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A30233 Monitio logica, or, An abstract and translation of Burgersdicius his logick by a gentleman.; Institutionum logicarum libri duo. English Burgersdijck, Franco, 1590-1635.; Gentleman. 1697 (1697) Wing B5640; ESTC R2989 157,345 300

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〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is from Number it 's collected that Arithmetick is the Science of Numbers And Physick 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is Nature it 's collected that Physick is the Natural Science or Science of Nature c. 5. § From Derivation a Definition is collected when from the Definition of one Conjugate the Definition of another is collected as the Definition of Prudence from that of a prudent Man 6. § From the Definition of one Contrary also may be collected that of another For of Contraries the Science is the same And therefore when Aristotle Book 3. Cap. 1. had defin'd an unvoluntary Thing to be that which is either done by Force or Ignorance and affirmed that to be done by Force whose Principle is External and such as that he contributes nothing to it who does or suffers it He thence collects that a voluntary Thing is that whose Principle is in him who acts and is not ignorant of the Circumstances of the Fact c. Hence then proceed we to the Consideration of the next to be considered viz. Division its Laws and Species's which will be the Subject of the next Chapter CHAP. V. Of Division its Laws and Species's Ax. 1. OF Division one is of the Name or Nominal the other of the Thing Ax. 2. Division of the Name is an Enunciation of the Significations of an Homonymous or Doubtful Word or Sentences of an ambiguous or doubtful Speech COMMENTARY 1. § As if any one should recite the Significations of these Latin Words Jus Canis Malum c. or distinguish in this Oration Aio te Aeacide Romanos vincere posse That is I say you Aeacides can conquer the Romans This properly indeed is not so much Division as Enunci●●●●● and is more frequently call'd Distinction than Division Ax. 3. And is to be adhibited in the Beginning of a Disputation 1. § So that the Disputation may seem to be instituted against the Thing not Words For it may happen says Aristotle that the Answerer may not direct his Thoughts the same way with him that interrogates when any thing is ambiguous in a Speech Book 1. Top. Cap. 8. Ax. 4. Now Division of the Thing which is properly said to Be a Division is an Explication of the Whole by its Parts Ax. 5. And is either by its self or by Accident Ax. 6. Division by it self is that by which is divided a Whole into its Parts which are in it of or by themselves Ax. 7. Accident by Accident 1. § For Example when Animal is divided into Man and Beast or into Body and Soul the Division is a Division by it self because Man and Beast are by themselves contained under Animal and Animal is of it self composed of Body and Mind But when Men are divided into Freemen and Slaves good and bad the Division is by Accident because here not Men of themselves are divided but the States and Conditions of Men or other Accidents which happen to them Ax. 8. Division of it self again is Four-fold One of the Universal Whole or Genus into Species's Another of the Formal or defin'd into its Parts defining as Genus and Difference Another of the Essential or Composed into its Composing as Matter and Form Another lastly of the Integrate into its Integrating and this by a peculiar Name is called Partition 1. § For Example When Animal is divided into Man and Beast or Element into Fire Air Water and Earth or Moral Vertue into Justice Fortitude and Temperance c. the Division is of the Universal or Genus into Species's When the Definition of Man is resolved into its Parts or when Animal and Rational are said to be Parts of Man or of the Definition of Human Essence the Division is said to be of the Whole Defined or Formal When Man into a Body and Rational Soul the Division is a Division of the whole Composed or Essential c. And hitherto are to be referred all Distinctions of Things into Material and Formal as when the Material of a Word is said to be Voice Formal Signification Lastly when Man or Human Body is divided into its three Regions and Limbs or the Year into 12 Months a Kingdom into its Provinces greater into less or Logick into Thematical and Organical It is a Definition of the Integrate or Mathematical and is called Partition Ax. 9. Division by Accident is Four-fold to wit either of a Cause by its Effects or an Effect by its Causes to wit Material Efficient or Final or a Subject by its Adjuncts or an Adjunct by its Subjects c. 1. § Of Cause by its Effects as Plants others heat others cool Syllogisms others effect Faith others Opinion others Science Effect by its Causes and 1st Efficient as of Testimonies others Divine others Humane By Cause Material as of Statues others are Marble others Brass Of Living things others are of Seed others Putrid Matter c. Cause Final as of Men others voluptuous others studious of Money others speculative others ready for Action c. Cause Formal that is Division by Cause Formal is a Division by it self Division by it self also is when a proper Accident is divided by its next Cause Efficient or Final So Diseases or Distampers do differ in Species which have a diverse next Cause or Synectical or Containing as a Fever and a Pleurisie c. of Subject and Adjuncts as of Men some are Bond some Free some are Learned some Unlearned Sounds some are Grave some Acute Numbers some are Even some Odd Charity one towards God the other towards ones Neighbour Flowers some Spring others Summer Animals some Land others Water others both But Division of Subject by Adjuncts is often a Division by it self As th' External Sense is Conversant either about Colour Sound or Smell or Taste or the Tactile Qualities Lastly Adjunct by Subjects as Vices some are of the Mind some Body Virtues some of the Understanding some Appetite c. Ax. 10. The Principal Laws of Division in general are seven and first the Parts of it ought to consent or agree in the whole 1. § And therefore Vitious is the Division of Men into living and dead real and painted because dead and painted Men are not Men unless aequivocally So Vicious is the Division of Animals into Mortal and Immortal because no Animal is Immortal c. Ax. 11. Secondly The Parts ought amongst themselves to be opposed 1. § Vicious therefore that Division when either the Parts are not different as when Pleasure is divided into Delectation and Joy or when one Part is contain'd in the other As if Animal should be divided into Mortal and Rational c. and that Division is the best which consists of Parts affirmed but oftentimes by reason of the Imbecillity of our Minds and Want of Words we are forc'd to divide by Privation as when the Body is divided into Animate and Inanimate c. Ax. 12. Thirdly In Division are to be taken the next and
should argue in this manner viz. Animal is a Genus or Trissylable Man is an Animal And therefore Man is a Genus or Trissyllable c. Ax. 9. Secondly Taking away the Genus you take away the Species or that from which you take away the Genus you take away also the Species 1. § As if to prove that the Sense were not Science one should say it was not a Habit because if not a Habit it cannot be a Science since there is no Science but what is a Habit that is but what is comprehended under that Genus c. The Canons from hence observing the Cautions above-given are always very certain Ax. 10. The next Place is that of the Species which has three Canons First supposing the Species you suppose also the Genus or that to which the Species is attributed to that also the Genus c. 1. § And so it may be concluded that Logick is an Habit because it is an Art which is a Species of Habit c. Ax. 11. Secondly The Species's being all taken away the Genus is also taken away or that from which all the Species's are taken away from that also the Genus 1. § As Friendship is not Fortitude or Temperance or Justice or Prudence c. And therefore not a Virtue c. And such an Argumentation as this is a Syllogism of numeration of Parts Ax. 12. Thirdly That which to all the Species's that also to the Genus and that which to none that neither to the Genus c. 1. § And this Canon is the Foundation of Induction as well the Affirmed as Denyed Of which we have entreated in its proper Place to which Recourse may be had if the Reader shall so think fit for Examples Now all the Canons of this Place are very faithful Ax. 13. The Place from the whole has two Canons and first the whole being posited all the Principal Parts are so 1. § Or that to which the whole is attributed to that also all the Principal Parts as to Sempronius there was Maintenance given and therefore Clothes Victuals and Habitation c. I said the the Principal because the Whole being supposed that every the least Part that tends to the Integrity not Essence of it should be so is not necessary Ax. 14. Secondly That which agrees to the similar Whole that also to the Singular Parts of it and that which not to such a Whole that neither to any Part of it As for Instance 1. § Water by its own Nature is moist and therefore every Drop of it is moist The Heaven is not Corruptible and therefore not the Stars c. Here we are to take heed lest what is attributed to the Whole as Whole be not also attributed to the Part. For not because there is Water every where about the Earth does it follow that every Drop of it is every where about the Earth c. Now the Canons of this Place are very Certain Ax. 15. The Place from Parts has four Canons And first all the Parts being posited and joyned the Whole must be also posited too As for Instance 1. § Caesar occupied Belgium and Aquitaine and Celtica and therefore all Gallia I said united because positing all the Parts of a Whole and those Parts not united the Whole is not yet posited As for Instance a House which you know till the Materials are joyned as well as provided becomes not a House c. Ax. 16. The Second is taking away the Principal Part you take away also the Whole As for Instance 1. § Infants are destitute of the Knowledge of Christ and therefore of Faith I said the Principal Parts because the Hand taken away the Man does not die but becomes only lame but let it be the Head or the other Principal Part and he totally expires c. Ax. 17. Thirdly That which agrees to all the Parts that also to the Whole And that which to none that neither to the Whole c. 1. § As for Instance the Law Prophets Gospels with the Writings of the Holy Apostles are all Divinely inspir'd And therefore the whole Scripture is Divinely inspir'd The Walls Columns Beams Rafters Roof of the House c. seem not to be old And therefore the House seems not to be old c. Ax. 19. Fourthly That which agrees to a similar Part that also to the Whole and that which agrees not to the similar Part that neither to the Whole 1. § As for Instance Every Drop of Water is moist And therefore the Water it self is so The Stars are incorruptible And therefore the Heavens c. Here one is to take Care that that which agrees to the similar Part only by some External Cause and not the Condition of its proper Nature be not Concluded of the Whole For it does not follow from every Drop of Water's being round that the whole Element is so For besides that no Element besides the Earth is of any determinate Figure even the Rotundity of the Drops does not proceed from the Nature of the Water but the Paucity of their Matter by which it comes to pass that they cannot flow In other Cases the Canons of this Place are very certain Ax. 19. The Place from the Causes in general has this Canon viz. that the Cause being Actually put it is necessary that the Caused should be so too And so Vice versà 1. § The Cause in Act is said to be that which Causes or Exercises its Office and Causality Now it would imply a Contradiction for one to say that the Cause causes and yet that the Caused is not Caused as for Example That the Workmen are Building and yet that the House is not or that the House is a Building and yet that there are no Workmen c. Ax. 20. The Place from Matter has two Canons and first the Matter being taken away the Composed and also its Material Form are so 1. § As if you should prove where there is no Wood there can be no Ships or because Stones have no Organical Body neither can they have a Soul I said Material Form because Immaterial such as is the Humane Soul by taking away the Matter cannot be taken away c. Ax. 21. Secondly Such as is the Matter such is also the Composed 1. § As the Statue is of Worm-eaten or rotten Wood and therefore it self also is so This Canon takes Place only in Things made of Art For in other things it will be fallacious Ax. 22. The Place from Form has this Canon viz. Positing the Form the Composed also is posted and that taken away the Composed is also taken away 1. § As the Pigmies have a Rational Soul and therefore they are Men The Stars have not a Soul and therefore they do not live This Canon is altogether irrefragable provided the first Part be understood of Material Form For positing the Rational Soul that the Man should be so too is not necessary but yet this viz.