certaine diuisions answering vnto v. principal paralleles or equidistant circles in the heauens As they dwell in the middes of th' earth that inhabit vnder th'equinoctiall lyne and the like of the dwellers vnder th' other circles is said On th' other parte Geographie doe deliniat and set out the vniuersal earth no respect had vnto the fornaÌ„ed circles of the heaueÌ„s but by Hylles MouÌ„tayns Seas fluddes and such other notable thinges as are in it coÌ„teined Spoud Then by your wordes I also gather there is some diference betwyxt these two and Chorographie Philo. Yea and that Ptolomaeus in the place of you alleadgid do playnly expresse For lyke as Cosmographie describeth the worlde Geographie th' earth in lyke sorte Chorographie sheweth the partes of th' earth diuided in themselues And seuerally describeth the portes Riuers Hauens Fluddes Hilles MouÌ„taynes Cities Villages Buildinges Fortresses Walles yea and euery particuler thing in that parte conteined And is in respect saith he of Cosmographie and Geographie as if a paiÌ„ter shuld set forth the eye or eare of a man and not the whole body so that Chorographie consisteth rather in describyng the qualitie and figure then the bignes and quantitie of any thinge Spoud Although by your wordes I haue receiued more commoditie at this present then by all my readyng touching the true diference of these three names yet if it may please you to geue me the figures of euery of them I shall so stedfastly printe it in my mynde as I truste not to forget them for it is truly said thinges sene haue longer impresion then only harde Philo. I wyll gladly fulfill your request Marke nowe this example folowing Here first you do see the heauens conteine in them th' earth Whiche earth is deuided into fiue principall partes accordinge to the fiue Circles in the heauens the names of whiche for breuitie I omytte vntyll conuenient place lest thorowe ofteÌ„ repeting things thei at length seme tedious The ¶ This figure repraesent the forme of Cosmographie other fygure without circles representeth th' earth set forth with Waters Hylles Mountaynes and such like This Picture aunswereth vnto Geographie And finally for Chorographie I haue placed th'excelleÌ„t Citie of Norwyche as the forme of it is at this present 1558. Nowe that you haue learned their difference declare in which of theÌ„ you most delight to be instructed Spoud I thanke you syr I shall neuer be able more then with praier to recompence your paynes But sence Cosmographie is more excellent then the other two both for the manifolde vse and that it coÌ„teineth and comprehendeth the other in it selfe I would imploye my whole industrie herein Philo. Then seing that Cosmographie describeth the worlde as you haue sayde and that rightly it is necessary to know what the world is what the partes of it are and how many yea and finally by what meanes as well the world as also the partes of it ar described This perfitly lernyd haue you then for this present your whole desire Spoud Yes verely THE DECLARATION OF THE PRINCIPAL places in the Citie after th' order of th'Alphabete A Thorpe VVoode B S. Leonardes C. The place where men are customablie burnt D. Bishoppes Gate E. The Cathedrall church called Christes Churche F. S. Martins at the Pallis Gate G Pokethorpe Gates H. The Suburbs called Pokthorpe I. Magdalene gates K S. Butholdes M S. Clementes N S. Augustines P. S Augustines Gates Q. S. Martines Gates R. S Martines at th'Ooke S. The new milles T. Hellgates the Suburbs ioyning to it called Heiham V S. Benets Gates VV S. â—…les Gates X. S. Stephens Gates Y. Brasen dore Z. S. Iohns gates Lakenam VVoode AA Chappell in the fielde BB Eaten VVoode CC The Castell DD The hospitall EE The market place FF S. Peters permantigate GG S. Martines on the hill HH S. Iohns on the hill II S. Michaels LL S. Iohns at the gates MM S. Stephens NN Thorpe QQ In the righthand is that part of the riuer Yërus coming from Yermouth and renneth thorow the City QQ The left hand th' other part of the forsaid riuer going hier into the countrye This Picture must be placed before the 9. leafe Philonicus Then let vs beginne with the definition of the worlde whiche the auncient Cleomedes definith in this maner 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 And I do translate it into Latine as foloweth Mundus est ex caelo terraque ac naturis denique in eis compraehensis compages Is autem corpora in se singula continet nec extra eum prorsus quicquam cernitur That is the world is an apte frame made of heauen and earth of thinges in them conteyned This compreheÌ„deth all thinges in it self nether is there any thing without the lymites of it visible Whiche definition differith not from Aristotle and other famous writers So that what so euer is betwixt the seate of the almighty gouernour of all lyuing creatures and the center of the earth is called the worlde And is compared to à round ball and globe Spoudaeus Then all that we ether by syght may decerne or by arte conceiue that same is the worlde And conteyneth in it what so euer the eternall Creater by his wounderfull worke haue in this circuit blessed and made Philonicus True it is Spoud Then I perceiue my error before coÌ„mitted wheare I applied this worde worlde only to the earth Philonicus So in lyke sorte it is otherwayes abused but note you diligently that is saide before of Cleomedes and it shal be sufficient Spoudaeus And is there nothinge beyonde this worlde my imagination leadeth me to the contrary Philonicus Indede Pythagoras folowing imagination more then Reason affirmeth sumwhat to bee whiche is not comprehendid with in the worlde and nameth it Vacuum But Plato and Aristotle doe ouerthrowe this assertion And seing that it transsendith the knowledge of maÌ„ let it passe retorne we to our matter Spoudaeus What be the partes of the worlde Philonicus The worlde is made of two partes that is to saye of the Elementary Region conteinyng in it the foure Elementes Fyre Ayre Water and Earth and what so euer of them is compounded and made of whiche hereafter we shall intreate and of the heauenlye region of which at this present time we wil make meÌ„tion This Type do represent the world deuidid in to his two peculiar parts This region do in it contayne x. spheres in suche sorte as the greater comprehendith in him the lesser as the. x. heauen or Primum mobile comprehendith the. ix heauen callid also Cristalline This heauen compasseth the viij heauen called in greke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because the sterres kepe one vniforme distance in mouing and for that cause are namid fixid And so this receiue in this compasse the sphere of Saturne Iupiter Mars the Sonne Uenus Mercurius the Mone and the foure Elementes Spoud Why should not the spheres of the Sonne
is the Equinoctiall E. F. the tropike of Cancer H. G. the tropike of Capricorne K. M. the Circle Arctike L. I. the circle Antarticke A. B. C. D. the Solstitial colure A. N. C. O. th'Equinoctial colure E. G. the Zodiake A. C. the Axe tree which goeth thorow the Center of th' Earth directly endeth at the Poles Spoud I must confesse the wordes of Theodosius Proclus to be trew but yet musinge with my selfe I can not conceiue by what reason this Axe tre should stey the Earth And it standyng fixed the heauens as well vnder it as also aboue th' Earth should be turned reuolued in like maner as we see I euer feare lest th' Earth beynge so heauie ponderous as it is should fall to the other part of the Heauens which is vnder it Philo. I perceiue you are not yet free from the fond imaginations of the grosse witted people but yet you are the more to be excused seyng Lactantius beynge so learned à man was so folishe whether it sprong of petulancye or ignoraunce I knowe not as to affirme the Heauens to be flat not to go vnder th' Earth But now to your doubt I answere if God by his wōderfull prouidence power did not steye it in the place where it is there could be no axe tree whiche mighte susteine so vnknowen à burthen weighte therefore you must rather imagine à streight line to be the forsaid axe tree as also the Circles of which we haue intreatid beyng voide of Latitude and Profunditie then to beleue any such circles or yet axe tree to be in the Heauēs visiblie Spoud I perceiue your meaning right well Philoni Nowe you haue learned what the vj. great circles of the Sphere ar as the Horizōt the Meridian th'Equinoctiall the zodiake th'Equinoctiall the solsticiall Colures as also the iiij lesser Circles which are the tropicke of Cancer the tropick of Capricorne the circle Articke and the circle Antarticke Spoud I haue so I thank you sir. But for what cause be the vj. called the greater Circles the iiij the lesser Philo. Iohn de Sacro Bosco doeth answere your question in these or like wordes We call that à greater Circle of a Sphere saith he which beyng drawen in the cōpasse of the Sphere vpon his Center do diuide it into two equall portions that a lesser Circle whiche beynge drawen as th' other do not diuide the Sphere into equall partes but inequall portiōs such ar the iiij lesser Circles Spou. If I shall for the better vnderstanding such thinges as herto are spoken make a Sphere of Hopes applie your preceptes to the instrumēt by what order maye I gather the trew proportiō of one of them to an other Philo. Because the tyme doth so faste rōne I haue also other matters to intreate on I wyll reserue the making of the Sphere vntyll I shewe you the cōposition of other instrumentes required in this Art in my Organographie But nowe for this present let this figure representyng the forme of the Sphere with all the principall Circles to it belōging satisfie thine expectation Spoud Then will it please you to take in hande the secōde part of your diuision of the worlde for hitherto if I be not disceiued stretcheth the declaratiō of the heauenlye Region Piloni Trewe it is for oure talke as yet either was of this regiō or els of thynges giuynge lyghte to the same and now let vs conuerte oure style in like maner vnto th' Elemētary Region This in it selfe cōteineth the iiij Elementes Fyre Aëre Water Earth these are not corruptible also whatsoeuer is cōteined within the circuit of the heauen of the Mone as well bodies perfite as also imperfite made of the forsaide Elementes the Latinistis call them corpora mixta Spoud And wherfore are ther but iiij Elementes Philo. Aristotle doeth giue à sufficient reason saying there are so many Elementes as ther is combination mixture of the simple and first qualities which can be but foure hoot and drie propre to the Fire hoote and moiste of th' Aëre coulde and moist which is resembled to the water could with drynes to th' Earth As for heate and couldnes are so repugnaunt that ther can be no mixture of them no more then of moisture drynes There is also an other reason made of Aristotle taken of the diuersitie of motion whiche I do at this time wyllingly ouer passe Spou. We are agreed of the number of th' Elementes but what is theyr order whiche of them is higher and which of them lower Philo. That Element is higher then the rest which is lyghtest most fugitiue and subtile For it is a generall maior among Philosophers that al light thynges cōtend vpwarde all grosse and pōderous to the Center of the Earth Spou. By this propositiō I gather that the Fyre beyng more subtyl than th' other thre shal ascend aboue them be next the Globe of the Mone For you said that ther may be no place emptie void And then next him the Aëre then the Water laste of all th' Earth Philo. It is in like order as you haue said And the Fire conteyneth in him the Aëre Th' Aëre in his compasse the Water the Water also doth cōpasse inuirone The Earth not rounde about as th' other do but in diuers parts so that the water th' earth rather make one vnifourme Globe as this Figure here annexid doth plainely declare Spoud Ther semeth in your description to be fiue distincte Regions How may that be seyng that ther are but iiij Elemētes Philo. Ther are as you haue saide but the Aërie Regiō is deuidid into iij. parts springing thorow Heate and Colde as the hier part of the Aëre signified with A. being nere to the Orbe of the Fier and is daylie caried about as Cometes and blasing Sterres ther ingendred do apparantly declare and is made more hoote thē the middle Regiō is againe the lower region next vs markid with C. is thorowe the reflextiō of the Sonne beames rebounding from th' earth also made hoote therfore the middle region B. beynge voide of heate is alway coulde yea and so much the coulder howe muche the heate is more vehement in th' other two regions Spou. Then in this middle region I suppose all Haile Snow and suche like is ingendrid Phil. It is so but I let that passe and intreate of th' use of them touching our first meanyng Spoud Because the Fire and Aëre should seme litell to profit in this place wil you somwhat speake of the Water and Earth Philo. I will speake nothing of the Water but referre it vntil we intreat of Nauigatiō but only in this place make mention of th' earth and so depart vntill to morow Spou. And it weare not more for troblynge you then any werines that I haue I would wishe the day to
be x. daies in length I haue receiued suche pleasure in youre instructions But sence the Sonne sumwhat declineth to the weste Ocian I will giue diligent eare vnto your wordes for the short time ther is yet remaining Phil. I reioyse much to vnderstand your feruent desire to knowledge which I will to my vttermost furder And now touching th' Earth consider you that she is lowest of all Elementes blacke ponderous and round inuironid and inclosed within th' other thre She is called the mother of fruites the roote of all plantes the norishe of lyuing creatures the foundation of all buildinges the sepulchre of the dead the Center of the beautifull frame of the world the matter and substaunce of mans body and the receptakle of heauenly influence She is also garnished with fragrāt flowres of Man Beast and Foule inhabited and comfortablie quickened by the norishing beames of the Sōne Mone Planetes and fixed Sterres But you shall note for all that here is spoken that there is great controuersie touching th'Earthes fourme which must be descidid and put away or we can safely procede further As th'opinions of those which affirme th' Earth not to be rounde like à Globe or Boule Those that affirme it to be of pyller forme Those that will not haue it to be the Center of the heauen Those that suppose the Earth to moue with other like But the greatest of all is the errour of those that speake againste the roundnes of th' Earth Wherfore I will touche it principallye whiche thing done th' other are manifest of them selues Spoud You enter into that question in whiche of all other I desire moste especiallie to be satisfied for I also am in that errour if it be an errour to say th' earth is not rounde Philo. Bring forth suche reasons than as inforseth you so to iudge and I will answere them Spou. It semeth sufficient to credit th' Earth not to be round if we consider the greate deepe valleis that are in it the Cities Towres Castels and Trees with suche like placed vpon the face of the Earth but moste of all the hougie and hie Mountaines and Hilles Of whiche some of them are supposed to be 60. miles in height As the Hille in th'Iland Teneriffa whiche Ptolomaeus nameth one of the fortunate Ilandes and is beyonde Hercules Pillers Also an other in Thessalia called of Solinus Olimpus beyng of suche height that the ashes ther daies of Sacrifice beynge ended remaine à whole yeare in the toppe of the same not moued with troublous tēpestes or vehement blastes but thorow his great height is free from all violence of windes What shall I speake of the Hill Caucasus which diuideth Albania Colchis from Sermatia as doth appeare in the seconde Table of Asia in Ptolomaeus Geographie which Aristotle doth esteme to be of such hight that it may be sene at the mouth of the riuer maeotis The distaunce of which is from theforsaid Hill 620. English miles Moreouer you shall see no place but either flat or els full of Hylles Dales Valeis or suche like whiche is farre from â Globe forme figure Phil. Yet do all these wordes nothing cōclude Do you not cōsider that the sight is deceiued in thinges from it farre distaunt And therfore I will in fewe wordes answere you that these Hilles Mountaines Vallies are no more in quantitie respect beyng had to the whole Earth thē the Pittes holes of à rough polished Gūstone to the stone whiche although it be not smoth yet it argueth nothing lesse then this gunstone not to be roūde like a Globe in fourme yea then the bodye of the Earth beyng a rough stone harde not so apt to be polished as the body of the Water doth remaine with such vallies Hilles as you haue saide in manye places these vallies ar filled with water to the more apt proportiō of à Globe Moreouer Nature cōsidering the necessitie of th'inhabitauntes in this Center left suche fourme vnto it as might for ther vse most cōueniently serue Spou. For what cause suppose you th' Earth to be à stone Philo. If it were not à stone but Sande or Clay in substaunce then the water being mixt with it they both should be cōfounded in them selues yea the hie Hilles Moūtaines of which you made mentiō shoulde sinke settle downe to the Center of th' Earth seynge they are so ponderous heauie not be sustained borne vp as they are in the face of th' Earth But for the further cōfirminge you in that which is spoken aunswere me Imagine there were à great rounde trunke of Timber which went thorow the whole Earth directly by the Center then there were à great heauie stone put in at this Trūke how farre suppose you this stone should descende Spoud Vntill the center of th' Earth myddes of the Trunke Philo. In like case if th' earth were not an hard stonie substaunce but Clay or Sāde as to our sightes doth appeare these Hilles rockes beyng much heauier then any stone should in like sort go to the Cēter of th' earth But haue you any other doubtes Spou. Yea verely that is th' Earth to be flat Philo. What prouoketh you so to iudge Spou. This reason that th' Earth must be in forme most agreable to the Heauens And that the Heauēs be flat I can proue by th' authoritie of Lactantius Firmianus Philoni It is truely said that knowledge hath no enemie but ignoraunce There are nowe at these daies no small numbre of Lactantius sort not scrupulous enemies onely but also Physicians of whome I am ashamed to speake they do contempne that knowledge whiche is the greatest suerist token of Gods prouidence for mankind either by peruerse interpreting the scripture or els of mere follie dispisinge that of whiche they neuer tasted are vtterly ignorant in But such wer very ill to be Iudges for they would condemne the man or they knew the crime of whiche he were accused but let that passe As touchyng your opinion that th' Earth is flat I will proue it to be rounde from th' East to the West and in like maner from the North to the South Spou. Then must I nedes graūt that it is in like sorte rounde in all partes Philon. I wyll vse the same argumētes that Cleomedes doeth If th' Earth were flat then the sterres should rise at the same moment to vs that they do to them whiche dwell in th' East parts of the world it should be mid-day with vs them at one instaunt yea the same Starres should set in the Weast in lyke maner with thē and vs. Spoud That they do not I am most sure for at Alexādria à citie in Egipt it is day iij. houres sooner then with vs night in like sorte Yea at Compostell in Spaine which is West from vs the daye begynneth with
vs sooner by one houre a halfe then with them and is daye with them after the Sonne is set with vs in like sort one houre xxx minutes Philo. And all this cometh because th' Earth is round causing vs them not to haue one generall Horizont The like reason is to be said of the diuersities of times in the beginning of an Eclipse either of Sonne or Mone As for exāple th' Eclipse of the Mone which was 1556. the 17. day of Nouēber at one of the clocke in the morning with vs at Norwiche for the moste parte of Englande which in the Horizont of Calicut began at vij of the clock In like sort ther shall happē an Eclipse of the Mone in the yeare of Christ our sauior 1562. the 16. daye of Iuly at two of the clocke iiij minutes in the morning at which time she shal be totallie darkened continew from the beginning to th' ende iij. houres and yet th'inhabitauntes at Calicut shall not see anye parte therof whiche moste euidently sheweth the roundnes of th' Earth to be the cause as this Figure here folowing do more plainely set out in which E. signifieth th' Earth A. the East C. the West D. the verticall pointe for Norwich B. in like maner the Zenit of Calicut Wherby it is manifest that the Mone shal be perfitly seperated from the Sonne or she shall appeare in the Horizōt of Calicut And yet we in England diuers other places East shall se bothe beginning ende of her Eclypsing Spoud These are sufficiēt probatiōs to declare th' Earth roūd frō th' East to the West but by what argument can you shewe it to be also rounde from the South to the North Philo. That is very easie to proue For if th' Earth were flat from the South to the North then we should se the south Sterres vnder th' Earth as well as those that be North alway in our sight And againe the Sonne Mone Sterres at midde day through the vniuersal yere should be euer in one height which also is false Spoud Yea for I haue had practise of that thinge saylinge in à shippe for we goynge from th'Equinoctiall Line northwarde did see the North south Poles equall with the Water But directing our course more to the north coast leauing th'Equinoctial we reared the north starre in short space xij degr at lēgth 30. deg loking south we could not se the southe Pole nor yet many other sterres which in th'Equinoctial were visible to vs. Phi. Yea wher your north starre was eleuated xxx degrees your south Pole was xxx degrees depressed in like maner But for the firmer fixynge it in your memory behould this Figure in the which C. signifieth both th' Earth and water A. the north Pole B. the south therefore if one go from B. to A the earth being roūd he must haue B. so muche vnder him as A is aboue his Horizōt There are besides these many sūdry reasons to proue this thing which I may omit as I suppose to you which nede no lenger probatiō in that whiche is most manifest Spo. Yet theis argumēts shall not onely stay my mind in à trueth but also with the same I shal cō fute th'errors of other if any shal spring about this matter Phil. Then I wyll exhort you wher these shall not seme sufficient you will gather more stronger out of Ptolomaeus Almegiste Cleomedes de mundo Philo de mundo Aristotle Erasmus Reignholt Orontius Hic canet errantē Lunam Solisque labores Arcturūque pluuiasque hyad gēinosque triōes Iohn de Sacrobosco oure countreyman master Recorde which doeth almost repete all their argumentes in the Castell of knowledge And nowe behold the Type of the world conteinyng in it as well the heauenly Regiō with suche Spheres Circles as haue bene in sundry partes before set forth in this treatise as also th'Elementarie region comprehendyng the Fier Aëre Water Earth in suche order forme as is cōsonant agreyng both with Reason Practise and Authoritie of most approued authors And for this time we will depart for beholde the Sonne is gone to rest Hesperus do shewe in the West verie brighte all other liuynge thinges also do apply them to take rest therfore let vs go downe this Hill into the Citie refreshyng our selues quickening memorie to morow I wil mete you in this same place agayne Spoud I thanke you hertly Philoni Let me here you can repete the summe of such thinges as we haue taken in hande this day as we walke downeward Spoud With à right good wyll 1 Firste you shewed me what Cosmographie was what Geographie and what Chorographie yea and wherein euery of them differeth from other 2 Next what the world was with his partes that is to saye the Heauenly Region Elementary with à briefe Discourse touchinge the Partes and order of the Heauenly Region 3 Thyrdly what a Sphere is howe it is deuided into a Right and Croked Sphere And howe it differeth from a Cirle 4 Forthly what a Center was what an Axe tree what a Diameter and of theyr difference 5 Fiftlye of the Principall Circles whiche are saide to be in this Sphere As the Horizont Meridian Aequinoctiall Zodiake two Colures the two Tropickes the Circles Arcticke and Antarctick Also that the Horizont and Meridian Circles be stable and without motiō with diuers other thinges herto belonging 6 Last you proceded to the second part of the world which is th' Elementarie Region In which you refuted sundry opinions touching the forme of th' Earth Philo. Nowe I perceiue bothe your apte nature in conceiuing such thinges as are spoken also your firme memory in reteining the same Wherefore you shall encourage me to geue you further instructions But for this time I must bid you fare well Spou. God preserue you graunt you life to accomplishe your desire in profiting your countrey as you do entende Amen THE SECONDE BOOKE OF the Cosmographicall Glasse in which is plainly expressed the Order and Number of Zones Paralleles and Climates Also sundry waies for th'exacte findyng out of the Meridiane Line The Longitude Latitude of places with many other preceptes belongyng to the making of a Carte or Mappe Spoudaeus MORPHEVS THE God of dreames with his slepie rodde so much this last night frequented my companie that my bodye taking rest my mind was much more busilie traueling in such conclusions as I had learnid of Philonicus thē it was in the time of his teaching For some time Morphêus shewed me the Sonne in the tropicke of Capricorne farre in the South among the cloudye skies as he comenly is the. 13. day of December And next he appered in th' Equinoctiall pointes as it is the tenth daye of March and the. 14. of Septēb willing me with great di ligēs to note that parallele circle Shortly after the sōne appeared in the tropicke of
liue there The seas whyche are vnder the Poles Arcticke Antarcticke are called the congeled or frosen Seas There are also the English Germaine Spanishe other seas of whiche I neade to make no mention no more then of the notable riuers as the Themes the Rhine Confluence Neccarus Danubie Tyber Nilus c. Because they are manifest vnto suche as trauell in any of them Spoud I read also in diuerse writers these wordes Fretum Lacus Stagnum Palus Fluuius But theyr difference I know not Phil. Fretum is coÌ„trary to that pease of th' Earth that is called Isthmus For like as that is â streight portion of th' Earth hauinge the Seas on bothe sides so Fretum is à narrowe streit arme of the Seas beyng betwixte two shores Lacus we may call it à lake is that which coÌ„tinually hath water Stagnum do differ from it because it conteyneth only water gathered by inundations and raine in the winter season Palus is à water merueilus deape broade Fluius we name it à fludde is called so of flowyng Spoud Your wordes giueth me occation to demaunde the cause of ebbing flowing also whether the time may by any meane be learned Philon. And I will gladly answere you for this is not the least thing that Pilotes Shipmen ought to haue regarde vnto bothe for goyng out also comminge in into any Porte or Hauen other necessarye matters as touchinge the Seas howe that they raise and Eleuate vp them selues as though they would touch the firmament and there with filleth other Armes Hauens and waters and also that they waxe shallowe and as it were emptye againe I can coniecture no other cause then that which the Noble Philosopher Phisitian Gale nus citith in his boke De diebus decretorijs in which he affirmeth that wheÌ„ as the Mone increse in light al moist thinges in like case increase when as her light decrea seth they in like sort decrease Wherby it is euident that spring ebbe tides take their beginning end of the mones course in the Zodiack Galenus words are these 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Omnia siquidem quae facere nata est vbi falcis figuraÌ„ repraesentat languida fiunt inualescunt omnia cum plena fuerit All thinges which are vnder the power of the Moone when as she resembleth the sith in likenes they are feble decrease but al thinges waxe increase when she is at the Full. Spou. Then by these wordes I gather à repugnancie betwixt his authoritie dayly experience for it is more manifest clere theÌ„ midday how that the seas ebbe flow euery natural day that is in 24. houres twise Galenus saith how but twise in à Month the Seas ebbe flow for because she is but once at the full once at the chaunge in this circuit of time Phi. This obiection nothing infringeth Galen his authoritie nor yet experience For in the spring and ebbe tides the seas do encrease decrese meruelously whiche happen but twise euery moÌ„th this is that which Galenment And as for daily ebbing flowinge the seas do not increase or decrease therwith And therfore is properlye called fluxus etrefluxus but th' other Augmentum et Decrementum maris Spo. And what is the cause of this dailye ebbinge and flowinge so orderlye as often sundrye times I haue well noted Phi. The mone also for when as she riseth in th' East the seas begin to increase more more vntill she commeth to the Meridian Circle is full Southe then causeth full Sea And so as she declineth from the South so the sea decrease vntill she go downe in the Weast Ocean at whiche time againe the Seas begin to increase vntill the Moone be in the foresaide Meridian Line vnder th' earth then she is full North making also full seas So they decrease by little little as the Mone aprocheth toward th' East Spou. Then I praye you teache me some briefe waye how I maye at all times finde th'age of the Mone withoute anye tables of her diurnall course or Ephemerides for hauing that I shall easlye finde oute the springe and ebbetides Philon. With à right good will you shall accompt the daies that are past of thy month adde thereto the Epacte And to this number you shall also adde for euerye month past beginning at Marche 1. These 3 numbers you shall adde together and that shall shew you the age of the Mone As for example 1559 the 24. daye of August I wolde knowe the mones age Firste I adde 24 daies to th'Epact which is 22 the number of them is 46 then from March to August ther are 5. Monthes past therfore I adde to 46. the number of 5. and the hole number is fiftie one from whiche I take thirtie for so must you do if your number be more then xxx vnder sixtie there remaine one twentie which is th'age of the Mone Spoud And what if the number be 30. or 60. what must I then do Philonicus There is no thing to do for that number sheweth the Moone to chaunge that presente daye Spoude And howe may I finde the trewe Epacte for on that is all the difficulte of the worke Philon. That is so easie as I counte it but lost time to make many wordes there in For hauinge th'Epacte for one yeare you shal for the next yeare adde xi so yerelie xi cast awaye xxx as ofte as you can the remnent shal be youre Epacte But because I will not make more wordes in trifles beholde the Table and whan the yeares are expired begin againe at the firste numbre so continew for euer without variation The yere of Christ The gol deÌ„ num Th'Epacte The yere of Christ The gol deÌ„ num Th'Epacte 1560 3 3 1570 13 23 1561 4 14 1570 14 4 1562 5 25 1572 15 5 1563 6 6 1573 16 26 1564 7 17 1574 17 7 1565 8 28 1575 18 18 1566 9 9 1576 19 29 1567 10 20 1577 1 11 1568 11 1 1578 2 22 1569 12 12    Spou. Nowe if I coulde know howe long the Moone doth euery night shine me thinke it should be very pleasaunt comfortable especially beyng on the troublous seas Philoni And to that thinge also you shall easely attaine by the helpe of the Table folowing A TABLE OF THE SONNE RISINGE and going downe throughe the whole yeare Ianuaâ—…us Februarius Martius Aprill Maye Iune Da. of themoÌ„ Sonne rise Sonne go do Sonne rise Sonne go do Sonne rise Sonne go do Sonne rise Sonne go do Sonne rise Sonne go do Sonne rise Sonne go do  H M. H M. H M. H M. H M. H M. H M. H M. H M. H M. H M. H M. 1 7 47 4 13 7 5 4 55 6 16 5 44 5 23 0 37 4 36 7 24 4
vnder the burning zone the Sōne draweth all the moister of th' earth frō it so that for want of water no man cā ther liue The second is for the innumerable multitude of venamous wormes wilde beastes which are naturally ennemies vnto mankinde As the Lion the Olephant the Tiger such like Also Dragons Chrocodile Cocatrice sundry other venomous Wormes in suche sorte that th'inhabitauntes are compelled to put on botes for better auoiding their sting poison The part that is inhabited is frutful enough The people blacke Sauage Monstrous rude yet in those countries cities townes where the Spaniardes Portugalles Italians other do frequent the people are sumwhat more ciuill modest reasonable Diuers also yea right graue authors make mētion of certaine deformed that dwell in Africk as men with dogges heades called Cynocephali some with one eye that in the forehead named Monoculi others without heades theyr face in the breast with diuers such like which I sup pose rather fables then any truth If you desire à longer descoure Towching Africk hir inhabitātes cōmodities read Strabo in his 2. 17. bokes And also Plinius his 8. boke with diuers other writers which at large do herof intreate now I will folowing my order begun set out the notable regiōs which Ptolomaeus numbreth to be 12. with theyr chiefe Cities Townes hilles riuers with in Africke first we will begin with Mauritania which is diuided into Mauritania Tingitana Mauritania Caesariensi OF THE PRINCIPAL PLACES IN Tingitana or Barbarica Mauritania Fesse 10. 0. 30. 0 Tingis caesaria called commenlye Tanger 6. 30. 35. 30 Abilis one of Hercules Pillers is a hill againste Calpe an other Hill in Spaine 7. 50. 35. 40 Baba 8. 10. 34. 20 Banasa 6. 30. 34. 20 Septa 7. 30. 35. 55 Sala 6. 55. 34. 0 The Sonnes Mount 6. 45. 31 15 Benta 9. 30. 33. 40 Dorath 10. 10. 31. 15 Tamusida 7. 15. 34. 15 MAVRITANIA CAesariensis Apollos promontorie 15. 30. 33. 40 Iulia Caesaria 17. 0. 33. 20 Tucca. 20. 0. 31. 30 Hippa 20. 15. 29. 50 La Guardia 12. 0. 34. 20 Cissa Cerlel 18. 45. 32. 10 IN AFRICK THE lesse Colops the greater 27. 40. 32. 20 Colops the lesser 29. 20. 32. 35 Hippon 30. 30. 32. 15 Utica where Cato died now called Bensert 32. 0. 32. 45. Carthage 34. 40. 31. 50 Clupea 35. 0. 33. 20 Sabatra 41. 0. 31. 0 Vsanum 33. 15. 32. 20 Dabia 33. 0. 29. 40 NVMIDIA Culuca 28. 30. 31 0 Tucca 29. 30. 31. 20 Bizancina 37. 50. 30. 40 Capsa 37. 30. 29 45 Calatha 31. 0. 53. 40 Sabrata 41. 15. 30. 50 Ammon 65. 30 ▪ 28. 0 Oasis the great 59. 20. 26. 55 MARMARICA Alexandria 60. 30. 31. 0 Memphis 62. 50. 29. 50 Cayrum 62. 15. 30. 0 Syene 62. 15. 23. 50 LYBIA INTERIOR Tagaza 7. 0. 15. 40 Tuchorora 12. 30 16. 0 Tambutum 15. 30. 15. 40 MEROE Meroë is an Ilād of Nilus sometime called Saba now Elsaba where S. Matthew did preache the Gospel From hence came the quene of Saba to here Salomōs wisdome From hence also came Cādaces the quenes Enuche which was baptised of Philip th'Appostle But at this presēt it is the seate of the mightie prince that we cal Preter Iohn 61. 30. 16. 25 QVIOLA Quiola or Cayla is à region in which great plentie of Cinamome growe the chiefe cities are Hamaharica 65. 0. 9. 10 Masta 67. 30. South Pole 4 15 Beritis 60. 40. 21. 31 Quiola 76. 30. South pole 7. 30 Sabath 67. 30. 12. 30 Mombaza 79. 0. South Pole 6. 0. Melinda 82. 30. 2. 0 Cāuaquin 80. 0. 9. 50 Babell mendap There are the streightes of the red seas 74. 50. 11. 0. OF CITIES OF SONdry Regions in Southe Aethiopia Goia 60. 50. South Pole 19. 50 Garma 57. 0 South Pole 24. 0 Bali 70. 0. 21. 40 Meli 33. 0. 16. 30 OF THE NOTABLE Ilandes about Africke Porto Sancto 0. 35. 31. 30 Medera an Ilande firste inhabited of the Portugales it aboūdeth with Suger Honie Wax sundrye Herbes 358. 40. 29. 50 The Canarian Ilādes beyng x. in numbre 1. 30. 23. 30 S. Thomas Ilād 32. 30. 0. 30 Madagascar whiche is also called Saint Laurence Ilād there the North Pole is not sene the nedle in sailynge will do no seruice Therefore they ar cōstreined to vse Astro labes other Instrumēts 85. 30. South Pole 20. 0 Thus endeth the Description of Africke OF ASIA THE THIRDE parte of th' Earth WHAT Asia is and wherof it was firste so called there is no controuersie For all writers as wel Historiographers as also Geographers make it the iij. part of th' Earth to take that name of Asius sonne to kinge Cotis And although they call it the iij. part of th' Earth yet it is not because it conteyneth but the thirde part but bycause it is so diuided by the seas for of it selfe it is as much as Europe Africke conteineth after Ptolomaeus accompt 48. Prouinces It is parted into Asia the greater Asia the lesser Notwithstandyng diuers wryters vse this worde Asia the lesser more largelye than Geographers doth For they call all that portiō which is within the south shore of the ponticke seas th' east seas Pelagus Aegeum the North part of our Ocean the West part of the Riuer Euphrates to be Asia the lesser Asia conteyneth in hir circuit Bythinia Pōtus the lesser Asia Lycia Galatia Paphlagonia Pāphilia Capadocia the lesser Armenia Cilicia And all these after the maner of th' olde Grecians is comprehended within this one word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Anatolia that is to say th' east plage or coaste Asia dothe farre excell both Europe and Africke For it is so frutefull hathe so pleasaunt fildes such plētie of foder pasture the heauens geuing moisture to th' Earth in due season It hath aboūdāce of golde mines It bringeth forthe plentie of Cinamome Ginger Aloës diuers aromaticall spices Gūmes There are diuerse straunge beastes bred in Asia as Vnicornes Camelles Liberdes Mermosites Mercattes Grippes Yet one thing is to them infortunate that there are terrible many Earthquakes in so much that there haue bene x. xij Cities at one time subuerted ouerthrowen Th'inhabitauntes are sundrye diuers for some are Anthropophagi which eate the flesh of men drinke their bloud Ther are also Pygmeans men but à cubite in height which riding on Goates Rāmes do kepe warre with Cranes Ther ar diuers other formes of inhabitauntes resited of Plinius whiche at this present I willingly ouerpasse The spirites in this coūtrie by many illusions seke to bringe trauailers into daungers sumtime by calling them by theyr names other times by musicall noise as it were alluringe thē by the swetnes of the sounde vntil they be brought into danger through wilde beastes But now these thinges omitted whiche would make à great volume of them selues I will
45. Basilia Basile 29. 45. 47. 45 Schathusa 28. 0. 47. 28 Curia chur 32. 0. 47. 30 Vesalia 26. 20. 51. 30 Francofordia 31. 40. 50. 10 Curia 32 0. 47. 30 Marburgum 32. 10. 51. 0 Bremen 32. 10. 53. 40 HeydelberguÌ„ called Heydelberge is à florishing Uniuersitie mainteined by the Palsgraue by it ther ruÌ„neth the riuer Neccarus ther florished 1559 in Phisicke D. Iohn Langius the Princes Phisician Iacob Curio Thomas Erastus Petrus Lotichius Secundus all Doctors in Phisick And D. Balduinus the Reader of the Ciuill Lector with diuers others of whom I was very gentely interteined at the time of my Commensment 32. 0. 49. 30. Vlmes 33. 0. 48. 30 Herbipolis wirtzpurgk 33. 30. 50. 0 Amberga 34. 0. 47. 15 Augusta 34. 0. 48. 15 Brunsuiga 34. 40. 52. 40 Ingolstadium 34. 45. 48. 30 Hamburgum 34. 0. 54. 30 Limeburgum 34. 45. 5. 45 Ratisbona 35. 40. 49. 0 Erdfordia 35. 0. 51. 10 Lubecum 35. 20. 54. 50 Liptzigum 36. 30. 51. 30 Magdaburge 36. 10. 54. 50 Salisburgum 36. 30. 47. 30 Brandenburgum 37. 20. 52. 40 Rostochium 37. 10. 54. 36 Misna 37. 20. 51. 50 Peurbachium 37. 35. 48. 15 Berlinum 38. 30. 52. 50 Praga 38. 20. 50. 6 Gripsualdia 38. 55. 54. 20 Vratislauia 41. 20. 51. 5 Gran 42 50. 47. 15 Posna 42. 0. 52. 45 Buda 43. 0. 46. 50 Lonreth 43. 20. 52. 30 Thorn 43. 30. 53. 30 Cracouia 44. 30. 50. 15 Mons Regius 49 0. 45. 0 Dantiscum 46. 0. 54. 55 Caralostadium 33. 25. 50. 0 Noribergum 34. 40. 49. 30 Munster 32. 0. 52. 5 VVitenberga 32. 10. â—…3 40 MOSCOVIA MOscouia is à longe ample RegioÌ„ the people miserable suspicious craftie the chief citie of ther Empirour is also called Moskaua 69. 0. 57. 0. Thither sailed out of England 1553 Chancelour diuers other The nature of th' inhabitantes coÌ„modities of the couÌ„try à perfite description of all the parts of the same you shal se at large set oute by Sigismunde Liber baron c. ILLIRIA AND Dalmatia I Lliria which is called Lyburnia hath on the North parts Pannonia on the west Istria on the South the Uenice seas on th' East Dalmatia the chiefe Cities townes are Sara 40. 5. 44. 9 Stridona the countrye of Saynt Ierome 42. 20. 43. 20 Flauona 37. 0. 44. 45 DALMATIA Ragusia 45. 0. 42. 20 sibinicum 43. 0. 43. 20 scutara 45. 30. 41. 30 saloniana 45. 0. 43. 20 Durazo 45. 55. 40. 55 ITALIE AND LOMbardie Brundusium 41. 0. 39. 30 Tarentum 40. 30. 39. 15 salernum 37. 20. 39. 30 Naplis 38. 50. 39. 55 Capua 36. 40. 40. 5 Aquilea 36. 40. 41. 10 Roma à Citie famous through all th' Earth 36. 40. 42. 0 Sena 34. 10. 42. 0 Florence 34. 15 42. 45 Viterbia 35. 0. 41. 15 Pisa 33. 0. 42. 15 Luca 33. 30. 42. 45 Ancona 36. 40. 42. 30 Bononia 33. 30. 43. 40 Rhauennae 35. 0. 43. 15 Farraria 34. 10. 43. 50 Parma 32. 30. 43. 50 Verona 34. 0. 44. 25 Venice 35. 30. 44. 45 Padua 35. 0. 44. 45 Mantua 33. 10. 44. 10 Vincentia 34. 39. 44. 20 Cremona 32. 45. 44. 20 Placentia 32. 30. 44. 20 Myllan 31. 45. 44. 15 Tortona 31. 30. 44. 0 Genua 31. 30. 43. 15 Taurinum 30. 40. 43. 45 Nisa 29. 30. 42. 40 Secusia 29. 45. 44. 0 Grassa 29. â—…0 â—…2 â—…5 Albinga 3â—… 40. 42. 5â—… Vercellae 30. 30. 44. 30 Nouaria 30. 15. 45. 0 A PERTICVLER DEscription of Grece and firste of Macedonia MACEDONIA MAcedonia hathe on the Northe parte Thrasia the hier Misnia on the West the Venetian seas on the south parts Epirus and Achaia On the East the Seas called EgiuÌ„ Pe lagus The principall Cities townes of it are Thessalonica now Salonica the seate of the chiefe Bishoppe of the Philippians vnto whome S. Paule wrot two Epistles the first from Athenis the secoÌ„de from Laodicia the chiefe bishopriche of Phrygia where also S. Paule preached the Gospell 49. 50. 41. 0 Apollonia 45. 6. 40. 10 Aulon 44. 50. 39. 56 Bullis 45. 0. 39. 45 Arethusa 50. 10. 41. 0 Panormus 54. 404. 1. 0 Hadrianopolis 50. 55. 40. 55 Ampelus 51. 15. 40. 30 Iöleos 51 3. 39. 15 Demetrias 50. 30. 38. 56 Larissa 51. 20. 38. 50 Thebae Thebs 51. 10. 38. 30 Arnissa 45. 20. 40. 40 Elima 45. 40. 39 40 Amantia 46. 0. 39. 40 Albenopolis 46. 0. 41. 0 Europus 46. 30. 41. 20 Apsalus 46. 20. 41. 5 Parocopolis 48. 40. 41. 40 Amphipolis 50. 0. 41. 30 Philippis à Citye where the great Alexander was born and from this Citie S. Paule sent his second Epistle to the Galatians 50. 45. 41. 45 Heraclia 47. 40. 41. 30 EPIRVS VVHOSE cheife places are Nicopolis 47. 30. 38. 30 Cassiopa 47. 0. 38. 45 Ambracia larta 48 â–ª 8 38. 20 ACHAIA VVHOSE chiefe places are Athenae sometime the fountaine and wellspringe of all good letters heare did Plato and Aristotle teach it is now destroyed 52. 45. 37. 15 Megaris 52. 15. 37. 30 Peloponesus Morea 51. 10. 37 30 Modonam 48. 30. 26. 0 Parnassus a mount 50. 20. 38 0 Helicon the holy Hill of the Musis at the foote wherof is à founteine of the Houe of Pegasus fote 51. 0. 37. 45 Pythia the place wher Apol logaue Oracles 50. 30. 37. 45 Constantinople somtime à citie vnder the ChristiaÌ„ Em pire but nowe the chiefe seat of Solymanus th' Emperor of Turkes which he waÌ„ 1453. 56. 0. 43. 5. Corinthe the Bishoppes seat in Achaia Hether sent S. Paule two Epistles the first froÌ„ Philippis à citie in Ma cedonie by Stephan fortunatus Achaicus The seconde Epistle by Titus Luke 51. 15. 36. 55 Stymphalus 50. 20. â—…6 20 Thus endeth the perticuler description of Europe A PERTICULER DESCRPTION OF AFRICA AFRICA which also in Greke is named 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is the second part portion of th' Earth And was first so called of Iupiters daughter bering that name But Festus saith it came of the qualitie of th'Aëre in that couÌ„trey deriuing it of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as who should say 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is without horrour of coldenes other affirme that it toke name of Afer one of the pòsteritie of Abraham which ouercomyng his enemies remained in this part It beginneth at Gaditanum Fretum à narrow streight coÌ„ming out of th' Ocean into the middle Earth Seas haue Spaine on the north shore the Mores on the South And it doeth ende at the EgiptiaÌ„ Seas On the North it haue the middle Earth seas on the south shore the great Ocean on th' East the sea which stretche almost to the middle earth seas Africke is diuided into two parts by the hyll Atlas of whiche the lesser extendeth to the midle Earth seas the greater part goeth beyond this hill vnto the south OceaÌ„ The greater part of it is not inhabited for two causis one is for th' extreme heat being