15 62 25 1 07 4 30 20 6 30 16 63 22 0 57 5 36 28 6 08 17 64 6 0 44 6 41 22 4 54 18 64 49 0 43 7 45 29 4 07 19 65 2◠0 32 8 49 01 3 32 20 65 47 0 26 9 51 58 2 57 21 66 6 0 19 10 54 27 2 29 22 66 20 0 14 11 56 37 2 10 23 66 28 0 08 12 58 29 1 52 24 66 31 0 03 Climates between the Polar Circles and the Poles d. m. d. m. d. m. d. m d. m. d. m. Par. Lat. Par. Lat. Par. Lat. Par. Lat. Par. Lat. Par. Lat. 67 30 69 30 73 20 78 20 84 00 90 00 Breadth Breadth Breadth Breadth Breadth Breadth 01 00 02 00 03 50 05 00 05 40 06 00 1 Month 2 Month 3 Month 4 Month 5 Month 6 Month Having thus taken a view of the chief Circles belonging to the Terrestrial Globe as also the manner how Latitude and Longitude with Zones and Climates are fram'd proceed we next to the various Positions of the Globe commonly term'd Spheres which are three in Number viz. Parallel Right and Oblique Def. 18. A Parallel Sphere is that Position of the Globe which hath these three Properties viz. 1. The Poles in the Zenith and Nadir 2. The Equator in the Horizon 3. The Parallel Circles parallel to the Horizon The Inhabitants of this Sphere are those if any who live under the two Poles Def. 19. A Right Sphere is that Position of the Globe which hath these three Properties viz. 1. Both the Poles in the Horizon 2. The Equator passing through the Zenith and Nadir 3. The Parallel Circles perpendicular to the Horizon The Inhabitants of this Sphere are they who live under the Equinoctial Line Def. 20. An Oblique Sphere is that Position of the Globe which hath these three Properties viz. 1. One of the Poles above and the other under the Horizon 2. The Equator partly above and partly under the Horizon 3. The Parallel Circles cutting the Horizon obliquely The Inhabitants of this Sphere are they who live on all Parts of the Globe of the Earth except those exactly under the Poles and Equinoctial Line But having no regard to these Positions of the Globe The various Inhabitants of the Earth are likewise considered with respect to the several Meridians and Parallels peculiar to their Habitations and that under these three Titles viz. Antaeci Periaci and Antipodes Def. 21. The Antaeci are those People of the Earth who live under the same Meridian but opposite Parallels Peculiar to such People are these following Particulars viz. 1. They have both the same Elevation of the Pole but not the same Pole 2. They are equally distant from the Equator but on different sides 3 They have both Noon and Midnight at the same time 4 The Days of one are equal to the Nights of the other vice versâ 5. Their Seasons of the Year are contrary it being Winter to one when Summer to the other c. Def. 22 The Perlaeci are those People of the Earth who live under the same Parallels but opposite Meridians Peculiar to such People are these following Particulars viz. 1. One of the Poles is equally elevated to both and the other equally depress'd 2. They are equally distant from the Equator and both on the same side 3. When it's Noon to one it 's Midnight to the other econtra 4 The length of the Day to one is the Compliment of the other's Night vice versâ 5. They both agree in the four Seasons of the Year c. Def. 23. The Antipodes are those People of the Earth who live under opposite Parallels and Meridians Peculiar to such People are these following Particulars viz. 1. They have both the same Elevation of the Pole 2 They are both equally distant from the Equator but on different sides and in opposite Haemispheres 3. When it's Noon to one it 's Midnight to the other vice versâ 4. The longest Day or Night to the one is the shortest to the other 5. Their Seasons of the Year are contrary c. The Inhabitants of the Earth were likewise considered by the Ancients with respect to the Diversity of their Shadows and accordingly reduc'd to three Classes viz. Amphiscii Periscii and Heteroscii Def. 24. Amphiscii were those People of the Earth who liv'd in the Torrid Zone or between the two Tropicks They 're so term'd from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 utrinque and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Umbra because they cast their Shadows on both sides of them viz. North and South according to the Nature of the Sun's Declination Def. 25. Periscii were those People of the Earth who liv'd in the Frigid Zones or between the Polar Circles and the Poles They 're so call'd from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Circà and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Umbra because they cast their Shadows round about them towards all Points of the Compass Def. 26. Heteroscii were those People of the Earth who liv'd in the two Temperate Zones or between the Tropicks and the Polar Circles They 're so call'd from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Alto and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Umbra because they cast their Shadows only one way viz. North if in the North temperate or South if in the South temperate Zone But leaving the various Inhabitants of the Earth and to come closer to our main Design let us return to the Globe of the Earth it self consider'd simply as a Spherical Body whose Surface we are to view as compos'd of Land and Water as its sole constituent Parts and those two Parts thus subdivided as followeth to wit Land into Continents Isthmus Islands Promontories Peninsula's Mountains Water into Oceans Straits Seas Lakes Gulfs Rivers Def. 27. A Continent Lat. Continens à Contineo is a large and spacious Space of dry Land comprehending divers Countries Kingdoms and States all join'd together without any intire Separation of its Parts by Water Def. 28. An Island Lat. Insula quasi in salo is a part of dry Land environed round with Water Def. 29. A Peninsula quasi penè Insula otherwise Chersonesus from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Terra and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Insula is a part of the dry Land every where enclosed with Water save one narrow Neck adjoining the same to the Continent Def. 30. An Isthmus ab 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 vel 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Ingredior is that narrow Neck of Land annexing the Peninsula to the Continent by which People may enter into one from the other Def. 31. A Promontory quasi Mons in mare prominens is a high part of Land stretching it self out in the Sea the Extremity whereof is commonly term'd a Cape or Head-Land Def. 32. A Mountain à moneo vel emineo is a rising part of the dry Land over-topping the adjacent Country and appearing the first at a distance Def. 33. The Ocean Gr. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quasi ex 〈◊〉 〈◊〉
and parallel to the Equator are term'd Parallels of Latitude But besides those actually inscrib'd we are to conceive the Globe as furnisht with a vast multitude of such Circles for every degree of Latitude yea and every sixtieth part of each degree is supposed to have an imaginary Parallel Circle passing through the same But since Latitude as aforesaid is the Distance from the Equator to either of the Poles it from hence follows that the greatest Latitude consisteth of 90 Degrees Now correspondent to each of those Degrees or the 1 360 of a great Circle in the Heavens is a certain Space of the Surface of the Earth which is every where of the same Extent in it self but different in its number of Parts according to the different reckoning of various Countries To know the said different number of Parts of what sort soever whether they be Miles Leagues or other Measures corresponding to one Degree in the Heavens is absolutely necessary for the right understanding of the true Distance of Places in different Countries we shall therefore illustrate the same and that by the following Table answerable to one Degree are Common Italian English and Turkish Miles 60 Ordinary French Leagues 20 Spanish Miles according to Vulgar reckoning 17½ German Dutch Danish and Great Poland Miles 15 Miles usual in Swedeland 12 Miles usual in Hungary 10 The Versts of Muscovy 80 Persian Arabtan and Egyptian Parasanga 20 The Indian Cos. 24 The Stades of China 250 The Inks of Japan 400 But here note That though these are the most remarkable Measures of Distance throughout the inhabited World with their respective Proportion to one Degree in the Heavens yet we are not to imagine that these Measures are of the same Extent in the various Provinces of the same Country as is evident from the different length of Leagues in different Parts of France as also the diversity of Miles in the South and North of England Def. 15. Longitude is the Distance from the first Meridian and measured upon the Equator In reckoning the various Degrees of Longitude which are 360 in all you are to begin at the first Meridian where-ever it is and to proceed upon the Equator quite round the Globe Correspondent to each of those Degrees in the Equator as to Degrees of Latitude on the Meridian are sixty Italian Miles or twenty French Leagues according to Vulgar Calculation But this is to be understood only of Places exactly under the Equator for the true Distance between two Places lying due East and West in any considerable Latitude is far less in Miles than between other two Places lying exactly under the Equator and likewise under the same Meridians The Reason of which is most evident namely the approaching of the Meridians nearer and nearer to one another till at last they unite all in the Pole But that you may readily find the true Distance in Miles from East to West between any two Places in any Parallel of Latitude we shall here subjoin the following Table in which is set down to every Degree of Latitude the exact number of Miles and sixtieth Part of a Mile that are answerable to one Degree in the Equator still allowing sixty Italian Miles to such a Degree Lat. m. s Lat. m s Lat m. s Lat. m. s 0 60 00 23 55 12 46 41 40 69 21 32 1 59 56 24 54 48 47 41 00 70 20 32 2 59 54 25 54 24 48 40 08 71 19 32 3 59 52 26 54 00 49 39 20 72 18 32 4 59 50 27 53 28 50 38 32 73 17 32 5 59 46 28 53 00 51 37 44 74 16 32 6 59 40 29 52 28 52 37 00 75 15 32 7 59 37 30 51 56 53 36 08 76 14 32 8 59 24 31 51 24 54 35 26 77 13 32 9 59 10 32 50 52 55 34 24 78 12 32 10 59 00 33 50 20 56 33 32 79 11 28 11 58 52 34 49 44 57 32 40 80 10 24 12 58 40 35 49 08 58 31 48 81 9 20 13 58 28 36 48 32 59 31 00 82 8 20 14 58 12 37 47 56 60 30 00 83 7 20 15 58 00 38 47 16 61 29 04 84 6 12 16 57 40 39 46 36 62 28 08 85 5 12 17 57 20 40 46 00 63 27 12 86 4 12 18 57 04 41 45 16 64 26 16 87 3 12 19 56 44 42 44 36 65 25 20 88 2 04 20 56 24 43 43 52 66 24 24 89 1 04 21 56 00 44 43 08 67 23 28 90 0 00 22 55 36 45 42 24 68 22 32 Def 16. Zones are large Tracts of the Surface of the Earth lying Parallel to the Equator and distinguish'd by the four lesser Circles of the Globe They 're term'd Zones from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Zona vel Cingulum because they encompass the Globe of the Earth in some manner as a Girdle doth surround the Body of a Man and are in number Five Viz. Two Frigid comprehended between The Polar Circles and the Poles Two Temperate The Polar Circles and the Tropicks One Torrid The Two Tropicks and divided by the Equator Of these the Ancients imagin'd only the Two Temperate to be habitable esteeming the scorching Heat of the Torrid and pinching Cold of the two Frigid to be equally intollerable according to that of the Poet Quarum quae media est non est habitabilis aestu Nix tegit alta duas Ovid. Metam 1. Def. 17. Climates are those Tracts of the Surface of the Earth bounded by imaginary Circles running Parallel to the Equator and of such a breadth from South to North that the length of the Artificial Day in one surpasseth that in the other by half an Hour They 're term'd Climates from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Declino vel Inclino because in numbring of them they decline from the Equator and incline to either Pole Not to mention what the Ancients taught of Climates either as to their number or manner of reckoning them It 's sufficient for our present purpose to consider that Modern Geographers have advanc'd the Number of them to 60. From the Equator to each of the Polar Circles are 24 arising from the difference of ½ Hour in the longest Day and from the Polar Circles to the Poles themselves are Six arising from the difference of an intire Month the Sun being seen in the first of these a whole Month without setting in the second two and in the third three Months c. How all these Climates are fram'd viz. the true Parallel of Latitude in which they end that being likewise the beginning of the following with the respective breadth of each of them you may clearly see by the following Tables Climat Climates between the Equator and Polar Circles d. m. d. m Clim d. m. d. m. Par. of Lat. Breadth Par. of Lat. Breadth 1 08 25 8 25 13 59 58 1 29 2 16 25 8 00 14 61 18 1 20 3 23 50 7 25
the Island to which Exercise those Creatures are said to have been so nicely bred that at the first Sound of the Bell they would give over their Game and immediately return to the Convent 4. In the Maritime Village of Salines is a ruinous Greek Church where Strangers are led into a little obscure Tomb which the Modern Greeks affirm to be the place of Lazarus's second Interment 5. Adjacent to Salines is a remarkable Lake or Natural Salt-pit of a considerable extent whose Water congeals into solid white Salt by the Power of the Sun-beams Lastly In this Island is a high Hill the Ancient Olympus of Cyprus call'd by the Franks The Mountain of the Holy Cross remarkable for nothing at present save several Monastries of Greek Caloyers of the Order of St. Basil Here is one Greek Archbishop who commonly resideth nigh to Nicosia and three Bishops whose places of Residence are Paphos Larnica and Cerines This Island being inhabited by Greeks and Mahometans especially the former they being far superior in number to the Turks their respective Characters are already given page 174 and 181. to which I remit the Reader Languages here in use are the Turkish and Vulgar Greek especially the latter but Lingua Franca is the Tongue they commonly speak with Strangers it being understood and us'd by all trading People in the Levant This Island hath been subject at different times to a great many different Sovereigns particularly the Grecians Egyptians Romans once the English when Conquer'd by Richard I. and lastly the Venetians from whom 't was wrested by the Turks Anno 1571. under whose heavy Yoke it now groaneth and is rul'd by its particular Bassa who ordinarly resideth at Nicosia See the Danuubian Provinces page 182. The Inhabitants of this Island being Greeks and Turks as aforesaid the former profess Christianity according to the Tenets of the Greek Church which may be seen page 176. and the latter Mahometanism according to their Alcoran for the principal Articles of which Vid. page 182. As for the Franks here residing they make Profession of the respective Religions of the Country from whence they came This Island receiv'd the Light of the Blessed Gospel in the Apostolick Age. Other observable Islands in the Mediterranean Sea are Those of Negropont Chief Town Idem Adjacent to the E. of Greece Stalimene Idem In the Archipelago from N. to S. Tenedo Metelino Idem Scio Idem Sdelle Samo Idem Lango Rhodes Idem Cerigo Idem lying between Candia and the Morea Zant Idem In the Ionian Sea from S. to N. W. Cephalonia Argostoli Corfu Idem Somewhat of each of these and in their Order Therefore I. Negropont formerly Eubaea and Chalcis is generally thought to have been annext to the main Continent and separated therefrom by an Earthquake It s Soil is very fruitful and M. Caristo is noted for excellent Morble and the famous Stone Amianios or Asbestos The whole Island is subject at present to the Turks and rul'd by a particular Bassa who has also the Command of Achaia and is Admiral of the Turkish Fleet. II. Stalimene the Ancient Lemnos so famous among the Poets is also subject to the Great Turk and observable only for a kind of Medicinal Earth call'd formerly Terra Lemnia but now Terra Sigillata because yearly gathered and put up in little Sacks which are seal'd with the Grand Signior's Seal otherways not vendible to the Merchant III. Tenedo or Tenedos an Island much noted of old as being dedicated to Apollo and the place where the Grecians hid themselves when they feign'd to have lost all hopes of taking Troy It 's now in Possession of the Turks and remarkable for nothing at present except its excellent Muscadine Wine IV. Metellino now scarcely observable for any thing save its Antient Name of Lesbos which was the Birth place of Sappho the Inventress of Sapphick Verse 'T was for some time under the Venetians but now the Turks to whom it pays yearly the Sum of 18000 Piasters V. Scio alias Chios is an Island of much request among the Turks for its great plenty of Mastick which is yearly gathered by the Sultan's Bostangi's or Gardeners for the use of the Seraglio 't was lately taken by the Venetians who possess'd it but a short time VI. Sdelle is also in the Hands of the Turk and famous for nothing at present save only its ancient now corrupted Name of Delos and some stately Ruins of Apollo's Temple still visible with those of a large Theatre and a Marble Portico VII Samo There 's scarce any Island in the Archipelago more frequently mention'd by the Ancients than this of Samo formerly Samos It went also by the Names of Parthenia Anthemosa Melamphylos Dryusa Cyparissa and several others 'T is now subject to the Turk and hath reason to boast of nothing so much as having been the Birth-place of that famous Philosopher Pythagoras VIII Lango formerly known by the Name of Co Coa or Cos and remarkable of old for the Temple of Aesculapius and being the Birth-place of the renowned Hippocrates and Apâ—lles It belong'd to the Knights of Rhodes but now to the Turks IX Rhodes This Island is famous all the World over for that huge brazen Colossus of the Sun formerly here erected and deservedly reckon'd one of the World's Wonders The Inhabitants were likways so famous for their skill in Navigation that for some Ages they were Sovereigns of these Seas and made so just and excellent Laws in Maritime Affairs as were afterwards esteem'd worthy of being incorporated in the Roman Pandects This Island after the loss of Jerusalem and St. John d' Acre was taken from the Saracans by the Hospitallers or Knights of St. John Anno 1309. who continued Masters of it till 1522. when Solyman II. Conquer'd it by the Treachery of Amurath a Portuguize Since which time it hath own'd the Grand Signior for its Sovereign and is now rul'd by a particular Bassa sent thither from the Ottoman Port. X. Cerigo the Cythera of the Antients being a considerable Island inhabited by Greeks and subject to the Republick of Venice is govern'd by a Noble Venetian in Quality of a Providitor who is renew'd every two Years This Isle produceth some exceilent Wine but in no great Quantity It 's also stockt with store of good Venison and a competency of Corn and Oyl sufficient for its number of Inhabitants The Greeks here residing have the greater Veneration for this place upon the account of a Vulgar Opinion now current among 'em which is that St. John the Divine began here to write his Apocalypse XI Zant formerly Zacynthus is another Island belonging to the Venetians and one of the richest in the Streights abounding with Wine and Oyl but mostly noted for Currants of which there is such plenty that many Ships are yearly fraughted with them for divers Ports of Europe And such Advantage is that Currant-Trade to the Republick of Venice that the Profits