Selected quad for the lemma: earth_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
earth_n	air_n	moist_a	water_n	3,383	5	7.1118	4	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A05195	A nevv orchard and garden, or, The best way for planting, grafting, and to make any ground good for a rich orchard particularly in the nor[th] and generally for the whole kingdome of England, as in nature, reason, situation and all probabilitie, may and doth appeare : with the country housewifes garden for hearbes of common vse, their vertues, seasons, profits, ornaments, varietie of knots, models for trees, and plots for the best ordering of grounds and walkes : as also the husbandry of bees, with their seuerall vses and annoyances, being the experience of 48 yeares labour ... / by William Lawson ; whereunto is newly added the art of propagating plants, with the tree ordering manner of fruits in their gathering, carring home & preseruation.	Lawson, William, fl. 1618.; Harward, Simon, fl. 1572-1614. Most profitable newe treatise from approued experience of the art of propagating plants.; Markham, Gervase, 1568?-1637.	1631 (1631)	STC 15331.3; ESTC S4739	72,610	138

account moisture in Summer very needfull in the soile of trees drought in Winter Prouided that the ground neither be boggy nor the inundation be past 24. houres at any time and but twice in the whole Summer and so oft in the Winter Therefore if your plot be in a Banke or haue a descent make Trenches by degrees Allyes Walkes and such like so as the Water may be stayed from passage And if too much water be any hinderance to your walks for dry walkes doe well become an Orchard and an Orchard them raise your walkes with earth first and then with stones as bigge as Walnuts and lastly with grauell In Summer you need not doubt too much water from heauen either to hurt the health of your body or of your trees And if ouerflowing molest you after one day auoid it then by deepe trenching Some for this purpose dig the soile of their Orchard to receiue moisture which I cannot approue for the roots with digging are oftentimes hurt and especially being digged by some vnskilfull ●eruant For the Gardiner cannot doe all himselfe And moreouer the roots of Apples Pea●es being laid neere day with the heate of the Sun will pu● forth suckers which are a great hinderance and sometimes wi●h euill guiding the destruction of trees vnlesse the deluing be very shallow and the ground laid very leuell againe Cherries and Plummes without deluing will hardly or neuer after twenty yeares be kept from such suckers nor aspes Grasse al●o is thought needfull ●or moisture so you let it not touch the roots of your trees for it will breed mosse and the boall of your tree neere the earth would haue the comfort of the Sunne and Ayre Some take their ground to be too moist when it is not so by re●son of waters standing thereon for except in soure marshes springs and continuall ouerflowings no earth can be too moyst Sandy fat earth wi●l auoid all water falling by receit Indeed a stifle clay wi●l not receiue the water and therefore if it be grassie or plaine especially hollow the water will abide and it wil seeme waterish when the fault is in the want of manuring and other good dressing This plainnesse which we require had reed be naturall because to force an vneuen ground will destroy the fatnesse For euery soile hath his crust next day wherein trees and herbes put their roots and whence they draw their sap which is the best of the soile and made fertile with heat and cold moisture and drought and vnder which by reason of the want of the said temperature by the said foure qualities no tree nor herbe in a manner will or can put root As may be seene if in digging your ground you take the weeds of most growth as grasse or docks which will grow though they lie vpon the earth bare yet bury them vnder the crust and they will surely dye and perish become manure to your ground This crust is not past 15. or 18 inches deepe in good ground in other grounds lesse Hereby appeares the fault of forced plaines viz. your crust in the lower parts is couered with the crust of the higher parts and both with worse earth your heights hauing the crust taken away are become meerely barren so that either you must force a new crust or haue an euill soile And be sure you leuell before you plant lest you be forced to remoue or hurt your plants by digging and casting amongst their roots Your ground must be cleered as much as you may of stones and grauell walls hedges bushes other weeds CHAP. 3. Of the Site THere is no difference that I find betwixt the necessity of a good soile and a good site of an Orchard For a good soile as is before described cannot want a good site and if it do the fruit cannot be good and a good site will much mend an euill soile The best site is in low grounds and if you can neere vnto a Riuer High grounds are not naturally fat And if they haue any fatnesse by mans hand the very descent in time doth wash it away It is with grounds in this case as it is with men in a common wealth Much will haue more and once poore seldome or neuer rich The raine will scind and wash and the wind wi●l blow fatnesse from the heights to the hollowes where it will abide and fatten the earth though it were barren before Hence it is that we haue seldome any plaine grounds and low barren and as seldome any heights naturally fertill It is vnspeakeable what fatnesse is brought to low grounds by inundations of waters Neither did I euer know any barren ground in a low plaine by a Riuer side The goodnesse of the soile in Howle or Hollowdernes in York●sh●re is well knowne to all that know the Riuer Humber and the huge bulkes of their Cattell there By estimation of them that haue seene the low grounds in Holland and Zealand they farre surpasse the most Countries in Europe for fruitfulnesse and only because they lie so low The world cannot compare with Aegypt for fertili●y so farre as Nilus doth ouer flow his bankes So that a fitter place cannot be chosen for an Orchard then a low plaine by a riuer side For b●si●es the fatnesse which the water brings if any cloudy mist or raine be stirring it commonly falls downe to and followes the course of the Riuer And where see we greater trees of bu●ke and bough then standing on or neere the waters side If you aske why the plaines in Holderns and such countries are destitute of woods I answer that men and cattell that haue put trees thence from out of Plaines to void corners are better then trees Neither are those places without trees Our old fathers can tel vs how woods are decaied people in the roomth of trees multiplied I haue stood somwhat long in this poynt because some do condemne a moist soile for fruit-trees A low ground is good to auoide the danger of winds both for shaking downe your vnripe fruite Trees the most that I know being loaden with wood for want of proyning and growing high by the vnskilfulnesse of the Arborist must needes be in continuall danger of the South-west West and North west winds especially in September and March when the aire is most temperate from extreme heat and cold which are deadly enemies to great winds Wherefore chuse your ground low Or if you be forced to plant in a higher ground let high and strong wals houses and trees as wall-nuts plane trees Okes and Ashes placed in good order be your fence for winds The sucken of your dwelling house descending into your orchard if it be cleanly conueyed is good The Sunne in some sort is the life of the world It maketh proud growth and ripens kindly and speedily according to the golden tearme Annus fructificat non tellus Therefore in the countries neerer

at the very root ●i●e a riuer that inlargeth his channel by a continu●l descent 3 I cannnot perceiue what time they would h●●● the sap to descend A● M●●sommer in a biting drought it staies but descends not for immedi●tly vpon moisture it makes second shoots at or before rathe● Michaeltide when it shapens his buds for next yeares f●uit If a● the f●l of leafe I grant about that time is the greatest stand but no descent of sap which begins somwhat before the leafe fall but not long therfore at that time must be the best remouing not by reason of descent but stay of sap 4. The sap in this course hath his profitable apparant effects as the growth of the tree couering of wounds putting of ●uds c. Wh●rupon it follows if the sap descend it must needs haue some effect to shew it 5. Lastly boughs plasht and laid lower then the root dye for want of sap descending except where it is forced by the maine streame of the sap as in top boughs hanging like water in pipes or except the plasht bough lying on the ground put rootes of his owne yea vnder boughs which we commonly call water boughs can scarcely get sap to liue yea in time dye because the sap doth presse so violently vpward and therefore the fairest shootes and fruits are alwayes in the top Obiect If you say that many so remoued thriue I say that somewhat before the fall of the leafe but not much is the stand for the fall the stand are not at one instant before the stand is dangerous But to returne The sooner in winter ●ou remoue your sets the better the latter the worse For it is very perillous if a strong drought take your Sets before they haue made good their rooting A Plant set at the fall shall gaine in a a manner a whole yeeres growth of that watch is set in the Spring after I vse in the setting to be sure that the earth be mouldy and somewhat moist that it may runne among the small tangles without straining or bruising and as I f●●l in earth to his root I shake the Set easily to and fro to make the earth settle the better to his roo●s and withall easily with my foot I put in the earth close for ayre is noysome and w●ll follow concauities Some prescribe Oates to be put in w●●h the earth I could like it if I could know any reason thereof and they vse to set their Plant with the same side toward the Sunne but this conceit is like the o●her For first I would haue euery tree to stand so free from shade that not onely the root which therefore you mus● ke●p● bare from grasse but body boughes and branches and euery spray may haue the benefit of Sunne And what hurt if that part of the tree that before was sh●dowed be now made partaker of the heat of the Su●n In ●urning of Be●s I know it is hurtfull because it changeth their entrance passage and whose worke But not so in Trees Set as deepe as you can so that in any wise you goe no● beneath the crust Looke Chap. 2. We speake in the second Chapter of moysture in genera●l but now especial●y hauing put your remoued plant into the earth powre on water of a puddle were good by distilling presently and so euery weeke twice in strong drought so long as the earth will drinke and refuse by ouerflowing For moisture m●llifies and both giues leaue to the roots to spread and makes the earth yeeld sap and nourishment with plenty facility Nurses they say giue most best milke after warme drinks If your ground be such that it will keepe no moisture at the root of your plant such plant shall neuer like or but for a time There is nothing more hurtfall for young trees then piercing drought I haue known trees of good stature after they haue beene of diuers yeeres growth thriue well for a good time perish for want of water and very many by reason or taints in setting It is meet your sets and grafts be fenced till they be as big as your arme for feare of annoyances Many waies may sets receiue dammages after they be set whether grafted or vngrafted For although we suppose that no noysome beast or other thing must haue accesse among your trees yet by casualty a Dog Cat or such like or your selfe or negligent friend bearing you company or a shrewd boy may tread or fall vpon a young and tender plant or graft To auoid these and many such chances you must stake them round a pretty distance from the set neither so neere nor so thicke but that it may haue the benefit of Sun raine and ayre Your stakes small or great would be so surely put or driuen into the earth that they breake not if any thing happen to leane vpon them else may the fall be more hurtfull then the want of the fence Let not you stakes shelter any weeds about your sets for want of Sunne is a great hinderance Let them stand so farre off that your grafts spreading receiue no hurt either by rubbing on them or of a●y other thing passing by If your stocke be long and high grafted which I must discommend except in need because there the sap is weake and they are subiect to strong wind and the lighting of birds tie easily with a soft list three or foure prickes vnder the clay and let their tops stand aboue the grafts to auoid the lighting of Crowes Pyes c. vpon your grafts If you sticke some sharpe thornes at the roots of your stakes they will make hurtfull things keepe off the better Other better fences for your grafts I know none And thus much for sets and setting CHAP. 8. Of the distance of Trees I Know not to what end you should prouide good ground well fenced plant good sets and when your trees should come to profit haue all your labours lost for want of due regard to the distance of placing your trees I haue s●ene many trees stand so thicke that one could not thriue for the throng of his neighbours If you doe marke it you shall see the tops of trees rubd off their sides galled like a galled horses backe and many trees haue more stumps then boughes and most trees no well thriuing but short stumpish and euill thriuing boughes like a Corne field ouer-seeded or a towne ouer peopled or a pasture ouerlaid which the Gardiner must either let grow or leaue the tree very few boughes to beare fruit Hence small thrift galls wounds diseases and short life to the trees and while they liue greene little hard worme-eaten and euill thriuing fruit arise to the discomfort of the owners To preuent which discommodity one of the best remedies is the sufficient and fit distance of trees Therefore at the se●ing of your plants you must haue such respect that the distance of them be such that euery

tree be not annoyance but an helpe to his fellowes for trees as all other things of th●●● m● k●nd should shroud and not hurt one another And assure your selfe that euery touch of trees as well vnder as aboue the earth is hurtfull Therefore this must be a generall rule in this Art● That no tree in an Orchard well ordered nor bough nor Cyon drop vpon or touch his fellowes Let no man thinke this vnpossible but looke in the eleuenth Chapter of dressing of trees If they touch the winde will cause a forcible 〈◊〉 Young twigs are tender if boughes or armes touch 〈◊〉 if they are strong they make great galls No kind of touch therefore in trees can be good Now it is to be considered what distance amongst sets is requisite and that must be gathered from the compasse and roomth that each tree by probability will take and fill And herein I am of a contrary opinion to all them which practise or teach the planting of trees that euer yet I knew read or heard of For the common space betweene tree and tree is ten foot if twenty foot it is thought very much But I suppose twenty yards distance is small enough betw●xt tree and tree or rather too too little For the distance must needs be as far as two trees are well able to ouer spread● and fill so they touch not by one yard at least Now I am assured and I know one Apple-tree set of slip finger-great in the space of 20 yeares which I account a very small part of a trees age as is shewed Chapter 14. hath spred his boughes eleuen or twelue yards compasse that is fiue or sixe yards on e●ery side Hence I gather that in forty or fity yeares which yet is but a small time of his age a tree in good soile well liking by good dressing for that is much auaileable to this purpose will spread double at the least viz. twelue yards on a side which being added to twelue alotted to his felllow make twenty and foure yards a●d so farre distant must euery tree stand from another And looke how farre a tree spreads his boughes aboue so far doth he put his roots vnder the earth or rather further if there be no stop nor let by walls trees rocks barren earth and such like for an huge bulk and strong armes massie boughes many branches and infinite twigs require wide spreading roots The top hath the vast aire to spread his boughs in high and low this way and that way but the roots are kept in the crust of the earth they may not goe downward nor vpward ou● of he earth which is their element no more then the Fish out of the water Camelion out of the Aire nor Salamander out the fire Therefore they must needs spread farre vnder the earth And I dare well say if nature would giue leaue to man by Art to dresse the roots of trees to take away the tawes and tangles that lap and fi●t and grow supe●fluously and disorderly for euery thing sublunary is cursed for mans sake the tops aboue being answerably dressed we should haue trees of wouderfull greatnes and i●finite durance And I perswade my selfe that this might be done sometimes in Winter to trees standing in faire pl●ines and kindly earth with small or no danger at all So that I conclude that twenty foure yards are the least space that Art can allot for trees to stand distant one from another If you aske me what vse shall be made of that waste ground betwixt tree and tree I answer If you please to plant some tree or trees in that middle space you may and as your trees grow contigious gr●a● and thick you may at your pleasure take vp those last trees And this I take to be the chiefe cause why the most trees stand so thicke For men not knowing or not regarding this secret of needfull distance and louing fruit of trees planted to their handes thinke much to pull vpp an● though they pine one another If you or your heires or successors would take vp some great tre●s past setting where they stand too thicke be sure ●ou doe it about Miasummer and leaue no maine roo●● I destina●e this sp●ce of foure and twenty yards for trees of age sta●ure More then thi● yo● h●ue borders to be made for wal●es● with Roses● Berries c. A●d chiefly consider that your Orchard for the first twenty or thirty yeeres will serue you ●or many Gardens for Safron Licoras roots and other herb● for profi● and flowers for pleasure so that no ground need be wasted if the Gardiner be skillfull and diligen● But be sure● you come not neere with such deepe de●uing the roots of your trees who●e compas●e you may partly discerne by the compasse of the tops if your top be well spread And vnder the droppings and shadow of your trees be sure no herbes will like Let this be said for the distance of Trees CHAP. 9. Of the placing of Trees THe placing of trees in an Orchard is well worth the regard For although it must be granted that any of our foresaid trees Chap. 2. will like well in any part of your Orchard being good and well drest earth yet are not ●ll Trees alike worthy of a good place And therefore I wish that your Filbird Plummes Dimsons Bules●● and such like be vtterly remoued from the plaine soile of your Orchard into your fence for there is not such fertility and easefull growth as within and there also they are more sub●ect and an abide the blasts of Aeolus The che●ries and plummes being ripe in the hot time of Summer and th● rest standing ●onger are not so soone shaken as your better fr●i● neither if they suffer losse is your losse so grea● besides that your fences and ditches w●ll de●ou●e ●ome of your fruit growing in or neere your hedges And seeing the continuance of all these except Nu●s is small the care of them ought to be the lesse And make no doubt● but the fences of a large Orchard wi●l containe a suffi●ien●●umber of such kind of Fruit-trees in the wh●le compasse It is not materiall but at your pleasure in the s●d fences you may either intermingle your seuer●l ki●ds of fruit-trees or set euery kind by himself● which order doth very well become your bet●er and greater fruit Let therefore your Appl●s P●●res an● Quinches possesse the soile of you O●chard vnlesse you be especially affected to some of your other kinds and of them let your greatest ●rees of growth stand furthest from Sunne and your Quinches at the S●u●h side or end and your● Apples in th● middle so shall none be any hinderance to his fellowes The Warden-tree and Winter-Peare will challenge the pre●emine●ce for stature Of your Apple-trees you shall finde difference in growth A good Pippin will g●ow large and a Costard-tree stead them on the North side of your other Apples thus being placed the least will

sing p. 37 p. 38 p. 39 ●●aft●ng in the Scutcheon p 39 CHAP. 11. The right dressing of trees p. 40 Timber-wood euill dress 41 The cause of hurts in wood pag. 42 How to dresse Timber p. 43 The profit of dressing p 43.45 Trees will take any form● 44 How to dresse all Fruit-trees p. 44 The best times for proyning p. 47 Faults of euill dressing and the remedies p. 48 Of water-boughes p. 49 Barke-pyld p. 49 56 Instruments for dressing 50 CHAP. 12. Of Foyling p 53 Time fit for Foyling p. 53 CHAP. 13. Of Annoyances p 54 Two euill in an Orchard p. 54 Of galls cankers mosse c. 55 Of w●l●ull annoyances p. 60 CHAP. 14. Of the age of trees p. 60 The parts of a trees age p 61 Of Mans age p. 62 The age of timber-trees 64 To discerne the age of trees p. 65 CHAP. 15 Of gathering and keeping Fruit. p. 65 CHAP. 16. The profit of Orchards p. 67 Of Cydar and Perry p. 67 Of Fruit Waters and Conserue p. 68 CHAP. 17. Of Ornaments p. 68 Of the delights p. 69 The causes of delights p. 70 Of Flowers Borders Mounts c. p. 71 Of Bees p. 72 THE BEST SVRE AND READIEST VVAY to make a good Orchard and Garden CHAPTER 1. Of the Gardner and his Wages WHosoeuer desireth endeauoureth to haue a pleasant and profitable Orchard must if he be able prouide himselfe of a Fruicterer religious honest skilful in that faculty therwithall painfull By religious I meane because many think religion but a fashion or custome to go to Church maintaining cherishing things religious as Schooles of learning Churches Tythes Church-goods rights and aboue all things Gods word the Preachers thereof so much as he is able practising prayers comfortable conference mutuall instruction to edifie almes and other works of Charity and all out of a good conscience Honesty in a Gardner will grace your Garden and all your house and helpe to stay vnbridled Seruingmen giuing offence to none not calling your name into question by dishonest acts nor infecting your family by euill counsell or example For there is no plague so infectious as Popery and knauery he will not purloine your profit nor hinder your pleasures Concerning his skill he must not be a Scolist to make shew or take in hand that which he cannot performe especially in so weighty a thing as an Orchard than the which there can be no humane thing more excellent either for pleasure or profit as shall God willing be proued in the treatise following And what an hinderance shall it be not onely to the owner but to the common good that the vnspeakeble benefit of many hundred yeeres shall be lost by the audacious attempt of an vnskilfull Arborist The Gardner had not need be an idle or lazie Lubber for so your Orchard being a matter of such moment will not prosper There will euer be some thing to doe Weedes are alwaies growing The great mother of all liuing Creatures the Earth is full of seed in her bowels and any stirring glues them heat of Sunne and being laid neere day they grow Mowles worke daily though not alwaies alike Winter herbes at all times will grow except in extreame frost In Winter your young trees and herbes would be lightned of snow and your Allyes cleansed drifts of snow will set Deere Hares and Conyes and other noysome beasts ouer your walles hedges into your Orchard When Summer cloathes your borders with greene and peckled colours your Gardner must dresse his hedges and antike workes watch his Bees and hiue them distill his Roses and other herbes Now begins Summer Fruit to ripe and craue your hand to pull them If he haue a Garden as he must need to keepe you must needs allow him good helpe to end his labours which are endlesse for no one man is sufficient for these things Such a Gardner as will conscionably quietly and patiently trauell in your Orchard God shall crowne the labours of his hands with ioyfulnesse and make the clouds drop fatnesse vpon your trees he will prouoke your loue and earne his wages and fees belonging to his place The house being serued fallen fruite superfluity of herbes and flowers seedes graffes sets and besides other offall that fruit which your bountifull hand shall reward him withall will much augment his wages and the profit of your bees will pay you backe againe I● you be not able nor willing to hire a gardner keepe your profits to your selfe but then you must take all the pains And for that purpose if you want this faculty to instruct you haue I vndertaken these labours and gathered these rules but chiefly respecting my Countries good CHAP. 2. Of the soyle FRuit-trees most common and meetest for our Northerne Countries as Apples Peares Cheries Filberds red and white Plummes Damsons and Bulles for we meddle not with Apricockes nor Peaches nor searcely with Quinces which will not like in our cold parts vnlesse they be helped with some reflex of Sunne or other like meanes nor with bushes bearing berries as Barberies Goose-berries or Grosers Raspe-berries and such like though the Barbery be wholesome and the tree may be made great doe require as all other trees doe a blacke fat mellow cleane and well tempered soyle wherein they may gather plenty of good sap Some thinke the Hasell would haue a chanily rocke and the sallow and eller a waterish marish The soile is made better by deluing and other meanes being well melted and the wildnesse of the earth and weedes for euery thing subiect to man and seruing his vse not well ordered is by nature subiect to the curse is killed by frosts and drought by fallowing and laying on heapes and if it be wild earth with burning If your ground be barren for some are forced to make an Orchard of barren ground make a pit three quarters deepe and two yards wide and round in such places where you would set your trees and fill the same with fat pure and mellow earth one whole foot higher then your Soile and therein set your Plant. For who is able to manure an whole Orchard plot if it be barren But if you determine to manure the whole site this is your way digge a trench halfe a yard deepe all along the lower if there be a lower side of your Orchard plot casting vp all the earth on the inner side and fill the same with good short hot● tender muck and make such another Trench and fill the same as the first and so the third and so through out your ground And by this meanes your plot shall be fertile for your life But be sure you set your trees neither in dung nor barren earth Your ground must be plaine that it may receiue and keepe moysture not onely the raine falling thereon but also water cast vpon it or descending from higher ground by sluices Conduits c. For I

mainetaine for so many acres of fruitfull ground so many seuerall trees or kinds of trees for fruit Thus much for quantity CHAP. 5. Of the forme THe goodnesse of the soile and site are necessary to the wel being of an orchard simply but the fo●me is so farre necessary as the owner shall thinke meete for that kind of forme wherewith euery particular man is delighted we leaue it to himselfe Suum cuique pulchrum The forme that men like in generall is a square for although roundnesse be forma perfectissima yet that principle is good where necessi●● by art doth not force some other forme If within one large square the Gardner shall make one round Laby●inth or Maze with some kind of Berries it will grace your forme so there be sufficient roomth left for walkes so will foure or more round knots do For it is to be noted that the eye must be pleased with the forme I haue seene squares rising by degrees with stayes from your house-ward according to this forme which I haue Crassa quod aiunt Minerua with an vnsteady hand ●ough hewen for in forming the country gardens the better sort may vse better formes and more costly worke What is needefull more to be sayd I referre that all concerning the Forme to the Chapter 17 of the ornaments of an Orchard CHAP. 6. Of Fences ALL your labour past and to come about an Orchard is lost vnlesse you fence well It shall grieue you much to see your young sets rubd loose at the rootes the barke pild the boughes and twigs cropt your fruite stolne your trees broken and your many yeares labours and hopes destroyed for want of fences A chiefe care must be had in this point You must therefore plant in such a soile where you may prouide a conuenient strong and seemely fence For you can possesse no goods that haue so many enemies as an orchard looke Chapter 13. Fruits are so delightsome and desired of so many nay in a manner of all and yet few will be at cost and take paines to prouide them Fence well therefore let your plot be wholly in your owne power that you make all your fence your selfe for neighbours fencing is none at all or very carelesse Take heed of a doore or window yea of a wall of any other mans into your orchard yea though it be nayld vp or the wall be high for perhaps they will proue theeues All Fences commonly are made of Earth Stone Bricke Wood or both earth and wood Dry wall of earth and dry Ditches are the worst fences saue pales or railes and doe waste the soonest vnlesse they be well copt with glooe and morter whereon at Mighill-tide it will be good to sow Wall-flowers commonly called Bee-flowers or winter Gilly-flowers because they will grow though amongst stones and abide the strongest frost and drought continually greene and flowring euen in Winter and haue a pleasant smell and are timely that is they will floure the first and last of flowers and are good for Bees And your earthen wall is good for Bees dry and warme But these fences are both vnseemly euill to repaire and onely for need where stone or wood cannot be had Whosoeuer makes such Walles must not pill the ground in the Orchard for getting earth nor make any pits or hallowes which are both vnseemly and vnprofitable Old dry earth mixt with sand is best for these This kind of wall will soone decay by reason of the trees which grow neere it for the roots and boales of great trees will increase vndermine and ouerturne such walles though they were of stone as is apparant by Ashes Rountrees Burt-trees and such like carried in the chat or berry by birds into stone-walles Fences of dead-wood as pales will not last neither will railes either last or make good fence Stone walles where stone may be had are the best of this sort both for fencing lasting and shrouding of your young trees But about this must you bestow much paines and more cost to haue them handsome high and durable But of all other in mine owne opinion Quickwood and Moats or Ditches of water where the ground is leuell is the best fence In vnequall grounds which will not keepe water there a double ditch may be cast made streight and leuel on the top two yards broad for a faire walke fiue or sixe foot higher then the soyle with a gutter on either side two yards wide and foure foot deepe set with out with three or foure chesse of Thorns and within with Cherry Plumme Damson Bullys Filbirds for I loue these trees better for their fruit and as well for their forme as priuit for you may make them take any forme And in euery corner and middle if you will a mount would be raised whereabout the wood may claspe powdered with wood-binde which wil make with dressing a faire plesant profitable sure fence But you must be sure that your quicke thornes either grow wholly or that there be a supply betime either with planting new or plashing the old where need is And assure your selfe that neither wood stone earth nor water can make so strong a fence as this after seuen yeares growth Moates Fish-ponds and especially at one side a Riuer within and without your fence will afford you fish fence and moysture to your trees and pleasure also if they be so great and deepe that you may haue Swans other water birds good for deuouring of vermine and boat for many good vses It shall hardly auaile you to make any fence for your Orchard if you be a niggard of your fruit For as liberality will saue it best from noysome neighbours liberality I say is the best fence so Iustice must restraine rioters Thus when your ground is tempered squared and fenced it is time to prouide for planting CHAP. 7. Of Sets THere is not one point in my opinion about an Orchard more to be regarded than the choyce getting and setting of good plants either for readinesse or hauing good fruite or for continuall lasting For whosoeuer shall faile in the choyce of good Sets or in getting or gathering or setting his plants shall neuer haue a good or l●sti●g Orchard An●●●ake want of skill in this faculty to be a chiefe hinder●nce to the most Orchards and ●o many for hauing of Orchards at all Some for readinesse vse slips which seldome take roote and if they doe take they cannot last bo●h because their roote hauing a maine wound will in short time decay the body of the tree and besides that rootes being so weakely put are soone nipt with drought or frost I could neuer see lightly any slip but of apples onely set for trees A Bur-knot kindly taken from an Apple tree is much better and surer You must cu● him c●ose at the roote ende an handfull vnder the

destroyed with your hand or rather if your tree may spare it take sprig and all for the red peckled butter fly doth euer put them being her sparm among the tender spraies for better feeding especially in drought and tread them vnder your feet I like nothing of smoke among my trees Vnnaturall heates are nothing good for naturall trees This for diseases of particular trees Externall hurts are either things naturall or artificiall Naturall things externally hurting Orchards 1 Beasts 1 Deere 2 Birds 1 Bulfinch   2 Goates   2 Thrush   3 Sheepe   3 Blackbird   4 Hare   4 Crow   5 Cony   5 Pye   6 Cattell       7 Horse   c. The other things are 1 Winds 2 Cold. 3 Trees 4 Weeds 5 Wormes 6 Mowles 7 Filth 8 Poysonfull smoke Externall wilfull euils are these 1 Walls 2 Trenches 3 Other works noisome done in or neere your Orchard 4 Euill Neighbours 5 A carelesse Master 6 An vndiscreet negligent or no keeper See you here an whole Army of mischeifes banded in troupes against the most fruitfull trees the earth beares assailing your good labours Good things haue most enemies A skilfull Fructerer must put to his helping hand and disband and put them to flight For the first ranke of beasts besides your out strong fence you must haue a faire and swift Greyhound a stone-bow gun and if need require an Apple with an hooke for a Deere and an Hare-pipe for an Hare Your Cherries and other Berris when they be ripe will draw all the Black-birds Thrushes and Maw Pies to your Orchard The Bul-finch is a deuourer of your Fruit in the bud I haue had whole trees shald out with them in Winter-time The best remedy here is a Stone bow a Piece especially if you haue a Musket or Spar-hawke in Winter to make the Black-bird stoope into a bush or hedge The Gardner must cleanse his foile of all other trees but fruit-trees aforesaid Chapter 2 for which it is ordained and I would espeecially name Oakes Elmes Ashes and such other great wood but that I doubt it should be taken as an admission of lesser trees for I admit of nothing to grow in mine Orchard but fruit and flowers If sap can hardly be good to feed our fruit-trees why should we allow of any other especially those that will becom their Masters wrong them in their liuelyhood And although w●●dmit without the fence of Wallnuts in most plaine places Trees middle-most and ashes or Okes or Elmes v●most set in comely rowes equally distant with faire Allies ●wixt row and row to auoide the boisterous blasts of winds and within them also others for Bees yet wee admit none of these into your Orchard-plat other remedy then this haue wee none against the nipping frosts Weeds in a fertile soile because the generall curse is so till your Trees grow great will be noysome and deforme your allies walkes beds and squares your vnder Gardners must labour to keepe all cleanly handsome from them and all other filth with a Spade weeding kniues rake with iron teeth a skrapple of Iron thus formed For Nettles and ground-Iuy after a showre When weeds straw stickes and all other scrapings are gathered together burne them not but bury them vnder your crust in any place of your Orchard and they will dye and fatten your ground Wormes and Moales open the earth and let in aire to the roots of your trees and deforme your squares and walkes and feeding in the earth being in number infinite draw on barrennesse● Wormes may easily be destroyed Any Summer euening when it is darke after a showre with a candle you may fill bushels but you must tred nimbly● where you cannot come to catch them so sift the earth with coale ashes an inch or two thicknes and that is a plague to them so is sharpe grauell Moales will anger you if your Gardner or some skilful● Moale-catcher ease you not especially hauing made their fortresses among the roots of your trees you must watch her wel with a Moal spare at morne noon and night when you see her vtmost hill cast a Trench betwixt her and her home for she hath a principall mansion to dwell and br●ed in about Aprill which you may discerne by a principall hill wherein you may catch her if you trench it round and sure and watch well or wheresoeuer you can discerne a single passage for such she hath there trench and watch and haue her Wilfull annoyances must be preuented and auoided by the loue of the Master and Fruterer which they beare to their Orchard Iustice and liberality will put away euill neighbours or euill neighbour-hood And then if God blesse and giue successe to your labours I see not what hurt your Orchard can sustaine CHAP. 14. Of the age of Trees IT is to be considered All this Treatise of trees tends to this end that men may loue and plant Orchards whereunto there cannot be a better inducement then that they know or at least be perswaded that all that benefit they shall reape thereby whether of pleasure or profit shall not be for a day or a moneth or one or many but many hundreth yeeres Of good things the greatest and most durable is alwaies the best If therefore out of reason grounded vpon experience it be made I thinke manifest but I am sure probable that a fruit tree in such a soile and site as is described so planted and trimmed and kept as is afore appointed and duely foiled shall dure 1000● yee●es why should we not take paines and be at two or three yeeres charges for vnder seuen yeeres w●ll an Orchard be perfected for the first planting and in that time be brought to fruit to reape such a commodity and so long lasting Let no man thinke this to be strange but peruse and consider the reason I haue Apple trees standing in my lit●le Orchard which I haue knowne these forty yeeres whose age before my time I cannot learne it is beyond memory tho I haue enquired of diuers aged men of 80. yeeres and vpwards these trees although come into my poss●ssion very euill ordered mishapen and one of them wounded to his heart and that deadly for I know it will be his death with a wound wherein I might haue put my foot in the heart of his bulke now it is lesse notwithstanding with that small regard they haue had since they so like that I assure my selfe they are not come to their growth by more then 2. parts of 3. which I discerne not onely by their owne growth but also by comparing them with the bulke of other trees And I find them short at least by so many parts in bignesse although I know those other fruit-trees to haue beene much hindred in their stature by euill guiding Herehence I gather thus If my trees be a hundred yeeres old and

fruit will be ready some at Midsummer most at Lammus for present vse but general●y noe keepi●g fruit before Michal-tide Hard Winter fruit and Wardens longer Gather at the full of the Moone for keeping gather dry for feare of rotting Gather the stalkes with all for a little wound in fruit is deadly but not the stumpe that must beare the next fruit nor leaues for moisture putrifies Gather euery kind seuerally by it selfe for all will not keepe alike and it is hard to discerne them when they are mingled If your trees be ouer-laden as they will be being ordered as is before taught you I like better of pulling some off tho they be not ripe neere the top end of the bough then of propping by much the rest shall be better fed Propping puts the bough in danger and frets it at least Instruments A long ladder of light Firre A stoole-ladder as in the 11. Chapter A gathering apron like a poake before you made of purpose or a Wallet hung on a bough or a basket with a fiue bottome or skinne bottome with Lathes or splinters vnder hung in a rope to pull vp and downe bruise none euery bruise is to fruit death if you doe vse them presently An hooke to pull boughs to you is necessary breake no boughes For keeping lay them in a dry Loft the longest keeping Apples first and furthest on dry straw on heapes ten or fourteene dayes thicke that they may sweat Then dry them with a soft and cleane cloth and lay them thinne abroad Long keeping fruit would be turned once in a moneth softly but not in nor immediately after frost In a loft couer well with straw but rather with chaffe or bra●●e For frost doth cause tender rottennesse CHAP. 16. Of Profits NOw pause with your selfe and view the end of all your labours in an Orchard vnspeakable pleasure and infinite commodity The pleasure of an Orchard I referre to the last Chapter for the conclusion and in this Chapter a word or two of the profit which thorowly to declare is past my skill and I count it as if a man should attempt to adde light to the Sunne with a Candle or number the Starres No man that hath but a meane Orchard or iudgement but knowes that the commodity of an Orchard is great Neither would I speake of this being a thing so manifest to all but that I see that through the carelesse lazinesse of men it is a thing generally neglected But let them know that they lose hereby the chiefest good which belongs to house-keeping Compare the commodity that commeth of halfe an acre of ground set with fruit-trees and hearbs so as is prescribed and an whole acre say it be two with Corne or the best commodity you can wish and the Orchrad shall exceed by diuers degrees In France and some other Countries and in England they make great vse of Cydar and Perry thus made Dresse euery Apple the stalke vpper end and all galles away stampe them and straine them and within 24. houres tun them vp into cleane sweet and sound vessels for feare of euill ayre which they will readily take and if you hang a poakefull of Cloues Mace Nutmegs Cinamon Ginger and pils of Lemmons in the midst of the vessell it will make it as wholesome and pleasant as wine The like vsage doth Perry require These drinks are very wholesome they coole purge and preuent hot Agues But I leaue this skil● to Physitians The benefit of your Fruit Roots and Hearbs though it were but to eare and sell is much Waters distilled of Roses Woodbind Angelica are both profitable and wondrous pleasant and comfortable Saffron and Lico●as will yeeld you much Conserues and Preserues are ornaments to your Feasts health in your sicknesse and a good helpe to your friend and to your purse He that will not be moued with such vnspeakable profits is well worthy to want when others abound in plenty of good things CHAP. 17. Ornaments ME thinks hitherto we haue but a bare Orchard for fruit and but halfe good so long as it wants those comely Ornaments that should giue beauty to all our labours and make much for the honest delight of the owner and his friends For it is not to be doubted but as God hath giuen man things profitable so hath he allowed him honest comfort delight and recreation in all the workes of his hands Nay all his labours vnder the Sunne without this are troubles and vexation of mind For what is g●eedy gaine without delight but moyling and turmoylidg in sl●u●ry But comfortable delight with content is the good of euery thing and the patterne of heauen A morsell of bread with comfort is better by much then a fat Ox● with vnquietnesse And who can deny but the principall end of an Orchard is the honest delight of one wearied with the works of his lawfull calling The very workes of and in an Orchard and Garden are better then the ease and rest of and from other labours When God had made man after his owne Image in a perfect state and would haue him to represent himselfe in authority tranquillity and pleasure vpon the earth he placed him in Paradise What was Paradise but a Garden and Orchard of trees and hearbs full of pleasure and nothing there but delights The gods of the earth resembling the great God of heauen in authority Maiestie and abundance of all things wherein is their most delight and whither doe they withdraw themselues from the troublesome affaires of their estate being tyred with the hearing and iudging of litigious Controuersies choked as it were with the close ayres of their sumptuous buildings their stomacks cloyed with variety of Banquets their cares filled and ouerburthened with tedious discoursings whither but into their Or●hards made and prepared dressed and destinated for that purpose to renue and refresh their sences and to call home their ouer-wearied spirits Nay it is no doubt a comfort to them to set open their Cazements into a most delicate Garden and Orchard whereby they may not onely see that wherein they are so much delighted but also to giue fresh sweet and pleasant ayre to their Galleries and Chambers And looke what these men do by reason of their greatnes and ability prouoked with delight the same doubtlesse would euery of vs doe if power were answerable to our desires whereby we shew manifestly that of all other delights on earth they that are taken by Orchards are most excellent and most agreeing with nature For whereas euery other pleasure commonly filles some one of our sences and that onely with delight this makes all our sences swimme in pleasure and that w●th infinite variety ioyned with no less● commodity That famous Philosopher and matchlesse Orator M. T. C. prescribeth nothing more fit to take away the tediousnesse and heauy load of three or foure score

shall be to you for meate LONDON Printed by Nicholas Okes for IOHN HARISON at the golden Vnicorne in Pater-noster-row 1631. THE COVNTRY HOVS VVIFES GARDEN CHAP. 1. The Soyle THe soyle of an Orchard and Garden differ onely in these three points First the Gardens soyle would be somewhat dryer because hearbes being more tender then trees can neither abide moisture nor drought in such excessiue measure as trees and therefore hauing a dryer soyle the remedy is easie against drought if need be water soundly which may be done with small labour the compasse of a Garden being nothing so great as of an Orchard and this is the cause if they know it that Gardners raise their squares but if moysture trouble you I see no remedy without a generall danger except in Hops which delight much in a low and sappy earth Secondly the soyle of a Garden would be plaine and leuell at least euery square for we purpose the square to be the fittest forme the reason the earth of a garden wanting such helpes as should stay the water which an orchard hath and the rootes of hearbes being short and not able to fetch their liquor from the bottome are more annoyed by drought and the soyle being mellow and loose is soone either washt away or sends out his heart by too much drenching and washing Thirdly if a garden soyle be not cleere of weedes and namely of grasse the hearbes shall neuer thriue for how should good hearbes prosper when euill weeds waxe so fast considering good hearbes are tender in respect of euill weedes these being strengthened by nature and the other by art Gardens haue small place in comparison and therefore may be more easily be fallowed at the least one halfe yeare before and the better dressed after it is framed And you shall finde that cleane keeping doth not onely auoide danger of gathering weedes but also is a speciall ornament and leaues more plentifull sap for your tender hearbes CHAP. 2. Of the Sites I Cannot see in any sort how the site of the one should not be good and fit for the other The ends of both being one good wholesome and much fruit ioyned with delight vnlesse trees be more able to abide the nipping frostes than tender hearbes but I am sure the flowers of trees are as soo● perished with cold as any hearbe except Pumpions and Melons CHAP. 3. Of the Forme LEt that which is sayd in the Orchards forme suffice for a garden in generall but for speciall formes in squares they are as many as there are diuices in Gardners braines Neither is the wit and art of a skilfull Gardner in this poynt not to be commended that can worke more variety for breeding of more delightsome choyce and of all those things where the owner is able and desirous to be satisfied The number of formes Mazes and Knots is so great and men are so diuersly delighted that I leaue euery House-wife to her selfe especially seeing to set downe many had bene but to fill much paper yet lest I depriue her of all delight and direction let her view these few choyse new formes and note this generally that all plots are square and all are bordered about with Priuit Raisins Fea-berries Roses Thorne Rosemary Bee-flowers Isop Sage or such like The ground plot for Knots Cinkfoyle Flower-●e●uce The Trefoyle The ●ret Lozenge●● Crosse-bow Diamond Ouall Maze CHAP. 4. Of the Quantity A Garden requireth not so large a scope of ground as an Orchard both in regard of the much weeding dressing and remouing and also the paines in a Garden is not so well repaied home as in an Orchard It is to be graunted that the Kitchin garden doth yeeld rich gaines by berries roots cabbages c. yet these are no way comparable to the fruits of a rich Orchard but notwithstanding I am of opinion that it were better for England that we had more Orchards and Gardens and more large And therefore we leaue the quantity to euery mans ability and will CHAP. 5. Of Fence SEeing we allow Gardens in Orchard plots and the benefit of a Garden is much they both require a strong and shrowding fence Therefore leauing this let vs come to the hearbs themselues which must be the fruit of all these labours CHAP. 6. Of two Gardens HEarbes are of two sorts and therefore it is meete they requiring diuers manners of Husbandry that we haue two Gardens A garden for flowers and a Kitchen garden or a Summer garden not that we meane so perfect a distinction that the Garden for flowers should or can be without hearbes good for the Kitchen or the Kitchen garde● should want flowers nor on the contrary but for the most part they would be seuered first because your Garden flowers shall suffer some disgrace if among them you intermingle O●ions Parsnips c. Secondly your Garden that is durable must be of one forme but that which is for your Kitchens vse must yeeld daily rootes or other hearbes and suffer deformity Thirdly the hearbs of both will not be both alike ready at one time either for gathering or remouing First therefore Of the Summer Garden THese hearbs and flowers are comely and durable for squ●●es and knots and all to be set at Michael-tide or somewhat before that they may be setled in and taken with the ground● before winter though they may be set especially sowne in the spring Roses of all sorts spoken of in the Orchard must be ● be●t Some vie to ●et sl●ps and twine them which sometimes but seldome thriue all Rosemary Lauender Bee flowers Isop Sage Time Cowslips Pyony D●●ies Cloue Gilnflowers Pinkes Sothernwood L●●lies of all which hereafter Of the Kitchen Garden THough your Garden for flowers doth in a sort peculiarly challenge to it se●fe a profit and exquisite forme to the eyes yet you may not altogether neglect this where your hearbes for the pot do growe And therefore some here make comely borders with the hearbes aforesayd The ra●her because aboundance of Roses and Lauender yeeld much profit and comfort to the sences Rose-water and Lauender the one cordiall as also the Violets Burrage and Buglas the other reuiuing the spirits by the sence of smelling both most ●urable for smell both in flowers and water you need not here ●aise your beds as in the other garden because Summer towards will not let too much wet annoy you And these hearbes require more moysture yet must you haue your beds diuided that you may goe betwixt to weede and somewhat forme would be expected To which it auaileth that you place your herbes of biggest growth by walles or in borders as Fenell c. and the lowest in the middest as Saffron Strawberries Onions c. CHAP. 7. Diuision of hearbs GArden hearbs are innumerable yet these are common and sufficient for our country House-wifes Hearbs of greatest growth Fenell Anglica Tansie Hollihock Louage Elly Campane French mallows Lillies French poppy Endiue Succory and Clary Herbes of

these roots are good to breake a Byle as are Mallowes and Sorrell Mallowes French or gagged the first or second yeere seed plentifully sow in March or before they are good for the house-wifes pot or to breake a bunch Marigolds most commonly come of seed you may remoue the Plants when they be two inches long The double Marigold being as bigge as a little Rose is good for shew They are a good Pot-hearbe Oculus Christi or Christs eye seeds and dyes the first or second yeere you may remoue the yong Plants but seed is better one of these seeds put into the eye within three or foure houres will gather a thicke skinne cleere the eye and bolt it selfe forth without hurt to the eye A good Pot-hea●be Onyons are sowne in February they are gathered at Michael-tide and all the Summer long for Sallets as also young Parsly Sage Chibals Lettice sweet Sicilly Fennell c. good alone or with meate as Mutton c. for sauce especially for the pot Parsly sow the first yeere and vse the next yeere it seedes plentifully an hearbe of much vse as sweet Sicily is The seed and roots are good against the Stone Parsneps require and whole plot they be plentifull and common sow them in February the Kings that is in the middle seed broadest and reddest Parsneps are sustenance for a strong stomacke not good for euill eies When they couer the earth in a drought to tread the tops make the rootes bigger Peny-royall or Pudding Grasse creepes along the ground like ground Iuie It lasts long like Daisies because it puts and spreads dayly new roots Diuide and remoue the roots it hath a pleasant taste and smell good for the pot or hackt meate or Haggas Pudding Pumpions Set seedes with your finger a finger deepe l●te in March and so soone as they appeare euery night if you doubt frost couer them and water them continually out of a water-pot they be very tender their fruit is great and waterish French Poppy beareth a faire flower and the Seed will make you sleepe Raddish is sauce for cloyed stomacks as Cap●rs Oliues and Cucumbers cast the seeds all Summer long here and there and you shall haue them alwaies young and fresh Rosemary the grace of hearbs here in England in other Countries common To set sl●ps immediately after Lammas is the surest way Seede sowne may proue well so they be ●owne in hot weather somewhat moist and good earth for the hearbe though great is nesh and tender as I take it brought from hot Countries to vs in the cold North set thinne It becomes a Window well The vse is much in meates more in Physicke most for Bees Rue or Hearbe of Grace continually greene the sl●ps are set It lasts long as Rosemary Sothernwood c. too strong for mine Housewifes pot vnlesse she will brue Ale therewith against the Plague let him not seede if you will haue him last Saffron euery third yeere his roots would be remoued at M●dsummer for when all other hearbs grow most it dyeth It floweth at Michael-tide and groweth all Winter keepe his flowers from birds in the morning gather the yellow or they shape much like Lillies dry and after dry them they be precious expelling diseases from the heart and stomacke Sauery seeds and dyes the first yeere good for my Housewifes pot and pye Sage set slips in May and they grow aye Let it not seed it will last the longer The vse is much and common The Monkish Prouerbe is tritum Cur moritur homo cum saluia crescit in horto Skerots the roots are set when they be parted as Pyonie and Flower-deluce at Michael-tide the roote is but small and very sweet I know none other speciall vse but the Table Sweet Sicily long lasting pleasantly tasting either the seed sowne or the root parted and remoued makes increase it is of like vse with Parsly Strawberries long lasting set roots at Michael-tide or the Spring they be red white and greene and ripe when they be great and soft some by Midsummer with vs. The vse is they will coole my Housewife well if they be put in Wine or Creame with Sugar Time both seeds slips and rootes are good If it seed not it will last three or foure yeeres or more it smelleth comfortably It hath much vse namely in all cold meats it is good for Bees Turnep is sowne In the second yeere they beare plenty of seed they require the same time of sowing that Carrets doe they are sicke of the same disease that Cabbages be The roote increaseth much it is most wholesome if it be sowne in a good and well tempered earth Soueraigne for eyes and Bees I reckon these hearbs onely because I teach my Countrey Hou●ewife not skilfull Artists and it should be an endlesse labour and would make the matter tedious to reckon vp Land● beefe Stocke-Iuly-flowers Char●all Valerian Go-to bed at no●ne Piony Liconas Tansie Garden mints Germander Centaurie and a thousand such physicke Hearbs Let her first grow cunning in this and then she may enlarge her Garden as her skill and ability increaseth And to helpe her the more I haue set her downe these obseruations CHAP. 9. Generall Rules in Gardening IN the South parts Gardening may be more timely and more safely done then with vs in Yorkeshire because our ayre is not so fauourable nor our ground so good 2 Secondly most seeds shakt by turning the good earth are renued their mother the earth keeping them in her bowels till the Sunne their Father can reach them with his heat 3 In setting hearbs leaue no top more then an hand●ull aboue the ground nor more then a foot vnder the earth 4 Twine the roots of those slips you set if they will abide it Gilly-flowers are too tender 5 Set moist and sowe dry 6 Set slips without shankes any time except at Midsummer and in frosts 7 Seeding spoiles the most roots as drawing the heart and sap from the root 8 Gather for the pot and medicines hearbs tender and greene the sap being in the top but in Winter the root is best 9 All the hearbs in the Garden for flowers would once in seuen yeeres be renued or soundly watered with puddle water except Rosemary 10 In all your Gardens and Orchards bankes and seates of Camomile Peny-royall Daisies and Violets are seemely and comfortable 11 These require whose plots Artichokes Cabbages Turneps Parsneps Onyons Car●e●s and if you will Saffron and Scerrits 12 Gather all your seeds dead ripe● and dry 13 Lay no dung to the roots of your hearbs as vsually they doe for dung not melted is too hot euen for trees 14 Thin setting and sewing so the rootes stand not past a foot distance is profitable for the hearbs will like the better Greater hearbs would haue more distance 15 Set and sow hearbs in their time of growth except at Midsummer for then they are too too tender but trees in their time of rest 16 A good

it and make it gape wide on both sides but in all manner of gentle handling and that with little Sizers of bone and separating the wood and the barke a little within euen so much as your Scutcheon is in length and breadth you must take heed that in d●ing hereof you do not hart the bark This done take your Scutcheon by the end and your tayle which you haue left remaining and put into your incision made in your tree lifting vp softly your two sides of the incision with your said Sizers of bone and cause the said Scutcheon to ioyne and lye as close as may be with the wood of the tree being cut as aforesaid in waying a little vpon the end of your rinde so cut and let the vpper part of your Scutcheon lye close vnto the vpper end of your incision or barke of your said tree afterward binde your Scutcheon about with a band of Hempe as thicke as a pen of a q●ill more or lesse according as your tree is small or great taking the same Hempe in the middest to the end that either part of it may performe a like seruice and wreathing and binding of the said Scutcheon into the incision of a tree and it must not be tyed too strait for that would keepe it from taking the ioyning of the one sap to the other being hindred thereby and neither the Scutcheon nor yet the Hempe must be moist or wet and the more iustly to binde them together begin at the back● side of the Tree right ouer against the middest of the incision and from thence come forward to ioyne them before aboue the eylet and tayle of the Scutcheon crossing your band of Hempe so oft as the two ends meet and from thence returning backe againe come about and tye it likewise vnderneath the eylets and thus cast about your band still backward and forward vntill the whole cleft of the incision be couered aboue and below with the said Hempe the eylet onely excepted and his tayle which must not be couered at all his tayle will fall away one part after another and that shortly after the ingrafting if so be the Scutcheon will take Leaue your trees and Scutcheons thus bound for the space of one moneth and the thicker a great deale longer time Afterward looke them ouer and if you perceiue them to grow together vntye them or at the leastwise cut the Hempe behinde them and leaue them vncouered Cut also your branch two or three fingers aboue that so the impe may prosper the better and thus let them remaine till after Winter about the moneth of March and Aprill If you perceiue that your budde of your Scutcheon doe swell and come forward then cut off the tree three fingers or thereabouts aboue the Scutcheon for if it be cut off too neere the Scutcheon at such time as it putteth forth his first blossome it would be a meanes greatly to hinder the flowring of it and cause also that it should not thriue and prosper so well after that one yeere is past and that the shoote beginneth to be strong beginning to put forth the second bud and blossome you must goe forward to cut off in byas-wise the three fingers in the top of the tree which you left there when you cut it in the yeere going before as hath beene said When your shoote shall haue put foorth a great deale of length you must sticke downe there euen hard ioyned thereunto little stakes tying them together very gently and easily aud these shall stay your shootes and prop them vp letting the winde from doing any harme vnto them Thus you may graft white Roses in red and red in white Thus you may graft two or three Scutcheons prouided that they be all of one side for they will not be set equally together in height because then they would bee all staruelings ne●ther would they be directly one ouer another for the lower would stay the rising vp of the sap of the tree and so those aboue should consume in penury and vndergoe the aforesaid inconuenience You must note that the Scutcheon which is gathered from the Sien of a tree whose fruite is sowre must be cut in square forme and not in the plaine fashion of a Scutcheon It is ordinary to graffe the sweet Quince tree bastard Peach-tree Apricock-tree Iuiube-tree sowre Cherry treee sweet Cherry-tree and Chestnut tree after this fashion howbeit they might be grafted in the cleft more easily and more profitably although diuers be of contrary opinion as thus best Take the grafts of sweet Quince tree and bastard Peach-tree of the fairest wood and best fed that you can finde growing vpon the wood of two yeeres old because the wood is not so firme nor solid as the others and you shall graffe them vpon small Plum-tree stocks being of the thicknes of ones thumbe these you shall cut after the fashion of a Goats foot you shall not goe about to make the cleft of any more sides then one being about a foot high from the ground you must open it with your small wedge and being thus grafted it will seeme to you that it is open but of one side afterward you shall wrap it vp with a little Mosse putting thereto some gummed Wax or clay and binde it vp with Oziers to keepe it surer because the stocke is not strong enough it selfe to hold it and you shall furnish it euery manner of way as others are dealt withall this is most profitable The time of grafting All moneths are good to graft in the moneth of October and Nouember onely excepted But commonly graft at that time of the Winter when sap beginneth to arise In a cold Countrey graft later and in a warme Countrey earlier The best time generall is from the first of February vntill the first of May. The grafts must alwaies be gathered in the old of the Moone For grafts choose shootes of a yeere old or at the furthermost two yeeres old If you must carry grafts farre pricke them into a Turnep newly gathered or say earth about the ends If you set stones of Plummes Almonds Nuts or Peaches First let them lye a little in the Sunne and then steepe them in Milke or Water three or foure daye● before you put them into the earth Dry the kernels of Pippins and sow them in the end of Nouember The stone of a Plum-tree must be set a foot deepe in Nouember or February The Date-stone must be set the great end downwards two cubits deepe in the earth in a place enriched with dung The Peach-stone would be set presently after the Fruit is eaten some quantity of the flesh of the Peach remaining about the stone If you will haue it to be excellent graft is afterward vpon an Almond tree The little Sie●s of Cherry-trees grown thicke with haire rots and those also which doe grow vp from the rootes of the great Cherry-trees being remoued doe grow better and sooner then they which