is called ciuile or naturall the other artificiall In the ciuile or naturall day we may consider the definition the distinction and the cause of inequality The definition respecteth either the name or the thing it selfe It is called either naturall as caused by the naturall or regulare motion of the whole or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by Prolemee as consisting of the night and day together or els ciuile because all nations naturally do tearm it a day The definition respecting the thing is that according to which it is defined to be the space of 24. howers and certen minutes consisting of light and darkenesse The definition thereof is in respect of the continuance and length of the day and thereof one is called inequall or different also the true and apparent day the Greekes call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 irregulare another the equall or meane day The inequall or different daye is the space of 24. howers and so many minutes as are answerable vnto each portion of the zodiak which the ☉ doth daily run ouer The equall or indifferent day is the space of 24. howers and so many minutes as are answerable vnto the quatity of the meane motiō of the ☉ in one day which is 59. gr 8. mi. The cause of the inequality happeneth vnto the true naturall day either in a right or in an oblique sphere The cause of the inequality happening in a right sphere is through the inequall augmentation by meanes either of the Equinoctiall ascensions inequally answering the same by reason of the obliquitie of the zodiak orels of the motiō of the ☉ which about the cētre of the world is inequal The cause of the inqualitye of the day happening in an oblique sphere is through the inequall augmentation apperteining either to the Equinoctiall ascensions inequally answeringe the same by reason of the obliquity aswell of the Horizon as of the zodiake or else to the eccentricke circle of the ☉ wherin the ☉ running doth in equall tymes perform an inequall motion The Artificiall day is handled in the Chap. folowing Of the artificiall day and night and the diuersitie belonging to them both Chap. 37. THe ☉ caried about by the first motion distinguisheth the naturaall day into two partes whereof the one is called the artificiall day the other the artificiall night Concerning the artificial day Astronomy deliuereth the definition and the proportion thereof The definition conteineth the Author and the terme thereof The Author of the artificiall day is the ☉ who caried about by the first motion describeth in the day time a certen arke The terme is either from whence that is from the Easterlie part of the Horizon or by what that is by the verticall meridian or vnto what that is vnto the Westerly part of the Horizon The proportion of the artificiall day is deliuered in so much as apperteineth vnto the length thereof either in a righte or in an oblique sphere In a right sphere it is alwaies equall vnto it selfe and to the night by reason of the equalitie both of the Ascensions for the one halfe of the Equator doth alwaies equally ascend and descend with sixe signes of the zodiake and of the diurnall and nocturnall segments In an oblique sphere the dayes to themselues and to the nights are either equall or inequall The dayes are equall both to themselues and to the nightes in the Equinoctiall by reason of the equality both of the ascensions for looke how great the ascension of the diurnall arke is so great also is the descensiō of the nocturnal of the segments which the ☉ describeth the said segments being incident with the Equator The daies are inequal both among thēselues and to the nightes when the ☉ hath passed the Equinoctiall poincts aswell by reason of the diuersity of the ascensions of the signes as also by reason of the Sunnes inequall describing of the paralleles by the motion of the world The artificiall night geueth vs to consider the definition and the measure It is defined to be the part remaining of the naturall day comprehending the space between the setting of the ☉ and the rising thereof The measure thereof is either equall or inequall The equality of measure falleth out in the right sphere alwaies in an oblique sphere two times in the yeare The inequality of measure hath notwithstāding either a like diuersity in the signes equidistant frō the Equator or alternate in opposite points Of the reason of the equall and inequall howers Chap. 38. HAuing thus set downe the description of the dayes it falleth out nowe to intreat of their partes commonly called howers whereof we must consider the generall reason and the diuision The generall reason attendeth their definition their number and their subdiuision They are defined to be that space of time wherin the 24. parte or 15. gr either of the Equator or of the Eclipticke do fullie arise They are in number 24. belonging vnto euery naturall daye Euery hower is subdiuided into 60. minutes euery minute into 60. seconds c. The diuision of the howers consisteth in this that either they are reconed in the Eclipticke or els in the Equator Those that are taken in the Eclipticke the ascensions whereof do varie are called inequall howers whereof the names the definition and the number are to be noted They are called naturall by Io. de sacro bosco and temporall and artificiall and Planetarie They are defined to be the space of time wherin the moitie of a signe of the Zodiake counted from the place of the ☉ or the opposite thereof doth ascende Their number is as much by day as by night For 6. signes of the Ecl. do alwaies arise aswell by day as by night The howers that are reconed in the Equator which ariseth vniformelie are called equall howers whereof we are in like manner to note the names the definition and the number They are called naturall by many and equinoctiall howers They are defined to be that space of time whe◠in 15 gr of the Equator do fully arise Their number is alwaies inequall sauing in the 2. Equinoctiall seasons For at other times 6. signes of the Equator do not euerye daye completely arise and set Of the diuers accidents of diuers partes of the earth according to the diuerse situation of the Sphere Chap. 39. THe situation of euery place and region on the earth is in the space either of the burnt or temperate or frozen zone The places situated in the burnt zone are either in the meane spaces or betweene meane extreme or in the extremes Their situation that are in the meane spaces differeth from the rest 1. In the 4. sortes of shadowes which they haue viz. Septentrionall Meridionall Orientall and Occidentall 2. In their 4. solstices which they haue two being highest in ♈ ♎ and two lowest in ♋ ♑ 3. In their continuall Equinoctialles 4. In their two Winters and two Somers Those that haue their
breadth and in colour The causes are diuers and those either fabulous or naturall The fabulous causes are in number 4. The first is taken from the scorching of the ☉ as if the ☉ had sometimes made his motion there and by his scorching had caused that place to be white The second is drawen from the milke of Iuno that running plentifully out of her pappes painted this circle of that colour The third is fetched from the seate and habitation of strong and valiant men whom the Poets haue placed in this circle The fourth is deâ—iued out of the way of the Gods as if they passed thereby vnto the pallace of Iupiter The naturall causes alleadged although they be many yet are principally but 3. The first by Theophrastus who said that it is that ioyning together wherby the heauen being diuided into two hemispheres is as it were by a certen claye fastened The second by Aristotle who tooke it to be a Meteore set on fire in such sorte as a Comete The third is Astronomicall which affirmeth that it is a girdle caused by many little starres as it were one touching another in the which concurring in that Place the light of the Sunne is diffused The distinct starres that make it are cheiflie these The Arowe the Eagle the bowe of â™ the Altare the 4. feete of the Centaure the ship Argo the head of the Dogge the right hand of Orion Erichthonius or the Wagoner with the Goate on his shoulder Perseus Cassiopeia and the Swanne Of the 5 principall Regions of the worlde commonly called Zones Chap. 29. THe Vniuersall Globe aswell of the heauens as of the earth answerable thereunto is distinguished into certain orbicular tractes which the spaces comprehended betweene the 4. paralleles do make of which tractes we may consider the names the definition the generall nuÌ„ber and their distance one from another Their names are diuerse For they are called either Zones or swadling bandes or girdles or Mashes or coastes They are defined to be the space either of the heauen or of the earth compreheÌ„ded between two lesse paralleles or els included on euerye side with the polare circles Their generall number is twofolde For either they are celestiall and so the causes of the terrestriall or els they are terrestriall of the same proportion with the celestiall The celestiall are either Meane or Extreme or betweene meane and extreme The Meane is that Zone which is included betweene the 2. tropickes and is cut in two equall partes by the Equator The Extremes or polare Zones are those wherof being but 2 the one is called the Septentrionall Zone within the Arcticke circle the other the Meridionall Zone within the Antarcticke circle The Zones between meane and extreme are also 2. whereof the one is Septentrionall comprehended betweene the tropicke of ♋ and the circle Arcticke and the other Meridionall comprehended betwene the tropicke of ♑ and the circle Antarticke The terrestriall Zones haue the same reason with the celestiall aswell in respect of their nuÌ„ber as in regarde of their names The terrestriall Zones are also 5. in number answering proportionallye vnto thé 5. celestiall Zones conically marked out by the 4. celestiall paralleles The terrestriall Zones haue the same reason with the celestiall in respect of their names also For that terrestriall Zone that is vnder the mean celestiall is called meane those which are vnder the extremes or polares are called extremes septentrionall or Meridionall and those which are vnder the Zones betweene meane and extreme haue their name accordingly and are either Northerlie or Southerlie The distance one from another is in this manner the meane or burnt Zone according to the Latitude reconed in the Meridian conteineth 47. gr or 705. miles the extreme intemperate Zones do each of them according to the said reconing conteine as many degrees and miles as the meane the temperate zones betweene meane and extreme do eache of them conteine according to the former reconing 41. gr or 645. miles The difference of the Zones and the manner how all places Vpon the earth may be brought within their compasse Chap. 30. THe difference also of the zones as well celestiall as terrestriall and the reason how all places vpon earth may be referred vnto them is worthie the noting Their difference is to be considered either in respect of their figure or their accidental nature The figure of the meane is vniforme and for the most parte alike The figures of the extremes are either of theÌ„ equall to other yet such as that they seeme rather to carie the shape of circles then of zones The figures of the zones betweene meane and extreme be either of them alike and equall vnto the other yet about the tropicks their figure is limited with a greater compasse then towarde the polare circles The accidentall nature of the zones is that in regarde wherof they are saide to be meane extreme and betweene meane and extreme The Meane or burnt zone is diuided into 2. partes whereof the one is situated vnder the Equator the other about the Tropickes That parte which is situated vnder the Equator seemeth to be temperate and that for three causes 1. By reason of the sodaine and crosse accesse and recesse of the Sunne 2. By reason of the continuall equality of the night and day in that place 3. By reason of the swift carying about of the ☉ by the first motion That parte which is situated vnder the Tropickes is hardlye to be inhabited and that also for 3. causes 1. For the slowe conuersion of the ☉ 2. For the doubled proiection of the Sunne-beames vpon those places 3. For the great increase of the Sommer daies aboue the nights The extreme zones are both of them frozen by reason of the too much colde that falleth out there by meanes of the oblique proiection and reflexion of the Sunne beames The zones betweene meane and extreme are both of them temperate and are diuided into 3. Regions whereof one is situated about the middle parte thereof which we iudge simplie to be temperate by reason of the moderate heate of the ☉ namely from 34. gr vnto 48. gr distance from the Equator the other 2. regions are about the extremes therof the one being about the tropicks and so subiect vnto the intemperate heate of the burnt zone the other nigh vnto the polares and therfore subiect vnto the intemperate colde of the frozen zone The reason how al places vpon the earth may be referred vnto those zones hath two considerations 1. If the places haue Septentrionall Latitude and that lesse then the greatest declination of the ☉ they belong vnto the burnt zone if equall vnto the trop of ♋ if greater and yet not exceeding ♋ gr 30. mi. they belong vnto the temperate zone If the said septentrionall Latitude be equall vnto the complemeÌ„t of the greatest obliquation they must be placed vnder the arctick circle if greater vnder the frozen zone 2. If the
Diameter or els being compared but with the orbe of the ☉ which is proued by the equall spaces of the dayes and nights The measure of the compasse of the earth Chap. 14. THe circuÌ„ference of the Globe of the Earth and water is found out by the rule of foure proportionall numbers in which rule 3. numbers are giuen and the fourth is vnknowne The three numbers giuen which conteine the proportion of a segment of a celestiall circle vnto the like space on the earth are 1. the difference of Latitude 2 the viatorie distance 3. the circumference of the whole heauen By the difference of Latitude is vnderstoode so many celestiall degrees as any terrestrial places are distant asunder The viatorie distance is that terrestriall space of waye that is answerable vnto one degree or any other difference of Latitude and it is found out 3 manner of wayes First by the distance of any two places vpon the earth situated vnder one meridian the said distance being precisely tryed Secondly by the latitude of both places either obserued by instruments or taken out of Tables Thirdlye by subducting the lesse out of the greater for so the difference of latitude shall appeare whereunto the space of way knowen betweene the places geuen shal be answerable Whereby vnto each degree of a great circle in the heauen there are answerable vpon the earth after Ptolemee furlongs 500. passes 62500. greater leagues 15. After Eratosthenes surl 700. pass 87500 leag 21. â…ž The circumference of the whole heauen conteining 360. gr is the 3. number in the proportion 1 for that of a little and of a great globe there is the like reason 2. because the terrestriall meridian hath the same centre with the celestiall The fourth number of the proportion that is the circuit of the greatest circle in the earth hath 2. considerations The first is the maner of the searching thereof and that is first by multiplying the third number that is the circumference of the heauen by the second which conteineth the space of way vpon earth and then by diuiding the product by the first which is the difference of latitude The second consideration is of the quotient or manifestation of the content which according to Prolemee is miles 22550. furl 180000. pas 22500000. greater leagues 5400. according to Eratosthenes miles 61250. furl 252000. pass 61250000. greater leagues 7875. The measure of the Diameter and Semidiameter of the earth as also of the Area and Surface thereof Chap. 15. IN measuring the terrestriall Globe wee conder either the Diameter or the Semidiameter or the Area or the connex surface thereof The Diameter is measured by the proportion thereof vnto the whole circumference by the rule of foure proportionall numbers wherein againe three are geuen and the fourth is vnknowen The three numbers geuen beeing throughlye knowen and vnderstood must be duely placed and they must conteine two things The first is the proportion of the circumference of a circle vnto the Diameter thereof which is tripla sesquiseptima that is to say the circumference is vnto the Diameter as 22. is vnto 7. The second is the greatest circuit of the earth in any measure which was set downe in the 14. Chapter The fourth number of the proportion being vnknowen is the Diameter which is sought first by multiplying the thirde by the second which is 7. diuiding the product by the first which is 22. then by subducting the 22. parte which commeth forth of the diuision of the circumference by 22. out of the circumference diuiding the remainder by 3. whereupon ariseth the content of the Diameter after Ptolemee conteining miles 7159 〈◊〉 furl 57272 〈◊〉 pass 7159090 10 11 greater leag 1718 〈◊〉 After Eratosih mâ—es 19488 7 11 fur 80181 〈◊〉 pass 1948863 〈◊〉 greater leag 2505 〈◊〉 The â—emidiameter is the distance between the conuex surface of the earth and he centre therof which some do imagine to bee the place of helly the said distance is found two waâ—es 1 By the proportion of the circle vnto the Semidiameter which is sâ—â—tuple ouer and beside 1 14 or as 44 is vnto 7. 2 By diuiding the Diameter into two parts by which meanes it shall bee found to conteine after Ptolemec miles 3579 ½ furl 28636 passes 3579545 greater leag 859 1 11 After Eratosthenes miles 9744. furl 40090 ½ pass 974431. greater leag 12â—2 ½ The Area or plane is founde by multiplying halfe the circuit of the earth taken in anye knowen measure by the Semidiameter thereof The conuex surface that couereth the whole earth is founde by multiplying the terrestriall Area or plane by 4. The generall definition and diuision of the circles Chap. 16. IN as much as the surface of the Heauens is spherical and their motion circulare therfore for the better conceiuing of the reasons of the celestial motioÌ„s they are distinguished into certaine circles as partes whereof we are to shew the names the diuision In the names we are to consider their acception and their diuersity being notwithstanding all one in signification The acception of the name Circle is of two sortes Geometricall and Astronomicall The Geometricall acception is when a circle is taken for a plane figure which one line equally distant from the centre doth encompasse The Astronomicall acception is other as it signifieth a circular line or a circumference wanting breadth or else a circulare surface which hath breadth therunto adioyned The diuersitie of names all one in meaning is when circles are called amongest diuers Authors threds compasses orbs segments rings paralleles equidistant lines The diuision of circles is diuerslye deliuered by the Greekes and Latines in three respectes First in respect of the materiall sphere within the which some of the circles are not placed are therefore called extrinsecal sixed and manisold as the Horizons and the Meridians others are placed within the sphere are therfore called intrinsecall moueable and singular as are the two polares the Equator the zodiak the two colures and the two tropickes Secondly in respect of the poles of the world or the twofolde motion of the heauen and in this case the Greekes distinguish them againe into three sortes The first are paralleles in number 5. namely the 2. polares the 2. tropicks and the Equator all which haue the same poles with the world are equidistant on all sides and serue the fyrst or vniuersall motion The second are oblique circles in number 3. namely the Zodiak seruing the second motion the Horizon the milke way all the which lye oblique betweene the poles The thirde are those circles that are drawen through the poles and they are also 3. in number namely the Equinoctiall and solstitiall colure and the Meridian The thirde diuision of circles is in respecte of their quantity according whereunto some circles are called greater and some lesse The greater circles are in number 6. namelye the Equator the Zodiak theâ— Colures the Horizon and the Meridian all which are equall
situation betweene the meanes and extremes do as the former differ from the rest 1. In the double passage of the ☉ ouer their heads but not in the heads of ♈ ♎ 2. In their foure shadowes and Solstices although not happening at the same time as in former situation Those that haue their situation in the extremes of the burning zone do differ from the other 1. In that the Sunne commeth but once vnto their Zenith 2. in the length of their greatest day which is 3. ho. ½ Those places that are situated within the temperate Zone are either in the extremes or in the meane The extreme spaces are those that are vnder either the trop of ♋ wherof we spake before or the Arcticke circle Those that are vnder the Arcticke circle do differ frō other 1. In that they haue the Zodiake coincident with their Horizon and the pole therof with their Zenith 2. In that the signes do arise vnto them either most swiftlye or most flowelye 3. In the length of one day consisting of 24 howers Those that are situated within the meane spaces of the temperate zone do differ from others 1. In their verticall point which the Sunne neuer cometh vnto 2. In their shadowes which are onlie 3. Those places that are situated within the frozen Zone are either in the meane spaces or in the extremes Those that are within the meane spaces of the frozen zone do differ from other 1. In the interfection of the Zodiake and the Horizon in equidistant pointes 2. In that some portion of the Zodiake is alwaies either aboue the horizon or vnder the same Those that are within the extremes of the frozen zone are either vnder the Arcticke circle whereof we speake a little before or vnder the pole Those that are vnder the pole do differ from other 1. In their Horizon which is all one with the Equinoctiall 2. in their daye which is halfe a yeare by reason that the one moitie of the zodiake doth alwaies appeare aboue the horizon Of the diuersitie of the names of the inhabitantes Chap. 40. THe inhabitants of the earth compared one with another haue diuerse appellations by reason aswell of the shadowes of the ☉ as of the Horizon or paralleles and meridians The shadowes cast by the ☉ vpon the earth at Noone are either infinite or none at all or els they are finite The shadowes that are infinite or equidistant vnto the beame are cast in the frozen zones whose inhabitants are called Periseti that is shadowed round about because their shadowes do goe in compasse round about them Those that haue no shadowes at Noone tide are in the burnt zone whose inhabitants are named either Aseu because when the ☉ is in their Zenith they haue no shadowe at all or els Amphiscii hauing 2 shadowes the one Septentrionall when the Sunne goeth from them toward the South the other Meridionall whē he passeth from them toward the North. Those whose shadowes are finite are named Heteroscii as hauing but one of those shadowes either Septentrionall as in the Septentrionall temperate zone or els Meridionall as in the Meridionall temperate zone whereof Lucane maketh mention As concerning the inhabitants of the world whose comparison one with another standeth vpon the Horizon or the paralleles and Meridians we haue 5. thinges to consider 1. Some of them haue the same sensible Horizon whome Albertus calleth Simul habitantes dwelling together 2. Some of them do dwell vnder the opposite pointes of the same parallele and are called proprelie by the Greekes Pertoeci as if you would say dwellers about of the Latines Transuersi dwellers on the other side 3. Some of them dwell vnder the same parallele but not in the opposite pointes hauing a diuerse Longitude whome Albertus calleth circulare dwellers 4. Some of them dwell vnder the pointes of the same semimeridian equidistant from the Equator hauing a contrarye Latitude and are called Antoeci or Antomi also oblique inhabitantes 5. Some of them do inhabite an equall or also the same parallele but vnder the pointes of the Meridian diametrallie opposite and are called Antipodes Antichthones and opposite The distinction of the Surface of the earth according to the length of the dates Chap. 41. FOr the more exact knowledge of the longest dayes in euery place of the world sensiblie changing them selues the Astronomers haue deuised the distinction of paralleles and of Climates The paralleles offer vnto our consideration their definition and their supputation They are defined to be circles distinguishing the climates and distant one from another at the most but quarters of howers Their supputation is diuerse deliuered by 3. sortes of Geographers 1. By the common Geographers which do distinguishe the space of the earth from 12. gr 45. mi. vnto 50. gr 30. mi. into 15. paralleles attributing vnto eache one of an hower 2. By the Mariners who in like manner do recon 14. paralleles distinguished by quarters of howers from the Equator vnto 45. gr but then they proceede by halfe howers vnto the 19. parallele and then by adding on whole hower they come vnto the 21. prrallele 3. By the more subtile Geographers who make 48. seuerall paralleles from the Equator toward the pole of the world vnto the 66. gr 30. mi of eleuation and from thence augmenting them by dayes they adde 20. more The climates are to be considered in their definition in their diuision in their number and in their magnitude The definition is thus A climate is a space of the earth included within 3. paralleles conteining the difference of ½ an hower Their diuision is either general or particulare Their generall diuision it that in regarde whereof some of them are called Northern climates and some Southerne The Northern climates haue their propre names deriued from the places through the which they do passe The Southerne climates are those that are named by the contrarie Their particulare diuision is that in regarde whereof euery one of them is diuided into 3. paralleles the first the middlemost and the last parallele Their number is knowne through the supputation of the paralleles Their magnitude is inequall aswell in respect of their Longitude as of their Latitude Their Longitude toward the Equator is greater by reason of the greater compasse of circles and towarde the poles it is lesse by reason of their lesse compasse Their Latitude is inequall in respect of the space of degrees that halfe an hower doth conteyne and it is greater about the Equator by reason of the almost equall compasse of the degrees and lesse about the poles by meanes of the narrowe inclination of the roundnesse of the earth Of the light and of the shadowes and their differences Chap. 42. FOrasmuch as there hath bene often mention made of the shadowes it shall not be amisse if we set before your eyes the methodicall description thereof and seeing that contraties are by their contraries made more manifest we will declare the nature of the light and