shadowe For with them the Nooneshadowes continually run or goe toward one quarter onely So that to them dwelling Northward the Noon shadow streacheth towarth the arcticke or Northerly quarter By which it appeareth that the sun neuer ascendeth ouer their heades but continually casteth or streacheth his beames thwartly into those contries which alwaies forme their thwart angles with the plaine of the earth or els fall a-slope vpon the earth Those people which possesse and dwel vnder either vntemperate or cold zones are named of the Gréeke writers Periskioi Periscij for that their shadowes in one artificiall day are caried and run rounde as it were about them on the plaine of the earth so that the sun vnto those places casteth or sendeth not straight thwart or sloape but long beames running on the horizone which as they streach along infinitly euen so the shadowes going and lying on the flat of the earth and extended along doe increase infinitly And these zones also vnder the poles extend to that proper place where the Tropicke cyrcles and the Arctick cyrcles be all one Strabo likewise writeth that the colde zone reacheth to that place where the Tropick is the arcticke cyrcle that is where this first Zone endeth and the temperate beginneth the Pole beeing 66. degrées and a halfe aboue the horizon so that this pole must be from the toppe of their heads in that place 23. degrées and a halfe Further these people that haue their shadowes running rounde about them dwell within the Polare cyrcles In that all people whose Zenith is within 23. degrees and a halfe of any of both the Poles haue their shadowes compassing aboute them but those people as afore written dwelling nearer vnder the Pole the longer is their day and by that reason doe the shadowes run the oftner about them For where the day is of 24. houres long the shadow doth run but once about yet where the day is of halfe a yeare long the shadowes doe run 183. times about Here conceiue that there be fiue zones on earth answering to the fiue celestiall zones both in the heat temperatnesse and cold which for a plainer vnderstanding vse this figure here following demonstrated Where the Orb or cyrcle described on the plaine of the earth is distributed by the two vnknown diameters into foure equall partes as to the outward points of the one diameter note the letters a b. To the points of the other diameter adde the letters c d. The letter c. the Northerly Pole and the letter d. representing the Southerly pole The arke of the Orbe a c. deuide after the common maner into 90. parts or degrées the number as the vse is noted by 5. 10. 15. 20. 25. c. And beginning to recken at the letter a. in ascending by the number 5. vnto the letter c. beeing the Northerly pole Againe set one foote of the compasse vnchaunged on the letter c. representing the Northerly Pole and with the other opened make a point of the one side and after on the other side in drawing a line besides from point to pointe and the ends of that line note with the letters â— k. that declare the arcticke cyrcle And likewise set one foote of the compasse on the note d. iudicating the Southerly pole and after the marking with points on either side draw a right line at the endes of which note these letters l m. that represent the antarcticke cyrcle These so finished you shall then sée on that plaine or flat the fiue earthly zones rightly described For the space here represented of the earth by the Tropicke lines e f. and g h. included doth demonstrate the burning zone In that the suns heat by his direct beams ouer it doth continually strongly heat and burne that space of the earth wherefore you may rightly draw a straight line from the letter g. vnto f. representing the suns iourney And the space of the earth included of the line i k. the articke cyrcle and the arke answering to the Northerly line i k doth iudiacate the cold and frozen zone Northerly And that other Region or space contained right against representing the antarcticke cyrcle doth demonstrate the colde Southerly zone And the tract or space of the earth included within the lines i k. and E F. doth iudicate our temperate zone Northward and that reasonably habitable and the other portion of the earth contained within the lines g h. and l m. doth manifestly shew the temperate southerly zone Where Ptholomie and other auncient Cosmographers write that the burning zone is vnhabited or as a desart Aristotle Plinie and Iohn de sacro bosco in his treatise of the Sphere write the contrary Besides these it is well knowne at this day yea by experience vnderstood of those that haue yearely gone and come from the countries lying vnder that zone that is betwéene the two Tropicks to be inhabited Further this burnt zone is inhabited and well replenished with people that there dwell as the same is throughly known to many that haue passed to and frothe Indies so that it may euidently appeare that the heate there is not extreame nor so distemperate séeing the time of the heate that they suffer continueth not long nor the heat sharply worketh or causeth his vttermost effect For the sun but a small time tarieth aboue the Horizone in the burnt Region or Zone as certain astronomers write as the space of twelue houres onely so that the heat there is much qualified and suppressed through the colde rising in the night time whereof it is manifest that he causeth not his extreame hotnesse there although hee streacheth his beames perpendicularly on the earth Therefore may many maruaile that sundry ancient men affirme these parts to be vnhabitable séeing they knew of Arabia Foelix Aethiopia Taprobana and diuers other contries lying vnder the burnt zone yea besides these are Guinea Calicute Muluca and Gatigara well knowne to lie or bee vnder the burning Zone and many of the people in those countries liue long and the same Region also is inhabited and replenished well with people A like affirmation hath Albertus and Auicen as afore written that the middle zone is habitable for they agrée coÌ„â—rary to the old writers that in the same Region of the world which the auncient Cosmographers named to bee the burnt Zone that it is a far temperater dwelling than vnder the Tropicks it can bee in any wise And that people dwell vnder the Tropickes the ancient neuer doubted Wherfore if so resonable dwelling be vnder the Tropicks it cannot be otherwise as affirmeth Petrus de apono that vnder the Equatoure notwithstanding the sunnes sharpe heate but that men may dwell there for all the vntemperatnesse of heate To bee briefe al the writers of later yeares agrée that the middle zone is not onely habitable but found and known by many reasons and by experience that the same is most temperate and the earth vnder it rich both of golde and rich drugges
Tropicks all heauen into fiue parts or Regions which they call zones The descriptions names qualities and vtilities of the Zones THe foure lesser cyrcles called Parallels that were afore described doe deuide the whole heauen towarde the Poles into fiue spaces which that heauen might bee compassed aboute with these larger swathes the astronomers of the same called them Zones or otherwise of the Latines Gerdils The Cosmographers by the same imagination applied doe also dispose and distribute the whole Globe of the earth into fiue roomes or spaces lying directly vnder and agréeable in proportion to them in heauen Wherefore a zone after the minde of the Gréekes is a portion tract or space of heauen or earth betwéene the two Parallels or lesser cyrcles being nighest equidistant or contained betwéene the roome equidistaunt and Pole of the world and gyrdeth or compasseth as it were the heauen or earth Or thus a zone is a space of earth like to the two Parallels or lesser cyrcles aboue which the astronomers imagine to run on the vpper face of the sphere And as the whole portion included by the two Tropicks called the burning zone doth compasse heauen as a gyrdle euen so imagine the roome of the earth lying right vnder the Tropicks The zones haue sundry names for of the Gréekes they be called zóne and of the Latines by a borowed word Zona as may appeare by Iulius Firmicus Macrobius Virgilius Ouide and other Latines That heauen or earth is imagined to bee gyrded about with these Martianus nameth them swathes Tully and Macrobius nameth them by the like reason gyrdles Ouide nameth them plagues that is roomes or spaces And how many zones they bee may easily appeare in that the astrologians Geographers Phisitions and Poets do deuide as well the heauen as earth into siue roomes or spaces by the foure Parallels or lesser cyrcles of which there bee two maner of zones the celestiall and the earthlie The celestiall are the cause of the earthly in that the earthly lie directly vnder them And of the zones the celestiall bee they which the astronomers by imagination describe and distribute in the hollow of heauen the earthly be they which lie perpendicularly vnder And both also be temperate and vntemperate zones The celestiall zones in that they haue nothing of the elementary qualities therefore doe they not by heat burne and scorch nor by cold make stiffe nor cause a temperate mixture of qualities or temperatnesse yet are they noted and descerned by the names of the qualities as the earthly zones which being the author of the sun and fountaine both of light and heate and running continually in the middle zone of heauen is diuersly felt according to the maner of the distance Or thus there are no qualities formally attributed to the celestiall zones but to them onely vertually which is on this wise to be vnderstoode as that the celestiall zones of themselues be neither cold hot nor temperate but are so called through the suns declination from the equatour as well into the North as into the South quarter of the world In the which declination is the like matter felte as well in the suns right sending downe of beames as in the thwart proiection of thē on the vpper face of the earth which diuersly changeth the heat 〈◊〉 The scorching or vntemperate middle Zone which through the heat and burning beames the sun there causeth when he is ouer the head or in the Noonestéed place is contained betwéene the boundes of the sunnes iourney which the two Tropicks make and includeth 47. degrées of heauen For the two Tropicks are on either side the equatoure so that it vseth the middle roome in the burning zone from which the sun towarde the North and South neuer declineth aboue 23. degrées and 29. minutes By which appeareth that it is there as hot in the middle of winter as it is in Spaine in the middle of summer and therefore not disagréeing to that which the auncient Cosmographers wrote that the countries lying vnder this space or rather vnder the equatour is vnhabited through the burning heate and of them for this cause named the burning or scorching zone But of later yeares it is found contrary in that at Molucca Good-hope Calicute and Samatra rich drugges and other fine spices haue beene there gotten by the Spantards and Portingals and yéerly haunted by them as at this day the same is throughly known to many which also confesse that the places vnder the Equinoctiall and the rich City Calecute being by the sea coast of Inde standing betwéene the equatour and our Tropicke of Cancer and vnto the other Tropicke South vnder the Burning zone that the places is habitable and peopled although very cumbersome with extremity of heat Also that space on earth containeth 685. Germaine miles or 23500. furlongs Ptholomie and Auicen affirme that the places betwéen the equatour and summer Tropicke is habitable and that many Cities bee there although the sunne in those places through his direct beames and especially vnder the equatour doth by the ouer much heat and continual heat burn and mightily scorch The like doe sundry others affirme which write that those places is conuenient for the life of creatures in that vnder the equatour there bee many waters which although resolued and run through the heate yet doe they breath and send vpward colde vapors which the sun continually maintaineth in drawing vp through his vehement heat and sending down mighty showers of raine which vapors in the night through the suns furthest distance vnder the earth and especially at midnight cause a mighty cold and chilling ayre which the sun after his rising vntill he be somewhat ascended aboue the earth cannot sodainly ouercome and put away that cold impression of the ayre So that the people there inhabiting bee monstrous of forme and haue rude wits wondrous wild and terible conditions like to wilde and furious beasts The countries which lie vnder the Southerly Parallels as those which are described by the Equinoctiall line vnto the summer Tropicke where the sun is drawne and runneth ouer the tops of them there through the aboundance of vapors rayne and night colde is the suns heate repressed mitigated and dulled so that the heades of the Ethiopians or Moores be litle hauing but litle and withered braines their bodies short hauing thicke crisped haire on their heades grosse and dull of senses blacke scorched or burned bodies withred or wrinckled faces crooked of stature being in a maner hot by nature and cruell condicions through the mightinesse of heat in those places And the constitution also of the ayre is there such that al liuing and cresent things on that earth are found and known to agrée with them Further it is to be noted and vnderstood that any there trauailing from the Northerly places the further they goe towarde the South somuch the stronger heat or burning they shalbe annoyed with The two temperate zones be next adioining to the burning zone the
experience gainsayth and denieth muchlesse therefore can it be greater ten times By which is to be concluded that the water is but litle in quantity in respect of the earth although it may séeme very bigge being vp to the edges of the vpper face of the earth And if the waters had béene more bigger then the earth they had drowned or couered the whole earth euen of late yeares That the earth employeth the middle place of the Worlde and is the Center of the whole A Ristarchus Samius which was 261 yeares before the byrth of Christ tooke the earth from the middle of the world and placed it in a peculiar Orbe included within Marses and Venus Sphere and to bee drawne aboute by peculiar motions about the Sunne which hée fayned to stande in the myddle of the worlde as vnmoueable after the manner of the fixed stars The like argument doth that learned Copernicus apply vnto his demonstrations But ouerpassing such reasons least by the newnesse of the arguments they may offend or trouble young students in the Art wee therefore by true knowledge of the wise doe attribute the middle seate of the world to the earth and appoynte it the Center of the whole by which the risings settinges of the stars the Equinoctials the times of the increasing and decreasing of the dayes the shadowes and Ecclipses are declared The earth round about is equally distant from heauen therefore according to the definition of the Center the earth is the Center of the world That the stars haue alwaies one bignes in what place soeuer any shall beholde them therefore are they in an equall distance from the earth The roundnesse of the earthly globe hath a proportion vnto the roundnesse of heauen that is the certaine and proportionall parts in the earthly Globe doe answere to certaine proportionall partes of heauen therefore is the earth the Center of the world In that siftéene Germaine miles on earth doe answere to a degrée of the Meridian and that in euery houre doe fiftéene degrées arise of the Equinoctiall which coulde not be if the earth were not in the middle of the world For the vnequall Arks should otherwise appeare in the equal times and the equall partes of the Meridian shoulde the vnequall spaces on earth answere which experience dayly witnesseth vnto the contrary And hereof it ensueth that the earth stands in the middle of the world In euery Artificiall day doe sixe signes appeare and sixe like set vnder the earth therefore is the earth in the middle of the worlde and is also as a pricke to which the halfe doth regularly moue dayly The like is in the opposition of the Sunne and Moone when either light is in the Horizont which could not be if the earth should approch or come néerer vnto one part then vnto the other If it were néerer to eyther of the Poles then could not the vniuersall Equinoctials bee for that the one Arke alwaies either in the day and night time should be greater then the other The Eccclipses also coulde not bée in the changes and full moones For that there shoulde then bée vneuen spaces from the South vnto the North and from the East vnto the West If the earth were not as the Center of the worlde then of necessity shoulde these ensue that the earth shoulde approch either néerer to the East or West or South part and when any of the starres aswell the fixed as Planets shall come vnto that part they shall appeare nearer to vs then being in any other part of heauen and by that aboue saide they shall also appeare greater which is altogether vntrue and we also sée the contrary in that as aboue writen they alwaies appeare of one greatnesse eyther being in the East or in the West Also one halfe of heauen is alwaies aboue the earth and the other halfe vnder the earth and this is not onely found and knowne in one quarter of the earth but the like in euery place as the Equinoctials do witnes then which there can be no more euident tryal A third reason may bée alleadged if any imagined the earth vpon the Center to be parted into two equal halfes and that the eie is placed in the Center then shall the eie sée no more then the halfe of heauen By which appeareth that the swelling of the earth from the Center vnto his compasse about in making a comparison vnto heauen is as in a maner nothing And it is knowne to the learned in Astronomie that any of the fixed starres is by many times greater then the earth which if any behold them they appeare as poynts in heauen Now how much lesser would the earth appear if a man should behold it from his place Here learne by this demonstration following that the earth standing without the Center in the poynt B. being to the Meridiane as is the poynte A. nearer and when a star shall come vnto that poynte then shall it bée nearer to the earth and in the opposite poynt as is I. shall bee from the same much further than in any other place and shall euen there lesser appeare which by experience is quite contrary Further graunt that C. D. be the thwart Horrizont yet the contrary for the second reason E. B. K. being the Equatour which from the said Horrizont is deuided into two vnequall parts and by this consequent also must the Zodiacke bee deuided into two vnequall partes from the said Horrizont for that those two Cyrcles as hereafter shall bee taught doe crosse one another into equall parts Therefore when the sun by his proper motion carried from the East into the West shall come vnto the crossings of the Equatour and Zodiacke and that the greater part of these Cyrcles shall be vnder the earth it cannot be that the Equinoctium or a like day and night can bee through out the earth no not vnder the right Sphere much lesse can it be vnder the thwart Sphere IF this be vnpossible it shall be also as vnpossible that sixe signes may alwaies bee aboue the earth and the other sixe vnder the earth but rather that more of the signes shall be vnder the earth and more of them aboue euen as the earth is imagined to be deuided from the Horrizont aforesaid into two equall parts like as when it shall bée in the Center of the whole and that from each Center of the greater Cyrcles the earth is deuided into two partes As all these to any beholding the materiall Sphere are forthwith knowne at the first sight so by a third reason is to bee noted that when any imagineth by the lyne E. F. that the earth in the poynt G. standing as in the Center of the whole is deuided by the middle as well beeing in G. as H. for the excéeding distance from the Cyrcumference is vnpossible to sée alwaies the halfe heauen If the Earth be not in the middle of the Worlde then of necessitie shall it possesse some of these
greate and long space if by such a swiftnesse the earth should be turned about the Exe-trée of the world Or if by the motion of the earth the ayre and all things hanging in the ayre should be drawne with a like swiftnesse then should they appeare to stay or not to be moued at all And further if a stone or any waighty thing cast vpward shuld not light againe downe right on the same place as may be séene in a shippe at sayling So that to all these doeth euident experience deny that by no motion the earth is any thing moued dut continually stayeth and abideth By the fourth it is manifest that in the motion and turning about of the Cyrcle the Center abideth vnmoueable which is the earth placed in the myddle of the world and is as the Center of the worlde Therefore is the Earth knowne to be vnmoueable That the Earth compared vnto Heauen is as a poynt ALthough to the vnskillfull in this Arte the magnitude and largenes of the earth séemeth to be of an excéeding greatnesse that no bond or ende can be decerned with the eie nor any hauing trauailed into farre countries could hytherto finde any bounds of the same yet the greatnesse of the earth compared vnto the mighty largenesse of heauen is accompted but a pricke as the Geomitricall rules declare The earth also is a very small thing in respect of heauen yea so litle in comparison as a pepper corne or seede of Colliander vnto a Cyrcle of a thowsande paces compasse For if the earth compared to the firmament were of any sensible greatnesse a man shoulde not sée the halfe of heauen nor the halfe Cyrcle of the Equinoctiall or Zodiacke And howe much greater the earth shoulde be by so much the lesser should a man sée the halfe of heauen But the contrary is knowne in that on any plaine of the earth or vpper face of the sea a man alwaies séeth the halfe Sphere of heauen the other halfe in the meane time remayning hid and of this the halfe dyameter of the earth is so small vnto the distance of the firmament that it may take away nothing in a maner of the halfe Sphere extant to the eye Besides these if the earth should be imagined to be placed in any of the Orbes of heauen it woulde appeare but small in respect of them for being imagined in the Moones Orb the earth should appeare thrice as great as the moon is decerned from thence and somewhat bigger And from the suns Orbe the earth should be decerned twice so large as Venus doth here appeare to vs. And if in Marses Sphere you would say that the earth is equall to a small star But from the firmament Saturns Sphere or Iupiters if a man could decerne it the earth shoulde appeare so small that a man would be abashed at the sight of it And here an ignorant man might greatly wonder that so small a body yea rather a pricke as it is accounted of the learned should containe in it so many Realmes Prouinces Citties Towns Flouds Mountaines Woods Ualleyes Seas Riuers Lakes and many other greate matters ouer long to be written That the earth also is as a Pricke is declared by sundry reasons following By the first that round about the earth the magnituds and distances of the stars in their times are decerned and séene euery where equall and alike By the second that the Gnomons or dyall shadowes and the Centers of the Sphericall borderes or Cyrcles placed in any part of the earth do somuch auaile and kéep the considerations and guydings about of shadowes so regularly and agréeing to the rule and matter as if those in very déede shoulde bee placed in the myddle poynte of the earth By the third that the Horizont doeth euery where deuide the whole heauen into two equall halues For that in euery moment doe sixe signes of the Zodiacke appeare aboue the Horizont and in the night time being a fayre sky are they to bée séene with the eye and so many at that in stant hid within the Horizont so that by a cōtinuall drawing about of heauen doe sixe signes appeare and as many right against those sixe set vnder the earth If the magnitude of the earth shoulde bée of any light portion vnto heauen then so much of the Center the vpper face drawne aboute shoulde parte or deuide heauen into equall halfe Spheres The other Spheres reatching from any part of the vpper face shoulde deuide the same into vnequall portions Neither halfe the Zodiacke should alwaies appeare but a portion much lesser than halfe the Zodiack should be séen aboue the earth so that the greater parte of the earth through the folydnesse excluded and hidden should not after be séene By the fourth the Equinoctiall shadowes both of the rising and setting of the sun doe make a right line euen as if they should be streached out and lie on the plaine caried by the Center of the earth So that all these should not be caused if the magnitude of the earth in respect of heauen should be of a sensible or of any portion to it To conclude Ptholomie vseth alwaies the body of the earth for the Center of the worlde not deuiding the vpper face from that which is not in sight of the earth Certaine affirme that one degrée of the greatest Cyrcle in heauen contayneth 57051. common Germaine miles Of which one degrée of any earthly Cyrcle in the vpper face of the earth doeth amount to 15. Germayne myles And that one minute of the celestiall degrée expresseth 9509. Germayne miles which if this bée true and certainly knowne then is it not vainely thought and gessed that the earth is as a Pricke in respect of heauen To finde the compasse of the Earth and by it the Dyameter THe whole compasse of the earth according to Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius and Eratostenes doth contayne 5400. Germaine myles and the dyameter of the same doth contayne 1718 4 22. Germayne miles But the authority of Eratostenes after the minde of Plinie is more to bee regarded then the other thrée Philosophers which prooueth by demonstration and reasons that the compasse of the whole earth is 252000. furlongs Yet Hipparchus finding faulte at Eratostenes doeth affirme the compasse of the earth to be of 277000. furlongs And a furlong is here after the agréement of the Geometricians of a hundreth twenty and fiue paces And this sentence is not here mente that there is any ambiguity or vncertainty in this reason but that the one affirmed lesser and the other more furlongs For after Eratostenes doe 700. furlongs answere to one degrée but after Hipparchus 774. furlongs answere to a degrée So that there is no other diuersity in the matter but onely the number Ptholomie that was after Eratostenes attributed seuen hundred fifty furlongs of the earthly merydiane to one degrée of the celestial meridiane So that by all these appeareth that the magnitude of the earth is as yet vnfounde out
through the difficultie of measuring And this whole compasse is not onely ment of the earth but of the earth and water ioyntly togither both which are saide to make one Sphere Also Eratostenes gathereth the compasse of all the earthly Orbe by the proportion of the perticular or the degree of the celestiall Cyrcle vnto the like space on earth For he affirmeth that to one degrée of the celestiall Equatour answere 700. furlongs or 15. Germayne myles but Ptolomie attributeth to a degrée 500. furlongs Which is thus to be vnderstoode that a Cyrcle be imagined on earth directly vnder the Equinoctiall or Merydian lyne deuiding the earth into twoe halfes and that this Cyrcle be likewise deuided into 360. parts or degrées as the celestiall Cyrcles are And ech of these parts doth like vnto the celestial parts containe 700. furlonges or 15. Germaine myles This nowe being tryed and found what the whole Summe eyther of the furlongs or myles of the whole cyrcumference of the earth which contayneth 360. parts or degrées you shall easily finde and knowe the same by this maner Multiply the whole compasse of the earth that is the 368. degrées by the 700. furlongs or fiftéene Germayne myles and the whole compasse shal either appeare to be 252000. furlongs or 5400. Germayne myles This whole compasse of the earth deuide by 22. and the number comming thereof shall bee the 22. part of the compasse of it that is 11454 12 22. furlongs or 254 â—0 22. Germayne myles And abate this 22. part from the whole Summe of the circumference and the number in furlongs shall remaine and be 240545 10 22. and in GErmayne miles 5154 1â— 22. And if any of these sums be deuided a part by 3. it shal be found in furlongs to be 80181. a halfe and a third part or 3 2. 10 66. And in Germaine myles 1718 4 22. that is the dyameter of the earth aswell in the furlonges as Germayne miles And Archimedes by sundry labours and witty inuentions and by Geometrical practise hath found that the like proportion is of the Circumference of the whole Cyrcle vn to the diameter of the same as is 22. vnto 7. that is the diameter thrice with a seauenth part and a halfe But whensoeuer any man will by the cyrcumference of the Cyrcle gather and finde his diameter worke the numbers thus as this example teacheth First set down 22. at the left hand toward the right hand 7. and the cyrcumference betwéen those two numbers 22. 5400. 7. After multiply the first by the second that is 7. by 5400. the number increased which is 47800. deuide by the thirde that is 22. and you shall finde in the quotient 1718 4 22. Germayne myles Or thus in furlongs the number being set downe alike 22. 252000. 7. then multiplie the first by the second as 7. by 25200. and the increase shall be 1764000. after the increased number deuide by the third as by 22. and the diameter shall be 80181 18 22. If any couet to finde the vpper face of the earth by the dyameter and cyrcumference known worke one into the other and you shal haue that you séeke But if you desire to knowe the thicknesse of the earth then ioyne the superficiall solydenes of the Sphere vnto the sixt part of the diameter and you shall obtaine your desire THE SECOND PART OF THE SPHERICALL Elements of the Celestiall Circles with the vses of the same Circles What is the Summe of this Second Part. WHereas in the first part were only teh rudiments of the Sphere handeled and taught which are also written and contained in diuers Phyâ—â—â—e bookes as of the World and the many parts thereof that is of the Ethereall and Elementarie Region And also of the parts motion and formeâ— of â—he Etheriall Region as Heauen and the forâ—â—â—e 〈◊〉 and quantitie of the Earth Here in this second parte shall fully bee â—etâ—â—â— thâ— and largely handled the manifold vses of the Cyrcle of which the materiall Sphere is framed and made Further this second part is deuided into thrée partes the first teacheth the deuision of the Cyrcles in that the auncient Astronomers for a playner instruction deuided heauen into sundry Cyrcles and of these some in greater and other some in lesser Cyrcles In the second part are the definitions descriptions and vtilities of all the Cyrcles taught In the third and last part are the places of the Zones learnedly described and the vtilities of them So that this second part doeth especially intreate of the Cyrcles séeing the principall poynte of the Sphere is of the celestiall appearances which by reason of the celestiall Cyrcles or of the first moouer are caused as may appeare of the ascentions and descentions of the signes by which the whole knowledge aswell of the naturall as artificiall day is learned Wherefore in that this instruction of the ascentions of the signes consisteth in the Cyrcles which the auncient Astronomers imagined to bée in the first mouer therefore is this second part of the celestiall Cyrcles aptely placed and necessarily before taught That the Sphere of the worlde is either right or thwart THe roundnesse of the earth as is afore taught both altereth the standing of the Poles and the whole Sphere of the worlde in diuers partes of the earth For to them which dwell vnder the Equatour either Pole falleth to the playnesse of the HorizoÌ„t But to others dwelling without the Equatoure the one Pole is raysed and the other depressed hid through which diuersitie of the standinges of them are these differences caused that the risings and settings of the signes are altered the spaces betwéene the dayes and nights varied whose causes ought diligently to be sought Therefore is the right Sphere distinguished from the thwart Sphere of the worlde In this maner as here you may be holde by these figures following That is called the right Sphere in which either Pole resteth and standeth on the plaine of the Horizont and the Equatoure which there doeth exactly possesse the middle place betwéene the Poles and doeth with the Horrizont make a right sphericall angle of which it is so named a right Sphere For they haue such a standing vpon the Sphere of the worlde as that neyther of the Poles is eleuated aboue the Horizont to them which dwell vnder the Equatoure The thwart declined or bending Sphere is that in which either of the Poles of the world eleuated is séene aboue the Horizont and the other iust somuch set and hidde beneath the Horizont and also that the Equatoure frameth and maketh with the Horizont thwart and vnequall angles And that is called a blunte angle which séeth the Pole eleuated and that a sharpe angle declining vnto the contrary They which dwell on this side and beyonde the Equatoure haue such a Sphere But the same forme and condicion of the thwart Sphere is not euery where nor the positure of it the same reason but that the thwartnesse of the Sphere
Equinoctiall poynt is then imagined to be drawne aboute with the motion of the first moouer that hath the same Center with the earth at that time by which the playne of the Equatoure is then noted to passe So that this is the cause why Plinie giueth that name to it séeing a like day and night is caused the sun then running vnder the Equatoure throughout the earth as no man of skill maketh doubt of It is named the cyrcle of the high solstice but this commeth to passe by reason of those which dwell vnder the equinoctiall and haue foure solstices as two on hie two below hauing foure shadowes in the yeare and the sun passing twise a yeare by the Zenith right ouer their heads as when the sunne is in the beginning of Aries and Libra And to them also dwelling vnder the Equinoctial are two summers and two winters and the heat is mightiest and strongest when the sun draweth from them into the North or South yet doeth the sun alwaies burne the earth right vnder it causing a burning Zone and not parteth far from their heades So that their winters are not perfectly and simply named winters as with vs which are cold seasons in déede bnt rather with them is a continuall summer yet for that the causes of heate with them are not vnformally and in a like maner alwaies for that the sun doth not approch equally the Zenith of that parte as the same is known to many whereof the heat to them is not vnifourme and a like in burning But sometimes hotter and sometimes slacker and meaner of heate So that when the sun is in the Zenith as in the beginnings of Aries and Libra and that they are in their high solstices then is the heate most vehement with them yet not without the sun this heate can bee called mighty But when as the sun is gone from their Zenith which happeneth in the beginning of Cancer and Capricorne where their low solstices are the heate is then slacker that is lesser burning So that the weaker heate hapning in the lowe solstices may in a manner bée named colde in respecte of the most burning heate hapning in the high solstices yet it hath the nomination of winter although no cold may bée felt What the offices or vtilities of the Equinoctiall are THe causes whie the skilfull practisioners tooke and vsed the Equinoctiall with the offices which they attributed to it and the mani fold vses that it offereth is herein declared 1 It measureth the motion of the first and vppermost Orbe and sheweth the same to bée drawne about by a continuall and equall swiftnesse For that in euery equall houre doe fiftéene of the thrée hundereth and thrée score degrées of the same arise and so many degrées right against set and are hidden vnder the Horizont and that all the thrée hundreth and thrée score degrées in 24. houres are turned about in the appoynted times and in their periods continually agréeing And as the Equatour from the Poles of the worlde about which the first mouer is drawne and is of either side distant by equall spaces nor the Angle which is comprehended fashioneth with the Horizont doth neuer change euen so by the same order and like motion doeth the first heauen or moouer euidently shew it selfe to be caried about For the Equinoctiall measureth and determineth the motion of the first mouer in declaring his reuolution and yeare which yeare of the first moouer is the time of 24. houres equall But by what meanes the auncient astronomers first found that the Equinoctiall is drawne about in so many houres and it is supposed they came to the knowledge thereof by the office of some starre either in the Equinoctiall or placed neare it they perceiued the same as that the Equinoctial from some note marked of them did returne to it in such a certaine space as afore shewed 2 The diuers motions of the Zodiack which hapneth to it through the twart standing or lying as a cannon or rule doth dyrect and point out the beginnings boundes and time with the which each parts or degrées of the Zodiacke arise or doe set and with which they touch these or those quarters of the worlde For all the arckes of the Equatoure are drawne by a certaine and agréeable motion continually The parts of the Zodiacke drawne thwartly the Equatoure doeth not varie or is distant by like spaces from the Poles of the world nor turned about his but the same Poles of the worlde which doe differ by a long space from his and drawn about by a most vnlike motion and nothing at all agréeing in it selfe For that some parts or degrées are caried vp sooner or quicker and others appeare slower and later So that these vseth a more space of time in the rising slower and those other passe vp by a shorter and quicker space But séeing that in the Zodiack the wandring stars or Planets doe wander continually hither and thither and from one side of it to another and that vnto the middle cyrcle of it or ecclipticke line the places of all the fixed stars are referred and applied therefore cannot the times of the rising or setting of the starres bée knowne and noted except they shoulde be guessed and attained by the next arks of the equinoctiall It also declareth the equinoctialles which are caused in those proper dayes in which the sun hapneth to come into the equinoctiall cyrcle For these are caused the sun being in the first degrées of Aries and Libra in that the Zodiacke and Equinoctiall doe crosse each other in those places whereof Manilius thus writeth That these signes Aries and Libra cause a right Throughout the earth a like day and night 3. It defineth and measureth the spaces both of the naturall and artificiall dayes And although the sun which drawne about with the motion of the first moouer and in the proper motion caried forth in the meane time by force into the contrary when as hee causeth the times of the daies and nightes so wel as the differences of the natural daies mooued and runneth in the Zodiacke yet of his motion the day and night spaces cannot bee gatherrd through the diuersity and vnlikenesse of the ascending or arising of diuers parts or degrées of the Zodiacke But seeing the same motion is of all the partes of the Equatoure therefore are the ascentions of the arcks of the Zodiacke caried vp with the ascending of the nighest parts of the Equatour like arising So that both the dayes and houres by the equall motion of these are not founde and distinguished by the vnlike and vnequall motion of them in that these ascentions can be of these two cyrcles The Greekes by no meanes like of the same in that by a stedfast order they do mark the day and night times therefore they parte and deuide them into equall houres which they named times that from the degrées of the Zodiacke they might distinguish them For euerie fiftéene
vnderstood of yoong students and practisioners in this maner First the side A. B. containeth thrée spaces which multiplied doe bring forthê° The line B. C. comprehendeth 4. distances which multiplied doe produce or bring for 16. which two squares conioyned doe make 25 the square which procéedeth of the 5. multiplied which the line A. C. containeth doe they equate Euen so in the instruction of finding the distances of places according to the third rule the difference of the longitudes is represented by the line B. C. but the difference of the latitudes by the line A. B. Therefore as by the quantities knowne of the lines A. B. and B C. is the quantitie of the line A C. attained Also by the differences of the longitudes and the latitudes of places knowne and those afore taught being multiplied and increased the distance of them is easily knowne which by the line A C. is represented And in the Triangle and quadrate is the side but in the number named the roote These hitherto for the knowledge of finding the distances of places shall suffice The definition appellations diuision and offices or vtilities of the Horizont THe Horizont called the ender and Cyrcle of the halfe Sphere is the edge betwéene the light part that standeth for the same wee sée and the darke halfe that wee cannot sée of the skie The Horizont as Proclus writeth is a greater cyrcle immoueable or fixed not one and the same euery where but to each place proper from the verticiall point and round about equally distant and deuiding the whole sphere of the world into two equall halfe spheres of which the one halfe appeareth in sight to vs and the other halfe hid vnder the earth The description of the Horizont doth Macrobius teach where he writeth that the Horizont is after two condicions the one extendeth on euery side vnto the firmament and serueth peculiarly as it were for the deuision of heauen in deuiding iustly the skie into two halues of which the one appeareth in sight to vs aboue the proper Horizont and the other hid vnder that Horizont from vs. Which Horizont hath his name of the skie and of the same called the celestiall Horizont whose diameter after Macrobius is as large as the diameter of the eight sphere which as he affirmeth is the furthest and highest parte of the skie that men can readily sée and discerne with the eie But the earthly Horizont in that the same serueth for the sightes onely of the earth and water and not stretching vnto the firmament nor that his halfe diameter as Macrobius writeth doeth excéede 180. furlongs which containeth 22. miles and ½ So that the whole diameter after his account is but 45. miles in length Which if any man stand vpon an euen or plaine ground orels on the sea may see round about him 22. miles a halfe euery waies Which rounde compasse of the whole Horizont after Macrobius doth containe 141. miles and 3 7. parts A comparison that as the meridian is an immoueable cyrcle euen so is the Horizone for if the same were moueable it woulde not crosse the meridian at right angles and vnto these should be imagined that if it were moueable in each day the same would mooue with the meridian cyrcle The appellations aud diuers names of the Horizont 1 THis circle is called the Horizon as it were the cyrcle deuiding the halfe spheres or of the greek worde Orizomai which in English signifieth to define determine and set out in that the same defineth the parte of the worlde séene Or of Oros or Orion that is the bound or ender 2 It is named also the gyrdle or the cyrcle of rising 3 Macrobius calleth the Horizone that bounde of heauen that is séene aboue the earth lib. 1. cap. 15. In that it is the end or bound seperating the neather halfe Sphere from the vpper And of him also called the edge of the halfe sphere And Alfragnus called it the cyrcle of the halfe sphere 4 The Horizone also is so defined of his office in that his office is to deuide that part of the worlde in sight from that hidde vnder the earth Whereof it is not vnworthily called the ender séeing it permitteth nor suffereth any to sée but the halfe sphere at one time and therefore is called of some the cyrcle of the half sphere as afore taught This cyrcle is alwaies vnderstood to be described by the verticiall point in that as the verticall point is changed euen so likewise is the Horizone The Horizone is deuided after twoe sortes first into a right and thwart secondly into a sensible and rationall Horizone The Horizone of the right sphere is called right or right cornered aboue which neither of the Poles of the worlde is eleuated which they haue whose Zenith is vnder the Equinoctial or dwell vnder the Equinoctiall Their Horizone is the cyrcle drawne by the Poles of the worlde which deuideth aswell the meridian as the Equatoure at right angle through which rightnesse it obtaineth that name that it is called the right Horizone The sensible Horizone is a space of the earth defined by a compasse rounde about which the sight of the eie attayneth and comprehendeth in a plaine and euen field Or thus the sensible Horizone is that which the eie â—â—â—fectly séeth and describeth according to the â—ounde of â—ight and called of some the artificiall Horizon and that fo the sâ—â—â— cause that which is contained by sight is by a certaine similitude agreeing with the artificiall day And as the artificiall day is so named for that artificers doe especially worke in it euen so the like is the horizone named artificiall in that towers foretresses and castles in time past were built like the horizone The diameter of this horizone after Macrobius which nearer agréeth to a truth then either Proclus or Albertus as afore was taught is of 36. furlongs to which almost foure Germaine miles answere and 22. English miles and so far on a plain and euen ground not hindred by hils or thicke mists may a man fully sée And in the same space the imbossed rounds of the earth being without hils is increased and groweth to 250. féele or 125. cubits so that this horizone is not sodainly changed nor in a short space Therefore of necessity must ensue that those which are distaunt by a lesser space then 360. furlongs to sée alwaies some part of the earth common to both But those which are distant by many spaces doe comprehend diuers compasses by sight of the eie and diuers horizones The rationall horizone is that which afore was described that the same is a greater cyrcle lying by the edge of the earth and reaching round about vnto the skie and deuiding the celestiall Orbs into two equall halfe Spheres as the one halfe in sight and the other hid to vs. Although the plain vpper face of the horizone passeth not by the center of the earth yet by the edge of the same through
subtracted the right ascention of y e west part from the right ascention of the mid heauen or noonestead and the remainer or rest as afore taught was distributed into thrée equall parts After that in the ende of the first portion from the noonstead towardes the West the auncients constituted or placed the bound of the ninth house with the circle comming from the poles of y e world and in the bound of the second portion was the beginning of the eight house formed These attained the degrées and partes of the degrées of the Zodiack answering to ech arkes of the Equatoure were sought in the Tables of the right sphere but the houses standing vnder were defined and made like to their opposites And séeing this maner of forming the houses is vnperfect therefore shal here no further be taught of the same In which a e. is the verticall circle crossing a d e c. at right angles f g b. the equatour d g c. the horison d. and c. be the points in which the distinguishers of the houses concurre and méet which also do make equall distinctiōs in the verticall circle and thereby be the houses noted and diuided But the later Astronomers moued by the authority of the incomparable Mathematician Regiomontanus inur̄ted and deuised another order of the houses more agréeing to reason than the former For they deuided the quarters of the equatour comprehended betweene the horison and noonstead into thrée equall spaces and by each section they imagined great circles ioyning in the sections of the Meridian and horison as the former Although all these are plainer and more euidently taught and known in the materiall Sphere yet we thought good to speak somwhat as our possibility serueth in plaine forme Wherefore grant that a f c. is the Meridian a. the Top n. the Northerly pole k. the Southerly pole b. and c. the points of the sections of the horison and Meridian where the distinguishers of the houses concurre and méet which also are imagined by the equall distinctions of the equatour e i l. as to the eie sufficiently appeareth that b i c. is the horison circle d. the easterly point or rising of the equatour from which the first house taketh his beginning The Circle of position AL these Circles being set down the Astronomers notwithstanding do write of another Circle whose vse and office serueth to great purpose for the Art of directing searching other more secret matters in Astronomy and is thereof called the circle of Position which passeth at al times by the former sections of the meridian and Horizone and by the Center of the star or of any other purposed point in heauen like to the soresaid cyrcles whether that star be aboue the earth or vnder the earth That this may clearly appeare marke and consider this figure here expressed where the letter c. representeth the top pointe d. the Northerly Pole e. the opposite pole a g b f. the cyrcle of the position passing by the sections of the horizon and meridian b c d e. the meridian a b. the Horizone g f. the Centers of the stars of which the one is in g. aboue the earth and the other vnder the earth in the point f. And many other cyrcles besides all these which hetherto haue bene described may bee inuented and imagined in the sphere for the necessity of the workings The difinitions names and offices of the foure lesser Circles THe Parallels are lesser cyrcles which from either of the greater circles drawn thwartly on the sphere doe equally difand bee distant from the Equatoure or Zodiacke toward their poles so y ◠they doe not deuide the Sphere into equall halfe Spheres but into vnequall portions For séeing the sphere from the middle streacheth or draweth by litle and litle straighter and narower toward the furthest aud highest toppes euen so must the parallels which are distant from the middle and greatest and that by equall spaces on each side agréeing drawe of necessity narrower and so much the narower as they nearer approach vnto the poles As writeth Theodosius in the sixte proposition of his first Booke of the sphere And the same Author in the 14. proposition of his first Book of the sphere and in the sixt of his second Booke writeth that all the parallels haue the same poles agréeing with the greater cyrcles vnto which the parallels are And certaine of the Paralels are applied vnto the plain of the Equatoure others vnto the plaine of the eccliptick These doe as well the fixed starres as the planets placed without the ecclipticke and drawne about the Exe-trée stretched b◠the poles of the ecclipticke and Center of the worlde discribe yet do all their centers consist in the Exe-trée of the Zodiack and the middle cyrcle of them and the greatest is the ecclipticke These also doe the same stars and the verticiall or toppe points of each places or any other applied vnto the plaine of the equatour drawne as it were by the first mouer about the Exetrée and poles of the world define And the Centers of these be in the Exe-trée of the worlde or equatoure but the middle and greatest of these is the equatour It is manifest by that afore taught that the sun in euery day doth gaine toward the East against the dayly motion one degrée of the Zodiack and of this hapneth that he in each day through the thwartnesse of the Zodiack describeth a certaine newe cyrcle in heauen and in the nexte day another and so forth by order as the like may be compared by a small corde winded close about a Nun or top beginning from the foote vpward euen so the sun beginning to turne againe at the first degrée of Capricorne doth euery day after change a new Parallel vntill hée become backe vnto the first degrée of Cancer and by and by after returned from Cancer he in the like order goeth vnto the Capricorne so that in the next day following the Sun riseth not with the same Parallel aboue the Horizone that hee did in the morning before nor shall not run the nexte morrow in that Parallel that he did in this day And each of these Parallelles euen as the greater cyrcles containe 360. degrées which bée so much lesser then the degrées of the greater cyrcles and occupy or comprehend somuch the lesser space in heauen as answereth to the vpper face of the earth as by how much the more frō the compasse and largenesse of the greatest cyrcle they lacke by reason of the distance And although they yéeld and be lesse in the quantity yet vnto the degrées of the greatest cyrcles be they agréeable and like as writeth Theodosius in the 14. proposition of his second booke of the sphere These lesser cyrcles do offer and teach sundry vtilities First the Parallels of which on this side and beyond the Equatour are 182 that the sun yearly by his dayly motion describeth and doe expresse the causes of the continuall equallity of
the daies in the right Sphere and of the vnequalnesse in the thwart or bowing sphere and where the day spaces are encreased and lengthened there the night spaces be lessened and decreased and being otherwise they shew the contrary In the second the Parallels which the verticial points forme when they expresse the boundes of the latitudes of places then are they standing vnder by which their longitudes or distances from the West are accompted In the third the Parallels which either the Planets or the fixed stars describe referred vnto the Equatour do expresse the boundes of their drawings or motions from the equatour The others or rest which applied vnto the ecclipticke described doe shew the bounds of the latitudes and that for how long time they tarry aboue the earth or otherwise hid within the earth and vnder the Horizone doth either shew In the fourth the greatest and chiefest vtilities of the Parallels are that which on the habitable earth the practisioners seuer by such distances as by how much y e greatest artificiall daies are by a quarter of an houre longer increased and extended For they distinguish the habitable earth and that by obseruation into certain necessary spaces and doe iudicate the regular increasings of the daies and what is common to each dwelling vnder those parallels in asmuch as the quantities the increasings and deminishings of the dayes and nightes the risings and settings of the stars the Noonstéede shadowes and the nature of the Winter and Summer but those which are contrary as that there is a difference diuersity of the dwelling places being vnder diuers Parallelles they indéede bee necessary vnto the distribution and description of the clymate Although the number of these cyrcles bee so infinite as is the infinite variety of the stars and verticall points yet are there foure vsually rehearsed in these Elements or introduction that be especially noted and described by peculiar names and for the same cause as séemeth to mée in that they deuide the whole Globe of heauen and earth into fiue Zones and these applied vnto the plaine or flat of the equatour The tropicke of Cancer or summer tropicke The tropicke of Capricorne or winter tropicke The articke or Northerly Pole The antarticke or Southerly Pole Which Circles are called the Tropickes THe Sun according to the former words through the motion of the first mouer is in 24 houres drawn once about and for that hee is caried in the thwart Cyrcle and in the same by his proper motion chāgeth dayly vnto other places of the Zodiacke it must néeds ensue that he describeth in each day a new parallel And those doeth the sun repeat in the partes of the Zodiack which be equidistant from the solsticiall points in such wise that they be in the whole 182. cyrcles And these do they call the cyrcles of the natural daies of which the vttermost and furthest that include the suns way are named the Tropicks which is in English the sun boūds in that the sunne neuer passeth them neither toward the North nor toward the South but after his touching of each he returneth againe The one of these called the tropicke of Cancer and the other the tropicke of Capricorne Why these are called the Tropickes THey are named the Tropicks of the Gréeke word Tropikoi which is in English the turnings againe in that when the Sun is digressed from the Equatoure and come vnto those hee turneth backe againe Also the Tropicke cyrcles touch the Zodiack at the beginnings of Cancer and Capricorne of which the one is called the Tropicke of Cancer and the other of Capricorne the one being Northerly and the other Southerly And as to our dwelling the one is called the summer Circle and the other the Winter So that when the sun toucheth any of these he turneth againe and is carried toward the other As by this example further appeareth where all that season and time from the twelfth day of December vnto the eleuenth day of Iune a manne may perceiue the Sunne euery day arising higher and higher and when he is at the highest ouer our heades that day doth he by his course describe the summer Tropicke from which againe turning the sunne euery day after draweth lower and lower from our verticall pointe vntill he be come againe vnto the lowest In which twelfe day of December not going any further toward the South but being come vnto the beginning of Capricorne he describeth the winter Tropicke The Tropicke of Cancer is a lesser Circle which the sunne describeth at the entring into the beginning therof and is drawne by the daily motion whose plaine or flat passeth not by the center of the earth and it is one of the naturall Circles which is outermost described of the sun toward the North and drawne by the beginning of Cancer And it hath also his name of the standing in that the same is the bound of the sunnes iourney or course toward the North and the nighest comming vnto vs vnto which being brought he turneth backe and directeth his course into the South of which that place is called Trope It is continually distant from the Equatour by the quantity of the suns greatest declination which at this day is of 23. degrées 28. minutes and two fifts almost and it encloseth also the suns way and doth besides with the other 3. Parallels deuide the Zones of heauen and earth Further this is named the cyrcle of the summer solstice by the same reason in that it is drawne by the pointe of the summer solstice And the Northerly Tropicke in that it is the Northerly part of the world And the summer cyrcle for that the Sun in the summer falleth into this cyrcle Also this cyrcle in all the Northerly tract is on this wise that the greater part or portion is aboue the Horizone and the lesser part as to vs vnder the Horizon so that the sunne runing in that cyrcle causeth the longest day of summer And whiles the sun describeth these cyrcles the dayes bee longer then the nightes For the longest day increaseth from minute to minute from houre to houre and from the latitude of one degrée vnto the latitude of 66. degrées and 30. minutes In which the day artificial is of 24. houres and is thereof called a whole day For in the latitudes following and beyonde hee increaseth into many whole daies A like definition hath Proelus where hee writeth that the summer Tropicke is the furthest cyrcle Northwarde that the sun describeth into which when the sun is come he then maketh his summer turne and causeth also at that time the longest day and shortest night of the yeare from which turning backe he goeth againe toward the contrary coast of the world so that of the same Proclus it is called a Tropicke which is in English a returning cyrcle For it is euident to all men that after the sunne beginneth to turne he may in short time after or at the least within 5. dayes
but especially at Noone in euery wéeke be well perceiued to discend and go lower and lower vntil he become vnto the Tropicke of Capricorne or the winter cyrcle where he turneth againe as you may plainly learne and vnderstand by the former description of that cyrcle The Tropicke of Capricorne is a lesser cyrcle and one of the naturall cyrcles which is by the like space distaunt from the Equatoure into the South and described of the sun in the beginning of Capricorne as being vttermost toward the South which is the bound of the suns greatest departure from vs and of his longest digression vnto the South that he defineth and maketh This cyrcle also is called the winter Solstice and winter Tropicke in that when the sun coÌ„meth into this cyrcle it is presently winter that is the shortest day of the yeare Also the lessâ—â— portion of this cyrcle is to vs aboue the horizone and the greater beneath or vnder the Horizon Besides the suns iourney endeth at the south and crosseth or deuideth both the burning and temperate Southerly Zone The Brumall or winter tropicke as writeth Proclus that is furthest toward the South of all those which the sunne describeth by his drawing about of the first moouer into which when the sunne falleth he causeth his winterly returne so that the longest night of the yeare and shortest day is at that time procured From which he goeth no further toward the South but returneth vnto the contrary quarter of the world and hereof this Circle is called a Tropicke or circle of returne Now these thrée are principally noted the equatour and the two Tropickes for the course of the sunne That the instructions of the two Tropicks afore spoken of may more perfectly be vnderstoode conceiue this Figure heere demonstrated In which a h b e. is the meridian a d b. the right Horizone d. the Center of the principall a. the Northerly Pole b. the Southerly Pole g d c. the cyrcle of the Zodiacke h d e. the Equatour which here is ment to bée abatingly described when the sun shall bee in the center of the earth or in the true section of the Equatoure and Zodiacke as in the letter d. from which point when the sun returnes toward the Northerly pole a. vnder the cyrcle g d c. he then describeth in each day by the motion of the first mouer each Parallels vntill he be come in the Meridiane vnto the point g from which hee can not further ascend toward our Zenith in the meridian Of which in the same day the sun describeth g f. the parallell to the equatour which is called the Tropicke of Cancer in that the sun beginneth from this place to approach or draw nearer to the Equatoure vnto which when the sun shall come hee then descendeth vnto the neather halfe sphere in the halfe cyrcle d c. Hee being come againe vnto the point c doth from his center by the motion of the principall or first mouer in the Poles of the world describe the Parallell c i. that is the tropicke of Capricorne The Polare cyrcles are two of the lesser cyrcles neare to the Poles of the world being alike equall distant to the equatour which vpon the Poles of the equatour described are drawne by the Poles of the Zodiacke And these are named the Polare Cyrcles in that they bee neare to the Poles of which that neare to the Pole articke is called the arcticke cyrcle of the greater or lesser Beare drawne in it or for that this cyrcle is described about the pole articke the other that is right against is named the antarticke Cyrcle in that it is drawne aboute the Antarticke Pole Or thus the arcticke is a lesser cyrcle which the Northerly pole of the Zodiacke is so far distant from the Pole articke of the world as is the suns greatest declination or as Proclus writeth that the fore foote of the greater Beare by the dayly motion formeth The same cyrcle after the minde of the learned is distant from the equatour 66. degrées and 30. minutes almost To whome this altitude is higher by 23. degrées and almost 29. minutes To those parts of the earth is the pole arcticke extaunt in sight and continually appeareth It also secludeth and parteth the vntemperate Northerly Zone from the next temperate Zone where the Solsticiall Tropicke is made the Northerly cyrcle and in that place vnder this altitude of the pole 66. degrées and 31. minutes there all the stars and images contained from the solsticiall Tropicke vnto the Pole are seene as both the Beares the Dragon Cepheus Cassiopia Perseus Auriga or the Carter whole Bootes except from the knées downeward the crowne Hercules except the head and right arme the Harpe the Swan the great Horse Andromeda except the left Cubit the halfe of the Northerly Fish almost Deltoton a part of the backe of Taurus the necke and Northerly Horne a great parte of Gemini and the head and necke of Leo. And not vnlike to the former doth Proclus describe them where hee writeth that the Northerly cyrcle is the same which of al those that to vs continually be séen or appeare is for trueth the greatest and that also toucheth the Horizone at one onely point being wholy described aboue the earth And the stars that are inclosed within this cyrcle do neither rise nor set but are continually séen all the night drawn about the Pole The South or antarticke cyrcle is thus defined of him that the same is equal and equidistant to the Northerly or articke cyrcle and toucheth the Horizon at one point The whole of this cyrcle is hidden vnder our Horizone so that all the stars placed and drawn in it abide euer out of sight to vs. The like description that the antarticke Parallel is a lesser Cyrcle which the Southerly Pole of the Zodiacke draweth about as it were by the dayly motion doeth describe about the Southerly toppe of the world and is by a like space distaunt from the Equatoure and the antarticke pole of the world as the articke is from his opposite And doth seperate or deuide the vntemperate Southerly Zone from the next temperate Zone Further it is manifest that the distance of the Poles of the ecclipticke from the poles of the world doe agrée with the greatest bowing or declination of the ecclipticke or the sun In that the poles from their cyrcles bee alwaies distant a quarter of the cyrcle and the colure of the solstices is here taken for that which comprehendeth either Pole And when the quarters standing betwéene the poles and the cyrcles of the poles be in themselues or betwéene one the other equall as the arke of the same cyrcle then the middle arke common to both which as exempted goeth betwéene the poles of the world and the ecclipticke and so parteth and leaueth them equall For the one halfe of the other equall arks is from the poles of the ecclipticke vnto the poles of the world and the other is
one on the Northerly and the other on the Southerly side of it And the beginnings of either bee the hotter the ends colder the middle of them exquisitly temperate in the other parts doth the heat either so much the more excéede or the bitter colde ouercommeth and ruleth as howe much the nearer they approach or come vnto the burning Zone or otherwise vnto either of the extreame Zones which continually cause a bitter and an extreame colde The cause of this diuersity is through the suns beames for the sun continually moouing in the middle iourney of heauen described betwéene the two Tropicks and digressing or going beyond the prefixed bounds of nature doeth not shew his beames vnto diuers parts of the earth in one manner but vnto the places right vnder and in the burning zone the tractes or countries contained vnder them doth he send downe right beames which stretcheth to the vpper face of the earth at right angles And vnto the countries of either temperate zone doeth the sun send downe thwart or slope beames And vnto the places vnder either cold zone doth he streach long beames on the plaine of the earth euen the like as being neare to the Horizone which neither reach vnto the vpper face of the earth nor cause angles but kéep an equall distance vnto it do streach forth infinitely But those beames of the sun doe neither giue light nor heat but turne backeward in that the property of the reflexion which of the beame against a solider resistance prohibiting or letting the penetration is a certaine repercussion and reuerberation that increaseth and doubleth the force of the direct beame and by the reflexed beame to it adioyned or at the least by his vertue applied and communicated Séeing this reflexion is the especiallest cause of the heat and that the angles of the reflexions falling doe continually make or be equal in the angles for that cause do they much vnlike increase the force of the directe beames and their effectes doe notably varie So that in the burning zone the reflexion stretcheth vnto right angles séeing the straight or right beames are caried led into themselues in such sort that as direct and reâ—lexen they méete and bee mixed and in this doubling as it were the vertue and force of the direct beames is on such wise increased that it kindleth burneth and consumeth And in either temperate zone is the reflexion caused at right angles in that the sun beames doe thwartly reach to the vpper face of the earth and are turned and extended backward vnto thwart angles which how much the néerer and liker they bee to the right so much the nearer doe they ioyne either beames togither by which they procéed and come into the nearer parts of the burning zone But so much the blunter as they streach so much the longer do they seperate either beames as howe much the more they are extended vnto the extreame or outmost bounds And for this cause doe they more heat then the fore parts of the temperate zone whose heate is a litle gentler or milder then the heate of the burning zone and the beames a litle further of whose colde notwithstanding differeth somewhat from the extreame or outmost vntemperate zones And those which streach and fall into the middle region of either temperate zone doe cause a meane betwéene the right and very sharp angles and yet not directly matched or ioyned nor doe they by so neare a space communicate their vertue as in the beginning of it neither by so large a distance as in the end but in the middle in a maner So that they cause and increase a temperate heate in the same zone But in the extreame or colde Zones is no reflexion of beames caused for those beames equally distant from the earth are streached forth infinitely and for that cause doe those neither giue light nor moue or procure heat neither doe those zones at any time warme either perfectly cleare or appeare bright but that they continually be foggy misty darke and bitter or extreame cold through the continuall mists which more and more increase especially toward the northerly pole And yet many affirme a reasonable dwelling in those places yea and vnder the Northerly pole but far colder and bitterer dwelling through the far being from the way of the sun and beholding of the comfortabler starres For the Sunne through his ouer far distance cannot by his presence aboue the earth comfort and heate This now is the perfect cause of the diuers and vniuersall coustitutions of the ayre and chiefe qualities in each zones so that of the particular constitutions be other causes But to returne vnto the temperate Zones the latitude of either temperate Zone is of 43. degrées almost of Germaine miles 645. and of furlongs 21500. So that the Boreallor Northerly zone beginning from the Tropick of Cancer endeth at the arcticke cyrcle or at the degrée of latitude 66. and 31. minutes And the Southerly from the Tropicke of Capricorne is extended or reacheth vnto the antarcticke cyrcle or the degrée of the Southerly latitude 66. and 32. minutes The vntemperate cold zones that reach froÌ„ either temperate vnto the poles of the worlde doe mooue continuall cold and frosts So that the beames of the sun although they pearse and enter through yet seeing they extende not backward nor through the reflexion or streaching backeward be strengthned and sharpned therefore can they not so heate that by the thawing they dissolue the earth and yse nor put away or voyde the mist. Now the vntemperate Northerly zone beginning from the 66. degrée and 31. minutes of the Northerly latitude endeth at the Pole arcticke and the vntemperate southerly zone begun from the same bounde of the Southerly latitude extendeth and endeth at the pole antarcticke Those people which dwell vnder the burning zone bee named of the Gréekes Amphiskioi Amphiscij in that the Noone shadowes at diuers times of the yeare goe or be cast to them twoe waies as toward the South or North. And twise also in the year runneth the sun right ouer their heades as is demonstrated in the second Theorme of Euclide so that at Noone it commeth to passe that they haue almost no shadow for the sun being direct or in right line ouer their heades at Noone hee then sendeth downe right Beames which are cast or streached to the plaine of the earth at right angles so that their shadowe falleth and is right vnder the feete and not on any side of them So that the sun in any other time of the yeare beeing without the verticall pointes the shadowes at Noone are one whiles cast into the South and another whiles into the North vnto them euen as the sun digressing from their toppes or Noonstéed is either caried into the North or otherwise declineth into the South This sorte of people which bee vnder either temperate zone are called of the Gréeke Cosmographers Eteroskioi Heteroscij in that they haue a single
and f g. be the latitudes of the temperate zones in heauen and s t a c r q. of them on earth The twoe outwarde zones to these here drawne bee by themselues noted as well in heauen as on earth Now that wee haue declared with the fiue cyrcles the latitudes either of the celestiall or terestriall zones are defined it shall therefore be necessary to write here of the latitudes of the earthly zones in miles And that you may readily find the latitude in miles multiply the degrées by 15. in that so many Germaine miles answere to one degrée of the great cyrcle in heauen as the 43. degrées of the burnt zone being the suns greatest declination multiplied by the 15. miles doe produce 705. Germain miles which is the latitude of the burning zone The latitude of either temperate zones containeth 646. Germain miles almost And from either Tropicke vnto the pointes right vnder the poles doeth the space or distaunce containe 352. Germaine miles Where is the beginning and end of euerie Zone according to latitude and which places are in which Zones THe middle of the burning zone is vnder the Equinoctiall line where either pole is in the Horizon And both be his bounds where the eleuation of the pole aswell Southerly as Northerly is of 13. degrées and 28. minutes For either temperate zone doeth there begin and streacheth vnto the same place where the eleuation of the pole is of 66. degrées and 30. minutes which place is the beginning of the cold zones By these nowe may a man easily conceiue which places are in which zone for if the eleuation of the Pole Northerly be lesser then 23. degrées and 28. minutes this place then is in the burning zone as the inner Libia Aethiopia a part of Arabia Felix and India But if the eleuation containeth precisely so many degrées and minutes the place then is in the bounde of the burnt and temperate zone as is Siene a city of Aegypt Further if the eleuation of the Northerly Pole bee greater then 23. degrées and 28. minutes yet lesser then 66. degrées and 30. minutes this place theÌ„ is in the temperate zone as Greece Italy Spaine Germanie France England c. But if the latitude be precisely of 66 degrées and 30. minutes the place is in the bound of the temperate and cold zone as is almost Lagenlaâ—us of Suetia Last if the eleuation of the pole excéedeth 66. degrées and 30. minutes the place is in the cold zone beyond which degrées hath Nicolaus Douis a Germaine added a table of Noreway Gothland Iseland Greenland Fineland and Lapeland c. How the Zones and Climats doe differ THe Zone is a space or roome of the earth froÌ„ the West into the East and from thence by the midnight pointe againe into the West But the Clymate is a space of the earth whose beginning is constituted in the west and ende in the East A Zone also is the space of earth betwéene two cyrcles equidistant but a Climate is the only space or roome of the habitable earth contained betwéene two lines equidistant What the qualities of the Zones are TO the celestiall Zones are qualities attributed not formally but onely vertually that is the celestial zones are neither cold hot nor temperate but of this named colde burning and temperate through the sunne which one whiles comming into this and another whiles declining into that parte of the worlde doâ—th send downe his beames to the earth in sundry maner as one whiles plum downe right when the sun runneth vnder the equinoctiall and another whiles by a thwart maner as in the thwart sphere which beames besides how right angles they make on earth so much the greater heate they cause and how thwarter angles they make somuch the weaker heat they procure So that vnder the Equinoctiall the beames most rightly and downe right falling doe make right angles on the vpper face of the earth which through the same causeth a most great heat Also the beames faling toward either poles doe cause thwarter angles and they make the angles more vneuen or thwarter and therof the same heat is the lesser And in the temperate zone especially in the summer the beames doe make almost angles falling vnto a rightnes but in the winter vnto a thwartnes so that in the same Region is a coÌ„modious dwelling But in the colde zones the angles are caused vnlike or vneuen thwartest or slopest as in the burnt Zone they are rightest and most downward in somuch that the cold zones euen as the burnt are commodious to dwel vnder For the beames falling and reflexed how much néerer they fal and be togither somuch the stronger and mightier they moue and cause the heat as we dayly sée that the sun in the noonstéed being as in the summer to cast or streach downe almost perpendicular or down right beames which beames also are almost reflected into theÌ„selues of which the greatest heat of the day then is caused And contrariwise the sun being in the East or west where y e beames streaching downward and reflexed are scatred and run abroade the effects be lesser and the heat much abated and féebled Euen so the beames in the burnt zone bee perpendicular or plum downright which reflexed into themselues do cause a most great heat In the temperate zone doe the beames bylitle and litle fall sloper and sloper of which they cause there a temperate heat But in the cold zones the beames furthest decline or fall slopest through which they procure no effect of the coÌ„sequent cause there a very weake heat What the vtilities of the Zones be _1 THe auncient considerers of the stars haue thus instituted the distribution of the zones for two causes The one is that by this reason they might shewe to vs which places of the earth be reasonably habitable most commodious to dwell vnder 2 The other is as wee learne by experience that the wits of men and nature of places by them appeare and are knowne in that the ayre compassing vs is a certaine cause of the temperatnes For the maners and condicions of men as writeth Galen doe for the most parte ensue the temperameÌ„ts of the bodies yea the nature of trées plants hearbs and beasts do like ensue the temperament of ayre Of which that we might bee the surer and certainer of the natures of the foresaid matter it pleased the ancient to deuide them into fiue zones Of which it is wel known that the bodies of men or people dwelling vnder the burning zone as the Moores be shorter of stature theÌ„ those people dwelling vnder the temperate zones wilder and crueler Also they bee crafty and subtill of nature hauing besides wrinkled faces thick crisped heare on the head and blacke scorched bodies and crooked of stature Also all liuing and cresent things are found to agrée according to the quality of the ayre in that Region Further the people dwelling vnder the Northerly Parallels or Polare cyrcles