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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A65182	Voyages and discoveries in South-America the first up the river of Amazons to Quito in Peru, and back again to Brazil, perform'd at the command of the King of Spain by Christopher D'Acugna : the second up the river of Plata, and thence by land to the mines of Potosi by Mons Acarete : the third from Cayenne into Guiana, in search of the lake of Parima, reputed the richest place in the world by M. Grillet and Bechamel : done into English from the originals, being the only accounts of those parts hitherto extant : the whole illustrated with notes and maps.	Acuña, Cristóbal de, b. 1597. Nuevo descubrimiento del gran rio de las Amazonas. English.; Acarete, du Biscay, 17th cent. Relation des voyages dans la rivière de la Plate. English.; Grillet, Jean, 1624-1677. Journal du voyage qu'on fait les Per̀es Jean Grillet et François Bećhamel ... dans la Goyane l'an 1674. English.; Béchamel, François, 1637-1676.	1698 (1698)	Wing V746; ESTC R1215	153,168	365

Islands throughout the whole Length of it which are in great number and some of which are very spacious and considering they are all either peopled or at least cultivated for the Sustenance of the Inhabitants one may easily imagine there must needs be vast numbers of Indians in a Country that extends 200 Leagues in Length This Nation is the most reasonable and best civilized of all those that dwell along this River This Advantage they received from those that not long since went down amongst 'em from the Countrey of the Quixos where after having had Peace with the Spaniards for a long time they were at last wearied with the ill Treatment they received from 'em and embarking in their Canoos suffered themselves to be carried down with the Stream of the River till they met with other Indians of their Nation upon whose Strength and Power they could rely and accordingly took up their Residence with ' em These last Comers introduc'd among the others several things they had seen practised by the Spaniards and taught 'em how to live after a more civil and regular manner They were all clothed both Men and Women with all the Decency imaginable their Garments are made of Cotton of which they gather a prodigious quantity and they do not only make Stuffs enough for their own use but make a great many to sell to their Neighbours who are mightily taken and that not without reason with the Beauty of those pretty Works with which they deck their Stuffs they make some very thin Clothes which are not only woven with Threds of different Colours but the Paint of 'em is disposed with so much Art in the weaving that the different Threds can't be distinguished one from another They are so submissive and obedient to their principal Caciques that these whom they look upon as their Princes need speak but a Word to have whatever they command put in execution This whole Nation has been so long accustomed to make their Heads flat that as soon as their Children are born they put them in a kind of Press forcing Nature after this manner with one little Board which they hold upon the Forehead and another much larger which they put behind the Head and which serves them for a Cradle and all the rest of the Body of the new-born Infant is as it were inclos'd with this piece of Wood they lay the Child upon his Back and this Board being bound fast to that which is upon the Forehead they make the Head of the Child almost as slat as ones Hand thus there being no room for the Head to grow but by spreading it self wide from one Ear to the other they are extremely disfigured by this violent Artifice The Aguas have perpetual War with several other Nations both on the one and the other side of the River On the South side among other Enemies they have the Curinas who are so numerous that they not only very well defend themselves on the side of the River from innumerable Multitudes of the Aguas but at the same time likewise sustain the Efforts and Shocks of other Nations that come a great way down the Countrey to make War with them On the North side the Zoeunas are Enemies to the Aguas and are by the Accounts I have had of them no less numerous nor less stout than the Curinas which appears in that they maintain a War against a great number of Enemies that come down from Places a great way up in the Country CHAP. LII The Love these People have for the Captives they take in War and the Calumny they bie under in being reported to eat ' em THese Aguas make Slaves of all the Prisoners they take in War and use 'em for all kinds of Service however they treat 'em with so much Love and Kindness that they make 'em eat with themselves and there 's nothing in the World displeases 'em more than to desire 'em to sell 'em as we found by experience on several occasions I remember once at our Arrival at an Indian Town they received us not only with all the Marks of Peace and Amity but even with all the Tokens of extraordinary Joy They offer'd us all they had for our Sustenance without requiring any thing in return We on our parts shewed that Civility to them that became us we bought their painted Cotton-Cloth which they very willingly parted with we desired 'em to sell us some Canoos which are better to them than the best and swiftest Horses and they presently offer'd 'em to us but when we began to talk with 'em about their Slaves and to importune 'em to sell us some of 'em this was to them the most uncivil and inhumane Discourse that could be one of them presently gave us to understand that he would no longer keep company with us another shew'd himself mightily troubled at the matter On the one hand they were very diligent to hide 'em from us on the other to get some of 'em that were with us out of our Hands in a word they gave us Signs enough to convince us that they had a greater esteem for their Slaves than for all the rest of their Goods and that they had rather part with all they possess'd besides than part with them And this being the truth of the matter 't is a malicious thing of the Portuguez to report that the reason why the Aguas are unwilling to sell their Slaves is because they fatten 'em and keep 'em to eat at their Feasts This is a Calumny they have invented to palliate the Cruelties they have exercised upon these poor Wretches I may farther add that at least as far as concerns the Nation of the Aguas I have found the contrary true by the Testimony of two Indians that were Natives of Para who came up with the Portuguez as far as Quito and ran away when they were arriv'd there who falling into the hands of these People were made Slaves and remained with them eight Months these assured me they had been out with them at their Wars and that they never saw 'em eat any of their Enemies when they had taken 'em and made Slaves of 'em 't was true indeed they said when they had taken any of their Enemies that had the Reputation of being Valiant and Great they kill'd 'em at their Feasts and Assemblies only out of fear of sustaining some considerable Damage by 'em if they should suffer 'em to live but that they did not eat these neither when they had kill'd 'em but when they had cut off their Heads which they us'd to hang up in their Huts as Trophies they roll'd their Bodies into the River I don't deny that there are some Caribees in those Parts that eat their Enemies without any Sentiments of Horror but this is a Custom peculiar to them and is not practised among other Indians And this I desire may be taken notice of and credited that Human Flesh has never been sold in any

his parting from Quito THE ill Success of Oreillane's Voyage cool'd the ardent Desire the Spaniards had for the Discovery of the River of Amazons and it seem'd quite extinguish'd by the Civil Wars of Peru till the Marquess de Caguete being Vice-Roy of that Kingdom a Gentleman of Navarre nam'd Peter de Orsua who had always entertain'd Thoughts worthy of his great Courage turn'd his Designs on this great River and believ'd he should be more fortunate than Oreillane He presented himself to the Vice-Roy and propos'd his Design to him who being well acquainted with his Merit commended his Resolution and was perswaded that if so difficult a matter should succeed it must be by the Conduct of so brave and wise a Commander He immediately dispatch'd all necessary Orders for him and caus'd a Publication of his Attempt to be made throughout the Kingdom Most of the Gentry came to offer their Service to Orsua who was so much in every one's Esteem that there was no Souldier so old but would leave his Retirement with Pleasure to serve under so excellent a General His chief trouble was to return his Thanks to so many of 'em as he could not take along with him he made choice of such amongst 'em as were most fit for his purpose and to carry on the famous Conquest he design'd he made all necessary Provisions both of Ammunition and Victuals to which all the Lords and the Inhabitants of the Towns contributed with a great deal of Freedom and Liberality being well perswaded that Orsua had Qualities that well deserv'd to be oblig'd He parted from Cusco in 1560 with the Acclamations and good Wishes of all the Inhabitants of that Place he was attended with above seven hundred choice Souldiers and with a considerable number of very good Horses Being well vers'd in the Map of Peru and having for some time been laying the Scheme of his Journey he march'd directly to the Province of Mosilones first to meet the River Moyabamba by which he was sure of entring into the River of Amazons CHAP. X. The Tragical End of Orsua by the Revolt of two of his Officers who were fallen in love with their General 's Lady The yet more Tragical End of those two Rebels one after t'other And the Cruelty of one of them against his own Daughter ONE would have hop'd an Attempt so wisely laid and so universally approv'd should have had a happy Issue Yet never was any Project more unsuccessful for Orsua had taken with him one Don Fernand de Gusman a young Man who was lately come from Spain and another more advanc'd in Years named Lopez Daguirre of Biscay a little ill-favour'd Man whom he had made his Ensign These two Wretches fell in Love with their General 's Lady whose Name was Agnes and who had accompanied her Husband in all his Travels and thinking they had a favourable occasion to satisfy their Lust and Ambition together engag'd Orsua's Troops to revolt and assassinated him After this Tragical Fact the Traitors who committed it who to the number of seven or eight were in a strict Confederacy elected Don Fernand de Gusman for their King whose Mind was vain enough to receive that Title which became him so little But he did not enjoy it long for those very Persons that had given him the Quality of King gave him his Death's Wound too and Daguirre succeeded him who made himself King notwithstanding the Remonstrances of others And naming himself the Rebel and Traitor he gave all those he had gain'd to his Party to understand that he intended to make himself Master of Guiana of Peru and of the new Kingdom of Grenada and promis'd 'em all the Riches of those great Kingdoms His Reign was so bloody and barbarous that the like Tyranny was scarce ever heard of in the World Therefore the Spaniards to this day call him the Tyrant However he commanded Orsua's Vessels and went down the River Coca into the Amazone hoping to obtain one of those Kingdoms and to make a considerable Progress into it But having enter'd the Amazone he was not able to master the Current of it and so was constrained to suffer himself to be carried down to the Mouth of a River above a thousand Leagues from the place where he imbark'd and was driven into the great Channel which goes to the North-Cape being the same way Oreillane had taken before him Going out of the Amazone he came to the Island of St. Marguerite which is to this day call'd the Tyrant's Port there he kill'd Don Irean de Villa Andrada Governour of the Island and Don John Sermiento his Father After their Death with the Assistance of one John Burq he made himself Master of the Island plunder'd it intirely and there committed unheard-of Barbarities He kill'd all that oppos'd him and past from thence to Cumana where he exercis'd the same Cruelties He after that desolated all those Coasts that bear the Name of Caracas and all the Provinces along the Rivers Venezuella and Baccho He then came to St. Martha where he put all to the Sword and enter'd the new Kingdom of Grenada designing to march from thence through Quito into Peru. In this Kingdom he was forc'd to a Battel in which he was utterly defeated and put to flight but all Ways being stop'd he found he must perish and therefore begins his Tragedy with a sort of Barbarity without Example He had a Daughter by his Wife Mendoza that had follow'd him in his Expeditions and whom he lov'd entirely Daughter says he to her I must kill thee I design'd to have plac'd thee on a Throne but since Fortune opposes it I am not willing thou shouldst live to suffer the Shame of becoming a Slave to my Enemies and of being call'd the Daughter of a Tyrant and a Traitor Die my Child die by the Hand of thy Father if thou hast not Courage enough to die by thy own She surpriz'd at this Discourse desir'd him at least to give her some time to prepare for Death and to beg of God the Pardon of her Sins This he granted but thinking her too tedious in her Devotion as she was praying upon her Knees he shot her through the Body with a Carbine but having not kill'd her out-right he stuck his Dagger into her Heart She falling down at the Stroke cry'd Ah Father 't is enough Soon after her Death he was taken and carried Prisoner to the Island La Trinidada where he had a considerable Estate His Process was made and he condemn'd to be quarter'd he was publickly executed his Houses raz'd to the Ground and the places where they stood sow'd with Salt as may be seen to this day CHAP. XI This Discovery by these sad Accidents continued thus without any farther Advancement from the Year 1560 to 1606 when two Jesuits ventur'd to go and preach the Gospel along this River and were there martyr'd Many other Attempts form'd since by great Persons without Success THE

for the building of 'em in those Parts but only of Iron for the forging of Nails and other pieces of Smiths Work necessary to the building of great and small Vessels All other things are found in this Country in great Plenty The Inhabitants make Cables of the Bark of Trees they have Pitch and Tar as good as are to be had in Europe and they have Oil either to render it firm and solid or to temper its Hardness one sort of which they draw from Fish and another sort they get from Trees They make a sort of Tow which they call Ambira so good that no better can be used for the caulking of Vessels and to make Musket-Match Their Cotton abundantly furnishes 'em with Stuff to make Sails and this grows the best of all the small Seeds they sow in their Fields And after all there are so great numbers of People that one might have as many Work-men and Sea-men as one pleas'd for the building and manning of as many Galleons as one should think meet to put upon the Stocks CHAP. XXXII Four things which abound on the Banks of this River which are capable of inriching great Kingdoms THere are four things along this River which being well manag'd would be capable of enriching many Kingdoms the first is Wood for building of which there is some found of a rare and particular Colour like fine Ebony and there is so prodigious a quantity of common Wood that is worth transporting that how much soever should be carried away the Country can never be exhausted The second thing is the Coco-tree which serves for the Composition of Chocolat with these the Banks of the River are covered and throughout our whole Voyage our Men cut scarce any thing else to make Huts of for our Camp This Tree is very much esteem'd for its Fruit throughout all New Spain and in all other Places where it is known what Chocolat is Every Foot of this Tree will produce eight Silver Rials all Charges paid And it may easily be suppos'd there 's no need of great labour to cultivate these Trees along this River seeing Nature without the Assistance of Husbandry and Art makes 'em bring forth Fruit in so great abundance The third is Tobacco of which there is a prodigious quantity along this River which is very much esteem'd by all the Natives so that if it were raised with that Care this Plant requires it would be the best Tobacco in the World because in the Judgment of those that understand it there can't be desired a better Soil and Climat for this sort of Plant than what is to be found on this River But that which is the most considerable of all and for the sake of which in my opinion it would be very well worth the while to make firm and substantial Establishments along this River is Sugar This is the fourth thing and the Traffick of it is more honourable as well as the Profit more sure and greater for a Nation than that of the rest And now since we are ingag'd in a War with the Dutch it ought to excite an Emulation in us and make us endeavour to furnish our selves with those Commodities our Enemies bring from Brazil and we ought to establish our selves with all Expedition in this Countrey and set up Mills and other Sugar-Works which would neither require very much Time nor Labour nor Charge which last is that which is most fear'd now a days The Ground is as good for the planting of Sugar-Canes as any is in the whole Continent of Brazil and of this we can give Assurance as having seen and known all those Provinces The Soil on the Banks of this River is white and fat of as good a kind as can be desired by those that know what belongs to the Cultivation of these Plants and it becomes so fruitful and rich by the Inundations of the River which by continuing a few days improve the Ground that there is more reason to fear too great than too little a Crop 'T will be no new thing to make Sugar-Canes grow in this Country because we found throughout the whole Length of this great River such as gave us sufficient Proof of the great abundance to which they might be multiplied whenever any People should apply themselves to cultivate 'em and to make Sugar-Mills which might be done with a little Charge at any time not only because there 's all sorts of Wood in great plenty as I have already said but also because there is the Conveniency of Water for 'em in as great quantity as one can desire There is nothing wanting but Copper which we may supply in sending it thither from our own Country and which we may be sure will turn to a considerable Account CHAP. XXXIII Many other Commodities profitable for Traffick which are found in this Country BEsides these four sorts of Commodities that may be brought from these Lands that are discover'd capable of inriching the whole World there are also many others which altho less rare would not fail to bring a considerable Profit to a Nation such as Cotton that grows there abundantly Rocou that our Dyers use to make fine Scarlet which is so esteem'd by all Nations that have Commerce with us Cassia and Sarsaparilla there are made also several Oils for the healing of Wounds which equal the best Balsams there are found Gums and Rosins of an admirable Scent and a certain Plant call'd Pita which yields the best Thred in the World and which the Ground produces in vast plenty and a thousand other things the Usefulness and Advantages of which are discover'd every day CHAP. XXXIV Convincing Reasons to shew that many of the Mountains of this Countrey must needs contain Mines of Gold and Silver I Do not speak of the many Mines of Gold and Silver which are discover'd in the conquer'd Countries nor those which Time may further discover there but I am mightily mistaken in my Judgment if many others may not be found in this Countrey more rich than all those of Peru tho the famous Mountain of Potosi be comprehended in it I speak not this without ground nor only with a design to advance the Value of this great River but found what I say upon Reason and Experience because I have seen a great deal of Gold among the Indians whom we met as we went down the River who gave us very certain Assurances that there were a great number of Gold and Silver Mines in their Country This great River receives all the Waters of the richest Countries of America On the South-side those rich Rivers some of which have their Sources round about Potosi others at the Foot of Guanico which is a Mountain near the City of Lima flow into it others come down from Cusco others from Cuenca and from Gibaros which is the richest Country for Gold of any that has been yet discovered so that on this side all the Rivers Sources little Springs and

he sailed and discover'd all the River of Amazons CHAP. XLIX Of the Town of Anose where Capt. John de Palacios dwelt with whom there were the two Lay-Friers who made their Escape down to Para spoken of before FOrty seven Leagues below the place where these Rivers join on the South-side is situated the Town of Anose which is a Plantation made by Capt. John de Palacios who as I said before was kill'd by the Inhabitants of the Country 18 Leagues below this Town on the North-side lies the River Agarico which enters into the Amazone this River is sufficiently famous not only for its Air which is none of the best but also for the quantity of Gold that is found in its Sands from whence it has had the Name of the Golden River these hundred Years At the Mouth of it on one side as well as t'other of the River of Amazons begins the great Province of the long-hair'd Indians which extends on the North-side for above 180 Leagues and continually receives great quantities of Water from the Amazone which makes divers Lakes of a great Compass and Depth The first Notices that the Inhabitants of Quito receiv'd of this Country gave 'em a very great desire to make a Conquest of it because of the great number of Indians with which this Province is peopled And indeed there have been at several times some Essays of this kind made but always in vain witness the last of 'em that had such bad Success when Capt. John de Palacios was kill'd as has been already said CHAP. L. The Place where General Texeira left his Fleet of Portuguez 'T Was in this Province of the long-hair'd Indians at the Mouth of the River which bears their Name and enters into the Amazone 20 Leagues below the River again that by the Order of General Texeira forty Portuguez of his Fleet with 200 of the Indians they brought with 'em continued constantly for the space of eleven Months At first they found nothing but good Entertainment of all sorts from the Inhabitants of the Country to whom in return they gave all Necessaries they had occasion for but this did not continue long This was too great a Familiarity for Men that knew themselves guilty of the death of the Spanish Captain for they being the Authors of this Fact knew well enough that the Blood they had shed cry'd for Vengeance against 'em and therefore being under Apprehensions of being chastis'd for their Boldness on the least occasion that should offer they mutinied and after they had kill'd three of our Indians took up Arms to defend their Lives and Lands The Portuguez on this occasion acted like themselves and presently sought to be reveng'd for it being contrary to their Humour to put up Injuries or to suffer Indians to take the liberty of acting with so much Insolence as this they betook themselves to Arms and with their wonted Courage for which they are so famous flew upon their Enemies and repuls'd them with so much Vigor that with the loss of a very few Men they killed a considerable number of Indians and took above 70 of 'em Prisoners some of whom died in the places of their Confinement and the rest made their Escape so that in a little time there was not one of them left These Portuguez did not get much by their Victory for they now found themselves reduc'd to such Extremity that they saw they must either perish for want of Food or else be oblig'd to go with their Swords in their hands to fetch Provision out of the very Mouths of their Enemies Accordingly they resolv'd to make Incursions into the Country and either by fair means or soul to get a Supply for their pinching Necessities Some of 'em went out to fight and others kept the Camp but both the one and the other in spite of all their Bravery did not fail to meet with frequent and violent Insults from their Enemies who omitted no fit occasion to give 'em all sorts of Alarms and to do 'em all the Mischief they could especially upon the River where they surpriz'd a great many of their Vessels some of which they pillaged and brake others of 'em in pieces and yet this was not the greatest Damage they did our Men for they laid Ambuscades for our Indians and cut the Throats of all that fell into their hands 'T is true for every Man they kill'd the Portuguez kill'd six of them but this Chastisement was nothing comparable to what the Portuguez used to make the Indians suffer for such kind of Revolts These People were call'd by the Spaniards who saw them first the Hairy Indians because throughout this Province the Men as well as the Women wear their Hair quite down to their Knees Their Weapons are Darts their Houses are Huts made very neatly and curiously with the Branches of Palm-Trees Their Food is like that of all the other Indians upon the Amazone They are always in War with their Neighbours at the Head of this Province of the long-hair'd Savages on the South-side on the other side of the River of Amazons they have for their Neighbours the Avixiras the Yurusnies the Zaparas and the Yquitos who are on one side enclosed by the River Curaray and on the other by the Amazone into which the former empties it self 4 Leagues below the Province of the long-hair'd Indians at near two degrees Latitude Eighty Leagues below Curaray on the same South-side the famous River Tumburagua which as I said before descends from the Province of the Maynas by the Name of Maragnon enters into the Amazone and is so impetuous and violent that it preserves its Waters entirely together while it runs with its ordinary Swiftness several Leagues forward into the Amazone without mixing with it which makes it extend above a League in Breadth at its Mouth at length it acknowledges the Superiority of the Amazone and pays it not only the ordinary Tribute which the other Rivers render it but another more considerable Advantage besides of many sorts of Fish that are not found in the River of Amazons till you come to the Mouth of this River CHAP. LI. The Province of the Aguas their Manners and Customs SIxty Leagues below the River Tumburagua begins the Province of the Aguas which is the most fertile and spacious of all the Provinces we found along this great River of Amazons the Spaniards vulgarly call it Omaguas by a corruption of its proper Name and to make it answer to the Situation of their Dwellings because the Word Aguas in their Language signifies without or abroad This Province is above 200 Leagues in length and is so well peopled that the Villages are situate very close one to another so that almost as soon as you are past one you discover another The Breadth of this Country in all appearance is but of small extent it being no greater than that of our River for the Habitations of these People are in all the

its Arms to receive it this proud River disdains to be so embrac'd as to lose it self in the other's Waters and therefore keeps separated from it and fills up half the Bed of the Amazone it self for above the length of twelve Leagues so that the Waters of the one may be easily distinguished from the other by those that sail in this Channel The Portuguez had some Reason to call this the Black River because at its Mouth and many Leagues above its Depth together with the Clearness of those Waters which are pour'd into its Channel from several great Lakes make it appear black as if it were dyed tho when it is put in a Glass it looks as clear as Crystal It takes its Course from West to East at its beginning but has such great Windings that in a very little space it changes its Course to different Points but the Course it runs for several Leagues before it empties it self into the Amazone is again from West to East The Indians that live upon the Banks of it call it Curiguarura but the Toupinambous of whom we shall speak presently give it the name of Vrama which signifies Black Water in their Language They also give another name to the Amazone which it retains in those Parts namely Pajanaquris which is as much as to say the Great River to distinguish it from another which tho it be a great River however is much less than this and named Pajanamira which enters into the Amazone on the South-side a League below the Black River We were assur'd that this River was inhabited by a great number of People of different Nations the last of which wear Clothes and Hats like ours which sufficiently convinc'd us that th●se People were not remote from our Cities in Peru. Those that dwell on the Banks of the Black River possess a great deal of Ground they are call'd Canicuaris and Curupatabas and the last Nation is that of the Quaravaquazanas that dwell upon one Arm of the Black River and 't is by this Arm as we were sufficiently inform'd that one may pass into the Riogrande the Mouth of which goes into the Sea at the North-Cape near which River the Dutch have established themselves All these Nations make use of Bows and Arrows the most of which they poison with the Juice of Herbs All the Lands upon this Black River are situate very high the Soil is very good and if manur'd would yield plenty of all sorts of Fruit even such as we have in Europe in some places that lie well to produce ' em There are a great many fine and pleasant Fields all cover'd with excellent Pasturage sufficient to nourish an innumerable stock of all sorts of Cattle There are likewise abundance of good Trees the Timber of which is very good for all sorts of Carpenters Work whether for Land or Water And besides this great plenty of Wood the Country yields very good Stones and that in vast Quantities fit for the noblest Buildings The Borders of it are stor'd with all sorts of Game Indeed it has but a few Fish in comparison with the River of Amazons the reason of which is from the exceeding Clearness of the Water But to make amends for this Defect the Lakes which are in the Country and pour their Waters into this River yield the Inhabitants more Fish than they need This River has at the Mouth of it the best Situation in the World for the making of a Fort and plenty of Stones to build it which would be very proper to hinder our Enemies from coming by this River to enter into the great Channel of the Amazone not that I think this to be the best place of all for a Fortification for such a purpose but rather several Leagues above this Mouth in an Arm that goes to cast it self into the River call'd Riogrande whose Mouth as I have already said is in the North Sea there we might place all our Forces with the greatest Certainty of entirely stopping the Passage of our Enemies into this new World which they so passionately desire to discover and which they will some time or other attempt if they are not prevented by securing this Passage I dare not affirm that this River call'd the Riogrande into which the Arm of the Black River enters is the Smooth River or the Philippe for both enter into the Sea toward the North Cape but by all the Observations I have made I am very inclinable to believe that it is the River Philippe because 't is the first considerable River that enters into the Sea beyond the Cape But this I know for certain that the Riogrande is not the River Orenoque because the principal Mouth of it into the Sea is over against the Island of La Trinidada which is above a hundred Leagues below the Place where the Philippe empties it self into the Sea It was by this River that the Tyrant Lopez Daguirre pass'd into the North Sea and seeing he made this Voyage very well some body else may as well succeed in the same Attempt and follow the Course which another has steer'd before him CHAP. LXVI A Mutiny happens in the Portuguez Fleet when they see themselves so near home without having got any Treasure they take up a Resolution to go and pillage the People upon the Black River and to get Slaves but are prevented by Father D' Acugna OUR Fleet lay still at Anchor in the Mouth of the Black River on the 12th day of October in the Year 1639 when the Portuguez Souldiers calling to mind that they were now almost as good as at home and had got nothing these two Years since they went out began to look upon the end of their Voyage as the greatest Misfortune that could befal them and to tell one another that since they had reap'd no other Advantage by all the Labour and Hardship they had pass'd through but the loss of two long Years and the Increase of their Miseries they ought to consider what they had to do while opportunity offer'd it self and that it would be a ridiculous thing to expect of his Catholick Majesty the Reward of those Services they had render'd him in the Discovery of so many Countries seeing a great many others before them who had been prodigal of their Blood and hazarded their Lives for the Advancement of the Grandeur of Spain had for all that died upon a Dunghil not knowing to whom to apply themselves for the Relief of their Necessities These seditious Words being received with Applause by the greatest part of the Portuguez they immediately resolv'd to speak their Minds to their General and to engage him one way or other to fall in with their Designs No sooner had they taken up this Resolution but they addressed themselves to him telling him it was needless for them to represent to him the miserable Condition they were in since he knew it as well as themselves that they had now been for two Years

roving up and down upon these Rivers where they were every day in danger of perishing either by Hunger or excessive Labour or by the Arrows of the Savages and therefore begg'd him to compassionate their Necessity and not to take it amiss that they sought some Relief that they were sure that only along the Black River they could get as many of those Slaves which the Indians had taken in War as would turn to a considerable account to them and tho they should bring nothing home from their Voyage but these Slaves they hop'd they should not be ill receiv'd by their Friends at Para but that if they should return home empty-handed and should bring no Slaves with them after they had pass'd through so many populous Provinces the Inhabitants of which durst come to their very Doors to make Slaves of them they should be reckon'd the most cowardly and infamous Wretches in the World The General considering he was but one against a great many and perceiving a Mutiny was already form'd in the Minds of the Souldiers thought it not his best way to irritate them any more but gave 'em permission to put this Enterprize in execution seeing the Wind favour'd their Entrance into the Black River and seem'd to invite 'em to this Project The Portuguez were transported with Joy that they had obtain'd this Leave and there was not one amongst 'em but promis'd himself at least 300 Slaves for his share This Resolution gave me no small Uneasiness for I did not well know what were the General 's true Sentiments of this Attempt but I soon found both that he had Courage and a great deal of Generosity and that he was a mortal Enemy of such Violences as the Souldiers were going to commit for my part by the Grace of God I thought my self strong enough not to need fear any thing and therefore made a firm Resolution with my self rather to die a thousand times if it were possible than consent to any thing that would be against the Glory of God or against the Service of his Catholick Majesty At the same time I went to celebrate the holy Mass and after I had done I retir'd with my Comrade that we might consult together by what means to hinder so barbarous and diabolical Resolution and we agreed to make an open Protestation against their Rashness and Disobedience CHAP. LXVII The Order given to the Fleet to set sail which was done without noise And of the River of Wood or Cayary and the divers Nations that inhabit its Banks from whence there is a short cut to the Mountain Potosi I Communicated our Resolution to the General who was very glad to find me of his Mind but confess'd nothing could be more bold than my Protestation However he gave signal Proof of the greatness of his Courage on this occasion for he caus'd the Paper containing my Protestation to be publish'd through the Fleet at the same time commanding the Sea-men to furl the Sails and to put all things in readiness to pass out of the Black River the next day and to return into the Amazone to finish our Voyage This Order was put in execution for we went back the day following and continuing our Course 40 Leagues lower on the South-side we found the great River of Wood which is a Name the Portuguez gave it when they came from Para because of the vast quantity of pieces of Timber this River carried down with it But the proper Name of it among the Indians that dwell near it is Cayari it comes as I have said from the South-side and as we were told is form'd of two great Rivers which meet together some Leagues above the Mouth of it And in all probability seeing it was by this River that the Toupinambous came down into this Country one may venture to affirm that there is no shorter and surer way to come at the Province of Potosi than by the way of this River There are many Nations inhabiting the shores of it the first on the side of the Mouth of it are the Zurinas and the Cayanas and above them are the Vrarchaus the Anamaris the Guarinumas the Curanaris the Pepunacas and the Abacaris From the Mouth of this River as you go down the Amazone you meet with the Zapucayas and the Wbaringas who are excellent Workmen in Wood below them are the Guaranaquacos the Maraguas the Guimajis the Burais the Punovis the Orequaras the Aperas and other Nations of whose Names I can give no certain account CHAP. LXVIII Of the Island of the Toupinambous who came out of Brazil when it was conquer'd by the Portuguez and made themselves Masters of this Island TWenty eight Leagues below the River Cayari as we continued our Course on the Amazone on the South-side we arriv'd at a great Island 60 Leagues in breadth and consequently above 200 Leagues in compass This whole Island is peopled with the valiant Toupinambous who when Brazil was conquer'd voluntarily exil'd themselves from their Country choosing rather to quit all the Province of Fernambuco than to lose their Liberty and to submit themselves to the severe Government of the Portuguez They left above 84 great Villages where they had planted themselves and came away so universally that there was not one living Soul left in all their Houses They took their way on the left-hand of those great Mountains call'd Cordeliers which begin at the Strait of Magellan and cross through all Southern America from North to South They pass'd all the Rivulets and Rivers that descend from those Mountains to discharge themselves into the Ocean Some of 'em came as far as Peru and dwelt with the Spaniards towards the Source of the River Cayari they continued with 'em some time but a Spaniard having caus'd one of 'em to be whipp'd for killing a Cow they could not put up this Injury but resolv'd all to be gone and making use of the Advantage of the River they all embark'd in their Canoos and went down it as far as this great Island where they now dwell They speak the general Language of Brazil which extends through all the Country that the Portuguez have conquer'd as far as Maragnon and Para They told us that when their Fathers left Brazil not knowing how to get Sustenance all together in the Desarts through which they were to pass they were constrain'd during a March of above 900 Leagues to separate by reason of their multitude so that some went one way and some another and by this means all the Mountains of Peru call'd the Cordeliers are peopled with the Toupinambous This is a very brave and valiant Nation of Indians as they made themselves appear to be to the People whom they found in this Island where they are at present estastlish'd For in all appearance these Toupinambous were very few in comparison of the Inhabitants of this Island when they arriv'd there yet 't is certain they so often beat and so entirely subdued all

have seen they are an honest affable pleasant People and are very attentive and ready to receive what is said to ' em T is true they not long since exterminated a small Nation and eat several of them but I attribute this Barbarity to the ill Custom of the Country rather than to the Disposition of the People and this seems the more probable because being inform'd Two or Three Days after our arrival that there was half a Day 's Journey from us some of the Flesh of a Magapa the Name of a People that are their Enemies whom they had newly kill'd with another while they were watching their opportunity to surprize one or other of the Acoquas alone and besides one of the People of the Cottage having set before us the Jaw of a young Man we told 'em This was not well done and that God forbids us to kill an Enemy when we take him Prisoner and to eat him afterwards At this they look'd down very much without giving one Word of a Reply Another time the Master of one of the Cottages having heard that the Galibis to hinder us from undertaking this Voyage had threaten'd us that we should be roasted by the Acoquas was fill'd with great Indignation at it and could not be pacified till I told him I took those Galibis for Lyars and Fools Having moreover told 'em I had been made Prisoner of War by the English and restor'd to the French without receiving any harm and that God would not allow us to kill those we took in War they seem'd pretty well to approve of this Law And tho' this barbarous Custom is a Point so much establish'd and receiv'd in all Times among the Acoquas and among the Nouragues too yet it seems by what I have been relating to be no difficult Matter to restrain 'em from this Savage Practice of killing and eating their Enemies Polygamy is a Second Obstacle which we found against the Christian Religion among these Two Nations of the Nouragues and Acoquas for where there 's one Man to be found that has but one Wife there are six who have each of 'em two or three The Hope that may be conceiv'd for the eradicating of this Vice is not concerning Persons that are already pre-ingag'd in this evil Custom but only those that have yet but one Wife and young Men that are not yet married who might be perswaded to be content with one Wife I confess there 's no hope of working upon the others The Way of Living among the People of these Two Nations is very agreeable and has something more courteous in it than that of the Galibis For Instance Among the Galibis those that are married dine every one apart and those that are unmarried eat all together and all the Women Maids and little Children go to another side of the Hut to eat The Nouragues and Acoquas do quite otherwise for the Husband eats with his Wife or Wives and Children with admirable Agreement and Union They don't drink 19 much but are great eaters and are always Fishing or Hunting in which they spare no Pains to get their Living They are all Lyars as well as all other Indians that we know And when they perceive their Lyes are discover'd they retire seeming to be a little asham'd but will not fail to frame a Lye again on the next Occasion The Nouragues endeavour'd to fright us with a great many Stories of their own Invention to make us alter our Resolution of going to the Acoquas that we might spend all our Stock of Goods with them sometimes telling us they had seen the Track of some strange wild Beast sometimes that the Caranes their Enemies were running up and down their Woods and that they had observ'd the Steps of Three of that Nation not far from their Hut But when they saw they could not terrifie us they did what we would have ' em This Vice induces 'em to promise much and to perform but little which also is occasion'd by the little Judgment they have to esteem any thing according to the Value and Importance of it for this makes 'em not matter what Injury they do any one in breaking their Word nor how much they dishonour themselves in so doing To have a thorough Conception how common this is in these Two Nations which is also rife among all the Indian Nations we are acquainted with one must compare 'em to little Children who esteem what they see only by Fancy They are also subject to Steal so that some times they must be narrowly watch'd or else they will be pilfering one thing or other The Nouragues make about Six or Seven Hundred Persons the Mercious who dwell on the West-side of 'em are equal to 'em in Number the Acoquas are South of 'em and conceal'd from us the Strength of their Nation however I suppose it may be three or four times stronger than that of the Nouragues for having ask'd an old Woman how many Cottages there were on one side to which we pointed she told us there were Ten then pointing toward the Quarter where their Chief dwelt she took a 20 Handful of her Hair to signifie to us the great Number of Cottages there were on that side Between the Acoquas and the Mercious they told us there was the Nation of the Pirios which the Acoquas say are equal to themselves in Strength On the East and South-East-side are the Pirionaus and on the East the Pirios and Magapas and in the midst of all these Nations the Morous who are very barbarous These Nations all speak one and the same Language and are understood by the Caranes who are the Enemies of the Nouragues They also say the Maranes who are a very great People understand the same Tongue On the South South-West of the Acoquas are the Aramisas whose Language borders on that of the Galibis having a great many of the same Words in it tho' they are unacquainted with that Nation The Acoquas say these Aramisas are a very great Nation If there be a Lake of Parima these People can't be Forty Leagues distant from it on the North-side We could get no Account of this Lake There was not one Indian who when we enquir'd of them whether they did not know of a vast Place of Water like the Sea the Sand of which is Caracoli for so they call Gold Silver and Copper could give me the least Intelligence of it These 21 Aramisas are in the same Longitude wherein the Maps place the Eastern Part of the Lake of Parima After we had been with the Acoquas Twelve or Thirteen Days the Air grew unwholsome by an excessive Heat at a time when there was very little Wind which seldom fails to blow in those Countries and indeed 't is that that renders 'em habitable Father Bechamel was taken with a Tertian Ague and the strongest of our Servants also fell very sick We therefore press'd our Guides to return since they were