These are the three sorts of Properties to be declared in Special Geography although those Terrestrial properties which make up the third rank are not so rightly referr'd to Geography But we must yield somewhat to Custom and the Profit of Learners We will besides these joyn many Chapters to Particular Geography concerning the practice of Geography But in General Geography which we will unfold in this Book first the absolute properties of the Earth and its constitution are considered Lastly in the Comparative part those things shall be proposed which are offered unto us in the comparing one place with another The Principles of Geography The Principles which Geography useth for the confirming the truth of her Propositions are threefold 1. Geometrical Arithmetical and Trigonometrical Propositions 2. Astronomical Precepts and Theorems although it may seem like a miracle for the knowledge of the Earth in which we dwell to use the Celestial Bodies which are so many thousand miles remote from us 3. Experience for indeed the greatest part of Geography especially that which is Particular is upheld by the only Experience and Observation of men who have described every Country The Order of Geography Concerning the Order which I esteem sitting to observe in this Art of Geography it hath been already spoken in the Division and Explication of the properties thereof yet here meets us a certain difficulty concerning the Order to be observed in the explication of these Properties Forsooth whether to all Countries their own Properties are to be attributed or whether the Countries themselves are to be ascribed to the Properties generally explicated Aristotle in the first Book of the History of Living Creatures as also in his first Book of the Parts of Living Creatures moveth the like doubt and disputes it at large whether according to the single â—orts of Living Creatures their Properties are singly to be reckoned up or else whether these Properties are generally to be declared and the Living Creatures in which the may be found are then to be subjoyned The like difficulty occurs also in other parts of Philosophy We in General Geography have generally unfolded some Properties which in Special Geography we will apply to the application of single Countries The Method of Geography As touching the method and manner of proving the truth of Geographical Tenents very many are proved in general Geography by Demonstrations properly so called especially Celestial Properties but in special Geography the Celestial Properties only excepted which may be demonstrated are in a manner declared without demonstration because experience and observation doth confirm them neither can they be proved by any other means Also very many Propositions are proved or rather demonstrated by the Terrestrial Artificial Globe and also by Geographical Maps and some of these Propositions which are thus explained upon the Globe c. may be confirmed by lawful demonstrations Again some Propositions can in no wise be so proved but are therefore received because we suppose that all places in the Globe and Maps are so disposed even as they lie on the Earth Yet in these things we will rather follow the Descriptions made by Authors of Geography The Globe and Maps serve for the clearing and more easie comprehension thereof The Original of Geography The Original of Geography is not New nor brought into the World at one birth neither came she to us from one Man but her Principles and Foundations were laid long ago yea many Ages since although ancient Geographers were employed only in describing Countries which is the part of Chorography and Topography The Romans were accustomed when any Country by them was subdued to shew in their Triumph the Chorography thereof lively pencilled and drawn on a Table and flourished with Pictures to the Beholders There were besides at Rome in Lucullus his Porch many Tables of Geography exposed to the view of all men The Senate of Rome about an hundred years before Christs Birth sent Surveyors and Geographers into divers parts of the World that they might measure out the Earth but they came far short thereof Neco King of the Egyptians many Ages before the Birth of Christ commanded that the whole outer-side of Africa should be discovered by the Phoenicians in three years space King Darius commanded that the Mouths of the River Indus and the Ethiopian Eastern-Sea should be searched out Alexander the Great in his Voyage to Asia took with him Diognetus and Beton as Pliny noteth two Surveyors and Describers of his Journies out of whose Annotations and Journals Geographers of succeeding Ages took many things Ancient Geography very imperfect But the Geography of the Ancients was very lame and imperfect for first they knew not America in the least 2. The Northern-Lands 3. The South-land and Magellan were utterly unknown to them 4. They knew not whether the Earth might be sailed about or the Main Ocean with a continual trace did encompass it but yet I deny not but that some of the Ancients were of that opinion yet I utterly deny they knew it certainly 5. They knew not whether the Torrid Zone were habitable 6. They were ignorant of the true dimensions of the Earth although they wrote many things in this business The Excellency of Geography First the study of Geography is commended to us by the great worthiness thereof because it most of all becometh Man being an Inhabitant of the Earth and endued with Reason above all Living Creatures Secondly It is also a pleasant thing and indeed an honest recreation to contemplate the Kingdoms and Properties of the Earth Thirdly The commodity and necessity of it is notable insomuch as neither Divines Physitians Lawyers Historians nor other Professors can want the knowledge thereof But the Excellency of Geography hath been sufficiently handled I place hereunder a Table which openeth the order in Special Geography to the observing the Explication of single Countries Special Geography considereth in every Region Ten Terrestrial 1. Limits and circumscription 2. Longitude of place and scituation 3. Figure 4. Magnitude 5. Mountains The Appellation Scituation and Altitude Their properties and things contained in them 6. Mines 7. Woods and Deserts 8. Waters The Sea Lakes Marshes Rivers Their Springs Inlets Tracts and Latitude The quantity of Water the celerity the quantity the Cataracts 9. Fertility Sterility and Fruits 10. The Animals Eight Celestial 1. The distance of place from the Aequator and Pole 2. The obliquity of Motion above the Horizon 3. The Quantity of Dayes 4. The Clime and Zone 5. The Heat the Seasons of the Year the Winds Rain and other Meteors 6. The rising and stay of the Stars above the Horizon 7. The Stars passing through the Vertex of the place 8. The celerity or quantity of their Motion according to the Hypothesis of Copernicus Ten Human Things 1. The Stature Life Meat and Drink and the Original of the Inhabitants 2. The Income Arts Merchandize or Traffick 3. Vertues and Vices the Genius and Erudition 4.
Parallels Longest days Elevation of the Pole The Interval   hours min. deg min.   The first The begining middle end begining of the 2. 12 0 0 0     12 15 4 15 0 1   12 30 8 25 8 25   12 45 12 30   The second The middle the end 13 0 16 25 8    13 15 20 15   The third The middle the end 13 30 23 50 7 25   13 45 27 40   The fourth The middle the end 14 0 30 20 6 30   14 15 33 40   The fifth The middle the end 14 30 36 28 6 8   14 45 39 2   The sixth The middle the end 15 0 41 22 4 52   15 15 43 32   The seventh The middle the end 15 30 45 29 4 7   15 45 47 20   The eighth The middle the end 16 0 49 1 3 31   16 15 50 33   The ninth The middle the end 16 30 51 58 2 7   16 45 53 17   The tenth The middle the end 17 0 54 27 2 49   17 15 55 34   The eleventh The middle the end 17 30 56 37 2 10   17 45 57 32   The twelfth The middle the end 18 0 58 29     18 15 59 14   The thirteenth The middle the end 18 30 59 58     18 45 60 40   The fourteenth The middle the end 19 0 61 18     19 15 61 55   The fifteenth The middle the end 19 30 62 25     19 45 62 54   The sixteenth The middle the end 20 0 63 22     20 15 64 40   The seventeenth The middle the end 20 30 64 6     20 45 64 30   The eighteenth The middle the end 21 0 65 49     21 15 65 6   The nineteenth The middle the end 21 30 65 21     21 45 65 35   The twentieth The middle the end 22 0 65 47     22 15 66 57   The 21st The middle the end 22 30 66 6     22 45 66 14   The 22d The middle the end 23 0 66 20     23 15 66 25   The 23d The middle the end 23 30 66 28     23 45 66 30   The 24th The middle the end 24 0 66 31   The Climates were wont to be extended no further because that in the following places the Longest day doth not increase by hours but by whole Days or Diurnal revolutions and it is lost labour to compute them Notwithstanding the following Canon will shew the Elevation of the Pole or Latitude of the Places where the Longest days increase by whole Months Months 1 2 3 4 5 6 The Latitude of the places deg min. deg min. deg min. deg min. deg min. deg min.  67 20 69 30 73 20 78 20 84 0 90 0 Proposition XIV To explain the method of other Geographers in reckoning of the Climates and making the Table of the Climates The division of the Earth into Climates by the Ancient Geographers The Ancient Geographers especially the Grecians who supposed only a small portion of the Earth to be inhabited because that as well the places Northernly as those of the Torrid Zone they denied as impossible to be inhabited therefore they divided only that portion of the Earth which they knew into Climates and so only numbred seven Climates from the Aequator towards the Pole Artick and named them from some noted place through which the Parallel of the Climates passed viz. The first Climate they called the Climate through Meroe which is an Island and City in Africa encompassed by the Nile The second through Syene a City of Aegypt The third through Alexandria in Aegypt The fourth through the Island of Rhodes The fifth through the Hellespont Others through Rome The sixth through Borysthenes a famous River of the European Sarmatia The seventh through the Riphaean Mountains of Sarmatia The Ancients numbred not the other Climates from the other side of the Aequator towards the South because all those places were unknown to them and many thought that the Sea possessed all the superficies of the Earth Which seeing it seemed somewhat improbable to the latter these also numbred the Climates from the other side of the Aequator and they named them not from any noted places for they had no knowledge of any but by the same appellations with those of the Northern only preposing the Preposition 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as the Climate 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as if you should say the Climate opposite to the Climate through Meroe or Syene c. Other Climates added by the Ancients But when through progress of time they discovered many parts of the Earth lying towards the South Pole to be inhabited many more Climates were numbred and constituted Some named the eighth Clime from the Palus Maeotis the ninth from the Baltick Sea the tenth the eleventh and the rest from other places Which denominations although not necessary for the construction of a Table yet they may be added unto our Table in those Areae where we have placed the number of the Climates for so the Climates will stick closer in our memory as also the Places in every Climate and we may be able to make a better comparison between the difference of Cold and Heat But this is better to leave to the Industry of the Reader and to those that are Studious than to add it to it that so we may afford them a greater occasion of contemplating the Terrestrial Globe and by this means may more easily commit them to Memory Where the Ancients began the Climates You must also take notice that the Ancients did not begin the Numeration of the Climates from the Aequator it self as our Table doth but from the Place or Parallel where the Longest day consisteth of 12¾ hours and therefore their first Climate is the second in our Table their second our third and so on for they supposed those places which we ascribe to the first Climate could not possibly be inhabited by men by reason of the excessive heat of the Sun The first Climate of 9 degrees of Latitude that therefore they judged it not meet to reckon those places but seeing that Experience hath demonstrated the contrary we would observe their Mode of naming and constituting of those Climates Ptolomy beginneth the first Climate from the Parallel where the Longest day is 12¼ hours or where the Latitude or distance from the Aequator is four degrees 15 minutes The matter is of no
those under the seventh which is subject to the Moon passeth through Germany the Low Countries and England which said Planets have their Operations or Influences on the Inhabitants dwelling under each of the said Climes So that although the glorious and eternal Luminaries of Heaven have an efficacious operation yet notwithstanding the Disposition of the Earth hath a far greater prevalency seeing that through the various scituation of Hills and Vallies we experimentally find more great and different effects of the Celestial Rays which are also contemporated by the Rivers and Lakes This can be denied by no man that Nature is admirable in her Works sometimes as it were on set purpose deluding the curiosity of Humane wisdom by receding from the ordinary Laws of Causes Who can render a sufficient reason of that which is testified by Mariners concerning the Region of Maliapur in which is seated Calicut an exceeding high Mountains topping the Clouds dividing this Province throughout and ending in a Promontory which is now called Comorium which although it hath the same Altitude of the Pole yet when the Winter rageth and the Waters swell on the one side on the other side the Fields and Towns are schorched with excessive heat and the Sea calm Wherefore this diversity which is discovered in the Climates the scituation of Provinces Contemporation of the Air and Elements do variously discriminate the Constitutions of Men and those Constitutions their Natures for the manners of the Mind follow the temperament and disposition of the Body The Septentrional or Northern People being remote from the Sun and by consequence inhabiting in cold Countries are Sanguine Robust full of Valour and Animosity hence they have alwaies been Victorious and predominant over the Meridional or Southern Nations as the ASSYRIANS over the CHALDEANS the MEDES over the ASSYRIANS the PARTHIANS over the GRECIANS the TVRKS over the ARABIANS the GOTHS over the GERMANS the ROMANS over the AFRICANS and the ENGLISH over the FRENCH They love Freedom and Liberty as those also do which are Mountaineers as the Helvetians Grissons and Cantabrians The Nations proximate to the Sun have their Blood wholly exsiccated by immoderate Heat hence the Inhabitants of those Places are melancholy and profound in the penetrating of the secrets of Nature For all the Northern Nations receive the Mysteries of the Sciences from the AEGYPTIANS and ARABIANS The Provinces which are immediately between both Torrid Zones enjoy a a Benign Heaven so that they Florish in Religion Justice and Prudence The Mutations of Governments the Transmigration and Emission of Colonies Converse Matrimony War and Peace also the Motions of the Celestial Spheres which drive from the Poles and the Zodiack of the Primum Mobile the Heavenly Images on these Inferiour Bodies do change and alter the Habits Manners and also Nature it self If we have recourse unto History we shall find the GERMANS noted of old for lofty Minds and the ITALIANS on the contrary too abject and low which difference now cannot be discerned Nations have Swayed and been Predominate by turns and as long as the Monarchy hath had duration amongst them Vertue hath flourished Arts and Arms have gone hand in hand which afterwards with the Ruine of the Empire hath been smother'd in its Ashes and received Vivification in another place yet notwithstanding these Obstacles every Nation hath certain Propensions and fixed Affections appropriate to every one which will adhere to Forrainers if that they long remain amongst them The Intelligent Reader who desireth a Knowledge in these and other Particulars with a throughout Prospect of the Vtility of COSMOGRAPHY and GEOGRAPHY may consult the Work it self RICHARD BLOME The Contents of the SECTIONS and CHAPTERS GENERAL GEOGRAPHY which may be divided into III. Parts 1. The Absolute Part divided into Five Sections The first Section of things to be foreknown Chap. 1. Of the Precognita's Pag. 1 Ch. 2. Things necessary to Geometry and Trigonometry p. 6 The Second Section explaineth the Affections of the whole Earth Chap. 3. Of the Figure of the Earth p. 11 Chap. 4. Of the Dimension and Magnitude of the same 15 Chap. 5. Of the Motion of the same p. 23 Chap. 6. Of its Place in the System of the World p. 27 Chap. 7. Of its Substance and Constitution p. 30 The Third Section in which the Constitution and Parts of the Earth are explained Chap. 8. Of the division of the Earth by Waters p. 35 Chap. 9. Of Mountains in general p. 40 Chap. 10. Of the difference of Mountains p. 46 Chap. 11. Of Woods Deserts and Mines p. 54 The Fourth Section of Hydrography in which the Waters and their Properties are explained Chap. 12. Of the division of the Ocean throughout the Earth p. 57 Chap. 13. Of the Ocean and its Parts p. 65 Chap. 14. Of the Motions of the Sea especially of the flux and reflux p. 83 Chap. 15. Of Lakes Pools and Marishes p. 102 Chap. 16. Of Rivers p. 108 Chap. 17. Of Mineral Waters Baths Spaws c. p. 130 Chap. 18. Of the mutation of Dry places into Watery and the contrary p. 142 The fifth Section of the Atmosphere and Wind Chap. 19. Of the Atmosphere and Air p. 154 Chap. 20. Of the Winds in general p. 179 Chap. 21. Of the differences of Winds and of them in particular p. 187 2. The Respective Part â—xplaining the Celestial Affections Chap. 22. Of the Celestial Affections in general p. 2â—3 Ch. 23. Of the Latitude of a Place and the Elevation of the Pole p. 207 Chap. 24. Of the division of the Earth into Zones p. 213 Chap. 25. Of the Longitude of the Days and division of the Earth into Climates p. 220 Chap. 26. Of the Light Heat Cold Rains with other Properties of the Zones according to the Season of the Year p. 231 Chap. 27. Of Shadows and the division of the Inhabitants in respect of the Shadow p. 259 Chap. 28. Of the Comparation of the Celestial Affections in divers places where is treated concerning the Antoeci Perioeci and Antipodes p. 269 Chap. 29. Of the diversity of Time in divers Places p. 275 Chap. 30. Of the divers Rising of the Sun and Moon and of the other Appearances p. 280 3. The Comparative Part considering the Affections which do arise from the comparing of one place to another Chap. 31. Of the Longitude of Places p. 291 Chap. 32. Of the Scituation of Places one to another p. 309 Chap. 33. Of the mutual distances of Places p. 335 Chap. 34. Of the visible Horizon p. 342 Chap. 35. Of the Art of Navigation in general and of the Building of Ships p. 344 Chap. 36. Of the Lading or Ballacing of Ships p. 345 Chap. 37. Of the Directory of the Nautick Art in the first part the knowâ—edge of the Distance p. 347 Chap. 38. Thâ—â—â—â—ond part the knowledge of the Quarters p. 348 Chap. 39. The third part of Histiodromia or the Course of a Ship p. 353 Chap. 40. The fourth part of the
most sincere Judges Yet this Opinion found but few Abettors insomuch that many Ages it was as it were buried in oblivion so that there was no mention in Schools made thereof until such time that eminent Astronomer Copernicus some two or three Ages past made it famous and so prevailed therein The opinion of Copernicus therein that very many excellent Astronomers imbraced this Opinion and confirmed it with sundry Arguments and Reasons among whom not long since flourished Kepler the Emperour's profest Mathematician and Galilaeus of Galilee the Italian Mathematician to the grand Duke of Tuscany or Florence and Lanthergius Belga And because there is a twofold motion of the heavenly Bodies perceived by us the first whereof is whereby all the Stars as well fixed â—s Planets seem with equal time to wit in 24 hours to be carried round aboâ—t the Earth and to rise and keep their southing and setting The second motion is that which is called proper whereby the Planets are observed with a different or diverse motion as also are the fixed Stars to be carried from West to East The Ptolomaians aâ—â—irm that both these motions are in the Stars themselves or their Orbs But the Copernicans ascribe that first motion not to the carrying about of the Earth only from one place to another but to the wheeling and turning about of it remaining in her own place about her own Axil from West to East such as is seen to be implanted in all the Stars yet they acquit the fixed Stars as also the Sun from the aforesaid second motion and attribute the apparent motion of these to the carrying of the Earth about the Sun and to the inclination of the Axil notwithstanding they leave the said second motion to the rest of the Planets Forsooth they deny the Sun to be a Planet but place the Earth in his stead and they prefer the Sun into the Ptolomaian place of the Earth to wit the Center of the whole World forasmuch as that is the cause which maketh the Earth Saturn Jupiter Mars Venus and Mercury to turn round about These are the Reasons of this Opinion Of the great number of the Stars which seem to perform their circuit in 24 hours 1. Because so great is the number of the Stars which seem to perform their Circuit in 24 hours about the Earth and this appearance may be declared by the motion of the Earth only remaining in her place therefore it is more agreeable to reason to determine this motion rather then that insomuch as when we sit in a Ship and sayling nearer to a Station or Harbour of many Ships which in the mean while seem as it were to approach or sayl to us yet we do not ascribe a motion or sayling to them And seeing nature doth in no case work by many things that which she can perform with a few it is likely in this business also that that is so observed and kept by her Of the swift motion of the Stars c. 2. Because the swiftness of that motion of the Stars would be incredible and such as would surpass all our imagination for seeing that they are distant from the Earth almost an infinite space and that most vast circuit ought to be run in one minute of an hour at least that they should be carried through 100000 miles Contrariwise if this motion should be ascribed to the Earth she remains still in her place neither need we to fear the least swiftness because she is turned about her own Axil as a Wheel The vastness of the Celestial Bodies compared with the body of the Earth 3. There accrues a greater force to this Argument if we compare the huge vastness of the Celestial Bodies with the Body of the Earth for seeing that the Sun at least is 200 times bigger then the Earth but the fixed Stars are in a manner 1000 times bigger to what man can it not be made more probable that the Earth is turned about its own Axil by a natural motion than that so huge Celestial Bodies should be moved from place to place Of the solidity of the Celestial Orbs according to Tycho Brahe 4. Because all the most famous Astronomers being compelled with Tycho Brahe by the appearances of the Stars c. do now deny that the Celestial Orbs are solid and hard which appearances the ancients used for proving the more easie supposition of the motion of the Stars therefore the carrying or wheeling of them about the Earth seemeth more incredible Yea they deny the Orbs to be solid because if these were so a mutual penetration of the Orbs must needs be granted seeing that some Planets are found frequently in the Sphere of some other No reason for the motion of the Stars about the Earth 5. No reason can be given why the Stars can be moved about the Earth when as contrariwise there may some reason be given why the Earth and the rest of the Planets may be moved about the Sun Of the Pole and Axil 6. Neither is the Pole nor Axil real about which the Stars are determined to be moved contrariwise in the Earth there is both Pole and Axil The sayling of Ships from West to East more easie than from East to West 7. Because the sayling of Ships from West to East is more easie than from East to West For out of Europe into the Indies they sayl in about four months when as in their return home it is about six months And this is because in their Voyage thither they are carried or moved into the same point with the Earth but in their return they are moved or carried into the contrary From the moving of the Earth the Celestial appearances c. may be declared 8. Because all the Celestial appearances the rising and setting of the Stars the increase or lengthning of the days c. may be evidently declared if we maintain the Earth to be moved But most especially the commodiousness and necessity of this Hypothesis is seen in those admirable properties of the Planets to explicate which the Ptolomaicks are compelled to invent many Circles Epicycles and Eccentricks without any reason But the Copernicans do so derive them from the second motion of the Earth about the Sun with easie labour insomuch that thereby they can make the cause of them manifest and so easie that the very unlearned may understand them to wit first why the Planets may seem sometimes to be retrograde or go backwards and indeed Saturn oftner and longer than Jupiter Jupiter than Mars c. sometimes to be carried with a swifter motion and sometimes to be stationary 2ly Why Venus and Mercury can never the whole night long be seen 3ly Why Venus can never depart any greater distance from the Sun than â—0 degrees but Mercury no greater then thirty degrees and therefore those two Planets can never be seen to be opposite to the Sun Fourthly why Venus in the evening
these are most noted which may be divided into four kinds viâ—â— Sandy Ericose Stony and Marish or Boggy Desarts Those that are Ericose have for the most part here and there in many places Woods and Forests are the more useful and easier to be cultivated 1. All the Desarts of Africa are almost Sandy neither is any part of the Earth more pestered with Desarts the greatest are found in Lybia they also encompass all Egypt 2. The Desarts of Arabia are partly Sandy and partly Stony but the most famous is that Sandy Desart in Arabia termed vulgarly the Sandy Sea 3. The Desarts of Tartaria about the Mountain Imaus Also the Desart Belgian about the Moguls where hitherto it hath been though falsly believed that the rich Kingdom of Cathaie is seated 4. The Desarts of Camboia 5. The Desarts of Nova Zembla which are rocky 6. The Desarts of Norway Lapland Sweden and Finmarch 7. All the Desarts of Germany are Ericose they term them Een Heide whence they call the Desart in the Dutchy of Luneburgh 8. The Desarts of America and the like OF Absolute Geography SECT IV. Containing the Hydrography or the description of the Water explained in Six Chapters CHAP. XII Of the division of the Ocean throughout the Earth The division of the Ocean BY reason that we have treated in the precedent Chapters of the division of the parts of the Earth order requireth that we contemplate the division and scituation of the Waters which compose the other part of the Earth and also take a survey of their Properties which do appertain unto Geography In Chapter VII Proposition II. we distributed the Waters into four sorts which are 1. The Ocean 2. Rivers and Fountains of Fresh-waters 3. Lakes and Marishes and 4. Mineral Waters In this Chapter we shall treat of the division of the Ocean Proposition I. The Ocean in a continued tract encompasseth the whole Earth and the Terrestrial parts neither is the Superficies of the same any where altogether interrupted by the Lands interposed but the more large continuity and free congress is only impeded The truth of the Proposition can only be proved by Experience especially from the Circumnavigation of the Earth which hath now for a long while been so often attempted and hapily performed first by the Spaniards under the conduct of Magellan who first found out the Streights then by the English twice viz. under Drake and Cavendish and lastly five times by the Hollanders The opinion of the Ancients concerning the Old World The Ancients nothing doubting of this continuity by reason that they accounted the Old World only for the extant Earth and thought it on every side to be encompassed by the Ocean yea some supposed it to float But when that America was detected which is extended from North to South in a very long tract and impedeth the continuity of the Ocean and moreover the Polary Land North and South then not undeservedly was it doubted concerning it For many supposed and that not without probability that America and the South Continent were conjoyned as many Geographers now think that the Northern America is contiguous to Greenland which two if both true the Ocean could not encompass the whole Earth But in truth Magellan removed the doubt when in the Year 1520 he found out the Streights between America and the South Continent by which it was manifest that the Pacifick Ocean was joyned with the Atlantick What therefore the Ancients imagined from a false Opinion that they knew that we know from infallible Experience The like hapned with Africa for then also the Ancients without any hesitation placed the Ocean without or beyond it and thought Africa to be extended beyond the Equator in a far less space than in truth it is but when the Portugals had sailed the Coast of Africa and had found vast Lands in a long tract beyond the Equator and then also it was questioned whether Africa could be sailed about that they might sail into India that is whether it were encompassed with the Ocean This doubt was removed by Vasques Gamma under whose conduct in Anno 1497. Africa was first sailed about the Promontory of Good Hope being found to be the ultimate bound of the same towards the South which appellation it received from the King of Portugal in Anno 1494 when that Diaz which first related concerning although he passed it not Victuals failing him and the Tempests forcing his Return the storm and raging Ocean of this Promontory and spake much more to the King Proposition II. The difference in the parts of the Ocean which ariseth from the Earth is threefold or the Water of the Ocean may be divided into three kinds which are 1. The particular Ocean or Seas 2. The Bays of the Sea or Ocean and 3. The Streights The Water in the Ocean may be divided into three kinds The word Ocean is taken in a twofold acceptation Sometimes for the whole Ocean or Water which encompasseth the Earth sometimes and that frequently for any part of the large Ocean which adhereth to another part by a large tract and that from on both sides So we say the Atlantick Ocean the German the Ethiopick the Indian and the Chinesan Oceans In this latter signification by use of Speech we sometimes use the word although we sometimes call a part of the entire Ocean the Sea but by reason of the homonymie of the word Mare or Sea which shall be explained by and by the word Ocean is usually used in that sense A Bay A Sinus or Bay of the Sea is said to be a part of the Sea or Water which runneth between two Lands from the Sea or some other Bay until it stop at some Land It is also commonly termed a Sea A Streight A Fretum or Streight is a part of the Ocean or part of a Bay of the Ocean or Sea running between two Lands in a narrow tract and conjoyning of two Seas or conjoyned with the Sea from both extremities by which they Sail from one Sea into another Proposition III. We reckon four principal Oceans Four principal Oceans or great parts of the whole Ocean or Seas in respect of the scituation of the four Continents or Quarters of the Earth Atlantick Ocean 1. The Atlantick Ocean is that part of the Ocean which is scituated between the Occidental Coast of the Old World and the Oriental of the New It is vulgarly termed Mare del Nort or the North Sea but improperly seeing that it extendeth it self beyond the Equator towards the South It is more aptly divided into two parts one from the Equator towards the North the other stretcheth towards the South It hath therefore on the Eastern quarter the Occidental Coast of the Old World and on the Western the Oriental Coast of America Towards the North it conjoyneth with the Hyperboreal or Northern Ocean and towards the South with the Southern Ocean Pacifick Ocean Hyperboreal Ocean
dissolved Snow And this they take for a sign of it that Rain and dissolved Snow do much augment the Rivers that oftentimes they extend beyond their Channel and overflow Regions also that Rivers do much decrease and some lesser sort of them are altogether dried up when no Rain for a long while in the Summer season hath fallen because that their Channel is not very profound and therefore have collected little water but those that have a deep Channel are not dried up in the Summer by reason that they have gathered so much water from the Rains that fell and dissolved Snow so that all cannot be turned into vapours except by a daily and continual heat 2. Because that there are very few Rivers in those places where there is little rain as in the more inward part of Africa there are few Springs But these allegations resolve not the question because we are not to demand or seek the Original of Rivers but only the Original of the Water of Fountains Therefore those that speak thus have not well considered the sence of the question as we have taken notice before although also the experience that they alledge is not general because that there are Rivers found in places where there is little rain and no snow although it be true in the Region of Peru and Aegypt which they assert Moreover rain moistneth not the Earth above ten foot deep but Fountains spring from a far greater profundity The Opinion of Seneca 2. Others suppose that we should not demand whence the water of Fountains doth arise by reason that water is an Element as much as Earth Air and Fire concerning the Original of which we do not dispute thus Seneca discourseth But other Authours cut in twain this Gordian knot with the Sword of Alexander For it is not enquired after how that water hath a Being but how it cometh to the places of Fountains and not to other places Moreover the Earth doth not so flow forward as Rivers do But for the Air it is false that we should not seek concerning it as they determine 3. Aristotelians follow the opinion of their Master See Aristotle līo 1. Chap. 11. who in the whole Eleventh Chapter of his first Book of Meteors endeavoureth to prove that the water of Fountains is generated from Air contained in the bowels of the Earth He alledgeth these reasons 1. Waters are generated from Air above the Earth viz. Rain therefore seeing that Air is in the bowels of the Earth and that there is the same cause of condensation viz. Cold therefore he saith it is absurd for any one to think that water is not produced from Air there 2. Experience testifieth that more great drops that fall are made of small ones and therefore the Original of Rivers must be as it were certain Brooks of water that meet in one part of the Earth for therefore those that make Aqueducts are wont to bring the water down by trenches and small Channels 3. Because that many Springs and those of the greatest Rivers are found in mountanous places very few in Plains or Valleys which is an evidence that the water of Fountains proceedeth from a condensed Air or Vapour which Air and Vapour tend towards higher places and mountainous places are as it were spunges incumbing over lower places Those are the reasons of Aristotle The Opinion of Cardanus 4. Cardanus with others suppose that the water of Fountains proceeds from Rivulets which are generated of watery vapours condensed both within and without the Earth but that these Fountains alone scarce make up Rivers unless assisted by rain or dissolved Snow His Reasons are these 1. If betimes in the morning one view the Mountains they will appear moist 2. Rivers overflow in the morning and so much the more by how much the part of it is more near the Fountain But the perpetual and constant impetus of the water bubling and leaping from the Springs doth not seem to have its Original from so weak and inconstant a cause Neither doth this opinion of Cardanus much differ from that of Aristotle but that Aristotle placeth Air with the generation Cardanus vapours with the generation to be the cause of Springs and indeed small is the difference between Air and vapours 5. Some of the Antients supposed Rains to be coacervated within the Earth in Cavities and thence to break forth as from a mighty belly and that all Rivers sprang from one of them or from some other of them neither that there was any other water generated but what were collected in the winter months into those receptacles they supposed to evade into the multitude of these Rivers and therefore that they flowed more in the winter than in the Summer and that some were continual and some not They added the same cause that we have laid down in the first opinion But Aristotle receiveth this opinion because that more water in one year floweth out from the mouth of the River than the bulks of that whole part of Earth or Land 6. Of Modern Philosophers many as also of the Ancients determined that the Earth again received whatsoever waters flowed out from the mouth of the Rivers into the Sea For the water of the Sea by an hidden passage went under the Earth and is beaten in its passage through divers windings of the Earth and strained through Sand and Chalk which removeth its saltness and so passeth into pure water I also defend this opinion and suppose it true yet so as not to exclude the cause laid down in the first and third place the reasons are these 1. Because more than one thousand Rivers exonerate themselves into the Sea and the greater of them in such an abundancy that that water which they send forth into the Sea throughout the whole year exceedeth the whole Earth as the River Volga into the Caspian Sea and also other Rivers Therefore it cannot otherwise be but that water must be sent forth into many places of the Earth even to the Fountains of Rivers Now if that this were not so we could not possibly imagine how that the Sea should not be augmented unto an immensity or why Fountains should not cease to send forth water Neither may it be objected that so many vapours are elevated from the Sea that are equivalent to the water that the Sea hath received from the Rivers For first only Rain maketh those vapours then again it is most false that so great a quantity of vapours should be elevated from the Sea as are generated from the water which floweth from the Rivers into the Sea Fountains the nearer the Sea are salter than those farther distant 2. This opinion is proved from that to wit that the Fountains near the Sea are salt and brackish and by how much they are nigher to the Sea by so much they are the more salt as on the Coast of Africa especially on the Coasts of Choromaudel in India where no Vines
difference can little augment the Altitude Proposition XVI The Altitude of the Atmosphere or Air is not only the same in divers places but it remaineth the same and that constantly at all times both Winter and Summer The Altitude of the Atmosphere is always the same in divers places For although that heat in the Summer of our place may more elevate also our Air more than in Winter yet because that the Winter is at the same in another place of the earth the Air is less raised in it wherefore part of our Air shall be moved towards the Air of those places where the Air is less elevated viz. to the more depressed place as we have shewed in the fourteenth Proposition And on the contrary whilst that the Air of the place where we are is depressed by reason of the cold of the Winter part of this Air where the Summer or the greater heat is shall be moved towards our place viz. until the whole Air be equally distant from the Center of the earth The same is the reason concerning the Day and the Night for whilst that the Air is depressed and contracted in the Night to us in another place it is more rarefied and so is moved towards the Air of our place until it again make a spherical figure and because that all are equal on every side therefore the name Altitude shall remain in every time But because that the Air is condensed more in one time and place than in another that difference seeing that it is very small can very little vary the Altitude as we have shewed in the precedent Proposition The same is the account of Rains or Mists or Vapours that are in ours or in another place for to these it seemeth that the Altitude of the Air should be less or more But I answer that there is scarce any time in which in some place of the earth it raineth not and that the Mists fall not and therefore when that it raineth in one place the Air becometh not lesser than it was before because that before it rained in another place and so the reason is equal and the quantity of the Air is neither augmented nor diminished Proposition XVII By how much the Air is more cold by so much the more it is condensed and therefore for the most part more condensed in the Winter than in the Summer to wit in some places of the Earth also in the Night than in the Day Now watery thick exhalations in the Winter and the Night cause and augment that condensation especially in the Morning and Evening The Colder the Air the more condensed The truth of the Proposition is manifest from the preceding Propositions neither doth it obstruct for that part of the more not Air is moved to the more cold as to a more depressed place because that not that it self but another adjoyning approachment by reason of continual protrusion and if that that happeneth yet in a cold place that becometh also cold Proposition XVIII There are three Regions vulgarly made in the Air whereof the middle is that in which the Snow Rain and Hail is generated The first is that in which we are extending it self even to the middle Region the third is that which beginneth the uttermost bound of the middle Region and extendeth it self to the utmost superficies of the Air even to the Sublunary fire as the Aristotelians affirm Three Regions in the Air. The middle Region is more cold than the first and third which are reckoned more hot but the third by reason that it containeth more subtile fiery and sulphureous parts of exhalations which fly to it about the place of the watery particles or are thrust down as more light The Aristotelians say that it is hot by reason of its vicinity to the fiery-Sphere But the first because that the Rays of the Sun falling are â—eaâ— there reflexed and so duplicate the heat It happeneth that some particles of subterraneous fire exhaling are in this Region But the middle Region iâ— more cold by reason that the reflected Rays are there vicine to those that fall in on the Earth neither do they contain any fiery sulphureous particles but watery ones for the sulphureous and fiery ones that have carried up the watery ones fly higher Proposition XIX By how much that place of the Earth unto which the Sun is vertical recedeth to the Pole or by how much the place is more near the Poles by so much the less distant the place of the Air is from the Earth in which the Rain Snow Hail begin to be generated The reason is That the Rays of the Sun do fall more obliquely on the places about the Poles than on the places about the Aequator and therefore the Rays refracted are much withdrawn from those falling in and so cause lesser heat and for a lesser space than the Rays under the places of the Sun or under the Torrid Zone and so in a more nearer place the watery vapours may unite to generate watery Meteors Corollary The Superficies terminating the first Region of the Air is of an oval figure or rather Elliptical or Sphere like protuberating in the Torrid Zone Proposition XX. By how much the place of the Earth is nearer the Pole by so much distance the Region of the Air is distant from that Earth that beginneth the third or in which the more subtile and Sulphureous particles are For there are the fewer and more subtle particles in part of the Atmosphere by how much it is nearer the Pole because that the heat of the Sun elicitateth fewer from the Earth Therefore because that there are fewer particles of the third Region under the Frigid Zone than in the temperate and in this fewer than in the Torrid and yet the utmost bound of that third Region is equally distant from the Center of the Earth See Proposition 16. according to the sixteenth Proposition Thence it followeth that the beginning of the Region under the Torrid Zone is far more distant from the Center of the Earth than the beginning of that in the Torrid and Temperate Zone Corollary The Superficies terminating the second Region of the Air or distinguishing it from the third is Spherical and protuberating in the Frigid Zone All these must be shewed to Youth by Diagrams Proposition XXI The Rays of the Sun Moon and Stars do not directly arrive at our eyes from the Aether through the Air but where they enter the Air they are withdrawn or deflected a little from a direct passage which the skilful in the Opticks term to refract the Rays and so those Rays refracted come to our eyes and shew us the Star Of the Rays of the Sun Moon and Stars This part which treateth of the refraction of light is the most subtle part of the Science of the Opticks for Experience testifieth that Rays proceeding from any visible body if from one medium they fall in upon another that is
Sea and the like is in Guzurat but for very many Months when it beginneth to blow in Congo and Guzurat in September it continueth even to March The Anniversary wind of the Grecians which they call Ornithia or the Bridges wind this they say bloweth after the Vernal Aequinox the Sun ascending to the Vertex of the Europeans Proposition V. Why the Etesian winds blow not in Italy France Germany Persia and other Regions especially seeing that they are more near the Northern Mountains from whence we assert the Etesian winds of the Grecians Congo and Guzurat do arise and blow The Etesian winds blow not in all Regions though near the Northren Mountains The Question is of no small moment and I wish that we had more accurate Observations concerning this matter viz. the notations of the winds which at that time are observed in each Region whether in every Year the same never return Yet if that any thing must be said to the Question these seem convenient 1. We cannot deny but that the North wind often bloweth in our Canicular or Dog daies 2. That it is discovered less continual and in each year peradventure the Cause is the often blowing of other winds which hinder the discovery of the same 3. We may say that the Mountain from which this first resolution of the Snow begineth is scituated directly from Greece and therefore the first Canicular wind is carried hither but the Vapours are carried hither from the Snow of the other Mountains because that here they find a free passage made but I shall reject these my extemporay thoughts when that I shall see a better reason and more accurate Observations Proposition VI. Some winds are proper and almost perpetual to some place or tract of Land others are ceasing Places which have a certain wind at a fixed time Those places of the Earth are very few which have a certain wind at a fixed time viz. these 1. The places of the Torrid Zone especially of parts of the Pacifick and Aethiopick Sea scituate in the Zone enjoy a perpetual wind viz. an Oriental wind or its Collateral which they call a General wind as we have shewed in the second Proposition where we have treated largely of it Yea this wind is not so much to be reckoned amongst the proper winds but rather to be determined to be common to all places for although by accident it happeneth that it be not discerned in all places viz. because other winds blow more strong yet it is proper to some the Cause is alledged in the place cited 2. On the Coasts of Peru and part of Chili and to the adjacent Sea the South wind is almost perpetual and his Collateral wind at the West It beginneth at the 46 deg of Latitude and bloweth to Panama the American Isthmus and causeth that in few daies Ships arrive from Lima at Panama laden with Gold Silver c. But it requireth many daies sail from Panama to Lima. But this wind bloweth not in the Sea remote from the Coasts of Peru It is difficult to render the cause of this wind by reason that the South Land from whence it seemeth to blow is not yet known unto us Yet I think it probable that because that Mountains are found in it covered with perpetual Snow therefore the winds are generated from a continual resolution of them But I will not infect the mind of the Reader with these my suspicions or conjectures For peradventure the Snows which are found all the year long in the high Mountains at the Streights of Magellan are the cause of these winds but yet it may be Objected that those Mountains lie from the South towards the West declining from the South wherefore we shall leave this to a more diligent inquisition or a more full knowledge of the South Continent 3. At the Coasts of the Land of Magellan or Del Fugo about the Streight Le Mair continual or at least very frequent Westernly winds do blow and that with that force that they make the Trees to bend towards the East from their perpendicular rectitude neither is there any part of the Earth in which those Occidental winds so often blow but on the other part of the Streights Le Mair at the Coast of the South Land the South wind bloweth I can render no other cause of those Occidental winds but that I suppose them to be raised from Snow and Clouds in the South Continent which extendeth it self from the side of that Occidental Streight from the South towards the North. But these are doubtful and more diligently to be inquired after 4. On the Malabarian Coasts of India for almost the whole year the North and North-East winds blow the cause proceedeth from the resolution of the Snows of the Mountains of the Asiatick Sarmatia viz. Imaus or Caucasus from the Clouds on the other Mountains of Asia which are collected and press the subject Air. 5. In the Sea near to Guinea the North West wind is frequent and in the remote Sea the North East 6. In the middle passage between Japan and Liampo a Maritimate City of China even unto these are found Occidental winds which blow in Japan in November and December 7. At the Isle Guotou not far from the Isle Dos Cavallos in the Sea of China is a frequent South wind when that yet in the neighbouring Ocean a North wind is predominate Proposition VII Vnto these Periodical or state Winds appertain those also that are tearmed day Winds which in some Regions and at a certain time of the year blow for some hours every day Of Day Winds so called Now they are found to be twofold and that only in some Maritimate places for some blow from Mediterranean places to the Shore towards the Sea and others on the contrary from the Sea to the Shoars 1. On the Malabarian Coasts in the Summer season viz. from September to April the Terrestial winds or Terrinhos do blow from the twelfth hour of the night to the twelfth hour of the day now these winds are Eastern winds But from the twelfth hour of the day to the twelfth hour of the night the Sea wind or Viraconus to wit the West wind bloweth but this is very weak so that by its assistance the Ships can hardly arrive at the Shoar I suppose the cause of those Oriental winds from twelve at night to twelve in the day partly to be a general wind and partly Clouds on the Mountain Gatis But the cause of the Occidental Winds that blow from twelve in the day to twelve at night is the resolution of thick Clouds caused by the setting of the Sun which Clouds before by the Oriental wind were forced towards the West Out of those named Months the North wind predominateth also the East and North-East neither by reason of the often Tempests are these Terrestrial and Marine winds discerned 2. In Musulipatan a City on the Coasts of Charomandel these Terrinhos begin to blow
departed from the Meridian for that is equal to the Latitude of the place Proposition X. The Places of the Earth scituated under the Aequator have no Latitude or elevation of the Pole but both the Poles lye in their Horizon The places under the Aequator have no Latitude The places under the Pole have the Latitude of 90 degrees viz. the Pole in the Vertex and the Aequator in the Horizon The places between the Poles and the Aequator have a less Latitude than Ninety Degrees The truth of this Proposition is evident therefore it needs no Explication Proposition XI If we are either on the Sea or Land and know not the place where we are let the Latitude be found to exhibit that Parallel in the Globe that we may be certain that we are in one point of it This is done after the same manner that we have shewed in the sixth Proposition viz. a Parallel must be described at the given or observed Latitude and this is the Parallel demanded The same is also easie in Maps CHAP. XXIV Of the division of the Earth into Zones and the Celestial Appearances in the divers Zones Proposition I. From the proper or Annual motion of the Sun there ariseth a certain division of the Superficies of the Earth into five parts or Zones THe division of the Earth into 5 Zones See Scheme SEEing that the Sun doth not always continue in the Aequator but declining from it describeth by his Motion a path which cutteth the Aequator so that his greatest declination is in 23½ degrees as well towards the North from the Aequator as towards the South in which declination he describeth the Tropicks of Cancer and Capricorn thence it is that he is not perpetually vertical to the Places lying under the Aequator neither doth he always keep one distance from other places for sometimes he is more nigh and sometimes more remote from a certain place and variously changeth heat cold rain and other conditions of the Seasons These which we have now spoken of may be shewed as well on the Globe as in Maps A Zone is termed a part of the Earth included within the Tropick and the Polary Circle A Zone what And because there are two Tropicks and two Polary Circles thence it cometh to pass that there are five Zones viz. 1. Torrid 2. Temperate and 2. Frigid Torrid zone The Torrid Zone is that part of the Earth which lieth between the Tropicks of Cancer and Capricorn Temperate Zones The Temperate Zones which lye between one of the Tropicks and the adjacent Polary Circle the Northernly Temperate Zone is that which lieth between the Tropick of Cancer and the Artick Circle the Southernly temperate Zone is that which lieth between the Tropick of Capricorn and the Antartick Circle Frigid Zones The Frigid or Cold Zones are those parts of the Earth which lye about the Poles even to the Polary Circles and they are as well Northernly as Southernly cold Circles Proposition II. The Places according to their Latitudes in what Zones they are in Those places of the Earth whose Latitude is less than 23 degrees and 30 minutes they lie in the Torrid Zone Those whose Latitude is 23 degrees and 30 minutes they lie in the Tropicks viz. in the extremity of the Torrid Zone Those whose Latitude is greater than 23 degrees and 30 minutes and less than 66 degrees and 30 minutes they lie in the Temperate Zone Those whose Latitude is 66 degrees and 30 minutes they lie in the Polary Circles viz. in the term of the Temperate Zone Those whose Latitude is greater than 66 degrees and 30 minutes they lie in the Frigid Zones These are manifest from the definitions of the Tropical and Polary Circles which we have treated of in the 23th Chapter Proposition III. The Aequator of the Earth passeth through these Places Places which the Aequator passeth through Through the Island of St. Thomas in the great Bay of Africa which is called the Aethiopian Ocean Through Aethiopia Through the Indian Ocean Through the middle of Sumatra Through the Chersonesus of Malacca and other Islands in the Indian Ocean Through the Moluccas themselves and the Pacifick Ocean Through the entrance of the Province of Peruana By the Lake Parima Through the Atlantick Ocean even to the Island of St. Thomas The Aequator divideth the Torrid Zone into two equal parts so that they may deservedly be termed two Torrid Zones one Northern and the other Southern These Places lie in the Torrid Zone Places which lie in the Torrid Zone The greatest part of Africa the Indian Ocean Abyssine part of Arabia Cambaja India The Isles of the Indian Sea Java Ceilan Peruvia Mexico great part of the Atlantick Ocean the Island of St. Helena Brazil New Guinee Places which the Tropick of Cancer passeth through The Tropick of Cancer passeth through these places viz. through the Confines of Lybia and other places in the Inland Africa through Syena in Aethiopia Thence passing the Red Sea beyond the Mountain Sinai and Mecca the Birth-place of Mahomet it passeth through Arabia Felix hence it entreth the Indian Ocean and toucheth the borders of Persia and passeth over Cambaja India and the Borders of China until it come into the Pacifick Sea which being passed over it falleth in with California into the Kingdom of Mexico and again entring into the Atlantick Ocean passing the Gulph of Mexico it sweepeth the Coast of the Isle of Cuba and thence returneth to the Occidental shoar of Africa Places which the Tropick of Capricorn passeth through The Tropick of Capricorn passeth through very few places of the Earth its greatest part lying in the Sea The places through which it passeth are through the Tongue of Africa through Monomotapa Madagascar the Indian Ocean New Guinee the Pacifick Ocean Peru Brazil and through the Atlantick Ocean Places scituate in the Northern and Southern temperate Zones Many places in the Earth lie in the Northern temperate Zone and those almost all known and inhabited viz. all Europe all Asia except part of India Malacca and the Isles of the Indian Ocean great part of America Septentrionalis and part of the Atlantick and Pacifick Ocean In the Southern temperate Zone few places lie and those not fully known with a large portion of the Sea viz. part of the Prominent part of Africa Monomotapa a great part of Terra Magellanica part of Brazil Chili the Streights of Magellan and a great part of the Atlantick Indian and Pacifick Ocean Places which the Artick and Antartick Polary Circles pass through The Artick Polary Circle passeth almost through the middle of Izland through the Upper Norway the North Sea Lapland the Bay of Russia Samojeda Tartaria America Septentrionalis and Groenland The Antartick Polary Circle passeth through Terra Magellanica of which we have little or no knowledge at this day Places which lie in the cold Northern and Southern
great concernment yet it is better to begin from the Aequator that all the places may lie in some Climate Proposition XV. To shew the use of the Table of the Climates 1. The Latitude of some place or Elevation of the Pole being given to know the quantity of the Longest day in that place and the Climate in which it lieth Let the given Elevation of the Pole be sought in the Table and on the opposite Region we shall find both the quantity of the Longest day as also the Climate and the Parallel If that the given Elevation cannot be found in the Table then take that Elevation which is less near or the like which is found in the Table From the Longitude of the Longest day of any place to know the Latude of the place and the Parallel and Climate 2. The Longitude of the Longest day of any place being given which any person hath observed or received by relation to know from thence the Latitude of that place the Parallel and the Climate in which that place lieth Enter the Table with the Latitude given and you shall see on the opposite Region both the Latitude and the Place demanded as also the Climate and Parallel 3. A Climate being given to determine the Longitude of the Longest day and the Elevation of the Pole This is facil from the very sight of the Table CHAP. XXVI Of the Light Heat Cold Rains in the diverse parts of the Earth or Zones and other properties of the Zones Proposition I. These Causes are efficacious to generate and procure Light Heat Cold and Rain with other Meteors in the places of the Earth and the vicine Air. Of the causes of Heat 1. THe more or less or no obliquity of the Rays of the Sun coming to or emitted on any place For the Rays falling perpendicular on any place cause great heat and the other Rays sliding obliquely have for that very reason a less power of heating by how much the obliquity of them is the greater that is by how much the more they decline from the perpendicular Ray. 2. The diurnal stay of the Sun above the Horizon of the place For the same heat maketh more hot and changeth the Air in a longer time than in a shorter 3. The depression of the Sun beneath the Horizon being more or less in the Night season For this difference of depression causeth that either more or less Light is perceived in the Air also more or less Heat Rain thick Clouds Hitherto belongeth the Twilight 4. The more or less Elevation of the Moon above the Horizon the more or less depression of the same beneath the Horizon the more or less Diurnal stay of the same above the Horizon The Causes are the same with those alledged in the three foregoing Paragraphs The Planets and fixed Stars raise Vapours c. in the Air. 5. The same may be said of fixed Stars especially of those more noted ones and of the five other Planets Saturn Jupiter Mars Venus and Mercury For they generate some light and heat in the Air although it be but little and change the Air divers ways and raise Vapours if that we may credit Astronomers 6. The propriety or species of the Earth of every place For where the Earth is more stony and rocky there for the most part it is more Cold than where it is sulphureous and fat and here again it is more fertilâ— Where there is much Sand and no Rivers there is greater Heat Fumes and Mists proceed from Lakes 7. Lakes or the Sea adjacent From thence also Fumes and Mists are raised more moist and frequent in the Air and the Rays are less powerfully reflected from the Sea than from the Earth 8. The scituation of Places For the Sun acteth otherwise on Mountains and Mountainous places than on Valleys and Plains Moreover Mountains hinder the free access of the Rays of the Sun to the subject places for to them the Vapours of the Air are in some sort attracted See Chap. 20. whence the Mountains change the seasons of the adjacent places as Heat Rain and the like For these would be otherwise in the Subject places if that the Mountains were absent The Winds cause difference in the weather 9. The Winds especially the general So the Etesian winds temperate and allay the Canicular heat A general Wind in the Torrid Zone especially the Subsolan winds in Brasilia render the Heat temperate when in Africa which is Occidental the Heat is vehement because these places feel not so general a Wind. The Northern winds are cold and dry the Southern warm and moist in our places 10. Clouds Rain and Fogs take away and diminish light and heat I suppose that there are not many causes of this variety in light and heat c. which is observed in divers places of the Earth or also in the same places but yet in a different time or season Proposition II. How are the Seasons of the year Spring Summer Autumn and Winter to be defined The four Seasons of the Year Although in Sciences we ought not to contend and dispute concerning Definitions yet because certain Homonymes or Likenesses do here occur without the Explication of which there will arise much confusion in the following Doctrine therefore I will so propose this Question that you may the more cautiously avoid this Homonyme that they may not be deceived and intangled by the same The Question comprehendeth two difficulties first Whether these Seasons ought to be defined from the entrance of the Sun and his stay in certain sings of the Ecliptick and Zodiack According to Astronomers and Astrologers For so Astronomers and Astrologers commonly do saying that that is the Spring whilst the Sun moveth from the first degree of Aries to the first of Cancer that is Summer whilst the Sun moveth from the first of Cancer to the first of Libra that is Autumn whilst the Sun moveth from the first of Libra to the first of Capricorn and that is Winter whilst the Sun moveth from the first of Capricorn to the first degree of Aries Now it is manifest that these Definitions are not general and agreeable to all places because they are only of force in the Northern places scituated from the Aequator towards the Pole Artick and not in the Southern so that for these Definitions the same persons bring Definitions contrary to the former saying that in these places the Spring beginneth from the first degree of Libra proceeding unto the first of Capricorn the Summer from the first of Capricorn to the first of Aries the Autumn from the first of Aries to the first of Cancer and the Winter from the first of Cancer to the first of Libra But from thence it would follow that those Seasons cannot possibly be defined which is false and Generals ought to be defined by Generals Secondly Definitions so made cannot have place in the places of the Torrid Zone
Definitions Spring Summer Autumn and Winter may be attributed to all places of the Earth Neither is it easie to find out any other Mode of defining them so that they may agree with all places Now these Definitions being laid down let us come to the matter it self Proposition III. The Celestial Summer of the places of the Earth which lye between the Tropick of Cancer and the Pole Artick beginneth with the entrance of the Sun into the first degree of Cancer viz. the 21 of June and ends with the entrance of the Sun into the first degree of Libra viz. the 21 of September and that together at once in all those places So that Autumn is in those places the Sun going from the first of Libra unto the first of Capricorn the Winter whilst the Sun moveth from the first of Capricorn to the first of Aries the Spring whilst the Sun moveth from the first degree of Aries unto the first of Cancer Further concerning the Seasons of the Year The truth of this Proposition is easily shewed by the antecedent Definitions and may be demonstrated on the Globe and in Universal Maps For the Sun coming to the first degree of Cancer hath the least distance in the Meridies from the Vertexes of every one of the places of the Northern Temperate and Frigid Zone After the same Mode the Sun in the first degree of Libra hath a moderate distance from those Vertexes In the first of Capricorn a greater In the first of Aries a moderate and he ascendeth to a more great which is apparent both from the declination of the Sun and from the Globes and Maps Therefore it is inferred by the Definitions laid down before that the Summer the Winter and the Spring of those places begin and end in those days we have spoken of The Summer of those places of the Earth which lye between the Tropick of Capricorn and the Antartick Pole or those of the Southern Zone temperate and frigid beginneth with the entrance of the Sun into the first of Capricorn viz. 21 of December and ends with the entrance of the Sun into the first of Aries viz. the 21 of March. The Autumn of those places beginneth with the entrance of the Sun into the first of Aries and ends with the entrance of the Sun into the first of Cancer viz. the 21 of June With this the Winter of those places beginneth which endeth with the entrance of the Sun into the first of Libra viz. 21 of September And with this their Spring beginneth and endeth with the entrance of the Sun into the first of Capricorn viz. 21 of December where the Summer beginneth again These are shewed after the same Mode by the Definitions delivered and by the Globe or Maps by which we shewed the former because in the first degree of Capricorn the Sun hath the least distance from the Vertexes of those places In the first of Aries a moderate and descends to the less In the first of Cancer the greatest In the first of Libra a moderate and ascendeth to a greater But the Celestial Summer Spring Autumn and Winter of the places of the Earth which lie in the Torrid Zone between the Tropick of Cancer and Capricorn do not begin on one and the same day of the year but on divers days in every place of diverse Parallels or of a diverse Latitude of this Zone Now the places of the Torrid Zone are threefold viz. the places of the Aequator the Northern places of the Torrid Zone and the Southern places of the Torrid Zone 1. The Places lying in the Aequator have this peculiar to them that they enjoy two Summers two Winters two Spring seasons and two Autumns and that in every Year so that in half a year they have or ought to have those four Seasons according to our Definitions and the Celestial Law They have again the same four Seasons from the 21 of September to the 21 of March Half a year is from the 21 of March to the 21 of September viz. one Summer whilst the Sun moveth from the first degree of Aries to the second of Taurus from the 21 of March to the 22 of April Autumn whilst the Sun moveth from the second degree of Taurus to the first of Cancer from the 22 of April to the 21 of June The motion of â—he Sun in the 12 Signs of the Zodiack Winter whilst the Sun moveth from the first degree of Cancer to the second of Leo from the 21 of June to the 19 of August The Spring whilst the Sun moveth from the 28th degree of Leo to the first of Libra from the 19 of August to the 21 of September The other Summer whilst the Sun moveth from the first degree of Libra to the second of Scorpio from the 21 of September to the 22 of October The other Autumn whilst the Sun moveth from the second degree of Scorpio to the first of Capricorn from the 22 of October to the 21 of December The other Winter whilst the Sun moveth from the first degree of Capricorn to the 28th of Aquarius from the 21 of December to the 19 of February The other Spring is whilst the Sun doth move from the 28th degree of Aquarius to the first of Aries from the 19th of February to the 21 of March. All these are easily demonstrated from the Definitions laid down because that the Sun in the first degree of Aries and in the first of Libra hath the less distance in the Meridies from the Vertices of the places lying under the Aequator for it hath none because it is vertical unto them therefore then do the Summers begin Then in the second degree of Taurus and the second of Scorpio where the declination of the Sun is 11 degrees 45 minutes it acquireth a mean distance departing to a greater then therefore the Autumns do begin Moreover when he is in the first degree of Cancer and the first of Capricorn he hath a greater distance from the places of the Aequator therefore then do the Winters begin Finally on the 28th degree of Leo and the 28th of Aquarius he receiveth a moderate distance from the places of the Aequator 10 degrees 45 minutes ascending towards the least and therefore then doth the Spring seasons begin These are understood more perspicuously from the Globe therefore here these Seasons may be distinguished thus according to the Celestial Laws notwithstanding the Terrestrial Seasons are in many places of the Aequator otherwise observed as we shall shew in the following Propositions 2. All the Places of the Earth lying under the Torrid Northern Zone have the end of the Autumn and the beginning of the Winter together both at one time viz. the 21 of December but they have not together the beginning and end of the Summer and Spring as also the Autumn but different places have them in several days Other Observations about the beginning of the Seasons For the end of the
Autumn and the beginning of the Winter in those places is when the Sun obtaineth the greatest distance that possibly he can from the Vertex of those places as it is laid down in the Definitions And it is true concerning all the places of the Torrid Northern Zone that the Sun entring into the first degree of Capricorn acquireth the greatest distance in the Meridies from the Vertex of those places because that in all the other days he is more near to those places Therefore the Sun being entred into the first degree of Capricorn the beginning of the Winter happeneth to all those places and also the end of Autumn which is the first part of this Proposition The other part is also easily proved for if these places be of a diverse Latitude then the Sun is not vertical in the Meridies to those places in the same days but in diverse for then is the beginning of the Summer of any place of this Torrid Zone when the Sun by his ascent from the first of Capricorn cometh to that degree of the Northern Ecliptick that he is vertical to that place So that in divers days the beginning of Summer may be in those divers places yet in all those places its beginning falleth between the 21 of March and the 21 of June The Summer shall also end in different days and the Autumn begin because the Sun in divers days cometh to his mean distance or to the points of the Ecliptick which have a moderate distance from those places because these points are differently seated between the first of Libra and the first of Capricorn notwitstanding this beginning falleth out between the 21 of September and the 21 of December After the same Mode in divers days the Winter shall have an end and the Spring begin because the points of the Ecliptick again of a moderate distance are divers from the Vertices of those places Now the Sun touching them causeth the beginning of the Spring which yet happens in all between the 21 of December and the 21 of March 3. All the places of the Earth scituated in the Torrid Southern Zone have also the end of the Autumn and the beginning of the Winter together at one time viz. the 21 of June but they have not the beginning and end of the Spring as also the beginning of the Autumn together but divers places have it in different days yet so that the beginning of the Summer of all those places doth fall between the 21 of September and the 21 of December The beginning of Autumn and the end of Summer between the 21 of March and the 21 of June the beginning of the Spring and the end of Winter between the 21 of June and the 21 of September The parts of this Proposition are proved after the same manner as the former For on the 21 of June the Sun is in the first degree of Cancer and therefore hath the greatest distance that is possible from the places of the Austrial Torrid Zone Then therefore all of them shall have the beginning of Winter but the beginning of Summer the Spring and Autumn shall happen on divers days because the Sun in sundry points of the Ecliptick becometh vertical unto divers places and acquireth also a moderate distance from those places in many places 4. Those Places of the Earth in the Torrid Zone have something peculiar which lye between the Aequator and the Eighth degree of Latitude as well towards the North as South For the Sun by his proper Motion or by his access or recess make two Summers in them two Springs but yet but one Autumn and one Winter and that by a confused kind of order viz. this the Spring the Summer the Spring the Summer again then Autumn and then Winter The places in the Torrid Zone have something peculiar to them which lye between the Aequator and the 8th degree of Latitude The cause of this Paradox is because the Sun receding from the Vertices of those places which lye between the Aequator and the 8th degree of the Boreal or Northern Latitude where it maketh the beginning of the first Summer and going forwards towards the beginning of Cancer it acquireth here a a moderate distance when it returneth from the Vertices towards those Vertices it shall not make Autumn after that first Summer but another Spring seeing that it made the first before it began the first Summer where it obtaineth a mean distance between the first of Capricorn and the first of Aries For Example let us take a place which is four degrees from the Aequator because therefore also the Sun in the tenth degree of Aries declineth and is distant from the Aequator four degrees therefore he being in the tenth of Aries shall cause the beginning of Summer in that place Moreover the greatest distance which this place can have in the Meridies is 27 degrees 30 minutes viz. in the first degree of Capricorn where his declination from the Aequator is 30 minntes 23 degrees to which let the Northerm distance of the place from the Aequator 4 degrees be added therefore seeing his meanest distance is 0 degrees let 0 degrees be his middle distance 13 degrees 45 minutes Wherefore when the Sun shall be in the points of the Ecliptick which are distant from the place taken or the Parallel of the place 13 degrees 45 minutes Then the Sun shall make either Spring or Autumn in that place the Spring if the Sun be moved from those points towards the Vertex of the place but Autumn if the Sun tend from that point to a remote distance Now the points of the Ecliptick which are distant from the place assumed 13 degrees 45 minutes are found to be four to wit the 25th degree of Libra the 3d degree of Gemini the 27th of Cancer and the 5th of Pisces which is proved from the declination of these points Because that therefore the Sun coming to the fifth degree of Pisces from the first of Capricorn acquireth here a middle distance from the Vertex of the place assumed and tendeth towards the place he shall then make viz. he being in the fifth degree of Pisces the beginning of the Spring in that place which Spring shall continue until the Sun doth come to the tenth of Aries where he shall become Vertical to the place and that shall be in the beginning of the Summer when the Sun by his motion hath departed from the place to the third of Gemini Again he shall have a moderate distance from the Vertex of the place in the Meridies viz. 13 degrees 45 minutes and then shall that Summer have an end and the Spring begin not the Autumn because that the Sun doth not tend to the greatest distance from the Vertex from the third of Gemini but returneth to the least viz. whilst he moveth through Cancer and Leo he cometh to the twentieth of Virgo For then again he becometh Vertical to the
again opposite four days of the year in two of which the Sun shall obtain a middle distance from the place given if therefore the place given be North take two of those four days whereof one happeneth between the 21 of December and the 21 of March this shall be the entrance of the Spring the other between the 21 of September and the 21 of December this shall be the entrance of Autumn But if the place given be South from those four days you must take the day between the 21 of June and the 21 of September for the entrance of the Spring and for the beginning of Autumn that which happeneth between the 21 of March and the 21 of June The beginning of Winter shall be the 21 of June if the place be South but if North the 21 of December 3. If the place given be between the Aequator and the eighth degree of Latitude it shall have two Summers and two Spring seasons besides Autumn and Winter except peradventure we will cast away that second Spring which is intermedial between the two Summers as we said in the end of the preceeding Proposition and attribute a continual Summer to that time which if you do we must act no otherwise with the given place than in the former Mode If we will attribute two Summers and two Springs to it as the definitions of Summer and Spring accurately observed do require we shall first act by the first Mode as in the former Theorems viz. we shall find the entrance of Summer and Winter and except the four days of moderate distance found in the Table of those four those two which we advised to take in the former Mode for the entrance of the Spring and Autumn here again we shall take on the same conditions but of the other two days that only which is proximate to the day of the Summer shall be taken For this will shew the end of the Summer and the beginning of the second Spring but for the day of the second Summer another day of the three remaining shall be taken in that Area from which the beginning of the first Summer was taken viz. that which is distant by an equal number of days from the 21 of June and the 21 of Capricorn if the place be South the first day of the Summer So the days shall be found in which the Summer the Spring Autumn and the Winter do begin and end in the places of the Torrid Stone Proposition V. In the places in the temperate and frigid Zones the four seasons of the year are almost equal or consist of an equal number of days But in the places of the Torrid Zone they are unequal Neither are only the times of the divers seasons unequal but also the time of the season in the divers places of the Zones is unequal The seasons of the year in the places in the Temperate and Frigid Zone are equal 1. For the places of the temperate and frigid Zones what I have said is easily demonstrated For seeing that the Sun in every time of those four quarters of the Year runs through three Signs therefore the times of the Spring Summer Autumn and the Winter shall be equal or of equal days except some days viz. five in which the Summer and four in which the Spring of the Northern places exceed the Autumn and the Winter but in the Southern places it is otherwise for Autumn and Winter exceed the Spring and Summer which as we have shewed before proceedeth from the excentricity of the Sun 2. In places lying under the Aequator there are two Summers as also other Seasons but hoth short as also both the Springs viz. each Summer and each Spring hath only 32 days which is 64 days but the Autumns and Winters are longer viz. 55 days which is 110 days 3. In the places of the Torrid Zone by how much the less they are remote from the Aequator by so much the more they have the longer Summer the less Winter and more or less moderate Autumn and Spring for in places not remote above 10 degrees from the Aequator the Summer continueth six Months Now the greatness of the Summer Autumn Winter and Spring is known by the preceeding Proposition What hath hitherto been said is only to be understood concerning the Celestial Seasons that is those which depend on a Celestial Cause or from the access or recess of the Sun for from this alone cometh not light heat and cold as we have said in some places before therefore we shall consider the other causes in the following Propositions Proposition VI. In places of the Tornid Zone as the Sun by day is very near the Vertex so on the contrary by night he is beneath the Horizon Of the Motion of the Sun in places of the Torrid Frigid and Temperate Zones and very much removed from the Vertex of those places so that those places by night lye almost in the middle shadow of the Earth neither can the Air possibly any wayes be warmed by the Suns rayes by frequent reflection In places of the Frigid Zone as the Sun by day is not very nigh the Vertex so by night he doth not profoundly remain beneath the Horizon but for the greatest part of the night doth so turn round beneath the Horizon that many rayes from him by reflection do penetrate into the Air. In places of the Temperate Zone as the Sun by day cometh to the Vertex of those places by a moderate Vicinity so by night by an easie distance he is depressed beneath the Horizon so that some rayes at least are in the Air. To shew this by the Globe first let the Pole be elevated for some place scituated in the Torrid Zone or rather let the Pole be placed in the Horizon it self that the places of the Aequator may be in the Vertex of the Horizon or that the wooden Horizon may become the Horizon of the places of the Aequator then consider the depression of the Parallels which the Sun describeth by his circumrotation beneath the Horizon and the truth of the member of this Proposition will appear Then let the Pole be elevated for the places of the Frigid Zone or let the Poles be placed in the Vertex of the Horizon and the Parallels of the Sun beneath the Horizon from the first degree of Libra to the first of Aries being considered it will again be manifest that they are very little depressed below the Horizon And so we have shewed the second member or part of this Proposition Lastly let the Pole be elevated for the Latitude of any place scituated in the Temperate Zone and the depression of the Parallels beneath the Horizon again being considered the third part of this Proposition will be proved Proposition VII A place being given in the Globe and the day of the year to find the Longitude of the Crepusculum or Twilight in the place given at the day given That time is
distance from the place assumed the Spring when he goeth from a point of moderate distance towards the very Vertex of the Pole or to the point of the Ecliptick which is Vertical to the place or to the Parallel of the place the Summer where the Sun goeth from this other point of middle distance to a point of greatest distance that is the first degree of Capricorn or Cancer 2. In the places of the Aequator it self the Sun no day of the year remaineth above the Horizon more or less hours than twelve and so many beneath the Horizon In other places of the Torrid Zone one hour or an hour and an half at the most viz. in the extream places of this Zone about the Tropicks of Cancer and Capricorn when the day is at the longest the Sun remaineth above the Horizon twelve hours and in the shortest day about eleven hours and in the intermedial days that time of the stay of the Sum above and beneath the Horizon doth not much differ from twelve hours And therefore this is the cause that the nights are not without cold and the heat of the day continueth not long about the eveningtide 3. In the night time the Sun is profoundly depressed beneath the Horizon for that he illustrateth the Air with none of his rayes nay not reflex This is the cause that most dark nights are there and the cold of the night is augmented the Air is condensed and contracteth it self and being cold it descends towards the earth by its own ponderosity Moreover in a very short time about the space of half an hour before the rising of the Sun and after his setting those places have the light and heat of the Twilight 4 The Moon almost after the same manner as the Sun ascends directly from the Horizon towards the Meridian of those places yet a little more obliquely because it departeth from the Ecliptick and therefore towards the Torrid Zone about five degrees and it remaineth after the same manner as the Sun a little above twelve hours above the Horizon and is depressed beneath it almost so many hours and that profoundly as we have spoken of the Sun Therefore with her direct rayes or those near to the perpendicular she will augment the warmness of the night especially when she is Vertical to any place and diminish it by her recess but by reason of her short stay above the Horizon the effect of it is little discerned in any place except when it is Vertical to it 5. All the Stars arise and set in places nigh the Aequator but those Stars which are near the Pole in places more remote from the Aequator do not arise and those are but very few and therefore they can cause little heat and light and that also insensible in the Air. 6. In many places of the Torrid Zone as in India and its Isles in the Tongue of Africa and in Mexico the earth is Sulphureous which sendeth forth more calid vapours whence it communicateth a certain heat to the Air and a peculiar property In some places it is sandy as in the North part of Africa lying in the Torrid Zone in part of Lybia and the Land of the Negroes in many places of Arabia in Peru and in the places between Peru and Brazilia whence in these places a very great heat is raised by the Sun because the particles of the Sand do very long retain the heat received from the Sun and soon communicate the same to the vicine Air. In other places the Rivers are many and in those Sandy ones few there are many in Abyssine in Guiney Congo India and in Brazilia hence humid vapours are raised which do very much blunt the force of the Suns rayes and render his heat more tolerable 7. The most places of the Torrid Zone have the Sea adjacent as India and its Isles the Tongue of Africa Guiney Brazilia Peru Mexico some places of the Torrid Zone are Mediterranean as the more inward Africa the Regions between Peru and Brazilia whence it cometh to pass that in those places the heat and drought is greater and in some or most of them the Air is more moist and less fervent then can be caused by the Sun except other causes happen 8. Most of the Regions of the Torrid Zone seeing that they are almost encompassed by the Sea have in the middle places more or lesser ridges of exceeding high Mountains as India and its Isles the Tongue of Africa and Peru These rows of Mountains do very much vary the light heat and rayes of those places somewhere they hinder the Oriental rayes of the Sun otherwhere the Occidental Moreover the humid vapours condensed in the Air are moved to the Vertices of these Mountains as we have shewed in the twentieth Chapter whence rains and clouds proceed by which the heat and light of the Sun is very much obstructed and the Celestial cause of the Seasons is disturbed There are few of the places of the Torrid Zone which want those ridges as the inward Africa Mexico and the like 9. The effects of the Winds in the Torrid Zone are various and notable for a general wind blowing from the side Plagas of the East or from the East continually towards the West refrigerateth the Maritim places which regard the East as Brazilia the Oriental Coast of Africa but not so to those towards the West as Guiney Congo Angola and the Coasts of Peru. Some winds are appropriated as the South in Peru which winds dispel vapours towards the Plaga in which they blow Some are fixed winds of which we have largely treated in the one and twentieth Chapter Now these winds do very much disturb the Celestial cause of the Seasons for they are almost as equally constant and observe order as the motions of the Heaven it self They bring down the Air compel the vapours towards the tops of the Mountains and by other Modes alter the Seasons Ten Anniversary rains are in many places of the Torrid Zone and take away the Celestial cause seeing that they are as equally constant as the motion of the Sun it self For those err who suppose that this our Sublunary Orb observeth all with inconstancy and without order and that the Celestial only have a constant motion Seeing that the causes hitherto spoken of are so various to be able to cause the heat and the properties of the Seasons and in one place some are from other causes in another others are of force or concur in divers Seasons of the year or mutually impede one another hence we discover why the cause and condition of the Seasons of the Torrid Zone is so various Proposition XI How the Spring Summer Autumn and Winter Terrestrial do behave themselves and in what Months of the year they commence in the divers places of the Torrid Zone Of the beginning of the Seasons in places in the Torrid Zone We have said before and especially in the second Proposition that
the Air than it would do without this refraction We shall anon alledge an example of the appearancy of the Sun proceeding from refraction 4. The Full Moon and near the Full remaineth above the Horizon for many days when the Sun is depressed beneath it viz. for so many more days by how much that place is more near the Pole Yet it is not so highly elevated above the Horizon as to cause any warmness But the Full Moon in those months in which the Sun remaineth above the Horizon in an whole revolution the Full Moon is never above the Horizon The Planets not always the same above Horizon 5. The Fixed Stars are almost the same always above the Horizon but not the Planets For Saturn remaineth 15 years above the Horizon of the place near the Pole and 15 beneath the same Jupiter 6 years beneath and 6 above the same Horizon Mars 1 year Venus and Mercury about half a year From this cause it is likely that there is great diversity of the motions of the Air and seasons in divers years 6. The Land in most places of the Frigid Zone is Stony Rocky and as hard as Flint in few places Chalky Sulphureous and Fat In these places there is a moderate fertility in the other a sterility 7. Those Regions are incompassed with the Sea but for the Mediterranian we as yet have no certain account 8. Some of the Regions of the Frigid Zone have Mountains of a moderate hight but most want them running on a plain for a long space 9. The cold Winds there frequently blow from the Polary Plaga seldom the East Wind and least of all the West In the cold Artick Plaga the North Winds rage in the Antartick the South 10. Clouds and Rains frequently perplex these Regions From these causes it is not difficult to collect what the condition of the seasons in these Regions are for in the Winter time when the Sun riseth not for whole daies it cannot otherwise be but that for the most part thick Clouds Frost and Cold must render the Land uninhabitable They are not altogether deprived of light for that time for the Moon being above the Horizon for a long time giveth light and the twilight is daily afforded from the Sun to the Vicine Horizon But the Snow the stick close about the Earth which cannot be discussed by the heat of the Sun and therefore hinder the aspect of remote things There is no fertility but all barren and uncultivated for that which some suppose by how much any Region is nearer to the Pole by so much less it feeleth the intenseness of the cold and the Fields are found more fertil seemeth not probable to me when neither in Nova Zembla which is distant 16 degrees from the Pole nor in Spitzbirga which is only 8 degrees distant such a constitution of the Earth is found but a roughness and hardness and almost in the middle of Summer Snows or at least Showers and very cold Winds Neither is their opinion helped by one example observed by Mariners in a certain Region 9 degrees distant from the Pole which most men suppose to be Groenland For in this green Grass is found and an Air more warm than in Nova Zembla as is most certain The only Animals peculiar to these Northern Regions Rhinoceros a kind of Venison is the Rhinoceros and this in the space of a month becometh exceeding fat by feeding on this grass Nevertheless seeing that as yet not many Regions are hitherto found of this temperature in the Frigid Zone it is not expedient for us from this single example to make a general conjecture especially seeing that the cause of this peculiar constitution is manifest for that Land is full of Marshes and Sedgey and the grass by which the Rhinoceros or Dear are tendred so fat is not a kind of Terrestrial Grass but Sedge and Osiers but other Herbs are not there found or any Trees From whence we may gather that that Land containeth some fat and Sulphureous Substance which being mixed which the water produceth such an Oyle and fattening Sedge but that the like Earth is to be found in other parts of the Frigid Zone hath not as yet been observed but rather the contrary Therefore in the Winter in these places is little light but an incredible and great violence of Cold Snow Showers and Polary Winds And this Winter beginneth in the Northern Frigid Zone when the Sun first entreth Capricorn although also the Autumn the Sun going from the 1 degree of Libra to the 1 of Capricorn be little different from this violent Winter The Spring indeed is less infested with this violence of the Air yet it is without Snows Showers and cold Polary Winds Yet the increase of heat in the day or rather the decrease of cold is discovered at that time viz. the Sun going from the 1 degree of Aries to the 1 of Cancer And in this Vernal season or in the latter days of it the Sun continueth above the Horizon in intire revolutions and therefore then there is discovered a moderate heat which yet is not of that force as to melt and dissolve the Snow of all those places into Water much less is it able to melt the Ice whence Marriners report that here is to be found Snow and Ice of a perpetual duration Then the Summer shall be from the going of the Sun from the 1 degree of Cancer to the 1 of Libra in the first part of which the Sun yet remaineth for whole daies above the Horizon and augmenteth the heat by some accession so that June July and August are months of a tolerable Air. In some places among the Mountains the heat of the Sun is intense but the Showers and Clouds do much hinder this benignity of the Sun and especially the most sharp Northern Winds unto which sometimes Snow is adjoyned so that no fruits or Corn can here arrive to any maturity except in some places near the Artick Circle CHAP. XXVII Of the Shadows which the bodies erected in the Earth and illuminated by the Sun do cast and of the division of the Earth arising from thence SEeing that the Shadows in divers places of the Earth which the illuminated bodies of the Sun do cast are carryed into divers places and falling on the Sense have much variety hence it came to pass that men who were ignorant of this cause were struck with an admiration and in respect of the Shadows of the Earth divided the Inhabitants of the Earth as it were into three sorts which division must be applyed to the places of the Earth or to its Superficies So that they termed some Amphiscij others Heteroscij and the rest Periscij The explication of which terms seeing that they contain but small learning we shall say somewhat also concerning Shadows which although they do not pertain to Geography yet by reason of their near affinity they may be proposed in this Chapter Of
that day Let the places be found in which the Sun becometh vertical on the day of the year given according to the 9th Proposition in the 24th Chapter these shall be the places sought Proposition VIII A place of the Frigid Zone being given to find the days of the year in which the Inhabitants of it are Periscii Let the days of the year be found in which the Sun setteth not in the given place according to the 10 Proposition of the 24th Chapter they are the days sought Proposition IX The day of the year being given to find out the places of the Frigid Zone the Inhabitants of which are Periscii that day so that this day be the first day Let those places of the Frigid Zone be found in which the Sun in the day given doth not first begin to set they shall be the places sought for Proposition X. In places scituated in the Aequator the Meridian shadow falleth half the year towards the North the other half towards the South and in the days of the Equinoxes the Inhabitants are Amphiscii For because the Sun in one half of the year recedeth from the Aequator towards the South the other half towards the North the shadows are carried to the quarter opposite to the quarter of the Sun and thence it cometh to pass that in one half year the Meridian shadows are carried to the North and the other half to the South Proposition XI To place a Plain above the Horizontal Plain of our place in which the erected Styles perpendicular may be the Amphiscii for some days of the year on some days of the year the Meridian shadows may be carried to the North on others to the South that is in which the Meridian shadows may be so cast as in some given place of the Torrid Zone Let the Latitude of the place given of the Torrid Zone be taken from the Latitude of our place if the Latitudes be cognominal but if they be of a diverse species let both the Latitudes be added and the remaining degrees kept then in the Horizontal Plain the Meridian line being found and also the line of the Aequator which is perpendicular to the Meridian line let some Plain be erected above the line of the Aequator that it may incline above the Horizon so many degrees as were kept before The Styles or Pins erected in this Plain shall cast such shadows as if they were erected in the places of the Torrid Zone Proposition XII In the places seated in the Aequator the shadow of the Style perpendicularly erected in the whole days of the Aequinoxes remaineth in one right Line whether before Noon â—t be continually cast into one quarter of the West or after Noon into a quarter of the East now in the other days of the year the shadow is carried round into the Semicircle Of Places seated without the Aequator In Places scituated without the Aequator in the Torrid Zone whilst the Sun is moved in part of the Ecliptick which lieth between the Vertex of any place and the vicine Tropick the shadow wandreth through the lesser part of the subject Superficies in a Semicircle In the Places of the Temperate Zones whilst the Sun is moved in a more remote Circle from those or the Zodiack the shadows steal by the lesser Superficies in a Semicircle and the greaten whilst the Sun runneth through the nearer Semicircle of the Zodiack In the days of the Aequinoxes the shadow of an erected Style is carried round in a Semicircle in all the places of the Earth except the Aequator and the Pole These are all rendred perspicuous partly from the sight of the Globe and partly from the declination of the Diagrams Proposition XIII In the places of the Torrid Zone whilst the Sun is in the Arch of the Ecliptick between the vicine Tropick and the Parallels of the place in those days the shadow of the erected Style twice returneth back and goeth over the Lines left behind viz. once before Noon and once after Noon The Sun also in these days will seem to inflect his course Of the shadow of the Sun in the places of the Torrid Zone Take any place of the Torrid Zone in the Globe and let the Pole be elevated according to his Latitude and let the Parallel of the place be described which shall cut the Ecliptick in two points I say that whilst the Sun moveth in the intercepted Arch of the Ecliptick between this Parallel and the vicine Tropick in those days the Sun will seem to be twice retrograde and go over the lines left behind Let any of the Points of that Arch be taken and let the Parallel of the Sun be described viz. which the Sun being in that point describeth by Diurnal circumvolution For Example take the first degree of Cancer or Capricorn and another of their Tropicks for so there will be no need of the description of a Parallel until it come to the point in which the Quadrant toucheth the Parallel the Sun being in this Seat or in this quarter will seem to bend his course towards the Vertex of the place and the shadow shall begin to be retrograde from the line of the Aequator towards the Meridian line After the same manner if that you apply the Quadrant to the Occidental part of the Parallel you shall see in that point in which the Quadrant toucheth the Parallel that the Sun goeth to the quarters he hath left and setteth in that quarter in which some hours before he was Corollary Therefore it is not against Nature that the shadow should go back on Sun-Dials but then it is miraculous if that it be done suddenly in a noted space also if it repeateth the lineary hours viz. if that the Style be not perpendicular but parallel to the Mundane Axeltree yea although it be perpendicular yet do not the lines of the shadow it self shew the hours but the lines of the shadows of the Axis of the World part of which is concealed in the mind on the Dial if that it be wanting Proposition XIV A place being given in the Torrid Zone and one day of those in which the Sun seemeth to bend his course and the shadow of the Style seemeth to go back to find the quarter in which the Sun then shall be and the hour when it shall be Let the Pole be elevated for the Latitude of the place given and let the place of the Sun be found at the given day and let it be noted in the Ecliptick and let the Parallel be described with Chalk which the Sun being in that point describeth Let the Quadrant be applied to the Vertex and so turned about until it touch the described Parallel so the extremity of the Quadrant in the Horizon shall shew the place sought for Now that the hour may be found let that point of the Parallel be noted in which the contact is made let the Index be placed at the twelfth
latter or other extension shall be the Longitude of the Globe because it is longer than the former extension as returning into it self and being the Periphery of the whole Circle Others render another cause of the Appellation 〈◊〉 that the lesser part of the Earth was known to the Ancients from Pole to Pole the greater from the East to the West Concerning the Latitude and Longitude of the Earth and of places Moreover in the Superficies of the Globe we may take any Semipeniphery for the extension of Latitude and his perpendicular for the extension of Longitude and therefore we may do the same also on the Superficies of the Earth but because it is better for memory if that the Peripheries be assumed whose bounds or selfe those Peripheries before the other Peripheries which have somewhat peculiar in the Superficies therefore in the Superficies of the Earth for the extension of Latitude some one Periphery is deservedly taken drawn amongst the Poles of the Earth and because no other Periphery is perpendicular to this Periphery which may pass together through its Medium except the Line of the Aequator therefore the Aequator it self must be taken for the extension of the Longitude of the Earth So I think it is clearly explained for what reason the Latitude of the Earth between the Poles is measured for Longitude by the assumed Line of the Aequator This Latitude and Longitude of the Earth must not be confounded with the Latitude and Longitude of places or Points in the Earth therefore they are expressed by the same terms because the Latitude of places or Points is taken in the Periphery of the Latitude of the Earth it self and is part of it but the Longitude of places or Points is taken in the Periphery of the Longitude of the Earth viz. in the Aequator it self and its Parallels Yet this is an improper acceptation of the terms because Latitude and Longitude properly as hath been said only agreeth to the Figures and Superficies but a Point hath neither Latitude nor Longitude and therefore this different acceptation of the words Latitude and Longitude ought to be observed because they are so frequently met with in the reading of Geographers viz. the use and acceptation otherwise when we say the Latitude and Longitude of France Spain and the like Because then the words are taken in their proper signification for it is the Figure of France or Spain and so Longitude then signifieth the outmost or longest extension but Latitude the shortest which acceptation doth agree with that wherein we said before that so much Latitude and so much Longitude must be assigned to the Superficies of the Earth But the signification is otherwise when we say the Latitude or Longitude of this place if by places we understand any Point City or Famous Place because then Latitude denoteth the distance of the place from the Aequator and the Longitude its distance from a certain Meridian And indeed in my Judgment for the avoyding of confusion The Authors Judgment about the words Latitude and Longitude it were better to abstain from the use of these words Longitude and Latitude and to use these in their stead the distance from the Aequator and the distance from the Meridian but seeing that for so many Ages this hath been received therefore it will be a hard matter to abolish it wherefore in the following Discourse I shall also use the said terms Latitude and Longitude Moreover the Latitude of a place as the Latitude of the whole Earth hath some noted Points of the Earth for the beginning of the Numeration viz. the Poles and the Aequator but the Longitude of the Earth because it is extended about the whole Earth hath no certain beginning or end but the beginning and end is every where because the Periphery is like to an infinite Line Wherefore any Point of the Aequator may be taken for the beginning of the Longitude of the Earth and the Meridian passing through that Point for the first Meridian from whence the Meridians of all the Points of the Earth are numbred or the Longitude of them Calculated Now why we require these two distances in every Point of the Earth viz. one from the Aequator and the other from a certain Meridian shall be shewed in the Third Proposition Proposition II. To place and determinate the first Meridian and the beginning of the Numeration for the Longitude of the places in the Globe of the Earth We have said in the preceeding Proposition that every Point of the Aequator may be taken for the beginning of the extension of the Earth according to Longitude See Proposition 1. and that from its Meridian the Longitudes of places must be reckoned but because we cannot take all at once it is better to fix one beginning or to choose some certain Point but that is left to the choice of persons Therefore Geographers have taken a certain place in the Superficies of the Earth through which the first Meridian shall be drawn and should shew in the Aequator where it cutteth it this beginning of reckoning of the Longitude of places But all have not taken the same place for the first Meridian but divers Ptolomy hath taken that near to the Fortunate Islands which he removeth but only one deg from the first and hence towards the Oriental quarter through Africa and Asia he reckoneth the rest of the Meridians The Longitude of places where begun by Ptolomy and Longitude of places For seeing it was less free to place a beginning the Ancients chose rather to have an account of the places of the Earth which they knew were inhabited which portion doth not return into it self as the Superficies of the Earth and therefore in that portion or part a beginning of Longitude and end may be assigned in another Point Because therefore in the time of Ptolomy the Fortunate Isles where the ultimate ones in the Occidental Quarter of all the Earth or Lands then known Therefore from that bound Ptolomy beginneth to reckon the Longitude of the Earth and having gone forwards to the Oriental Regions he maketh the end of his Numeration of the Meridians in Sina the ultimate Shoar of Asia But in process of time many Regions of the Earth were found to be Inhabited towards the Occid and America was discovered then some Geographers promoted the beginning of Numeration of Longitude towards the Occid For some made the first Meridian at the Isle of St. Nicholas adjacent to Cape Verd in Africa but Hondius chose the Isle of St. James in his Maps The Longitude of places where begun by Hondius Mercator and others Some chose the Meridian of one of the Islands of the Azores which is called Del Corvo for the first Meridian because that in this Isle and the adjoyning Sea the Magnetick Needle is found to have no Declination from the Meridian Line and that it sheweth the Northern and Southern quarter Mercator
place and scituation and therefore very unlike Figures arise thence in the Table thence it cometh to pass that according to the various scituation of the Eye which we attribute to it without the Earth or without that part which it ought to represent there ariseth a various representation of that Superficies on the Table For as there existeth another sort of Frontispiece of the walls of an house when the Eye may behold it from a scituation directly opposite another from an oblique scituation another from an upper place another from a long place and so changing according to the various scituation of the Eye which Tutors may explain by Diagrams so there ariseth a different position of the parts of the Earth to be represented on the Table if that the Eye be so constituted or conceived in the Air in such a scituation that it may hang over the Aequator of the Earth and otherwise if that it be supposed to exist in the pretended Axis of the Earth or in the Semi-Axis of the Hemisphere and otherwise if it be conceived to be eminent over any other place of the Earth Thence it cometh to pass that both the Aequator and the Parallels as well as the Meridians obtain various representations because the Rays drawn from them existing in the Earth to the Eye perforate the Tables in divers points endued with a various scituation which the Readers may easily understand The Direction of a Tutor very profitable if that they have the living information and direction of a Tutor The other which I esteem fit for the Readers consideration in this Method for his better understanding is concerning the cause of the variety in the Magnitude of Tables and representations for we can shew the same Superficies of the Earth as also of all the Bodies of the World as Temples Houses and the like on a great or small Table The Cause is twofold first by how much the Eye is placed more remote from the Earth or any Object by so much the representation receiveth the lesser Magnitude ziz the scituation of the Table or Glass so remaining 2. How much the Table or Glass in which the representation should be made by the perforation of the Rays is nearer moved to the Eye by so much the representation or projecture receiveth the lesser form by how much the nearer to the Object so much the greater But if the Eye may be removed in any kind from the Object the Table remaining so that it be removed in the same Line with the Center of the Earth or so that it remain in one Perpendicular Line to the Superficies of the Earth therefore the Figure of the projecture is not changed but only the Magnitude the similitude remaineth So also if that the Table be any ways moved to the Eye or removed towards the Object all the projectures do become of a divers Magnitude yet they remain mutually alike and represent all the places in a like scituation so that the Table shall observe the Parallel scituated from the Eye in his access and recess But if the Table receiveth another position and also if the Eye be not only removed but also recedeth from that Perpendicular Line then the like projectures shall not arise and the places shall not have the like scituation on the Earth but besides a various Magnitude there shall also be a notable dissimilitude in the scituation of the places one to the other But in the projectures of all Bodies as also in the projecture of the Superficies of the Earth it is so wont to happen that we attribute such a scituation to the Table or Glass that it may touch the Body or Superficies in that Point to which the Line drawn is Perpendicular to the Superficies of the Body or which is drawn from the Eye to the Center of the Earth now to obtain the lesser or greater projecture we remove the Point of the Eye more or less from the Earth But then we conceive the Earth to be very small This in general being explained concerning the projecture of the Earth and the Original of Geographical Maps we shall shew the Method of doing it where first we shall shew whether these Tables should be made according to the Rules of Perspective and whether all may be made according to them for the end of these Tables or Maps is to the life and exactly as may be to express the scituation of the places in the Superficies of the Earth Therefore it is demanded and that not unadvisedly whether this may be done by another Method which observeth not the Rules of Perspective for whether it be done according to the Rules of Perspective or contrary to them so that it exactly representeth the scituation of the places the Table shall be accounted to be well done To that I answer that although certain Tables of some small Province may be made and are also made by another Method to wit by Angles of position or also by distances as we shall shew in the last place yet in a great part of the Superficies of the Earth it cannot be performed by a more commodious Method than by the Rules of Perspective although the true scituation of the places may not be represented in the Tables made according to these Rules Things to be known about the making of these Maps For we must know that in making of these Maps we must attend to a threefold end 1. That all the places must have such a scituation and distance to the chief Circles of the Earth as the Aequator the Parallels the Meridians as they have in the Earth it self so that from those Tables the Parallels of every place the distance from the Aequator from the Pole the Zone the Climate c. may be beheld because that from thence many properties of the Regions and Celestial appearances do depend 2. That the Magnitudes of every Region may have that proportion that they have in the Earth it self 3. That every place may have the same scituation to the other mutually which they have in the Earth it self Of these three requisites all Maps or Tables ought exactly to perform the first and for the most part exactly do because they are made from the Table of Latitude and Longitude of places neither do the Rules of Perspective hinder the same But for the second they cannot accurately perform the same if that the Rules of Perspective be observed because the crooked paths of the Superficies being more remote from the Eye makes the representation lesser in the Glass than those parts subjected to the Eye but yet that inequality is small and becometh insensible if that the Eye be conceived to be remote an infinite interval from the Earth But the third requisite can be performed by no larger Tables such are those of the whole Earth also those of the 4 quar of the Earth and the greater Provinces although they may accomplish it in the lesser Regions and the vulgar suppose
now this Problem is the same with that to find out the Meridian Line and the North and South quarters for these being known it is easy to know the rest First by the Stars viz. in the night the Bear or the Helice and Polary Star so called in the extremity of the tail of the Vrsa Minor of great same amongst the Ancients which shewed the North quarter whence all the rest are found for the face being turned to the North the East is at the right hand and the West on the left the Line of which quarters at Right Angles cutteth the Line of the North and South And these Cardinal quarters being found it is easy to find the intermedial quarters unto which purpose that there may be no need of a description they had a Circle made with the quarters whose Northern Line being placed above the Northern Line of any place the other quarters at one sight are discovered But in the day they sought out the quarter by the rising or setting of the Sun as we have shewed in the XXVIII Chapter See Chap. 28. 2. The other Method of the Antients for the knowing of quarters was the knowledge of the scituation or extension of the Shoars and one Promontory to the other For seeing the quarter of this extension was known to them either from the Maps or from Observation and Experience they might in Navigation by seeing them know the other quarters For one quarter being known all the rest are known therefore the Ancients did not far depart from the Coasts viz. that they might know the quarter by the benefit of the known quarter of the extension of Shoars For they could not always use the Method of the Stars and the rising and setting of the Sun 3. The third Method of the Ancients of the knowledge of the quarters was the observed course of the Ship For going from any place and guiding the Ship to the known quarter they were able from the mutation of the course of the Ship to know the quarters 4. Hence it is manifest that the chief cause of the dangerous and imperfect Navigation of the Ancients was the ignorance of a Method by which every where in the middle of the vast Ocean they might know the quarters and so that quarter unto which the Ship was to be steered For as I have said the Method by the Stars and the rising and setting Sun cannot be applied on all days and on the hours of every day for the mark from the scituation of the Shoars faileth in the mid Seas in the night neither is it safe enough in the day time The third Method from the observed course of the Ship hath not place when the Ship is tossed by boysterous winds and tempests from one quarter to another And in this casually lyeth the chief difficulty This I thought fit to admonish concerning the Modes of the Ancients for the finding out the Meridian Line and the North and South by reason that the imperfection of these was the cause of the dangerous and small Navigation of the Ancients seeing that they were never able to commit themselves to the vast Ocean and therefore never knew those Regions between which the Ocean is interposed of which the chief is all America never yet fully known But at this day the Method of knowing the quarters in all places and of finding out the Line of the North and South is facile by the benefit of the admirable propriety which the Loadstone and all Iron touched by it hath been found to have Viz. that all Magneticks not hindred by others in any place direct their points almost to the same quarters For there are two opposite points in the Loadstone whereof one always and in all places turneth it self to the North or the adjacent quarter the other to the South and so also the other points of the Magnes respect the other quarters viz. every point its particular quarter but all of them are not considered but only those two points which as I have said do convert themselves to the North and South which are termed the Poles of the Magnes one Northern the other Southern And the same virtue much to admiration is communicated to the Needle but by an inverted and contrary operation of nature For the end of the Lamine or Needle which is touched at the North Pole of the Magnes doth not convert it self to the North but to the South and that end which is rubbed at the South Pole of the Loadstone turneth not to the South but to the North. These points of the Needle are also termed the Poles The virtue of the Loadstone Although therefore the Loadstone and the Iron touched by it have very many notable properties yet all may be referred to two species or heads one is that virtue which doth extract the Iron the other by which in every place it directeth the two points of its Superficies to the North and South The former faculty the Ancients were not ignorant of but only this latter Seeing therefore the Magnes hath this property therefore by its help it is easy to find in any part of the Earth or Sea where the North or South is whence all the other quarters are soon known For if those points of the North and South be noted in any Loadstone or the North and South Pole and we have this Magnes in the Ship where we are in the Sea when we desire to know the quarters the Loadstone being hung by a Cord that it may easily move it self will so direct its Poles to the quarter of the North and South that it will shew the quarters demanded But the Magnetick Needle is more easy for use whose end is touched at the South Pole of the Magnes For if that this Needle be placed in the middle upon a sharp perpendicular pin so that it can freely turn round the Needle resting will shew by one of its ends the North quarter and by the other the South From what hath been said it is easy to make a Nautical Instrument Proposition II. To make a Mariners Compass Of the making the Mariners Compass Let the described Circle on any Paper be divided into 32 Quarters or degrees and let one of these deg being taken for the North Quarter be ascribed with these appellations Viz. with a peculiar Sign the Flower de Luce and the found out points for the other Quarters viz. South East West North-East North-West as we have propounded them in the Diagram in the XX Chapter Mariners term this Chart the Rose Then let the Magnetick Needle be so affixed beneath the Chart that the middle of the Needle may be beneath its Center and the North Pole of the Needle may be subjected to the Line of the Paper unto which we ascribe the Northern Quarter Moreover the Paper being so made with the Needle lying under let it be put upon the pointed pin that it may have a free Circumrotation So the Index of the
Wax Commodities and excellent Warlike Horses whose Manes are said to hang down to their feet their Fruits are good and in great plenty and the Earth is inriched with Mines of several Metals It is seated in the Northern Temperate Zone between the 7th and 10th Climates which makes the longest day to be 17 hours It s People The People are well made and proportionate they are head-strong resolute in their Opinions and of no ready wit they use the Sclavonian Language they are Christians and follow the Greek Church The Kingdom at present is divided into several Provinces as in the Geographical Table of Turkey in Europe is set down all which are subject to the Grand Signior Province of Transilvania The Province of TRANSILVANIA hath for its chief places 1. Waranine far engaged towards the West and it is a frontier Town to Hungaria and of some account and strength 2. Hermensted more towards Moldavia 3. Weisenburg 4. Burges 5. and Hanyad Province of Bosnia The Province of BOSNIA hath for its chief place 1. Saraih the Metropolitan City seated in a fruitful Valley which on the North and South sides are immured with ridges of pleasant Hills of an easie ascent This City is said to contain about 80 Mescheetoes and about 20000 Houses which for the most part are but meanly built 2. Bagnialuch once the residence of the Bosnian Kings and 3. Jayeza the usual Sepulchre of those Kings Province of Servia The Province of SERVIA whose chief Cities are 1. Belgrade once the Bulwark of Christendom valiantly resisting the power of Amurath the 6th and Mahomet the Great but yielded to Solyman Anno 1520 when this whole Country became a Turkish Province 2. Stonebourgh once the Seat of its Despot and 3. Samandria Province of Bulgaria The Province of BVLGARIA hath for its chief places 1. Sofia the Seat of the Beglerbeg of Greece under whom are 21 Sangiacs seated almost in the midst of a long and fruitful Valley beautified with many fair Hanes and Baths the chief of which hath hot Fountains It s Colledge is magnificent and its Mescheetoes are many and beautiful especially that in the midst of the City which is the largest and here the doors of the houses of the Christians and Jews are not above 3 foot high which is so made to keep out the Turkish Horses who would else in their Travels make them serve instead of Stables so great is the slavery that they live under 2. Oesco 3. Novi 4. Durostoro and 5. Destor all which are seated on the Danube 6. Proslavia seated at the mouth of one of the branches of the Danube at its fall into the Euxine Sea 7. Calutra and 8. Varna both seated on the Euxine or Black Sea Province of Moldavia The Province of MOLDAVIA whose chief places are 1. Zuccania once the Seat of the Vaivod 2. Sotzowa and 3. Lazy both good Cities Country of Bessarabia To the Province of Moldavia doth belong the small Country of BESSARABIA which lieth between Podolia and Bulgaria and is commodiously seated on the Black Sea It s chief places are Kherman or Moncastro the Seat of the Turkish Sargiack seated on the River Tyras not far from its influx into the Sea and 2. Kilia also seated on the Euxine Sea Province of Walachia The Province of WALACHIA being divided from Bulgaria by the Danube and is esteemed the richest Province in all Dacia It s chief places are 1. Targovisco the Seat of the Vajuods 2. Domboviza and 3. Brailonum GREECE The Parts of Greece The rest of Turkey in Europe may be comprehended under the name of GREECE which is divided into several parts to wit Romania which answers to the ancient Thrace Macedonia whose divers parts have received divers names as that of Jamboli of Camenolitaria of Migdonia or particular Macedonia Albania and Thessaly which is now called Junna Epirus now Canina Achaia and Aetolla now Livadia and Peloponnesus now the Morea Its Bounds GREECE esteemed the Mother of Arts and Sciences hath for its Eastern bounds the Egean Sea the Hellespont Propontis and Thracian Bosphorus and for its Western the Adriatick Sea and Italy It is seated in the Northern Temperate Zone under the 5th and 6th Climates the longest day being 15 hours It s sertllity and Commoties The Soil without doubt is very rich and fruitful and would be very prositable to the Husbandman if pains were taken in tilling it but the Great Turk seizing on their Estates when and as often as he pleaseth makes them careless to cultivate it yet here are found several good Commodities which are transported to other places as Wines Oils Silk both raw and wrought into severai Manufactures as Velvets Damasks c. also Gragrams Brimstone Copper Vitriol Cottons Sopes Carpets Cute Currants Cuminseed Anniseeds c. The Ancient and present Greeks The Grecians though a scattered People since the Turks became Masters of their Country vet still retain their Name Religion Customs and Language as indeed they do in all other places where they live They were once a Nation so excellent that their Precepts and Examples do yet remain as approved Canons to direct the mind to Vertue they were Lovers of freedom every way noble in matters of Government famous in Arms glorious in Arts admirable and to whom the rest of the World were held Barbarians but since they became under the Turkish yoke for the generaliay their Spirits are so low that their knowledge is turned into ignorance their liberty into contented slavery their Vertues into Vices and their industry in Arts and Sciences into idleness They are much addicted to drink and dancing for which they had the name of Merry Greeks they are of a good proportion and of a swarthy complexion their Women are well favoured brown and excessively amorous in matters of Habit they differ little from those amongst whom they live The Christian Faith was here established by Timothy to whom St. Paul wrote two Epistles The Fathers which this Church most adhereth unto are Chrysostom Basil and the two Gregories and the Church is governed by Patriarchs one of Constantinople another of Alexandria another of Jerusalem and another of Antioch freely exercising their Religion which differeth much from the Church of Rome as I shall in place elsewhere take notice oâ— and have every where their Temples and Monasteries If a Patriarch die another is elected by the Synod of Bishops Famous Men here bred This Country hath bred several famous Men as Alexander the Subverter of the Persian Monarchy Xenophon Plutarch Herodotus and Thucydides famous Historiographers Epaminondas Pyrrhus Miltiades and Aristides Captains Plato Aristotle Socrates and Theophrastus Divine Philosophers Demosthenes Aeschines and Isocrates eloquent Oratours with several others too tedious to name but to proceed to the Provinces Province of Romania ROMANIA particularly so called a Country of it self neither of a rich Soyl nor pleasant Air more
Shadows The Shadows receive their denominations from the parts or quarters of the World into which they are cast as the Oriental Shadow which tendeth into the East from the Sun placed in the West Contrariwise the Occidental Shadow which goeth into the Western Plaga or quater But here is chiefly to be considered the Meridian Shadow which is scituated on the Plain of the Meridian or which is cast from bodies perpendicularly erected or seated in the plain of the Meridian the Sun then being in the Meridian and this is two fold viz. Northern and Southern The Inhabitants of that part of the Earth are termed Heteroscij where the Meridian Shadows of bodies erected are constantly carried all days of the year to either Pole The Periscij are those Inhabitants of the Earth where the Shadows of erect bodies in one and the same day are carried about into all the Plagas of the Horizon or where the Meridian Shadows in one and the same day are cast to both the quarters of the Meridian The Amphiscij are those Inhabitants of the Earth where the Meridian shadows of the erected bodies in some days of the year are cast to the North and on othersom to the South Proposition I. The Shadows of bodies erected above the Horizontal plain fall upon the quarter opposite to it in which the Sun existeth Of Shadows in reference to Opticks and Dyalling Those that are versed in the Opticks and Horology are wont to say that a Shadow an Opac and Luminous body are in one Plain but the Term or bound of the Shadow the extremity of the Opac and the Sun are in one right line For because the Opac the Shadow and line concealed from the extremity of the Opac to the extremity of the Shadow make a Triangle now every Triangle is in one plain therefore those three lines shall be in one plain the Sun is in the extremity of the line conjoyning the extremity of the Opacity and the Shadow Moreover an erect body is right to the Horizontal plain wherefore the plain drawn through it viz. that of the forementioned Triangle is also streight to that Horizontal plain and therefore seated in the Vertical plain and because a body erected is seated as it were a Vertex between the Sun and Shadow therefore the Sun and Shadow shall be in the opposite quarter There are three parts of this Shadow which the Stile erected being illuminated from the Sun doth cast viz. a Dense Shadow a Central and a Shadow which is almost a Dense Shadow which a ray coming from the uppermost edge of the Sun doth terminate a Central Shadow is that which is intercepted between the ray of the Superior edge and the Centrel ray the penumbra is that which is intercepted between the Central ray and the ray of the lower Proposition II. The Inhabitants of the places of the Earth whichly in the Tropick of Cancer and Capricorn are Heteroscij The people in the Tropicks are Heteroscij For when the Sun is in the first degree of Cancer that very day the bodies erected in any point of the Tropick of Cancer do absorbe the Shadow of the Sun possessing their Meridian because that then the Sun perpendicularly from his Vertex hangeth over the Horizon and therefore illuminateth all parts of it neither doth any ray from the erect Opac hinder like this which perpendicularly falleth on the plain of the Horizon and therefore lyeth in the very Opac But in other days of the year because the Sun declineth from the Vertex of the places of the Tropick towards the South therefore the Shadow is cast in the Meridies towards the North never towards the South On the contrary in the places of the Tropick of Capricorn every day it is cast towards the South except on one day in which there will be no Shadow never towards the North. Proposition III. The Inhabitants of the Torrid Zone are Amphiscii The Inhabitants of the Torrid Zone are called Amphiscii Let any place of the Torrid Zone be taken in the Globe and let it be brought to the Meridian and let the Parallel of the Latitude which shall cut the Ecliptick in two points be described by Chalk applied When therefore the Sun shall be in these points of the Ecliptick he shall describe by his circumvolution a Parallel which shall directly hang over the Parallel described and therefore on those two days in which he obtaineth those points of the Ecliptick in the assumed place and in all scituated in the described Parallel he shall be vertical in the Meridies and illustrate all the places of the Horizon And therefore no shadow shall be cast on these two days and the Inhabitants shall be Amphiscii without any shadow but on the other days of the year they shall not be so but the Meridian shadow shall either be cast to the North or to the South to the North whilst the Sun moveth in that part of the Ecliptick which lie in those two points before noted towards the South On the contrary to the South whilst the Sun moveth in that part of the Ecliptick which is scituated from those two points towards the North. Proposition IV. The Inhabitants of the Temperate Zone are Heteroscii The Inhabitants of the Temperate Zone are called Heteroscii For because the Sun in all those days of the year in the Meridies is moved from the places of the North Temperate Zone towards that quarter to wit the South and on the contrary from the places of the South Temperate Zone towards the North it followeth from the first Proposition that the Meridian shadow of the places of the North Temperate Zone bend to the same quarter all the days of the year viz. the North on the contrary to the South in the places of the South Temperate Zone Proposition V. The Inhabitants of the Frigid Zones are Periscii The Inhabitants of the Frigid Zone are called Periscii For by reason that on some days of the year the Sun setteth not in these places but moveth round about the Horizon it is also necessary that the shadow should be carried round into all quarters and the Sun being in the superiour Semicircle of the Meridian the shadow is cast towards the North and when the Sun is in the inferiour Semicircle the shadow is carried towards the Southern quarter Proposition VI. A place of the Torrid Zone being given to find the days of the year in which the Inhabitants of that place shall be without any shadow and in what days the shadows are carried to the North and in what to the South Let the days of the year in which the Sun becometh vertical to the place given be found those shall be the days in which the Inhabitants of that place shall be without a shadow For this use the Mode in the third Proposition Proposition VII The day of the year being given to find the places of the Earth in the Globe whose Inhabitants are Amphiscii