heal internal wounds and are helpfull for many infirmities of the body which if any desire ampler satisfaction in he may read the Tract of Gio Francesco Lombardo who gives an account of all such as have writ in verse or prose of the baths and wonders of Pozzuolo but we are obliged to too much hast to relate with care and amplitude all particulars wee meet with In the Campagnia of Pozzuolo Baia Cuma and the near Island Enarie by the old Greeks called Pythecus are found great quantity of the like Miracles that it might be well beleived that there nature serves Apollo perpetually and AEsculapius Higia and the Nymphs although the earthquakes and the volleys of fire which frequently happen demonstrate sufficiently that in divers places that as well under the foundation of the Sea as under the Mountains and in the lowest parts of the Earth great fires are kindled whose boyling vapours and flames working their own way through the veins of Allum sulphure pitch and other materials cause to rise in divers places hot and boyling fountains and create baths in the Caverns comodious for sweating Yet the nature and faculty of these things are different being conformed to the propriety of the materials and the earth whence the source proceeds so that among the medicinal and healthfull faculty of these waters we find some waters and vapours mortal which issue out of some muddy earth evil in it self Pliny in the second of his natural Histories writes that in Italy and particularly in the Campagna of Siâ—…vessa and Pozzuolo are vents or breathings so evil that they evaporate a mortall air At the foot of the mountain which circles the Lak Anianus not far from the said waters appears a Cave called Grotta di Cane eight or nine paces in circuit by which mouth two or more men may commodiously enter together where from the inmost part of the stone from its invisible pores proceed hot spirits but so subtile and dry that they carry not with them any similitude of smoke or vapour although they condense the air driven thither by the wind and the colds of the Cavern with great heat and change them into water as the dâ—…ops demonstrate which hang at the entrance of the Cave shining like little staâ—…rs when they are beheld at the opening of the Cave by those without in the light they have been often taken for drops of quicksilver All men generally believe this Grotta to have such an innate property that if any living thing should pass the prefixed term of a certain ditch in the entrance it would without doubt suddenly fall upon the earth and would be wholly deprived of life if not immediately drawn out and cast into the near standing waters or pool called Agnano by whose coldness only in a short time by little and little it recovers Life Whereof Travellers dayly make experiments if curious to know the wonders of nature by casting in cocks or dogs or some other live creature to which they fasten a rope to draw them up by Leandro Alberto writes that Charls the eighth King of France when a hundred and 14. yeers since he drove out the Spanish and for some time Lorded over Naples caused an Asse to be driven in who suddenly whirled about and dyed Another who two hundred yeers since wrote of these baths relates that a foot hardy rash Souldier run in armed and dyed miserably Corona Pighio writes that in the presence of Charls Prince of Cleves the Spanish Captains cast two cheerfull dogs by force into the Grotta who strove all possible to avoid it as if they had formerly experimented the danger the which being taken out dead by means of the refreshing waters in the aforenamed Lake were restored to life one of which being again cast into the cave and being thence drawn cast into the Lake returning not thereby to Life was left for dead on the bank who not long after as waking from a profound sleep raising himself and limping and staggering so soon as possible ran away every one that saw it smiled and Charls praised the dog that he would not for that time become a victime to the beares after this tryal they cast a brands end lighted into the Grotta beyond the prefixed sign which come to the bottom seemed to extinguish and raised up a little higher to rekindle which demonstrated that the spirits proceeding from the superficies as more hot and dry in the bottom consumed the more subtil nutriment of the flame but having lesse vigour at more distance from the foundation they rather rekindle the hot and gross smoke and flames of the brandsend as we see the flame of a lighted candle will pass to another newly put out by means of the so oke and the beams of the Sun when united by a burning glass are very vigorous and will set tow or flax on fire if approached too near Pighius through his exceeding love to study travialing over Italy and having an extream desire to inquire into the nature of all things by which he might acquire knowledge wondring at the reports of the miracles of Pozzuolo resolved to search out the cause by a nearer scrutiny then had been made by others He could not beleive that those drops that hung so resplendent at the end of the Caverne were quick-silver wherefore being counselled by a certain juvenile and youthfull audacity he passed the proposed measure in the Cavern having enclined his body a little and getting somewhat nearer he found they were drops of clear water and taking them on his finger from the sharp pendent of the rock he demonstrated the truth to his companions requiring them either to beleive or enter and make proof Which also happened for that Antonio Anistelo and Arnoldio Niveldio two Holandesi noble youths and companions in the journey with Pighius got near who when he had for some time stood in the Cave and perceived the heat how it ascended from his feet to his leggs and knees yet underwent no other then a giddiness and pain in his head and sweat only on the forehead and the temples through the heat of the place he learnt by experience that that heat and those nocive vapours are not lusty and violent but when near their rise and there they kill small animals or great but chiefly the four footed because they alwayes go with their head downwards whereby being necessitated to draw in with their breath those hot and boyling vapours their vital spirits become suddenly suffocated with too much heat the which also are as suddenly releived by the imediate refreshment of the waters in the Lake if the animal be forthwith cast therein when drawn out of the Cavern Whilst Pighius was performing this an Italian who guarded some herds wondred strangely at his temerity and remained astonisht at the success many times demanding if he did it not by the magick art nor would he be perswaded that Pighius could avoyd the nocivenesse of that Grotta
otherwise then by enchantment or witch craft which made him mock at the plebeian simplicity laughing at the vulgar who for the most part attribute that to the Magick art which appears wonderfull and produceth stupendious effects from their incapacity to comprehend the cause but to return to our voyage From the Bucca Coronea we are brought to Zolfettara as at present they call those places which were of old celebrated with the invention of various fables of old Poets for these wonders of nature who sing that the Gyants buryed under this mountain even from hell cast forth of their throats Flames at that time when earthquakes happen Et montes scopulos terrasque invertere dorse These Mountains are full of Sulphure Allum and Vitriol the chief whereof as Strabo writes stood pendent at a few paces distance from the Colonna of Pozzuolo now distant from the castle Novo about a mile from the form of which place t is guessed that the top of this Mountain was at last consumed and emitted into the profundity of the near valley by the continual fires whence that which of old was a high and eminent top or head is now a great ditch in the plain of a valley and that which was of old the ribs and flanks of a mountain are now the upper part of shelfs and rocks which surround the plain with a certain fence in length about a thousand and fifty foot in bredth about a thousand foot Pliny writes that they were nominated from their whiteness Leucogei and the plain or Level Campagna Phlegerea from the flame and fire there ever extant which Silius the Italian confirms Cornelius Strabo calls this place the Piazza and shop of Vulcan where likewise some fable the Gyants to be overcome by Hercules here the Mountains seem continually to burn at their roots for that on all sides they emit smokes by many mouths which smell of sulphure which smokes are blowen by the wind all over the neighbouring Countrey and sometimes to Naples Antiently these Hills as we draw from Dion Cassius and Strabo emitted greater fires as also those about the Lucrino and Averno which are not a few burnt and emitted like furnaces gross smokes and flames Now the plain as also the hill Phlegrei are deprived of their perpetual flames and are cavernous in many places and become yellowish as from the materiall and colour of sulphure the earth when spurned by the foot resounds like a drum through its concavity underneath where you may hear with wonder under your seet boyling waters grosse and inflamed smokes to make a horrid noise and run too and fro through the subterranean Caverns which the force of the exhalation hath made which how great you may thence guesse stop any of those mouths or holes with a good great stone and you shall suddenly and with violence see it amoved by the strength of the smoke Here they compose medicinable pots of brimstone In the same plain or level lies also a great marish filled alwaies with a black scalding hot water which sometimes useth to change place and the waters making themselves hard as tryed sewit useth being cold to bind it self to the sides of the Vessel t is melted in do thereby and with the force of the exhalation increase or diminish When I was there it boyled with great noise and smoke as if it had been a huge chauldron filled with blackish mud and therefore exceeded not then its bounds and limits but I remember that at my view thereof this Vorago mounted and cast up of asudden like a Pyramides eight or nine foot high beyond the common stature of man that thick water yellow and of the colour of sulphure which also the people of Pozzuolo affirm adding that sometimes t will rise from sixteen to twenty four feet When the Sea is in a storm this water is of various colours though for the most part like sulphure and sometimes other according as the subterranean winds are disturbed by the sea blasts and being in vigoured among the flames with all possible force expels some of the earth mixed with divers colours from the deepest veins These very winds when most quiet under ground the top of the Fens or moors being only disturbed cause a gross thick water coloured with black to be cast out These things of such occult nature do certainly afford usefull and welcome matter for consideration and study to such as love to search thereinto which Cicero very pertinently terms the natural food of the mind And hence we certainly know that the globe of the earth is not in every part solid and massy but in some places hollow cavernous and full of vains and pores like as is the living body of any animal and that with the continual motion of the imbodied elements water and air it becomes penetrated and is by the same nourished increased or diminished together with its several kinds and changes of plants and that the earth soops up vast quantities of the Sea waters disperst on it by means of those pores the which being encountred by some fierce winds occasion a motion of those waters in its inmost part and in the straitest passages and the same winds there split in sunder among the rocks and stones grow violently hot and kindle vast fires the which conâ—…uming whatever they meet empty the internal parts of the earth and drawing to themselves through those pores the neighbouring winds together with great smokes they there augment beyond measure searching out an egresse with horrible noise and shakings of the earth and mountains Pellunt oppositas moles ac vincula rumpunt As more at large Cornelius Severus a most learned Poet hath declared in his AEnea and hence proceed the earthquakes whirlpooles and openings of the earth the forcing out of flames the rivolets of fire boyling fountains and hot vapours Dion Cassius writes that in his time the said Mountains of Pozzuolo had more fountains of running fire in the likeness of water that through the excessive heat the water took fire and burnt and the fires with the mixture of the waters acquired a fluxible corpulency in such sort that these contrary elements did not separate and we find even in our time that the flames and sulphure conserve and nourish themselves in these waters and that they endure for so many ages and never consume but alwayes continue and gush out in the same conduits the which Severus the Poet graciously sets down in these verses Atque haec ipsa tamen jam quondam extincta fuissent Ni furtim aggeneret secretis callibus humor Materiam silvamque suam pressoque canali Huc illuc ageret ventos pasceret ignes So also he writes of the Phlegrean Fields and of the same place between Naples and Cuma whereof we now discourse viz. Ejus ab aeternâ—… piâ—…guescens ubere 〈◊〉 In merces legitur As at present the King exhausts a great toll from that brimstone and merchandize of allum Wee observe furthermore
Pollux and Helena ravished by Paris of the other Castor and Clytemnestra Thence the hill a pleasant descent is reduced into four long Piazzaes and so levelled contains before the front of the palace four great and spatious gardens into each of which at each end and in the middle three pair of stone stairs artificially composed conduct by a facile descent whose sides are bathed by divers purling streams running towards their Lakes Every garden is divided in its orders hath places to sit in and fair collumnes erected in divers parts so that such as go walking from one part to another through places and passages covered over with leaves and vines and other verts alwaies flourishing enjoy a most beautifull prospect and no less sweet odours from the circumjacent flowers which make a pompous shew In the appartments growes fresh grasse which with the flowers by their variety wonderfully entertain the eye and fancy of whoever regard them nor can any satiate himself in the view of those infinite and wonderfull statues pillars Fountains and other objects there presenting themselves The passage from the Piazza before the Palace on the right hand leads through divers walks trees and small groves wherein are placed several Fountains as that of Tothyde that of AEsculapius that of Nigga that of Aretusa and Pandora and that of Pomona and Flora. In the descent into the first garden shews it self the Colossus of Pegasus in Pamosso a horse feigned to have wings under whose shadow a fair Fountain casteth up her waters very high and in the wood rocks is a Cavern and near them a statue of Venus Bacchus near which is a Lake into which some rivolets run among rocks with a murmuring noise between two Colossus one of the Sibilla Tiburtina the other of Melicerta the son of Athamas and Ino whom the Gentiles did honour for one of the Gods of the Sea Below which lye the statues of the Rivers Aniene and Herculano conjoined to certain vessels out of which some waters run into the Lake as also out of the Urns round which stand ten Nymphs In the midst are two Grotts the one of the Sibilla Tiburtina the other of Diana the Goddesse of the woods both which are adorned with fountains statues Curral mother of Pearl and a pavement exactly wrought with mosaick work On the other side of the garden you have a fair prospect of Rome in a semicircle round which appear her most memorable Fabricks and in the midst sits Rome in the habit of a warlike Goddesse between her seaven hills this statue is of marble bigger then a man in shape of a Virgin in a short girt coat with naked hands military buskins and a sword hanging in a belt from the right shoulder Her head is covered with a murrion in her right hand she holds a spear in the left a shield she sits as aforesaid in the midst of her wonders in the City and on every side appear her sacred Fabricks as the Pantheon the Capitolian Temples the Circs the Theatres the Amphitheatres the Collumnes the Obelisks the Mauseoli the Arches Triumphant the Pyramides the Acqueducts the Baths the River Tyber with the wolf and Twin Brothers pouring water into the City out of an urn in the midst of which running waters riseth an Island cut in the shape of a ship which bears on the main yard an Obelisk and the ship seems to be laden with these four Temples the Temple of AEsculapius in the poope and those of Jupiter Berecinta and Faustus it beares in the prow Thence descending to the lower garden you find on the left hand in a semy circle called the great a green grove placed between certain Rocks amid which run fountains this may be called the residence for birds for on the arms of the trees you see many images of little birds singing more sweetly then the natural who clap their wings as if alive receiving their motion from the aire and the waters with miraculous artifice by means of certain little reeds hid in the armes of the trees sometimes to please the spectators they will make a screech owle to appear and then on a suddain as if the birds were sensible of fear they are all silent but that again withdrawn in an instant they all begin their notes and sing most melodiously In the middle of this garden is a round standing water Lake and in it a capacious vessel and a fountain named from the Dragons which vomit out of their throats great store of waters having trumpets in their hands which also emit plentifull waters with a horrid noise imitating the sound of the trumpet On the right hand lies the Grotto of Nature adorned with many statues and in it an Organ with fair pipes the which perform an harmonious consort of various and artificial musick by the motion of the waters The next garden is not only beautifyed by the fair fountains but by the quantity of Swans and fish preserved in their several stations separated with rare artifice In the three greater fountains are certain Beacons called Sudanti and other boundaries round them which cast water very high in such quantities that in their fall they seem natural showers refreshing the air and cooling the earth making noise of waters in their fall as if the winds were high sprinkling and washing at a good distance In the midst of these conserves you see the effigies of the great Father Oceanus placed in a semicircle like a Theatre and in the middle thereof a marble chariot like that of the Venus Marina drawn by foure Sea horses on which sits a great Neptune seeming to threaten with his Trident. Lastly descending into the last garden near the rock you find in one part a Fountain of Triton and on the other a Fountain of Venus Clonina and in the rest of the level besides the Pescheries four Labyrinths difficult enough for any one to get out of that 's once in placed one by another in foure compartments amidst forreign plants The entrance and outlet of these gardens are embellisht with great Fabricks built of Tiburtine stone with great expence Thus much concerning the Villa of Tivoli of Cardinal Hippolito E stense The noble sepulchre of Cardinal Hippolito da Este in the Church will recompence your pains in the sight of it being composed with marble of various colours on it stands a great white marble statue of the said Cardinal of great cost and fair appearance The Castle also affords many worthy objects but what is more considerable is the precipitous descent of the River which falls with such noise and fury from high cliffs of mountains that for the most part its vapours render the air foggie and many times at a distance there seem to hang celestial rainbowes cloudes being at most times over it This River infamed by the writings of the antient takes its rise at the mountain of the Trebani and runs into three noble Lakes which give name to the adjacent castle called
Maggiore marked as in this place 8 To Bersello pass the Po 1 From Bersella to Corezzo are thirty five miles which according to the custome of the Modeneses are divided into 4 posts   posts 13 posts from Milano to Trento § The City Milan posts From Milan to Castelnovo the posts are set down in the posts from Milan to Venice by Bergamo and Brescia 10 to Volgarna 1 To Peri 1 To Vo 1 pass the River Adice  To Rovere â—… To Trente a City of Italy and Germany 2  Posts 16. FRom Brescia to Trento there is another way to wit by the Lake Garda but the posts are not layed that way nor is the Lake Garda at all times passable without danger  Errata Page 2. l. 13. r. the Germans p. 10. l. 32. r. behold p. 12. l. 35. r. Grisons p. 20. li 9. r. cattel p. 33. l. 10. 11. r. when I was in Italy in honour of whom p. 38. l. 41. r. malignity if ib. l. 42. r. iâ—… by p. 46. l. 39. r. Vicenza p. 48. l. 41. r. for p. 50. l. 48. r. faith p. 54. l. 38. r. likewise p. 55. l. 25. r. viscounte p. 59. l. 10. for sable r. pretend p. 59. l. 34. r. Ramparâ—…s p. 64. l. 31. r. form 67. l. 2â—… r. many p. 72. l. 2. r. me p. 75 l. 7. r. dele re a p. 76. l. 38. r Lake p. 81. l. l. r. as p. 83. l. 26. r. or p. 84. l. 3â—… r. such as have p. 87. l. 15. r. by for be p. 89 l. 4. r. tuines â—…â—…2 l. 30. r. passing p. 93. l. 36 r. in those p. 98. l. 45. r. Florence p. 99. l. 6. r. Ombrosa p. â—…39 l. 16 17. r. incomparablenesse page 144. l. 32. r. entire p. 150. l. 1. r. and by p. 163. l. 13. r. God p. 163. l. 35. â—… â—…ratorians reside p. â—…65 l. 22. r. P allas p. 167. l. 45 r. Cardinal President p. 170. l. 4. r. Martyr iâ—… l. 43. r. old â—…he Temple p. 174. l. 18. r. Pliny in the ib. l. 1 9. dele in ib. l. 46 r. time p â—…78 l. â—…3 r. depuâ—… him p. 179. l. 7. r. carcasses p. 18â—… l 38. r. diseased p. 183. l. 4. dele and p. 191. l. 31. r. Tyter p. p. 208. l. 39. r. ran into the p 210. l 18. r. denominated ib. l. 32. r. Palme p. 235. l. 47. r. Salutation p. 236. l. 25. r. 1465. p. 292 l 17. r. same ib. l. 19. r. Tully p. 245. l. 18. r. bring p. 248. l. 10 11. r. Artemisio THE HISTORY OF ITALY BEING An exact Description of all the Cities Towns Castles and Villages of ITALY with the most remarkable particulars in each of them The first PART Wherein is conteined the Journeys or Voyages from Trent to Venice from Venice to Milan from Milan to Rome The way from Trent to Venice TRento or Trent is a City of the Province of Marca Trivigiana or Marquisate of Treves and is seated in a Valley on the confines of the said Province It hath Walls round it which are about the compass of a mile and are washed by the River Ladice towards the North Large and Fair Streets paved with Flint-stones and stately Houses Its Churches are very beautiful though not large There is one most sumptuous and Royal Palace which was lately restored by Bernardo Clessio Bishop of the said City Towards the East part thereof enters a little River upon which are raised many edifices to work Silks in as also to grind Corn and from the said little River are brought many Rivolets which run along the Streets and into the Houses of the Citizens Without the Gate called Saint Lorenzo upon the Ladice there is a magnificent Bridge of one hundred forty six paces in length but of Wood which conjoyns the Ladice with the other little River The surrounding Mountains by being continually covered with Snow precipitous and so high that the heads thereof seem to touch the heavens are rendred inaccessable Between these Mountains are two wayes the one goes towards the North the other towards Verona It hath but little Champaign or Fields but those are pleasant and Rich planted with Vines and fruitful Trees amidst which passeth the Ladice In this place may be seen the Castle and Fort called Pelen appertaining to the most Noble Family of the Troppi The Citizens speak good Dutch and not ill Italian Trent is now reduced under the power of Germans and is a refuge for all Italians when any disgrace happens to them in their own Countrey They gather but little Corn but in lieu thereof they have good quantity of delicious Wines both White and Red. In the Summer the Air is good but the Sun beats upon it most vehemently on those dayes it remaineth in the sign Leo And in the Winter 't is so very cold by reason of the Frosts and Snow that there is no living their Stoves are not sufficient to provide against it because the cold is so fierce that it turneth the Rain into Snow before it can fall to the Earth and that which occasions the greatest wonder here is that in that time their Wells or deepest Pits are void and empty of Water In stead of Mules Asses and Horses of Burthen they serve themselves of their Oxen and Cows with Charrets so easie to carry goods that they run up by the Mountains as if it were in a Plain though 't is very true that the wayes are so well helped by the Cliffs or Craggs that the Beasts may go any where with little labour This City was greatly illustrated and enriched certain years past by the General Council held here for that there met then five President Cardinals Two Legats of the Council for his Holiness Pius the fourth Chief Bishop or Pope of Rome being Cardinals also that is to say Cardinal Loreno and Cardinal Madruccio Three Patriarchs Thirty two Arch-bishops Two hundred and thirty Bishops Seven Abbots Seven Generals of Religion One hundred forty and six Doctors of Divinity between Seculars and Regulars The Embassadour of Ferdinand the Emperour as well in the name of the Empire as of the Kingdoms of Hungary and Bohemia as also the Embassadours of the King of France of the King of Spain of the King of Poland and of Portugal of the Dukes of Bavaria of Savoy of Venice of Florence and of the other Catholique Princes The Council was held in the Church of Saint Mary where there is a very fair Organ In the Church of Saint Peter are the Ashes of the blessed Simeon Martyred by the wicked Jewes In the Church of the Fryers Heremitans lies buried Cardinal Seripando who was Legate of the Council a man famous for Holiness and Doctrine The Cannons are all illustrious persons and have authority to choose the Bishop Lord of the City and Prince of the Empire which dignity three Cardinals of the most Noble Family of the Madrucci have enjoyed successively of which one named Altiprando lives at
present a religious Person and a lover of Learned men BASSANO FRom Trento the way lies to Bassano travelling towards the East by the Valley of Sugana called by the Antients Euganea because a People of that name dwelt there This Plain is eighteen miles in length and two only in bredth whence you may go to Venice but 't is too long a journey Five Miles forth of Trent is situated the rich and populous Countrey of Perzene At the Head of the Valley near Primolano are the confines between the Venetians and Germans Upon the high Mountain of Primolano is there built a most strong Bulwark of the Venetians called Strada where a few Souldiers can repel the Dutch when ever they offer by violence or force to advance forwards At twelve miles distance from thence towards the East among the Alps is the City of Feltre by the which way at the right-hand-shore of the River Brent three miles distance from Scala is seated Cavolo a Fort of the Germans inexpugnable in respect that 't is founded upon a great Rock directly hanging over the high-way with a Fountain of living water in it whereto neither Man nor Goods can be mounted from the Earth unless fastned to a Rope and that wound up upon a wheel from which because 't is a very narrow way underneath between the Mountain and the River with small labour may their enemies be slain with Stones cast on them as they march along Thence five miles distant is the River Cisimone wch disembogues it self into the Brenta where the Dutch and Feltrini daily load great quantities of Timber and Wood as well for the use of Building as for firing which they afterwards transport to Bassano to Padoua and to Venice Seven miles distant from Bassano on the Right-hand-shore of the Brent lies the Countrey of Valstagna placed at the foot of the Mountains and famous for the Sawes there made thence distant three miles lies the Countrey of Campese where in the Church of the Fryers of Saint Benedict lies buried he that wrote la Macharonea Bassano lies at the foot of this streight Valley and is washed towards the West by the Brent called antiently Brenta or Brentesia the which hath its Sourse or head beyond the Alps of Trent twelve miles near Levego Over the Brent a little forth of the Gate of Bassano is built a great Bridge of Wood which conjoyns both the Rivers Between the Alps and this Castle there are some Hills which produce most abundantly all things requisite as well for necessary living as delicacy but most particularly they abound with Olives and precious Wines The River Brenta runs thorow the Territory of Vicenza passeth by the City of Padoua and in the end dischargeth it self by the Fenny or Moorish grounds into the Sea In this River they take excellent Fish as Trouts Pollard or Chieven Eyles Pyke Tench Lampreys Barbel and Crabfish In no place are the men more ingenuous in Merchandize than in this particularly in weaving of Cloth in turning most neatly in Ivory and in Carving in Nut-Trees There is never a year that they dress less than fifteen thousand pound weight of Silk and notwithstanding that that which is made in China is esteemed better than is made in any other part of the world nevertheless 't is known that this of Bassano is more subtile or thin and more light Hence the Family of the Carrareci drew their Original and Eccellino the Tyrant as also Lazaro surnamed Bassano a person not meanly learned nor less acquainted in the Greek tongue than in the Latine he lived a long time in Bologna with great satisfaction to the learned afterwards he rendred himself at Padoua to the end that he might illuminate those who were studious of good Letters At present Giacomo dal Ponte an excellent Lymner greatly illustrates this Country together with four of his Sons called vulgarly the Bassani Bassano hath under it twelve Towns which with it self contein to the number of twelve thousand Souls MAROSTICA AT three miles distance from Bassano towards the West is seated a strong place named Marostica a Castle built by the Lords of Scala near the Mountain and fortified with Walls and two Sconceâ—… Antiently this Castle stood in the neighbouring Mountain which looks towards the East where at this time are to be seen the Foundationâ—… Here the Air is most perfect and the Countrey as pleasant and produceth excellent fruits in great abundance but it most excels in Cherries of all sorts which are so infinitely pleasant and so well â—…elished that therefore in many places they are called Marosticane There are many Fountains of clear Water and thence about two miles is a Lake called Piola whose waters abate and rise in the same manner as they in the Golf of Venice with great admiration to the beholders The Inhabitants of this Castle are extreme contentious whereupon an Elegant Poet wrote thus Restat in Civibus Marii discordia vetus Quae cum Syllanis saevit in urbe viris Within this Castle are many Churches among which is that of Saint Bastiano where the Fryers of Saint Francis dwell wherein lies the Body of the blessed Lorenzuolo the Child Martyred by the wicked Jews who antiently there inhabited Francesco of the Family of the â—…reschi hath much illustrated this Castle who publickly Read the Civil Law in Padoua and likewise Angelo Mateaccio who hath composed some Books of the Laws At this present adds no small Fame to this his Countrey Prospero Alpino the most excellent Physician publique Reader of the first matter of Simples in the Academy of Padoua who hath written De plantis AEgypti De Opobalsamo and De Praesagienda vitâ—… morte AEgrotantium lately published And is now employed besides his publick Reading in composing and ripening some other noble Work for publick view Thorow the middle of this Castle runs the little River called Rozza whence about a mile passeth the Sillano so called because in Antient Language it signified a Stream of running water 'T is believed that the Antient Romans much frequented this Place for that the Inhabitants to this day retain certain Latine words though something corrupted Before the Church of Saint Floriano stand two Marble Stones of great antiquity upon the one whereof is written thus TI Claudio Caes. M. Salonius ⸫⸫ es Martina Chara Conjux quae Venit de Gallia per mansiones L. Vi commemoraret memoriam Mariti sui Bene quiescas duleissime mi Marite TREVISO THe Antient City of Treviso is situated on the East of and at the distance from Bassano twenty five miles This City was founded by Osaride the third King of the Greâ—…ans who being adopted Son of Dionisius therefore conceded unto him AEgypt and Reigned in Italy ten years And because after his death there appeared to the AEgyptians an Ox they supposing it to be their King Osiris worsnipped it as a God and called it Apâ—… which in their language signifies an Ox for which reason
Vicentini the Opitergini Concordiesi Altinati and several other People who to fly the Fury of Attila King of the Hunnes recovered this Place gives no small Imbellishment to this View Between the said Moorish Grounds now the Streets and the Sea by Dame Nature is raised a Fence or Bank to defend the City the small Islands against the furious Waves of the Sea with which 't is invironed Which Fence is Thirty five Miles long and bends in the shape of a Bow opening it self in five several Places for each of which is a Gate as well to permit Barkes to enter in at them as to maintain the said Channels full of Water The profound Havens of Chioza and Malamocco with the Forts built at the Mouth of the said Havens to keep any Armado or Fleet at a distance And lastly the beholding the Mountaines of Carnia and of Histria and on the Right Hand the Apenine Hills with Lumbardy together with the Famous Hills called Euganei with the mouthes of the Rivers Adice and Poe and behind them the Alpes of Baviera and of the Gerisons alwaies covered with Snow gives no small satisfaction nor beauty to his Prospect And now we come to the Famous Piazza or broad place of S. Mark whose platform resembles a Carpenters square at the one end whereof stands the Admirable Church of St. Mark and at the other That of St. Geminian wrought with excellent Stones and round the said Place are built fair and sumptuous Houses all of Marble Stone under which are large open Galleries wherein are Shops for several Artificors In this place daily appear an infinite number of Persons of all Qualities and Countries in their several Habits as well for Newes and Discourses as for Traffick and Merchandize At the upper end of the said Place upon the Channel called La Giâ—…deca are two Pillars admired for their Heigth and Bigness which were transported heretofore from Constantinople upon the one whereof stands a Winged Lyon the Republick Armes in token of St. Marke their Protector with this Motto Pax tibi Marce Evangelistâ—…mens and upon the other is set the Statue of St. Theodore between which Justice is done upon Traitorous Persons These were brought from Greece to Venice in the time of Sebastian Ciani the Duke upon certain Vessels of burden together with another of equal Greatness the which overcomming the Power and Industry of the Workmen labouring to lay it on the Earth it fell into the Water where at this time t is to be seen in the Deep These vast Columns were reared by an Engineer of Lombardy named Nicolo Berreterro by the strength of great Ropes wet with water retiring by little and little who asked no other reward for this his worke but that it might be Lawful for Dice-Players to play there when they pleased without any penalty This Piazza is not intirely one alone but fower united together Opposite to the Church are reared three Standards upon three high pieces of Timber which are fastened by Lead cast into the boared holes they are wrought with figures to denote the liberty of this City and have Brass Pedestalls On the right side of the Church stands the Clock house adorned with the Celestial Signs gilt thereon with the Sun and Moons monethly ingress into them most exactly wrought and painted Neer the Steeple is a sumptuous Palace built in this Age after the Ionick and Dorick fashion which reaches even to the Church of Sain Geminian which for the excellency of the Marble Statues Casements Cornishes Frets and other ornaments together with the most incomparable Architecture gives not place to any palace of Italy Next is the Zecca or Mint-house built all of flint Stone and Iron Barrs without any manner of Timber Annexed thereunto Stands the Library which had its Original from Petrarca and was afterwards aggrandized by the Cardinals Niceno Alexandro and Grimano Lastly this Piazza is rendred so Proud and marvellous by the Uniformity of Building and other Imbellishments that I cannot say all Europe affords its like The Island Muran must next be visited by taking Gondola or Boat which for its Furnaces of Glass is much admired through the World This Island is distant from Venice about a Mile and was begun to be inhabited by the Altinati and Opitergini for fear of the Hunnes At present 't is very comely and resembling Venice as well in the structures as in the Quantity of Churches but much more pleasant and delightful in respect most of the Houses have open and spacious Gardens set with all sorts of fruitful Trees Among others is the Church of Saint Peter with a Monastery belonging to the preaching Fryers well built wherein is a famous Library full of good Books In this Place they make all sorts of Vessels of Glass called Crystal Glass whose variety Workmanship surpass all others of the same materials of the whole world And the Artizans except in excellency of the materials every day find out new Inventions to make them appear more desirable with works divers from one another I will not speak of the variety of colours which they give thereunto because 't is so marvellous that I imagine it worthy all Peoples sight They counterfet excellently several things of Agate Calcidonian Emerald and Hyacinths with other pretty Toyes so excellently that I believe were Pliny to be revived and should behold them he would admiring them much more praise these mens workmanship and these artificial things than he does the vessels of Earth made and burned by the People of Aretini or of any other Nation Opposite to the Piazza of Saint Mark and about half a mile distaâ—…t is seen the Church of Saint George the Greater a stately structure of Marble In which is beheld most curious Marble both in the Pavements and in the Statues with rich workmanship of Silver and most sumptuous Sepulchres of Princes The Fryers of Saint Benedict have here a noble Monastery wherein are long open Galleries spacious Courts ample eating-Rooms and sleeping-Chambers as also most pleasant Gardens with a worthy Library In Venice are seventeen Rich Hospitals with a great number of wealthy Churches adorned with the exactest marble Stone consisting of sixty seven Parish-Churches fifty fower Convents of Fryers twenty six Monasteries of Nunns eighteen Chapels six Schools kept within the Principal Fryeries or Monasteries In all which Churches are fifty bodies of Saints one hundred forty and three Organs many Statues made at the cost of the Republick in remembrance of illustrious Persons which have valiantly fought for her or done some other signal piece of service that is to say 165 of Marble and 23 of Brass among which most worthily presents it self That proud Statue on Horseback wrought with Gold of Bartolomeo Coglione the most famous Captain-General of the Venetian Army dedicated to him by this Republiek before the Church of Saint John and Paul in testimony of his Fidelity and Valour Moreover there are fifty six
holy conversation whom Cardinal Federick his Nephew succeeded a worthy imitator of his Uncle Before a Palace near the Porta Lodivica is an Altar of Marble Stones where on one side is earveâ—… Diana Luci fera as Cicero calls her with a burning Torch as Lucillus writes in his Satyrs Et Regyna videbis Maenia tum Liparas facelinae templa Dianae For this Godess was in this manner adored in the Island Lipari and at its Feet is a Blood-hound with the eyes towards the Goddess on the other fide is Apollo Medico leaning on a Tripode with a Bow in his right hand and a quiver of arrows hanging at his shoulder near his feet a Scepter and the Serpent Pitone who is therefore called by the Poets Pitio Citaredeo before the said Altar may be read this inscription AEsculapio Hygiae Sacrum C. Oppius G. L. Leonas VI. Vir. Aug. Honoratus In Tribu GL Patrum liberum Clientium Adcensus Patroni Sanctissimis Communicipibus suis. DD. Quorum Dedicatione Singulis Decurionibus * III. Augustalibus * II. Et Colonis Cenam Dedit L. D. D. D. There are in Milan II. Collegiat Churches 71. Parochials 30. Convents of Fryers and 8 of Regulars 36. Monasteries of Nuns 32. Confraternities or Fryeries which with diverse others amount to 238. Churches with 120. Schools where Boys are instructed in Christian Doctrine and other Learning It hath therefore worthily attributed to it the name of Milan the great and the estimation of one of the four great Cities of Italy that is Roma Venetia Milano Napoli and Autonio Callo reckons it one of the ten greatest of Europe it well may be accounted and taken for the greatest of any Metropolis in a Dutchy Going forth of the Gate Camasina towards the North and the Mountains at 25. miles distance one arivies at Como which reaâ—… affords nothing worthy observation but the Town Bersalina where Saint Peetro the Martyr was slain by the Hereticks and in that place where he wrote the 12. Articles of Faith with his blood there is a Grott where they continually digg Earth and yet it appears no hollow Over that place they pretend likewise to see a great splendour which God sheweth for the glory of that holy Body there inhumanly slain COMO COmo is a City famous for the genteelness of her Citizens and flourishing Muse of Paolo Giovo is seated in a Plain environed with Mountains and near the Lake Lario or Como within which and opposite to Como is a small Town built as it t were in a Peninsula and at the lower end thereof stands a Palace where the abovenamed Paolo had embellished a Library with a noble collection of Books and the pourtrays of the most illustrious persons as is expressed in his books called gli Elogii but at present there remains nothing of it more than certain pictures upon the Walls The Images Books Robes of Prete Janni King of AEthiopia the Bowes and other Arms of the Antipodes with many other curiosities not else where to be found and of good valew are removed thence to the Palace of the Giovii within Como in the Dome or Cathedral Church on the left hand is erected the sumptuons Tombe of Benedetto Giovo the famous writer in the City likewise may be read many epitaphs and writings testifying their antiquity and constant fidelity to the Rouâ—…an Common-Wealth The Lake Como is 36. miles long and somewhat more than three miles broad upon which when calm the Citizens in their boats recreate themselves near the end stands the Fountain of Pliny and Belacio a Palace of the Signori Spondati invironed with spatious Gardens which are adorned with fair Arbours and the Walls clothed with Gessamines Roses Rosemary and other sweets together with some Woods of Juneper Trees which harbour all sorts of Birds Ten Miles distant from Milan and between it and Como stands the stately Castle Monza which is washed by the River Lambro It was amplified by Thedorick first King of the Goths and Teodolinae the Queen there erected a magnificent Temple dedicated to Saint John the Baptist endowing it with great riches among others with a Saphyr of inestimable price a Brood Hen and Chickens of Gold and many other vessels of Gold therein also are preserved many reliques in Vessels given to it by San Gregory Then appears Somasca upon the Mountains a Town often named for the Original of the Religious order of the regular Priests of Somasca a little more forward you see near the Banks of the Lake Como the impregnable Castle Leaco whence you passe by water to Como and then advancing a little farther the Traveller cometh to the Country of the Grizons through which runs the River Adda On the left hand of Monza rise the Mountains of Bianza which afford most excellent Wines and three miles distant from Monza on the right hand lies a well-manured Campagna wherein Francesco Secundo Sforza defeated the French Army commanded by Lotrecco where after the death of many thousand Souldiers on both sides he obtained a glorious victory On this fide also before the arrival at the River Varo the boundary of Italy appears the small River Martesana an Arm of the Adda which runs under the Gorgongiola over which stands a Bridge whence they descend to Milan and thus we have described the places on the Eastern Part. Issuing out of the Gate of Milan Vercella towards the West you meet the compleat Town Ro near by which passeth an Arm of the Tesino to Milan on the other side of which Rivolet is Ensalaro with many other Castles whence taking the right-hand way you arrive at the Lago Maggiore at the very source of the River Tesino which goes to Pavia near which stands Angiera whence the Signori d' Angiera now Viscounts take their rise Then at 17. miles distance from Milan upon a Mountain being as t were one of the Boundaries to the Lake appears the devout Temple of Santa Maria del Monte whither resort great concourse of People to obtain their requests from God at the intercession of the blessed Virgin Mary Then passing the Tessino you find Viglebia a new small City but fair where stands the magnificent Palace called the Ssorzesca so named from Lodovico Sforza Duke of Milan who built and gave it to the Religious Order of the Dominican Fryers who to this day possess it From whence on the right hand way lies Novarra and the Country Lemellina and on the left hand the Castle Mortarra heretofore called the fayr Wood but afterwards from the great slaughter of the Longobards there made by Charles the great sighting with Desiderius their King it was named Mortara On the same side also is the Castle Valese and the Town Vatalle under the Mountains where in burnt Earth is effigiated the Sepulchre of our Saviour with all the mysteries of his passion in divers little Chapels to which much Application is made with great
one of the first four of Italy here they make bread white as Snow and here they keep with great devotion the Garter of the Virgin Mary a little more near the Apenines is Monte Murlo much spoken of for the taking those Florentines which fled out of Florence and there embodied by Alessandro Vitelli Captain for Cosmus the Duke which secured his Principality PISTOIA AFter which entring a lovely Plain you meet the City Pistoia twenty miles off Florence which though little is neatly compact and rich and would have been better had it not much groned under the factions of its own Citizens Twenty miles of Pistoia stands Lucca which governs it self in Liberty and by the strength of its Wall the Richness of Trade and the Industry of its own Citizens maintains it self well with all things necessary t is an antient City and was made a Colony of the Romans Desiderius the King built its strong Walls which with its site enabled it to endure a six moneths siege by Narsetes towards the Sea stand yet the footsteps of the Temple of Hercules the River Serchio runs close by Lucca whence the famous baths of Italy are ten miles distant Out of Florence towards the West in that spatious Plain stands the Castles Empoli and Fucecchio there is also a Lake of that name as also San Miniato al Todesco so called for that t was built by certain Germans under Desiderius their King PISA COasting the River Arno you attain Pisa an antient City built long before Rome by the Grecians and was one of the 12 Cities of Tuscany it was powerfull at Sea and obtained many victories against the Genovesi it subdued Cartagine conquered the Island of Sardegna and delivered its King Prisoner to the Pope It recovered Palermo in Sicilia out of the hands of the Sarazens who had long enjoyed it it slew the Sarazen King of Majorca It sent 40 Galleys in assistance to Almerico King of Ierusalem against the Sarazens who possessed Alexandria It greatly assisted the Popes in their adversity It was so potent happy and rich that Saint Thomaso treating of the four things reckons it among the four most potent Cities of Italy But from that time that at the instance and request of Frederick Barbarossa it captivated so many Prelates of the Romi◅h Church two Cardinals which came from France to the Lateranian Council it only decayed from bad to worse till it lost Liberty and Power yet in process of time by the residence of the Knights of S. Stefano and the University it recovered and still preserves the Countenance of an honourable City Plato will have it well situated being four miles then now eight from the Sea so that t is not placed upon the Sea shore but near it not upon the Mountains but near them in a Plain just so divided from the royal River Arno as Plato fancies his City T is endowed with four things which create wonder the Church of Saint Iohn the Domo the Steeple and ◅ampo Santo which was raised with that very holy Earth which they brought home in their Galleys when 50 of them were sent to assist the Emperor in the recovery of the holy Land On one side of it lies Lucca on the other Livorgeo or Ligorne T was destroyed by the Florentines in the yeer 1509. Intending from Florence to Siena you must go out at the Porta Romana through which Charles the fifth entred after his Victory in Africk and so passing by the Monastery Certosini attain Cassano Tavernelli and Staggia by a direct way having pleasant hills and fruitfull Valleys on each side In the way appears the Castle Certaldo the Birth-place of Giovani Boccaccio the Prince of Tuscan Poets who dyed in the 62. yeer of his Age in the yeer of our Lord 1375. and was interred in a Marble Tombe in the Domo of Certaldo with this Epitaph Hac sub mole jacent cineres ac ossa Ioannis Mens sedet ante Deum meritis ornata laborum Mortalis vitae genitor Boccac◅ius ◅lli Patria Certaldum studium fuit alma Poesis Somewhat further stands the Bourg Saint Geminiano famous for its good wine Vernace T is adorned with fair Churches noble Palaces illustrious persons and a gentle people built by Desiderius King of the Longobardi Westward from which lies the antique City Volterra which was founded 100. yeers before the firing of Troy and 500. before the building of Rome t is built on a hill the ascent to whose top is 3 miles its Walls are of squared stones 6 foot long layed cemented without Mortar It hath five gates before each a Fountain of clear water within them two other stately Fountains with many antiēt statues on thē old Epitaphs it hath a rich Territory is subject to the great Duke it produced Persio the poet and divers other wits beyond it lies the Sea On its left hand lies Ancis◅ the Country of St. Francis the Patriark Fighine and other good places AREZZO TRavailing towards the East you meet Arezzo accounted one of the antient twelve The Aretines contributed 30000. Crowns as many Celades with other Kinds of Weapons to the Romans and 120000. bushels of Wheat to furnish the Armada of 40 Galleys which was to convoy Scipio against the Carthaginians It hath suffered many and many calamities but with the government of Cosmus the great Duke it began to take breath and restore it self Pliny saies their Vessels of Earth were in his time esteemed the best of Italy San Donato its Bishop was there Martyred in the time of Valentinian the Emperor who baptized L. Zembio the Tribune and then endowed the Church of Arezzo wherein lies buried S. Loren◅o and Pellegrino brothers and Martyrs and Gregory the 10th chief Bishop the house of Petrark is yet to be seen there begins the State of the Church On the direct way to Siena stands Poggibonzi a place noted for the perfumed Tobacco composed there which the Italians take as profusely in powder as the English in pipes as also Ascia and near it Siena SIENA Paolo V. THis City was named Siena from the Galli Senoni who resided there under Brennus their Captain and built it on the back of the hill Tuffo t was made a Colony by the Romans and afterwards underwent the same misery with the other Cities of Tuscanie In process of time it recovered liberty and therewith its former emulation with Florence against whom it fought and obtained a glorious victory after which it became subject to the Petrarci it s own Citizens whome discarding it continued a free State till the yeer 1555. when the great Duke recovered it It s ayr is very good and wholesome Its Inhabitants very courteous who profess and speak the purity of the Italian Language without the Porta Romana the City appears with a great deal of Majesty being beautifyed by the many Towers raised in honour of such persons as performed some eminent service for the Common Wealth among
made publick by Bartholomeo Platina Papiro Maxone and others whom we must not read without great circumspection Panuino hath likewise presented to common view all their Images taken by the life Of the Cardinals their times and appurtenances Onofrius Panuinus Alfonso Chiaccone a Spaniard and others have wrote and Theodorus Gallus in Anvers engraved the Images and Elogies of twelve Cardinals Of the seaven Churches of ROME which are most visited and more richly fraught with Indulgencies and Priviledges than the Rest. THE Moddel of the Temples of Rome vary according to the different times and humours of Men sometimes building them Round without Collumnes without traversing and without Casements leaving in the Covering an open hole or Cupola for the light to enter in at Of this sort is the Rotonda of Rome a Church worthy consideration for the Architecture Which some times our Ancestors made in an Orbicular forme but with rowes of Pillars diversly placed as is San Stefano in Monte Celio heretofore the Temple of Iuno and that of Costanza or Constantina in the Via nomentina without the Porta Viminale which t is thought was antiently the Temple of Baâ—…chus Sometimes they used to build their Temples Square with one or two Bankes or Pillars as now appear S. Giovanni Lateranense in Monte Celiv San Paolo in the Via Ostiense Sant Agnese without the Walls And other times they formed them by entressing or joyning the Pillars together at Top near to which just under the Roof they fixed their little Casements wch were more or less according to the proportion of the Structure of which Sort are many in Rome with stately Frontispieces some of them being adorned with Columns of pretious and divers coloured Marble and many others whose Pavement are wrought in figures with little pieces of Marble alla Moisaca The First of the Seaven principal Churches of ROME called Santa Crose in HIERUSALEM THis Church is the first and chief in devotion seated in Monte Celio nobly built by Helena Mother of the Emperour Constantine the Great In it are 20. Collumnes and two fair tombs of black red and white Marble the covering of the High Altar is sustained by 4 Marble Pillars One inscription there to be read shewes that the ground or earth the Foundation or Floor thereof is the true holy Earth brought from Ierusalem T is believed this was the Asylum or Sanctuary in the life time of Romulus and that Tullius Hostilius afterwards enlarged the City to the said Asylum T is observable that in the same place where Impunity for evil works was afforded to Malefactors under the first Founders of Rome under the ChristiReligion Our Lord God is pleased to grant remission of our Sins In this Church is the Tombe of Pope Benedict the 7th with an Epitaph in verse and of Francesco Quigone a famous Sculptor More of this Church will be spoken in the second dayes Journey The Second Church of the Sainto FABIANO and SEBASTIANO THis Church stands in the Via Appia built with plain work in a long form the pavement Marble contiguous with a fair Monastery now deserted Herein were at first reposed the Bodies of St. Peter and St. Paul The High Altar is sustained with four Marble Pillars and is raised with Stone as are most Altars in Rome Under an Iron grate lyes the Body of St. Stephen the Pope a Martyr and of 46. other blessed Popes with the Reliques of above 74 thousand Martyrs And for that this Church is so far distant The Pope grants that instead of visiting it in the extream hot weather The People should repair to Santa Maria del Popolo for their Indulgencies Of this Church more will be said in the voyage of the second day to the Via Appâ—…a And of Santa Maria del Popolo in the Catalogue of Churches The third Church named San GIOVANNI del LATERANO THis may be called the Chief amongst the seaven principal Churches having been formerly the Abode of the Popes in Monte Celio and Sixtus the 5th though in vain reedified that Pontifical Palace even from the very foundations wherein was frequently celebrated the famous synod called Synodo Lateranenze in Rome The Roman Emperours used to receive the golden Crown in this Church It s pavement is wrought with lovely Marble and Its Roof richly carved and guilt It hath many Reliques of Saints as the heads of St. Peter and St. Paul the Vest of St. Stephen bloudy and corne by those Stones cast at him and divers other things worthy veneration Of which the Bulls of Pope Sixtus quartus and of Pope Gregory cutt in Marble affirm the Veritie This Church was repaired in many places by Nicholas the 4th in the yeer 1291 the testimony whereof yet remains in the Front T is reported That its Collumnes were transported by Vespatian from Ierusalem to Rome This is one of the five Patriarchal Churches The Baptistary is conjoyned to the said Church wherein Constantine the Emperour was baptized by the Pope St. Sylvester Into one of the Chappels whereof dedicated to St. Iohn Baptist no Woman is permitted to enter under pain of Excomunication in memorial that One Woman was cause of the death of St. Iohn Baptist who first published Baptism The Collumnes of Porphyr therein standing being rubbed with ones hand smell as sweet as any Violet they were brought from Pilates House together with one of its Gates and the Collumne whereon the Cock stood who by his thrice crowing put St. Peter in mind of the words of our Saviour In Saint Iohn they preserved the Ark of the old Testament the Rod of Aaron the Ladder brought from the Palace of Pilate whereto Christ was bound when whipt with rods the drops of whose blood yet appear on it The stone whereon the Iews cast lots with other notable things particularly treated on by the Authors aforenamed These things are publickly shewed to Pilgrims the Epitaphs of Pope Sylvester the second and of Antonio Cardinale Porthogese are legible in verse as also of Lorenzo Valle a Canon of this Church who deceased 50 yeers old in Anno. 1465. In whose commendation this Elogy was sett up Laurens Valla jacet Romanae gloria linguae Primus eniâ—… docuit quâ decet arte loqui Here is the Porta Santa which at the beginning of the yeer of Jubilee the Popes use to set open In the Voyage of the second day other things will be mentioned of this Church The third Church named SAN LORENZO without the PORTA ESQUILINA THis large Church is sustained by 36 Marble Pillars and connexed with it is the Monastery of the Canon Regulars of St. Austin which is called di san Salvadore Here is one of those places under ground as St. Sebastiano wherein are layed many of the bones of Martyrs brought from the Cemeterio Ciriaco and here are the Reliques of San Lorenzo among which is the stone whereon that blessed St. being taken off the Gridiron was placed and expired which stone is covered with an Iron Grate
than published with such vain ostentation besides that Historians say he was baptized by the Nichomedian Bishop when he arrived in Asia Bâ—…isardo thinks that the said Battisteriâ—… was rather the Bath to the Lateran Pallace and the Form of the Fabrick induceth him and others to the same belief But however it was t is most certain that Constantine the great having profest the Christian Religion was baptized in this Church and the same Babtistary t is shewed to this day and all converts to the Christian Religion are there still baptized On the right hand of it are certain holy chappels and therein preserved many pretious Marbles and some Pillars conveyed hither from Jerusalem At the entrance of the Church San Giovanni Laterano stand many sumptuous Tombs of Popes and Altars wrought excellently with Marble upon the high Altar is the last supper of Christ ingraven in silver of great value set up by Clement the seaventh who also raised the great rich Organ and that stately Vestry for the use of the Church Before the Chorus were four hollow brasen Pillars of Corinthian work which t is said were brought from Jerusalem full of the holy Earth where our Saviour was enterred others say that Sylla fetched them from Athens and others that Augustus caused them to be cast in Rome of the Beaks of the Galleys taken in the Actiack battail and in memorial applyed to the Temple of Jupiter Capitolino Furthermore others say that Vespasian translated them with the other spoils from Jerusalem Of late Clement the 8th caused them to be guilt over and placed them on the high Altar with a brass Scutcheon guilt and affixed to them wherein his Arms are engraven Before Sixtus the 5th reedified from the foundations the Lateranian Palace there was a great hall where the Pope with the Ecclesiastical Synod of Cardinals and Arch-bishops rendred themselves when they were to manage any substantial business Those three great marble Collumnes were shipped from the Palace in Jerusalem here the Later aneâ—…sial counsels were solemnized with the assistance of the whole Clergy The Scala Sancta contained 28 stairs which stood in Pilats House the which Christ ascended when he was whipped are transferred by the Pope into another place where Christians frequent them and for devotion creep up them upon their knees kissing them Here were two porphyr chairs whereof the Enemies of the Catholick Faith recount certain shamefull Fables which have been sufficiently confuted by Cardinal Bellarmine in his first Tome of the controversies of the Roman Bishop as also the story of Pope Joan whom the story saies to be John the 7th who succeeded Leo the 4th confuted by the said Cardinal and Onofrius and lately by Florimondo Romondo in French The Pillar of white Marble placed in the wall and divided in two is thought to be broken miraculously at the death of Christ when the Veyl of the Temple rent Sancta Sanctorum is a Chappel held in great veneration the ingress therein is forbidden to women In it are kept the Ark of the Covenant the rod of Aaron the Table whereon Christs last supper was celebrated of the sacred Manna the Navil string and praepuce of Christ a Vyal of Christs blood some thorns of his Crown one whole Nail wherewith he was fastened to the Cross. The Snaffle of Constantine the great his Horse which was made of the two nayls which pierced his feet the fourth was placed in the Emperors golden Diademe In the same place are likewise shewed many Reliques which are regarded by the Romans with huge Devotion here is to be observed that the old pictures of the Greeks and Gregory Bishop of Turona shew that Christ was fastened to the Cross with two nails in his feetand a little table under Somewhat distant from S. Giovanni stands a Gate of the City called now by the same name but antiently Celimontana from Mount Celio Hence the Via Campagna takes its beginning leading to the Campagna called Terra di Lavoro from its sterility Forth the City it joines with the Latina On the back part of Monte Celio lyes the Church Santa Croce di Jerusalem one of the seaven chief formerly sacrate to Venus and Cupid In it is kept a part of the Lords Cross and the title of the Cross writ in three languages one of the thirty pence which Judas the Traitor received for betraying Christ a Thorn of the Crown with other sacred Reliques Here under the Earth Helena the mother of Constantine built a Chappel wherein Women are permitted entrance only upon the 20th of March to the Monastery of this Temple is adjoyned an Amphitheatre somewhat less but more antient than the Coliseo which was edificated by Statilius Taurus in the reign of Augustus but t was for the most part destroyed by Pope Paul the 3d. for reparation of the Monastery On one side of Santa Croce appear yet some ruines of the Basilica Sessariana near the Walls The Arches which enter the City by Porta Nevia and pass over the top of the Celio to the Aventino were the Arches for the Aqueduct of the Claudian water and were the highest and longest of Rome Claudius conveighed this water from forty miles off into the City Some of this water run into the Palace some into the Campidoglio but the greatest part to the Aventino The said Porta Nevia was also called Nevia and Santa Croce and was built in an Arch Triumphal which demonstrates the Majesty and grandeur of the work Near the Aqueduct for the Aqua Claudia towards Monte Celio stands the Hospital S. Giovanni being both wealthy and comodious for receipt of infirm and sick Persons abounding in all sorts of Phisical ingredients Physicians Apothecaries Surgeons attendants and whatever els can conduce to the good of the Patients This conveniency hath in all ages induced many Princes and other Persons of quality and richeâ—… when their Maladies require to make this Hospital their abode though they lye there at their own expence In the Court of it are Sepultures of divers sorts Baths with sculptures of Satyrs and different Actions The battail of the Amazones The Chase of Meleager and other fair objects The Temple of S. Clement Pargetted with various coloured Marble hath divers old inscriptions many figures of the sacred in struments used in the divine services by the Popes as also in the Sacrifices by the Priests of the Gentiles and the Southsayers In the return you meet that stupendious and admirable Mole the Amphitheatre called vulgarly Coliseo from the Colossean statue of 120 foot high which Nero erected The altitude of this Amphitheatre was such and the structure so compact that Rome afforded nothing more stately 'T was eleaven yeers continued labour for thirty thousand Slaves and capable of eighty seaven thousand men who might conveniently dispose theselves in the surrounding Seats for be holding the Playes there yeerly exhibited The house of Nero occupying all that space between the Hils Palatino and Celio reached to the Esquilie so
ample that it had more the face and semblance of a City than of a single house within were comprehended Fields Lakes Woods and a Gallery of a mile long with three ranks of Pillars many of its Chambers were guilt and adorned with gems and the Temple dedicated to Fortuna Seia had in it an Image of the same Goddesse of transparent Marble On the left hand stands the Arch Triumphal of Constantine the Great as yet whole and perfect with all his victories and statues carved on it This Arch was erected in honour of that Emperor by the Romans after he had overcome at Ponte Milvio Maxentius who had tyrannically oppressed Rome and Italy At present they manage horses in the Coliseo And near it rises a proud Fabrick in form of a Pyramid which was called La Meta Sudante for that thence issued Streams of water whereof such as had disposed themselves in the Amphitheatre to see the sports had given them to satisfie their thirsts when desired by any Thus ends the second dayes Journey The third dayes Journey of ROME LEaving the Castle Saint Angelo on the right hand of the Torre Sanguina passing through the street Orso where it divides you find the house of Bildo Ferratino in the frontispiece whereof stands a statue of Galba the Emperor with other figures In the Palace of the Duke of Altemps they shew many monuments of Antiquity Epitaphs Inscriptions aud Reliques which wonderfully delight the eyes of skilfull Artists and ingenious Men among others the statue of Seneca the Philosopher and the Vestry and Chapel of the Duke clear demonstrations of the piety and religion of the Patrones Near it stands the house of Cardinal Gaetano containing some rare Antique statues Towards Navova is the Church of S. Apollinare formerly the Temple of Apollo and behind it the Church of Saint Augustine where the Tombe of Santa Monica his Mother is shewed with her Reliques That spatious Court before the Palace of the Dutchess of Parma corruptly called Piazza Navona was formerly the Circo Agonale wherin they exhibited the Agonalian fights and games instituted by Numa Pompilius in honour of Janus Nero augmented this Circ and so did Alexander the Son of Manca who erected also near it a Palace and the famous Alexandrian Hot baths Hereabouts also Nero and Adrian had their Baths but the continued edifices there have lost the very foundations of the old structures In the house of the Bishops of Saula is shewed the Head of M. Tul lius Cicero in that of Alexander Ruâ—…ino the Image of Julius Caesar Armed like a Colossus with his thighs neatly harnessed after the old-fashion and oposite to it another of the same heighth and vests of Octavius Caesar. Then which statues Rome scarce affords any thing of better workmanship Those round and high Arches which rise in that place called the Ciambella are reliques of the Bathes of M. Agrippa near which Nero built others whose Fragments shew themselves behind S. Eustachio M. Agrippa Built the Pantheon near his Bathes in honour of all the Gods a Temple to be admired for the Architecture and wealth the most antient entire and splendid of any at this day extant in Rome He built it orbicular that Preeminence of Place might create no quarrels among the Gods Others say he dedicated it to Ope and Cibele as mother of the Gods and Mistress of the Earth Afterwards the Popes consecrated it to the Blessed Virgin and all the Saints It hath no windowes being in lieu thereof supplyed with light from a great Open space at top the rain water driving there through is received into a large brass Vessel at the bottom which in old time was covered with plates of silver but Constantine the Nephew of Heraclius took away that with the other ornaments of the City antiently t was ascended to by 7 steps but now who enters it must descend 18. steps whereby appears how vast are the heaps of ruines An inscription of very long Letters testifie that Severus and M. Antonius repaired the Pantheon then threatning a ruine Herein lies Raphael of Urbin the Prince of Painters And before it stands a large Vessel of Porphyr admirable for the grandeur and curiosity of workmanship one like to which is extant in Santa Maria Maggiore under the Crucifix Near it Santa Maria della Minerva so called from its first dedication to Minerva presents it self where the Dominican Fryers inhabit which hath nothing of antiquity more than the Walls and some old Inscriptions Here lies the Cardinals Pietro Bembo and Tomaso Gaetano learned men of their time and Santa Caterina of Siena A great arch now old rude and divested of all its ornaments stood near it called Camiliano which they think to be built by Camillus but falsly for those kind of works were first set a foot in the reigns of the Emperors sometime since this Arch was by licence of Pope Clement the 8th pulled down by Cardinal Salviano who with those stones amplified his own adjacent Palace near this Arch lay a foot of a Colossus very great which is supposed to be transferred to the Campidoglio where t is now obvious In the house of Paulus de Castro is seen the head of Socrates with his whole breast and many other things which will recreate the spectator In the Palace of S. Marca in the Via Lata there is such another Vessel of Marble as is at San Salvatore del Lauro taken out of the Baths of Agrippa and a statue of Fauna or as others say of the good Goddess All those things wherewith of old the Court of Nerva was garnished are either by age decayed or translated to some other place t is called also Foro Transitorio because over it they walked to go to the Foro Augusto and Romano for which reason that Church is called S. Adriano in trefori here stood likewise the Palace of the said Emperor whose ruines were removed elsewhere Here also lies the Foro Trajano between the Campidoglio the Quirinale and the Foro Augusto this was environed with a magnificent gallery sustained with noble pillars whereof Apolliodorus was Architector and adorned with statues Images and a triumphal Marble Arch of all which nought remains except two of the Pillars at Santa Maria di Loreto And one Collumne spread over within with Cockle shells which demonstrates the splendor and Majesty of the Emperors t is 128 foot high besides the bases which is 12. foot more t is raised by 24 stones only but they so vast that it appears the work of Gyants every one of those stones hath eight stayers by which they get up inwardly to the top which are enlightned by 44 Casements Round it are carved the noble Acts of Caesar Trajano in the Dacian Warr. No part of the world can boast a work more admirable or more magnificent 'T was erected in honour of that good Emperor who was not so fortunate as to see it finished for being detained in the Parthick warr upon his
amplitude antiquity is famous among authors being well fortifyed by its proper scite and nature against all stoâ—…my winds from its neighbouring mountains and the Countrey about it Giulio Capit placeth the Ports of Gaeta and Terracina among the other publique great and noble Acts of Antonio Pio Augusto as if formed by him Taking the Strada Appia between Mola and Suessa you will meet some grand structures of Sepulchres of the antients but laid wast and among other that which is shewed for the sepulchre of Marcus Tullius Cicero being supposed to be the same by Giovanni Pontano in whose time they say a piece of Ciceroes Epitaph was there found Yet Corona Pighio will not believe that Sepulchre can be so antient t is built orbicular covered at top by bricks which are supported by a pillar standing in the midst on the right hand of it lies the port whence certain stone steps conduct up to the Room above which are filled with thorns and bushes it takes name from the Dukes Palace standing opposite to it SUESSA THis City merits a most peculiar view being no less famous for its antiquity then the frequent recordation of antient writers in her as Dionysius Halicarnasseus writes in his 5th Book the Pemetini retired themselves when driven out of their Country Pometia destroyed by Tarquinius Priscus King of the Romans whence it began to be called Suessa and now Sessa it was also named Suessa by the Aurunci as Livy testifies who being overcome by Titus Manlius the Consul aiding their adversaries the Sidicini recovered this place with their wives and Children This City is scituate in the Campagna Vestina near the Monte Massico on the Strada Appia in a pleasant fertile Country and was esteemed for being the principal City of the Volsci as well as for being a Confine to the Romans t was made a Colony about 440. yeers after the birth of Rome as may be collected from Livy though Velius writes that people were sent thither and a Colony made three yeers after Luceria it groaned under frequent losses and important destructions both in the Carthaginian war and in the civil Factions but afterwards from these misfortunes rousing it self it flourished under the Emperors chiefly under Adrian and Antonini Pii as we draw from the Titles of Statues from the Elogies and inscriptions on Marble Tablets extant in divers places thereabouts On the right hand of the Church of the Preaching Fryers stands the tombe of wood of Augustinus Nifus a most learned Philosopher of his times Looking towards the Sea on the right hand you may observe populous places yet but villages excellently cultivated which are called the Casati di sessa At twelve miles distance from Mola you meet the River Liris in its descent from the Apenines and passage to the Sea pleasantly irrigating the neighbouring Meadows In these Marius hid himself in his flight from Sylla here also lies the Torre di Francolesse where Hannibal being besieged by Fabius Maximus escap't through that famous stratagem of making his enemies drunk these Meadowes were esteemed by the Romans as highly as any under their dominions as may be easily comprehended from Cicero who magnifies beyond measure the Strada Herculatea calling it a way of great delights and Riches contiguous lies the Monte Caecubo famous for being the producer of so generous wine and for having such celebrious Fens near which very much pleased Flaccus when he praised the Attick victory of Augustus in these verses Quando repostum Cecubum ad festas dapes Victore laetus Caesare Tecum sub alta sic Jovi gratum domo Beate Maecenas bibam This River Liris terminated old Latium which passed you came into the Meadows Minturna asore specified where you may see the Monte Massico and Falerno Sinvessa and Minturna and divers others places whose description you 'l meet with under Scotio in the mean time behold Capua CAPUA Capua of old the head of the Champain then was stigmatized with the Character of great arrogancy and wilful obstinacy as a-among others may be collected from Marcus Tullius who speaking against Publius Rullus Protests that the Campani the inhabitants of the Plain or Champain are haughty minded and proud of the goodness of their Fields the quantity of fruits the wholesome air and beauty of their City From which abundance sprung that foolish request which the Campani made to wit that one oâ—… the Consuls might be chosen out of Capua whose delights were such that they overcame and enervated the army of Hannibal before his arrival there invincible and powerfull above all others Cicero calls Capua the Seate of pride and mansion of delights and saies that it creates in the people such customes as if they proceded from the principal of generation when it may be rather supposed they happen from the nature and air of the place and custom of living and eating and hence it falls out for the most part that the genius of the place generates inhabitants like it self The new Capua is scituate on the banks of the river Vulturnus two miles distant from the old Capua the delight of Hannibal and Paragon with Rome and Carthage where the ruines of Theatres Acqueducts Temples Porticoes Baths Palaces and other Structures shew its former magnificence there also may be seen many great subterranean vaults and conservatories for water and pieces of vast columns sufficient testimonies of the power and pride of the old Capua although the new adjacent City hath drawn thence a great part of those infinite reliques Strabo will have Capua to be named from the Champain and Publius Maro likewise who calls the City Campana as also Tullius and Livius its Citizens and the other inhabitants Campani from their manuring great Fields in that happy plain of Campania now Terra di Lavore which most Authors as well modern as old extol for the most fruitful plat of earth in the Universe in a word t was the subject of Virgils Georgicks Yet the Poets Maro Lucan Silius and other sings that the Capi Trojani companions of AEneas gave to it Inhabitants walls and denomination Of her were first Patrones the Opici and the Ausoni and afterwards the Osci a Tuscan People from whom t was called Osca as Strabo writes these latter were driven out by the Cumani and they by the Tuscans who augmenting her power by adding eleuen other Cities made her the Metropolis and as Livy writes called her Volturno from the approaching Rivers name At last the Romans finding her potent a neighbour and in the heart of Italy a perpetual enemie and no less emulous of their Empire then Carthage it self terrible and fierce through the friendship and company of Hannibal reduced her under their dominion by raising many Forts about her besieging her to Famine and the slaughter of all her Counsellors and then they sould all the Citizens and other people together with the Campana forbidding for the future the City to have any head or publique assembly Magistrates
expence and for the beauty of the structures of all sorts for that the Governors of the Emperor Charls the 5th and after them of Philip King of Spain of later yeers Presidents or Viceroyes in the Kingdome of Naples have wonderfully enlarged and forti fied her with a new wall bul wark Ditches Towers Castles in so much that she is now almost invincible She is furthermore full of regard for the many and magnificent Churches Colledges Courts Palaces of Princes and other great Men as also for many old reliques of antient houses Epitaphs Statues Sepulchres Collumns Altars Marbles with most artificial and fair engravings and other things which to recite would take up too much Room here Among the rest any one may meet contentin the grand ruines of the Quadrate Temple of Castori which though the fire hath consumed for the most part yet appears before it a part of a most beautifull porticue with six prime Pillars of Marble with their cornishes yet a foot of Corinthian architecture wonderfull for their vastness and the art they are wrought with they have for Capitols some Cesti Iron Clubs used among the Graecian wrestlers to which were tyed with leather straps or dryed Sinews balls or bullets of lead which in theit Olimpick games they use to hurl or cast which with the Foliage and revolts represent a becoming covering and on the Frise to which the Rafters are fixed may be read a greek inscription which clearly manifests that this was the Temple of the Castori and that the Greek language was in use among the Neapolitans when the Roman Empire flourished which is also confirmed by the characters by the vast expence of the whole work by the exquisit perfectiō of the art in the Ti◅pano or triangular Frontispiece of the roof upon these Collumnes were carved many images of the Gods which the Flames and Age have for the most part consumed On the Tres◅el was figured an Apollo on one the other side of it lies Earth and Water in the form they are usually figured that is in form of a body half raised up half lying along naked to the Navil Earth hath the right hand holding in its left the horn of the Copia the rest cannot be discerned being too much broken and ruinated The Churches of our Religion are there in excellent order and rich as well as many and so well placed as pleasant flowers for beautifying a Garden For example the Church of S. Chiara enjoying a great and fair monastery was very magnificently built by Santia the Spanish Queen and wife of King Roberto who by others is named Agnese which the antient Kings of the noble house of D◅razzo have made famous with their sumptuous Tombes and in San Domenico is the Sepulchre of Alfonso the first and of many other Kings Queens and Princes and what is more important the Image of that Crucifix which spake unto San Tomaso d'Aquino these words Tomaso tu hai scritto bene di me Thomas thou hast written well of me and that of Oliveto so also in other Churches you may see many proud depositories and memorials of the Kings of Spain of the Heroes and other Princes with statues of Marble as if natural In the Church of San Giovanni dalla Car boniera is the Sepulchre of King Roberto whose praises were writ by all learned men among the rest by Petrarcha and Boccaccio In that of S. Maria Nova lye interred the bones of Odetto Foix named Lotrecce and of Pietro Namarro of Consalvo Ferrando Cordovese and in the most religious Tabernace of San Giannuacio are preserved many holy reliques of Saints Where once in the yeer at least they shew one by one all those worthy objects as bones of Saints and other Reliques enclosed in gold and Silver with pretious stones with the pretious gifts bestowed by Kings and Princes and other things Among which with great reverence is the head of S. Gianuario Bishop of Pozzuolo the Martyr and his bloud stil remaining in a glass vial though dryed and become hard through time which vial when brought to the Altar is set near the head of the Martyr on the Corner of the Chorus and the blood to admiration begins to become liquid and to boyl as new wine in the must as hath been annually observed and seen by all not without great stupour Thence you go to the Annunciata a Church famous through the great devotion there exercised and rich through the many offerings made to it as also for many reliques of Saints of importance among others two small bodies of a foot and half long yet entire covered with the skins of innocent Children slain by Herode the King at the time our Saviour was born in Bethlehem the wound of one is in the head the other in the breast Contiguous with which lies an hospital built like a spatious Castle wherein are maintained as their condition age and health require two thousand souls therein are also brought up children of the poorer sort more than eight hundred between orphane and exposed infants as well males as females instructed in letters and art according to their inclination till they become great 'T is a pleasure to see and observe their several diligent exercises and works and this custome of Christian Charity is certainly very comodious which as Corona Pighius observes resembles Platoes Republique in part and imitates that Economical government of the Apes described by Xenefonte and by Virgil the Prince of Poets described and de painted so well to the similitude of Platoes City Castle Nuovo the name is new although built more then 300 yeers since by the Brother of San Lodovico King of France who was Charls the first King of Naples and Count of Anjou to the end he might thence aid the City and the Port against the maritimate inroads of enemies Alfonsus the first of this name King of the Arragonians restored it within our memory after he had expelled the French and subdued the Kingdom and so well fortifyed it that t is now held one of the strongest Forts of Italy more especially since the last Kings the Emperor Charls the 5th and Philip his Son compleatly furnished it and all the other Forts of this City with victuals good souldiers and all other necessaries and engines of war to keep off the Enemy In the midst of this large Castle stands the pompous Palace of the governors furnished with royal and most lovely houshold-stuff wherein the King or Emperor may find a comodious receipt for all his Court strangers are astonisht at the engines of war the Artillery the great quantity of Iron Bullets the murrions inlayed with gold and Silver the Shields the swords the Launces and the other preparation for war there continually preserved and that admiration becomes much lessened at the view of the said palace so richly laden with tapistry of silk interwoven with Jewels and gold the engraving the statues pictures and the other noble furniture Thence
that these sulphurious or brimstone waters commixt with the saltness of the Sea and with the ashes of burnings turn into stone after they have cooled themselves by running a short course and that they communicate the same faculty to those rivers and brooks with which they commix whereof though a clear experiment cannot be had yet that innate quality in all the rivers of Italy as the Tybâ—…r the â—…everone the Lake of Luca in the Nera and others of vesting the sides or brims of the banks and the Conduits whereby they paâ—…s as also the conserves and receptions of their standing pools give sufficient proof Besides t is as clear as the Sun and dayly observed that their continued washing of wood plants arms bodies and roots of trees the stubble of herbs and the leaves by little little are covered with a kind of scurf of stone and by revolving become by chance formed like comfits of aniâ—…eeds fennel cinamon and almonds and so much resembling such that with no great difficulty some more greedy then wary have been cousened with them and in truth what Vitruvius Seneca Dione Pliny and others have writ of the wonders of Vesuvius and Pozzuolo seems beyond reason to wit that the waters receive that nature and particularity from the tenuity of the ashes of the burned sulphure which ashes the fire having in part reduced as small as atomes in part dissolved into liquid moisture and in part expelled by the vapours of the subterranean fires through the veins of the earth and by springs we observe to be converted into that dust which the antients called Pozzuolo from the place and that they unite so soon as they attain the waters and cooling with them attain the just substance of stone and that the waters which run by those places mutually receive a certain nature of connexing to any thing so that they easily cleave to the body they touch and make it become stone And for wonders of this kind scarce can any be found like those in the caves of the Apenines near the old chanel of the Aâ—…iene by Vico Varo where the waters distilling through the clefts and chinks in the Rocks in their fall by little and little form it self like stone in the likeness of high Collumns in divers forms branchy bodies of trees and monstrous bodies of Centaures and Gyants in which Caverns or labyriâ—…ths of pure darkness with candles may be found out objects which in one word may worthily be said to feed and satiate the mind of the curious searcher into the secrets of nature but beware that the light be not extinguished by the frequent flappings of the night batâ—… who thither retire as to a secure retreat by millions to avoid the light of the day Thus beholding the hills Leucogei and the various surges of medicinal fountains of baths hot baths and the Cavernes you go to Pozzuolo amids the great and spatious ruines of the antient Colony POZZVOLO THe Roman Empire flourishing that maritime tract of Campania about Cuma Misena and Pozzuolo was in great reputation for the temperature of the air the pleasantness of the scite the quantity of good waters and the extream fertility of the fields and therefore replenished with great possessions of the Gentry and proud Palaces of the principal men And to speak truth no other part of Italy nor of the Provinces or the world appears more proper for the consumption of the Romans riches then that peice of Campania lying betweeen Capua and Naples and extending to Cuma where with good reason the common saying was that Bacchus and Ceres contended for superiority the luxury and sensuality of which maritime places and Islands made the old Poets in their antient fables of delights call these the house and habitation of the Syrenes And this caused some old Poets and them of no small esteem to aver those things which happened between Ulisses and the Nymph Calipso to have been acted in the Island of Pozzuolo and not in Ogygia a place of the Thebans or in the Island of the Promontory of Lacinio which Goddess by some called the daughter of Atlas by others of Oceanus and Tethys was held a Nymph of the Sea and reigned in the Isle Ogygia receiving Ulysses when he escaped drowning and took this name from her adornments of body and delights she liued in Homer calls her a Nymph very well adorned with fair riches And in truth who considers the shores of Pozzuolo must in truth conclude that to his imagination a more pleasant delightfull and glorious place cannot be found out than it nor a Seat more inclined by nature to receive and carress Travellers thence t is that the Poets of old feign that Ulysses there fixing and dwelling recollected his many past peregrinations and perils and also in the Isle Ithaca whereof Dion Cassius and â—…hilostratus Lemnius in the Life of Apollonius make mention And although at present the whole is filled with ruines and every thing lies even with the earth through too intollerable sufferings by war and time yet are there objects enow which such as will reape any profit from the curiosity of the antient arts and histories ought maturely and with great industry to consider But to begin Pozzuolo is a City scituate on a hill in the midst of a shore of the Sea which though very fair and large cannot yet be at all compared in any part with the riches and grandezza of the antient Colony as may be clearly extracted from the wayes pitched with flint and the foundations of publique edifices whereof the Sea hath swallowed up one part earthquakes and wars the other It was a most antient Colony of the Graecians which the Samii conducted hither in the time of Tarquinius Superbus in the sixty second Olimpiad as the Chronologer Eusebius writes and Stephanus â—…ysantius confirms which happened about the time that the republique of the Samii was ty ranized by the three Brothers Policrates Silus and Pantagnostus At that time also Pythagoras Samius flying from his own Countrey in Morava attained the potent City of Italy Croione where he layed down a new Philosophy then called Italian and by it acquired a high esteem with whose Laws the Italian Cities being reformed from the Graecian by the indeavours of three hundred of his Scholars as Diogenes Laertius writes received the government of Aristocracy under which they lived happily for many Ages Others will likewise that the Colony of the Samii from the observance of the Justice of the most holy Empire wherewith it was governed was called Dicearchia by which name all the Greek writers stiled it and many times after their example the Latin Strabo writes Dicearchia was once the Piazza of the Cumani and that afterwards the Romans called it Pozzuolo either as some will from the many deep piâ—…s or as others from the sulphurious stenches of the waters there arising It became under the power of Romans in the warr with Hannibal when Capua was taken by
testifies in the 15th book of his Annals whose vast foundations remain to this day under their old name neare the Temple of Venus That of Pompey they say was on the third Mountain between the Avernus and the contiguous Tritullian hot baths whence the surname they yet retain and there some yeers since was found a statue of Pompey The Villa Academica of Marcus Tullius CICERO Pliny in the second Chapter of his thirty first book declares that the Villa of Cicero made so famous by his writings was in these quarters between the Avernus and Pozzuolo upon the Sea shore with a most delicious grove and a spacious hall to walk in wherefore Cicero called it an Academy in imitation of that at Athens wherein they ordinarily disputed walking Here Cicero made his sepulchres and so much was he pleased with it that he often spoke of it and entitled some of his books from it Questiones Academicae Academick questions Atticus being in Athens Cicero in almost every letter recommended his Academy that he might send to him from Greece whatever could be had for ennobling it with fair ornaments wherein Atticus failed not according to the occasions in statues pictures and other the like ornaments Whence Cicero in his Epistle ad Attiticum praiseth his diligence and the things sent him Cicero being retired hither in the calamitous times of the Republique to spend away the time toyl and troubles with Books many of the Principal Romans repaired thither to visit him and take some counsel Of them was C. Caesar after the victory he obtained in the civil warr C. Octavius the Successour of Julius yet before he made himself Emperour with infinite others but after that Cicero was banished the Villa Academica was possessed by C. Antistius who was the Legat of Caesar and followed his faction in the civil wars A little after Ciceroes death in his Villa sprung up fountains of hot water good among other things for the eyes and sight celebrated by Tullius Taureus the freeman of Cicero with an Epigram set down among the works of Pliny who wrote this successe and judged that Epigram worthy of memory We must believe that this Villa stood where now the Stadio is taking that name from the length of Ciceroes hall whose ruines yet remain so distinctly as that it may be measured how long t was and although this Stadio seem to stand too far from the Sea in respect of that we read touching Ciceroes Academy yet this will not create any difficulty since the Sea may be in so long a space of time through divers causes retired because truely this Villa in Ciceroes time stood over water at leastwise conducted from the Sea by certain channels so that he eating at table might cast into the waters for the fish to eat angle and fish at his pleasure The hot fountains are extant in a neere field in a cavern underground at the root of the hill which are also of wonderfull nature because they increase and decrease according to the flowing and ebbing of the sea by day and by night in their increase they cast abundance of water into the bath and when full part of the water returns to the fountain and part runs into the Sea by a certain small chanel or gutter made to that purpose This Bath vulgarly called Bagno Ciceroniano the Ciceronian bath and by phisicians Praetense or Tritulliano is as gallant and entire an antiquity as any in the Tract of Pozzuolo These waters were so soveraign not many years since over most diseases that over every bath was written for what cures t was good of which inscription some letters yet stand but the phisicians of Palermo as they tell the story finding those waters prejudicial to their custom went with instruments expresly demolish't those writings so that for the present they are unusefull the said phisicians being all cast away in their return Thus much shall suffice touching Ciceroes famous Villa for that Leander and other writers treat sufficiently of its nature and others thereabouts From the commencement of Ciceroes Academical questions is comprehended that the Villa of Ter. Varro a most learned Roman was not far distant but the determinate place is unknown The Villa of SERVILIUS VATIA SEneca demonstrates in his fifty second Epistle to Lucullus that on the shore between Cuma and the Lake Avernus stood the Villa of Servilius Vatia the magnificence and vastness of which Fabrick may be comprehended from the fragments yet extant He saies two Caves were here built with great expence into the one whereof the Sun never entred and on the other it shone from morning to night into which ran a delicious water through as pleasant a Meadow with many Fish Hither Servilius a noble and rich Man retired himself at such time as Tiberius Caesar afflicted many noble Romans and applyed himself to honest Labour far from Rome in peace for which he was styled happy and obtained the fame of knowledge in his affaires above others by that meanes avoyding dangers Touching the dead and other notable things others have abundantly writ let this therefore suffice for the purpose of the Baianian celebrious Villa's since of the other particulars in the times of those old Roman Princes t is impossible to treat exactly all things being so wholly ruinated and destroyed that scarce any footsteps remain The old City of BAIA The most fair foundations and pitched Piazzaes of the old City Baia lye underneath the waters scarce any fragments remaining on the Land but in the neighbouring Mountains in every corner lye baths hot baths and structures of Admirable Architecture notwithstanding that many great Fabricks were burnt many thrown down by earthquakes and many swallowed up by the Earth In the Sea may be clearly seen the great old Piles of the Port of Baia like those of Pozzuolo built of Brick with intollerable expence which now seem like Rocks as do the enclosures and foundations which of old stood for defence of the Lakes Lucrinus and Avernus against the storms of the Sea which was genenerally believed to be made in this manner to wit that Hercules by his strength upon two carts abrest drew as large a peice of Earth as was requisite and that a mile in length to the place and there fixed it and therefore Posterity for a perpetual remembrance and acknowledgement of so great a benefit erected to him a Round Temple near Bauli whereof some fragments yet are extant But afterwards that repair being wasted by the Sea C. Caesar again restored and bettered it as may be collected from Virgils Georgicks and from Servius his Commentator with whose opinion Suetonius seems to accord saying that Augustus perfected the Julian Port near Baia whence t is supposed that Julius Caesar had first setled it which must have been in his first Consuâ—…lship by Commission of the Senate who gave him that charge at the instance of the Receivers of the Customs and Tolls upon their allegation that the
customes and Tolls much decayed in value through the ruine of that Port which was afterwards called Julia from the Reaccomodators name Julius Caesar. So saies Servius upon these verses in the second of the Georgicks An memorem potius Lucrinoque addita claustra Atque indignatum magnis stridoribus aequor Julia qua Ponto longe sonat unda refuso Tyrrhenusque immittitur aestus Avernis A wonderfull Adventure In our times that is in the yeer 1538 those adjacent Fields and places being for two whole yeers before shaken moved and disturbed in the end the night of the twenty ninth day of September between the foot of the mountain Gaurus and the Sea near the aforesaid Lakes there arose a new mountain called Monte Novo a mile high in the upright which now is in circuit at the bottome four mile A miraculous thing to fall out in one night At the birth of this mountain the shore and the waters of the Sea retired the space of two hundred spaces one great and entire town called Tripergolano was entirely swallowed up by the Vorago and gulf of the earth with some of its baths which were very celebrious and the near Lakes Avernus and Lucrinus were almost filled up with stones earth and ashes This was thought to have proceeded from the ashes which came out of Sulfatara how many other old memorials this new mountain hath covered cannot be known On the top of it is a large mouth about 50. paces in circuit which at the beginning vomited out fire at the bottome whereof are now found warm waters The Lake AVERNUS THe Lake Avernus hath been illustrated by the most esteemed Poets and diligently described by Strabo and other Historians for the Fables sake which the Antients gave credit to appropriated to it For this was consecrated to Pluto the God of hell Hereabouts as Fame went was the Poets Acheron or descent into hell and here was the gate of hell thorough which they caused to rise the infernal Spirits when any humane creature was sacrificed unto them And hence the Gimerian Priests the antient Inhabitants of this place sent down by certain Caverns into hell to find Pluto such Travellers and strangers as came to be resolved in any questions or to receive counsel or answer from Pluto To this day the vulgar believe that through the Caverns in the neighbouring hill hence denominated Monte della Sibylla one may descend to the subterranean residence of the Sibylla Cumana and that there she is seen and consulted by many which things Leandrus Albertus in his Italia diligently advertiseth Lactantius saieth that she among the other Sybils prophesyed of Christ. The Inhabitants further hold for certain that Christ returning from Limbus with the souls of the holy Fathers arose out of the earth through a certain mountain near the Lake Averuus and the Monte Novo and therefore they call that Mountain by the name of Monte di Christo which opinion some old Poets confirm writing of the Baths of Pozzuolo Est locus effregit quo portas Christus Averno Et sanctos traxit lucidus inde Patres And another Est locus Australis quà Portam Christus Averni Fregit et eduxit mortuos inde suos T was also believed by the multitude of hot waters springing out all over those quarters that this Lake reached to a vein of the infernal waters and therefore called Palude Acherosia the Acherontick Fenns from which Maro disagrees not when he saies Quando hic inferni janua regis Dicitur et tenebrosa Palus Acheronte refuso Though in truth this false opinion was augmented by the natural quality of the places and other circumstances to wit some rare and stupendious miracles which have there come to passe Then as to the Avernus know it lies in a low Valley almost surrounded by high hills clothed of old with thick and heavy Trees capable to keep out the wind Whence the Lake was not frequented by any but emitting an unwholsome sulphurous stink it so infected the air above it by being so closely 〈◊〉 by mountains and woods that Birds flying over it fell down dead and thence t was named by the Latins Avernus that is to say without Birds So also may we collect from Livy that in old time this Vale was a horrid place and esteemed altogether inaccessable for saith he the Romans waging war against the Samniti the enemies when the Romans put them to flight by whole Armies retreated into the Woods in the said Vale as to secure places But Strabo writes not so of it in his time but saies that then this vale and nearer hills were delitious places in respect Augustus had caused the woods to be felled and a free passage opened to the air At present the Lake is full of fish and water-foul nor hath it any of those incommodities attributed to it by the antients Yet t is true that not many ages since a vein of sulphurous pestilential water gushed out of the bottome of the Lake which suddenly killed a world of fish their colour and smell being cast on the earth confirming that to be the cause of their death Joannes Boccaccius in his little tract of Lakes saies he saw it with his own eyes in the time of King Robert about the yeeer 1380. The Sybil Cumana was she which gave AEneas free passage into hell as Virgilâ—…aith â—…aith she was called Cumana of the City of Cuma here under treated of and was one of the twelve Sybils all which prophesyed of Christ though some more obscurely yet two so fully that with submission I shall here insert somewhat of their prophecies touching the Saviour of Mankind SIBILLA CUMANA GReat Rome shall then look high Whose proud Towers from seaven hills shall brave the sky And overlook the world In those blest daies Shall come a King of Kings and he shall raise A new Plantation and though greater far Then all the Monarchs that before him are In Majesty and power yet in that day So 〈◊〉 and humble he shall daign to pay Tribute to Caesar yet thrice happy he That shall his subject or his servant be And the SIBILLA ERITHRAEA to this effect THe times by the great Oracle assigned When God himself in pity of mankind Shall from the heaven descend and be incarnate Entring the world a Lamb immaculate And as himself in wisdâ—…m thinks it meet Walk on the Earth on three and thirty feet And with six fingers all his subjects then Though a King mighty shall be Fishermen In number twelve with these war shall be tride Against the Devil world and flesh their Pride Humility shall quell and the sharp sword With which they fight shall be the sacred word Establish't upon Peter which foundation Once laied shall be divulg'd to every Nation At one side of the Lake Avernus is the Temple of Apollo at the other this Sibilla Cumana her Grott which is very spatious having at the end a magnificent ascent where the oracle stood with
Sublaco which Lakes Tacitus seems to call Simbrivini saying in the 14th Book of his Annals that near them stood the Villa Sublacense of Nero in the confines of Tivoli from which Lakes the Aniene running afterward through woods and mountains falls at last in the plain near Tivoli from high stones with fury and noise then it goes some space under ground and at the foot of the mountain returns all again above ground it runs through the three sulphurious veins called Albule from their white colour T is said and Strabo confirms the water there to be medicinal in drinking or Bathing and Pliny writes that they heal the wounded Nor does the Albule only but also the Albunea above Tivoli consolidate wounds Regarding the Campania of Tivoli about the Aniene you will find huge stones encreased by little and little in long time by vertue of the waters running by and in the bottome of Lakes there you 'l find of hard stones generated by the same means In this confine are many footsteps of old edifices worthy contemplation Tivoli having been a most noble City and well Inhabited through the beauty of its scite the goodnesse of its soyle and the salubrity of the aire which made it be surrounded with the fair Villa's and Lordly houses of the rich persons of that Country although now like Rome and all Italy also it lies waste and ruinated by the various warrs and successes which have destroyed it T is certain that Greeks were the builders of this City but who they were is not certain the writers of the Italian antiquities not agreeing herein yet the greater part say that Catillo was its founder who some say was of Arcadia and Captain of Evanders Navy Others affirm Argivâ—…s the son of Amfiardo the Southsayer after the prodigious death of his Father near Thebes came by command of the oracle with his family and Gods long before the Trojane warr into Italy and by the assistance of the Enotri Aborigeni drove the Sicâ—…li out of that place naming the Castle taken from them Tibâ—…re from his eldest sons name Nor does Pliny much disagree from this though he does not wholly agree with it for in the 16th of his natural History writing of the ages of Trees he saies that in his time there stood 3 Holme Trees by Tivoli near to which Tiburtio the builder of that Castle had received augure to build it But saies he was the Nephew not the Son of Amfiardo and that he came with his two Brothers Lora and Catillo one age before the Trojane warr and that he there caused the Castle to be built calling it after his own name because he was the elder in which opinion Virgil in his AEneides seems to concur but Horatiâ—…s on the other part calls Tivoli the walls of Catillus pursuing the others opinion from which expressions we conjecture that the City Tivoli was before Rome Those of Tivoli held Hercules in reverence above the other idols as Protector of the Graecian people at whose festivity infinite people resorted thither In it was also a Temple for the Sorti lotts or chances no lesse famous for their oracles then that in Bura or in Achaia a countrey of Morea mentioned by Pausanias whence the Poet Statius saies that such was the beauty of the place that even the Sorti Prenestini would have chosen it for giving their answers had not Hercules first possessed the place Thâ—…se are his words Quod que in templa dâ—…rent alias Tyrinthia sortes Et Prenestinae poterant migrare sorores He calls the Sorti Sisters for that good and bad Fortune were reverenced as two Sisters T is thought that Temple under the mountain in the way of Tivoli was that famous Temple of Hercules but this people had another Temple dedicate to the same God yet called Hercules Saxanus as appears by the subsequent inscription found in a Piazza attaqued to a particular house Herculi Saxano sacrum Ser. Sulpicius Trophimus AEdem Zothecam Culinam Pecunia sua a Solo Restituit Eidem Dieavit K. Decemb. L. Tupilio Dextro M. Maccio Rufo Cos. Euthycus Ser. Peragendum Curavit But we cannot conclude with certainty where this other Temple stood yet many agree that t was called Hercules Saxanus in respect t was built with stone differing from the other greater Temple just as the Milanesi called one Hercules in Pietra from the scituation of that Church in a stony place near them Upon the stone ariseth a certain antient round Fabrick without covering built wiâ—…h marble in rare architecture of much esteem which possibly might be the Temple of Hercules Saxanus t is near the Cataracts which augments this suspicion for that the Antients usually placed their Temples consecrate to Hercules near waters long ports and violent falls of waters to the end that Hercules by them esteemed the Protector of the firm Land might cause the water to continue in its limits and not infest the country with inundations the which Statius clearly shewsin the 11th Book of woods speaking of the Villa 〈◊〉 of his Pollius which stood on the sea shore near a port with a Temple of Hercules and another of Neptune neare it whose verses now take Ante domum tumidae moderator caerulus undae Excubat innocui custos laris Hujus amico Spumant Templa salo foelicia jura tuetur Alcides gaudet gemino sub nomine portus Hic servat terras hic saevis fluctibus obstat He feigns also in his third book that Hercules having layed aside his arms laboured much in preparing the foundations of his Temple in that place and with great strength prepaâ—…ed the instruments for digging the earth for thus the Pagans or Gentiles beleived viz that Hercules during his life went through the world operating for the publick good of Mankind what ever was difficult or laborious to be effected as not only in the taming and killing of Monsters â—…emoving Tyrants reducing unjust Lords to the terms and conditions of Justice and chastising the bad and evil ones But also in building of Castles and Cities in desert places ports and securities for shipping on dangerous shores reducing bad and irksome waies into good changing the chanels of damnifying Rivers breaking the course of the waters where requisite for preservatioÌ„ of the firm Land setling peace between disagreeing nations with just Laws opening the method way of dealing and negotiating between people far eloigned from one another and insum reducing into a state of civility such as were wilde and fierce wherefore they built him Temples created him a God and devoutly honoured him giving him several surnames according to the diversity of the places where they adored him or the quality of the benefits which the people held they received from him or according to some great work which they supposed he had done Whence the western parts of the world had Hercules Gaditani when on the north side of the straight called of old Fretum Herculeum was Mount Calpe on the South
Sea this fish bears a great price in May or June as also of the sword fish particularly at Messina which t is written they cannot take unlesse they speak Greek and to say no more both the Seas and the Rivers abound with all sorts of excellent fish They have also in divers places many baths of hot cool sulphurous and other sorts of water usefull and advantagious in several Infirmities but those are in the River Sen◅ntina near the Cities Sacra and Himera are salt and un wholsome to drink We will not speak of the Fountains of sweet water that are found over all Sicilia and many Rivolets accommodated as well for the life of Man as the enriching their Lands by the overflowing And to speak in brief this Island is not at all inferiour to any other Province either for its fatnesse or abundance but somewhat exceeds Italy in the excellency of their grain saffron honey Beasts skins and other sustenance for the life of Man in so much that Cicero not improperly called it the Granary of the Romans and Homer said that all things grew there of their own accord and therefore calls it the Isle of the Sun Sicilia is likewise admirable for the fame of those things which told exceed our beleef as the Mount Etna Mongibello who sending forth continual fires from its bowels hath not withstanding its head on that part where the fire issues deeply covered in snow to the midst of Summer Not far from Agrigento or Gergento is the Territory Matharuca which with assidu al vomiting of divers veins of waters sends forth a certain Ash coloured Earth and at certain times casting out an incredible Mass of that Earth the one and the other Fields may be heard to roar In Menenino is the Lake Nastia called by Pliny ◅fintia where in three eddies you behold boyling water which alwaies gurgles with an egregious stink and somtimes spues up flames of fire hither antiently resorted all such as through their superstition were to be sworn to any thing It hath likewise in sundry other places divers other Fountains of admirable Qualities and nature for an ample account whereof the reader is referred to Thomaso Fazellio to the end we may abridge our relation here Sicily was inhabited by the Cyclopes which is verified besides what Authors affirm by the bodies of immense bignesse and heigth which in our daies are seen in the Grots or Caves Those Cyclopes being monsters of Men or Gyants whom the Sicani succeeded and them the Siculi or Sicilians Then the Trojans the Candiots the Phenici the Calcidonians the Corinthians and other Greeks the Zanclei the Guidii the Sarasini the Normans the Lombards the Swedes the Germans the French the Arragonians the Spaniards the Catalonians the Genouans and at length many Pisans Lucchesians Bolognians and Florentines all which people at several times inhabited divers parts of this Island untill Charls the fifth Emperor took Corona and after a little time leaving it to the Turks all those Greeks that dwelt there transported themselves into Sicilia The People are of an acute and quick wit noble in their inventions and industrious by nature and said to be of three tongues for their velocity in speech wherein their expressions proceed with much grace to facetiousnesse and quicknesse they are held loquacious beyond measure whence the Antients borrowed the proverb Gerrae Siculae the Sicilian bablings Antient writers attribute the following things to the invention of the Sicilians the art of Oratory the Bucolick or pastoral verse dyall making the Catapul◅e a warlike engine the illustrating of Pictures the Art of Barbing the use of skins of wilde beasts and Ryme They are by nature suspectfull envious evil spoken facil to speak Villany and prone to revenge but industrious subtle flatterers of Princes and studious of Tyranny as saies Orosie which at this day does not so generally appear They are more covetous of their own commodities or conveniences then of the publiques and reflecting on the abundancy of the Countrey sloathfull and without industry Antiently their tables were so splendidly furnished that it became a Proverb among the Greeks but now they follow the frugality of Italy They are valiant in warrs and of uncorruptible faith to their King beyond the custōme of the Greeks they are patient but provoked they leap into extream fury They speak the Italian Language but roughly and without the least sweetnesse and in their habits and other customes live after the manner of the Italians MESSINA THat City of Sicilia that is most illustrious is Messina built with the ruines and reliques of the City Zancla at a thousand paces distance from hence came Dicearchus the hearer of Aristotle the most celebrious Peripatetick Geometritian and eloquent Oratour who wrote many books whereof Fazellius makes mention and Ibicus the Historian and the Lyrick Poet and in the memory of our Fathers times lived there Cola the Fish born at Catana who leaving human society consumed the best part of his life among the fish in the sea of Messina whence he acquired the nick name of fish Hence came also Giovanni Gatto of the preaching order a Philosopher Divine and famous Mathematician who read in Florence Bologna and Ferrara and was afterwards elected Bishop of Catano and lastly hence came Gio Andrea Mercurio a most worthy Cardinal of the holy Church Here stood the City Taurominio which gave birth according to Pausanias to Tisandro Son of Cleocrito who four times overcame in the Olympick Games and as many times in the Pythick and Timeus the historian son of Andromacus who wrote of the transactions in Sicilia and Italy and of the Theban warrs CATANA IT hath also the City Catana one part whereof is washed by the Sea and the other extends it self to the foot of the Mountains where antiently was the Sepulture or burying place for famous and illustrious persons as of Stesicorus the Poet Himerese Xenofane the Philosopher and of two young Brothers Anapia and Anfinomo who the fire of AEtna raging and burning all the Countrey round took up upon their shoulders the one his Father the other his Mother but being disabled by the weight to proceed with speed and the fire overtaking them and at their very feet yet lost not their magnan imity and courage but when almost in despair the fire on a suddain divided it self before them and so they miraculously escaped safe In this City is a Colledge for all the sciences but most particularly they here study the Civil and Canon Laws and from her have issued many illustrious persons as Santa Agatha which the Palermitans will call of their City a Virgin Martyr who under Quintiano in the yeer of our salvation 152 suffered Martyrdome for Christ and Carondo the Philosopher and Legislator and he that was reputed the great Magus Diodorus or Liodorus Hence came also Nicolo Todisco called the Abbot or Panormitano the great Cnnonist and Cardinal who wrote so many books of the Canon Laws