by_o the_o circassian_n salatto_n be_v the_o mount_n of_o caucasus_n of_o the_o ancient_n in_o the_o province_n of_o colchis_n now_o call_v mengrelia_n famous_a in_o ancient_a time_n for_o the_o expedition_n of_o jason_n as_o the_o height_n of_o this_o mountain_n have_v furnish_v the_o poet_n with_o that_o fiction_n of_o prometheus_n have_v from_o thence_o convey_v the_o fire_n steal_v from_o the_o sun_n down_o upon_o the_o earth_n the_o mountain_n of_o taurus_n and_o ararat_n be_v so_o near_o to_o it_o that_o they_o appear_v like_o one_o continue_a mountain_n which_o cross_v all_o asia_n from_o mengrelia_n to_o the_o indies_n the_o mount_n ararat_n be_v one_o entire_a vast_a rock_n exceed_v in_o height_n mount_n caucasus_n itself_o ararat_n the_o mountain_n taurus_n and_o ararat_n its_o top_n be_v cover_v with_o snow_n summer_n and_o winter_n it_o be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o same_o upon_o which_o noah_n ark_n rest_v after_o the_o deluge_n the_o armenian_n who_o call_v it_o messina_n believe_v to_o this_o day_n that_o there_o be_v some_o remainder_n of_o that_o ark_n upon_o this_o mountain_n but_o by_o length_n of_o time_n all_o petrified_a which_o how_o agreeable_a or_o disagreeable_a to_o truth_n be_v impossible_a to_o be_v determine_v the_o mountain_n be_v so_o surround_v with_o precipice_n that_o it_o be_v unaccessible_a these_o high_a mountain_n be_v a_o great_a direction_n to_o the_o mariner_n in_o those_o part_n most_o of_o who_o have_v little_a or_o no_o understanding_n of_o the_o compass_n the_o different_a prospect_n they_o afford_v towards_o the_o caspian_a sea_n sea_n the_o caspian_a sea_n serve_v as_o a_o instruction_n to_o the_o pilot_n to_o discover_v whereabout_o they_o be_v the_o caspian_a sea_n be_v in_o ancient_a time_n know_v by_o the_o name_n of_o chosar_n have_v derive_v its_o name_n from_o the_o elder_a son_n of_o thogarma_n who_o be_v the_o son_n of_o gomer_n and_o grand_a child_n of_o japhet_n three_o son_n to_o noah_n it_o be_v now_o a-days_o know_v by_o various_a name_n according_a to_o the_o diversity_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n and_o province_n border_v upon_o it_o some_o geographer_n have_v call_v it_o the_o sea_n of_o travisthan_n the_o greek_a and_o latin_a author_n the_o hyrcanian_a sea_n as_o also_o mare_n caspium_n and_o caspianum_fw-la the_o muscovite_n name_n it_o gualenskoi-more_a it_o be_v length_n from_o south_n to_o north_n viz._n from_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n wolga_n below_o the_o city_n of_o astrachan_n to_o ferebath_n in_o the_o province_n of_o mesenderan_n reach_v eight_o degree_n to_o the_o aquator_fw-la make_v 120_o german_n or_o 600_o english_a mile_n its_o breadth_n from_o the_o province_n of_o chuarasm_n or_o karragon_n to_o shirwan_n viz._n from_o west_n to_o east_n be_v six_o degree_n make_v 90_o german_n or_o 450_o english_a mile_n and_o though_o according_a to_o the_o opinion_n both_o of_o the_o ancient_a and_o most_o modern_a geographer_n its_o length_n be_v reckon_v quite_o contrary_a to_o this_o viz._n from_o west_n to_o east_n and_o its_o breadth_n from_o north_n to_o south_n nevertheless_o upon_o the_o most_o exact_a enquiry_n that_o can_v possible_o be_v make_v the_o first_o account_n have_v be_v find_v most_o congruous_a both_o with_o the_o persian_a register_n of_o longitude_n and_o latitude_n and_o with_o the_o true_a situation_n of_o the_o maritime_a province_n adjoin_v to_o that_o sea_n there_o be_v also_o another_o error_n introduce_v by_o pomponius_n mela_n pliny_n and_o some_o of_o their_o follower_n as_o strabo_n macrobius_n and_o other_o who_o affirm_v the_o caspian_a sea_n to_o be_v a_o sinus_n or_o gulf_n of_o the_o indian_a or_o tartarian_a sea_n or_o to_o have_v a_o communication_n with_o the_o euxine_a sea_n and_o by_o the_o river_n tanais_n with_o the_o palus_n meotides_n but_o according_a to_o the_o best_a survey_n make_v by_o some_o european_n of_o late_a year_n of_o this_o sea_n and_o the_o constant_a report_n of_o the_o persian_n border_v upon_o it_o it_o seem_v to_o be_v now_o pass_v all_o dispute_n that_o the_o opinion_n of_o herodotus_n and_o aristotle_n who_o affirm_v that_o the_o caspian_a sea_n be_v a_o particular_a sea_n by_o itself_o not_o have_v any_o communication_n with_o other_o sea_n be_v the_o most_o credible_a it_o be_v on_o all_o side_n so_o encompass_v with_o land_n that_o it_o deserve_v the_o name_n of_o the_o mediterranean_a in_o a_o more_o strict_a sense_n than_o that_o which_o be_v common_o know_v by_o that_o name_n beside_o the_o great_a river_n of_o wolga_n araxis_n cyrus_n the_o jaika_n and_o gem_n the_o nio_n the_o oxus_n and_o the_o orxente_n near_o a_o hundred_o other_o river_n of_o less_o note_n fall_v into_o this_o sea_n and_o notwithstanding_o all_o these_o prodigious_a accession_n of_o water_n it_o be_v not_o sensible_o increase_v which_o may_v seem_v to_o furnish_v a_o probable_a argument_n to_o those_o who_o assert_v that_o the_o water_n of_o these_o river_n must_v needs_o be_v convey_v thence_o by_o some_o great_a and_o considerable_a passage_n or_o open_a communication_n with_o other_o sea_n the_o persian_n be_v of_o opinion_n that_o under_o the_o mountain_n near_o ferebath_n betwixt_o the_o province_n of_o tauristan_n and_o mesendan_n there_o be_v a_o gulf_n where_o these_o water_n be_v swallow_v up_o and_o convey_v away_o under_o the_o earth_n but_o why_o may_v not_o the_o same_o reason_n take_v place_n here_o which_o be_v allege_v for_o the_o ocean_n not_o overflow_n the_o earth_n by_o the_o accession_n of_o so_o many_o river_n viz._n that_o beside_o the_o mist_n which_o consume_v a_o great_a part_n the_o rest_n be_v convey_v by_o infinite_a secret_a channel_n through_o the_o earth_n back_o again_o to_o the_o source_n of_o the_o fountain_n and_o river_n so_o that_o by_o the_o help_n of_o those_o vein_n of_o the_o earth_n these_o water_n be_v purify_v of_o their_o filth_n and_o separate_v by_o this_o continual_a percolation_n from_o their_o salt_n be_v by_o a_o interrupt_a circulation_n reconvey_v to_o the_o same_o fountain_n and_o river_n the_o caspian_a sea_n be_v either_o quite_o undiscovered_a ancient_n the_o caspian_a sea_n not_o very_o well_o know_v to_o the_o ancient_n or_o but_o superficial_o know_v to_o the_o ancient_a greek_n and_o roman_n before_o the_o latter_a carry_v their_o arm_n beyond_o the_o euphrates_n it_o be_v no_o wonder_n if_o the_o relation_n those_o author_n have_v leave_v we_o about_o it_o be_v for_o a_o great_a part_n not_o consonant_a to_o truth_n and_o some_o modern_a writer_n misguide_v by_o their_o authority_n and_o have_v take_v the_o rest_n perhaps_o upon_o hear-say_n have_v infert_v a_o great_a many_o thing_n which_o be_v contradict_v by_o experience_n what_o curtius_n relate_v concern_v the_o caspian_a sea_n be_v fresh_a than_o the_o ocean_n prove_v a_o mistake_n it_o be_v full_a as_o salt_n as_o the_o water_n of_o the_o ocean_n though_o upon_o the_o coast_n of_o hyrcania_n now_o call_v kilan_n the_o water_n be_v only_o brackish_a because_o of_o the_o mixture_n of_o a_o great_a many_o river_n which_o fall_v into_o this_o sea_n on_o that_o side_n which_o may_v probable_o have_v lead_v the_o abovementioned_a author_n into_o that_o error_n though_o the_o same_o may_v be_v observe_v in_o the_o ocean_n especial_o upon_o the_o coast_n of_o holland_n and_o zealand_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o fresh_a water_n of_o divers_a river_n which_o exonerate_v themselves_o thereabouts_o what_o the_o same_o author_n relate_v of_o a_o vast_a number_n of_o serpent_n in_o this_o sea_n be_v positive_o contradict_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o province_n of_o kilan_n and_o other_o border_v upon_o that_o sea_n pomponius_n mela_n in_o his_o geography_n speak_v of_o a_o vast_a number_n of_o monster_n which_o he_o call_v belluae_fw-la abide_v in_o this_o sea_n which_o he_o allege_v for_o one_o main_a reason_n why_o it_o be_v scarce_o navigable_a whereas_o it_o be_v sufficient_o know_v that_o the_o true_a reason_n why_o the_o persian_n tartar_n and_o muscovite_n seldom_o venture_v far_o into_o this_o sea_n and_o that_o only_a in_o summer_n be_v that_o their_o bark_n and_o boat_n be_v so_o small_a and_o wretched_o build_v that_o they_o dare_v not_o venture_v far_o from_o the_o shoar_n beside_o that_o this_o sea_n have_v very_o few_o havens_n to_o wit_n that_o betwixt_o the_o isle_n of_o tzenzeni_n and_o the_o continent_n near_o terki_n beforementioned_a the_o havens_n of_o baku_n lenkeran_n and_o ferebath_n none_o of_o the_o safe_a the_o haven_n near_o the_o city_n of_o minkischack_n on_o the_o side_n of_o the_o grand_a tartary_n be_v the_o best_a in_o this_o sea_n so_o that_o the_o inhabitant_n border_v upon_o it_o be_v general_o very_o bad_a seaman_n and_o not_o well_o skilled_a in_o the_o compass_n it_o be_v their_o own_o ignorance_n and_o the_o danger_n of_o this_o sea_n that_o keep_v they_o near_o the_o shoar_n not_o the_o terror_n of_o these_o
the_o three_o province_n be_v the_o dukedom_n of_o rhesan_n betwixt_o the_o two_o river_n of_o don_n and_o occa_fw-la lie_v southward_o from_o muscovy_n rhesan_n rhesan_n from_o which_o it_o be_v divide_v by_o the_o river_n aka_fw-mi be_v one_o of_o the_o most_o fruitful_a province_n of_o all_o muscovy_n abound_v in_o wheat_n honey_n fish_n and_o all_o manner_n of_o venison_n and_o fowl_n its_o capital_a city_n be_v call_v likewise_o rhesan_n former_o a_o very_a considerable_a place_n which_o have_v give_v its_o name_n to_o the_o whole_a province_n but_o be_v in_o the_o year_n 1568_o total_o destroy_v as_o be_v the_o great_a part_n of_o that_o dukedom_n by_o the_o crim-tartar_n the_o great_a duke_n have_v take_v into_o consideration_n the_o fertility_n of_o the_o country_n all_o along_o the_o river_n occa_fw-la which_o from_o thence_o extend_v its_o self_n to_o that_o great_a trench_n which_o serve_v for_o a_o fence_n against_o the_o eruption_n of_o those_o barbarian_n on_o that_o side_n and_o have_v get_v together_o the_o disperse_a inhabitant_n and_o furnish_v they_o with_o material_n he_o order_v the_o build_n of_o a_o new_a city_n at_o forty_o miles_n distance_n from_o the_o former_a which_o be_v call_v peresla_n resanski_n because_o a_o great_a many_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o city_n of_o peresla_n heretofore_o mention_v come_v hither_o to_o settle_v themselves_o notwithstanding_o which_o the_o old_a city_n of_o rhesan_n retain_v to_o this_o day_n the_o honour_n of_o be_v the_o seat_n of_o a_o archbishop_n beside_o which_o this_o province_n have_v also_o the_o city_n of_o domkagorod_n corsira_n and_o tulla_n the_o latter_a be_v situate_v upon_o a_o river_n of_o the_o same_o name_n the_o four_o be_v the_o province_n of_o wolodimer_n wolâ—dimer_n wolâ—dimer_n former_o the_o chief_a of_o whole_a muscovy_n the_o capital_a city_n have_v its_o name_n from_o its_o first_o founder_n prince_n wolodimer_n who_o live_v in_o the_o year_n 928_o and_o be_v from_o â—hence_o communicate_v to_o the_o whole_a province_n which_o â—e_v situate_v in_o the_o most_o fruitful_a country_n of_o all_o musâ—ovy_n above_o 150_o mile_n eastward_o from_o musco_n between_o the_o two_o river_n of_o occa_fw-la and_o wolga_n this_o city_n which_o be_v situate_v near_o the_o river_n clesna_n be_v â—or_a a_o considerable_a time_n the_o residence_n of_o the_o great_a duke_n of_o muscovy_n till_o the_o imperial_a seat_n be_v transfer_v to_o musco_n by_o prince_n danilou_n michâ—elovits_n since_o which_o time_n it_o be_v much_o decay_v from_o its_o former_a splendour_n the_o ruin_n of_o its_o wall_n and_o house_n be_v undeniable_a demonstration_n of_o its_o former_a greatness_n unto_o this_o province_n be_v annex_v the_o two_o tartarian_a principality_n of_o cassinou_n and_o mordwa_n mordwa_n cassinou_n and_o mordwa_n the_o capital_a city_n of_o the_o first_o be_v cassinogord_n situate_v on_o the_o right_a side_n of_o the_o river_n occa_fw-la as_o one_o come_v from_o musco_n surround_v with_o a_o great_a many_o goodly_a village_n and_o monastery_n most_o pleasant_o seat_v among_o the_o wood_n the_o chief_a city_n of_o the_o second_o be_v moruma_n be_v inhabit_v partly_o by_o muscovite_n partly_o by_o tartar_n but_o altogether_o under_o the_o subjection_n of_o the_o grand_a duke_n it_o be_v situate_v on_o the_o left_a side_n of_o the_o river_n occa_fw-la the_o river_n clesna_n which_o come_v from_o wolodimer_n fall_v into_o it_o at_z about_z 10_o or_o 12_o mile_n distance_n the_o five_o province_n be_v nisenovogorod_n nisâ—â—ovogorod_n nisâ—â—ovogorod_n have_v receive_v its_o name_n as_o most_o other_o in_o this_o country_n from_o its_o capital_a city_n call_v nisenovogorod_n thâ—â—_n city_n be_v build_v at_o the_o conflux_n of_o the_o two_o greâ—_n rivers_n occa_fw-la and_o wolga_n at_o 56_o degree_n 28_o min._n neâ—â—_n 500_o mile_n distant_a from_o the_o city_n of_o musco_n by_o land_n and_o above_o 700_o by_o water_n receive_v its_o name_n from_o the_o famous_a city_n of_o novogorod_n the_o inhabitant_n 〈◊〉_d which_o be_v by_o order_n from_o the_o great_a duke_n basâ—â—â—_n translate_v to_o this_o place_n it_o be_v true_a it_o fall_v far_o shoâ—â—_n in_o bigness_n of_o what_o the_o city_n of_o novogorod_n be_v 〈◊〉_d former_a age_n nevertheless_o it_o have_v very_o strong_a tower_n and_o wall_n of_o stone_n and_o the_o suburb_n exceed_v 〈◊〉_d bigness_n the_o city_n itself_o be_v near_o three_o miles_n 〈◊〉_d circumference_n and_o inhabit_v by_o tartar_n muscovite_n and_o some_o dutch_a the_o most_o of_o they_o merchant_n the_o latter_a of_o which_o have_v here_o a_o protestant_a church_n whereas_o the_o city_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n take_v up_o with_o military_a officer_n victualler_n sutler_n &_o â—â—_o be_v all_o under_o the_o government_n of_o a_o weywode_n thâ—_n next_o city_n in_o this_o province_n be_v basiligorod_n build_v like_o wise_a by_o the_o great_a duke_n basili_n who_o give_v it_o 〈◊〉_d name_n and_o make_v it_o a_o frontierplace_n against_o the_o incursion_n of_o the_o tartar_n call_v ceremiss_n of_o whoâ—_n we_o shall_v have_v occasion_n to_o speak_v immediate_o it_o 〈◊〉_d situate_v at_o 55_o deg_fw-la 51_o min._n at_o the_o foot_n of_o a_o mountain_n on_o the_o right_a side_n of_o the_o volga_n to_o reckon_v from_o its_o source_n the_o same_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v from_o all_o the_o other_o place_n mention_v in_o this_o treatise_n at_o the_o fall_n in_o of_o the_o small_a river_n sura_n heretofore_o the_o common_a boundary_a betwixt_o the_o muscovite_n and_o the_o tartar_n of_o casan_n since_o the_o muscovite_n have_v extend_v their_o conquest_n over_o the_o tartar_n on_o that_o side_n even_o to_o the_o caspian_a sea_n this_o place_n have_v be_v neglect_v its_o wall_n be_v quite_o ruin_v and_o its_o edifice_n altogether_o of_o wood_n it_o resemble_v now_o more_o a_o great_a village_n than_o a_o city_n the_o tartar_n ceremiss_n ceremiss_n the_o tartar_n ceremiss_n who_o we_o mention_v just_a now_o have_v their_o habitation_n on_o both_o side_n of_o the_o river_n wolga_n betwixt_o this_o place_n and_o the_o kingdom_n of_o casan_n it_o will_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o give_v a_o short_a account_n of_o they_o in_o this_o place_n they_o be_v a_o nation_n barbarous_a treacherous_a and_o cruel_a live_v upon_o robbery_n and_o addict_v to_o sorcery_n their_o food_n be_v honey_n and_o wild_a fowl_n they_o take_v in_o the_o wood_n and_o milk_n which_o their_o pasture_n furnish_v they_o with_o they_o 〈◊〉_d not_o inhabit_v house_n but_o most_o wretched_a hut_n those_o that_o live_v on_o the_o right_a side_n of_o the_o river_n wolâ—a_n be_v call_v nagorni_n or_o mountaineer_n as_o those_o inhabit_v on_o the_o left_a side_n be_v call_v lugoivi_n from_o â—heir_a meadow_n which_o supply_v they_o on_o both_o â—ides_n of_o the_o river_n with_o hay_n they_o be_v general_o speak_v heathen_n use_v neither_o circumcision_n â—or_a baptism_n they_o give_v a_o child_n its_o name_n from_o â—he_n first_o person_n they_o meet_v that_o day_n when_o this_o â—eremony_n be_v to_o be_v perform_v which_o be_v six_o month_n â—fter_o its_o birth_n they_o acknowledge_v a_o immortal_a â—od_n the_o author_n of_o all_o good_a who_o ought_v to_o be_v adore_v but_o ridicule_n the_o immortality_n of_o the_o soul_n â—ho_n '_o they_o do_v not_o believe_v a_o hell_n they_o dread_v the_o â—evil_n as_o the_o author_n of_o all_o their_o misfortune_n â—hom_n therefore_o they_o pretend_v to_o appease_v with_o saâ—ifices_n their_o chief_a devotion_n and_o pilgrimage_n â—hich_v they_o do_v to_o the_o devil_n be_v perform_v at_o a_o place_n â—â—lled_v nemda_n among_o the_o fen_n where_o every_o body_n 〈◊〉_d oblige_v to_o carry_v a_o present_a when_o they_o offer_v â—â—eir_n sacrifice_n to_o god_n they_o kill_v a_o hoâ—se_n a_o ox_n or_o a_o sheep_n some_o of_o the_o flesh_n thereof_o be_v roast_v and_o put_v into_o a_o dish_n and_o hold_v in_o the_o other_o hand_n another_o vessel_n fill_v with_o hydromel_n or_o some_o other_o liquor_n both_o be_v cast_v into_o a_o fire_n make_v for_o that_o purpose_n before_o the_o skin_n of_o the_o creature_n that_o be_v sacrifice_v be_v extend_v upon_o a_o pole_n lay_v a_o crosâ—_n two_o tree_n this_o skin_n they_o adore_v in_o order_n to_o intercede_v for_o they_o with_o god_n unto_o who_o they_o also_o make_v sometime_o their_o address_n the_o whole_a subject_n of_o their_o devotion_n tend_v to_o some_o conveniency_n 〈◊〉_d another_o of_o this_o life_n but_o most_o common_o to_o the_o augment_v the_o number_n of_o their_o cattle_n they_o pay_v a_o great_a veneration_n even_o to_o adoration_n to_o the_o suâ—_n and_o moon_n who_o they_o believe_v the_o author_n of_o the_o production_n of_o the_o earth_n they_o make_v use_v of_o no_o church_n priest_n or_o book_n their_o sacrifice_n and_o other_o religious_a exercise_n be_v perform_v near_o somâ—_n torrent_n or_o another_o polygamy_n be_v use_v amongâ—_n they_o even_o so_o as_o to_o marry_v two_o or_o
monster_n those_o other_o europaean_n that_o have_v of_o late_a year_n sail_v deep_a into_o the_o caspian_a sea_n have_v neither_o see_v nor_o hear_v any_o thing_n like_o it_o except_o they_o will_v take_v the_o seadog_n which_o be_v in_o great_a number_n near_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o wolga_n for_o such_o prodigious_a monster_n sea_n error_n of_o modern_a author_n concern_v the_o caspian_a sea_n by_o the_o experience_n of_o those_o also_o it_o be_v sufficient_o contradlct_v what_o petrejus_n in_o his_o history_n of_o muscovy_n relate_v with_o so_o much_o confidence_n that_o the_o water_n of_o the_o caspian_a sea_n be_v as_o black_a as_o ink_n that_o it_o be_v full_a of_o island_n well_o stock_v with_o inhabitant_n and_o a_o great_a number_n of_o city_n and_o village_n the_o water_n be_v of_o the_o same_o colour_n with_o that_o of_o all_o other_o sea_n and_o there_o be_v not_o one_o island_n in_o it_o that_o have_v either_o city_n or_o village_n and_o if_o the_o persian_n tartar_n and_o muscovite_n live_v thereabouts_o may_v be_v believe_v there_o be_v only_o the_o isle_n of_o ensil_n near_o ferebath_n which_o have_v very_o good_a pasture_n the_o neighbour_a inhabitant_n who_o keep_v their_o cattle_n there_o have_v a_o few_o hut_n to_o defend_v they_o against_o the_o injury_n of_o the_o wether_n during_o the_o time_n their_o cattle_n grase_n there_o of_o the_o same_o stamp_n be_v what_o contarinus_n in_o his_o travel_n and_o father_n bizarous_a in_o his_o history_n of_o persia_n relate_v concern_v a_o certain_a round_a fish_n without_o a_o head_n to_o be_v find_v in_o this_o sea_n of_o a_o ell_n and_o a_o half_a diameter_n of_o which_o they_o say_v there_o be_v draw_v a_o certain_a oil_n which_o the_o persian_n use_v in_o their_o lamp_n and_o to_o greese_v their_o camel_n whereas_o there_o be_v at_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o mountain_n of_o barmach_n near_o the_o city_n of_o baku_n whole_a rivulet_n of_o a_o oily_a substance_n by_o they_o call_v nefte_v nefte_a nefte_a which_o furnish_v they_o with_o a_o sufficient_a quantity_n of_o this_o kind_a for_o that_o use_v at_o a_o much_o cheap_a rate_n it_o be_v from_o thence_o transport_v into_o the_o other_o part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n i_o be_o apt_a to_o believe_v that_o they_o be_v fall_v into_o this_o error_n by_o the_o superficial_a description_n of_o a_o certain_a fish_n in_o the_o caspian_a sea_n call_v naka_n glutton_n the_o glutton_n or_o glutton_n which_o have_v some_o resemblance_n to_o that_o mention_v by_o they_o for_o it_o have_v not_o only_o a_o very_a short_a nose_n but_o the_o whole_a head_n be_v as_o it_o be_v within_o the_o belly_n and_o its_o tail_n be_v round_o and_o its_o length_n and_o breadth_n near_o the_o same_o and_o sometime_o of_o six_o or_o seven_o foot_n it_o come_v pretty_a near_o a_o circular_a figure_n this_o fish_n will_v fasten_v itself_o with_o the_o tail_n under_o the_o fisher-men_n boat_n so_o as_o to_o overturn_v they_o as_o will_v also_o the_o white_a fish_n which_o make_v the_o fisherman_n be_v very_o cautious_a of_o theâ—â—_n they_o catch_v the_o first_o with_o the_o liver_n of_o beef_n 〈◊〉_d mutton_n which_o the_o fish_n much_o delight_n in_o thâ—â—_n they_o put_v as_o a_o bait_n upon_o iron_n hook_n tie_v to_o good_a strong_a cord_n and_o so_o draw_v he_o to_o the_o shoar_n but_o i_o can_v imagine_v upon_o what_o authority_n they_o have_v found_v their_o relation_n when_o they_o say_v that_o there_o be_v 〈◊〉_d other_o fish_n in_o the_o caspian_a sea_n it_o be_v sufficient_o know_v by_o experience_n that_o the_o caspian_a sea_n be_v very_o well_o store_v not_o only_o with_o abundance_n of_o salmon_n sturgeon_n and_o herring_n but_o also_o with_o several_a kind_n of_o fish_n as_o be_v catch_v in_o river_n and_o keep_v in_o pond_n as_o barbel_n bream_n and_o trout_n before_o we_o leave_v the_o caspian_a sea_n it_o will_v perhaps_o not_o be_v amiss_o to_o take_v notice_n of_o a_o certain_a species_n of_o wild_a goose_n or_o rather_o cormorant_n which_o be_v find_v in_o great_a number_n on_o that_o shoar_n especial_o towards_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n wolga_n they_o be_v like_o other_o goose_n as_o to_o their_o colour_n leg_n neck_n and_o foot_n but_o the_o bulk_n of_o their_o body_n exceed_v the_o swan_n their_o bill_n be_v fork_a at_o the_o end_n be_v a_o foot_n and_o half_a long_a and_o near_o two_o inch_n broad_a the_o whole_a body_n of_o some_o of_o they_o be_v above_o seven_o foot_n in_o length_n from_o the_o head_n to_o the_o foot_n but_o what_o be_v most_o remarkable_a in_o they_o be_v that_o under_o their_o bill_n they_o have_v a_o shriveled_a skin_n hang_v resemble_v a_o bag_n which_o when_o dilate_a contain_v more_o or_o less_o three_o gallon_n of_o liquor_n this_o they_o make_v use_v of_o for_o a_o rescrontory_n for_o such_o fish_n they_o take_v which_o they_o afterward_o swallow_v down_o at_o leisure_n on_o the_o same_o shoar_n be_v also_o frequent_o see_v that_o kind_n of_o fowl_n onocratalus_n onocratalus_n which_o pliny_n call_v onocratalus_n their_o beak_n be_v long_o and_o round_o but_o at_o the_o extremity_n flat_a in_o the_o form_n of_o a_o spoon_n beat_v out_o when_o it_o put_v its_o beak_n into_o the_o water_n it_o make_v a_o most_o hideous_a noise_n almost_o like_o a_o ass_n whence_o without_o doubt_n it_o have_v its_o name_n i_o have_v almost_o forget_v to_o tell_v you_o that_o the_o caspian_a sea_n neither_o ebb_n nor_o flow_v which_o may_v serve_v as_o additional_a argument_n to_o maintain_v our_o beforementioned_a assertion_n that_o it_o have_v no_o communication_n or_o correspondence_n with_o any_o other_o sea_n chap._n v._n of_o the_o tartar_n of_o dagesthan_n and_o circassia_n of_o siberia_n and_o some_o other_o tartarian_a province_n betwixt_o china_n and_o muscovy_n the_o tartar_n of_o dagesthan_n and_o circassia_n inhabit_v that_o country_n know_v to_o the_o ancient_n under_o the_o name_n of_o albania_n which_o reach_v all_o along_o the_o shoar_n of_o the_o caspian_a sea_n from_o the_o end_n of_o the_o desert_n of_o astrachan_n mention_v in_o the_o forego_n chapter_n to_o the_o city_n of_o derbent_n circassia_n circassia_n on_o the_o confine_n of_o persia_n the_o dagesthan_a tartar_n be_v subject_a neither_o to_o the_o persian_n nor_o muscovite_n the_o mountain_n which_o they_o inhabit_v serve_v they_o for_o a_o fence_n against_o these_o two_o potent_a neighbour_n but_o the_o circassian_n tartar_n divide_v from_o the_o former_a by_o the_o river_n bustro_n which_o ptolemy_n call_v gerrus_fw-la border_v upon_o the_o kingdom_n of_o astrachan_n and_o be_v subject_a to_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o grand_a czar_n of_o muscovy_n we_o will_v treat_v of_o they_o first_o take_v our_o course_n from_o the_o great_a desert_n of_o astrachan_n first_o to_o the_o river_n bustro_n and_o from_o thence_o to_o the_o frontier_n of_o persia_n the_o country_n of_o circassia_n be_v situate_a all_o along_o the_o coast_n of_o the_o caspian_a sea_n from_o the_o south-west_n to_o north-east_n encompass_v it_o about_o in_o form_n of_o a_o crescent_n and_o make_v a_o very_a spacious_a bay_n the_o circassian_n be_v possess_v of_o that_o part_n of_o albania_n which_o have_v for_o its_o frontier_n on_o the_o east_n and_o westside_n the_o caspian_a sea_n and_o mount_n caucasus_n and_o on_o the_o south_n and_o north_n the_o river_n bustro_n and_o the_o desert_n of_o astrachan_n very_o few_o historian_n whether_o ancient_a or_o modern_a have_v make_v any_o mention_n of_o they_o some_o have_v assign_v their_o habitation_n beyond_o the_o mount_n caucasus_n near_o the_o euxin_n sea_n whereas_o they_o be_v more_o proper_o to_o be_v call_v the_o caspian_a sarmatian_n their_o capital_a city_n be_v terki_n terki_n the_o city_n of_o terki_n above_o 300_o mile_n from_o astrachan_n by_o land_n situate_v near_o three_o mile_n from_o the_o shoar_n of_o the_o caspian_a sea_n upon_o a_o small_a river_n call_v timenski_n a_o branch_n of_o the_o great_a river_n bustro_n which_o be_v former_o call_v terck_n have_v give_v the_o name_n to_o this_o city_n it_o be_v seat_v in_o a_o very_a spacious_a plain_n very_o fenny_a towards_o the_o seaside_n under_o 43_o deg_fw-la 23_o min._n elev_n it_o be_v in_o compass_n about_o two_o mile_n well_o fortify_v with_o rampart_n and_o bastion_n of_o earth_n after_o the_o modern_a way_n store_v with_o cannon_n and_o have_v always_o a_o considerable_a garrison_n in_o it_o of_o muscovite_n under_o the_o command_n of_o a_o weywode_n the_o tartarian_a prince_n who_o reside_v here_o have_v 500_o of_o they_o allow_v he_o for_o his_o guard_n since_o the_o reduction_n of_o those_o part_n under_o the_o obedience_n of_o the_o czar_n of_o muscovy_n they_o have_v put_v in_o all_o place_n of_o strength_n not_o only_o their_o garrison_n but_o also_o governor_n magistrate_n and_o priest_n for_o the_o exercise_n of_o the_o
put_v into_o a_o general_a consternation_n the_o great_a duke_n surround_v by_o a_o great_a number_n of_o his_o guard_n appear_v in_o the_o marketplace_n seat_v himself_o near_o the_o cauldron_n of_o boil_a water_n but_o perceive_v that_o the_o generality_n of_o the_o citizen_n have_v out_o of_o fear_n either_o abandon_v their_o house_n or_o at_o least_o abscond_v and_o disperse_v themselves_o into_o the_o other_o quarter_n of_o the_o the_o city_n he_o ride_v in_o person_n through_o the_o street_n cry_v out_o to_o they_o let_v nothing_o disturb_v you_o come_v and_o see_v what_o i_o be_o go_v to_o do_v i_o give_v you_o my_o word_n that_o nothing_o shall_v hurt_v you_o you_o may_v come_v forth_o without_o the_o least_o danger_n to_o yourselves_o therefore_o come_v forth_o and_o see_v what_o a_o spectacle_n i_o be_o prepare_v for_o you_o the_o people_n partly_o out_o of_o fear_n partly_o out_o of_o curiosity_n flock_v to_o the_o marketplace_n where_o they_o see_v 400_o nobleman_n of_o the_o most_o ancient_a family_n in_o muscovy_n couple_v together_o two_o and_o two_o like_o hound_n and_o so_o miserable_o disfigure_v by_o the_o violence_n of_o the_o torture_n that_o they_o be_v almost_o not_o to_o be_v know_v by_o their_o near_a kindred_n to_o gratify_v in_o some_o measure_n the_o people_n he_o select_v 180_o out_o of_o their_o number_n unto_o these_o say_v he_o i_o give_v their_o life_n for_o your_o sake_n i_o will_v pardon_v they_o all_o their_o offence_n let_v they_o be_v present_o discharge_v which_o be_v do_v according_o the_o first_o that_o be_v bring_v forth_o to_o execution_n be_v john_n michaelovit_n wiskowaty_n his_o chancellor_n descend_v from_o one_o of_o the_o most_o ancient_a family_n in_o muscovy_n who_o be_v charge_v with_o keep_v great_a correspondence_n with_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n and_o invite_v the_o turk_n and_o tartar_n to_o invade_v muscovy_n when_o he_o be_v just_a go_v to_o be_v put_v on_o one_o of_o the_o gibbet_n he_o speak_v these_o follow_a word_n i_o call_v god_n almighty_a the_o infallible_a searcher_n of_o heart_n to_o witness_v of_o what_o i_o be_o go_v to_o say_v to_o be_v true_a i_o confess_v myself_o before_o he_o to_o be_v a_o miserable_a â—_z and_o trust_v in_o his_o mercy_n through_o the_o blood_n of_o his_o 〈◊〉_d belove_v son_n but_o as_o to_o what_o concern_v the_o station_n i_o be_v late_o in_o by_o the_o great_a duke_n favour_n i_o protest_v to_o god_n that_o i_o have_v always_o discharge_v my_o trust_n faithful_o as_o i_o ought_v to_o do_v towards_o he_o and_o therefore_o i_o appeal_v at_o this_o instant_a to_o the_o tribunal_n of_o god_n where_o when_o i_o shall_v meet_v the_o duke_n i_o will_v make_v my_o innocence_n appear_v to_o the_o great_a judge_n of_o heaven_n and_o earth_n i_o be_o sensible_a that_o o_o duke_n such_o be_v thy_o ambition_n such_o be_v thy_o avarice_n and_o thirst_n after_o innocent_a blood_n that_o nothing_o but_o my_o life_n can_v satisfy_v thou_o at_o present_a glut_v thyself_o therefore_o with_o innocent_a blood_n but_o remember_v that_o thou_o must_v one_o day_n give_v a_o most_o severe_a account_n of_o all_o these_o most_o barbarous_a cruelty_n whilst_o he_o be_v go_v on_o in_o his_o discourse_n the_o executioner_n by_o the_o great_a duke_n order_n tie_v he_o up_o to_o one_o of_o the_o gibbet_n with_o his_o foot_n upward_o and_o his_o head_n hang_v down_o this_o do_v one_o of_o the_o captain_n of_o his_o guard_n ask_v he_o what_o he_o will_v have_v far_o do_v with_o this_o malefactor_n every_o one_o of_o you_o say_v he_o that_o belong_v to_o my_o court_n here_o present_a shall_v lend_v a_o help_a hand_n to_o send_v this_o traitor_n out_o of_o the_o world_n who_o i_o will_v have_v cut_v limb_n by_o limb._n he_o have_v no_o soon_o speak_v the_o word_n but_o the_o first_o captain_n of_o his_o guard_n call_v molutlo_n dismount_v his_o horse_n he_o with_o a_o little_a knife_n cut_v off_o his_o right_a ear_n the_o second_o his_o left_a the_o three_o his_o lip_n and_o so_o every_o one_o in_o their_o turn_n the_o rest_n of_o his_o limb_n the_o secretary_n of_o the_o grand_a duke_n be_v also_o to_o have_v his_o share_n in_o the_o execution_n at_o last_o cut_v off_o his_o privy_a member_n of_o which_o he_o immediate_o die_v which_o the_o duke_n perceive_v and_o believe_v that_o it_o have_v be_v do_v on_o purpose_n to_o shorten_v the_o chancellor_n misery_n he_o order_v he_o to_o eat_v they_o instant_o which_o he_o be_v force_v to_o do_v the_o dead_a body_n of_o the_o chancellor_n be_v take_v from_o the_o gibbet_n and_o cut_v into_o small_a piece_n the_o next_o that_o be_v bring_v upon_o the_o scaffold_n be_v michael_n tumâ—chow_n the_o lord_n high_a treasurer_n of_o muscâ—â—y_n for_o no_o other_o reason_n but_o that_o he_o have_v be_v a_o intimate_a friend_n of_o the_o chancellor_n he_o be_v very_o short_a in_o his_o expression_n say_v only_o these_o word_n i_o appeal_v to_o god_n from_o who_o nothing_o can_v be_v hiddeâ—_n 〈◊〉_d i_o never_o be_v guilty_a of_o any_o trespass_n against_o my_o lord_n and_o master_n and_o that_o i_o have_v faithful_o and_o without_o any_o fraud_n discharge_v my_o office_n wherefore_o i_o summon_v thou_o o_o great_a duke_n to_o appear_v on_o the_o last_o day_n of_o judgement_n before_o the_o tribunal_n of_o god_n where_o thou_o shall_v be_v oblige_v to_o make_v ample_a satisfaction_n to_o i_o have_v end_v these_o word_n he_o be_v tie_v up_o to_o the_o gibbet_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o the_o chancellor_n with_o his_o head_n downward_o and_o very_o close_o shave_v after_o he_o have_v hang_v thus_o for_o some_o time_n two_o of_o the_o captain_n of_o his_o guard_n each_o with_o a_o bucket_n of_o water_n whereof_o one_o be_v cold_a the_o other_o fill_v out_o of_o the_o cauldron_n with_o boil_a water_n we_o mention_v before_o approach_v to_o the_o gibbet_n and_o he_o with_o the_o cold_a water_n have_v first_o wash_v his_o head_n the_o other_o continual_o pour_v the_o boil_a hot_a water_n upon_o it_o till_o the_o skin_n be_v quite_o shrivel_v together_o and_o the_o poor_a treasurer_n at_o last_o die_v in_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o most_o exquisite_a torment_n the_o three_o in_o order_n be_v his_o cook_n who_o undergo_v the_o same_o fate_n as_o the_o chancellor_n be_v cut_v to_o piece_n limb_n by_o limb._n after_o these_o follow_v three_o of_o the_o great_a duke_n chief_a secretary_n george_n czapkinou_n john_n buthakow_n and_o basili_n stepanow_n these_o be_v all_o together_o with_o their_o wife_n and_o child_n cut_v in_o piece_n in_o the_o great_a duke_n presence_n by_o his_o guard_n at_o last_o two_o hundred_o of_o these_o noble_a man_n we_o speak_v of_o before_o be_v bring_v before_o the_o great_a duke_n upon_o the_o scaffold_n who_o have_v condemn_v they_o to_o die_v without_o as_o much_o as_o name_v their_o crime_n they_o be_v in_o a_o instant_n cut_v to_o piece_n by_o his_o guard_n before_o his_o face_n to_o conclude_v the_o tragedy_n the_o great_a duke_n order_v to_o be_v bring_v before_o he_o out_o of_o prison_n where_o he_o have_v be_v detain_v a_o great_a while_n a_o certain_a person_n venerable_a for_o his_o old_a age_n and_o nobility_n as_o be_v extract_v from_o a_o very_a ancient_a family_n who_o he_o run_v through_o the_o body_n with_o his_o own_o lance_n and_o not_o satisfy_v with_o that_o after_o the_o old_a man_n lie_v upon_o the_o ground_n wallow_v in_o his_o blood_n give_v he_o at_o least_o fifteen_o or_o sixteen_o wound_n more_o till_o he_o die_v upon_o the_o spot_n this_o spectacle_n have_v thus_o continue_v for_o four_o hour_n the_o tyrant_n before_o he_o return_v to_o the_o castle_n will_v needs_o give_v a_o visit_n to_o the_o widow_n of_o the_o treasurer_n who_o he_o have_v cause_v to_o be_v execute_v just_a before_o she_o be_v sister_n to_o the_o duke_n wiazinski_n and_o one_o of_o the_o handsome_a lady_n in_o all_o muscovy_n who_o he_o find_v shut_v up_o in_o her_o bedchamber_n all_o over_o whelm_v with_o grief_n and_o lament_v the_o miserable_a death_n of_o her_o husband_n in_o term_n so_o passionate_a that_o it_o will_v have_v move_v compassion_n in_o a_o heart_n of_o stone_n but_o the_o tyrant_n be_v void_a of_o all_o sense_n of_o humanity_n no_o soon_o enter_v the_o house_n but_o order_v she_o to_o be_v strip_v stark_o naked_a and_o to_o be_v set_v with_o her_o bare_a buttock_n upon_o a_o rope_n fasten_v tight_o for_o that_o purpose_n betwixt_o two_o post_n and_o so_o to_o be_v draw_v upon_o the_o rope_n till_o the_o tender_a flesh_n of_o this_o pretty_a creature_n not_o be_v able_a to_o resist_v long_o the_o violence_n of_o this_o motion_n be_v tear_v every_o where_o to_o the_o very_a bone_n of_o which_o she_o die_v some_o day_n after_o she_o have_v a_o
to_o moulder_v away_o to_o nothing_o by_o the_o intestine_a dissension_n of_o their_o general_n and_o the_o carelessness_n of_o their_o martial_a discipline_n but_o more_o especial_o by_o the_o mismanagement_n of_o sigismond_n king_n of_o poland_n who_o by_o the_o unseasonable_a distraction_n occasion_v by_o his_o recall_v the_o pole_n out_o of_o the_o demetrian_a camp_n be_v the_o chief_a instrument_n of_o the_o deliverance_n of_o the_o muscovite_n to_o his_o great_a detriment_n for_o the_o enemy_n who_o before_o be_v scarce_o able_a to_o maintain_v himself_o within_o the_o wall_n of_o musco_n be_v now_o free_v from_o that_o thorn_n that_o stick_v so_o deep_a in_o his_o flesh_n soon_o gather_v new_a strength_n for_o that_o the_o king_n who_o may_v if_o he_o have_v give_v due_a encouragement_n to_o have_v demetrius_n prosecute_v the_o war_n at_o the_o expense_n and_o danger_n of_o other_o or_o at_o least_o have_v share_v both_o with_o they_o by_o his_o obstinate_a perseverance_n in_o the_o siege_n of_o smolensko_n draw_v the_o whole_a burden_n of_o the_o war_n upon_o his_o own_o shoulder_n and_o thus_o rob_v himself_o of_o the_o glory_n and_o advantage_n of_o make_v himself_o the_o arbitrator_n betwixt_o both_o the_o contend_a party_n this_o memorable_a siege_n be_v raise_v in_o the_o begin_n of_o march_n in_o the_o year_n 1610._o the_o citizen_n of_o musco_n see_v themselves_o thus_o deliver_v from_o their_o troublesome_a neighbour_n begin_v now_o to_o assume_v new_a courage_n and_o vigour_n and_o have_v drive_v the_o pole_n out_o of_o peresla_n and_o alexandria_n most_o of_o the_o province_n which_o be_v revolt_v to_o demetrius_n now_o again_o declare_v for_o zuski_n offer_v considerable_a supply_n and_o promise_v their_o utmost_a assistance_n in_o chase_v the_o pole_n out_o of_o muscovy_n zuski_n have_v conceive_v new_a hope_n of_o success_n from_o the_o zeal_n of_o his_o subject_n march_v to_o the_o riâ—er_n wolga_n where_o he_o recover_v all_o the_o place_n as_o yet_o in_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o demetrian_o and_o force_v sapiha_n who_o as_o we_o mention_v before_o remain_v steadfast_a in_o the_o interest_n of_o demetrius_n to_o raise_v the_o siege_n of_o the_o strong_a convent_n of_o troitza_n rosinski_n after_o his_o separation_n from_o sapiha_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o demetrian_a force_n have_v possess_v himself_o of_o volock_n and_o the_o strong_a convent_n of_o ossipow_n both_o which_o he_o have_v provide_v with_o a_o good_a garrison_n have_v send_v the_o rest_n of_o his_o troop_n under_o the_o command_n of_o zlarowski_n to_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n before_o smolensko_n he_o himself_o be_v by_o reason_n of_o a_o indisposition_n occasion_v by_o a_o hurt_n he_o receive_v before_o musco_n detain_v at_o volock_n his_o distemper_n increase_v every_o day_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o distraction_n of_o his_o mind_n create_v by_o his_o late_a ill_a success_n he_o be_v at_o last_o overcome_v more_o by_o the_o violence_n of_o his_o grief_n than_o of_o his_o malady_n which_o deprive_v he_o of_o his_o life_n in_o a_o strange_a country_n die_v rosinski_n die_v at_o that_o very_a time_n when_o the_o zuskians_n be_v approach_v the_o place_n in_o order_n to_o besiege_v it_o volviowitz_n the_o zuskian_n general_n have_v soon_o receive_v intelligence_n of_o the_o death_n of_o rosinski_n hasten_v his_o march_n and_o have_v immediate_o cause_v the_o town_n to_o be_v attack_v with_o vigour_n the_o garrison_n all_o in_o a_o distraction_n by_o the_o death_n of_o their_o general_n surrender_v it_o in_o a_o few_o day_n without_o make_v any_o considerable_a resistance_n from_o thence_o he_o turn_v his_o arm_n to_o ossipoâ—_n which_o he_o also_o take_v but_o not_o without_o great_a difficulty_n and_o the_o loss_n of_o a_o great_a many_o of_o his_o men._n for_o this_o place_n be_v garrison_v by_o a_o thousand_o french_a and_o german_n they_o beat_v off_o the_o muscovite_n in_o several_a bloody_a assault_n and_o oblige_v they_o to_o turn_v the_o siege_n into_o a_o blockade_n which_o have_v reduce_v the_o garrison_n to_o the_o last_o extremity_n for_o want_n of_o all_o manner_n of_o necessary_n they_o take_v a_o resolution_n rather_o to_o force_v their_o way_n with_o their_o sword_n in_o their_o hand_n through_o the_o enemy_n than_o tame_o to_o surrender_v upon_o dishonourable_a condition_n they_o choose_v midnight_n as_o the_o fit_a time_n for_o the_o exploit_n when_o have_v refresh_v themselves_o with_o what_o provision_n there_o be_v leave_v and_o have_v take_v their_o farewell_n of_o one_o another_o by_o embrace_n and_o drink_v each_o a_o cup_n of_o aqua_fw-la aquavitae_fw-la they_o make_v a_o sally_n out_o of_o the_o gate_n which_o lead_v to_o smolensko_n and_o like_a man_n resolve_v to_o die_v attack_v the_o muscovite_n in_o their_o post_n with_o a_o unparalleled_a bravery_n of_o who_o a_o great_a many_o be_v kill_v before_o they_o can_v be_v relieve_v by_o fresh_a troop_n when_o their_o number_n increase_v continual_o they_o kill_v most_o of_o the_o garrison_n but_o not_o without_o great_a slaughter_n on_o their_o side_n two_o hundred_o only_o escape_v to_o king_n sigismund_n camp_n and_o the_o rest_n sell_v their_o life_n so_o dear_o that_o some_o thousand_o of_o the_o muscovite_n be_v slay_v upon_o the_o place_n in_o the_o mean_a while_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n have_v make_v several_a fruitless_a attack_n upon_o the_o city_n of_o smolensko_n the_o garrison_n of_o which_o place_v defend_v itself_o with_o a_o most_o gallant_a resolution_n the_o attempt_n which_o be_v make_v at_o the_o gate_n of_o s._n michael_n by_o one_o nowodorski_n a_o polander_n and_o captain_n of_o the_o king_n guard_n deserve_v among_o the_o rest_n a_o particular_a remembrance_n here_o for_o he_o have_v fasten_v a_o petard_n to_o the_o abovementioned_a gate_n lay_v open_v a_o passage_n into_o the_o town_n and_o with_o a_o few_o young_a polish_v nobleman_n enter_v the_o city_n with_o their_o scimitar_n draw_v cut_v down_o all_o before_o they_o there_o be_v no_o question_n but_o that_o if_o they_o have_v be_v vigorous_o second_v by_o the_o rest_n the_o place_n must_v have_v infallible_o fall_v into_o the_o hand_n of_o king_n sigismond_n but_o most_o of_o they_o not_o dare_v to_o follow_v he_o and_o his_o small_a company_n be_v overpower_v by_o the_o great_a number_n of_o the_o muscovite_n who_o flock_v to_o the_o defence_n of_o the_o gate_n yet_o they_o make_v good_a their_o retreat_n with_o the_o loss_n of_o two_o only_a of_o their_o companion_n leave_v behind_o they_o most_o evident_a proof_n of_o their_o valour_n among_o the_o muscovite_n they_o be_v now_o forewarn_v take_v care_n to_o block_n up_o their_o gate_n with_o earth_n and_o make_v deep_a trench_n before_o they_o to_o prevent_v their_o be_v surprise_v upon_o the_o same_o account_n for_o the_o future_a zuski_n be_v flush_v with_o the_o variety_n of_o these_o success_n and_o have_v get_v together_o a_o army_n of_o above_o fifty_o thousand_o man_n all_o choose_a troop_n a_o great_a many_o of_o they_o be_v german_n swede_n and_o french_a be_v resolve_v to_o push_v on_o his_o fortune_n and_o if_o possible_a to_o clear_a muscovy_n both_o of_o its_o foreign_a and_o domestic_a enemy_n if_o he_o have_v bend_v his_o whole_a force_n against_o demetrius_n who_o at_o thatâ—time_o lay_v with_o the_o remnant_n of_o his_o army_n near_o caluga_n there_o be_v no_o question_n but_o that_o he_o may_v have_v destroy_v he_o and_o his_o party_n past_o all_o recovery_n but_o despise_v his_o small_a number_n he_o commit_v the_o care_n of_o they_o to_o his_o tartarian_a troop_n whilst_o he_o with_o the_o main_a army_n march_v to_o the_o relief_n of_o smolensko_n king_n sigismond_n have_v receive_v timely_a intelligence_n of_o their_o design_n be_v not_o unprepared_a for_o their_o reception_n and_o have_v send_v stanislaus_n zolkievitski_n with_o ten_o thousand_o man_n to_o take_v possession_n of_o some_o advantageous_a post_n near_o clusin_n he_o resolve_v there_o to_o expect_v the_o enemy_n not_o many_o day_n be_v pass_v before_o the_o muscovite_n be_v advance_v within_o sight_n of_o the_o pole_n when_o pursuant_n to_o a_o resolution_n take_v in_o a_o council_n of_o war_n the_o whole_a army_n be_v draw_v out_o in_o order_n of_o battle_n to_o attack_v in_o their_o advantage_n the_o left_a wing_n of_o the_o zuskian_n army_n be_v compose_v of_o muscovite_n the_o right_n of_o swede_n french_a and_o a_o good_a number_n of_o tartarian_a horse_n the_o main_a body_n consist_v most_o of_o german_n and_o some_o other_o mercenary_a soldier_n the_o pole_n be_v much_o inferior_a in_o number_n to_o the_o muscovite_n but_o trust_v upon_o their_o courage_n and_o the_o advantage_n of_o the_o ground_n they_o receive_v the_o enemy_n with_o great_a bravery_n who_o confide_v in_o their_o number_n attack_v they_o with_o incredible_a fury_n the_o fight_n be_v very_o bloody_a and_o remain_v doubtful_a for_o some_o
restorative_n at_o which_o the_o indian_a woman_n be_v the_o most_o expert_a in_o the_o whole_a world_n as_o they_o be_v very_o skilful_a to_o send_v their_o husband_n upon_o certain_a occasion_n to_o the_o enjoyment_n of_o the_o other_o world_n but_o to_o return_v to_o the_o more_o serious_a part_n of_o their_o religion_n they_o hold_v the_o immortality_n of_o the_o soul_n but_o believe_v withal_o that_o at_o its_o departure_n out_o of_o the_o first_o body_n it_o transmigrate_v into_o that_o of_o some_o other_o creature_n thus_o they_o affirm_v that_o by_o example_n the_o soul_n of_o a_o good_a nature_a and_o meek_a person_n be_v translate_v into_o the_o body_n of_o a_o pigeon_n or_o chicken_n that_o of_o a_o cruel_a and_o rapacious_a fellow_n into_o a_o crocodile_n a_o lion_n or_o a_o tiger_n that_o of_o a_o cunning_a and_o crafty_a man_n into_o that_o of_o a_o fox_n that_o of_o a_o glutton_n into_o the_o body_n of_o swine_n that_o of_o a_o treacherous_a and_o malicious_a person_n into_o a_o serpent_n before_o they_o be_v admit_v to_o the_o enjoyment_n of_o spiritual_a beatitude_n for_o which_o reason_n it_o be_v the_o banyan_o abstain_v as_o we_o mention_v before_o from_o kill_v any_o live_a creature_n even_o to_o the_o infect_v be_v they_o never_o so_o troublesome_a or_o dangerous_a nay_o they_o act_n with_o so_o much_o circumspection_n in_o regard_n of_o all_o live_a creature_n of_o what_o kind_n soever_o that_o they_o forbear_v keep_v any_o fire_n and_o light_v of_o candle_n in_o the_o night_n time_n out_o of_o fear_n that_o the_o fly_n or_o moth_n shall_v chance_v to_o burn_v themselves_o therein_o they_o scarce_o can_v be_v induce_v to_o make_v any_o pit_n in_o the_o ground_n for_o fear_v of_o drown_v the_o sleg_n and_o other_o infect_v if_o the_o mahometan_n among_o they_o do_v sell_v any_o bird_n they_o will_v be_v sure_a to_o redeem_v they_o if_o possible_o they_o can_v and_o feed_v they_o well_o because_o say_v they_o we_o do_v know_v how_o soon_o ourselves_o may_v stand_v in_o need_n of_o the_o same_o kindness_n and_o they_o will_v erect_v hospital_n for_o beast_n that_o be_v hurt_v or_o wound_v they_o have_v a_o more_o than_o ordinary_a respect_n for_o cow_n so_o that_o if_o they_o know_v of_o any_o one_o that_o be_v to_o be_v kill_v for_o the_o market_n they_o will_v not_o only_o purchase_v and_o redeem_v it_o at_o a_o high_a rate_n from_o the_o slaughter_n but_o there_o be_v scarce_o a_o family_n but_o what_o breed_v up_o one_o almost_o as_o tender_o as_o their_o own_o child_n for_o they_o will_v comb_v and_o feed_v it_o and_o lodge_v it_o as_o clean_o and_o as_o careful_o as_o if_o it_o be_v one_o of_o their_o best_a friend_n or_o relation_n they_o never_o eat_v but_o in_o private_a and_o before_o they_o touch_v the_o victual_n they_o throw_v some_o small_a quantity_n of_o it_o separately_z into_o the_o fire_n the_o water_n the_o air_n and_o upon_o the_o earth_n they_o have_v abundance_n of_o other_o pretend_a nicety_n too_o many_o to_o be_v insert_v here_o but_o it_o ought_v not_o to_o be_v pass_v by_o in_o silence_n that_o though_o they_o acknowledge_v one_o supreme_a god_n they_o nevertheless_o worship_v the_o devil_n allege_v for_o a_o reason_n that_o god_n have_v create_v he_o to_o govern_v the_o world_n devil_n they_o worship_v the_o devil_n and_o to_o do_v hurt_v to_o mankind_n he_o ought_v to_o be_v appease_v by_o prayer_n and_o sacrifice_n from_o whence_o it_o be_v that_o his_o statue_n of_o gold_n silver_n ivory_n ebony_n marble_n wood_n or_o stone_n be_v every_o where_o to_o be_v see_v in_o their_o mosque_n the_o figure_n of_o which_o appear_v most_o dreadful_a to_o the_o eye_n of_o the_o beholder_n for_o his_o head_n out_o of_o which_o come_v forth_o four_o horn_n be_v adorn_v with_o a_o triple_a crown_n in_o the_o shape_n of_o a_o taira_n his_o face_n resemble_v that_o of_o a_o large_a boar_n with_o two_o great_a tooth_n come_v out_o of_o his_o mouth_n and_o a_o great_a ugly_a beard_n on_o his_o chin._n he_o bend_v his_o breast_n to_o his_o belly_n where_o the_o hand_n hang_v down_o negligent_o betwixt_o his_o thigh_n there_o appear_v another_o head_n with_o two_o horn_n upon_o it_o as_o ugly_a as_o the_o first_o thrusting_z out_o of_o the_o mouth_n a_o tongue_n of_o extraordinary_a bigness_n instead_o of_o tooth_n it_o have_v saw_n and_o a_o cow_n tail_n behind_o this_o figure_n stand_v always_o upon_o a_o stone_n table_n this_o be_v the_o altar_n where_o the_o offering_n be_v to_o to_o be_v make_v they_o have_v no_o other_o light_n in_o their_o mosque_n than_o what_o they_o be_v furnish_v withal_o by_o the_o lamp_n which_o be_v keep_v burn_v perpetual_o near_o the_o idol_n and_o after_o the_o priest_n have_v finish_v his_o devotious_a he_o purify_v his_o head_n by_o put_v it_o into_o these_o flame_n as_o the_o other_o banyan_o purify_v themselves_o before_o the_o sacrifice_n by_o wash_v in_o a_o trough_n which_o always_o stand_v on_o the_o right_a side_n of_o the_o altar_n but_o it_o be_v beyond_o our_o present_a scope_n to_o digress_v further_o into_o the_o cloudy_a and_o superstitious_a rite_n of_o these_o banyan_o let_v we_o return_v to_o their_o traffic_n which_o seem_v to_o be_v more_o suitable_a to_o our_o present_a intention_n these_o banyan_o therefore_o be_v the_o most_o in_o number_n throughout_o the_o city_n of_o surat_n blevitshia_n gandee_a goga_n cambaya_n dium_n pateppatene_n mangalor_n gondore_fw-la massary_n gandivi_fw-la balsara_n and_o in_o the_o metropolis_n of_o the_o province_n hamed_n ewad_n or_o amadabath_n they_o manage_v the_o whole_a trade_n of_o india_n not_o only_o in_o silk_n cotton_n but_o also_o all_o sort_n of_o proveado_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n satin_n velvet_n taffata_n satin_n for_o lining_n and_o carpet_n quilt_a coverlet_n of_o silk_n or_o cotton_n tent_n which_o be_v use_v instead_o of_o coach_n cabinet_n of_o lacque_fw-la chest_n board_n of_o tortoise_n shell_n seal_n bead_n chain_n button_n and_o ring_n of_o ivory_n amber_n rock_n crystal_n or_o agate_n the_o other_o commodity_n which_o by_o the_o banyan_o be_v transport_v into_o mnscovy_n and_o persia_n be_v sugar_n candy_a or_o in_o powder_n cummin_n opium_n ginger_n dry_a and_o preserve_v myrobolan_n or_o indian_a plum_n sal_fw-la armonias_fw-la musk_n amber_n greece_n lacque_fw-la saltpetre_n indigo_n borax_n assafaetida_fw-la and_o diamond_n beside_o several_a sort_n of_o other_o precious_a stone_n the_o lacque_fw-la be_v a_o gumm_n take_v out_o of_o a_o certain_a tree_n make_v lacque_fw-la how_o make_v not_o much_o unlike_o a_o plum_n tree_n there_o be_v abundance_n of_o it_o all_o over_o the_o province_n of_o guzurette_n its_o native_a colour_n be_v red_a brown_n but_o the_o indianst_a beat_v iâ—_n to_o powder_n and_o after_o they_o have_v give_v it_o what_o colour_n they_o please_v make_v it_o into_o stick_n for_o to_o seal_v letter_n or_o beatfiie_v their_o cabinet_n and_o other_o household_n stuff_n saltpetre_n be_v make_v in_o those_o part_n make_v saltpetre_n how_o make_v out_o of_o the_o black_a and_o salt_a ground_n in_o the_o follow_a manner_n have_v make_v certain_a trench_n they_o fill_v they_o with_o this_o nitrous_a earth_n and_o let_v into_o they_o out_o of_o the_o adjacent_a small_a rivulet_n so_o much_o water_n as_o they_o think_v sufficient_a for_o its_o soak_v which_o that_o it_o may_v be_v the_o more_o effectual_o do_v they_o tread_v it_o with_o their_o foot_n till_o it_o be_v well_o mix_v when_o they_o believe_v the_o water_n to_o have_v draw_v out_o all_o the_o nitrous_a substance_n which_o be_v in_o the_o earth_n they_o take_v after_o it_o be_v well_o settle_v the_o clear_a part_n of_o it_o which_o they_o dispose_v in_o another_o trench_n where_o after_o some_o time_n it_o grow_v thick_a and_o then_o they_o boil_v it_o like_o salt_n continual_o scum_v it_o last_o they_o put_v it_o into_o a_o great_a earthen_a pot_n where_o the_o gross_a dregs_o fall_v to_o the_o bottom_n they_o take_v of_o the_o saline_n substance_n which_o be_v set_v a_o dry_n in_o the_o sun_n till_o it_o grow_v hard_a and_o be_v reduce_v into_o that_o form_n as_o we_o see_v it_o in_o europe_n the_o best_a indigo_n in_o the_o world_n come_v from_o about_o amadabath_n prepare_v indigo_n how_o prepare_v the_o capital_a of_o the_o province_n of_o guzuratâ—e_n from_o a_o village_n call_v chirphee_n the_o herb_n out_o of_o which_o that_o be_v make_v be_v not_o unlike_a that_o of_o yellow_a parsnip_n but_o short_a and_o of_o a_o more_o bitter_a taste_n it_o sprout_n forth_o to_o branch_n like_o a_o reed_n grow_v some_o year_n when_o the_o season_n prove_v kind_a six_o or_o seven_o foot_n high_a with_o a_o flower_n like_o that_o that_o of_o a_o thistle_n and_o the_o seed_n altogether_o like_o fenugreek_n it_o be_v seldom_o sow_o till_o in_o june_n and_o be_v
ready_a to_o be_v cut_v towards_o towards_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o november_n or_o the_o begin_n of_o december_n they_o sow_v it_o but_o once_o in_o three_o year_n but_o the_o first_o year_n produce_v the_o best_a when_o the_o leaf_n be_v cut_v off_o within_o a_o foot_n of_o the_o ground_n the_o stalk_n be_v throw_v away_o as_o useless_a and_o the_o leave_v lay_v a_o dry_n in_o the_o sun_n which_o do_v they_o be_v put_v a_o put_v a_o soak_v for_o four_o or_o five_o day_n in_o a_o stone_n trough_n the_o water_n with_o the_o leaf_n be_v often_o stir_v till_o such_o time_n that_o the_o water_n have_v sufficient_o extract_v the_o whole_a tincture_n of_o the_o herb._n then_o the_o water_n be_v smooth_o draw_v off_o into_o another_o stone_n trough_n in_o order_n to_o let_v it_o settle_v for_o one_o night_n the_o next_o day_n all_o the_o water_n be_v again_o draw_v off_o to_o the_o settlement_n and_o what_o be_v thus_o leave_v in_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o trough_n be_v strain_v through_o a_o course_n cloth_n and_o so_o set_v a_o dry_n in_o the_o sun_n and_o this_o be_v true_a indigo_n which_o however_o the_o banyan_o frequent_o adulterate_a by_o mix_v with_o it_o a_o certain_a earth_n of_o the_o same_o colour_n and_o because_o the_o excellency_n of_o this_o commodity_n be_v judge_v by_o its_o lightness_n they_o have_v cunning_a enough_o to_o add_v to_o it_o some_o oil_n to_o make_v it_o swim_v upon_o the_o water_n the_o second_o year_n the_o stalk_v which_o be_v leave_v in_o the_o ground_n the_o year_n before_o shoot_v forth_o other_o leaf_n but_o they_o be_v not_o comparable_a to_o those_o of_o the_o first_o though_o they_o much_o exceed_v the_o wild_a indigo_n wherefore_o they_o reserve_v the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o second_o year_n product_v for_o seed_n that_o of_o the_o three_o year_n be_v as_o much_o infersour_n in_o goodness_n to_o that_o of_o the_o second_o as_o that_o be_v in_o comparison_n of_o that_o of_o the_o first_o and_o be_v therefore_o in_o no_o esteem_n among_o foreign_a merchant_n be_v onmade_v use_n of_o in_o the_o country_n in_o die_v of_o their_o clothes_n after_o it_o have_v be_v in_o the_o ground_n three_o year_n they_o let_v the_o land_n lie_v fallow_a for_o one_o year_n before_o they_o set_v it_o again_o the_o banyan_o in_o general_n be_v the_o most_o crafty_a trader_n in_o the_o world_n which_o make_v the_o muscovite_n as_o do_v also_o the_o english_a and_o dutch_a in_o india_n employ_v those_o reside_v at_o astrachan_n and_o in_o other_o part_n of_o the_o empire_n employ_v they_o for_o their_o factor_n and_o hawkers_o as_o be_v the_o most_o likely_a to_o discover_v the_o cheat_v of_o their_o brethren_n in_o india_n both_o the_o banyan_o and_o armenian_n reside_v at_o astrachan_n be_v very_o industrious_a in_o keep_v a_o constant_a correspondence_n with_o the_o indian_n and_o persian_n in_o their_o respective_a country_n but_o especial_o in_o all_o the_o seaport_n of_o the_o caspian_a sea_n which_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o vast_a number_n of_o river_n that_o exonerate_v themselves_o into_o it_o render_v the_o commerce_n with_o persia_n and_o consequent_o with_o the_o infidel_n very_o commodious_a to_o the_o muscovite_n among_o other_o the_o great_a city_n gangea_n one_o of_o the_o fair_a and_o best_a in_o persia_n by_o reason_n of_o its_o advantageous_a situation_n for_o trade_n upon_o the_o confluence_n of_o several_a river_n and_o the_o great_a crowd_n of_o stranger_n that_o resort_v thither_o on_o the_o account_n of_o traffic_n be_v frequent_o visit_v by_o the_o muscovian_a factor_n the_o banyan_o and_o armenian_n but_o shamachie_n be_v the_o place_n shamachi_n the_o city_n of_o shamachi_n which_o chief_o furnish_v the_o muscovite_n by_o reason_n of_o its_o nearness_n to_o the_o caspian_a sea_n with_o such_o indian_a and_o persian_a commodity_n as_o they_o stand_v in_o need_n of_o this_o city_n be_v indeed_o former_o much_o big_a than_o it_o be_v now_o the_o great_a part_n of_o it_o have_v be_v about_o twenty_o year_n ago_o ruin_v by_o a_o eathquake_n yet_o notwithstanding_o this_o misfortune_n it_o be_v still_o very_o considerable_a there_o be_v not_o in_o all_o the_o persian_a empire_n a_o city_n where_o there_o be_v so_o general_a a_o resort_n of_o stranger_n of_o all_o nation_n to_o wit_n of_o armenian_n banyan_o georgian_n greek_n turk_n circasian_o and_o muscovite_n the_o latter_a of_o which_o have_v their_o particular_a caravansera_n or_o public_a storehouse_n where_o they_o truck_v their_o tin_n russia_n leather_n copper_n fur_n and_o other_o merchandise_n for_o the_o precious_a commodity_n of_o india_n and_o persia_n and_o which_o afterward_o be_v convey_v into_o to_o russia_n either_o by_o land_n by_o the_o way_n of_o derbent_n through_o the_o dagesthan_n and_o circasian_n tartar_n over_o the_o great_a desert_n of_o astrachan_n to_o the_o river_n wolga_n or_o else_o be_v ship_v in_o the_o road_n of_o nizora_n the_o most_o safe_a and_o most_o convenient_a for_o ship_n in_o all_o the_o caspian_a sea_n and_o from_o thence_o be_v carry_v up_o the_o wolga_n to_o the_o river_n ocâ—a_n and_o so_o by_o the_o inopea_n to_o the_o capital_a city_n of_o the_o empire_n the_o project_n which_o by_o the_o command_n of_o the_o present_a czar_n of_o muscovy_n have_v be_v set_v on_o foot_n of_o 〈◊〉_d a_o communication_n betwixt_o the_o great_a river_n the_o wolga_n and_o the_o don_n will_v when_o perfect_v be_v of_o incredible_a advantage_n to_o the_o muscovite_n in_o transâ—â—â—ing_v not_o only_o their_o own_o but_o all_o the_o sarick_a indian_a persian_a and_o chinese_n commodity_n into_o the_o other_o part_n of_o europe_n especial_o if_o his_o present_a czarish_n majesty_n shall_v be_v so_o successful_a against_o the_o crim_n tartar_n as_o to_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o the_o taurica_n chersonesus_n and_o consequent_o of_o the_o city_n and_o port_n of_o caffa_n former_o so_o famous_a when_o in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o geneâ—ses_n and_o the_o port_n of_o erzotra_n situate_v on_o the_o black_a sea_n i_o have_v hitherto_o withal_o the_o enquiry_n i_o can_v make_v not_o be_v able_a to_o be_v full_o instruct_v in_o what_o place_n it_o be_v that_o this_o communication_n betwixt_o these_o two_o river_n be_v to_o be_v perfect_v but_o thus_o much_o be_v most_o probale_n that_o it_o must_v either_o be_v effect_v by_o cut_v a_o canal_n on_o this_o side_n of_o the_o first_o branch_n of_o the_o river_n wolga_n wolga_n communication_n betwixt_o the_o river_n don_n and_o wolga_n near_o the_o city_n of_o zariza_n where_o the_o don_n advance_v within_o seven_o league_n of_o the_o wolga_n for_o else_o by_o render_v the_o small_a river_n of_o kamous_a navigable_a which_o rise_v out_o of_o the_o don_n fall_v below_o the_o say_a city_n of_o zaria_n behind_o the_o islle_v of_o zerpinsk_n into_o the_o river_n wolga_n as_o to_o what_o relate_v to_o the_o chinese_n trade_n in_o muscovy_n trade_n the_o chinese_n trade_n how_o the_o way_n thither_o be_v first_o discover_v and_o improve_v by_o the_o sable_a hunter_n of_o siberia_n and_o how_o by_o the_o river_n of_o obi_n genessay_n lena_n and_o yomour_n and_o by_o the_o conveniency_n of_o their_o sled_n draw_v by_o rain-deer_n during_o the_o winter_n season_n they_o carry_v on_o that_o trade_n have_v be_v circumstantial_o relate_v in_o the_o first_o part_n in_o that_o chapter_n where_o we_o treat_v of_o siberia_n we_o have_v therefore_o only_o thus_o much_o to_o add_v here_o that_o as_o by_o the_o help_n of_o the_o banyan_o and_o armenian_n 〈◊〉_d muscovite_n maintain_v a_o constant_a correspondence_n with_o the_o indian_n and_o persian_n so_o with_o the_o assistance_n of_o those_o they_o call_v kitachi_n they_o keep_v up_o their_o communication_n with_o china_n these_o kitachi_n go_v common_o under_o the_o name_n of_o chineses_n in_o muscovy_n by_o reason_n that_o the_o muscovite_n call_v all_o the_o inhabitant_n betwixt_o the_o river_n oby_n the_o wolga_n and_o china_n which_o 〈◊〉_d proper_o the_o great_a tartary_n by_o the_o name_n of_o kaâ—â—â—_n but_o in_o regard_n the_o muscovite_n as_o we_o mention_v in_o the_o first_o volume_n have_v make_v such_o considerable_a discovery_n on_o that_o side_n of_o late_a year_n as_o to_o have_v build_v several_a city_n for_o the_o security_n of_o their_o colony_n on_o that_o side_n they_o have_v also_o by_o degree_n draw_v abundance_n of_o these_o wander_a people_n to_o these_o 〈◊〉_d where_o after_o once_o they_o become_v fix_v and_o begin_v to_o have_v a_o true_a sense_n of_o the_o benefit_n and_o advantage_n of_o a_o settle_a life_n they_o have_v settle_v themselves_o in_o the_o other_o part_n of_o muscovy_n and_o prove_v very_o beneficial_a to_o the_o russian_n to_o carry_v on_o the_o chinese_n trade_n by_o their_o correspondence_n with_o the_o several_a tartarian_a nation_n inhabit_v that_o spacious_a country_n betwixt_o siberia_n and_o