six hundred great Lyons among them there were three hundred fiftie maned Lyons Also he instituted hunting of Lyons at Rome Plutarcke wherein were slaine fiue hundred Caesar when he was Dictator presented in spectacle foure hundred Lyons Quintus Scaevola caused Lyons to fight one with an other But Marcus Antonius Pliny in the ciuill warre after the battaile of Pharsalia did first of all cause Lyons to be yoaked and draw the Chariot of triumphes wherein he himselfe sate with one Citheris a Iester which thing was not done without shew and obseruations of a prodigeous and monsterous action and especially in those times wherein it was interpreted that as the noble spirits of those Lyons were so much abased and vassalaged insteede of horses to draw a chariot they being in nature the King of beasts so it was feared that the auncient nobilitie of Rome the graue Senators and gallant Gentlemen commaunders of the whole common-wealth should in time to come through ciuill wars and pride of the people be depriued of all honor and brought down to the basest offices of the whole state Antoninus Pius nourished a hundred lions Domician the Emperor called for Acillius Gabrio the consull into Albania about the time that the games were celebrated for the prosperity of youth and young men which were called Iuuenalia to fight with a great lyon and Acillius comming wisely into the combat did easily kil him In ancient time when lions could not be tamed they did discerne them by their teeth and nailes and so taking as it were the sting and poyson from the serpent and the Weapons wherein consisteth all their strength they were without all perill sent into the publike assemblies at the time of their generall meetings and great feasts Martiall hath an excellent Epigram of the great lion before exhibited in publike spectacle by Domitian wondering that the Masilian and Ausonian shepherds were so afraid of this lion made as great a noise and murmvr about his presence as if he had bin a heard of lions and therefore he commendeth the Libian country for breeding such a beast and withall expresseth the ioy of the shephards for his death as are showne in these verses following Auditur quantum Massyla per auia murmur Innumero quoties sylua leo ne furit Pallidus attonitos ad plena mapalia pastor Cum reuocat tauros sine mente pecus Tantus in Ausonia fremuit modo terror arena Quis non esse gregem crederet vnus erat Sed cuius tremerent ipsi quodque iura leones Cui diadema daret marmore picta Nomas O quantum per colla decus quem sparsit honorem Aurea lunatae cum stetit vnda iubae Grandia quam decuit latum venabula pectus Quantaque de magna gaudia morte tulit Vnde tuis Libie tam felix gloria syluis A Cybeles nunquid venerat ille iugis An magis Herculeo Germanice misit ab astro Hanc tibi vel frater vel pater ipse feram We haue shewed already that Lions although neuer so well tamed become wilde againe Tame Lyons become wild againe and that through hunger which breaketh through stone Walles according to the common prouerb and therefore maketh them to destroy whatsoeuer commeth in their way according to these verses of Virgill Impastus ceu plena leu per ouilia turbans Suadet enim vesana fames manditque trahitque Molle pecus mutumque metu fremet ore creuento Such a one was the Lyon of Borsius Duke of Ferrara who being in his caue would deuore Buls Beares and Boares but with a Hare or little whelp he would play and doe them no harme at last leauing al his tamable nature he destroyed a young wench who oftentimes came vnto him to combe and stroke his mane and also to bring him meat and flowers vpon who Stroza made these two verses Sustulit ingratus cui quondam plurima debens Pectendasque iubas fera colla dabat The like vnto this also was that tame lyon that Martiall speaketh of who returning to his first nature destroyed two young children and therefore he saith iustly that his cruelty exceedeth the cruelty of war the Epigram is this Verbera securi solitus leo ferre magistri Insertamque pati blandus in ora manum Dedidicit pacem subito feritate reuersa Quanta neâ— in libicis debuit esse iugis Nam duo de tenera puerilia corpora turba Sanguineam rastris que renouabat humum Seuus infoelix furiali dente peremit Martia non vidit maius arena nefas Hauing thus spoken of the taming and taking lions it also now followeth to entreat of the length of their life The length of a Lyons life and their diseases and the diseases that are incident vnto them with their seuerall cures first therefore it is held that they liue very long as threescore or fourescore yeares for it hath beene seene that when a lion hath bin taken aliue and in his taking receiued some wound wherby he became lame or lost some of his teeth yet did he liue many yeares also it is found that some haue bin taken without teeth which were all fallen out of theyr head through age and Aelianus saith that a lion and a Dolphin doe both consume away through multitude of years The sicknesses wherwithal they are anoid are not very many but those which they haue are continual for the most part their intrals or inward partes are neuer sound but subiect to corruption as may appear by their spittle also by their biting Albertus and scratching of their nailes for a man lightly touched by them at sometimes is as much poysoned as by the biting of a mad dog also by reason of his extreame hot nature euery each other day he suffereth one sicknes or other at which time he lyeth prostrate vpon the earth roaring not al the day long but at certain houres and in his wrath he is consumed through the heat inclosed in his own body Cardan And in his best estate he is afflicted with a quartan Ague euen then when he seemeth to bee in health and except this disease did restraine his violence and mallice by weakning of his body he would be farre more hurtful to mankind then he is and this is to be vnderstood in the summer time he falleth into this disease sometimes at the sight of a man is cured by the bloud of dogs according to Albertus and Physioligus when he feeleth himselfe sick throgh aboundance of meat he faleth a vomiting either by the strength of nature or else helpeth himselfe by eating a kind of grasse or green corne in the blade or else rapes and if none of these preuaile then he fasteth and eateth no more till he find ease or else if hee can meete with an Ape he deuoureth and eateth his flesh and this is the principall remedy and medicine which hee receiueth against all his diseases both in
pole of the swines eare be hanged about ones necke it will preserue him from all cough afterwards They were wont as Dioscorides writeth to seeth a Gudgen in a swines belly by the eating whereof they staied the falling downe of the seat If a man eat the lunges of a Boare and a sow sodden and fasting they will preserue him from drunkennesse all that daye and likewise the sayed lunges doth keepe the soles of the feete from inflammation which are caused by streight shooes It also healeth the piles clifts and breaking of the skinne and kibes of the feet by laying to it a Bores gall and a swines lungs If a man drinke the liuer of a sow in wine it saueth his life from the biting of venemous beastes Also the liuer of a Bore burned with Iuniper-wood cureth all the faults in the secrets and drunke in Wine without salt after it is sod stayeth the loosenesse of the belly The gall of swine is not verye vehement for as the whole body is waterish so also is that neither is there any beast heerin comparable vnto it except the wild that is enimy to Vlcers ripening the sore scattering the euill humors and resisting the bitinges of venemous Beastes Also the gall of Bores layed to brused Articles doth procure vnto them wonderfull ease One shall take away an old scurffe very easily by the gall of a sow which farrow if it be mingled with the iuyce of the hearbe Siclamine and there withall to rub the heade wel in a Bath To keepe haire from growing vpon the browes when it is once plucked off Take the gall and fatte of a Bore and put them into a smooth-thicke-earthen-pot and of the sharpest Vineger and oyle of Almonds foure ounâ—es a peece poure that into it and then bind the mouth of the pot close with a thicke linnen cloath so letting them stand seuen daies together afterwards open them againe and you shall finde vpon the top a certaine scum like Gold wherewithal annoint those places which you woulde haue remaine balde after that you haue beaten it togither in a morter likewise the gall of a Barrow hogge or Bore pigge doeth scatter Apostumes and bunches in any part of the body The gall of a Hog dryed in an Ouen and layed vpon a Carbuncle as much as will couer it it cleaueth fast to the sore and draweth out the root and core thereof It is likewise good against the vlcers of the eares except the Vlcer be of long continuance and then it is good to vse a sharper gall such as is a sheepes an Oxes a Beares or a Goats they mingle herewithall sometimes oyle of roses but for olde wounds in the ears It is good to take one part of the best hony and two parts of the sharpest Vineger and so let them boile on the fire three walmes afterwards set them farre off from the fire vntill it leaue seething or boiling and then put Nitre vnto it so long til you know by the Vapor that the Niter is settled then seeth it againe vppon a gentle fire so as it boyleth not ouer and lastlye put into the eares of this gal of a Bore or of a Goate and then seeth it the third time taking it from the fire when it is Luke-warme infuse it into the eares and this gall must not be the gall of a sow except of such as neuer bare pig Also this gall being dried doth cure the Haemorhods and kibes There are also certaine slifters or clifts in the hooues of horsses which are cured in one nights space by applying vnto them the gal of a Barrow-hog mingled with the yolkes of Egges The blather of swine will prouoke vrine and of a Boare pig sod rosted or boyled and so eaten and drunke causeth a man to containe his vrine which neuer could before When the head of a man is exulcerated and runneth take the bladder of a Barrow-hog with the Vrine and cast the same into the fat cut small afterwards mingle it so with salt that it may appeare all white then binde it vp fast and digge a hole in the Garden about a cubit deepe wherein bury and couer the sayde gall and so let it rest forty or fifty daies in the earth till the matter therein contained be putrified then take it out and melt it in a dish and keepe the ointment that ariseth of it Then wash the head all ouer with lye vnto the intent that it may not be offended thorough the Acrimony thereof mingle it with new wine or with water and then when it is dry after such washing annoint it with the sayde ointment and so will the noxious and vncleane haires fall euery one off and new pure ones arise in their place and you must be very carefull to keepe the head from colde They were wont to giue the stones of swine against the sauling sicknesse but then they were first dryed and afterwards beaten to pouder and giuen to the sicke party in swines milke so he was commaunded to abstaine from wine many daies before and after he receiued it for many daies togither In Savoye they take the stones out of a yong hog when they geld him and scorch them at the fire so long till they may bee crushed to peeces and this they prescribe to be drunke in wine against the Collicke Some giue the powder of Bores stones to men and women to increase copulation and conception The Magicians or wise men of the East prescribed to be drunke for the incontinency of vrine the pouder of a Bore pigs stones out of sweete Wine and then to make water in a Dogs kennell which while he is doing to speake to himselfe these words Ne ipse vrinam faciam vt canis in suo cubile but I will leaue this superstition as not worthy to be Englished Some take the bladder of a Sovv burned to pouder and drunke for this infirmity and some a certaine liquerish poison which droppeth from the Nauell of a Bore pig immediately after it is farrowed Bacon beaten together and made like meale is good against a continuall cough or staieth bleeding at the mouth Bacon broath is also mingled with other medicines against the gout and they make an implaister of Bacon to scatter grauelly matter in the bladder The bones of Bacon about the hippes are kept to clense and rubbe teeth and by burning of them not onely the loose teeth in men are fastened but also the wormes in the teeth of beasts are killed If a horse bee troubled with the Glaunders or any such liquid matter running out at his mouth and nose then let the broath wherein Bacon and swines feete hath bin sod be mixed with hony and so strained afterward let it be beaten well togither with Egges and so infused into the left Nosthrill of the horsse Gagnerius prescribeth an emplaister to be made of cheese and the feet of swine against the shrinking vp of the sinnewes The ancle bone of a sow being burned vntil it
life or sence as to plants and inanimate bodyes so as the inferiors do alwaies so compose themselues to the imitation of the superiours euen as their shaddowes and resemblaunces And in these doth Diuinity descend first to supernaturall things and then to things naturall and we must turne saile and ascend first by things naturall before we can attaine and reach thinges supernaturall In the meane time Diuinity it selfe remaineth one and the same without change and alteration notwithstanding the manifold increasings and decreasings of all these creatures which it vseth but as Glasses and Organs and according to the diuersity both of matter and forme it shineth and appeareth in one and other more or lesse euen as we see in our owne bodies whose soule is disseminated into euery part and member yet is there a more liuely representation thereof in one part and member then in another and the faculties more visibly and sensibly appeare in the vpper then in the neather partes But yet with this difference that the soule is so ioyned to the body as with a kind of Sympathy it suffereth harme and ioy with the subiect wherein it is circumscribed but none of these things do happen to the Diuinity for it is so communicated to creatures as it neither is any part or matter or forme of them nor yet can be affected by any thing the creature suffereth nor yet included in the creature but yet is in all and ouer all and without all and aboue all compassing filling and surpassing heauen and earth infinite and impossible and concluding the whole World visible and inuisible And truely these thinges surpasse all the wit of man for we are not able with thought and much lesse with wordes to expresse it and yet we ought not to be deterred for any cause from the consideration and contemplation thereof but rather after we haue waded in the same with all humility to acknowledge his power and to view all the helps for our infirmitimes to admire his wisedome and endeuour thereby to amend our ignorance and encrease our knowledge and in conclusion to beate downe our pride and malice by praysing and extolling his grace and goodnesse For being thus affected and conuersant in beholding these neather and backer partes of God confessing with thankes giuing that all these thinges doe proceede from his Diuinity we cannot stay but ascend vppe higher to the worker himselfe vsing all thinges in this life but as Prickes and Spurres for occasion and admonitions to thinke vppon and reuerence the prime Author For we haue continuall neede in this World to be put in mind and incited to the study and contemplation of heauenly thinges and so we shall leaue all these things behind vs after this mortal life ended and by the help of our Lord and Sauiour Iesus Christ who by his onely death hath prepared for vs a way to the kingdome of ineffable glory where we shall partake with the forepartes and most cleare reuelation of the vnspeakeable maiesty of God for this is the end of our life for which we were created and also the scope and conclusion of all naturall knowledge of the works of God And least that any man should thinke that these thinges are ours or the heathen Phylosphers sayings and cannot be defended out of the sacred and supreme Testimony of holy Scriptures I will also adde some few sayings recorded in the booke of God First of all therefore when in the beginning of the World God was about to create man who was to vse al things and to behold them in this World as it were in a Theater he created all kind of Beastes and creatures before man that he might bring him into a house furnished and adorned with all thinges necessary and delectable Afterward he brought into his presence all the creatures to bee named by him which the Scripture recordeth for excellency sake for it is no doubt but he named all thinges that should continue to the Worldes end yet expressely there is no mention but of liuing creatures as Fishes Foules Cattell and creeping things that so they might be submitted and vassalaged to his Empire authority and gouernment which thing least it should seeme but a proud coniecture it is againe repeated in the blessing that God pronounceth to man and all his posterity and againe after the floud vnto Noah and his Childeren Euery beast saith God shall be afraid of you both the Beastes of the earth and the Foules of heauen and what soeuer is bred in the earth or brought forth in the Sea all are yours whatsoeuer liueth and moueth it is permitted to you for meate And before when the floud was at hand God commaunded Noah to suffer all beastes that could not liue in the Water to enter the Arke and of Foules and cleane Birds seuen of a kind of impure couples to the intent that as for man they were at first created and produced out of the earth so hee would that man should concerue their kindes without contempt of them that were vncleane beasts Furthermore in the booke of Kings we read of Salomon that God gaue him such wisedome that he excelled all the wise and learned men of the world and among other fruits and tokens of that wisedome there is remembred his parables three thousand his verses aboue fiue thousande his History of plantes from the high Caedar to the Hysope stalke and lastly his discourse of Beasts Birds Fishes and creeping things What is man sayth Dauid that thou shouldst so remember him or the sonne of man that thou shouldst visite him Thou hast set him ouer the works of thy hands and hast set all things vnder his feet Oxen sheep Foules Fishes and whatsoeuer moueth in the Waters And the same King and prophet in another place Psal 148. Praise the Lord Dragons and all deepes ye wilde beasts and creeping creatures But how can Beastes praise the Lord Or how could they vnderstand the Prophets exhortation Surely therefore we are commaunded to praise God for them confessing his goodnesse and wisedome in all these beastes which hee produced for the ornament of this present world And because of these creatures the works of God the Apostle S. Paule in the Epistle to the Romans Chapt. 2. telleth the Ethinckes that they are vnexcusable before God for that they knew him by the creatures of his works and yet did not glorifie him as God neither were gratefull For the inuisible thinges of God as his eternall power and wisedome are seene by the creation of the World And lastly in the History of Iob. Ch. 38 39. you shall find a large discourse to Iob from the Lords owne mouth concerning many beasts And these thinges may bee spoken concerning the excellency and dignity of the History of beasts whereunto I will adde some examples of the most famous men and Kings of the world to shew what account they made of this learning and so I will conclude this Praeface First what account heereof was
difference betwixt caprea and capreolus The reason of the latine name except in age and quantity The reason of these two latter names is because of the likenesse it hath with a Goat for Goats as we shal shew in their description haue many kinds distinguished from one another in resemblaunce but in the hornes a Roe doth rather resemble a Hart for the female haue no hornes at all These beasts are most plentifull in Affricke beyond the Sea of carthage but they are of another kind then those which Aristotle denied to be in Affrica there are also in Egypt Auicen The Countries breeding Roes Marcellus Albertus Pliny Strabo Their nature and seueral parts in Germany and in the Heluetian Alpes Likewise in catadupa beyond Nilus in Arabia in Spaine and in Lycia and it is to be obserued that the Lycian Roes doe neuer goe ouer the Syrian Mountaines Aelianus doth deliuer these thinges of the Lybian Roes which for the colour and parts of their body may seeme to belong to all They saith hee are of an admirable velocity or swiftnes but yet inferiour to the Lybian horses their belly is parted with blacke strakes and drops and the other parts of their body are of a red yellowish colour they haue long feet but longer eares their eies blacke and their horns are an ornament to their heads Their swiftnesse doth not onely appeare vpon the earth but also vpon the Waters for with their feet they cut the waters when they swim as with oares and therefore they loue the lakes strong streames breaking the floods to come by fresh pasture as sweet rushes and Bul-rushes Their hornes grow onely vpon the males and are set with sixe or seauen braunches Sâ—â—rpsius but the females haue none and therfore also they differ in horne from the fallow-deere so as they cannot be called Platycerotae for their Hornes are not palmed like a hand Albertus and although they be branchy yet are they shorter they differ not much from the common Deere but in their horne and whereas the hornes of other beastes are hollow toward the roote whereunto entreth a certaine bony substance the hornes of these as also of the vulgar Bucke and the Elke are solide without any such emptinesse onely they are full of pores Pliny Pâ—â—â—anias Viâ—llâ—â—us Eâ—â—chach Of their eie-sight It hath also beene beleeued that a Roe doth not change her hornes because they are neuer found whereas in truth they fall off yearly as doth a Harts but they hide them to the intent they should not be found It hath likewise beene thought a Roe was called in Greeke Dorcas because of the quicknes of hir sight Origen super caâ—t Texâ—or and that she can see as perfectly in the night as in the day and not onely for her selfe but the learned Physitians haue obserued a certaine viscous humour about hir bowels which being taken forth and annoynted vpon a mans eies which are darke heauy pliny and neere blind it hath the same effect to quiken his eie-sight It is also said of them that they neuer winke no not when they sleepe for which conceit their blood is prescribed for them that are pur-blind The taile of this beast is shorter and lesser then is the fallow-Deeres Cardanus insomuch as it is doubtfull whether it be a taile or not The place of their aboade They keepe for the most part in the Mountaines among the rocks being very swift and when they are pursued by Dogs Martiall saith they hang vpon the rocks by their horns to deceiue the dogs after a strange manner ready to fall and kill themselues and yet haue no harme whether the Dogs dare not approch as appeareth in this Epigram Pendentem summa capream de rupe videbis Casuram speres decipit illa cones yet this doth better agree with the wild Goat then with the Roe as shall be manifested in due time Their concord with other beasts Columello Aelianus saith that the Cynoprosopy men with Dogs faces liue vpon the flesh of Roes and Bugles in the wildernesse of Egypt and also it is vsuall to conclude them in Parks for they wil agree very naturally with Hares and Swine wherfore in the Lordship which Varro bought of Piso it was seene how at the sound of a Trumpet both Roes and Boares would come to their vsuall places for meate and although they bee naturally very wilde yet will they quickly grow tame and familiar to the hand of man for Blondus did nourish many at Rome Being wilde they are hunted with Dogs shot with Guns taken in nets of their taking but this falleth out sildome because they liue most among the rocks They are most easily taken in the woods When they are chased they desire to run against the wind because the coldnesse of the aire refresheth them in their course and therefore they which hunt them place their Dogs with the wind for sometimes against the hunters minds Bellisarius do what tâ—ey can to the contrary she taketh hir course that way but Harts when they heare the barkings of Dogs run with the wind that the sauor of their feet may passe away with them They are often takeÌ„ by the counterfaiting of their voice which the hunter doth by taking a leafe and hissing vpon it Cresconius The vse of their flesh They are very good meate as Philostratus affirmeth and that the Indians dresse at their feasts whole Lyons and Roes for their ghests to eate and the Sophists in their banket which is described by Athaeneus had Roes therein and therefore Fiera preferreth it before the fallow-deere alledging the agreement that is betwixt it and the body of man being dressed according to Art Hic optata feret nobis fomenta calore Simion Sethi Auicenna Trâ—â—â—anus Vda leui modicis mox que coquenda focis And therefore also affirmeth that it excelleth all wilde beastes whatsoeuer being not onely fitte for nourishment but for the sicke as for them that haue the Chollicke or the falling euill or the Timpanie and therefore they are best at a yeare olde or vnder Likewise their broath with Pepper Loueage seede of Rue Parsley Hony Mustardseed and Oyle Apicius and for sauce to the meate they take Pepper Rue Hony melted and an onyon sometime also they seeth the hanches or hippes and make Pasties of the sides and ribbes It is a Beast full of feare and therefore the flesh thereof although it be very dry Of the disposition passion yet will it engender some melancholy of the feare Martiall saith thus Tam despar aquilae columba non est Hec dorcas rigido fugar leoni As the Doue from the Eagle and the Roe from the Lyon which afterward grew vnto a Prouerbe It hath also some Epethets among Authors which doe confirme their disposition ful of feare as flying weake wanton and such like yet will they fight one with another so fiercely that sometime they kill
followe the authority of Pliny and Atheneus It is a beast all set ouer with scales like a Dragon hauing no haire except on his head great teeth like Swine hauing wings to flie and hands to handle Hyginus in stature betwixt a Bull and a Calfe There be Ilandes called Gorgonies wherein these monster Gorgons were bredde and vnto the daies of Pliny the people of that countrey retained some part of their prodigious nature it is reported by Xenophon that Hanno King of Carthage ranged with his armie in that region and founde there certaine women of incredible swiftnesse and perniscitie of foote Whereof he tooke two onely of all that appeared in sight which had such roughe and sharp bodies as neuer before were seene Wherefore when they were dead he hung vp their skinnes in the Temple of Iuno for a monument of their straunge natures which remained there vntill the destruction of Carthage By the consideration of this beast there appeareth one manifest argument of the creators deuine wisdome and prouidence who hath turned the eies of this beaste downeward to the earth as it were thereby burying his poyson from the hurt of man and shaddowing them with rough long and strong haire that their poysoned beames should not reflect vpwards vntill the beast were prouoked by feare or danger the heauines of his head being like a clogge to restraine the liberty of his poysonfull nature but what other partes vertues or vices are contained in the compasse of this monster God onely knoweth who peraduenture hath permitted it to liue vppon the face of the earth for no other cause but to be a punnishment and scourge vnto mankind and an euident example of his owne wrathfull power to euerlasting destruction And thus much may serue for a discription of this beast vntill by gods prouidence more can be knowne thereof OF THE HARE A Hare is a four-footed beast of the earth which the Haebrews call Arnebet in the feminine gender which word gaue occasion to an opinion that all Hares were females or at the least that the males bring forth young as well as females whereof we shall see more in the sequell of this story And the Iewes say that it signifieth nothing else in Haebrew but a Hare for which word Deut. 14. the Chaldee translateth Arneba the Arabians Ernab the Persians Kargos Anicenna caleth it Arnebeti Siluaticus Of the seueral name Arnoberi Arnebus and Arnaben the Saracens Arneph the Graecians Leporis Lagoos Lagos Lagooos because of his immoderat lust It is called Ptox for his feare and in Latine Lepus of Leuipes signifieng swiftnesse of feete and that it is not heard when it goeth howsoeuer some men deriue it from Leporis the Greeke word others deriue Lagos from La betokening euelation and Oos signifieng an eare because she pricketh vp one of her eares when shee runneth The Italians call it Lieuora the French Licure and Leurauh Leureteau the Spaniards Hebre the Germans Hass or Haas the Illyrians Zagitz Of the seueral kinds There be foure sorts of Hares some liue in the mountaines some in the fields some in the marishes and some euery where without any certaine place of abode They of the mountains are most swift they of the fields lesse nimble they of the marshes most slow the wandring Hares are most daungerous to follow for they are so cunning in the wayes and muses of the field running vp the hils and rockes because by custome they know the nearest way and forbearing downe hills sometime making heads vpon the plain ground to the confusion of the Dogs and the dismaying of the hunter Of the Elyan Hares Pollux saith that there be certaine Hares called Elymaei almost as big as Foxes being blackish of long bodies and large white spots vpon the toppe of their tailes these are so called of their countrey like the Elymaean Dogs There be also Hares called Moschiae so called because of their sweet smell or else that they leaue in their footsteps such a strong sauour Hermolaus whereunto when the Dogges smell they are said to be almost mad At Pisa the Hares be very great because there they haue more gratefull meate than in other places A secret in the Mulchian Hares Niphus O the contry Hare their seuerall parts In the neather Pannonia they are much fatter and better tasted than they be in Italy the Italian Hare hath his fore-legs low a part of his backe pale or yellowish the belly white the eares long In Gallia beyond the Alpes they are also white and therefore some haue thought that in the winter time they eate snow and this is certaine that when the snowe melteth their colour is much altered There hath beene white haired Conies whose skin was blacke and haire of their eares blacke They are bred in Libia in Scithia and in Italy in the top of the mountaines and so brought into other countries Some againe haue bin white in the Winter and returne to their former colour in Summer There are great store of white conies in Vilna Bonarus and Lethuanya but they are lesser esteemed and sold cheaper Schenebergerus saith the backe of a Hare is commonly russet or like oliue colour interlined with some blacke spots the common Hare of the Alpes neuer changeth colour and it is greater than the ordinary Hare There are white Hares also in England and in Muscouia there are a multitude of Hares of all colours but no where so many as in the desert Islands because there are no Foxes there to kill the young ones or Eagles which frequent the highest mountaines in the continent and the people that inhabit there regarde not hunting In the next place we are to describe all the parts and members of hares for it is admirable to behold how euery limbe and part of this beast is composed for celerity Their seueral parts and first of all the head is round nimble short and of conuenient longitude prone to turn euery way the cares longe and lofty like an Asses for nature hath so prouided that euery fearefull and vnarmed creature should haue long and large ears that by hearing it might preuent his enemies and saue it selfe by flight The lippes continually moue sleeping and waking and from the slit which they haue in the middle of their nose commeth the term of hare-lips which are so deuided in men for if a woman with childe see one of them sodainly it is dangerous if the child proue not hair-lipt They haue also teeth on both sides Whatsoeuer beast be borne in your flocke hauing that marke vpon them which is commonly called hares-tooth neuer suffer them to sucke their dam but cast them aware as vnprofitable and Bastard cattell the necke of a hare is long small round soft and flexible the shoulder-bone straight and broad for her more easie turning her legges before soft and sound standing a little asunder very flexible broder behind then before and the hinder legges longer then the
that country haue liberty to tast thereof that day because of a battaile which once they obtained for the great Cam. The property of this milke is to loosen the belly and because it is thin and hath no fat in it therefore it easily discendeth and doeth not curdle in the stomacke and it is sayde that the Scythians can keep it twelue daies togither therwithal satisfying their hunger quenching their thirst and thus much shall satisfie for the naturall discourses of horsses heereafter followeth the morrall The morrall discourse of Horsses concerning fictions pictures and other deuises ANd first of al for the morral dignity of horsses ther is a celestiall constellation called Hippos according to these verses of Arratus thus translated Huic Equus ille iubam quatiens fulgore micanti Summum contingit caput aluo stellaque tungens vna The Latines call this starre Pegasus and they say that hee is the sonne of Neptune and Gorgon Medusa with striking his foot vpon a Rock in Hellicon a mountaine of Baeotia opened a fountaine which after his name was called Hippocrene Others tell the tale in this sort at what time Bellerophon came to Praetus the sonne of Abas the king of the Argiues Antia the kinges wife fell in loue with her ghuest and making it knowne vnto him promised him halfe hir husbands kingdome if he woulde lie with her but he like an honest man abhorring so foule a fact vtterly refused to accomplish the desire and dishonesty of the lustfull Queene wherupon shee being affraid least he should disclose it vnto the king preuented him by her owne complaint enforming the king that he would haue rauished her when the king heard this accusation because he loued Bellerophon wel would not giue punishment himselfe but sent him to Schenoâ—eas the father of Queen Antia that he in defence of his daughters chastity might take reuenge vpon him who presently cast him to Chimaera which at that time depopulated all the coast of Lycia but Bellerophon by the helpe of the horsse Pegasus did both ouercome and auoide the monster and being weary of his life perceiuing that there was no good nor truth vpon the earth determined to forsake the world and flye to heauen who comming neare to Heauen casting downe his eies to the earth trembled to see how farre hee was distant from it and so his heart fainting for feare fell downe backewarde and perished but his horsse kept on his flight to heauen and was there placed among the stars by Iupiter Euripides telleth the tale otherwise for hee saith that Chiron the Centaure had a Daughter nourished in the mountaine Pelius which was called Theas and afterward Hippe because of her exceeding hunting on horsse backe shee was perswaded by Aeolus the sonn of Hellen a Nephew of Iupiters to let him lie with her wherupon she conceiued with child and when the time of her deliuerance cam she fled from her father into the woods for feare the losse of her virginity should be knowne vnto him but hee followed her to see what was the cause of his Daughters departure whereupon shee desired of the Goddes that her father might not see her in trauaile her prayer was graunted and shee after her deliuery was turned into a mare and placed amongst the stars Others say that shee was a prophetesse and because she reuealed the counsels of the Goddes was therefore metamorphized in that shape in the place aforesaid Others say that because shee gaue ouer to worship Diana she lost her first presence but to returne to the first tale of Bellerophon who after the death of Chimaera growing proud for his valor attempted to fly to heauen but Iupiter trobled his horsse with a fury and so he shook off his rider who perished in the field Alecus apo tese alese because of his error and Pegasus was placed in heauen But to come nearer to the description of the poetical horsse Albertus Magnus and some others say that it is a beast bred in Aethiopia hauing the head and feete of a horsse but horned and wings much greater then the winges of an Eagle which he not doth lift vp into the aire like a bird but onely stretcheth them out when he runneth whereby his only presence is terrible to all creatures vnto whom he is enemy but especially to men but for the truth heereof although Pliny and some others seeme to affirme as much yet will I set downe nothing for trueth and certainety because as the poets call euery swifte horsse volutres and Alipedes so the errour of that figure hath rather giuen occasion to the framing of this newe Monster Pegasus then anye other reasonable Aligory Likewise I knowe no cause why the poets shoulde faine that Ceres was turned into a Mare and hidde hir selfe in the heards of Oncius Neptune falling in loue with her followed her to those fields and perceiuing that hee was deceiued turned himselfe also into a horsse and so had to doe with her whereat Ceres was greeuously offended and fell into a very great fury for which cause shee was called Erinnis yet afterwardes shee washed her selfe in the Riuer Ladon laying aside al her rage and fury at the fulnes of time she brought foorth Arion And the Arcadians also had a certaine Denne wherein they had a great remembrance of this rauishment of Ceres sitting in a Denne wherein they say she hidde hir selfe from all creatures and whereunto they offer diuine worship They picture her in a colts skinne sitting like a woman in all parts with a long garment downe to her ancles but the head of a horsse with the pictures of many Dragons and other such wilde beasts holding in one of her hands a Dolphin and in the other a Doue By all which it is not easie for euery man to knowe and conceiue their meaning that plenty of food signified by Ceres doth not only maintaine men Fowls Beasts and Fishes but also the immoderate vse therof draweth men to inordinate lust and concupisence and that the Goddes of the Heathen were more rather to be accounted beastes then men Diana also among the Arcadians was called Eurippa for the finding out of those Mares which Vlysses had lost which Vlysses erected a statue for Neptune the greate Ryder and they say that Hippolitus being torne in pieces by Horsses through the loue of Diana and skill of Aesculapius by the vertue of certaine Hearbes hee was restored vnto life againe Whereupon Iupiter being sore vexed and angry with Aesculapius for such an inuention deluding as it were the fury of the Goddes killed him with lightning and thrust him downe to hell because no wretched man woulde feare death if such deuises might take place which fact Virgil describeth in these verses At Triuia Hippolitum secretis alma recondit Sedibus nymphae Aegeriae nemorique relegat Solus vbi in siluis Italis ignobilius aeuum Exigerit versoque vbi nomine virbius esset Vnde etiam Triuiae templo lucisque sacratis
Although about this matter there be sundry opinions of men some making question whether it be true that the Lyon will spare a prostrate suppliant making confession vnto him that hee is ouercome yet the Romans did so generally beleeue it that they caused to be inscribed so much vpon the gates of the great Roman pallace in these two verses Iratus recolas Textor quam nobilis ira leonis In sibi prostratos se negat esse feram It is reported also that if a man and another beast be offered at one time to a lyon to take his choice Albertus whether of both he will deuoure he spareth the man and killeth the other beast These lions are not onely thus naturally affected but are enforced thereunto by chance and accidentall harmes As may appeare by these examples following Mentor the Syracusan as he trauailed in Syria met with a Lyon that at his first sight fell prostrate vnto him roling himselfe vpon the earth like some distressed creature whereat the man was much amazed and not vnderstanding the meaning of this beast he indeauored to run away the beaste still ouertooke him and met him in the face licking his footstepes like a flatterer shewed him his heele wherein hee did perceiue a certaine swelling whereat hee tooke a good heart going vnto the Lyon tooke him by the legge and seeing a splint sticking therein hee pulled it forth so deliuering the Beast from paine for the memory of this fact the picture of the man and the Lyon were both pictured together in Syracusis vntill Plynies time as hee reporteth The like story is reported of Elpis the Samian who comming into Affricke by shippe and there goyng a shore had not walked very far on the land but he met with a gaping lyon at which being greatly amazed he climbed vp into a tree forasmuch as there was no hope of any other flight and prayed vnto Bacchus who in that Countrey is esteemed as chiefe of the Gods to defend him as hee thoght from the iaws of death but the lion seeing him to climb into the tree stood stil and layed himselfe downe at the roote thereof desiring him in a manner by his heauy roaring to take pitty vppon him gaping with his mouth and shewing him a bone sticking in his teeth which through greedinesse he swallowed which did so paine him that he could eate nothing at the last the man perceiuing his mind moued by a miracle layed aside all feare and came downe to the dumbe-speaking distressed Lyon and eased him of that misery which being performed he not onely shewed himselfe thankefull for the present time but like the best natured honest man neuer forsooke shore Pliny but once a day came to shew himself to the man his helper during the time that they abode in those quarters therefore Elpis did afterward dedicate a temple vnto Bacchus in remembrance thereof And this seemeth to me most woonderfull that Lyons should know the vertue of mens curing hands aboue other creatures also come vnto them against nature kind but so much is the force of euil pain that it altereth al courses of sauage minds and creatures When Androcles a seruant ranne away from a Senator of Rome Aelianus Gellius because he had committed some offence but what his offence was I know not and came into Affrica leauing the Citties and places inhabited to come into a desert region Afterward when Androcles had obtained a maister being Consull of that prouince of Affrica A notable story of a Lyon hee was compelled by daily stripes to run away that his sides might bee free from the blowes of his maister and went into the solitary places of the fieldes and the sandes of the wildernesse and if hee should happen to stand in neede of meat he did purpose to end his life by some meanes or other and there hee was so scortched with the heate of the sunne that at last finding out a caue he did couer himselfe from the heate of it therein and this caue was a lyons den But after that the lyon had returned from hunting being very much pained by reason of a Thorne which was fastened in the bottom of his foote vttered forth such great lamentation and pittifull roaringes by reason of his wound as that it should seeme hee did want some body to make his moane vnto for remedy at last comming to his caue and finding a young man hid therein hee gently looked vpon him and began as it were to flatter him and offered him his foote and did as well as hee could pray him to pull out the peece of splint which was there fastened But the man at the first was very sore afraid of him and made no other reckoning but of death but after that he saw such a huge sauage beast so meeke and gentle beganne to thinke with himselfe that surely there was some sore on the bottom of the foote of the beast because he lifted vp his foote so vnto him and then taking courage vnto him Gellius lifted vppe the lyons foot and found in the bottom of it a great peece of splint which he plucked forth and so by that meanes eased the lyon of her paine and pressed forth the matter which was in the wound and did very curiously without any great feare throughly dry it and wipe away the bloud the lyon being eased of his paine laide himselfe downe to rest putting his foot into the hands of Androcles With the which cure the lion being very wel pleased because he handled him so curtiously and friendly not onely gaue him for a recompence his life but also went daily abroad to forrage and brought home the fattest of his prey Androcles whom all this while euen for the space of three yeares he kept familiarly without any note of cruelty or euill nature in his den and there the man and the beast liued mutually at one commons the man roasting his meate in the whot sun and the lyon eating his part raw according to kinde When he had thus liued by the space of three yeares and grew weary of such a habitation life and society he bethought himselfe of some meanes to depart and therfore on a day when the lion was gone abroad to hunting the man tooke his iourny away from that hospitality and after he had trauailed three daies wandering vp and down he was apprehended by the legionary souldiers to whom he told his long life and habitation with the lyon and how he ranne away from his maister a senator of Rome which when they vnderstood they also sent him home againe to Rome to the Senator And being receiued by his maister he was guilty of so great and foule faults that he was condemned to death and the manner of his death was to be torne in peeces of Wilde beasts Now there were at Rome in those daies many great fearefull cruell and rauening beastes and among them many Lyons it fortuned also that shortly
make a man inuincible the taile and head of a Dragon the haires of a Lyons forehead and the marrow of his bones the spume or white mouth of a conquering Horse bound vp together with a dogs clawes in a Harts skin with the nerues of a Hart or Roe The dung of a Lyon drunke in wine maketh a man for euer more to abhor wine It was also wont to be obserued that when Lions forsooke the Mountaines and woods to come and liue in fruitfull and fertil soiles it did foreshew some great drought and the like deuination did Agarista the mother of Pericles make vpon her dreame when she was with child Alex. ab alex for she thought she brought forth a lion so in short time after she brought forth Pericles who was a valiant man and a great conqueror in Graecia The sight also of a lion as a man trauaileth by the high waies is very ominous and taken for an euill signe There was also a prophesie giuen out by Pythias concerning Cypselus the Sonne of Etiâ—â— which said in this manner Concipit in petris aquila enixura leonem Robustum soeuum genua qui multa resoluet Haec bene nunc animis versate Corinthia proles Qui colitis pallenem altamque Corinthium In the yeare of our lord 1274. there was a certaine Noble Woman in the Bishopricke of Kostnizer A monster like a lyon which brought forth a child like to a Lyonesse in al parts but it had the skin of a man The Images and seuerall statues of Lions vnto this discourse I may adde the Images of lyons both in Temples and also vpon shieldes and first of all in the temple where the shield of Agamemnon hung vp as Paucennius writeth there was the picture Feare drawn with a lyons head because as the lyon sleepeth little and in his sleepe his eies be open so is the condition of Feare for we haue shewed already that the lyon when he sleepeth hath his eies open and when he waketh he shutteth them Coelius and therefore the ancients did simbolically picture a lyon vpon the doors of their temples and vpon the ships also in the forepart of them they ingraued the figure of lions Anthologius according to this saying of Virgil Aenaeia puppis Prima tenet rostro phrigios subiecta leones It was also a vsuall custome to picture lions about fountaines and Cundits especially amongs the Egyptians that the water might spring forth of their mouths Quomam â—ilus aruis Egipti nouam aquam inuehit sole transeunte leonem because that Nilus did ouerflow the fields of Egypt at what time the sun passed through the sign Leo. Therefore also the Riuer Alpheus was called Leontios poros the lions fountaine because at the heads thereof there were dedicated the pictures of many lions There was a noble Harlot called Leena which was acquainted with the tiranies of Harmodius and Aristogiton for which cause she was apprehended Varrinus and put to greiuous tormentes to the intent shee should disclose them but she endured all vnto death neuer bewraying any part of their counsell After her death the Athenians deuising how to honor that vertue and because shee was a Harlot or common curtizan Pausanias Atheneus they were not willing to make a statue for her in the likenesse of a woman but as her name was Leena that signifieth a lyonesse so they erected for her the picture of a lionesse and that they might expresse the vertue of her secrecy they caused it to be framed without a toong Vpon the graue of Layis there was a couering containing the picture of a lyon holding a Ram in his forefeet by the buttockes with an inscription that as the lyon held the Ram so do Harlots hold their louers which Alciatus turned into this Epigram Quia scalptus sibi vult aries quem parte leaena Vnguibus apprensum posteriore tenet Non aliter captos quod ipsa teneret amantes Vir gregis est aries cluni tenetur amans There was also a lyon at Delphos which waied ten talentes of gold and at the entrance of Thermopilae vpon the tombe of Leonides the Captaine of the Spartans there stood a Lyon of stone Vpon the steps of the capital of Rome ther were two lions of black Marble touchstone Agricolae And the Cyziceni ingraued vpon one side of their money the picture of a Lyon and on the other side the face of a woman King Salomon built his Iuory throne vpon two Lyons of Brasse and vpon the steps or staires ascending vppe to that throne were placed twelue Lyons here and there And from hence it came that many kings and states gaue in their armes the Lyon Rampant Passant and regardant distinguished in diuers coullers in the fields of Or Argent Azure and Sables with such other termes of Art The earth it selfe was wont to be expressed by the figure of a Lyon and therefore the image of Atergas was supported with Lions Sybale the fained Godesse of the Mountaines was caried vpon Lyons And it is fained that the Curetes which nourished Iupiter in Creete who was committed to them by his mother Rhea by the anger of Saturn Oppianus Varinus were turned into lyons who afterwards by Iupiter when he raigned were made the kinges of beasts and by him enioyned to draw the chariot of his mother Rhea according to this verse Et iunctae currum dominae subiere leones There is a constellation in heauen called the Lyon The constellation of the Lyon of whom Germanitus writeth in this sort that he is the greatest and most notable amongst the signes of the Zodiack containing three stars in his head and one cleare one in his breast and that when the Sun commeth to that signe which happeneth in the month of Iuly at which time the vehement heat of summer burneth the earth and dryeth vp the riuers And therefore because the Lyon is also of a hot nature and seemeth to pertake of the substance and quantity of the Sun he hath that place in the heauens For in heate and force he excelleth all other beasts as the sun doth all other stars In his breastes and forepart hee is most strong and in his hinder part more weake so is the sunne encreasing vntill the noone or forepart of the yeare vntill the summer and afterwardes seemeth to languish towards the setting or latter part of the yeare called the Winter And the Lyon also seemeth alwaies to looke vp with a fiery eye euen as the Sunne which is patent with the perpetuall and infatigall sight vpon the earth Macrobius The Lyon also is a signification of the sunne for the haires of his mane do resemble the streaming beames of the sunne and therefore this constellation is stiled with the same epethites that the Lyon and the Sun are as heate-bearing aestiue ardent arent calent hot flammant burning Herculean mad horrible dreadfull cruell and terrible It is
corruption Powder of Dormice or fielde-mice or yoong wormes being mixed with oyle doth heale those that haue kibes on their heeles or chilblaines on their hands The fatte of a Dormouse the fatte of a hen and the marrow of an Oxe melted together and being hot infused into the eares doth very much profit both the paines and deafenesse thereof Sextus The fatte of Dormice being boyled as also of field-mice are deliuered to be most profitable for the eschewing of the palsie That fat of a Dormouse is also very excellent for those which are troubled with a palsie or shaking of the ioynts The skinne and inward parts of a Dormouse being taken forth and boyled with hony in a new vessell and afterwards powred into an other vessell Pliny will very effectually heale all diseases which are incident to the eares being anointed thereupon The skinne of a Dormouse or a silke worme being pulled off and the inward parts thereof being boyled in a new brasen vessell with hony Marcellus from the quantitie of 27. ounces euen to three and so kept that when there is need of a certaine bathing vessell the medicine being made warme and powred into the eares doth helpe all paines deafenesse or inflammation of the eares The fat of a Dormouse is commended to be very medicinable for the aforenamed diseases The same is profitable for all paines aches or griefes in the belly The vrine of a Dormouse is an excellent remedy against the palsie And thus much shall suffice concerning the medicinall vertues of the Dormouse Of the Hamester or Cryetus the first figure taken by Mychaell Horus The second picture taken by Iohn Kentmant and it is her fashion and portracture to lie thus when she is angry for so doth her colour appeare both on the backe and belly THis beast is called in Latine Crycetus and in the Germaine toung Hamester Traner and Kornfaerle The names that is piggs of the corne It is a little beast not much bigger then a Rat dweling in the earth of the rootes of corne she is not drawne against her wil out of her caue at any time The description but by powring hot water or some other lickor The head of it is of diuers colours the backe red the belly white and the haire sticketh so fast to the skin that it is easier to pul the skin from the flesh then any part of the haire from the skin It is but a little Beast as we haue said but very apâ— to bite and fight and ful of courage and therefore hath receiued from nature this ornament and defence that it hath a bonie helmet couering the head and the braine when it standeth vp vppon the hinder legges It resembleth both in colour and proportion a Bear of the Arctomysâ— And for this cause some writers haue interpreted it to be the beast called Arctomys thus described by Saint Ierom. It is a creature saith he abounding in the regions of Palastina dwelling alwaies in the holes of rockes and caues of the earth not exceeding the quantity of a Hedgehogge and of a compounded fashion betwixt a mouse and a Beare But we haue shewed already that this is the Alpine mous and therefore wee will not stand to confute it here The name Crycetus seemes to be deriued from the Illirian word which we read in Gelenig to be Skuzecziek this beast saith he is common in the Northern parts of the world and also in other places in figure and shape it resembleth a Beare in quantity it neuer exceedeth a great Sorex It hath a short taile almost like no taile it goeth vpon two legs especially when it is mooued to wrath It vseth the fore-feete in steade of hands The voracity of the Cricetus and if it had as much strength as it hath courage it would be as fiercefull as any Beare For this little beast is not afraide to leape into the hunters face although it can doe no great harme either with teeth or nailes It is an argument that it is exceeding hot because it is so bold and eager In the vppermost chap it hath long and sharp teeth growing two by two It hath large and wide cheekes which they alwaies fill both carrying in and carrying out they eate with both whereupon a deuouring fellow such a one as Stasimus a seruant to Plautus was is called Crycetus a Hamster because he filleth his mouth well and is no pingler at his meate The fore-feete are like a Moulds so short but not altogether so broad with them he digeth the earth The making of his den and maketh his holes to his den but when he diggeth so far as he cannot cast the earth out of the hole with them then he carrieth it foorth in his mouth His den within he maketh large to receiue corne and prouision of fruite for his sustentation whereinto he diggeth many holes winding and turning euery way that so he may be safe both against beasts that hunt him and neuer be killed in his den And also if a man digge the earth he may find his lodging with more difficultie In the haruest time he carrieth in graine of all sorts and my Author saith Neque minus in colligendo industrius quam in eligendo conseruandoque est astutus optima enim reponit He is no lesse industrious in the gathering of his prouision then crafty and pollitike in the choice and keeping it for it laies vp the best and lest that it should rot vnder the earth it biteth off the fibres and taile of the graine laying vp the residue amongst grasse and stubble It lies gaping ouer his gathered graine euen as the couetous man is described in the Satyre sleeping vpon his money bagges It groweth fatte with sleepe like Dormice and Conies The holes into the caue are very narrow so that with sliding out and in they wear their haire The earth which commeth out of their holes doth not lie on heapes like mole-hils but is despersed abroad and that it fittest for the multitude of the holes and all the holes and passages are covered with earth but that hole which for the most part she goeth out at is knowne by a foote-pathe and hath no hinderaunce in it the other places at which she goeth out are more obscure and hid and shee goeth out of them backwardes The male and femal do both enhabit in one caue and their younge ones being brought forth they leaue their old den and seeke them out some new habitation In the male there is this perfidity that when they haue prepared al their sustenance and brought it in hee doth shut out the female and suffereth her not to approch nie it who reuengeth his perfidiousnes by deccipt For going into some adioyning caue she doeth likewise pertaâ—e of the fruits which were laid vp in store by some other secret hole in the caue the male neuer perceiuing it So that nature hath wonderfully foreseene the pouerty of al creatures
in England at the first sight he seemed to applaud his comming looking cheerefully vppon him and wagging his taile presently he fell downe on his belly as it were to inuite the Dogge to com neare him by his submission lastly he got close vnto him creeping as though hee would play with him putting out one of his feete as Cats do when they play wherewithall the great Dogge grew secure and began nothing to mistrust the Beast at length when the Ounce saw his opportunity he suddenly leaped vpon his Necke and tooke him by the throate and pulled it out after he had killed him with his Nailes he opened the Dogges breast and taking out his heart did eate it before all the people in most cruell manner thus far Docter Cay speaketh of the Ounce and beside him no other Author that I know The gall of this beast is deadly poyson it hateth all creatures and destroyeth them especially men and therefore it may wel be said to be possessed with some euill spirit It loueth none but his owne kind And thus much for the Ounce OF THE ORYX. THis Beast in Pliny and Oppianus is called Orynx and Oryx and my coniecture is that his name is deriued from Oryssein which signifieth to digge Saint Ierom and the Septuagints for Theo. Deut. 14. Isa 51. translate Orix but Dauid Kimhi and the better learned men interpret it a wilde Oxe But the Haebrew Dischon may in my opinion bee so translated yet heerein I referre it to the learned Reader It is certaine that it is of the kinde of wilde Goates by the description of it differing in nothinge but this that the haire groweth auerie not like other beasts falling backeward to his hinder partes but forward toward his head and so also it is affirmed of the Aethiopian Bul which some saye is the Rhinocerot They are bred both in Lybia and Egypt and either of both countries yedeth testimony of their rare and proper qualities In quantity it resembleth a Roe hauing a beard vnder his chinne His colour white or pale like milke his mouth blacke and some spots vpon his cheekes his backe-bone reaching to his head being double broad and fat his horne standing vpright blacke and so sharpe that they cannot bee blunted against brasse or yron but pierce through it readily Aristotle and Pliny were of opinion that this beast was Bisulcus and Vnicornis that is clouen-footed and with one horne The original of their opinion came from the wilde-one-horned-goat whereof Schnebergerus a late writer writeth thus Certum est minineque dubium in Carpatho monte versus Russiam Transyluaniamque reperirifer as similes omnino rupicapris excâ—pto quod vnicum cornu ex media fronte enascitur nigrum dorso inflexum simile omnino rupicaprarum cornibus that is to say It is without al controuersie that there are wilde beasts in the mountaine Carpathus towards Russia and Transyluania very like to wilde goates except that they haue but one horne growing out of the middle of their heads which is blacke and bending backward like the hornes of wild goats But the true Oryx is described before out of Oppianus and it differeth from that of Pliny both in stature and hornes Aelianus saith that the Orix hath foure hornes but he speaketh of the Indian Orix whereof there are some yearely presented to their king and it may be both there and else-where diuersity of regions do breede diuersity of stature colour haire and hornes Simion Cethi affirmeth of the Muskat that it hath one horne and it is not vnlikely that he hath seene such an one and that the Orix may be of that kind But concerning their hornes it is related by Herodotus Pollux and Laur Valla that there were made instruments of musicke out of them such as are Citherns or Lutes vppon whose bellies the Musitians played their musicke by striking them with their hands and that those beasts were as great as Oxen and al this may be true notwithstanding wee haue shewed alreadie that they are as big as Roes for Plinie speaking that by relation or by sight it is likelie that he had seene a young one There be also Sea-beasts called Oryges and Orcae and there is in Egipt an ORIX which at the rising of Canis Syrius or the little Dogge is perpetually sorrowful and for this cause the LYBIANS do mock the EGYPTIANS for that they fable the same day that the little Dog-star riseth their ORIX speaketh But on the contrarie themselues acknowledge that as often as the said starre ariseth with the sunne al their goates turne to the East and looke vpon it and this obseruation of the Goates is as certaine as anie rule of the Astronomers The LYBIANS affirme more that they doe presage great store of raine Plutarch Elianus and change of weather The Egyptians also say that when the Moone commeth neare to the East they looke very intentiuely vpon her as vpon their sufferaign Goddesse and make a great noise and yet they say they doe it not for her loue but for her hate which appeareth by knocking their Legges against the ground and fastening their eies vpon the earth like them which are angry at the Moones appearance And the selfe same thing they do at the rising of the Sunne For which cause the auncient Kings had an obseruer or one to tell them the time of the day sitting vpon one of these beasts whereby very accurately they perceiued the sun rysing and this they did by turning their taile against it and emptying their bellies for which cause by an Orix the Egyptians discipher an impure or Godlesse wretch for seeing that all creatures are nourished by the Sunne and Moone and therefore ought to reioyce at their appearing onely this filthy wretch disdaineth and scorneth them The reason why they reioyce at the little Dogge-starre is because their bodies doe perceiue an euident alteration of the time of the yeare that cold weather and raine are ouerpassed and that the vapors of the warm Sun are now descending vpon the earth to cloth it withall manner of greene and pleasant hearbs and flowers There is another kind of Orix which according to Columella was wont to be impaled among Deere and Harts the flesh whereof was eaten and vsed for the commodity of his Maister This was impatient of cold It grew til it was foure yeares old and afterwardes through age decreased and lost all naturall vigor But to returne to the Orix entended from which we haue digressed their Horns whereof we late spake are not onely stronge and sharpe like the Horne of the Vnicorne and the Rhinocerot but also solide not hollow like the hornes of Harts The courage and inward disposition of this beast is both fearefull cruell and valiant I meane fearefull to men and beastes but fearelesse in it selfe For saith my Author Neque enim canis latratum timet neque apri efferuescentem feritatem neque tauri mugitum refugit neque Pantherarum tristem vocem neque
skin lesse sound to the sence of hearing in the presence of another made of stronger and harder beastes skin and to conclude as a twine thread will not hold stretching in the presence I meane in comparison of a silke thread although it be of the same quantity euen so will not a Lute string made of a Sheepes gut in comparison of another made of out of a Wolfe But all the question is how it commeth to passe that one of the skinnes hanged vp in the presence of the other should bee consumed before the other that is a Sheeps skinne in the presence of the Wolfes as a Gooses skinne will loose the feathers before the Eagles The answeâ—â—s easie for the dryer that the body is the lesse excremenâ—tall humor it conteineth and so wil last the longer and all wilde siluestriall beastes are dryer then the tame moderâ— and domesticall as for example the Wolfe then the Sheepe the Lyon then the Dogge the Pheasant then the Cocke the Eagle then the Goose and for these causes the skinneâ— of the one doe wast before the other not for feare or secret opposition but for want of better enduring substance Coelius The Poets do ascribe vnto their Gods Laneos pedes feet made of Wooll for that they come softly and suddainely without noyse to take vengeaunce vppon male-factors and therefore when they discribe Saturne tyed vp a whole yeare with bandes of Wooll their meaning is to shew how with patience he forbare his wrath and indignation Bees are enimies to Sheepe and there are no cattell that doe so much inrich men as Sheepe and Bees There is a story in Suidas and Hesychius of one Crysamis who was very rich in Sheepe in the Island of Cous and there came euery yeare an Eele and stole away his best Sheepe among all the flocke at last he met with it and slew it afterward the ghost of the Eele appeared to him in the night warning him for feare of other harme to see him buryed Chrysamis neglected it and therefore he and all his family perished By which story I cannot ghesse any other meaning but that some man stole away his Sheepe and for that hee tooke vpon him a priuate reuenge most inhumanly suffering him to lye vnburyed and setting more by a beast then the life of a man as a iust punishment of God he perished and thus I conclude this naturall and morall discourse of the Sheepe with that fiction of Esop who writeth that on a time as the Sheapheardes were making merry in a cottage and eating a Sheepe the Wolfe came and looked in saying vnto them Atqui ego sitantum facerem quantum cieretis tumultum If I should eate a Sheepe as you doe you would all rise in an vprore which is fitted against them that make good lawes and obserue none themselues OF THE RAM HAuing thus made a general description of the sheepe wherein we haue spent no more time then was fit and conuenient The seueral names of Rams we are nowe forced to the seuerall species and kinds and first of al order and nature teacheth vs to discourse of the male which in our English language is called a Tup or Ramme deriued I do not doubt from the French Ran although also they call him Belier the Germaines Hoden wider and Hammell the Italians Montone and Ariete the Spaniardes Carnero the Heluetians Ramchen the Graecians in auncient time Krios Ariacha Ceraste and now in these daies Kriare the Haebrewes Ail or Eel the Chaldees plurally Dikerin the Arabians Kabsa and the Persians Nerameisch Now concerning the Greeke and Latine names there is some difference among the learned about their notation Etymology or deriuation for although they all agree that Aries est dux maritus pecorum yet they cannot consent from what root stem or fountaine to fetch the same Isidorus bringeth Aries ab aris that is from the Altars because the sacrifising of this beast was among all other sheepe permitted and none but this except the Lambs Other deriue it of Aretes which signifieth vertue because that the strength and vigor of sheepe lyeth in this aboue all other for there is in his hornes incredible strength in his mind or inward partes incredible courage and magnanimity but the truest deriuation is from the Greeke word Arneios Some Latines call him also Nefrens and plurally Nefrendes for distinction from the weather or gelded sheepe for the stones were also called Nefrendes and Nebrundines and the Epithets of this beast are horne-bearer insolent violent fighting fearfull writhen swift wool-bearer leaping head-long warriour and in Greeke meeke gentle and familiar and is not known by the name Ctilos for that it leadeth the whole flock to the pastures and backe againe to the foldes And thus much may suffice for the name and demonstratiueappellation of this beast now we will proceed forward to the other partes of his story not reiterating those things which it hath in common with the sheepe alreadie described but onely touching his speciall and inseperable proper qualities There is no beast in the world that somuch participateth with the nature of the sunne as the Ram for from the autumnall Equinoctium vnto the Vernall Albertus The reâ—emblance betwixt the â—un and the Ram as the sunn keepeth the right hand of the Hemisphere so doth the Ram lie vpon his right side and in the summer season as the sunne keepeth the other hand of the Hemisphere so doth the Ram lie vppon his other side And for this cause the Lybians which worshipped Ammon Macrobius that is the sun did picture him with a great pair of Rams-horns Also although in the heauenly or celestiall sphere or Zodiacke there be nothing first or last yet the Egyptians haue placed the Ram in the first place for theyr Astronomers affirme that they haue found out by diligent calculation that the same day which was the beginning of the worldes light on the face of the earth then was the signe Aries in the midst of heauen and because the middle of heauen is at it were the crowne or vpper-most part of the world therefore the Ramme hath the first and vppermost place because it is an Equinoctiall signe Coelius The signe of the Ram in the Zodiack making the daies and nightes of equall length for twice in the yeare doeth the sunne passe thorough that signe the Ramme sitting as it were iudge and arbiter twice euery yeare betwixt the daye and night Ther be poetical fictions how the ram came into the Zodiake for some say that when Bacchus led his army through the deserts of Lybia wherein they were all ready to perish for water there appeared to him a goodly ram who shewed him a most beautifull and plentifull fountain which releeued and preserued them al Poetical fictions ridles afterward Bacchus in remembrance of that good turn erected a Temple to Iupiter Ammonius also in that place for so quenching their thirst placed there his Image
in Europe To begin therefore with this discourse by the Vnicorne wee doe vnderstand a peculiar beast which hath naturally but one horne and that a very rich one that groweth out of the middle of the foreheade for wee haue shewed in other parts of the history that there are diuers beasts that haue but one horne and namely some Oxen in India haue but one horne and some haue three and whole hooues Solinus Aelianus Oppranus Likewise the Buls of Aonia are saide to haue whole hooues and one horne growing out of the middle of their foreheads Likewise in the Citty Zeila of Ethiopia there are Kine of a purple colour as Ludouicus Romanus writeth which haue but one horne growing out of their heads and that turneth vp towards their backes Caesar was of opinion that the Elke hadde but one horne but we haue shewed the contrary It is said that Pericles had a ram with one horn but that was bred by way of prodegy and not naturally Simeon Sethi writeth that the Musk caâ— hath also one horne growing out of the forehead but we haue shewed already that no man is of that opinion beside himselfe Aelianus writeth that there be Birds in Ethiopia hauing one horn on their foreheads and therefore are cald Vnicornus and Albertus saith there is a fish cald Monoceros and hath also one horne Now our discourse of the Vnicorne is of none of these beasts for there is not any vertue attributed to their hornes and therefore the vulgar sort of infidell people which scarcely beleeue any hearbe but such as they see in their owne Gardens or any beast but such as is in their own flocks or any knowledge but such as is bred in their owne braines or any birds which are not hatched in their owne Nests haue neuer made question of these but of the true Vnicorne whereof ther were more proofes in the world Whether there be any Vnicornes in the World because of the noblenesse of his horn they haue euer bin in doubt by which distraction it appeareth vnto me that there is some secret enemy in the inward degenerate nature of man which continually blindeth the eies of God his people from beholding and beleeuing the greatnesse of God his workes But to the purpose that there is such a beast the Scripture it selfe witnesseth for Dauid thus speaketh in the 92. Psalme Et erigetur cornu meum tanquam Monocerotis That is my horne shall bee lifted vp like the horne of a Vnicorne whereupon all Diuines that euer wrote haue not onely collected that there is a Vnicorne but also affirme the similitude to be betwixt the kingdome of Dauid and the horne of the Vnicorne that as the horne of the Vnicorne is wholesome to all beasts and creatures so should the kingdome of Dauid be in the generation of Christ And do we think that Dauid would compare the vertue of his kingdom the powerful redemption of the world vnto a thing that is not or is vncertain and fantastical God forbid that euer any wise man should so dispight the holy ghost For this cause also we read in Suidas that good men which worship God and follow his lawes are compared to Vnicornes whose greater parts as their whole bodies are vnprofitable and vntamable yet their horne maketh them excellent so in good men although their fleshly partes be good for nothing and fall downe to the earth yet their grace and piety exalteth their soules to the heauens We haue shewed already in the story of the Rhinocerot that Reem in Haebrew signifieth a Vnicorne although Munster be of another opinion yet the Septuagints in the translation of Deut. 33. do translate it a Vnicorn for the Rhinocerot hath not one horne but two 〈◊〉 brewâ—â—â— in 〈◊〉 proue â—â—â—cornes Rabbi Solamon Dauid Kimhi and Saadius do alwaies take Reem Karas for a Vnicorn and they deriue Reem from Rom which signifieth Altitudinem height because the Horn of the Vnicorne is lifted vpon high Hereunto the Arabians agree which call it Barkeron and the Persians Bark The Chaldeans Remana In the 39 of Iob the Lord speaketh in this maner to Iob Numquid acquiesset Monoceros vt seruiat tibi aut vt moretur iuxta prasepia tua Num quid ligabis Monocerotem fune suo pro sulco faciendo aut complanabit glenas vallium post te That is to say will the Vnicorne rest and serue thee or tarry beside thy cratches cansâ— thou bind the Vnicorn with a halter to thy plough to make furrows or will he make plaine the clots of the vallies Likewise in the prophecy of Esay the 34. chap. and in many other places of Scripture whereby God himselfe must needs be traduced if there be no Vnicorne in the world Besides the Arabians as And. Bellun writeth call this beast Alcherceden and say that it hath one horne in the forehead which is good against poysons The Graetians call it Monokeros from whence Pliny and all the ancient Grammarians doe call it Monoceros yet the deuines both elder and later do name it by a more learned proper Latin word Vnicornis The Italians Alicorno Vnicorno Liocorno Leocorno the French Licorne the Spaniards Vnicornio The hands of Vnicornes the Germans Einhorne and the Illirians Gednorozecz And thus much for the name All our Eropean Authors which write of beastes do make of the Vnicorne diuers kindes especially Pliny Ludouicus Romanus Paulus Venetus Nicholaus Venetus Aeneas Sylutus Albertus Magnus out of whose words we must gather the best description that we can of the Vnicorne The Arcean Indians saith Pliny do hunt a certaine wild beast which is very curst vntamable hauing one horne which in the head resembleth a Hart in the feet an Elephant in the taile a Bore and in the residue of the body a Horse Countries of Vnicorns the horne he saith is about two cubits long and the voice like the lowing of of an Oxe somewhat more shrill and they deny that this beast is ever taken aliue Aelianus writeth herof in this manner there are saith he certaine Mountaines in the middest of India vnto the which the passage is very difficult where are abundance of wild beasts among other Vnicornes which the Indians call Cartazonons who in their ripe age are as big as a Horsse and their mane and haires are yellow excelling in the celerity of their feet and bodies hauing feet clouen like an Elephants the taile of a Boate and one blacke horne growing out betwixt their eie-browes not smooth but rough all ouer with wrinckles and the same groweth to a most sharp point these thinges saith Aelianus by comparing of whose wordes with Pliny it is apparant they describe in these words but one and the same beast and so also doth Phyles wherby I gather that it is no other beast then the wilde Asse or at the least the wilde Asse commeth nearest to the Vnicorne of all others for they agree in these thinges first in that both
but that part is not of the horn but either the entrance of the pallat or some other things as I coniecture This horne was found vnder the earth not deeper then a foote in a solitary and high place as betweene two hils through which a riuer runneth by Countri'men that were digging to lay the foundation of a house But the horne was smitten with an Axe and seuered into very smal peeces but that Noble and excelent man Ioannes Frikasz in whose field the horne was founde being distaunt from Cracouia two miles by all diligence he could least that the small peeces should be cast abroad tooke deliberate heed that they should be taken out of the earth From the roote to the top it was all round and smooth but touching it with ones toongue it cleaueth fast vnto it the tooth was as big as a man could gripe in his hand being in the vpper or outward part bony or hollow within white in the middle and toward the end somewhat reddish But there was found all the beast as by the greatnesse of his bones might easily be perceived being bigger in quantity then a horse It is most certaine that it was a Foure-footed-beast by the bones of the shoulders thighes and ribs But if this Horne were the tooth of an Elephant as some doe suppose you would maruaile why two which I haue heard were neuer found together But the teeth or rather hornes of Elephants are neither so crooked that they might come almost to halfe a circle as they did The strength of this horne a penny weight thereof being put in wine or water of Borrage healeth old Feuers as also Tertian or quarterne Agues of three yeares continuance and cureth many diseases in mens bodies as asswaging the paine of the belly and making of those to vomit who can by no meanes ease their stomackes Hitherto shal suffice to haue spoken concerning one of those foure hornes which I saw The other was like vnto this but lesse pure for the colour was outwardly most blacke inwardly most white being found in the Riuer The third and fourth most hard so that a man would thinke it were by the touching thereof stone or iron being solide euen vnto the point for I haue not seene them wholly but the part of one to the length of a cubit of the other to the length of halfe a cubit with a darke colour being almost of the same thicknesse as the two former But for as much as the two former haue no riftes or chinkes in them these haue by their longitude being like hearbs bending or wreathing in their stalkes There was another found in a certaine field so much appearing out of the earth that the rude or country sort did thinke it to be some pile or stake Many also are cured and freed from shaking feauers by the medicinall force of these the cause whereof I suppose to be this because the former are softer for as much as one of them will lye in the Water for so long a time but the other vnder the earth being scarce well hid I afterwardes saw a fi lt like vnto the first none of them being straight or direct vppe but also crooked some almost vnto a halfe a circle Hitherto Schnebergerus who also addeth this That there are more of these to be found in Polonia and therefore for the most part to bee contemned There are moreouer found in Heluetia some of these hornes one in the riuer Arula against the Towne of Bruga the other in the last yeare in the riuer of Birsa but it was broken euen as the third with that famous Earle of the Cymbrians William Warner in a tower neare vnto the Citty Rottauit who gaue vnto Gesner a good peece thereof who found another peece as he was a fishing at Birsa in the riuer And it is no great maruaile that they are found there where through length of time they are broken into small pieces and carried by the force of the waters into diuers places But it is most diligently to be obserued whether they are found in the earth as also to be knowne whether that great horne be of this beast which hangs alone in the great temple at Argentaur by the piller for it hath hanged there many yeares before as now it-appeareth for that doth plainely seeme the same magnitude thicknesse and figure which Schnebergerus hath described in his own horne that we haue allowed before for wild oxen The ancients haue attributed singuler hornes to the Vnicorne whom some haue cald by other names as it is said and furthermore to the Orix a wilde beast vnknowne in our age except I be deceiued which Aristotle and Pliny call a Vnicorne Aelianus a Quadrucorne Oppianus doth not expresse it but he seemeth to make it a two horned beast Simeon Sethi doth also write that the Musk-cat or Goat at which bringeth forth Muske hath one horne Certaine later writers as Scaliger reporteth say that there is a certaine Oxe in Ethiopia which hath one Horne comming out in the middest of his forehead greater then the length of a foot bending vpwardes the point being wreathed ouerthwart and they haue red haire whereby we gather that the horne of all Vnicornes is not pure But the reason why these hornes are more found in Polonia then in any other place I cannot well ghesse whether from thence we shall suspect them to be of certaine Vries which at this day abide in the woods of Sarmatia in times past there were many more which haue liued both in greater and larger woods neither were they killed with so often Hunting some whereof it is most like haue come to great age as appeareth by their great stately hornes which things we leaue to be considered of others I suppose that the Apothe caries neuer haue the true horne of a Vnicorne but that some doe sell a kinde of false adulterated Horne other the fragments of this great and vnknowne Horne of which we haue spoken and not onely of the horne but also of the bones of the head some of which are so affected by longanimity of time that you may take a threefold substance in them although it be broken by a certain distance one being for the most part whitish and pale the other whiter and softer the third stony and most white I heare that in the new Ilands there was a Horne bought in the name of a Vnicornes horne being much praised for expelling of poyson which what it is I haue not as yet examited but it is to bee inquired whether it bee a Rhynocerots or not for both the auncient and late Writers doe mingle this with the Vnicorne I doe verily coniecture that the same strength is pertinent to both the Hornes And thus much shall suffice concerning the true Vnicornes horne and the Vertues arising there from In this place now we will proceed to the residue of the history reseruing other vses of this horne to the proper medicines These Beasts are very
Achilles but the famous and notorious among all was Lycaon the king of Arcadia the son of Titan and the earth whose Daughter Calisto was deflowered by Iupiter and by Iuno turned into a beare whom afterwards Iupiter pittying placed for a sign in heauen and of whom Virgil made this verse Pleiadas Hyadas claramque Lycaonis arcton Ther was another Lycaon the son of Pelasgus which built the Citty Lycosura in the Mountaine Lycaeus this man called Iupiter Lycaeus On a time he sacrificed an infant vpon his altar after which sacrifice he was presently turned into a wolfe Ther was another Lycaon after him who did likewise sacrifice another child and it was said that he remained ten years a wolfe afterwards becam a man again wherof the reason was giuen that during the time he remained a beast he neuer tasted of mans flesh but if he had tasted therof he shold haue remained a beast for euer I might adde hereunto Lychophron Lycastus Lycimnius Lysinus Lychomedes Lycurgus Lycus and of womens names Lyca Lyce Lycaste Lycoris Lycias and many such others besides the names of people as Irpini of Mountaines places as Lycabetus Lyceus Lycerna Lycaonia Lycaspus Lyceum Aristotles schoole Of flouds and Riuers as Lycus Lycormas Of plants as wolfe bane Lupum salictarium lupinus Lycantheum Lycophrix Lycophone Lycopsis Lycoscytalion and many such others whereof I haue onely desired to giue the Reader a tast following the same Method that we haue obserued in other beasts And thus much shall suffice to haue spoken of the names of this beast Contries breeding wolues The countries breeding wolues are for the most part these that follow The inhabitants of Creet were wont to say that there was neither wolues Beares nor Vipers cold be bred in their Island because Iupiter was borne there yet there is in a city called Lycastus so named for the multitude of wolues that were abiding therein It is likewise affirmed of Sardinia and Olimpus a Mountaine of Macedonia that there come no Wolues in them The wolues of Egypt are lesser then the wolues of Greece for they exceede not the quantity of Foxes Affrica likewise breedeth small wolues they abound in Arabia in Sweuia Rhaetia Athesis and the earldome of Tirol in Muscouia especially that part that bordereth vppon Lithuania The wolues of Scanzia by reason of extremity of cold in those parts are blind loose their eies there are no wolues bred in Lumbardy beyond the Alpes if any chance to come into that countrey presently they ring their bels and arme themselues against them neuer giuing ouer till they haue killed him or droue him out of the countrey In Norway there are 3. kind of wolues and in Scandinauia the wolues fight with Elkes It is reported that ther are wolues in Italy who when they looke vpon a man cause him to be silent that hee cannot speake The French-men call those Wolues which haue eaten of the flesh of men Eucharnes Among the Crotoniatae in Meotis diuers other parts of the world wolues do abound there are some few in France but none at al in England except such as are kept in the Tower of London to be seene by the Prince and people brought out of other countries where there fell out a rare accident namely a mastiue dog was limed to ashe wolfe and she thereby conceiued and brought forth sixe or seuen young Whelpes which was in the yeare of our Lord 1605. or there abouts There are diuers kinds of wolues in the world The seuerall kinds of wolues whereof Oppianus in his admonition to sheapheards maketh mention of fiue the first is a swift wolfe and runneth fast called therefore Toxeuter that is Sagitarius a shooter The second kind are called Harpages and these are the greatest raueners to vvhom our sauiour Christ in the gospell compareth false prophets when he saith Take heed of false prophets which come vnto you in sheeps clothing but are inwardly Lycoy harpages rauening wolues and these excel in this kind The third kind is cald Lupus aureus a golden wolfe by reason of his colour then they make mention of two other kinds called Acmonae and one of them peculiarly Ictinus The first vvhich is svvift hath a greater head then other vvolues and likewise greater legs fitted to run white spots on the belly round members his colour betwixt red yellovv is very bold howleth fearefully hauing firy-flaming eies and continually wagging his head Oppiâ—â—us The second kind hath a greater and larger body then this being swifter then all other betimes in the morning he being hungry goeth abroad to hunt his prey the sides and taile are of a siluer colour he inhabiteth the Mountaines except in the winter time wherein he defendeth to the gates of Citties or Townes and boldly without feare killeth both Goates and sheepe yet by stealth and secretly The third kind inhabiteth the white Rocks of Taurus and Sylicia or the tops of the hill Amanus and such other sharp and inaccessible places being worthily for beauty preferred before the others because of his Golden resplendant haires and therefore my Author saith Non lupus sed lupo praestantior fera That he is not a wolfe but some wilde Beast excelling a wolfe He is exceeding strong especially being able with his mouth and teeth to bite asunder not only stones but Brasse and Iron He feareth the Dog star and heate of summer reioycing more in cold then in warme weather therfore in the Dog daies he hideth himselfe in some pit or gaping of the earth vntill that sunny heat be abated The fourth and fift kinds are cald by one common name Acmone now Acmon signifieth an Egle or else an Instrument with a short neck it may be that these are so called in resemblance of the rauening Eagle or else because their bodies are like to that instrument for they haue short necks broad shoulders rough Legs and feet and small snouts and little eies herein they differ one kind from the other because that one of them hath a backe of a siluer colour and a white belly and the lower part of the feet blacke and this is Ictinus canus a gray Kite-wolfe the other is black hauing a lesser body his haire standing continually vpright and liueth by hunting of Hares Now generally al Authors do make some two some 3. some 4. and some fiue kinds of Wolues all which is needlesse for me to prosecute and therefore I will content my selfe with the only naming of such differences as are obserued in them and already expressed except the Thoes and the sea-wolfe of whom there shal be somthing said particularly in the end of this History Olaus Magnus writeth in his History of the Northerne regions that in the Mountaines cald Doffrini which doe deuide the kingdoms of Swetia and Norway there are great flockes or heardes of wolues of white colour whereof some wander in the Mountaines and some in the vallies They feed vpon little small and