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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A85713	The sage senator delineated: or, A discourse of the qualifications, endowments, parts, external and internal, office, duty and dignity of a perfect politician. With a discourse of kingdoms, republiques, & states-popular. As also, of kings and princes: to which is annexed, the new models of modern policy. / By J.G. Gent.; De optimo senatore. English	Goślicki, Wawrzyniec, 1530-1607.; Grimefield, John,; J. G., Gent.	1660 (1660)	Wing G2027; Thomason E1766_1; ESTC R10030	85,759	226

Globe This authority and dignity was conferred upon him by the supreme Governour of Heaven and earth who hath descended so far below his sacred Self as to make him his Co-partner in Government adorning him with divine understanding to the intent that the Scepter of this terrene Empire may be swayed by his Reason and Counsel The cause of this co-union of Government between God and Man proceeds from Reason which being perfect makes Man capable of imitating Almightiness so that it appears there is a kind of near alliance or consanguinity between the Creator and the Creature who sometimes is made God's Vicegerent upon earth yet without divine assistance no reason or counsel can be termed good or perfect For the seed of this glimmering resemblance of a Deity planted in Man if it light on fertile ground and that happen to meet with good culture produceth a crop according to the expectation of the Coelestial Planter otherwise it is like corn cast into a barren soyl whose product is nothing but brambles thorns or thistles Thus then Man being reduced to a sense or feeling of those sparks of divinity that lie latent in him should be wrought to a perswasion that he hath the Character or Idaea of a Deity in his mind the impression of the Creator's holy Image stamped on his soul and ought thereupon to be so industrious in the employment of his talent and the management of his affairs that his actions may speak him worthy in some sense of so heavenly a favour bestowed on him Yet though he be made God's associate as it were he must return him the glory to whom it properly and primarily belongs and acknowledge all authority to flow from him as from the Fountain For as brute Animals are not governed by Animals but by an Herdsman no more can Man rule or govern Man without the assistance and protection of Providence divine And should any man be so sordidly ignorant or atheistically prophane as to undertake the Government of any Country or Nation without divine knowledge or assistance it must necessarily follow that that State Common-wealth or Kingdom and every Member thereof be implunged into an Ocean of misery and infelicity For it is in vain to build upon the imagined welfare of a State or Kingdom if God be not the Protector and Patron thereof It is then as conspicuous as the Meridian Sun that all vertue wisdom and goodness owes its original to God which did instigate the purblind or rather pure-blind Heathen that had only the rush-candle of Nature to consecrate publike Temples to Vertue Faith Concord Wisdom Peace c. And if Ovid the Ethnick durst be so bold well may we then à fortiori affirm and maintain Est Deus in nobis agitante calescimus illo Spiritus hic sacrae lumina mentis habet It is therefore our duty to endeavour the deserving a more noble title than that of meer Man and strenuously to labour in the pursuit of Understanding that flies a higher pitch than either humanity or morality dare aspire unto that so if possible we may surpass all our Ancestors and live according to the dictates of that which hath the greatest supremacy in us viz. Reason by vertue whereof we are made sensible of a Deity know how to exercise Vertu●… embrace that which is good and avoid what is evill this is that which endows a man with the qualifications of Wisdom Valour and Justice by this we are able to discern that the terrestrial Globe is wheel'd about by divine wisdom it is this that makes a man Noble a Hero which was the reason that the Lacedaemonians imposed the title of Gods upon those persons that were judged to move in the highest sphear of understanding homines de meliore luto men of a more noble allay than dull mud-wall'd man can boast of Nay Homer deifies Hector in this ensuing Distich Non hominis certe mortalis filius ille Esse videtur sed divino semine natus So that we may maintain without being Paradoxical that that man who is guided by solid reason in all his words and actions is quasi semi-deus inter mortales a Demi-god among men Now of such repute is a Sage Senator or grave Cousellor who hath reason for his Cynosure and wisdom his coadjutress in all undertakings Such persons are so necessary in a Commonwealth that they can by no means be omitted or left out For the King being but a single person cannot have an eye unto all the transactions of his Kingdom besides somtimes it happens that he is seduced from the conduct of reason by yeilding to his affections or slackning the reins of his appetite and licentiousness and the rude multitude being ignorant is altogether uncapable of that understanding or knowledge Yet the Senate elected according to the Law of the Land and compacted or made up of vertuous sober grave discreet persons do from their place as from a Pharos or Watch-tower look about them and provide all things requisite for the discreet and well regulating of the State wherein they live preventing all mutinies seditions and dissentions that the rebellious rabble durst any waies attempt Of such great use and necessity are they and that not only to the King but the people also like unto the vital part of mans soul which residing in the heart enliveneth and quickens that which partakes of Reason and is situated in the head and a Monarch that is guided by the advice and counsel of a grave Senate rules his Kingdom prudently and governs it discreetly For as reason in all her proceedings makes use of the service of the senses yet she alone determines and deserves the greatest honour and esteem so a Prince though he admit of Counsel is to be judged the wisest and is uncontroulable in all his actions for it is a Maxim among us that The King can do no wrong And as the hand distinguished into fingers is thereby strengthned and made the more apt to lay hold on any thing so he that governeth with the aid and assistance of Counsel shall manage all affairs with the greater consideration and prudence Their original did proceed from the benefit that it was imagined would accrue to the Commonwealth whereof they were members by their counsel And although they that first assembled men into Cities who before like Savages ranged over the woods and inhabited the desarts dispersedly without either Law or Order first gained the Title of Kings yet that course alone could not make them understand the dutiful Allegiance they owed unto their Soveraign wherefore perceiving that when they were civilized and reduced from their brutality the authority of a single Person was not of sufficiency to curb and check them in the full career of their exorbitancies they judged it convenient to have assistance from serious and grave Counsellors which we find performed by Romulus the Proto-basileus or first King of the Romans who supposing the Government of a single Person

THE Sage Senator DELINEATED OR A DISCOURSE OF The Qualifications Endowments Parts external and internal Office Duty and Dignity OF A PERFECT POLITICIAN WITH A Discourse of KINGDOMS Republiques States-Popular As Also Of KINGS and PRINCES To which is annexed The New Models of Modern Policy By J. G. Gent. London Printed by Ja Cottrel for Sa●… Speed at the signe of the Printing-Press in St. Paul's Church-yard 1660. To the Reader THere are few or none I presume even among the Vulgar but understand that Republique or Kingdom to be most happy that lives most peaceably Yet what doth most conduce to the Welfare and Felicity of King and People hath been long debated by the Ancient as well as Modern Philosophers and Politicians Some are of opinion that good Laws work and frame the people to a civil life others think it lies in the power of good Education some imagine that it proceeds from the Influence and Operation of the Stars upon sublunary Bodies and others from the Endeavors and Examples of good Kings To the last we subscribe for the peace and tranquillity of a Nation proceeds primarily from the splendor of Princely ●●●…rtues which are so glorious and attractive that they do not onely incite the Subject to gaze on them but with an extasied admiration to adore and affect them so that they are stimulated to an imitation as far as in them lies and when Prince and People mutually labour in the pursuit of Vertue pro viribus as we say according to the utmost extent of their ability how can there chuse but be a result of Unanimity Peace and Concord To perfect this 't is requisite that a Senate be elected which is a certain number of grave wise discreet Persons that may help their Soveraign to pull in or slacken the reins of Government according as 't is judg'd convenient by the Nobility of whose Persons and the Prudence of whose Consultations married to the Judgement of the King the quiet and glory of the People is infinitely promoted and preserved To which intent and purpose we have here deciphered A SAGE SENATOR with all qualifications tending to his Perfection his Office Duty Honour Preferment and Repute among the Ancients as well as those of latter Ages first asserting and then proving their necessity and the benefit that accrews to a Kingdom or Republike from their grave and serious Debates in Counsel and their industrious management of political Affairs By such Union between King and Council Prince and People the whole Nation will undoubtedly flourish with a perpetual Verdure as if an immortal peace were entail'd upon them and their posterity for ever Laws will have their full force and efficacie as well for the punishment of Malefactors as the Reward of honourable deserving Persons Justice will run in its proper current and not be diverted to sinister and base ends by lucre or self-interest two Hammers that are able to knock a Kingdom in pieces Learning will be advanced and the Learned promoted according to their merit and desert without this no Kingdom can stand take away the Pen and the Pike will be unnecessary 'T was the Saying of a potent Monarch That He received more benefit from his dead then living Counsellours intimating thereby that his Library did afford him better Counsel then his Senate Learning and Senators like Hippocrates his Twins are inseparable they cannot dwell asunder especially in such a one as is here described And though I am sufficiently sensible that a discourse of those Qualities that are required in a Perfect Politician is not onely a work of great Importance but attended by a Troop of opposing Difficulties Yet I have endeavored to display the Ancient Government of the most famous Kingdoms Republiques and States Popular according to the Statutes Laws and Customs of the most potent as well as prudent Monarchs And my hope is though my imbecility can lay no claim to merit that my earnest desire to promote the publick good will plead my excuse and I am confident there is no person that is unprejudiced if commonly courteous but will accept of my humble Devoirs which is the very highth of the Authors Desires who at this present hath no more to say but bid thee Reader Farewel J. G. The Table The First BOOK Chap. 1. OF Senators in General their Original and Necessity pag. 1 Chap. 2. Of the diversity of Man's nature in general and of the Parentage and Education of a Senator in particular p. 13 Chap. 3. The knowledge of Arts and Sciences required in Senators and particularly that of Philosophy p. 32 Chap. 4. Of Eloquence Clemency Piety and other Vertues necessary to the accomplishment of a Senator p. 47 Chap. 5. Of Justice and her concomitants which our Senator ought to be adorned with p. 78 Chap. 6. Of Fortitude and her Concomitants as Magnanimity Constancy Patience Confidence c. p. 113 Chap. 7. Of Travel the Age Gravity and Election of our Senator pag. 136 The Second BOOK Chap. 1. OF Kings and their Prerogative pag. 157 Chap. 2. Of the division of Commonweals and Kingdoms pag. 170 Chap. 3. Wherein is contained the various Forms of the most renowned and famous Commonweals and Kingdoms in the World pag. 186 Chap. 4. The New-fangled Model of Modern Policy being of three sorts a Protectordom a Committeedom and a Rumpdom and first of the Protectordom pag. 198 Chap. 5. Of a Committeedom pag. 206 Chap. 6. Of a Rumpdom pag. 211 THE Sage Senator BOOK I. CHAP. I. Of Senators in General their Original and Necessity HE that sweateth in the pursuit of those studies that conduce to private recreation as well as publike emolument personates and represents a grave wise man and merits the general applause of all persons For Omne tulit punctum qui miscuit util● dulci And if I may be a competent Judge there is no Science accompanied with more delight to the Student or benefit to the Commonwealth into which he is incorporated than that of Government wherefore being sufficiently convinced that all the transactions of a well-regulated State are managed by solid reason mature deliberation and sound judgement not by wavering opinion uncertain fate or fantastique fortune I have made the original of Senators their duty dignity internal and external qualifications the Theme on which I intend to expatiate in general in this first Book But more particularly in this Chapter of the original cause of their institution or creation For the performance of that task which I have voluntarily imposed upon my self I have dived into the depth of civil knowledge and pried into the Arcana of Philosophy collecting whatsoever hath been related penned or experimentally known heretofore either by Academick Learning Parliaments in Commonweals Policy in Government or History But to begin Man the perfection of the Creation was not made a Citizen or Inhabitant of this World only but Lord Paramount over all Creatures that have a being within the compass of the terrestrial

were tye a knot and thereby lengthen our name and family Socrates defineth this natural Justice thus It is the Science of good and evill according to nature which that man that exercises deserves the term of a good man and if he communicate it to others the title of a good Citizen because then he is not only beneficial to himself but to others also They that Nature hath been so prodigal unto as to bestow singular gifts and incomparable endowments on ought to transcen●… all others in this natural Justice as much as they do in their natural parts otherwise they will have but a mean repute if any at all in the world The next is Justice divine whereby we are obliged and bound to acknowledge love honour reverence adore and worship God And it hath pleased Nature to implant this knowledge in man as if thereby she would intimate unto us that all other creatures do only feed and pamper their bodies whenas Man should aime at a more noble marke viz. the Deity Nor is there any people upon earth but adore some God or other and hold it a duty incumbent upon every one of them so to do Now all the substance and force of this Justice is contained in Religion which is the worship of God But being that is a different subject from what we intend to expatiate on we shall leave the prosecution thereof to the Clergy Humane Justice which is also termed sometimes civil is of an obscure and hidden nature for although it receive its being from Justice natural and therefore the precepts and use thereof carry little or no seeming difficulty along with them yet is it not truly conceived unless it be by such who are either endued with a kind of divine nature or have been employed in all sorts of vertue For this Vertue requireth a Learned Wise man who reasonably constantly and voluntarily practiseth it And such our Senator should be All civil Justice consists partly in the preservation of humane society and is partly exercised in a Court of Judicature This Vertue approveth of no unlawful cruel or barbarous action but embraceth honesty tranquillity and peace endeavouring to keep men from sedition malice and enmity not coveting aliena bona but unicuique suum tribuens gives every one their due By this Vertue our Counsellor becomes a defender of the common people the Protector of the innocent and Orphans and a debaser of the proud and haught a Lover of those that are good a friend to truth and an enemy to vice and consequently to vicious persons The foundation of this Vertue is fidelity which Cicero defines to be a constant and true performer of promise A just Senator therefore affirms the truth sticks close to his promise standeth to compacts restoreth what he borrows and is not compelled to be faithfull by Law testimony or oath but by his own free will and conscience labouring to keep under injustice and to see that the weaker sort be not over-powred by the stronger that might over-come not right Valiant men in his judgement deserve to be crowned with reward and idle puny-spirited subjects the lash of punishment and by these two punishment and preferment the benefit of a Commonwealth is infinitely promoted In the distribution of offices he is directed by the rule of uprightness and equity hating to be greaz'd in the fist with bribery reputing those worthy of most ample honour who can lay claim to the greatest merit Which is a thing to be very much insisted on in a Kingdom or Republick because Honos virtutes praemium Honour is the reward of vertue and as due to a deserving person as wages to an hired servant which was the reason that wrought the Antients to erect stately Images triumphal Arches and publike sepulchres open commendation and the like were conferred on men of service and desert Now they that are nobly educated vertuously enclined grave and ancient deserve honour and reverence and that either by bowing the head or body in giving them place And as goods are of three sorts viz. goods of the mind goods of the body and goods of Fortune so they are all in conferring of honour to be respected Therefore those of the mind assume the first place those of the body the next and those of Fortune the last as the meanest in value and worth though now adaies of most esteem in the eye of the World All these things our Senator must be skill'd in and in the distribution of offices and conferring of honours he must observe equality the balance of Justice wherewith every mans manners vertues and actions are poized and examined In which he must be very circumspect and unbyassed lest he prove partial leaning to one side more than another and so come off with the term of an unequal Judge For he that bestows honour and accumulates favours upon the undeserving doth a manifest injury to those that can plead desert and so by consequence is an unjust Judge Wherefore Philosophers give us a definition of this justice as followeth It is an habit of the mind destined to common utility giving honour to every person that may be judged worthy of it And among those vertues that plead for an interest in humane society equality is neither the last nor the least she exercising the office of a Handmaid or Lady of honour to that Queen of Vertues Justice Nor doth she remove a hairs-breadth from her but sticks close to her principles and precepts Now this equality in just pondering and weighing things and persons useth a double manner of proceeding the one ordinary and the other common one judging by number weight and measure the other more difficile and secret that is weighing every thing by reason and judgement Which knowledge is only attained by wise men and those that are exercised in great affairs and matters of importance and weight and the other by those that are chiefly employed in barrating buying and selling Let our Senator be skill'd in that knowledge that proceeds from reason and judgement that he may thereby understand how to distribute offices confer honours bestow gifts what is due to every person just good and indifferent in all things persons and places This equality is an excellent qualification and of eminent use and service in a Kingdom And where Counsellors are ignorant therein we find but raw and weak consultation and all things managed at randome without any thing of certainty to the disturbance of publike society Another kind of justice there is which is commonly called justice forraign not much unlike this before mentioned chiefly conversant about judgement whose foundation is the Law and whose prop or support is the judgement of wise solid discreet Senators Before such time as is already mentioned that written Laws were found out each man was his own Legislator and prescribed his own peculiar Laws not diving into the books of Law-makers or Doctors for precepts or instructions For then that pure and immaculate

Heavens rejoyceth in motion Sir Thomas Moor writes that a mans best friends in Travel is his coyn yet under favour notwithstanding the Authority of so learned a Grandee if a man be accompanied with too many of these friends his journey will be motus trepidationis for according to the nipping Satyrist Pauca licet portes argenti vascula puri Nocte iter ingressus gladium contumque timebis Et motae adLunam trepidabis arundinis umbram Whereas as he immediately affirms Cantabit vacuus coram latrone viator The indigent Traveller shall sing before a Qui va la or High-way-man Yet would not we have our Counsellor so destitute of money as thereby to expose himself to hardship and distress but so handsomly accommodated as that he may take a survey of all Countries with honour and credit Yet in travelling he must be very careful that he only come over again furnished and full fraughted with those Laws and Customes that are honest and civil and leave those that are erroneous and evill behind him For Terras non animos mutant qui transmare currunt Or at least they should do so and not like some green heads that corrupt themselves and learn nothing but the superstitious Idolatrous ceremonies of other Countries and be sure to retain what is bad though it prove to their own prejudice and ruine He must be very exact in informing himself what Laws Jurisdictions what order of life military Discipline civil Government and domestical life is in every Nation practised He shall take particular notice of the situation of Countries and places the building of Cities their Fortification Strength and Ammunition Let him also understand the vertue of every Prince how his People stand affected to him and upon what terms the wisdom of their Senate the form and method of their Consultations as far as without prejudice to himself it may be pried into the nature and ingenuity of the people what vertues they adhere to and what vices they are most addicted unto what Learned men Souldiers and Commanders are in every Country to be found out that so by the report of them to his own Nation the best precepts may be cull'd out and the rest rejected Yet he must take heed lest by the new-fangled fashions that he brings over he make not the people effeminate and careless of their own Laws Customs and ancient vertues for as Pliny saith truly Est natura hominum novitatis avida Man's nature prompts him to embrace Novelty which oftentimes proves pernicious and tends to the molestation of the Kingdom Republick or State Many famous persons have taken delight in travel as Nestor Menelaus and Alexander the Great out of love thereunto Homer and Democritus that merrily passed his time away travelled all over Aegypt Babylon and Persia thereby hoping to obtain knowledge that so their minds being stored with variety of observation they might be the more accomplished and remain content with their own fortune The words that Diodorus Siculus reports to be written upon the Tomb of Osiris are worthy the quotation and remembrance which are these or to this effect Osiris Rex sum Saturm antiquior filius qui nullum orbis locum reliqui quem non attigerim discens ea omnia quae generi humano utilia sunt necessaria But if he want money to support him in travel let him employ his time in the study of Geography and Cosmography And a smack he may have of Natural Philosophy but to consume much time in that Science is judg'd by some superfluous in a Senator The field of knowledge is unmeasurable and infinite which was the reason that men applied themselves to one particular Art or Science Aliquis in omnibus and nullus in singulis is no fit Motto for a Counsellor Wherefore we commit to the Jurisdiction of our Senator two sorts of Countries the one is that which containeth both God and Man not as if we prescribed God his place of residence but we speak here according to vulgar capacities not limited within the bounds of Europe Asia or Africa but is only surrounded by the posting Sun The other is the place that Nature hath destined for his residence or being as England France Italy Spain Germany c. For it belongs unto him to take a survey of the order and nature of the Macrocosm the universal World which the Latines call Majorem Mundum as well as the Microcosme or little World where he hath his habitation and abode which they term Minorem mundum And when the mind is dismanacled of those worldly incumbrances which usually adhere to the body and by Travel and Science is perfected as much as lies within the verge of humanity to be she officiates as she ought affecting Vertue and disaffecting Vice suppressing the lusty insurrections of the flesh and like a Monarch curbing and giving Laws to all exorbitant affections Nay further when the mind hath pried into the nature of the Heavens considered their harmonious motion knows the circumference of the Earth her Longitude Latitude and the rarities contained therein hath plough'd the furrow'd Ocean and seen the wonders of the deep understands their causes beginnings and ends what is the order and beauty of the glimmering Lights of Heaven and what influence they have upon sublunary bodies what causeth the passions or deliquia of the two Grand Luminaries the Sun and Moon the reason of their Rising and Setting their Diurnal Nocturnal and horary motion what is the generation and corruption of all things what the nature of the Elements of Animals and the vertue and beauty of that innumerable number of fragrant herbs that usually adorn the Earth when I say all these things are understood by one single person and God acknowledged the Supreme Author and Governour of them all Shall not that Person be judged a Prince rather than a meer Inhabitant or Citizen of the World that is of so profound and polite an understanding Surely yes Socrates who by the Oracle at Delphos was pronounced the wisest of Ethnicks being demanded what Country-man he was replied A man of the World not confining himself to any particular place or Country for he thought himself to be an universal Prince The same Laertius reports of that Tub-hugging Cynick Diogenes Omne solum forti patria is an old saying and Omne solum sapienti patria carries as much truth with it as the former antiquity The whole World is a Wise man's Country 'T is a City that comes not under the tyrannous scourge of any Nero Domitian or Caligula Nor can be environ'd with walls but is surrounded with the universal Circle governed by a comly order and natural decorum as it were with a Law certain and inviolable palizadoed with no other fortifications than the Elements The Citizens or Inhabitants of this place are termed Philosophers commanded only by themselves fortified with invincible minds and sufficiently arm'd against the griping talons of penury or any other misfortune