began having broken the League through the confidence he had in Annibal For Annibal when amongst other of the Articles of the Treaty the Romans did demand of Antiochus that he should deliver him up unto them being advertised by Antiochus of it did fly to Crete Where having lived for many years a quiet life and found himself envied by reason of his excessive wealth he deposed in the Temple of Diana pitchers filled with Lead as the safegard of his fortune and the City being no wayes jealous of him because they had his fortunes with them as his he repaired to King Prusias his Gold which he carried with him being melted and poured into hollow Statues least his riches being discovered should be a hinderance to his life Prusias being overcome by King Eumenes by land and intending to try the fortune of a Battel by Sea Annibal by a new invention was the Author of the Victory For he commanded that all kinds of Serpents stored into earthen Vessels in the middle of the Battel should be thrown into the Ships of their Enemies It seemed ridiculous to the Enemies at first that they should Arm themselves and fight with earthen Pots who could not encounter their Enemies with swords But when their Ships began to be filled with the Serpents they were circumvented with a doubtfull and double danger and yeilded the Victory to their Enemies When these things were declared at Rome Ambassadors were sent by the Senate to make a reconciliation betwixt both Kings and to demand the person of Annibal but Annibal having notice of it did take poyson and prevented the Embassy by death This year was remarkable by the death of three of the most famous Generals in the world Annibal Philopemenes and Scipio Africanus Most certain it is that Annibal when Italy trembled at the thunder of his Arms did never sit down when he did eat nor did ever drink more at once then one pint of wine and so great was his chastity amongst so many Captives that who would deny that he was born in Africa It was undoubtedly a great Argument of his moderation that when he commanded an Army of divers Nations he was never set upon by any treachery of his own men nor betrayed by the deceit of others when his Enemies had oftentimes attempted both against him THE Three and Thirtieth BOOK OF IVSTINE THe Romans mannaged the Macedonian war with less noise and trouble then they did the Carhaginian But with so much the more honour as the Macedons in fame did exceed the Carthaginians For the Macedonians were not onely encouraged with the glory of the conquered East but assisted with the Auxiliaries of all Kings Therefore the Romans sent more Embassies to their Associates and received Auxiliaries from Messanissa King of the Numidians and from others of their Confederates And amessage was sent to Eumenes King of the Bithynians to contribute to the war with all his powers And besides the opinion that the Army of the Macedons was invincible Perseus had provision for ten years war laid up byhis Father both in his Exchequer and his Granaries with which being growng insolent forgetful of his Fathers fortune he commanded his Soldiers to call to mind the Ancient glory of Alexander The first encounter was of the horse onely in which Perseus being Conqueror made all men begin to doubt and to incline to his side Howsoever he sent Ambassadors to the Consul to desire that peace which the Romans had given to his Father being overcome offering to defray the charges of the war as if he had been overcome himself But Sulpitius the Consul did give him no other conditions then what the conquered were accustomed to receive In the mean time through the fear of so dangerous a war the Romans made Aemylius Paulus Consul and decreed unto him contrary to custome the Macedonian war who when he came unto the Army did make no long delay of the battail On the night before there was an Ecclipse of the Moon All men judged that it was a sad portent for Perseus and that the end of the Macedonian Empire was thereby presaged In that Battel Marcus Cato the Son of Cato the Orator when amongst the thickest of his Enemies he gave admirable Demonstrations of his valor having fallen from his horse did fight on foot For a band of the Enemies with a horrid cry did stand round about him falling on him as if they would have killed him lying on the ground Bur he having suddenly recollected himself did get upon his feet and made a great slaughter of his Enemies the Macedons did surround him on every side and did throw themselves upon him to take away his life but he striking at one of the Commanders his sword flying from his hand did fall into the midst of a cohort of his Enemies to recover which protecting himself with his Buckler both Armies looking on he was covered with the swords of his Enemies having gained his sword and received many wounds he returned with a general acclamation to the Army his fellows imitating his valor obtained the Victory Perseus the King fled to Samothracia carrying with him ten thousand talents And Cneus Octavius being sent by the Consul to pursue him did take him prisoner with his two Sons Alexander and Philip and brought them to the Consul Macedonia had from her first King Caranus to Perseus thirty Kings But she was not famous for Soveraignty above one hundred and ninty three years when she came into the power of the Romans she was made free Magistrates being constituted through the several Cities and she received those Laws from Aemylius Paulus which to this day she doth observe The Senates of all the Cities of the Aetolians because they were uncertain in their fidelity were sent with their wives and children unto Rome and were a long time detained there that they might make no innovation in their Countries but the City being wearyed with the importunities of many Ambassadors they were hardly after many years suffered to return into their Countries THE Four and thirtyeth BOOK OF IVSTINE THe Carthaginians and Macedonians being subdued and the strength of thâ— Aetolians being weakned by the Captivity of their Princes the Achaians onely of all Greece did seem at that time most powerful to the Romans not by the excessive wealth of every one of their particular Cities but by the combination of them all for although the Achaians be divided by their Cities as by so many members yet they have one Body and one Command they beat off the dangers which threaten particular Cities with their mutual strength The Romans therefore seeking out an occasion of the war fortune did luckily present them with the
spread over all Being therefore made Captain of the banished persons he took away by stealth the sacred things of the Egyptians which they attempting to recover by arms were enforced to return back by Tempests Moses therefore on his return to his ancient Country of Damascus did possess himself of Mount Sinai where he and his people being afflicted with seven dayes continued fast in the Desarts of Arabia when he arrived to his journeys end he by a fast consecrated the seventh day to all Posterity and according to the language of his Nation did call it the Sabbath because that day did put a period both to their fasting and their travel And in remembrance that they were driven from Egypt for fear of the contagion least for the same cause they might be hated by the Inhabitants they provided by a Law that they should not communicate with strangers which beginning first from Policy was by degrees turned afterwards into Discipline and Religion After the death of Moses his Son Arvas who was a Priest also in the Egyptians Religion was created King and it was always afterwards a Custom amongst the Jews that they had the same men both for Kings and Priests whose justice being mixt with Religion it is incredible how greatly they did prosper The weath of the Nation did arise from the profits of the Opobalsamum which doth only grow in those Countries for it is a Valley like a Garden which is invironed with continual Hils and aâ— it were inclosed with a Wall The space of the Valley containeth two hundred thousand Acres and it is called Jericho In that Valley there is a Wood as admirable for its fruitfulness as for its delight for it is intermingled with Palm-Trees and Opobalsamum The Trees of the Opobalsamum have a resemblance like to Firr-Trees but that they are lower and are planted and husbanded after the manner of Vines On a set season of the year they do sweat Balsom The darkness of of the place is besides as wonderful as the fruitfulness of it For although the Sun shines nowhere hotter in the World there is naturally a moderate and a perpetual darkness of the Ayr There is a Lake also in that Country which by reason of its greatness and unmoveableness of the water is calld the dead Sea fot it is neither stirred with the Winds the glutinous substance with which all the water is covered resisting their violence neither is it patient of Navigation for all things wanting life do presently sink into the bottom neither doth it sustain any matter unless it be washed over with Roch-Allum dissolved Xerxes King of the Persians did first overcome the Jews they came afterwards with the Persians themselves into the power of Alexander the great and a long time they continued in subjection to the Macedonian Empire when they revolted from Demetrius and desired the friendship of the Romans they first of all the East did receive their liberty the Romans at that time giving freely out of other mens possessions In the same time in which the change of Government in Syria was alternately managed by the new Kings Attalus King of Asia polluted that most flourishing Kingdom received from his Uncle Eumenes with the slaughters of his friends and the punishments of his neerest kinred feigning sometimes that the old woman his Mother sometimes that his wife Beronice were slain by their treasonable practices After the fury of this most wicked violence he did put on ragged clothes and made short his beard and the hair of his head after the manner of the guilty he would not be seen in publick nor shew himself to the people he would have no feasts of mirth at home or any appearance of a sober man as if he would altogether by taking punishment on himself give satisfaction to the Ghosts of the slain At the last having forborn the administration of his Kingdom he digged in gardens sowed seeds and mingled the good with the hurtful and having steeped them all in the juyce of poyson he sent them as a peculiar gift unto his friends From this study he gave himself to the Art of making of brass and in the invention of tools and things belonging to it and much delighted himself with the melting and the minting of pieces in Brass After this he bent all his endeavours and design to make a Tomb for his Mother at which work being too intent he contracted a disease by the immoderate heat of the Sun and died the seventh day afterwards By his Testament the People of Rome were made Heirs But there was one Aristonicus descended from Eumenes not by lawful marriage but born of an Ephesian Strumpet the Daughter of a Fidler who after the death of Attalus did invade Asia as his Fathers Kingdom And having made many happy encounters against the Cities which for fear of the Romans would not deliver themselves unto him he seemed now to be a King in earnest wherefore Asia was decreed to Licinus Crassus the Consul who being more intent to the Attalick booty then to the war when in the end of the year he entred into Battail with the Enemy with a disordered Army being overcome he with his own blood suffered for his inconsiderate avarice The Consul Perpenna being sent to supply his place at the first encounter did overcome Aristonicus and brought him under subjection and carried with him unto Rome the hereditary treasures of Attalus which his successor the Consul Marcus Aquilius repining at did make all possible haste to snatch away Aristonicus from Perpenna to become the gift and honor of his Triumph But the death of Perpenna did end the difference of the Consuls and thus Asia being made the Romans she sent also with her wealth her vices unto Rome THE Seven and thirtieth BOOK OF IVSTINE ARistonicus being taken the Massilians sent Ambassadors to Rome humbly intreating for the Phocensians their Founders whose City and the memory of whose Name because they were alwayes implacable Enemies to the people of Rome both at that time and before in the war of Antiochus the Senate commanded should be utterly extinguished but a pardon was granted by the importunity of the Ambassadors After this the rewards were given to those Kings who brought in their Auxiliary forces against Aristonicus Syria the less was bestowed on Mithridates of Pontus Lycaonia and Cilicia were given to the sons of Ariarathes who fell himself in that war and the people of Rome were more faithful to the sons of their Confederate Ariarathes then the Mother was to her own children for they encreased the Dominions of his son in his nonage and she took away his life from him For Laodice having in number six sons by King Ariarathes fearing that they growing into years she should no longer enjoy the administration of the Kingdom did destroy five of them by poyson The care of his Kindred did preserve the yongest from the violence of the Mother who after the death of Laodice for the
heard that Pyrrhus King of Epirus commanding an Army of not above five thousand Macedons did in three battails overthrow the Romans He had heard that Annibal had continued a Conquerour in Italy for the space of sixteen years together and that he might have taken the City it self were he not hindred by a faction of emulating and envious spirits at home and not by any power of the Romans He had heard he said how the people of Transalpine Gaule had invaded Italy and possessed themselves of the most and greatest Cities therein and had there larger territories then they enjoyed in Asia which was said to be but weak in comparison of Rome neither was Rome only overcome by the Gauls but it was taken also by them and nothing was left them but only the top of one hill from whence they were removed not by war but by money But as for the Gauls whose Name was so terrible to the Romans he had a great part of them amongst his own Auxiliaries for the Gauls he said who do inhabit Asia do only differ from those in Italy by the distance of place but had the same original the same courage and the same manner of fight who had so much the more clear and apprehensive wits as they had adventured a more long and difficult march through Illyricum and Thracia who have their residence in other places As for Italy it self did they never hear how and by whom Rome was builded which though now at peace with it self yet some of them dayly for their liberty and others for the power of Command have persevered in continual wars How many Armies of the Romans have been overthrown by the Cities of Italy and some of them by a new way of Contumely thrust under the yoak And that we may not dwell on old Examples all Italy is now in Arms excited by the Marsick war demanding now not liberty but to be partakers in the Empire and of the freedom of the City of Rome neither is the City more oppressed with the neighbouâ—ing war of Italy then with the domestick faction of the Governours â— war even with their own Citizens doth grow upon them far more dangerous then the war with Italy The Cymbrians also from Germany like a vast deluge of wild and ungoverned people do at this present overwhelm all Italy And although the Romans peradventure could maintain the several wars one after another yet they must needs now suffer so many wars coming all at once upon them insomuch that they cannot be at leisure to follow this very war that they do make upon us we make use therefore of this present occasion and pluck from them the increase of their strength and not give them leave to rest being so deeply engaged lest hereat they might finde more work being quiet at home and without another enemie for the question is not to be put whether we should take arms or no but whether of our selves or provoked by the Romans But the war he said was indeed begun against him by them when in his nonage they took the greater Phrygia from him which they granted should be given to his father as a reward for the aide he brought against Aristonicus it being the same Countrie which Seleucus Callimacus gave in Dowrie to his Grand-father Mithridates And what shall I say to the command laid upon me to depart from Paphlagonia was not that another motive of the war espeeially since Paphlagonia came not by the power of the sword but descended to my Father by inheritance by adoption in Will and by the death of successive Kings and in giving obedience to their violent Decrees I have no waies mitigated them but they have still deported themselvs more violently against me For he said what obsequiousness was not afforded to them by him was not Phrygia and Paphlagonia taken from him was not his Son forced from Cappadocia which by the Law of Nations he seized upon being Conquerour but his victorie was ravished from him by them who have nothing at all but what they have purchased by the sword Was not Crestos the King of Bithynia against whom the Senate had denounced war cut off by him to do them a favour yet in whatsoever Gordius or Tigranes had offended it must be reckoned all on his account He alledged also that in the ignominie of him the Senate of their own accord offered that libertie to Cappadocia which they took from other Nations and that people instead of their proffered libertie desiring Gordius to be their king it could not be granted because Gordius was his friend Nicomedes also by their command had made war upon him and was assisted by them because Mithridates did pass unrevenged and now they finde the same cause of war with Mithridates because he would not tamely yield himself to be torn in pieces by Nicomedes the Son of a vaulting woman for they did not so much pursue the faults of Kings as their Power and their Majestie neither did they with so much violence exercise his art on him alone but on all other Kings also so his Grand-father Pharnaces was by their arbitration delivered up to Eumenes King of Pergamus So Eumenes again in whose Ships they were first transported into Asia by whose Armie rather then by their own they overcame both Antiochus the great and the Gauls in Asia and not long after King Perseus in Macedonia was at the last censured by them as their Enemie and forbidden to come into Italie and because they thought it would render them odious to make war with him in his own person they deferred it for a while to carrie it on with more violence against his Son Aristonicus They professed that no man deserved better of them then Masinissa King of the Numidians to him they imputed the Conquest of Annibal the Captivitie of Syphax and the destruction of Carthage to him as well as unto the two Scipios called Africani the title was ascribed of Preserver of the Citie and yet the war waged but the other daie in Africa with his Son was so inexpiable that having overcome him they would give no respect in him to the memorie of his Father but he must endure both imprisonment and become the spectacle of the Triumph This condition and height of hatred was imposed by them on all Kings because their own Kings were such at whose very names they might blush being either Stepherds of the Aborigines or Southsaiers of the Sabins or Exâ—ls of the Corinthians or slaves and varlets of the Tuscans or whose name is most honourable amongst them and as they themselves assert are their founders those who were nourished with the Milk of a Shee Wolf accordingly all their people have the minds of Wolves insatiate of blood and greedie and hungry after riches and soveraigntie But if he would descend to compare himself in his Nobilitie with them he was far more famous he said then that litter of mongrels deriving his Ancestors on his
commanded himself to be called King whose Example all the people of the East following there was a general revolt from the Macedons There was in those times a man called Arsaces of an uncertain birth but of an undoubted courage who being accustomed to live by theft and upon the spoyl having understood that Seleucus was overcome by the Gauls being delivered from the fear the danger of him having invaded the Parthians with a company of Thieves he suppressed Andragores their Lieutenant and not long after having killed him he usurped the Empire of that Nation After that he possessed himself of the Kingdom of the Hyrcanians and having thus invested himself with the command of two Cities he prepared a great Army for the fear of Seleucus and Theodotus King of the Bactrians but being quickly delivered from his fear by the death of Theodotus he entred into a League and Covenant with his Son whose name was Theodotus also and not long after he encountring with King Seleucus who advanced with his Army to make War against the Revolters he overcame him the day of which Conquest the Parthians observe in their Almanacks as an Holiday it being the beginning of their liberty Seleucus being called back and some intermission of time being given to the new troubles in Asia he founded and formed the Parthian Kingdom and made choyce of a Militia he fortified the Castles and confimed the Cities and erected the City Clara on the Mount of Thabor such is the condition of that place that there is nothing more secure or more delightful for it is so invironed with Rocks and Clifts that the safety of the place needs no Defeâ—ders and so great is the fruitfulness of the adjacent plains that it is almost oppressed with its own abundance Such a variety there is also both of Fountains and Forrests that copiously it is wa ered and attracteth the neighbouring people with the delight of hunting Arsaces in this manner having both attempted and obtained a Kingdom became no less famous amongst the Parthians then Cyrus amongst the Persians or Alexander amongst the Macedons or Romulus amongst the Romans and deceased in a ripe old Age. To whose memory the Parthians have ascribed this honour that they have ever since called all their succeeding Kings by the name of Arsaces His Son and Successor was also himself called Arsaces who commanding an Army of one hundred thousand foot and twenty thousand horse did with admirable prowess fight against Antiochus the Son of Seleucus with one hundred thousand foot twenty thousand horse and at last he entred into a Confederary with him Pampatius was the third King of the P rthians and he also was called Arsaces for as I have mentioned heretofore the Parthians by that name called all their Kings as the Romans do call every Emperour Caesar and Augustus He having raigned twelve years deceased having left behind him two Sons Mithridates and Pharnaces Pharnaces being the elder did inherit the Kingdom after the Custom of the Nation and having overcome the valiant Nation of the Mardi he not long after dyed having left behind him many Sons who being all rejected by him he left the Kingdom to his brother Mithridates a man admirable for his Vertue thinking that he owed more to his Kingdom then to the name of a Father and was more obliged to provide for his Country then his children At the same time almost as Mithridates began his Raign in Parthia Eucratides was invested in the Kingdom of Bactria being both of them men of excellent Spirits But the fortune of the Parthians being more happy that Nation was advanced under the raign of Mithridates to the height of all their glory but the Bactrians being distressed by several Wars did at the last not onely lose their Kingdom but their liberty For being wearyed with the Wars of the Sogdians the Dranganits and the Indians they were at last as men without spirit or blood suppressed by an inconsiderable number of the Parthians Howsoever Eucratides mannaged many Wars with great resolution being much wasted with which when he was at last beleaguered by Demetirus King of the Indians he by daily sallies with three thousand men did overcome threescore thousand of his Enemies and having raised the siege in the fifth Moneth after it was begun he made India stoop in obedience to him from whence when he withdrew his Army he was killed in the march homewards by his own Son whom he made partner with him in the Kingdom who not dissembling the murder of his Father as if he had killed an Enemy rather then a Father caused his Chariot to be hurried over the place where his blood was spilt and commanded that his body should be thrown away as unworthy to be buryed Whiles these things thus passed amongst the Bactrians a new War did arise amongst the Parthians and the Medes and the fortune of both Nations being a long time various the Bactrians were at last overcome by the Parthians Mithridates being more formidable by this access of new power did make Bacasus his Lieutenant in the Kingdom of Media and marched himself into Hyrcania From whence being returned he waged War with the King of the Elamits who being overcome he also added that Nation to his Kingdom and many Nations being subdued he extended the Empire of the Parthians from Mount Caucasus to the River of Euphrates and being at last visited with sickness he dyed in an old age no less glorious then Arsaces his Grandfather THE Two and fortyeth BOOK OF IVSTINE AFter the death of Mithridates King of the Parthians Phrahartes his Son was made King who when he determined to make War on Syria to be revenged on Antiochus who attempted the Parthians Kingdom he was called back by the commotion of the Scythians to defend his own possessions for the Scythians being sollicited with the promise of great rewards to help the Parthians against King Antiochus they came with their Auxiliaries just when the War was ended when they were denyed their pay to reproach them for their assistance which came so late the Scythians grieving that they had made so great a march to so little purpose when they desired that either their pay should be given them for their travel or an Enemy with whom they might encounter they had a proud answer returned them whereat being incensed they began to plunder the Borders of the Parthians Phrahartes therefore advancing against the Scythians did leave one Hymerus for the defence of his Kingdom having obliged him by his love from the flower of his youth who unmindful of the courtesies received and whose substitute he was did afflict the Babylonians and many other Cities with tyrannical cruelty Phrahartes himself in this War did proudly and insolently deport himself towards the Army of the Grecians whom he had then with him having taken them prisoners in the War which he made against Antiochus being altogether unmindful that no Captivity could abate their spirits and that
the indignity of new injuries did more exasperate them Therefore in the battel when they perceived the Army of the Parthians deeply engaged they revolted to the Enemy and executed their long desired revenge on the Parthian Army by their slaughter of them and by the death of their King Phrahartes himself In his place his Uncle Artabanus was chosen King The Scythians being contented with the Victory having plundred their Country return home But Artabanus having made War upon the Inhabitants of Colchos and received a wound in his arm not long after deceased by the anguish of it His Son Mithridates did succeed him whose Atchievements did gain him the same name of GREAT for being enflamed with the emulation of the Acts of his Predecessors he excelled their glories by the greatness of his vertues he made many Wars with his neighbours where he shewed great demonstrations of his valour and added many Nations to the Parthian Kingdom and having made many prosperous Wars against the Scythians he revenged the injuries of his Predecessors and made War at last upon Artoadistes King of the Armenians But because we have here a passage opened to Armenia we will in the first place derive its original from the first beginning neither is it fit that it should be passed by in silence it being so great a Kingdom whose bounds Parthia being excepted doth exceed the magnitude of any Kingdom whatsoever for Armenia lies open from Cappadocia towards the Caspian Sea eleven hundred miles in length the latitude of it conteineth but seven hundred onely It was founded by Armenius the Companion of Jason the Thessalian whom when King Pelias desired to have destroyed by reason of his excellent valour thinking him dangerous to his Kingdom he was commanded to be one of the adventurers into Colchos to bring home the Fleece of the Ram so famous amongst all Nations the King hoping that he would be destroyed either by the length of the Expedition or by war amongst the most barbarous of the Nations Jason therefore the report being spread abroad of that glorious expedition when the most noble of the youth of the whole world did strive who first should come into that service did compose an Army of most excellent men who were called Argonautae whom after great atchievements when he had brought back safe into Greece they were with great force beaten from Thessaly by the Sons of Pelias Jason therefore with a great multitude who on the report of his glory came daily out of all Nations to him his Wife Medea being his companion whom having repudiated he again in the commiseration of her banishment did take into the participation of his Bed and Medius his Stepson begotten by Aegeus King of the Athenians did return to Colchos and restored there his Father-in-law driven from the Kingdom After that he made great Wars against the neighbours and added to the Kingdom of his Father-in-law divers Cities that were taken to take away the injury of the former War in which he both took by force his daughter Medea and killed Aegâ—alus the Son of Aetas and part of them he distributed to the people whom he had brought with him to serve him in his Wars He was the first of all men who subdued that part of the world Hercules and Bacchus excepted who were said to be the Conquerors and the Kings of all the East To some of the people he assigned Phrygius and Ansistratus to be their Generals who were the drivers of the Chariot of Castor and Pollux he made a league also with the Albanians who having followed Hercules out of the Mount Albania in Italy after he had slain Geryon did drive his Cattel through Italy and who being mindful from whence they derived their Original did in the War of Mithridates salute the Army of Cneius Pompeius by the name of brethren All the East therefore did erect Temples and constitute Divine Honours to him which many years afterwards Parmenio Lieutenant General under Alexander the Great did command to be pulled down and abolished that no name in the East should be of more veneration then the name of Alexander himself After the death of Jason Medus was the emulator of his vertues who in the honour of his Mother Medea did build a City and called it after her name and founded the Kingdom of the Medes after his own name in the Majesty whereof the Empire afterwards did a long time flourish The Amazonians are near unto the Albanians whose Queen Thalestris desired for generation to have the carnal knowledge of Alexander the Great as we finde it asserted by several Authors Armenius also being himself a Thessalian and one in the number of Jasons Captains having recollected a considerable party that wandred up and down after the death of Jason did plant Armenia from whose Hills the River Tygris doth first flow but with small beginnings and after some space she hides her self under Earth through which running undiscovered for the space of five and twenty miles she sheweth again her self and appears a great and violent River in the Country of Sophone from whence falling down is received into the waters of Euphrates But Mithridates King of the Parthians after the war of Armenia was expelled by the Senate from the Parthian Kingdom by reason of his cruelty His brother Horodes having possessed himself of the vacant Kingdom did for a long time besiege Babylonia whither Mithridates fled and at last compelled the Inhabitants being oppressed by famine to surrender themselves and Mithridates of his own accord in confidence of the contiguity of his blood did deliver himself unto the power of Horodes But Horodes taking him to be rather an enemy then his brother did in his own presence command him to be slain After this he made War upon the Romans and overthrew Crassus the Roman General with his Son and all the Roman Army His Son Pacocus having performed great atchievements in Syria and being sent to pursue the relicts of the Roman Army was called back into Parthia being suspected by his Father in whose absence the Army of the Parthians being left in Syria were slain by Cassius the Quaestor of Crassus with all their Captains This being performed not long after there did arise the Civil Wars of the Romans betwixt Caesar and Pompey in which the Parthians took the part of Pompey both by reason of their association with him in the war with Mithridates because of the death of Crassus whose Son they heard did side with Caesar and who they doubted not would thoroughly revenge his Fathers death if Caesar were the Conqueror Therefore Pompey and all his party being overcome they afterwards sent their Auxiliaries to Cassius and Brutus against Augustus and Antonius and after the end of that war having entred into a league with Labienus they made desolate with their Armies both Syria and Asia and being as high in their resolutions as their numbers they assaulted the Camp of Ventidius who after Cassius
and Amulius p. 503 O OCtavius takes Perseus with his two sons p. 413 Olympias guilty of her husband Philips death 144. Her great fortitude at her death p. 234 Olinthus sacked by Mardonius p. 53 Orthanes p. 18 Otho Salvius p. 540 Ovid banished by Augustus Caesar p. 529 P PArmenio and Philotas killed by Alexander p. 185 Parnassus Hill p. 336 The Parthians took Pompeys part p. 497 The Parthians war with the Romans p. 495 The Parthian Kings commonly parricides p. 496 Pacorus slain by the Romans and his Fathers immoderate lamentation for him ibid. The Parthians Original and Name p. 477 Pausanias affecting the Kingdom was condemned p. 57 Pausanias another of that name killed King Philip p. 142 Perdiccas his undaunted courage p. 211 Pericles gives his Fields to the Common-wealth p. 70 The Persians adore their Kings p. 102 The Persians God is the Sun p. 20 The end of the Persian Empire under Codeman p. 151 Pertinax Caesar called the Tennis Ball of Fortune p. 564 Phalantus love to his own people p. 66 Philip of Macedonia marryeth Olympias p. 122 Philips perfidiousness and sacriledge p. 127 Philomenes overcame the Thebans p. 125 Ptolomy called Philopater and wherefore p. 371 Philopaemenes general of the Achaians taken p. 402 The Phocensians seise upon the Temple at Delphos p. 124 A Phoenix seen in Aegypt p. 537 Phrahartes his parricides p. 496 497 Phrahartes driven into banishment by the the people p. 497 Pisistratus ruleth at Athens p. 40 Polipercon slain p. 221 Popilius with a rod in his hand doth circumscribe Antiochus 418 Porus King of the Indians taken p. 192 Probus Caesar p. 580 Philip Caesar p. 572 Prusias attempting to kill his Son was killed killed by him p. 420 Ptolomy the Son of Pyrhus utterly overthroweth Antigonus p. 346 Antigonus slain p. 348 The great Praise of Pyrhus Father to Antigonus ibid. Ptolomy the elder flyeth from his Kingdom of Aegypt to Alexandria to his brother Ptolomy the younger p. 418 Promptalus out of a sordid stock and fortune chosen King p. 422 The great luxury of Ptolomy of Egypt p. 379 The parricide of the Ptolomies p. 331 455 Pigmalion killeth his Uncle Sichaeus p. 270 The Pyrenaean Mountains p. 514 Pyrhus first of all brought Elephants into Italy 264. His overthrowing the Roman Army ibid. Pyrhus the Son of Achilles killed by Orestes p. 269 Pyrhus slain by a stone from the wall of his Enemies p. 348 Pythagoras bred up in the learning of the Egyptians 291. Pythagoras house esteemed as a Temple p. 293 Q QVintilius Caesar p. 557 R REligion protecteth better then Arms p. 164 Rhea a Vestal Virgin p. 503 Romulus and Remus nourished by a shee Wolf ibid. Rome builded by Romulus p. 505 The Romans would destroy Annibal by treachery 388. The Arts of the Romans and how they did arise unto the Soveraignty of the world is excellently described in that speech of Mtthridates in the eight and thirtieth Book of this History Roxane with her Son killed by Cassander p. 237 S THe Sabbath and the Religion of the Day amongst the Jews 429. Sandracottus from a mean Original advanced to the height of regal Majesty p. 242 Sardanapalus his effeminate life and manly death p. 6. 7 The Scipioes accustomed to overcome the Carthaginians p. 396 Scylla and Charibdis p. 74 The Scythians the most antient of all Nations 26. They founded the Parthian and Bactrian Kingdoms 28. They subdued Asia 31. And were subdued themselves by Alexander the Great p. 186 Seleucus and his Posterity after him had all the sign of an Anchor on their thighs p. 241 Seleucus slain by the treachery of Ptolomy p. 258 Seleucus another of that name slain by his own mother p. 465 Seleucus another of that Name killed by a fall from his horse p. 362 Semiramis killed by her own Son p. 6 Severus Caesar p. 570 Sergius Galba p. 539 Septimius Severus p. 566 Sicily the Description of it 73. No Land more fruitful of Tyrants p. 75 Sidon so called from the abundance of fish p. 267 Silvanus Caesar p. 593 Solons Laws p. 38 Sophocles a Writer of Tragedies the General of the Athenians p. 69 Sosthenes defends the Macedons against the Gauls p. 335 The courage of the women of Sparta p. 347 Strato King of the Tyrians p. 268 Sulpitius fights against Perseus p. 412 Sybares is by Cyrus made Governour of the Persians p. 13 The Syrian Kings derive their Original from Semiramis p. 427 T TAcitus Caesar p. 579 Tanais King of the Scythians p. 4 The Tarentins descended from the Lacedemonians p. 288 Theodosius Caesar p. 602 Thrasibulus overcame the Tyrants p. 95 Tigranes overcome by Lucullus p. 475 Tygris a River in Armenia p. 493 In what place the Gyants made their war against Heaven p. 518 Titus Vespasian p. 545 Trajan the Emperor p. 553 Titus Vespasian the Father of Titus Vespasian p. 542 The Drum called in Latin Tympanum the sign of fight amongst the Parthians p. 480 The Athenian Tyrants slain p. 96 Tyrus a City famous before the destruction of Troy 267. Tyrus being taken by Alexander the Citizens were all fastned to the Cross and the reason of it p. 269 Triptolemus found out the use of corn p. 36 Tyrtaeus the lame Poet with his Verses incenseth the Lacedemonians to the war p. 67 Tyssaphernes the Leiutenant of Darius p. 83 Theramenes killed p. 93 Turnus slain by Aeneas p. 502 Thomyris Queen of the Scythians overthrew Cyrus p. 16 V VAlentinian Caesar p. 598 Valens Caesar p. 600 Valerius Levinus overcome by Pyrhus p. 264 The Venetians descended of the Trojans p. 287 Ventidius his two first happy encounters against the Parthians p. 495 Virgil beloved by Augustus p. 528 Verona builded by the Gauls 294. So was also Vincentia ibid. Virus Gallus Caesar p. 573 Vexores King of Aegypt p. 4 Virgins to marry without portions by Licurgus Law p. 63 X XErxes made King p. 44 Xerxes beaten at Thermopylae by Leonidas p. 48 Xerxes burned Athens p. 49 Xerxes makes war with the Gods p. 49 Xerxes first of all subdued the Jews p. 430 431 Xerxes flying from Greece in a Fishers-boat p. 52 Z ZOpyrus his memorable Act p. 21 Zopyron the Lieuteant of Alexander the great utterly overthrown by the Scythians p. 182 Zoroastres found out the Art of Magick p. 4. He was King of the Bactrians and overcome and slain by Ninus ibid. The End of the Table Errata THe Errors committed in the Press may be thus corrected p. 13 l. 21 r. back into p. 15 l. 3 r. he shewed p. 26 l. 11 blot out either p. 30 l. 6 r. the p. 31 l. 2 r. whence p. 38 l. 28 r. nightly p. 41 l. 19 r. Author of not p. 47 l. 13 r. stood to it p. 51 l. 15 r. taken p. 65 l. 1 blot out they p. 78 l. 8 r. that p. 88 l. 25 r. that p. 91 l. 16 r. houses p. 115 l. 12 r. in the same l. 17 r. Sepulture p. 122 l. 14 blot out now p. 145 r. him p. 46 l. 4 r. joyed in p. 148 l. 2 r. one hundred and fifteen p. 162 l. 25 blot out and p. 165 l. 24 blot out of it p. 166 l. 9 r. whom p. 174 l. 25 r. gave him his p. 180 l. 20 r. home p. 193 l. 9 blot out their bodies p. 200 l. 15 r. Bouze p. 207 l. 2 r. lament l. 6 r. lived until that p. 220 l. 13 r. big p. 252 l. 25 blot out in p. 292 l. 16 blot out both p. 318 l. 19 r. pursued p. 321 l. 28 r. least p. 322 l. 24 r. standers by p. 329 l. 10 r. Court p. 331 l. 26 blot out and p. 339 l. 22 r. begin p. 340 l. 8 blot out laughing p. 345 l. 7 r. Kings p. 351 l. 28 r. of his age p. 353 l. 19 r. this p. 358 l. 25 r. so much p. 359 l. 17 r. vanquished p. 360 l. 30 r. and p. 365 l. 19 r. they proceeded p. 365 l. 26 r. mortar p. 372 l. 22 r. round about p. 375 l. 6 blot out howsoever p. 397 l. 15 r. benefits p. 409 l. 5 r. stowed p. 414 l. 8 blot out hardly p. 445 l. 4 blot out both p. 447 l. 1 blot out that ibid. r. for they p. 447 l. 2 blot out who p. 448 l. 6 r. then those who have p. 455 l. 13 r. but he p. 459 l. 3 r. way p. 513 l. 1 blot out it is p. 558 l. 1 r. Antoninus Pius p. 514 l. 19 r. vermilion ibid. l. 17 r. lead
of Sychaeus would come along unto him But Eliza in the dusk of the evening did put into the ships not onely the goods but the servants of the King who were sent by him to attend her in his removal to the Court and being carryed into the main she commanded them to throw into the Sea some great bags and sacks of sand which she said were all bags of gold and so made up and corded that by their handling they could not discover what the heavie burden was Then she melting into tears did implore Sichaeus with a mournful voyce that favourably he would receive his own wealth which he left and take those as sacrifices to his grave which were the cause of his death After this she sent for the servants of the King and declared to them that for her part she wished for death many yeers ago but grievous and dismal torments did hang over their own heads who had taken to satisfie the avarice of the Tyrant the wealth of Sychaeus for the hope of which the King had murdered him These words having shot a general fear into them she took them along with her as the companions of her flight and on that night also a prepared company of Senators did unite themselves unto her and under pretence of renewing the Sacrifices in the honour of Hercules whose Priest Sichaeus was they sought new habitations by a wilful banishment Sayling along the Coast they were first driven into the I le of Cyprus where the Priest of Jupiter by the admonition of the god did offer himself a companion to Eliza with his wife and children to be a partaker of her fortune having agreed with her to have for himself and his posterity the perpetual honor of the Priesthood The condition was taken for a manifest token of a good fortune to come It was the custom of the Cyprians to send their Virgins on set days before their marriage to the Sea-shore to provide themselves a Dowry by the use of their bodies and to offer sacrifice afterwards to Venus for the rest of their chastity Eliza commanded that fourscore of the youngest of them should be taken away and carryed to her ships that so both the young men she took with her might enjoy wives and her City grew numerous by Posterity In the mean time Pygmalion having understood the flight of her sister and resolving to prosecute her with an impious war he was with much difficulty restrained by the entreaties of his Mother and by the threatnings of the gods the Prophets by inspirations presaging to him that he should not go unpunished if he hindred the beginnings of a City which promised to be the most flourishing one in the World by this means Eliza and those who fled with her had leave to breathe therefore being brought into the Coasts of Africa she sollicited the Inhabitants rejoycing at the arrival of Strangers and the Commerce of Traffick with them to make friendship with her Having then bought a place no larger then what might be incompassed with the Hide of an Ox in which she might refresh her Associates weary with their long travel until she advanced further she divided and did cut the Hide into long and thin thongs by which artifice she gained a far larger extent of ground then she seemed to desire by reason whereof the place was afterwards call'd The Burss The Neighbors out of every Country in a short time did in great numbers resort thither and in hope of gain brought many things to be bought by their new Guests and making Booths to vent their Commodities it appeared by the frequency of the people like a new City The Ambassadors also of the Vticensians did bring presents to them as to their kindred and did exhort them to build a City where they had made their mansion The Africans also had a great desire to entertain these new Inhabitants therefore Carthage was builded by the general consent of all the Tyrians paying a yeerly Tribute for the ground on which the City was builded In the first foundations of the City there was found the head of a Bullock which was the token indeed of a fruitful Earth but of a labourious and a servile City wherefore they translated the City into another place There the head of an horse portending that they should be a waâ—like and powerful people did give a happy auspication to the original of their City The Nations coming in throngs to give their judgement on this new City in a short time both the people and the City were greatly enlarged The affairs of the Carthaginians flourishing thus in continual success Hiarbas King of the Mauritanians having sent ten of his Princes to them he demanded Eliza for wife and threatned to make war upon them if they should deny him The Ambassadors fearing to declare their Message to the Queen they dealed with her according to the capritiousness of the Punick apprehension and expressed to her that the King desired to have one who should teach the Africans more refined Arts and manners but none of their own consanguinity could be found who would come unto them living like Barbarians and not to be distinguished from the manners of beasts Being then reproved by the Queen if they themselves would refuse any difficulty or travel for the improvement of their Country to which if necessity did require they did owe their lives they delivered to the Queen the mandats of the King alledging that if she intended well to her own City she must do that her self which she prescribed unto others Being circumvented by this deceit having with many tears and great lamentation invoked the name of Sichaeus she at last made answer That she would go whether her own stubborn fortunes and the destinies of her City did call her For which having taken the space of three Monthes she at the end thereof erected a huge pile of wood in the Suburbs of her City and as she would appease the ghost of her Husband she slew many sacrifices and having a drawn sword in her had she did ascend the funeral pile and looking back on her people she told them that she would go to her Husband accordingly as he had enjoined her and ended her life with the sword As long as Carthage was unconquered she was afterwards honoured for a Goddess This City was builded before Rome threescore and twelve yeers and as it was famous for war so the state thereof at home was troubled with much contention When amongst many other calamities they were afflicted also with the plague they used the Religion of a most bloody devotion an abhomination for their remedy for they offered men in Sacrifice and laid their children on their bloody Altars whose Infancy would have provoked their Enemies to compassion and with their blood they desired peace of the gods for whose life the gods were accustomed by other Nations to be devoutly importuned The gods therefore being averse to so horrid an impiety when
a long time they had fought unfortunately in Sicily the war being translated into Sardina they were overthrown in a great battel having lost the best part of their Army for which they commanded Macheus under whose conduct they had subdued a part of Sicily and performed great atchievements against the Africans to be banished with the part of the Army which remained Which the Souldiers took so heavily that they sent Ambassadors to Carthage who in the first place were to desire the liberty to return into their Country and a pardon for their unhappy warfare and if not to declare unto them That if they could not obtain it by entreaties they would command it by arms When the threatnings as well as the Petitions of the Ambassadors were despised they not long after having embarked themselves did advance in arms unto the City There having called both the gods and men to witness that they came not to ruine but to be restored to their Country and to manifest to the Citizens that in the managing of the former war they wanted not valour but fortune having besieged the City and cut off all provisions from coming to it they brought the Carthaginians to the lowest desperation In the mean time Cartalo the Son of the banished Machaeus when he was sent for by his Father as he passed by the Leaguer in his return from Tyre to which place he was sent by the Carthaginians to carry the Tenths to Hercules out of the Sicilian prey which his Father took he returned answer That he would first discharge the obligations of publick Religion before the duties of private piety This answer although it much troubled his Father yet he durst not offer any violence to Religion Not long after the people having made Cartalo their Agent to desire that Machaeus would suffer provisions to be brought with safety to the City when he came unto his Father being cloathed in purple and the fillets of the Priesthood hanging down from his Miter his Father calling him aside did speak unto him And how darest thou wretch as thou art to approach into the presence of so many miserable Citizens cloathed in that purple glistering with gold How darest thou as it were in triumph to enter into our sad mournful Tents in such a slowing habit and ornaments of quiet felicity Couldst thou finde none else to whom to vaunt thy self was there no place so fit for thee as this Camp where is nothing to be represented but the sordid condition of thy Father and the reproaches of his unhappy banishment Not many daies since being sent for by me thou didst not onely proudly despise I will not say thy Father but I am confident the General of thy own Citizens And what shewest thou more in that purple and those Crowns then the titles of my Victories Since therefore thou wilt acknowledge nothing of a Father but the title onely of a banished man I am resolved to shew my self not like a Father but a Souldier and I will make thee an Example that none hereafter shall be so bold as to scorn the unhappy miseries of his Father having said this he commanded him to be fastned to a most high Cross in his gorgeous habiliments in the sight of the whole City Some few days afterwards he surprized Carthage and having called forth the people to an Assembly he complained of the injury of his banishment he excused the necessity of the war he forgave the contempt of his former Victories having punished the chief Authors of the injurious banishment of the miserable Citizens he pardoned all the rest And having put to death ten of the Senators he restored the City to her former Laws And not long after being accused to have affected the Kingdom he suffered double punishment both for the murder of his Son and for the violation of the liberties of his Country In his place Mago was chosen General by whose industry and courage the wealth of the Carthaginians and the limits of their Empire and their glory in the affairs of war increased THE Nineteenth BOOK OF IVSTINE MAgo the General of the Carthaginians having established their government by an orderly course of military Discipline and confirmed the strength of that City as well by the art of war as by his policy deceased having left behind him two Sons Asdrubal and Amilcar who treading in the pathes of their Fathers vertue did succeed as well in the greatness as in the genealogy of their Father Under their conduct war made against the Illyrians They fought also against the Africans demanding the Tribute for the ground of their City the payment whereof for many yeers was neglected But as the cause of the Africans was more just so their fortune was better And the war was concluded with them not by Arms but with the payment of the moneys And Asdrubal being grievously wounded dyed in Sardinia having delivered up the Government to his brother Amilcar The general lamentation in the City and his eleven Dictatorships and four Triumphs did make his death the more remarkable The courage also of the Enemy did encrease as if the Carthaginians had lost their Army with their Captain The people therefore of Sicilia having addressed themselves to Leonidas brother of the King of the Spartans by reason of the daily injuries committed by the Carthanigians the war between them continued long with various success Whiles these things were in action Ambassadors came to Carthage from Darius King of the Persians bringing an Edict with them in which the Carthaginians were forbidden to sacrifice men upon their Altars as also to eat the flesh of dogs they were also commanded to burn and not to bury in the ground the bodies of the dead they desired also ayd of the Carthaginians against the Grecians on whom Darius was resolved to make war But the Carthaginians refusing to send Auxiliaries by reason of the daily wars with their Neighbors did readily obey him in the rest lest that they might seem to be obstinate altogether Amilcar in the mean time was killed in the Sicilian war having left behind him three Sons Hamilco Hanno and Gisco Asdrubal also had the same number of Sons Annibal Asdrubal and Sapho by whom the affairs of the Carthaginians were governed in those times they invaded the Mauritanians and fought against the Numidians and the Africans were compelled to remit the Tribute which was demanded for their City Afterwards when so a great a Family of the chief Commanders began to be heavie to the City because they did act and determine all things of themselves the City made choyce of one hundred of the Senators unto whom the Generals returning from the war were to give an account of what they had done for the publick service that being under the power of this supream Court they might so in war dispose of their Commands that they might have a regard to Justice and to the Laws at home Amilco succeeded General in Sicily in the