Selected quad for the lemma: enemy_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
enemy_n	army_n	battle_n	day_n	2,906	5	3.9923	3	true

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A52346	An embassy from the East-India Company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham, Emperor of China deliver'd by their excellencies, Peter de Goyer and Jacob de Keyzer, at his imperial city of Peking : wherein the cities, towns, villages, ports, rivers, &c. in their passages from Canton to Peking are ingeniously describ'd / by Mr. John Nieuhoff ... ; also an epistle of Father John Adams their antagonist, concerning the whole negotiation ; with an appendix of several remarks taken out of Father Athanasius Kircher ; English'd, and set forth with their several sculptures, by John Ogilby Esq. ...; Gezantschap der Neerlandtsche Oost-Indische Compagnie aan den grooten Tartarischen Cham, den tegenwoordigen keizer van China. English	Nieuhof, Johannes, 1618-1672.; Goyer, Pieter de.; Keizer, Jacob de.; Kircher, Athanasius, 1602-1680. China monumentis. Selections. English.; Ogilby, John, 1600-1676.; Schall von Bell, Johann Adam, 1592?-1666.; Nederlandsche Oost-Indische Compagnie.	1673 (1673)	Wing N1153; ESTC R3880	438,428	416

but within these 140 years Mahumetanism seems to out-strip the other having more Proselytes The chief Cities of this Island are Bantam which is very famous for Trade Choribon and Iapara from whence the English and Hollanders fetch their Pepper in great quantities There was formerly in the place where the City of Batavia is built which the Hollanders took by force of Arms from the Natives a City call'd Caloppa which in the time of Cornelius Houtman the chief Promoter and Contriver of the East-India Navigation was replenish'd with more than three thousand Houses beside several Forts and Bulwarks But the English who endeavor'd to make themselves absolute and sole Masters of the Trade in this Island suborn'd several of the Inhabitants thereof to gain them on their sides and by this means caus'd the whole City to be totally destroy'd The Hollanders on the other side to frustrate this their Design built two strong Forts whereof one is call'd Mauritius situated upon the River and the other Nassau in memory of that great Captain Both these Places were always well provided against the continual Assaults of those of Iava who were still endeavoring to drive the Hollanders out of this their Plantation At last after some years the Hollanders the better to withstand the violent Incursions of the Natives built a new City fare stronger than the other where formerly the old Caloppa or Iacatra was situated and call'd it Batavia This Batavia which lies in the height of 6 Degrees and 10 Minutes is four-square a River running through the Town which makes as it were two entire Cities The lesser half exceeds the other in Strength in regard of an invincible Castle in it which for its better defence is encompassed with four Bulwarks with deep Moats round about The City is very populous and consists of Natives Chineses and Hollanders and adorn'd with stately Structures and the Streets planted with several sorts of Indian Trees so that you walk cool in the greatest Heats On the Sea-side which is narrowly Guarded lies a safe and commodious Harbor for Shipping The Arms of the City is a naked Sword with a Laurel Garland Here the General who Commands in the Name of the United Provinces over all the Forts and Castles in India has his Residence who is provided with no less Power and Authority than formerly the Stadtholder and chief Commander of these Parts were wont to enjoy and lives in no less Pomp and State than the Princes of Europe And this great Honor and Authority is conferr'd upon him that the Natives dazled with the splendor of his Greatness may so be the better reduc'd under Obedience But with this Commander in Chief is joyn'd a Council whose Advice is always to be taken in Matters of Peace and War the Protection and safety of the Country and the Commerce thereof The Iudicature consists of a President and several Aldermen There is one general Guild or Chamber of Accompts to which all the rest which are in India under the Command of the Hollanders are responsible The whole City lies surrounded with thirteen strong Bulwarks which have been often Attempted and Assaulted by the Natives but are not to be Master'd The Hollanders made formerly a Contract at Iava with the Kings of those Parts about the Business of Commerce but when they began to deal treacherously contrary to the Articles of Agreement in raising the Imposts it was thought fit to erect a Castle or Fort in the City The English at that time held a straight Correspondence and Amity with the Hollanders but it so hapned that Fears and Iealousies and Misunderstandings arose between them so that after a bloody Fight of eleven English Ships against seven Hollanders which continu'd from Morning till Night our Party was forc'd to flie and to retreat to Amboyna and there to Rally more Force The King of Iacatra upon this Occasion made an Agreement with the English and joyning their Forces together laid close Siege to the new Fort which defended it self gallantly for six Months In the mean time the Hollanders brought several of their Ships from the Malava Islands to the number of eighteen which came thither to relieve their besieged Countrymen The English having advice of their coming left the Siege brought the Cannon Aboard and set Sail through the Straight of Sunda The General Iohn Peterson Koene who was newly arriv'd with a Fleet from Holland not doubting of the Treachery of the King though he endeavor'd to excuse himself laying all the blame upon the English Landed his Men with good Order and Conduct who after a few hours Refreshment prepar'd themselves to assault the Besiegers which they did and after some little opposition broke through the Trenches and got into the City The King finding his Forces defeated and the Town relieved saved himself by flight leaving the residue of his Army to the Mercy of the Hollanders who put all to the Sword except Women and Children yea the City of Iacatra it self was laid in Ashes and the Walls levell'd with the Ground After this great Victory the Hollanders strongly fortifi'd themselves in those Parts which the Emperor of the Island Iava perceiving concluded to Besiege this our new erected City of Batavia and in the Year 1629. he Encamped himself under the Walls making several Assaults upon the Place but was still beaten off with considerable Loss The greatest Attempt which the Enemy made was upon September 20. in the Night but they were likewise forc'd to retreat with a great slaughter whose dead Bodies was no small annoyance to the Besieged Against this Inconvenience they burnt several odoriferous Gums to prevent the Contagion which might proceed from thence Amongst other remarkable Passages that hapned during this Siege is that Storm most to be admir'd which the Enemy made upon a Fort situated at the farther corner of the City which was onely Guarded by sixteen Soldiers who shew'd far greater Courage in making their Defence than the Assaulters in the Attempt with their whole Army for after that they had spent all their Powder and Shot they until'd the very Fort and with the Shards thereof did very great Execution upon the Enemy which Ammunition being likewise spent and having nothing offensive they at last emptied the House-of-Office with Chamber-pots and flung the Excrements and so at once both perfum'd and painted the naked Bodies of the Enemy who at last perceiving that those of the City intended to Sally out and relieve their Fellow Soldiers they rais'd the Siege crying out in their Language O you stinking Holland Devils you Fight with Tantoblins and your Arms are Turdy-Pistical After the space of eight days we came upon the 22. in sight of Paulo Teymon which is a pleasant wondrous and delightful Island as is expessed in the adjoining Print full of Woods Hills and Dales Here we sent our Boats Ashore to fetch Wood and fresh Water wherewith we had not at first so well provided our selves as we ought to have

Successor in your Empire though there are many others better able to advise in a Point of so high a Nature yet I shall acquaint you with that which I suppose and hope may tend to your own and the Empires Good There is said he proceeding a Husbandman your Subject and a Batchelor look'd upon by all People for a very honest Man who for his Piety Vertue and good Disposition is so belov'd and respected among his Neighbors that they will give or lend him their Monies Lands and Houses without asking And so great is their Opinion of his Prudence that upon all Occasions they ask his Advice and follow it His Name is Xunus who by his Vertuous and Exemplary Life hath reclaim'd many vicious and debauch'd Persons and brought them to be Imitators of his Goodness and Sobriety although his Misfortune is great in this that his Father call'd Cassus is a Fool his Mother a pertinacious Woman and full of Tongue and his Brothers proud haughty and wilful The Emperor Yaus having heard this Relation told him that he would send to inquire concerning the Abilities of this so unfortunately●extracted Wise Man which not long after he accordingly did causing him to be brought to the Court At his first arrival he was entrusted with the Government of the West Country only that thereby the Emperor might be satisfied of his Ability and Honesty And according to the Character given of him herein Xunus so well behav'd himself that every Body but especially Yaus did with admiration reverence him and finding him every way extraordinarily qualified the Emperor soon after took him to his Assistance and cast the Care of the whole Government upon his Shoulders In which high Estimation and Grandeur he continu'd for the space of twenty eight Years that the Noble Prince Yaus liv'd But at last Yaus being over-laden with Years and ready to die in the Year before Christ's Birth 2257. admonish'd Xunus upon his Death-bed to accept of the Government in these or the like words Draw near to me and hear these my last words I have tokens enough of your Vertue and Honesty and that your Words and Deeds are correspondent each to other Therefore you must accept of the Scepter which is due to your Vertues and Services Take care of the Welfare and Good of your Subjects as a Father and remember that you must serve not enslave the People and so they will love and not fear you for this reason a King exceeds all his Subjects because he alone is to take care and to watch over all the rest Having thus said he yielded up the Ghost for whom Xunus Mourned not as one Friend for another but as a Son for his Father for according to the Custom of the Country where Sons lament their Parents Death he left the Government wholly to his Council and continu'd three whole years at the Grave of his Prince without removing from it This Solemnity of Grief being past and Xunus return'd to the Exercise of his Government he quickly gave Proofs of his Prudence and Clemency which caus'd him to be very much belov'd by his Subjects It is reported that in each Eye he had two Balls or Apples which was and still is held by the Chineses for a sign of extraordinary Fortune Being now setled he divided the Inhabitants into several Companies and gratifi'd each according to his Worth and Parts with his Offices he either made new Laws and Customs or reform'd the old The six Benches of Iudicature erected by his Predecessor Yaus were reduc'd by him into a better Form Afterwards he divided the whole Empire into twelve Provinces which he visited yearly in Person and whatever Learn'd or wise Men he found them he cherish'd and preferr'd above all others He gave in charge to the Governors and Mandorins of Provinces to promote Agriculture and Tillage above all other things that they should accommodate and shew themselves kind to all Strangers and Travellers to put into Offices only such as were able and of known and approv'd Integrity and give credit to honest and good People He devis'd likewise five sorts of Punishments according to which Malefactors were to suffer as the greatness of the Crime did deserve which were 1. Loss of Life 2. Cutting off the Nose 3. A Foot 4. A Hand and 5. Pulling out the Teeth He introduc'd likewise the Custom of banishing Malefactors the chiefest whereof were to be exil'd out of the Limits of that Empire and to be forc'd to live and reside amongst Forein People Another thing yet very observable of him is this That during his Reign he forbad that any should obey him meerly for fear of his Authority because he was Emperor but rather for love of his Goodness because he order'd that which was Iust and Right During his Government the Tartars of whom never any mention was made before in the Chinese Histories broke into China plundering and making Inroads into most of the Provinces But the good Prince who only car'd for the Welfare of his Subjects having rais'd a great Army march'd against them with it and by main force subduing the Enemy setled his Empire again in Peace and Quietness But since that time which is many Ages since the Tartars never left molesting and disturbing the said Countries till now at last in our Days they have made themselves Masters of the whole as I shall mention hereafter At the time of this Invasion as Fluctus fluctum sequitur one Evil seldom goes alone the Emperor was full of trouble by what means to repel the high Waters which threatned to overflow the lower parts of the Country After many Experiments he gave order at last to one Quenius to cast up a Bank against the same but he not being able to perform it and leaving the same imperfect the Charge of the Work was committed to his Son Yvus who in the space of thirteen years effected it to the great accommodation of the Inhabitants following his Design all that while with such earnestness that he would hardly eat or sleep Some part of this great and stupendious Work may be seen to this day as the Royal Channels in which great Vessels pass and Sail from one Place to another For the making whereof the Workmen were compell'd to dig through Rocks in some places and to divide or cut great Rivers into two or three and make Inlets for them into the Sea by which Industry great store of Ground was drain'd and recover'd from the Water under which it had lain immerged ultra memoriam This great Labor Diligence and Dexterity of Yvus us'd in the accomplishing this stupendious Work so far prevail'd upon the Affection of the Emperor that he made him his Fellow and Companion in the Government passing by his own Son so that they two without any ambitious Emulation or Envy to each other which is a very strange thing Govern'd seventeen years with equal Power and Authority At the end of which time Xunus hapning to

and complain'd with Tears in their Eyes Kiangus who took compassion of them in regard of the Injustice and Villany of the Fact sent immediately one of his Attendants to the Vice-Roy Panang with request that he would be pleas'd to give Order that the ravish'd Bride might be restor'd to her Bridegroom for that he was grown distracted upon the loss of her desiring also that care might be taken to prevent the like Abuses for the future But the Vice-Roy gave no heed to this Request of the Governor but suffer'd the Tartars to go away with the Rape unquestion'd which Kiangus took so to heart that he went to the Vice-Roy himself in Person who not only refus'd to give him Audience upon it but commanded him to be put out of his Court. Kiangus boiling with Revenge at this uncivil Carriage of the Vice-Roy towards him swore that he would never serve those that countenance such abominable Actions and not long after having drawn his Forces together he came with them and fell upon Panang in his Court killing the greatest part of his Followers but Panang sav'd himself by being let down with a Rope over the Walls and so escap'd with his Life Kiangus hereupon knowing that what he had done was a sufficient cause to make him lose his Head if he fell into the Hands of the Tartars sets up his Standard and promises to submit himself to the Chinese Emperor but names none in particular for he knew not that Iunglieus was elected to that Dignity being at so great a distance from him He likewise us'd all Endeavors to draw the Chineses to take part with him and to stand up for the regaining the Liberties of their Country which by the unheard of Oppressions of the Tartars they had lost Several Commanders and Officers hearing of this came and joyn'd with him so that by this Revolt of Kiangus new Troubles were arisen in the Emperor's Court at Peking and the more in regard the Western Tartars favor'd him who were able to bring more Men into the Field than the Eastern especially Horse of which they have great plenty whereas there are but few in the other Now to nip these Risings in the Bud which were made by the means of Kiangus a very great Army was forthwith rais'd in Peking and sent against him Kiangus who was no less wise than valiant and very well understood the Humors of the Tartars having Convers'd many years with them at first seem'd as if he were afraid to stay the coming of the Enemy for he fled with his Forces but this was done only out of Policy to draw them to pursue after him having by the Way laid an Ambuscade for them which took good effect the Tartars being thereby set upon and defeated and after they had rallied were beaten in the open Field a second time The news of this double Defeat being brought to Peking occasion'd again new Troubles in the Court especially when they heard that Kiangus his Army consisted of above a hundred thousand Horse-men and four hundred thousand Foot of which great multitude there is no wonder for every Person was glad of his Success and ready to follow him as the Redeemer of their Country from the Tartar Slavery When now the Emperor's Uncle understood with how great Success this Kiangus proceeded he resolv'd to march himself with all the Forces the Empire was able to make against him for he durst not trust any with a Concern upon which depended the Welfare of the whole State He therefore causes the eight Standards under whom march all the whole Tartar Militia to be made ready for the War and accordingly that he might lose no time draws forth the choicest Soldiers of this great Body wherewith he marches against Kiangus to chastise him for his Revolt strengthening himself also by the Way with the addition of many more Forces which he had from the Southern Provinces But although he Commanded a very great Army yet he avoided by all means Fighting with Kiangus who gave him occasion and provoked him on purpose to draw him to Battel But the Tartar took a better course fearing the uncertain event of War in a Battel and knowing how to overcome his Enemy at a far cheaper rate as being but ill furnish'd with Provisions and therefore he resolv'd to delay him so long till he should be compell'd to leave the Field for want of Victuals and other Necessaries besides another reason that made him unwilling to give Battel was because he first desir'd to receive an Answer from the Western Tartar King to whom he had sent an Ambassador with very rich Presents and several handsom Women with order also to demand his Daughter in Marriage for the Emperor his Nephew and request him not to give any Assistance to Kiangus the Rebel And so much operation had this Embassy upon the King of Taniju or West-Tartary that he return'd the Ambassador immediately with a satisfactory Answer and Promise that he would continue from thence-forward in Peace and Amity with the Great Cham. Kiangus also having sent thither for Aid but finding himself frustrated in his Expectation and deserted thought it most advisable for him to make towards the City of Taitung into which he was no sooner entred but the Tartar Forces were at his Heels and got to the very Gates and in the space of three days with the help of the Peasants who were compell'd to come in a deep Trench of ten Miles in circumference was drawn round about it Whereupon Kiangus finding himself thus penn'd up and that no Relief was to be expected but he must either be kill'd or starv'd like a valiant Commander thus bespake his Men You see Fellow Soldiers into what a Strait we are reduc'd there being no hopes to escape but by Fighting like Men the Sword on one side and Hunger on the other encompassing us let us not suffer our selves to perish with Hunger but rather with our Swords in our Hands dearly sell them our Lives or with their hazard cut the Way to our Safety through our Enemies Carcases I for my part will die with my Zable in my Hand He had no sooner ended his Speech but he and all his Forces made a Sally out into the Trench where both sides fought for a while with equal Courage till Kiangus unhappily struck with a Dart fell down dead at the very sight whereof the Chineses despairing of making their Way through the Enemy some flung down their Arms and call'd for Quarter others betaking themselves to Fight such as submitted freely to the Tartars had their Lives spar'd for they now thought they had done enough in overcoming so great and dreaded an Enemy whose Power would have endanger'd the loss of the whole Empire After they had clear'd the Field and totally routed and destroy'd the Chinese Army they march'd into the City Taitung whose Plunder was given to the victorious Soldiers And not long after the General having first taken care for the

Furlong in length over which is the direct Road to Fokien and has several good Inns upon it for the Entertainment of Passengers Bridges or Sluces IN the Province of Xensi over the River Guei lies three Sluces namely one Easterly the second in the middle the third towards the West all of them built very strong with many great and very high Arches of square Stone curiously adorn'd and carv'd with divers sorts of Images as Lions Dragons and the like In the Province of Queicheu in the fourth Chief City Ganxin are three Sluces of great bigness but the third call'd Tiensing that is to say the natural Sluce is well nigh a thousand Rod long In the same Province near to the City Hanchung is a most admirable piece of Work so great a Master-piece in its kind that the like thereof is hardly to be found in the World whose Description I will give you as follows Between this and the Chief City the Way was formerly altogether unpassable and the Inhabitants were constrain'd to fetch a great compass round by reason of the high and rough Hills and steep Passages sometimes necessitated to travel toward the East to the Frontiers of the Province of Honan and then again to turn towards the North so that they went at least two thousand Furlongs whereas the direct Way over the Mountains was not much more than five hundred wherefore at the end of the Race of Cina when Licupangus made War with Hiangyus for the Empire all these steep Hills and Vales were levell'd by order of Changleangus the General of Licupangus to make his Army with the more ease to pursue the flying Enemy And certainly with great and incredible labor and industry was this stupendious Work effected in which he employ'd no less than his whole Army with at least a hundred thousand Men more by whose Labor a Way was at last perfected through the same On both sides of the Way are Walls made out of these Mountains so high that part thereof toucheth the very Clouds and thereby obscures the Passages in some places In others he caus'd Planks to be laid to serve as Bridges to pass over from one Mountain to another on purpose to shorten the Way which is generally so broad that four may ride abreast and has Conveniences enough to accommodate Passengers And lest the People should by chance receive any mischief as they pass over the Bridges both the sides thereof are Rail'd in from one end to another In the same Province near to the City Chegan is a Bridge call'd Fi reaching from one Mountain to another and having but one single Arch which is six hundred Foot long and near seven hundred Foot high through which the Yellow River runs It was three years in building and is call'd by the People The Flying Bridge In the Province of Honan in the City Queite lies a Sluce made of four-square Stone over the Mere or Lake call'd Nan. In the Province of Huquang near to the City Chyangang is another Sluce of Stone having several Arches erected by King Guei In the Province of Kiangsi in the little City of Gangin there is a Bridge worthy to be spoken of and call'd The Bridge of Obedience and Subjection the Story of it goes thus A Daughter of rich Parents Married a Husband who soon after died and in regard it is held in China a great dishonor to honest Women to Marry the second time she went and liv'd with her Father and Mother that by the enjoyment of their Company she might the better and more easily forget the loss of her Husband but not long after her Father and Mother hapned to die by whose loss being left comfortless she upon serious debate within her self laid out her Estate upon building of this Bridge which stands upon several Arches and when she had finish'd it being yet troubled in her thoughts she came early one Morning to take a view of the Structure which having done and imagining her Memory would be Eterniz'd thereby she flung her self headlong into the River where she was drown'd In the same Province in the City of Cancheu where the River Chang and Can meet in one is a very long Bridge built upon a hundred and thirty Boats fastned to one another with Chains upon which lie the Planks and Timber that compile the Bridge one or two of which Boats are so contriv'd and order'd that they easily remove to open or shut and so make passage for Vessels at pleasure after they have paid their Toll for the receipt whereof there stands a Toll-house at the foot of the Bridge In the Province of Chekiang near the fifth Chief City Xinhoa from the top of the Mountain Fanguien is a very large Bridge made over a Vale which is so stupendious a Work that it fills all People with great admiration that ever saw it In the same Province in the City Luki is a Bridge consisting of Stone Pillars and Woodden Planks which is a hundred Rod in length In the Province of Fokien in the Chief City Focheu is a very stately Sluce of a hundred and fifty Rod long and half a Rod broad built over an Inlet of the Sea of yellow and white Stone with a hundred very lofty Arches adorn'd and beautifi'd with Sculpture of Lions and other Creatures The like lies near to the City Focing and according to the relation of the Chineses is a hundred and eighty Rod long In the second Chief City Civencheu may be seen a stately Bridge call'd Loyang the like whereof is hardly to be seen in the whole World whose Description a certain Chinese Historian gives after this manner Near to the City Burrolilicum says he lies over the River Loyang the Bridge by some call'd also Loyang but by others Vangang The Governor of the City nam'd Cayang caus'd this Bridge to be made which is three hundred sixty Rod long and half a Rod broad Before the erecting thereof People were Ferried over in Boats but in regard every year several Boats were cast away by foul Weather the Governor for the preservation and safety of the Inhabitants resolv'd to build this Bridge which he did of black● Stone it rests not upon Arches but has at least three hundred large Pedestals or Columns of Stone made after the fashion of Boats which are sharp before the better to withstand the force of the Current and to prevent any danger to such as pass over the sides are Wall'd in with Stone to a good heighth and beautifi'd in several places with Images of all sorts according to the fashion of the Country In the third Chief City Cangcheu there is to be observ'd another very stately Bridge made of Stone with thirty six very high and great Arches it is so commodiously broad that Shops are made on both sides and yet room enough for Passengers either on Horse or Foot There are several other famous Bridges in many Ports and Cities of this Empire which to particularize

before hinted for above seventy three years with so great animosity that at last in the Year 1278. the whole Empire was subdu'd by them The Tartars after this so total a Conquest setled a new Linage of their own Country in the Throne call'd Ivena whose Offspring for nine Generations brought forth successive Emperors who Govern'd the Empire peaceably one after another The Tartars having thus long peaceably enjoy'd the whole grew at last to degenerate through the Pleasures and Plenty which they found there so that by degrees they forgot themselves and pedetentim Inch by Inch as it were inured themselves to the Chinese Customs and Manners neglecting their Places of Strength and Forces till at last in stead of warlike Soldiers they were grown effeminate Chineses And though these Tartar Princes did Govern with great Care and Prudence yet the Chineses could not forget the great and horrible Slaughters of their Ancestors whose bleeding Carcases lying as it were before their Eyes excited them to Revenge and being likewise inwardly stimulated with a desire of Liberty they had now already gotten the same in their thoughts which was yet far off and with great hazards to be sought for although the People were every where ready to revolt and shake off the Tartar Yoke yet there was not one of the Grandees or Men of Eminency durst lead the Dance or break the Ice But what Providence ordains to be done shall never want Means to be effected as will plainly appear by the sequel for while the Great Ones durst not and the Commons with a Leader could not do ought at last a poor despicable Fellow appear'd whose Name was Chu and the Servant of a Priest This Chu who took compassion of the miserable State of his oppressed Country-men and a displeasure in his own despicable Fortune being of a high lofty and ambitious Spirit left his Cloister and Cell in which he had liv'd for some years upon a high Mountain and betook himself to a secular Life amongst Robbers and Highway-men among whom in a short time he became the vilest and most wicked not fearing to act what some Spirits would tremble at the thoughts of so that for his great courage and boldness they began to look upon him as the Person that should deliver their oppressed Country This Imagination of his Associates elevating his Valou and being withal of a fluent and voluble Tongue very quick of Apprehension and of great Understanding he never fail'd of Courage Conduct nor Success so that in a short time he grew so considerable in Power and Credit amongst the Rabble that chusing him their Leader he was able to bring some thousands into the Field Being gotten thus into a Posture not only to defend himself but to offend his Enemy he resolv'd to shew himself in the Field for the deliverance of his Country from the Tartar Vassalage under which they groan'd and thereupon began to forsake his Holes and Fastnesses upon the Mountains and to appear with his Army upon the Plain the Fame whereof once noised made his Forces increase daily in number among whom with his good Conduct and Courage he so prevail'd that he won their Hearts so that they thought nothing too much to do for him And to shew as well his Providence as Valour he caus'd the Hills and Mountains to be plough'd and manur'd to keep himself and his Army from starving in case he should be overpower'd by his Enemy and forc'd to retreat thither again Chu at last encourag'd by these fortunate beginnings draws his Army together makes towards the Enemy and fights them who not expecting such an Onset were soon beaten and afterwards overcome in several Fights in which he was still victorious yet notwithstanding the Soldiers fury and rage of War he still spar'd the native Chineses promising to restore them to their ancient Privileges and Liberties if they would forsake the Tartars and adhere to Hun by these Means and his continual Spies which he had every where to give him Intelligence he discover'd the Designs of the Destroyers of his Country whom he so closely pursu'd that they were at last forc'd to quit the Country and leave it to the ancient Inhabitants which Redemption was effected in the Year 1368. When now Chu from a mean Servant had thus rais'd himself by driving those insulting Tartars out of the Empire he erected in that Year a new Race which he call'd Taicinga and changing his own Name according to Custom he call'd himself Hunguvus that is A great Warriour He was no sooner setled in the Throne but the People out of all the Provinces came to acknowledge and Salute this their Deliverer the whole Country being overjoy'd that they had once again got one of their own Natives though of mean Extraction to be their Head and Governor for it is the natural temper of that People to hate and vilifie all Foreigners but highly to esteem of their own Country-men humbly requesting of him that he would take care as a Native of China with such Prudence to Govern and Protect the Chinese Throne that they might not be necessitated hereafter to call in a Foreiner Hunguvus thank'd them for their Affections and taking into his own Hands the whole Soveraignty seated himself in the Imperial City of Nanking where he behav'd himself with so much Honor that in a short time he so setled the Affairs of his Empire that the People liv'd under him in great security and freedom But this Settlement he knew would not long continue unless he provided to secure all from abroad therefore to prevent future trouble from his now vanquish'd Foe and that the Tartars whom he had thus driven out might not rally and make Head again he follow'd his Advantages and Conquests and with a considerable Army entring Tartary overcame them in several Battels and so ruin'd their Country with Fire and Sword that they were forc'd to lay down their Arms with a Promise to pay him Tribute These were those Tartars who after the Overthrows given them as before related fled into the Country of Ninche And indeed after those of Ninche had made their Peace with the Emperor they brought yearly their Presents unto him as his Subjects and Friends and were permitted to Trade in his Dominions as his Vassals and since that time have never had any thoughts of War but rather were fearful to give any Offence left they should draw thereby any ill will upon themselves and so fall into new Troubles for in the last Wars they were reduc'd into most miserable Extremities And thus we see the Vicissitudes of Fortune and uncertain Events of War in those Tartars who were not long since Masters of China but now are become Vassals and Subjects to that Empire to whose Prince they seek for Friendship and Protection In this Posture stood the Affairs of these Countries for a long space of time till these People of Ninche increased so very fast in Power and Multitude that they

Horse after whom follow'd those that carried the Scaling-Ladders At last march'd up the Prime of his Army which consisted of the Stoutest and ablest Soldiers of his Kingdom Having thus put his Army in Battel-array he fell upon the City immediately with an undaunted Courage Those within made very stout opposition at first but the Tartars pressing upon them furiously got the better and at last drove them from the Walls to which fixing their Scaling-ladders they quickly became Masters of the same such was their ex●raordinary nimbleness and Courage And now the Chineses finding themselves unable any longer to oppose the Enemy fled out of the City but the Tartars kill'd a great number in the Pursuit After the taking of this City the Tartar march'd on with his Army without any stop or hinderance taking by Storm whatever other Cities oppos'd him but such as submitted he commanded that none of the Inhabitants should suffer either in Body or Goods When now the King of Ninche had fill'd the Inhabitants of the Province of Leaotung with fear and dread of his Army and had totally Conquer'd the same he march'd forward with the Flower of his Army into the Province of Peking making no haste till he was come within seven Miles of the Imperial City and there finding several Chinese Armies to lie round about him he pitch'd his Camp in a very rich Quarter not daring to advance any further up into the Country whereas if he had march'd on he had in all probability carried all before him and might undoubtedly have taken the Imperial City the People being generall consternated and their Hearts dead with Fear insomuch that the Emperor himself had already concluded to abandon the City of Peking and with his whole Family to retire toward the Southern Provinces but he was dissuaded from it by his Council yet notwithstanding the Inhabitants of both these Provinces were so fill'd with Fear at the approach of the Tartars that they left their Habitations both in City and Country and fled into the Woods and Mountains with what they could well carry with them the Enemy in the mean time laying waste several famous Cities and putting all to Fire and Sword where he came The Ninchean King who as we said durst not adventure to march against the Imperial City of Peking having got good store of Riches out of the other Conquer'd Cities retreated back with his Army to the Chief City of the Province of Leaotung which was a very goodly City before he took it both for strength situation and fairness of Building but being told by his Soothsayers that to let the old Walls stand after he had won the Place could bode nought but Misfortune he caus'd them thereupon to be raz'd to the Ground and new ones built There are but two Great Cities in all this Province which are Leaoyang and Ningyven the rest are of a smaller Circuit yet are they both Populous and Rich But with Places of Strength which exceed some Cities for bigness it exceedingly abounds The Inhabitants of this Place are very dull of Understanding and so altogether incapable of learning any Arts and Sciences but very healthful of Constitution and strong of Body therein much exceeding the other Chineses And the cause may be for that they are bred from the Cradle to Wars and Hardship by reason of their vicinity to the Tartars who are perpetually making Wars upon them As to their Manners and Customs they resemble very much the Tartars which comes to pass by the great Intercourse that ●s daily between them The Country is in some places very Hilly and Mountainous and in others plain and even for many Miles together yet every where very fruitful in the product of all manner of Cattel both Wild and Tame as also in Tree● and Fruits of the Fields wholesom and medicinal both in their Bodies Leaves Fruits and Roots amongst others here grows that incomparable Root G●●seng whereof mention is made before There are also to be had store of Rich Furs as Sables Bever c. which they wear in Winter to keep themselves warm and Traffick with likewise into other Provinces It also produces curious Pine-apples excellent Wheat and Barley but no Rice yet a great abundance of Figs Apples Pears Grapes and several other sorts of Fruits Which extraordinary Plenty of all Necessary Things of its own Growth renders it both pleasant and cheap to live in but much more in regard of its Situation upon the Sea from whence it is furnish'd with all manner of Commodities from other Countries Their Religion is very little different from that of the other Chineses being great Promoters of the Doctrine of the Transmigration of Souls out of one Body into another Thus the Tartars having made this Place the Seat of War whereby they could at pleasure Invade the Neighboring Provinces the Emperor and his Council began to consider which way was the most likely for them to drive the Tartars out of their Territories and at last they concluded to raise an Army of 600000 Men over and above whom the King of Corea sent to their Assistance 12000 valiant Bow-men who were not inferior for Skill to the Tartars In the mean time the Ninchean King was not idle but drew out of his Kingdom as many Forces as could possibly be spar'd to joyn with him Being thus prepard for Wars on both sides the Chineses in the Year 1619 march'd with that formidable Army against the Enemy who hearing of their approach set forward from their Camp to meet them which soon hapned but then such was the inveterate malice of both Parties that as soon as they saw each other the Battel began which was valiantly fought for a long time by both Armies so that the Victory hung in suspence nor could any judge who would have the better till at length the Chineses running away in great disorder and confusion the slaughter was very great among them both of Commanders and Soldiers upon the Spot those that escaped carrying the news of the Overthrow to the Emperor This great Victory the Ninchean King pursu'd with that expedition that he took several Cities and Towns some whereof they laid in Ashes and put the Inhabitants to the Sword harrassing and plundering up to the very Walls of the City of Peking though they durst not lay Siege to it there being a Garrison of eighty thousand Men and and the Place well fortifi'd with great store of Cannon upon the Walls Notwithstanding which Provision such was the fear of the Pekinger that if the Tartars had but attempted they might have been Masters of that great City without any very hazardous opposition for the Emperor was again fully resolv'd as before to quit it and to retire to the Southern Provinces But some of his Council now too late grown wise alter'd his Purpose by telling him that it would encourage the Enemy and not only put the whole Empire into confusion but hazard the ruine if not the

first recruited themselves for they found all the Frontier Towns and Places of Strength well fortifi'd and guarded Amongst all other Chinese Commanders who signaliz'd themselves in shewing their Courage in their Countries behalf against the Enemy was one Maovenlung who did very great execution upon them in several Encounters He was a Native of the Province of Quantung where he had learn'd and understood in his Conversation amongst the Portuguese at Macao several things concerning their Military Discipline From thence he had likewise brought with him several great Guns which he purchased out of a Netherland Ship that was cast away there and those he Planted upon the Walls of the Chief City of Ningyven The Eastern part of Leaotung and the Chief City of Leaoyang being thus lost in this new made Chief City there hapned to be at the same time the Tutang or Vice-Roy of Leaotung with the whole Chinese Army The Tartars having many times had trial to their sorrow and cost of the Courage of this Maovenlung having often been routed by him durst not adventure any further to Cope with him in an honorable way but bethought themselves of some Stratagem or politick Device whereby to wound the Integrity and Vertue of this brave Person and they suppos'd the best means to assail him with would be fair words and high Promises Wherefore to put in execution this their Design they offer'd him by a private Letter which they caus'd cunningly to be deliver'd to him half the Empire of China if he would desert his natural Prince with the Flower of his Army and help them to conquer the Empire But Maovenlung who would neither forfeit his Honor nor Oath courageously refus'd these high Offers and return'd for Answer That he had rather lose his Life than betray his Prince and Country The Tartars finding that this Plot of theirs would take no effect and that the Chineses had well provided against their coming resolv'd to desist and to make no further progress in the present War which wholly ceased till the Year 1625. when suddenly it breaking forth again they came and besieg'd the Chief City of Ningyven This greatly startled the Chineses who thought they had overcome the greatest difficulty and danger But Maovenlung came time enough to the rescue and relief of this Place and fell so furiously upon the Besiegers that they were forc'd to raise their Siege with the loss of at least ten thousand Men that were slain upon the Spot amongst whom fell the King 's own Son whose Death was so highly resented by the surviving Tartars that they in a great rage and madness made over the Ice for it was in Winter and getting into the Island of Theyoven whereof they quickly made themselves Masters they put every living Creature they found to the Sword which were a very great number in revenge of the young Prince which having done they immediately left the Province of Leaotung and retreated into their own Country not with an intention to be quiet but only to recruit themselves with more Forces and then to return again at a convenient time And hereupon follow'd a Cessation of Arms till the Year 1627. when the Chinese Emperor Thienkius hapned to die being but a young Man whose Death prov'd to be the loss of all China although the Tartar King of Ninche call'd Thienning who had destroy'd so many thousands of People by Fire and Sword did not long survive but as an Attendant on his Corps died the same Year Thienkius was succeeded by his Brother who was very unfortunate in all his Undertakings and at length through the treachery of his Subjects had both an unfortunate Reign and Death as by the remaining part of the History will appear The Tartar King Thienning had for his Successor in the Throne his Son Thientung who quickly chang'd the salvage and barbarous Manners and Customs us'd by his tyrannizing Father insomuch that he did not pursue the Chineses so fiercely but began to treat them with more Civility which produc'd a very great Change and caus'd all his Affairs to become more acceptable And certainly this prudent and politick Prince had effected great things had he not been cut off by an untimely Death his mildness having gotten so great renown withal that the Council who had made choice of him thought themselves happy in the Change and withal learn'd from him by Example that the Chineses would sooner be reduc'd and brought under their Government by Clemency and Civility than by force of Arms. In this Year 1627. the Commanders and Officers of General Maovenlung who by reason of the quietness of the Tartars had no Enemy to Encounter began much to molest and be injurious to their Friends and Allies of Core● by making Inroads and Incursions upon them nay by degrees they grew so very insolent and troublesom to all Parts adjoining to their Quarters especially the Inhabitants of the Province of Hienkien who were so intolerably oppress'd by their Rapines that out of revenge and hatred they put themselves under the Protection of the Tartar advising him to re-invade and fall into China with a mighty Army which he not willing to let slip so fair an opportunity immediately did so that a very great Army was in the Field ready to assail the Chinese Forces before they had any thoughts of an Enemy and when they least dream'd of their coming who by this means lying carelesly dispers'd up and down in the Provinces were soon destroy'd Maovenlung however rallied and by the addition of some new Leavies and Recruits being grown into a strong Body he fought several doubtful Battels with the Tartars but they at last growing superior to him in Strength and number Maovenlung the Chinese General was constrain'd to quit the Field with the gross of his Army Yet neither the loss of the Army nor greatness of the Victory obtain'd by the Tartars did make any great impression upon the Chineses nor indeed were they troubled at it when they understood that their General had sav'd himself out of the Island of Corea But the Ninchean Commanders imagining that those of that Place had been instrumental in helping to convey the General Maovenlung away with their Army fell into it plundering the Inhabitants and ruining the Country by Fire and Sword This Act was highly disapprov'd of by the Tartar King himself because it stirr'd up the King of Corea to Arm against him and joyn his Forces with those of the Chineses which Maovenlung had been gathering together and with them was marching towards Corea to revenge himself upon the Tartars The Tartars having thus inhumanely and without reason turn'd their Arms upon the Countries of Corea were setting forward with their Army against the Royal City thereof and were arriv'd at the beginning of the Mountains through which the Way runs to the City being about seven Miles from the same Here the King of Corea in the narrow Way had pitch'd to receive them and the Tartars being eager to

that was imminent over his Head through these Divisions endeavor'd by all the means he could devise to reconcile these intestine Iars thus unhappily risen among his Subjects and in order thereunto after several other probable Experiments without any effect he caus'd the Friends of the before-mention'd Guei to be punish'd in due form of Law and severely punish'd as Disturbers of the Publick Peace nay at last he was forc'd to cause Guei himself to be put to death with several others his Adherents which was put in execution after this manner According to an ancient Custom of the Chinese Emperors to visit the Tombs of their Ancestors this Guei under colour thereof was made choice of for the Emperor's Proxy it being an Employment always committed to the Greatest Persons in the Empire who not dreaming of any hurt intended against him began his Iourney with a great Train but he was hardly gone a Mile out of the City of Peking but a Messenger from the Emperor overtook him who deliver'd him a Golden Box wherein was a Silken Cord with order to hang himself therewith which he readily embrac'd and presently went and perform'd And thus to come to the period of Life is held by the Chineses for an honorable Death insomuch that none who have any respect for their Family will reject or refuse this severe though inhumane Order and Command when sent him But very little advantage did the Emperor reap by the Fall of this his so eminent Favorite but rather created more trouble unto himself for his Adherents hereupon began to conspire with the rebellious Robbers and to swear Revenge And these Feuds being spread into the Armies that were sent to subdue those Robbers made such heart-burnings among the Soldiers that they return'd home still with great loss by means whereof the Emperors Affairs began to fall daily into a Condition of worse and worse for the Friends of the before-mention'd Guei did whatever they could to ruine the Emperor and the Party adhering to him When Licungzus receiv'd information of these Divisions between the Emperor and his Commanders and Governors he concluded that it was now a covenient time to fall upon the Chief City of Peking whereupon after he had well secur'd the Province of Xensi he march'd with his whole Army to the East and pass'd with little or no trouble over the Yellow River being not defended by any for he might have been easily obstructed if not totally prevented in that his Passage with a handful of Men in regard this River in those Parts between the Provinces of Xensi and Xansi runs with a very violent Stream and Current but there being no Strength to hinder him he easily got over and at the first Assault took the famous and great City of Kiangcheu which lies near the said River and on the South side of the Province The news hereof caus'd other Places where he came not to withstand him only those of the City of Thaiyven held out several days as it were in a Bravado but at last being forc'd to submit they dearly paid for their opposition for the Commanders were all put to the Sword and a very heavy Fine set upon the Citizens that surviv'd When the Emperor Zungchinius receiv'd Intelligence that these bold Pillagers were already got over the Yellow River and in the Province of Xansi which is not very far from the Imperial Court of Peking he immediately caus'd a very great Army to be rais'd under the Command of his General Lius with order at least to stop the Robbers in their March if he could not totally destroy them But this great Army effected nothing for no sooner were they come in sight of the Enemy but they deserted their Commanders and ran over to them which so infinitely afflicted the General that he went away forthwith and hang'd himself The report of these disastrous Actions being spread immediately fill'd the whole City of Peking with great consternation and amazement and withal made so deep an impression into the Heart of the Emperor that he concluded to leave the same and to depart with his Family to Nanking but from this his Determination he was earnestly dissuaded as well by such as were faithful as those that intended Treachery towards him These last under colour of Friendship though they were in Heart Traytors and Enemies to their Prince and Country advis'd him to stay that so with the greater ease and convenience before their Conspiracy came to be detected they might deliver him up into the Hands of the Rebels but such as were indeed faithful advis'd his stay for the welfare of the Empire alledging That his flight and the deserting his Imperial City would hazard the whole State by heartning the Enemy and discouraging his Subjects besides they concluded That they were able to defend the City against all Attempts whatsoever of the Enemies Army being well provided and fortifi'd with Victuals and Ammunition Nay further That without all peradventure the Inhabitants of all the other Provinces would not forbear to come to their Relief when they should hear that the Emperor was resolv'd not to leave the Imperial City but to run the risque of his utmost Fortune even to the loss of his Life in the same Whereupon the Emperor rests satisfi'd and resolves in Person to stand by the City and defend the same to the last drop of his Blood The Usurper Licungzus on the other hand no less quick in Intention than nimble at Action and well knowing that Proverb Virtus an dolus quis in hoste requirit joyning Policy and Force together sent a great number of his Soldiers Habited in the same Mode with those of China into the Chief City of Peking and the better to prevent discovery he sent them not all at one time but now and then one furnishing some with Money to drive a Trade there ordering others to set up Drinking-houses or to take what other course of Life they judg'd most free from suspicion till such time as he came with his whole Army before the Walls of the City and then by setting Fire on the Houses or some other like Misfortune they should make some Disturbance in the City The Plot was not better laid than effected being carried with that privacy that nothing of it was ever discover'd by the Chineses till it was put in Execution But the ambitious Fox not daring to trust only to this thought upon some other means fit to make sure of this his Undertaking and that which appear'd most feasible to him was by corrupting some of the Chief of the Council of War which he easily compassed for they perceiving the Emperor's Affairs to be in a decaying Condition were soon persuaded to enter into a Confederacy with him whereby they oblig'd themselves to deliver up the City to him at such a time and hour And so faithful were they in Infidelity that it was accordingly perform'd by them in the Month of May 1644. when one of the

Gates being by these Traytors set open the Besiegers suddenly entred and although discover'd by such as were faithful to the Emperor yet they also perceiving that the City was full of Confusion and that the Matter was quite past hope every one shifted for himself and left all to the mercy of the Robber Having finish'd this Letter as a Man distracted he kills his Daughter in his Chamber being a young Virgin of seventeen or eighteen years of Age that she should not be misus'd and ill treated by the Rogues and then with a setled Resolution not to survive this dismal Misfortune going into the Garden with one of his Garters he hang'd himself upon a Plum-Tree And this was the miserable Catastrophe of the Emperor Zungchinius who was very unfortunate during his Reign in all his Undertakings and is reckon'd for the last Emperor of the Race of Taiminga for although afterwards some other of that Line were chosen yet they are not reckon'd by the Chineses themselves among the Emperors of that Race in regard that after the Death of Zungchinius they never possess'd the whole but only some part of the ancient Empire Thus was that Race whose first Founder was the Robber Chu destroy'd and brought to nothing by another Robber Licungzus who had the Fortune even beyond his Hope though not his Ambition to subdue the biggest Empire in that part of the World The Emperor's Death begat so great a Grief and Commiseration in the Chief Governor of the City that not thinking himself worthy to survive his unhappy Lord he went and hang'd himself likewise in the same Place The Empress follow'd the same Example and also all such as were faithful to them rather than they would fall into the Hands of the Enemy for it is counted a piece of Honor and Faithfulness with the Subjects of that Country to die with their Soveraign Licungzus being now Master of Peking presently seats himself in the Imperial Throne and the next day caus'd the dead Body of the Emperor to be hack'd in pieces and the Plunder of the City to his Soldiers The Emperor Zungchinius had three Sons whereof the eldest seeing his Father's Death and the City in possession of the Robbers never appear'd more though great search was made for him to have had him either alive or dead Of his loss there are divers opinions some thinking he was kill'd in the Crowd unknown others that he sav'd himself by flight amongst those that escap'd to the Mountains where they liv'd a long while after Beside this were two other younger Sons who were brought alive to the Tyrant but he caus'd them to be Beheaded presently And to shew his tyrannical Cruelty and that the Barbarism of his Nature was not at all alter'd by his being gotten into the Throne he Summon'd the chiefest Persons of the Empire to a Meeting under colour of Treating with them about Business of great consequence whether being no sooner come but a company of the basest Fellows were turn'd in upon them whose salvage Fury so unboundedly raged that it spar'd none but such as had Money enough to buy off their Lives But here ended not his Tyranny as by the following Tragedy will appear Amongst several other Governors and Commanders whom he had taken Prisoners there was a very ancient Man nam'd Us who had a Son call'd Usanguejus that had the Command of the Chinese Army which lay upon the Frontiers of Leaotung against the Tartars of whom the Usurper standing in fear as perceiving that he was able to do him very great prejudice with his Forces threatned this old Man to put him to death in a most cruel manner if he did not forthwith command and enjoyn his Son to come and submit to him promising him to reward such his Civility with great Presents and Preferments The decrepit old Man Us in hopes to get his Liberty and overcome with these great Promises writ a Letter to his Son the substance whereof was to this purpose That the various Changes and Vicissitudes which happen in this World are either preordain'd by the Heavens occasion'd by the Earth or impuls'd by Destiny This I write to you my Son to give you notice that the Emperor Zungchinius and the Government of the Race of Taiminga is totally destroy'd and that since the Heavens which order and manage all things by a just Rule have given the Dominion to Licungzus it is requisite that we comply with the Times and make a Virtue of Necessity especially if we will escape all Disasters prevent a cruel Death and enjoy his Favor He promises to enoble you with a Royal Dignity and to confer on you all manner of Honor and Friendship if you will take part with him and own him for your Lord and Emperor Consider well thereof and know that upon your Promise and Consent to this depends my Preservation and you may now either preserve my Life or destroy it Weigh with your self the Obligations of Nature which will tell you how deeply you are engag'd to preserve him that first gave you Being Usanguejus upon the receipt and reading this Letter though very much troubled at the Contents thereof being ty'd by Oath to his natural Prince answer'd his Father with these few but sharp words I shall never own him for my Father who will not be true and faithful to his Prince Have you forgot that Faith which you owe to the Emperor who then can blame me if I forget that Obedience which I owe to you Much rather had I die than betray my Trust and falsifie my Oath No sooner had Usanguejus sent this Letter to his Father but he dispatch'd an Ambassador to the Grand Tartar Cham to desire Assistance against the Usurper and Tyrant Licungzus who had so unjustly intruded upon the Throne by 〈◊〉 and Murder And to incite the Tartars the more speedily to the March he promis'd them great store of fine Linnen Silks Gold Silver and a great number of very handsom young Women wherein the Tartars take great delight because they are very scarce amongst them their Country abounding more with Men than Women The Cham who had long been waiting for such an Opportunity readily accepted of his Offer promising to assist him with a considerable Army which then lay ready in the Province of Leaotung And in truth he was as good as his Promise for it was not long before he began his March with an Army of eighty thousand Men to joyn with Usanguejus to whom at meeting he thus spake That we may not be baffled in our Undertaking I judge it necessary and advise you earnestly to put all your Soldiers into Tartar Habits to wear Caps and short Hair that so the Tyrant by this Stratagem may be deceiv'd for that he will take them all for Tartars Usanguejus whose Heart boil'd with Revenge agreed to all that the Tartar desir'd of him not considering that he brought in Tygers according to the Saying of the Chineses to hunt out Dogs