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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
earth_n	great_a	part_n	water_n	5,914	5	6.2806	4	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A80180	The lighting colomne or sea-mirrour containing the sea-coasts of the northern, eastern and western navigation: setting forth in divers necessarie sea-cards all the ports, rivers, bayes, roads, depths and sands ... With the discoveries of the chief countries, and on what cours and distance they lay one from another ... As also the situation of the northernly countries, as islands, the strate Davids, the isle of Ian-Mayen, Bear-Island, Old-Greenland, Spitsbergen and Nova Zembla ... Gathered out of the experience and practice of divers pilots and lovers of the famous art of navigation. By Jan van Loon. Whereunto is added a brief instruction of the art of navigation, together vvith nevv tables of the suns declination, also an almanack extending untill the yeare 1661.	Colom, Jacob Aertsz, 1599-1673.	1654 (1654)	Wing C5401A; ESTC R230954	549,120	428

THE Lighting Colomne OR SEA-MIRROUR Containing The Sea-Coasts of the Northern Eastern and Western Navigation setting forth in divers necessarie Sea-Cards all the Ports Rivers Bayes Roads Depths and Sands very curiously placed on its due Polus-heighth furnished with the discoveries of the chief Countries and on what cours and distance they lay one from another Never heretofore so clearly laid open and here and there very diligently bettered and augmented for the use of all Sea-men As also The Situation of the Northernly Countries as Island the Strate Davids the Isle of Ian-Mayen Bear-Island Old-Greenland Spitsbergen and Nova Zembla adorned with many Sea-cards and Discoveries Gathered out of the experience and practice of divers Pilots and Lovers of the famous Art of Navigation By JAN VAN LOON VVhereunto is added a brief Instruction of the Art of Navigation together vvith nevv Tables of the Suns Declination also an Almanack extending untill the yeare 1661. At AMSTERDAM Printed by JOHN JOHNSON Bookseller dwelling upon the Water in the Passe-card 1654. A SH RT Instruction in the Art of Navigation THe art of Navigation is a Science by which through certaine rules you may steere a Shipp over the Seas from one place to another and is not improperly devided into two parts to witt into ordinary and extraordinary Navigation The ordinary Navigation useth no other Instruments then the Compasse and sounding Plummet as principally consisting in experience and practice in knowledge of Lands and Corners how they are different in Points and distances and are knowne from the Sea in depths shoales qualityes of grounds the running and falling of Streames upon what point the Moone maketh high water in every severall place such like which in part are learned from the information of experienced Pilots but most out of our owne experience Extraordinary Navigation useth besides the foresayd ordinary practise divers other private Instruments and rules which must bee taken out of Astronomy and Cosmography It is therefore needfull that every Pilot who will use and practise th●s extraordinary Navigation must first of all bee well instructed in the principales of the same Arts that is that hee know and understand the proportions and devisions of the Spheare of the World the motions of the Heavens especially the eighth fourth and first together with the Fabrique of the Instruments without which knowledge its impossible to accomplish happily greate and never before sought out Voyages over the Vast Seas And seeing that such knowledge may bee attained out of good Instruction wee have here set downe in this Tractate for the benefit of young seamen who are desiruns to bee Pilots as cleare and plaine rules as the shortnesse hereof could suffer The first Point Of the Sphere and the divers motions thereof A Spheare properly is called a Ball wholly entire and round whose superficies and outside is ever● where alike distant from its center By that World Sphoera Mundi or Spheare of the World wee understand commonly the whole Ball of the Heavens with all that is therein contained and it is devided into two parts Elementary Coelestiall the Elementary part hath againe 4 parts the first is the earth which with the water as the second maketh a compleate Ball upon which wee dwell The third is the Aire encompassing the earth and the fourth is the fire which according to the opinion of Philosophers containeth the space which is betweene the Aire and the Spheare of the Moone From these Elements which are the beginning of all things which are alwayes subject to changes together with the Warmth of the Heavens arise and perish by a continuall change and alteration of the one into the other all things which wee see and find upon Earth The Celestiall part containing within in its Hollownesse the Elementaryes is pure shining Seperate and voyd of all changes is devided into 8 Speares or round Hollow Balles which are called Heavens whereof the greatest alwayes containeth one the other in manner of a Ball the seaven lowest have but every one one Starre or Plannet whereof the first next the Earth is the Heaven of the Moone the second of Mercury the third of Venus the fourth of the Sonne the fifth of Mars the sixth of Iupiter the seaventh of Saturne and the eigth of all the fixed starrs The number of these Heavens are knowne by their Courses which wee see in them round about the Poles of the Zodiaque The Moone runneth through her Heaven by her own naturall course from West to East in 27 dayes 8 howres Mercury Venus and the Sunne theirs in a yeare Mars his in two yeares Iupiter his in 12 and Saturne in 30 yeares The eighth heaven perfects its owne course according to the affirmation of Tycho Brahe in 25400 yeares These Heavens are turned about all alike in four and twenty houwres on the Poles about the Axes of the World by the ninth Heaven which is called the Primum Mobile that is the first mover by which Motion in our sight is caused Day and Night and the daily rising and falling of the heavenly lights The Second Point Of the Roundnesse of the Earth THat the Earth with the Water together maketh a round Globe appeareth not onely out of experience very clearely but also out part of the Shaddow of Earth in the Eclips of the Moone In whatsoever part of the Heaven the moon is Eclipsed or touched by the Shaddow of the earth that Shaddow seemeth alwayes round If the earth were foure square three corned or of any other forme then the Shaddow of the moone should bee also foure square three cornerd or some other forme For of what proportion any body is such also must bee the Shaddow thereof And seeing therefore that the Shaddow of the earth is alwayes and on al sides round the earth itselfe must alsoo bee necessarilly round That the Heaven is round wee marke from the eye but is most clearely perceived from the Circular motions of the heavenly lights as of the Sonne Moone and Starres The Third Point that the Earth is in the middle of the World THat the earth standeth in the middle of the World may clearely bee understood by what is hereafter spoken for if soo bee that the Globe of the earth stood not in the middle of the World but that the heaven was nearer it on one side it would come to passe that the stars in their daily courses should bee nearer on one side of the earth then on the other and by that meanes should appeare to our sight to bee greater on one side of the earth then on the other likewise if that part of the heaven next to the earth were a boveus we should then see lesse then halfe of the heaven according to instruction of the first Figure and on the contrary when that part of the heaven farthest from us were above us wee should then see more then halfe of the Heaven according to the Instruction of the second Figure But standing upon the flatt side

The waiters south that is when the clearest of them standeth right under the northstarre as in this fourth figure The northermost hinder Wheele in the north that is when the same standeth right above the northstarre according to explication in the first figure The northermost hinder Wheele of the Wagon east is when as the same standeth eastwards and high above the Horizon towards the northstarre as in this second figure The same hinder wheele of the Wagon in the south is when it stands right over the Northstarre even as in the third figure And in the West when it standeth Westwards and high towards the Northstarre above the Horison as is seene in the fourth figure The use of the aforesaid Tables You must stay till you have the clearest of the waiters or the northermost hinder wheele of the greate Wagon upon any of the foresayd Points then you take the height of the North starre above the Horison The height beeing found with the quessing together You may then something nearely know the height of the Pole Then you can sufficiently find out of the foresaid Tables how much the Northstarre is higher or lower then the Pole Is it higher then you must substract from but is it not lower you must adde that to the measured height and soo come to find the right height of the Pole These foresaid Tables are reckoned all from 10 degrees to 10 and when you are betweene such heights soo shall you comming upon other heights take notice how many degrees you are either above or under these reckoned Poles And therewithall how greate the difference is between such two seeing wee find that have observed it you take from the difference according to the reason of the height where you are lesse or more from the foresaid numbers adding that too or substracting from even as the cause requireth The first Example In the height of 46 I desire to know how much the North starre standeth lower then the waiters stand in the east observing How great the difference is betweene the height of 40 and 50 degrees I find 5 minutes increasing I say therefore 10 degrees difference in height giveth 5 minutes what amounteth 6 degrees to facit 2 minutes that beeing added by the 1 degree 39 minutes which I find on the Table over against 40 degrees because the difference is increasing from 40 towards 50 degrees and so I finde it 1 degree 42 minutes The second Example In the height of 48 degrees I desire to know how farre the North Starre standeth too high when the most northerly hinder wheele of the Wagon standeth East the difference in the Table betweene 40 and and 50 degrees height is 14 minutes lessening I say therefore if 10 degrees differ in height 14 minutes what shall 8 degrees doe facit full 11 minutes these beeing substracted from 38 minutes standing right against 40 degrees height now because that the difference of 40 to 50 degrees lesseneth I find 27 minutes which the North-starre standeth too high upon the aforesayd 48 degrees The 32. Point Concerning the elevation of the heavenly Lights through the Damps T Is knowne by experience that Sonne Moone and all the Starres approaching the Horison seeme also to bee more and more high then in truth they are the cause whereof wee suppose to bee the damps which continually through the warmth of the waters and the earthly moistures rise from the earth which how nearer they are to the Horison are soo much the thicker and thereby the lights soo much the more seeme to bee higher The nearer you come to the Pole so much the more damps and thereby the elevation of the heavenly lights above their places are the greater The famous Astronomer Tycho Brahe hath by correct observation found it in his Clime in the latitude of 55 degrees 56 minutes even as these following tables teach you The Table of the Sunnes Elevation The Sun high 0 degrees appeareth 34 minutes higher then it is really 1 degrees 26 minutes 2 degrees 20 minutes 4 degrees 15 minutes 7 degrees 13 minutes 10 degrees 10 minutes 16 degrees 7 minutes 23 degrees 3 minutes 32 degrees 1 minutes The Table of the Starres Elevation The stars high 0 degrees appeare 30 minutes higher then they are indeed 1 degrees 22 minutes 2 degrees 15 minutes 4 degrees 11 minutes 7 degrees 8 minutes 11 degrees 5 minutes 15 degrees 3 minutes The use of the foresaid Tables of the Elevation IF you measure the Sonnes height above the Horison lesse then 32 degrees you must substract soo much as the Table teacheth you on the number of the height you have found If you measure the distance of the Sonne from the Zenith more then 58. on the contrary you shall adde as much too as the Table besides the suppliment to 90 from the measured distance from the Zenith teacheth But the Sunne being more then 40 degrees above the Horison and 50 degrees from the Zenith these exaltations and elevations come to nothing The first Example I measure the height of the Sonne above the Horizon 4 degrees the Table of Elevations of the Sonne pointeth mee the Sonne to appeare 15 minutes higher then in truth it is draw then those 15 minutes off from my measured height I doe keepe for the true height of the Sunne 3 degree 45 minutes The Second Example I measure the distance of the Sunne from the Zenith 74 degrees the suppliment thereof to 90 is 16 degrees thereby in the Table of the Sonne I find 7 minutes which I adde to the distance I measured and soo I find for the right distance 74 degrees 7 minutes Even as it is sayd of the Sonne according to the Table of the Sonne soo must you also doe with the Starres according to the Table of Starres The first Example I measure in the North upon the lownesse of the middlemost Horse on the greate Wagon 7 degrees above the Horison besides that I find in the Table of Starres 8 minutes which beeing substracted from the measured height I detaine for the true height 6 degrees 52 minutes The Second Example I measure the distance from the Zenith of the Constellation which wee call the greate Dogg 86 degr the supplement thereof to 90 is 4 even besides that I find in the Table 11 minutes which beeing joyned by the distance you found I find it 86 degrees 11 minutes The 33. Point Of the CARD IT is knowne to every man especially to those that derstand the grounds of Cosmographie that the earth with the waters make one compleate round body therefore it cannot be that you should set forth the same perfectly in a plane or Carde either in the hole or in part but there will bee some want for it is unpossible to make a plaine agree with a round forme in all the parts thereof So that your common cardes many times fayle in truth especiall those that comprehend great and long voyages by sea and far from the Equinoctiall

of the Globe wee see the Starres as well on the one side as on the other in whatsoever part of the Heaven that it is alwayes of one greatenesse and it is found by experience that wee alwayes see the one half of the Heaven and the other halfe is hidden from our eyes from thence it appeares plainly according to the expression in the third Figure That the earth stands in the middle of the World From thence is likewise to bee marked that the Globe of the earth is no more to bee likened by the Heavens then a point without thicknesse for if the earth had any thicknesse in respect of Heaven wee should standing upon the earth by that reason not see halfe of the Heaven according to Demonstration of the 4 Figure The fourth Point Of the greatnesse of the Earth ALthough the Globe of the Earth as is sayd in respect of the extraordinary widenesse of the Heaven is no more then a point neverthelesse in respect of its selfe it is a greate body having in its Compasse 5400 dutch Miles And that is knowne by this meanes If you devide the whole Circkle of the Compasse of the earth into 360 parts or degrees and wee find as well by Navigation as by measuring of Land that such a Degree or part containeth fifteene such Dutch Miles 360 such part beeing multiplyed by fifteene make out 5400 Duth miles The fifth Point Of the Axis and Poles or Axepoints of the World IN the Globe of the World is imagined to bee a Line going from one Point on the side of the Spheare as a Diameter through the Center to another Point right against it on the other side That Line is called the Axis and the outermost-ends thereof or the foresayd Points the Poles or Axepoints of the World the one towards the North and is called the Northerne Pole and the other towards the South called the Southerne Pole Upon whichs Poles it is imagined that the Spheare is upon its Axeltree daily turned The Demonstrastion THE Line A.G.B. in this Figure going from the Point A through the Center G as a Diameter to the Point B right against it sheweth the Axel of the World and the Points A and B the Poles A to the North the Northerne and B to the South the Southerne Poles The Sixth Point Of the Aequinoctiall Line IN the middest of the Heavens every where equally distant from both the Poles is imagined a greate Circle dividing the whole Spheare into two equall parts which is called the Aequinoctial because when the Sonne commeth to or under that Cirkle which commeth to passe the 21 of March and the 23 of September the day and night are in all places of the Earth of an equall length The knowledge of this Cirkle is proffitable above all things in Navigation to know thereby how farr wee goe either to the Northwards or Southwards upon Earth thereby also is reckoned the time and hower of the day the Declination of the Sonn and Starrs and more other proffitable things Demonstration IN the foregoing Figure A and B the Poles of the World C D E F is the Equinoctiall Line in the middest of the Heaven equally distant from both the Poles A and B dividing the whole Spheare A C B E into two equall parts as C A E the Northerne and C B E the Southerne part from hence is to bee noted Seeing that the whole Compasse of the Heavens is divided into 360 degrees that the Poles stand from one another 180 degrees and betweene the Poles and the Aequinoctiall remaineth every where on both sides 90 degrees This Line is marked in the Sea-cards with a red Line from east to west through the beginning of the degrees according as they are reckoned as well towards the North as to the South The Seventh Point Of the Ecliptique Line THE Ecliptique Line lyeth awry over the Equinoctiall deviding it in two points right over against one another in two equall parts and is also devided by it in two equall parts the one lyeth betweene the Equinoctiall and the North Pole the other betweene the Equinoctiall and the South Pole It s greatest Declination on both sides of the Equinoctaill towards both the Poles is 23 degree 31½ minutes and is devided into twelve equall parts and to each of them a severall signe applyed The Sonne goeth alongst this Circkle without ever going out of it and runneth through it with its owne naturall course every yeare once and even as the Poles of the World stand every where alike distant from the Equinoctiall even soo hath the Ecliptique alsoo its two Poles every were alike distant from the same Demonstration IN this Figure as before is sayd A B are the Poles of the World C D E F the Equinoctiall G D H F the Ecliptique Line cutting and dividing the Equinoctiall and its selfe alsoo into two equall parts in the points D and F which wee call the Equinoctiall the one at D the Spring Equinoctiall the other at F the Autumne Equinoctiall The one halfe D H F the northern part lyeth betweene the Equinoctiall D E F and A the North Pole at most declined towards F H 23 degrees and 31 2 minutes The other halfe F G D the Southern part lyeth betweene the Equinoctiall F C D and the South Pole B likewise at most declined as C G 23 degrees 31½ minutes The North part is devided into six signes which wee call the Northerly beginning at D with the Kimbug signes towards the North. Aries Taurus Gemini unto H. the point of the farthest declination From thence with the descending signes of the North Cancer Leo Virgo to the Equinoctiall Line in F. the Autumne Equinoctiall the southern part is also divided into six signes which wee call the Southerly beginning at F with the discending signes towards the South Libra Virgo Saggitarius untill G the Point of the sartkest Declination towards the South from thence further with klimbing signes towards the North Capricornus Aquarius Pisces as farr as till you come to the Equinoctiall line in the Spring Equinoctiall D. The Sunne runneth through the three first Northerly signes from the 21 of March new style to the 21 of June New styl the other from the 21 of Iune to the 23 of September The first 3 Southerly signes from the 23 of September to the 23 of December and the other from the 23 December till the 21 of March againe The Poles of the Ecliptique are M and N both of them standing every where alike distant from the Ecliptique G H and soo farre from the Poles of the World A and B as the Ecliptique is farthest declining from the Equinoctiall at H E and C G. The eighth Point Of the Coluri THe Coluri are two Circkles going Croswayes through both the Poles of the World dividing each other into two parts in the Poles and together with them the whole Globe Equinoctiall Zodiack or Ecliptique and all the Paralels in 4 equall parts the

houres 8 degrees which make 36 minutes it is then 13 houres 36 minutes from the noone tijde that is 1 houre 36 minut after midnight How to finde the ascension on any day in the yeere of the Sunne and the Stars we have here adjoyneth 2 tables the one of the Sunne showing from 5 dayes to 5 dayes the Sunnes ascension out of which you may easily finde the same in other dayes The other for thirtie of the primest fixed Starres both of them onely by degrees that being sufficient for this businesse The 18 Point A Table of the right ascensum of the Sunne The first number in the table shewed the day of the moneth the second of degrees of the ascension of the Sunne on that day Ianu. Febr. Mart. April May. Iuni. da. deg da. deg da. deg da. deg da. deg da. deg 5 287 5 319 5 346 5 14 5 42 5 73 10 292 10 324 10 351 10 19 10 47 10 78 15 297 15 329 15 355 15 24 15 52 15 83 20 303 20 334 20 360 20 28 20 57 20 88 25 308 25 339 25 4 25 33 15 62 25 94 31 314 28 342 31 10 30 38 31 68 31 99 Iulius Augu. Septe Octo. Nove. Dece da. deg da. deg da. deg da. deg da. deg da. eg 5 104 5 135 5 164 5 191 5 220 5 251 10 109 10 140 10 168 10 195 10 225 10 257 15 114 15 145 15 173 15 200 15 231 15 263 20 119 20 149 20 177 20 205 20 236 20 268 25 124 25 154 25 182 25 210 25 241 25 274 31 130 31 159 30 187 31 215 30 246 31 281 A Table of the right ascension of the primest Starres THe Girdle of Andromeda 12 degrees The clearest in the head of the Ram. 27 degrees Menkar the brtghtest in the mouth of the Whale 41 degr Aldebaran the south eye of the Bull. 64 degrees Capella in the left shoulder of Erichtonius 72 degrees Regel the left foot of Orion 74 degrees The Star in the left shoulder of Orion 84 degrees Syrius the great Dogge 97 degrees The North head of Gemini 180 degrees The South head of Gemini 111 degrees Procyon the little Dogge 110 degrees The brightest in the watersnake CorHydrae 137 degrees Regulns the Heart of the Lyon 147 degrees The tayle of the Lyon 172 degrees Vendemiatrix the right wing of Virgo 191 degrees Spica Virginis the eare of corne 196 degrees Arcturus the brightest in Bootes 210 degrees Arcturus the brightest in Bootes 218 degrees The South Waight 210 degrees The north Waight 224 degrees The brightest in the North Crowne 230 degrees Antares the Hart of the Scorpion 242 degrees The Head of Hercules 254 degrees The Head of Serpentarius 259 degrees The tayle of the Eagle 282 degrees Vultur the clearest in the Eagle 293 degrees The Star in the mouth of the horse Pegasus 521 degrees Formohant the brightest in the end of Aquarius 339 degr Marcab the sack or foot of Pegasus 342 degrees The uttermost in the wing of Pegasus 358 degrees The most Northerly in the Whales tayle 360 degrees The 19 Point Of the Horizon or the Circle that boundeth the sight WHere the heavens the earth or the waters seeme in our sight to meete together that is called the Horizon or the Circle bounding the sight because our sight endeth there can go no further by our Netherland Sea-farers it is also called the Kimmen This circle devideth the heavens just in two evē parts so that just the one halfe is seene by us here above and the other halfe can not be seene by us because it is hidden underneath us which happeneth in this manner The earth as in the first chapter is shewed standeth as a center in the middle of the heavens the which by reason of the unmeasurable quantitie or largenes thereof is so farre separated from the earth that the whole thicknesse of the Earth in respect of the heavens is no more then a poynt or prick or at least so little that it cannot be perceived by our sight and that which by our sight along upon the Earth or the Water we can comprehend which can not reach further then about three Dutch miles that is 10 English myles seemeth in our eyes by reason of the space so little to be no other then an halfe Globe falling perpendicular upon a plaine so that our sight falleth in the heaven as if we stood in the middle poynt of the world and saw-right compasse wise whereby it falleth out that just the halfe of the Heaven is seene by us and the other halfe is not seene by us in like manner as if a man should lay a line over the center of a Circle then the one halfe of the Circle is above and the other halfe is just under All the heavenly light as the Sunne Moone and Starres by the turning of the heavens comming above the Horizon are seene by us and going downe under it goe out of our sight The Zenith is the poynt of the heavens directly over our head and is on all sides equally distant from the Horizon it is also called the Pole of the Horizon An Explication The Horizon is too bee considered in The eye being eleva●ed above the water The visible Horizon is lower then ●he trues foote minutes 2 1 4 2 8 3 14 4 20 5 27 6 37 7 39 8 53 9 66 10 82 11 100 12 140 13 163 14 186 15 a two-fold manner according to the true and the visible the true goeth every way right waterpasse from our sight that is passeth through the Center of the Sphere as is sayd deviding it into equall parts is every way from the Zenith 90 degrees the just fourth parts of a Circle The Visible is the uttermost part of the Earth or Water that our eye can reach or see when our eye is just on the flatt or surface of the even Water then the true and Visible Horizon are one and the same but our eye lifted up above the surface of the Water the sight falleth over the Globe of the earth every where lower then water-passe and thence it followeth that the visible Horizon is lower than the true although this be not much materiall in the Art of Navigation for as much as it is recompenced by the refraction of the visible Horizon We have added this table for those that desire to be exact where men may see how much the visible differs from the true that being changed or altered by feet Example THe sight being elevated above the surface of the waters 14 feet in the 1 Columne in the 2 Columne over against it you find 4 min. which the visible Horizon is lower then the true The sight being lifted 140 feetabout the Horizon the visible wil be 13 mi. lower then the true The 20 Point Of the Meridian or Middle Circle THe Meridian is a Circle in the Heavens which we must conceive to passe through both the Poles of

the Leape yeare upon the 20 of May I desire to know the Sonnes Declination I seeke in the Tables the Month of May in the second yeare and there under in the first Collumne of the figures the twentieth day I find in the second Collumne 20 4. That is 20 degrees and 4 minutes to bee the Sonnes Declination And seeing that it is betweene the 20 of March and the 23 of September that the Son is by northwards of the Line soo comes it to passe that the Declination is Northerly The second Example UPon the 12 of February in the Leape yeare I desire to know the Sonnes declination seeke therefore in the Table of Leape yeares toe Month of February and count in the first Collumne to the 12 day and you find there by it 13 degrees and 14 minutes for the Declination of the Sonne on that day seeing that it is betweene the 23 of September and 20 of March that the Sonne goeth by South the Line The Declination is then Southerly Now follow the Tables of the Sonnes Declination reckoned properly upon the length of the earth or Meridian of Englands Landt-End because that this length is used most by our Netherland seamen as well in running upon the Channell of the Sea as alongst the Coasts of France Portugal and Spaine NOTA. LOok how many degrees and minutes the Line is raised above the Horizon just so many degrees and minutes are there between the point right over your head called the Zenith and the Pole and thence it followeth that as many degrees and minutes as there bee betweene the Zenith and the line just as many are there from the Horizon to the Pole that is to say so many degrees is the Pole elevated therefore when we say we are in such a height wee understand that wee are so many degrees on the north or the southside of the line This rule and instruction is universal and common through out the whole World both ih the north and southside of the line An Admonition to the Reader IF a man would observe the height of the Sunne it is necessary that he know how many foot he stands above the water for the higher a man stand the farther hee is from the Horizon because that from the eye to the Horizon is 60 degrees if wee stand waterpas as they call it but if he stand higher then the water as is sayd it will bee more then 60 degrees to the Horizon And to mend this fault I have here placed a table thereby to know whether wee stand highe then the water or no and how many minutes difference it makes and also how much neerer the eye the Crosse standeth then adding the min. to that which the Crosse standeth below the Zenith so shall you mend the fault that is to say that you see the crosse so many minutes downward look on the table following Example In this height above the earth feet minutes 2 1 4 2 8 3 14 4 20 5 27 6 39 7 53 8 67 9 82 10 100 11 118 12 140 13 16● 14 180 15 LEt your eye bee above the water suppose 27 feet that the crosse may stand 45 degrees from the Zenith that is beginning to tell from that end where the eye is these 27 feet being sought in the first rancke or Columne of the Table and you shall find over against it 6 minutes so much is the Horizon below that which they call the waterpas or the surface of the water and so many feet must the crosse bee thrust downward so will it fall out 45 degrees 6 minutes where the Crosse ought to bee Of the vapours and exhalations which the Sunne Moon and Stars as they are nearer the Horizon do seem to draw up more as indeed and truth they are EXperience teacheth that the lights of heaven by how much they are nearer the Horizon by so much doe they seeme to bee higher then indeed they are and by reason of the fumes and damps which continually arise as they are nearer the Horizon so much are they more thick and rising by little and little they lessen and at the least are cleane vanished and as wee come nearer the Pole the vapoers do more and more increase and for that cause doe the lights seeme to bee higher than they are Yea it is found about the height of 83 degrees towards the north that the Sunne seemeth to bee 40 minutes higher than in truth it is this hath that famous Astronomer Ticho Brahe searched out and written in Denmarck as you may see in this table A Table of the rising of the Sunne   Degrees Minutes   When the Sunne is found to bee high 0 34 higher then indeed it is 1 26 2 20 3 15 4 13 7 it seemes 10 10 7 15 3 23 1 32   A Table of rising of the Starres   Degrees Minutes   When the stars are of the hight 0 30 higher ●han indeed they are 1 22 2 15 4 they seeme 11 7 8 11 5 15 3 The use of this table will we declare by an example and whatsoever is sayd of the rising of the Sunne the same may bee sayd of the Starres Example LEt the height of the Sunne be measured and found to bee 7 degrees above the Horizon and in the table of the Sunne above written there are 13 minutes which the Sunne seemeth to bee higher than it is therefore substract 13 minutes from the 7 degrees there will remaine 6 degrers 47 minutes for the true height of the Sunne But if we take the distance of the Sun from the Zenith according to this example it would bee found to bee 83 degrees and then the 13 min. added to the 83 degrees the product is 83 degr 13 min. for the true distance of the Sunne from the Zenith then if we take 83 degr 13 min. from 90 degrees there will remaine 6 degr 47 min. as before and soo will it bee in all the other The TABLE Of the Suns Declination after the new stile FOR THE LEAP-YEARE Ianuar. Februar March   April May. Iune da. de mi. da. de mi. da. de mi.   da. de mi. da. de mi. da. de mi. 1 23 5 1 17 8 1 7 13   1 4 55 1 15 22 1 22 13 2 23 0 2 16 51 2 6 50   2 5 18 2 15 40 2 22 21 3 22 54 3 16 33 3 6 27   3 5 41 3 15 57 3 22 28 4 22 48 4 16 16 4 6 4   4 6 4 4 16 14 4 22 35 5 22 41 5 15 57 5 5 41   5 6 27 5 16 31 5 22 42 6 22 34 6 15 39 6 5 17   6 6 50 6 16 48 6 22 48 7 22 27 7 15 20 7 4 54   7 7 12 7 17 5 7 22 54 8 22 19 8 15 1 8 4 30   8 7 34 8 17 21 8 22 59 9 22 10 9 14 42 9 4 7   9 7 57 9 17 37 9 23 4 10 22 2 10 14

land and joyned to America untill the north and north-east of Yce-land yet it is the opinion of some men as likewise of my self that it is joyned to Spits-bergen and that because of the rivers which come from the north foreby Spits-bergen which rivers ye can perceive when ye are on the highth of fourscore and three grades and because they ebbe towards the north it may be beleeved that there is a passage but as yet unknown To know the Land Ye can see the south-east coast of Green-land when ye are the matter of six or eight miles from it and when ye see it then ye are hard by the Yce Of the Tides and flowing of Streams The Streams or rivers come out of the north from Spits-bergen and floweth alongs Green-land They ebbe on fourscore and three grades towards the north and floweth towards the South Situation and Courses From the South-end of Hitland to the south-west-corner of Yce-land west northwest and a half stroke westlier 195 miles From the south-west-corner of Yce-land to the clift of Reykenesse north-ward 5 miles From the clift of Reykenesse to the haven of Hanifioert east south-east 12 miles From the south-west-corner of Yce-land to Staten-hoeck west south-west somewhat westly 186 miles The Heights The Cape of Old-Green-land or Staten-hoeck lieth on 60 grades The south-west-corner of Yce-land lieth on seventie four grades and 5 minutes The Mouth of the Strait of David lieth on 71 grades THE SECOND DEMONSTRATION which Containeth the description of IOHN MAYENS ISLAND IOhn Mayens Island lieth from Hitland north-ward according to the common Hollands Compas or as others say north northwest upon the half stroke yet it is better to sail somewhat westlier as to fall a little eastly because they must be on the west-side of the Neering for if they fall easterly then they must needs sail about the north of the same where they have too great calmnesse and sometimes whirlwindes that fall in a sudden from the mountain called the Beeren-berg or in English called the Bears-mountain In the Spring of the year on the east-side of this Island is not so much yce as on the north-side For the sea on the north side which is never above ten miles navigable is in the Spring commonly alwayes frozen The winde blowes there commonly out of the Southwest both harder and oftner as out of any other place In the South-bay a south-south-east and a north-north-west moone according to the common compas makes a full Sea The floud flowes there from the south towards the north and ebbes contrarily The first day of August at the north-end of the aforesaid Island did the Sun rise in the northeast with the one half of his bodie under and the other half above the Horizon and the last day of July was he wholy under On the North-end of this Island is a very high mountain commonly called the Bears-mountain The Bears-mountain the which if ye behold it from the north seemeth to be cloven but if ye behold it from the east or west-side it seemeth round falling as it were smoothly downward except at the northeast corner where it stretcheth it self outward The North-corner is hillie and rough it seemes somewhat low because of the high ground that lyeth about it from thence the matter of half a mile southward the coast is hillie stay and shallow so far from the wall as a little canon can carry is it about 20 fathoms deep a little more southward is there a small foot-strand of stonie ground so that upon some places ye could make shift to bring your chaloup or boat and this stretches it self the mater of a mile in length southward In or upon this strand there are three Yce-hills The three Yce-hils high and stay those are congealed of the snowwater which fals in the sommertime from the top of the mountain two of them lies near to the North-end of the shore From thence further southward is the wall for the matter of a quarter of a mile or scarce so much hilly and stay as it is at the north-end and from thence is there another shore about half a mile in length thereon likewise can ye bring your boat From thence come we to the Southeast-corner of the Beats-mountain which is likewise hilly and stay as the aforesaid wall so that it is impossible to come up on it at some places higher other some lower oneven it is commonly 25 or 30 fathoms high from the water and within goeth it in some place somewhat stay upward to the Bears-mountain At this corner lie some little rocks separated from the land whereon are a great many of severall sorts of fowls ye can row to and about these rocks with your boat A little about this corner there lie likewise such rocks without the wall Divers rocks between these rocks there is a commodious haven with a little Sand-bay Sand-bay where ye can easily bring up your boat whilest ye anker there ye are freed from the sea for it is there commonly calm water although it storms without Ye cannot perceive that there is a haven there till ye be within the rocks from these rocks westward about a short mile is the wall stay and rockie as before yet not so high all alongs the coast is there many sharp rocks standing as it were out of the wall from the land off as well by the shore as by the stay wall the matter of a musquet-shot or thereabout ye have water some sixtie fathoms deep When ye have passed this stay shore then ye come to a flat ground of black sand which is about a mile in length about a little canon-shot from the wall ye have six fathoms water with black sand on the ground this strand is commonly called the great Hout-bay The great Hout-bay or Wood-bay because there is sometimes found much old broken wood hereby landwards in lies divers flat hills of black The black hill earth and few stones here is the land at his smalest for being on the top of this hill and ships sailing on every side of it ye could make them hear your voice both at once Westward from the end of this great Hout-bay where the land lieth south-west to the south is there another rockie wall alike to the aforesaid so far as a piece of canon can carry further have ye another flat called the small Hout-bay The small Hout-bay with an even shore like to the first A quarter of a mile Seawards in by the South-end of that small Hout-bay there lieth a rock which to look to seemeth to be a ship with topsails up A rock like a ship vvith top-sails hereabouts is it flat water Southward from this small Hout-bay there lie many rocks and hills in the sea there is likewise a stay rockie wall between this wall and the rocks is a passage that runs in sea south south-east on called the Bears-gat The Bears-gat where within four fathoms

fareway it is uneven for to sound sometimes men have two and twentie three twentie sometimes againe eight and twentie nine and twentie thirtie fathom all black mingled ground sometimes stones so great as pease of colour like black earth When Howbrough is northnortheast 7 leagues from you there it is fifteen fathom deep stonie grounde from thence on northeast 2 leagues there it is twenty fathom deep foule stonie ground Neare about the places so far from land that you cannot see Gotland are bancks where it is not deeper then twelve fathom The like unevē grounds are also thwarte of the southend of Oeland as hath beene said in the former but betwixt them both is deeper water If you come in the farewaye from Rye to Brontholm betwixt the south endes of Gotland and Oeland and must lye by with contrarie windes when you are in ten or twelve fathom and then sayle towards Oeland you shall get deeper water If you lye by betwixt Oeland and Reef-coll and that Reef-coll come to bee southsoutheast and south and by east from you so farre without the land that you cannot see it then you shall get also the like uneven ground of tenne and twelve fathom redde grosse stonie sand also blackish grosse sandie stone ground If you bee nearest to Oeland you shall get in tenne or twelve fathom pittes in the tallowe so that it seemeth that those grounds off Oeland doe run over unto or neare Reef-coll The like grounds and unevenesse doe seeme to lye over the sea also from the south end of Gotland towardes Rosehead for when the south end of Gotland commeth to be about north from you although it be fourteene or sixteen leagues from you you shall finde depth of sixteen twentie fathom soft grounde like as off from Oeland but if Gotland be more easterly or westerly from you you shall have deeper water When you are about a league by west the southwest poynt of Gotland so that it be southeast or eastsoutheast from you about a league then the Karels lye about north from you which you may even see in cleare weather there aboutes it is shoale water a good wayes off from the shoare When the west poynt or steepe poynt is about north from you a little to the eastwards or to the westwards of it there is tenne twelve fourteene sixteene and eighteene fathom deepe a great wayes from the land but when that poynt commeth to be northeast eastnortheast or east from you there it is above fortie fathom deep Betwixt the southwest poynt of Gotland and the north poynt of Oelandt it is also verie deepe so that there you cannot cast ground with fortie fathom When you are northwest and northwest and by north about two leagues from Houbrough there you have great redd stone sand black stones in it so great as beanes Betwixt Gotland and the Sweeds schares in the farewaye it is four and thirtie and sixe and thirtie and eight and thirtie fathom deepe and close by Gotland five and twentie fathom When the tower of Houbrough is westnorthwest from you so farre as you may see it from the poope there it is thirtie and one and thirtie fathom deepe but being northnorthwest from you it is shoaler five and twentie and sixe and twentie fathom Betwixt Howbrough and Eastergore lyeth a banck of four and twentie fathom grosse redd sand so farre without the land that you cannot see the land out of the top To the eastwards of it lyeth another banck of fourteen fathom gray and white sand when you are over it you shall have no ground in fortie fathom Two leagues without the land by west Eastergore there it is about one thirty fathom soft ground He that sayleth from Brontholm alongst by Oeland towards Eastergore let him not spare his lead but sound often for these aforesayd bancks and groundes thereby you may well make some reckoning If you should make reckoning to come by night with Gotland on the southeast side and have no good sight then come no nearer the land about the north end or south end also by Eastergore then in twentie or four and twenty fathom and so you can take no hurt by night By day you may come neare enough to it at many places in seven eight or tenne fathom How these lands doe lye one from the other and from other lands From Houbrough to Eastergore northeast 12 or 13 leag From Eastergore to Faro-sound north by east 7 leag From Faro-sound to Gotsche sand northnortheast and north and by east 6 leagues From Houbrough to the Karels northnorthwest 7 leag From the Karels to Wisbuy northeast 7 leagues From the Karels to Gotsche sand northe 21 or 22 leag From Houbrough to the north end of Oeland northwest 14 leagues From the Karels to the Sweedes Jonckvrow west and by north 13 leagues From the Karels to the channell of Stockholme north a little more westerly 23 leagues From the Karels to Boeckschaer northeast northerly 46 leagues From Gotsche sand to Boeckschaer north east and by north a little more northerly 20 or 21 leagues From Gotsche sand to the south poynt of the Alands haff north and by east 33 or 34 leagues From Gotsche sand to Wttoy northeast and by east 36 leagues From Gotsche sand to Dagerorte eastnortheast 26 leag From Gotsche sand to Derwinde southeast 31 or 32 leagues From Eastergore to Dagerorte northeast and by east 39 leagues From Eastergore to Derwinda east and by south 29 leagues From Eastgore to Quinsbrough deepe south and by east 52 leagues From Eastergore to Rose-head south and by west 45 leagues From Houbrough to Hondsorte eastnortheast north east and by east 50 leagues From Houbrough to Lyserorte east and by north somewhat easterly 40 leagues From Houbrough to Derwinda east somewhat northerly 37 leagues From Houbrough to Dermemell southeast 37 leagues From Houbrough to Quinsbrough deep southsoutheast 48 leagues From Houbrough to Rosehead south 35 leagues From the north end of Gotland to Derwinda eastsoutheast somewhat southerly 28 or 29 leagues From Scheggens to the Sweedes Jofuer northnortheast 7 leagues From the Swedens Joufer to Idesound the channell off Westerwyke or Silbuy north and by west somewhat westerly 7 leagues From the Swedes Joufer to Northeroorden the north end of Oeland east and by north 3 or 4 leagues From Northeroorden to the channell of Westerwyke north west 8 leagues From Northeroorden to the Barsound north and by west 15 leagues From Northeroorden to the Havering or the channell off Nycopping north 18 or 19 leagues From Northeroorden to Hartsoe north and by east 20 or 21 leagues From Northeroorden to Landsoort northnortheast a little more northerly 21 or 22 leagues From Hevering to Landsoort east and by north 6 or 7 leagues Hou these lands doe shew themselves at sea West poynt Houbrough Thus sheweth the west point or northwest point of Gotland when you come from the southwards When Gotschen sand is

the deepest water in sayling out over the banck off Saint Uves with shippes that draw much water doe thus when you sayle out from the white Castle then bring the foresayd white house over the north-side of the Castle that standeth on the water-side so that you may see directly through betwixt them and keepe them so standing untill Saint Uves poynt begin to come without the east-poynt of Sisember then bring the white house to the south-side of the Castle and run so out you shall have there the deepest water But when you can see that Castle of Pelmelo that is a direct longst mark for to run over the bancke And then that white Castle must bee from you n. northeast northerly It is from Saint Uves poynt to C. de S. Vincent south somewhat easterly 29 leag betwixt both are no knowne havens Salines ●alines a little river lying halfe wayes is also unknown From S. Uves to Cape S. Vincent the coast lyeth most south and by west about 32 leagues betwixt both lye some high steep hils which men doe call the Salines which are very good marks for to know this coast by but above all serve for the knowledge of this coast of Algarve or of the Cape de S. Vincent the Vighebergen or Mount Chigo which lye within Lagos may be seen farre off at sea A halfe league to the northwardes of C. S. Vincent lyeth a high cliffe in the land that is somewhat whitish higher then the other land when you see that then you are by the cape de S. Vincent Upon the poynt of the cape standeth a broken Abbey or Cloyster and close by the poynt lyeth a high rock being called by the Dutch saylers Monninck strand A little about the poynt of the Cape S. Vincent men may anchor in a sand-bay for a n. n.w. wind in twenty fathom Road under Cape S. Vincent About the second poynt to the eastwardes off the Cape is another Sand-bay there is a good road for a northwest north winde in 14 or 15 fathom From the Cape de S. Vincent to Cape S. Maries or Faro it is east or a little more southerly ninteene or twentie leagues betwixt them both lye Lagos or Laves and Villa Nova From Cape S. Vincent to Lagos it is east and by north six leagues there is a tyde-haven through betwixt the rockes behind a strand of chindle which falleth dry at low water men may alsoo ride there for a northwest westnorthwest and north wind in ten or twelve fathom Villa Nova Villa Nova lyeth about foure leagues to the eastwards of Lagos betwixt both 3 leagues from Lagos and one from Villa Nova lyeth a suncken rock whereoff men must take heed Villa Nova is a good haven it lyeth in north and north and by west at halfe flood you shall have there two fathom water within in the haven on the east side lyeth a little Island or rock and upon it standeth a Tower or little house also there stands upon the land a great mast with a barrell upon the top off it when the little Tower or little house and the mast come one in the other then you must sayle right in with them into the haven alongst by the east-land untill you be past the little Tower the west side is flat and shoale when as you come by the mast then you must goe up to the westwardes before the Towne of Villa Nova there you may anchor in foure or five fathom From Villa Nova to Faro Faro or cape de S. Maria it is about 9 leagues Upon the strand standeth a fire-tower and from the poynt shooteth of a riffe which men must avoyd into the haven off Faro men must goe in from the eastwards it lyeth west and westnorthwest in and they must leave the tower on the larboard side and run in two or three fathom being within they may anchor over against the Towne off Faro under the Island in three fathom it is upon the barre at halfe flood 2 fathom deepe The Cape S. Maries sheweth it selfe at sea when you first see it in one round hommock which is a good mark for to know the whole coast of the Condado by Five leagues northeast and by east from Cape S. Maria or Faro lyeth Tavila that is a crooked shoaly Barre which allmost every yeare doth shift and is not to trust to for to sayle into it unlesse it were first beakond or set with buyes it is at halfe flood scarce two fathom deepe men lye there a little within the sand-hills in foure fathom From Tavilla to Ayemont the course is eastnorth e. 5 leagues Ayemont is a deepe Barre and one of the best havens in the whole Condaet it lyeth in northwest by the eastland at halfe flood it is three fathom deepe there lyeth some shoals before the havens the markes thereof are these There standeth a tree upon the east side of the haven or-rivers mouth when Ayemonte commeth right against over the tree then are you to the eastwards off the shoals or sands which lye before the haven then you must goe towards the foot strand and leade it in alongst by it northwest and northwest and by west when you you are within you must goe up to the northwards before the Town or if you will goe before Porte Maria the northwest course will bring you there within it is wide and broad and sixe or seven fathom deepe There goeth in alsoo a haven by the westland where men come in right out of the sea but that by the e. land is the best From Ayemont to Leepe Leepe or S. Michaels the course is east and by north seven leagues Leepe hath uncertain bars which oftentimes shift where men may not trust themselves to sayle into without a Pilot the Barre that goeth into the e. wardes of the great Island is held to be the best from thence they must goe up to the westwardes towards Taron the River so come to Leepe and there they take their lading in before the deepe The Barre of S. Michaels Saint Michaels was wont to run thwart over into sea and to be at halfe flood three fathom deepe before S. Michaels five fathom from thence men may com through within over the shoals at high water into the River at Leepe Also men were wont to come in by Taron Taron but for certainty it is needful to take in a Pilot for these Barres From S. Michaels to Palos Palos or Saltees Saltees the course is east east and by south 7 leagues here men sayle into the great Condaet this haven goeth in at the west end of the Rooduyn thee standeth a great broad tree to the westwards off that white cliffe that you must keepe over a red sand-hill like as if it were red earth this sand-hill goeth sloping downe Runne in upon these markes unto the strand about north north and by west then shall the Tower