proportion and distance each particular constellation in the Heavens and every severall region and tract of ground in the earth together with certaine circles both greater and lesser invented by artificers for the more ready computation of the same The greater circles we call those which divide the whole superficies of the Globe into equall parts or halfes and those the lesser which divide the same into two unequall parts Besides the body of the Globe it selfe there is also annexed a certaine frame with necessary instruments thereto belonging The Fabrick of the frame is thus first of all there is a base or foot to rest upon on which there are raised perpendicularly six pillars or columnes of equall length and distance upon the top of which there is fastned to a levell a round plate or circle of wood which they call the Horizon because that the uppermost superficies thereof performs the office of the true horizon for it divideth the whole Globe into 2 equal parts whereof that which was uppermost representeth unto us the visible Hemisphere and the other that which is hid from us So likewise the circle which divideth that part of the world which we see from the other which we see not is called the Horizon and that poynt which is directly over our heads in our Hemisphere and is on every side equadistant from the Horizon is commonly called Zenith and that poynt which is opposite to it in the lower Hemisphere is commonly written Nadir these two poynts are called also the Poles of the Horizon Furthermore upon the superficies of the Horizon in a materiall Globe there are described first the twelve signes of the Zodiack and each of these is divided againe into thirty lesser portions so that the whole Horizon is divided into 360 parts which they also call degrees and every degree is divided into sixty parts also each of them is called a scruple or minute and so by the like subdivision of minutes into sixty parts will arise seconds and of these thirds and likewise fourths and fifths c. but the like partition still of each into sixty parts There is also described upon the Horizon the Roman Calender and that three severall wayes to wit the ancient way which is still in use with us here in England and the new way appointed by Pope Gregory 23 wherein the Aequinoxes and Solstice were restored to the same places they were in at the time of the Celebration of the councell of Nite and in the third the said Aequinoctiall and Solsticall points are restored to the places they were in at the time of our Saviour Christs nativity The months in the Calender are divided into dayes and weeks to which are annexed as their peculiar characters the 7 first letters of the Alphabet The innermost border of the Horizon is divided into thirty two parts according to the number of the winds which are observed by our moderne Sea-faring-men in their Navigations by which also we are wont to designe forth the quarters of the Heavens and the Coasts of Countries the names of the windes are set downe both in English and Latine in the Horizon of the materiall Globes The use of the Horizon is manifold First it divides the heavens into 2 Hemisphears Secondly it shews what stars never set and what never rise from under the earth and so likewise what stars doe both rise and set Thirdly it sheweth the cause of the equality and inequality of the artificiall dayes and nights Fourthly it conduceth to the finding out of the latitude of any place Fifthly it is the cause of the rectitude and obliquity of the Sphear whereof we have occasion to speake more largely hereafter There is also let into this Horizon two notches opposite one ro the other a circle of brasse making right angles with the said Horizon and placed so that it may be removed at pleasure up and downe by those notches as need shall require This Circle is called the Meridian because that one side of it which is in like manner divided into 360 degrees supplyeth the office of the true Meridian Now the Meridian is one of greater circles passing through the Poles of the world and also of the Horizon to which when the Sun in his daily revolution is arrived in the upper Hemisphere it is mid-day and when it toucheth the same in the lower Hemisphere it is mid-night at the place whose Meridian it is The Meridian which comes first to be considered is a great Circle compassing round the Earth from Pole to Pole and is that which you see in the circumference of both Planisphears of the Map and wherein are written the names of the Zones and Climates This chiefe first fixed Meridian passeth through the Islands called Azores according to the ancient Cosmographers and there are two reasons why they did there begin to reckon the longitude of the Earth First for that at that time there was no land known further to the Westerne then that place Secondly Under that Meridian the Needle in the Marriners compasse had no variation but did poynt directly North and South There be also many Meridians according to the divers places in which a man lives the number of them equall to so many points as may be imagined in the Globe but the usuall setting them known to view is by ten degrees a sunder and are those black lines which you see in both Planispheares running downe along from the North to the South Pole The use of the Meridian is to shew the longitude of any place Now the longitude of a Region City or Cape is the distance of it East from the first great Meridian and this longitude is measured and numbred in the Aequinoctiall line by Meridians from the generall and fixed Meridian into the East and containeth the whole compasse of the Earth viz. 360 degrees To prove this by example cast your eye on London and you shall see it something to the East of the second black Meridian passe downe with that black line to the Aequinoctiall and look as much East there as London is from that Meridian above then count the degrees of the Aequinoctiall from the first great Meridian to that place and that distance is the longitude of London which you may perceive to be 20 degrees and better And the like manner of working is to be made for all other places That line full of degrees crossing both Planisphears straight along in the middle and dividing the world into two halfs viz. North and South halfs is called the Aequinoctiall line or the Aequator either because it is of equall distance from both Poles of the world or else because the Sun coming in this Circle makes the dayes and nights throughout the world of a length which happens upon the 10. or 11. of March and the 13 or 14. of September It passes through Abassia or Prester Johns Kingdome and Manicongo in Africa through the great Island Sumatra and the Maldive Isles of
THE ANTIQUITY EXCELLENCY Of GLOBES What a Globe is and of the Circles without the Globe what the Horizon is with the things described thereon also what the Meridian is the Poles Axes Houre-Circle and Index Moreover of the Circles which are described on the superficies of the Globes of the equinoctiall circle Zodiack and Eccliptick of the Tropicks what the Artick and Antartick Circles are of the Verticall Circles and quadrant of Latitude of the Zones and their numbers of Climates and Paralels All which are proper to the Celestiall and Terrestiall Globes with their uses profitable for all that would be instructed in Geography He stretcheth out the North over the empty place and hangeth the Earth upon nothing Job 26. 7. LONDON Printed by M. S. and are to be sold by Tho. Jenner at the South-Entrance of the Old-Exchange 1657. Geographie and the Principles thereof Certaine termes of Land and Water plainly defined and described THe Terrestiall Globe is defined to be a Sphericall body proportionably composed of Earth and Water into which two parts it is divided Whereof the Earth comes first to view whose parts are either Reall Imaginary and the reall parts either Continents Islands Now a Continent is a great quantity of Land not interlaced or seperated by the Sea in which many Kingdomes and Principalities are contained As Europe Asia Africa America An Island called in Latine Insula quasi in salo is a part of the earth environed round with waters as Britaine Java St. Laurence Isle Burmudas These againe are sub-divided into Peninsula Istmus Promontorium A Peninsula is almost an Island that is a tract of Land which being almost encompassed round by water is joyned to the firme Land by some little istmus as Poloponnesus Taurica Cymbrica and Parvana An Istmus is a little narrow neck of Land which joyneth any Peninsula to the continent as the straits of Dariene in Peru and Corinth in Greece Promontorium Is some high mountaine which shooteth it selfe into the Sea the utmost end of which is called a Cape as that great Cape of good hope and Cape Verde in Africa Cape Comori in Asia and that of Saint Michaels Mount in Cornwall the North Cape up in Norway and divers others There are likewise other reall parts of the earth as mountaines vallies fields plaines woods and the like The other generall part of the Globe is the water which is Divided into 1 Oceanus 2 Mare 3 Fretum 4 Sinus 1 Oceanus The Ocean is that generall collection of all waters which invironeth the whole world on every side 2 Mare The Sea is part of the Ocean to which we cannot come but through some strait as Mare Mediterraneum Mare Balticum and the like These two take their names Either from the adjacent places as the British Ocean the German Sea the Atlantick Sea Or from the first discoverer as Mare Magellanicum Davis and Forbishers straits c. Or from some remarkable accident as Mare Rubrum from the red colour of the sands Mare Aegeum Pontus Euxinus and the like 3 Fretum a Strait is a part of the Ocean restrained within narrow bounds and opening a way to the Sea as the straits of Gibralter Hellespont Anian 4 Sinus a Creek is a crooked shoar thrusting out as it were two armes to imbrace the lovely presence of the Sea as Sinus Adriaticus Sinus Persicus and Corinthiacus To this also belong Rivers Brooks and Fountains which are engendred of congealed aire in the earths concavities and seconded by the Sea waters creeping through hidden crannies thereof Thus much of the real parts of the Globe in generall Of the Circle of the Map and their uses THe Earth and Sea composed themselves in a Sphericall figure and is caused by the proper inclination of each part which being heavy falls from every poynt of the circumference and claps about the center there settles as near as it may towards his place of rest we may illustrate both the figure and scituation by a familiar similitude to an ingenious apprehension Suppose we a knot to be knit in the midst of a Cord that hath many ends and those to be delivered to sundry men of equall strength to be drawn severall wayes round from every part above and below and on each side Questionelesse while every man draws in the boes of the knots it must needs become round and whilst they continue to pluck with equall strength it must rest immoveable in the middle betwixt them since every strength that would destroy hath a strength equall to resist it so it is in the bosome of the earth where every part wheeles upon equall priviledge of nature nor can any presse farther then the center to destroy this compacted figure for it must meet there with a body that will oppose it or if not yet could it not passe since every motion from the middle were to ascend which nature will not permit in a body of weight as the whole earth is The compasse of the whole is cast by our latest and most learned to be 21600 English miles which though none ever yet so pared as to measure them by the foot yet let not the ignorant reject this accompt since the rule by which they are led cannot faile for we see by continuall experience that the Sun for every degree in the Heavens gaines sixty miles upon the earth towards his circuit round and after three hundred sixty degrees returneth to the same poynt in respect of us as before it was repeat the number of 60 so oft and you will finde the accompt just and so by proportion of the circumference to the diameter which is tripla sesqui-septima the same which 22 hath to 7. We may judge likewise of the earths thicknesse to the center The whole diameter must by rule be somewhat lesser then a third part of the circuit that in proportion to 21600 will be 6872. halfe the number will reach the middle of the world and that is 3436. in this report both of the quantity and forme of the earth we must not require such exactnesse as cannot vary a haires breadth for we see the mountaines of the earth and oftentimes the waves of the Sea make the superficies unequall it will be sufficient if there be no difference sensible to be reckoned in so great a bulk for let us rudely hew a ball out of rough stone still it is a ball though not so smooth as one of Christal or suffer a mote to fall upon a sphear of glass it changeth not its figure far lesse are the mountains which we see in respect of the whole lumpe What a Globe is A Globe we may define to be an Analogicall representation either of the Heavens or of the earth and we call it Anagolicall not only in regard of its forme expressing the figure of the Heavens as also of the terrestiall Globe consisting of the earth it selfe together with the interflowing Seas but rather because that it representeth unto us in a just
Africa and in America through Guiana The use of it is to shew the latitude of any Countrey City Promontory or the like Now the latitude is the distance of a place toward the South or North from the Aequinoctiall line or middle of the world and is reckoned and measured upon the Meridian toward either Pole Those therefore have Northerne latitude that inhabit between the Aequinoctiall and the North Pole as they have Southerne latitude that are between the same Equator and the South Pole Those black lines thwaâ—ting the black Meridian from East to West are parallels and are also called Aequidistants being distant one from another 10 degrees toward both Poles and are here set downe for the easie counting the latitude of any place from the Aequinoctiall as for the latitude of London count so many decimall Parallels till you come to the Parellel which is nearest London you shall finde them to be five then follow that line to the Meridian and see the figures set thereat they are 50. moreover add to that number of 50. so much as London is situate above that paralel the space is one degree and an halfe thus you shall finde the latitude of London that is the distance thereof from the Aequator toward the North Pole to be 51 degrees and a halfe and in like manner must the latitude of all other places be sought Thus much of Longitude and Latitude by which two the whole earth is reckoned The Meridian and Aequinoctiall as also the Zodiack are filled throughout with degrees the number 360 and every degree consists of 60 minutes and containes according to our ordinary account 20 leagues or 60 miles The great circle that is drawn bending bias in one planispheare up to the Tropick of Cancer in the other downe to the Tropick of Capricorne is the Zodiack it is replenished with degree and beares on it the Characters of the twelve signes The uses of it are to shew over what Countreyes and people the body and beames of the Sun come perpendicular at some times or other in the year and it shewes to all where the days increase and decrease the longest and shortest days of the year for the Sun which causeth the same being alwayes in this circle and therein moving about one degree a day all the while he is coming up from the Tropicke of Capricorne to that of Cancer the dayes increase in the Northerne Climates but contrariwise in his course back from Cancer to Capricorne they shorten to us and lengthen to those in the Southerne Climates and this Circle shews the foure quarters of the yeare Spring Summer Autumne Winter The Tropick of Cancer so called or the Caelestiall signe Cancer is a circle whose distance from the Aequinoctiall toward the North is 23 degrees and a halfe When the Sun is come so far Northward as to touch this Circle then is our longest day in the year It passes through the Southermost parts of Barbary and Aegypt Arabia India China Nova Hispania and the Island Cuba The Tropick of Capricorne likewise so named of the signe Capricorne in the starry Heaven is a circle of like distance at the other Tropick from the Aequinoctiall Southward that is 23 degrees and a halfe When the Sun is gone downe to the Circle Southward it is our shortest day in the whole year This Tropick passes through Monomopata Saint Laurence Island Peru and the South coasts of Brasile The Artick or North polar Circle is distant from the North Pole 23 degrees and a halfe so much as the Tropick of Cancer from the Aequinoctiall but the distance between that Tropick and it is 43 degrees You may see it passe through Island Norway Boddia Moscovy Tartary crosse Davis Straits and Greenland The Antartike or South polar Circle is distant from the South Pole 23. degrees and a halfe so far as the Tropick of Capricorne is from the Equinoctiall The Circle passes through Magellanica or Terra australis Incognita onely Now these four lesser circles viz. the two Tropicks and Polar circles doe fitly part the Earth into five Zones The Zones A Zone is a space of Earth contained between two of the smaller circles or within the compasse of either Polar Circle the name signifies as much as a girdle by reason that each Zone compasseth about the Earth in manner of a girdle Of these there be two kinds one temperate the other untemperate There be two temperate Zones the one North the other South The North temperate Zone is that space of earth contained between the Tropick of Cancer and the North Polar Circle The South temperate Zone is that space of earth stretched along between the Tropick of Capricorne and the South Polar Circle They are called temperate Zones for that the aire thereof hath a far better and more moderate temperature and meeter for man to inhabit then the untemperate Zones The breadth of them is forty three degrees a piece which degrees make either temperate Zone to be 2580 English miles broad a piece The untemperate Zones are twofold one exceeding in the extremity of heat the other as much in cold they have been thought in former times altogether unhabitable but latter experience hath found them more fit for habitation The Torrid or burnt Zone which is the hot untemperate Zone is that space of Heaven which you see contained between the Tropick of Cancer and that of Capricorne It hath the name of Torrid because the Sun continually passes thereover and casting down direct rayes affects it with a marvellous heat thereby making it not so inconvenient for the Inhabitants as the temperate Zones are The breadth of this Zone is comprehended between the two Tropicks and containes 47 degrees that is of English miles 2820. The frozen Zones are spaces of Earth inclosed within either of the Polar Circles of these there are two one North the other South The North frozen Zone is that space of Earth contained within the compasse of the North Polar Circle The breadth thereof reckoned twenty three degrees and a halfe viz. from the Pole it selfe to the Polar Circle which of English miles is 1410. The South frozen Zone is that space of Earth compassed all about with the South Polar Circle It hath the like breadth from the South Pole as the other frozen Zone hath from the North Pole and likewise the number of miles is the same They are called frozen Zones because they for the most part exceed in cold and that is caused in regard that the Sunne for a good part of the year is under the Horizon and sees them not and when he is come up into their sight his appearance which for a pretty long season together rather comforts them then any vertuall heat proceeding from him for there the Aire is stuft with thick foggy vapours and his beames at highest fall but very obliquely on them so that what through his want and unability to dispel the cold and the colds force to resist and beare back
the Suns heat these Zones remaine almost unhabitable and even as the word is frozen The names of all these set in the right place of each Zone you shall see in that Meridian going about America and Magellanica Of the Climates IN that great Meridian going about Europe Asia and Africa are described the Climates Now a Climate is a space of the Earth included within the space of two Parellels The use of them is to shew the difference of length and shortnesse of dayes over all the world as you may see in the midst of every Climate set the number of the houres of the longest day in the yeare under that Climate the longest day in one Climate differing halfe an houre from the longest in another so that there are four and twenty Climates consisting of forty eight Parallels ere the day come to be twenty foure hours in length which is twelve houres longer then the ordinary Aequinoctiall day is Now this is to be understood Under the Aequinoctiall line and thirteen degrees that is three Parallels on either side thereof the dayes exceed not the length of twelve houres but after in every Clime increase the length of halfe an houre so that there are numbred as is said before 48 Parellels which make twenty four Climates before the dayes become twenty foure houres long the which length they being grown to their increase is then by whole weeks and months till in the four and twentieth Clime about the Pole the day is full halfe a year long And it is thus between the Aequator and the North Pole so it is between the said Aequator and South Pole wherefore there are 2 sorts of Climes that is 24 Northerne and as many Southerne The Climates Northward are thus named the first is Dia Meroes because the middle Parallel thereof passes through the middest of the Inland Islâ—nd Meroe in the continent of Africa the second is Dia Sienes the third Dia Alexandria the fourth Dia Rhodos the fifth Dia Romes the sixth Dia Ponton the seventh Dia Boristhenes the eight Dia Ripheos the ninth Per Dianam The South Climes have the same names save only that the word Anti is thereunto added as Anti Dia Meroes the next Anti Dia Sienes and so along to the ninth Southward further then the ninth Clime on either side the Aequinoctiall they are not named but yet the Climes run on both wayes to the number of twenty four as is seen in the Meridian That there be but nine named the reason is because when these names were given no more then nine Climates were known to those of ancient times but since though the number of them be increased to twenty foure the rest are not knowne by proper names but remaine innominate In the two opposite points of this Meridian are fastned the two ends of an iron pin passing through the body of the Globe and its centre one of which ends is called the Artick or North pole of the world and the other the Antartick or South Pole and the pin it selfe is called the Axis for the Axis of the world is the Diameter about which it is turned and the extreame ends of the Axis are called the Poles To either of these Poles when need shall require there is a certaine brasse Circle or ring to be fastned which Circle is divided into twenty four equall parts according to the number of the hours day and night and it is therefore called the hour-circle and this Circle is to be applied to either of the Poles in such sort as that the section where twelve is described may precisely agree with the points of mid-day and mid-night in the superficies of the true Meridian There is also another little pinne to be fastned to the end of the Axis in the very Center of the hour circle this pin is so made as it turnes about and poynteth to every of the twenty four sections in the hour-circle according as the Globe it selfe is moved about so that you may place the point of it to what houre you please The use of this hour-circle and Index is to denote the houres of the rising and sâ—tting of the Sun and other stars which must be practised after this manner First you must set the Globe to your elevation or pole and then apply the degree of the signe in which the Sun at that time is to the Meridian and the Index to that 12 houres which is uppermost and so having thus done you must turne the Globe about till the degree wherein the Sun is come to the Easterne side of the Horizon which done the Index will poynt out the houre of his rising and if you turne it about to the West side you shall in like manner have the houre of his setting There is also belonging to the Meridian a quadrant of Altitude being made of a long thin plate of steel or brasse and fashioned crooked so that it may be applyed to the convexe superficies of the Globe And having the fourth part of the Circle in length and this Quadrant is made in such sort as that it may be fastned on the Meridian and so be applyed to the Zenith of any place whatsoever being divided from one end to the other into 90 equal parts and degrees There is besides at the foot of the Globe a Marriners compasse placed which serves to shew how to place the Globe rightly according to the four windes and quarters of the world Besides these Circles expressed in the Globe there are also some certaine other Circles in familiar use with the Practicall Astronomers which they call verticall Circles these are greater Circles drawn from the verticall poynt through the Horizon in what number you please the office of these Circles is supplyed by the helpe of a quadrant of altitude which is a thin plate of brasse divided into 90 degrees this Quadrant must be applyed to the vertex of any place when you desire to use it so that the lowest end of it noted with the number of 90 may just touch the Horizon in every place this Quadrant is made moveable that so it may be fastned to the verticall point of any place Of the figure of the heavenly Orbes and Elements THe whole world is divided into two parts viz. Elementall and Etheriall or Coelestiall parts The Elementall part is four-fold viz. Earth water aire Fire as may be seen in that round figure of the frame of the Heavens and Elements one within another the inmost and middlemost Circle containing Earth and water intermixed together the next the three Regions of the Aire and immediately above that Orbe is the Element of Fire all which you may easily discerne by their severall names in their proper places The Etheriall or Celestiall parts doe compasse the Elementall part and contain the ten upper Spheares viz. 1 The Moon 2 Mercury 3 Venus 4 Sol 5 Mars 6 Jupiter 7 Saturne 8 the starry Firmament 9 the Christaline Heaven having no stars at all the