enjoy what is attracted and over and above that none or at least not so much as would suffice for the making of Springs 5. Neither are there such veins in the earth through which the water should passe as cloth wine through crooked pipes or cranes which wine-coopers and Vintners use for the drawing of wine out of one vessel into an other through which the wine being once sucked runs continually till all be run forth For the veines in the bowels of the earth are not wholly and throughout full as of necessity they must be before water will ascend through them for preservation of its continuity and the avoyding of a vacuum 6. Neither is the water raised to the superficies of the earth by Helmonts sabulum or virgin-virgin-earth which he saith is a certain sand continued from the Center of the earth in divers places even to the superficies of the same and to the tops of some Mountains which sand hath in it a vitality and in which as in a vital abode and natural place the water whilest it remains is living and enjoyes common life and knows neither superiority or inferiority of place any otherwise than the bloud in the veines which flowes upward to the head and downward to the feet But moreover he adds that when this water is let out of its natural abode viz. the virgin earth as bloud out of a veine it then doth like a heavy thing hasten to its Center or iliad viz. the Sea Now for the confirming of this vitality in water he brings in this distich of the Poēt undas Spiritus intus alit vasti quoque marmoris aequor Mens agitat molem totam diffusa per artus And he further adds that the sea hath in it a kind of life because though the winds cease yet it hath its spontaneous motions and observes its tides according to certain observations that it hath of the course of the moon as if it would rise to meet her Now let us observe the weight of Helmonts arguments and that indeed is little or none as I conceive for first he doth not any way demonstrate that continuation of his virgin-virgin-earth from the Center to the superficies of the earth much less the vitality thereof Secondly for the vitality of water he onely quotes a poeticall fiction and thirdly for the spontaneous flowing of the sea it is noe more a demonstrative reason for the vitality thereof than the loadstones attracting Iron a reason of the vitality of the same 7 Neither is it rais'd upon that account of condensation rarefaction which the learned Docter Flud endeavours to demonstrate by the experiment of his weather-glass The air water saith he fill up all the cavities of the world so that in what hemispheare the air by reason of cold is condensed there the waters are rarefied and swell as may be seen in the weather-glass where the water is rarified and raised highest when the air is with cold most condensed as also in the swelling of springs in frosty-weather Now although this his experiment of the aforesaid glass doth prettily illustrate the busines of condensation and rarefaction in close vessels yet it doth not demonstrate sufficiently the raising of waters from the deep subterraneall channells to the superficies of the earth for it is apparent as I have shewed in the former part of this chapter that some springs swell more in summer than in winter Secondly if springs do rise higher in time of frost than in hot seasons it is onely either because some subterraneall vapours which could not evaporate by reason of the earth being constringed with cold are condensed into water and so make for the present some small addition to springs or because the subterraneall waters are rarified and swell by that heat which is occasioned through the aforesaid binding of the earth for we see by experience that springs are hotter in frosty weather than in summer And thirdly because the water of that weather-glass if it were open at the top as the veins of fountains are would not observe the nature of the season so as to rise or fall accordingly for that in a close glass it ariseth onely ad evitandum vacuum and now rather than nature should suffer a vacuum by the airs being condensed vapours and fumes would proceed out of the earth nay the next adjacent warm air would come in as a supply to prevent a vacuum sooner than water in the bowels of the earth could be rarified which would not in an open glass be raised at all though the weather were never so cold By these seven negatives it appears how the waters in the earth do not ascend I shall endeavour to demonstrate how they do ascend to the heads of Springs It is absurd to think being the same which Aristotle himself and his followers graunt that the waters should not be elevated from the bottom of Caverns to the heads of Springs after the same manner as water is elevated from the Sea to the midle region of the air Now this elevation is done by the force of heat resolving the water into vapours And if so why then may not the other be done after the same manner viz by heat Neither is it any matter whether that heat be above or beneath the waters if so be it forceth them into vapours and maketh them ascend as high as is requisite they should But it may be said that the middle region of the air is very cold and it is coldness that condenseth vapours into water but now the earth through which these vapours pass is warm as is agreed by most To this I answer that it is not necessary that there must be cold for the condensing of vapours into water it is sufficient if there be a more remiss degree of heat as you may see in the head of an alembick and the cover of a seething pot the interior superficies thereof being full of drops whilest they themselves are warm Now for the making of a vapour of any liquid matter heat is altogether and absolutely necessary according to the opinion of all and for much vapour there is much heat and a considerable proportion of humour required But seeing abundance of water comes from the Sea into the bowels of the earth the subterraneall heat which must be in like proportion being the chiefest cause of the generations of Springs is next and diligently to be inquired into Now that the earth is hot it is known by daylie experience And Lucilius Baldus saith that the earth being newly digged is hot smoketh and that out of deep wells is drawn warm water and especially in winter season by reason of the cold binding the earth and keeping in the heat but how this heat comes to be in the earth he speaks like a Stoick and saith it is in it as naturally as vitall heat is in animals But this opinion is not so probable as that of the Peripateticks who say that the earth is of
it self and naturally cold because dense and heavy but hot accidentally onely Now the great question will be from whence this heat of the earth doth proceed I will first shew from whence it doth not proceed and thereby confute the opinion of some 1. It proceeds not from the Sun as many imagine supposing that all heat in the world comes from thence and that the earth being beat upon by the sun-beames doth thereby receive into it self a certain heating vertue But this is very improbable seeing that they that digg in the bowells of the earth observe that the heating power of the Sun although in most hot seasons doth not penetrate the superficies of the earth above six feet deep do not we see how a thin wall or boughs of trees in an arbour keep off the heat of the sun though never so great to say nothing of the earths being colder two feet deep in Summer than in Winter 2. It proceeds not from an antiperistasis of the cold air in the superficies of the earth for this hath place no further than the heating power of the rayes came Besides the naturall cold of the solid and dense earth must of necessity have greater power to repell upwards than the adventious of the soft thin and light air to force downwards the heat of the sun which indeed in all reason should being generated but a little way within the earth of its own accord being very light ascend upward through the passage made by the Sun and this we know that after a long Summers day it is before the next morning almost vanished though never so great much less will it be preserved till and through the Winter It must then of necessity be another kind of heat it is such that towards the superficies of the earth is colder as being more remote from its original or beginning and is in Summer-time by reason of the Suns opening the earth and making vent easily expired and is therefore less perceived but in Winters frost is restrained from exhaling and is condensed as may easily be perceived in deep wells Now to know from what principle this heat hath its original or rise we must examine whence proceeds the heat in hot baths for there the subterraneal heat offers it self more conspicuous and apparent to our view But concerning the original of the heat of subterraneal waters there is as much doubt as of the generation of those waters themselves And therefore I shall in the first place endeavour to prove how heat doth not come thereby confuting the opnion of some and in the next place to shew which way it may proceed probably 1. It is not caused by the heat of the Sun and that partly for the reasons above mentioned as also because then those waters would be hotter in Summer-time than in Winter 2. It is not from the agitation of winds in the channels of the fountains for if so then they being vented forth the heat would presently be extinguished 3. It comes not from sulphur Calx viva as is the opinion of many learned as Seneca c. and that because neither doth sulphur at all heat unless it be actually hot nor Calx viva unless whilest it is dissolving in water to say nothing of that vast quantity which would in a little time be resolved and the sudden remarkable change that would be in hot springs 4. It proceeds not according to Doctour Jordens opinion from the fermentation that is in the generation of metals and minerals caused by the agent spirit acting upon the patient matter and so producing an actuall heat for ex motu fit Calor say all Philosophers which serves as an instrument to further this work of generation For if it were so then the heat in bathes would in time cease for he himself saith that this fermenting heat continues no longer till the generation of them be finished which is done in some determinate time but we see that the hot baths continue for ever Neither doth it suffice that he saith that generations of metalls are not terminated with one production but the mineral seed gathereth strength by enlarging it self and so it continually proceeds to subdue more matter under its government so as where once a generation is begun it continues many ages and seldom gives over as we see in the Iron mines of Illua the tin mines in Cornwall the lead mines at Mendip and the Peak which do not onely stretch further in extent of ground than hath been observed heretofore but also are renewed in the same ground which hath been formerly wrought I say his saying thus doth not suffice for though it be so as I do not deny but it may yet notwithstanding he doth not say that generation of metals continueth in one place except any ground be digged first and so space and place left for new mattter to come as is not in our baths and so by consequence the flowing of hot water would cease in that place where the said generation is not continued and if that generation be extended further yet so also and accordingly is the heat diminished unless it break forth continually in new places but we see hot springs continue many years together in one place at a constant heat Besides if this opinion were true then where we see metals and minerals generated there also must of necessity be hot baths but we see it is not so I shall now moreover demand of him how that crude metalline matter is before any the said fermentation sublimed from the central parts of the earth towards the superficies thereof if not by a subterraneall fire All these being excluded it remains now that we consider of a subterraneal fire onely for it seems impossible that so great and durable a heat should be caused or preserved by any other power whatsoever than that of fire and of this opinion was Empedocles an ancient Greek Philosopher and also Seneca but both these differ amongst themselves as to the manner of the heats proceeding from this fire and indeed from other Authours that seem to be more Anthentick The one is of opinion that it is sufficient if the fire be under the place through which the waters run and so like fire under a still force up the water by way of a vapour the other that the heat proceeds from some occult remote burning and passed through the veins and fibres of the earth where it meets with the waters and distill them up to the heads of the fountains But Agricola excepts against these two ways as being very impropable the first because the earth where the fire is could not endure the fire so long being of a calcinable cumbustible nature the second because by this way such a quantity of water could not be so heated as to be turned into a vapour so suddenly by so small a degree of heat There can therefore no other reason be given for these hot springs than the fire which
becoming to be unbodied for before they were incorporated with the water and by consequence wonderfull spiritual penetrate even the glass it self or the lute and I believe that neither glass or lute can hold them 2. I took two viol glasses and put into them a just equal quantity of the Spaw water I put one of them into a skillet of warm water and just took the cold off from it than I put an equal quantity of the pouder of gals into each of those two viols and that water which was cold received no deeper tincture than the other as I could perceive 3. I filled two viol glasses with this water and stopt one of them very close with wax and the other I stopt not at all and at two dayes end they yielded a tincture with the pouder of gall little less than that which is newly taken out of the well but that less which was left unstopt How much it will loose this tincture by carrying far I do not know it were worth while to trie and thereby to be the better assured how much of its strength is wasted for according to the spending of its spirits the tincture fades 4. A glass of this water stood seven dayes close stopt with wax and than yielded a tincture with gall like to small beer 5. This water doth not coagulate milk as do the German Spaws and another Vitrioline Spring in the same moor which yieldeth a Vitrial of Iron upon evaporation as I said before Now the reason of this is not because it is not acide enough for it is far more acid than the water of the dropping Well which coagulates milk if it be boiled with it but because the acidity thereof is not permanent or fixed enough but so volatile as to evaporate before the milk boils 6. This water kils Worms and Frogs if they be put therein and such kinde of Creatures as these 7. It being evaporated leaves nothing at all of Vitrial behind but onely an insipid pouder of a darkish colour like unto which pouder will that blewish cream or skin which swims upon the said water after long standing be when it is dried Now note that the aforesaid skin swimmeth upon all such Mineral waters and as saith H ab Heer 's being put upon the fire is inflamed and yields a sulphureous odour It is also called by Hadrianus Mynsicht Anima vitrioli 8. I weighed this water I think exactly to a grain and it weighed neither heavier nor lighter than simple spring water 9. It is observed generally and I tooke especial notice of it that it is almost an infallible signe of an ensuing rain when glasses filled with this water continue not clear but are covered all over as it were with a mist contrary to what is observed in glasses full of simple common water Now the reason of this I conceive is from the Mineral subtile spirits giving as nitre doth activity to the coldness of the water whereby the glasses themselves become more cold and so cold as eminently and apparently to condense the humid vapours of the air with which it abound before the rain To these experiments and observations I shall add this observation also viz. that this Spaw water is strongest viz. with the Mineral spirits in Winters frost by reason of the earth being the more bound up and the said spirits being thereby kept from perspiration and weakest in rainy wet weather by reason the water sinks into the veins of the springs viz. those that lye nearest to the superficies of the earth for it cannot sink above ten feet deep though the rain be never so much Also this water is in Summer-time stronger in the morning than at noon because the coldness of the night doth somewhat bind the earth and the heat of the Sun openeth the same thereby making it the more easie for the Mineral spirits to evaporat out thereby To prevent the inconveniencies of rain it were to be wished that there were a very deep trench yet not so deep as to cut a sunder any of the veins through which the water passeth if any should lye within six eight or ten feet of the superficies of the earth as it is possible some may made round the well and bridges made over some places of the same for as by this means the rain would be carried away so also the water in the boggie ground adjoyning to it which may perhaps sink into the veins of the spring and corrupt the same would be dreyned away and the well by this means much improved for the ground about it is spongious and drinks in water apace the uppermost part thereof to the depth of a foot consisting of that hollow earth of which is made pete and turfe and that beneath it being sandy and also hollow CHAP. VIII Of the vertues of the Spaw-well to whom and in what cases profitable or hurtfull I Shall not stand here to reckon up all and the several vertues of Vitrial as not properly conducing to our present purpose because the varities of its operations depends upon the variety of the forms in which it is administred or used for the Salt thereof hath one operation the Colcothar another the corrosive spirit another and that subtile acide penetrating spirit which Theophrastus cals his great secret or Arcanum against the Epilepsie and other such symptomes because of its wonderfull penetrativenes leaving no part or places of the body unsearched another and with this hath the spirit of the Spaw water great affinity is therefore so much the more excellent as being so much the nearer to it Primum ens as Helmont calls it Now note by the way that although this spirit cannot be by it self extracted out of this water yet it may be extracted out of Vitrial yet by a very expert artist This water according to its first qualities cooles and moistens actually heats and dries potentially And by these four qualities the distempers of the body consisting in the excess either of heat cold driness or moisture are tempered every quality altering its contrary and reducing it into its natural temper And indeed it is worth taking notice of that in such cases a distemper will rather be altered by its contrary than increased by its like As for exemple if the distemper consists in heat the heat will be allayed by the coldness of the water and not be made more intense by the heat thereof although the heat continue longer than the coldness for the water is quickly warmed in the stomack and then the potential heat is reduced into act and continues and so on the contrary I mean If the water be taken regularly and cautiously or otherwise such happy success may not be expected Now according to other qualities viz. second third it cuts dissolves attenuates abstergeth viscous tartarous humours in the stomack messenterie hypochondries reins bladder c and evacuateth them by Urine as being indeed very diuretical and by consequence opens the
to the better understanding of them to premise something concerning the original of them in general and the rather because there have been great controversies betwixt the Stoicks and Peripatetickes about the causes of them Now the several opinions concerning the original of lasting Springs which are called Fontes perennes may be reduced to three heads for either they proceed from rain-water or they are generated in the bowels of the earth or else they must of necessity flow from the Sea through subterraneal channels If any shall object as some have done and say they may come from subterraneal lakes let me demand of them whether those sakes proceed not from some of the three former and whether they would not in time be exhausted if otherwise Arguments for the first opinion alleadgedand answered Arg. They that contend for the first opinion such as are Albertus Magnus Georgius Agricola c. Affirme that in those Countreys where there falls but little rain the Springs are few and small and that in winter time all Springs flow more plentifully than in summer and that by reason of the wetnes of the Season and what becomes say they of all the rain if it sinks not into the earth and there maintains Springs Sol 1. The Assertion concerning the increasing of Springs in winter is not universally true for St. Mugnus Well in York-shire as I was most credibly informed by the Woman that hath looked to it and been the keeper of it for these many years last past begins to rise high about May and to fall low about October besides divers more Springs which in several counties of this Nation are dryed up all the Winter and flow a new towards the Summer And Pliny makes mention of a certain Spring in Cydonia before Lesbon that flows onely at the Spring many more of this nature might be produced if there were occasion 2. If that were granted to be true which they say yet it doth not follow that rain is the material cause of Springs although at that time they break forth which were before dryed up for their drying up was not occasioned for want of rain to supply them but by reason of the dryness of the earth towards its superficies which attracts to it self and drinks in for the satisfaction of its drought the water of the Springs which it doth again let go when it hath drunk plentifully of the showers from Heaven Now that the dry earth will drink a great quantity of water you may see by the drying up of Rivers in a long drougth by the drynes of the earth although the Fountains which are the heads of those Rivers flow plentifully at the same time as some do although others some be dryed up And as for those Springs which break forth onely after great rain they are caused from the rain which is drunk up by some boggie spongious earth and is drained from thence or which is sunk into some caverne or hollow place near the superficies of the earth through some secret passage thither and there being collected in some considerable quantity imitates a Spring as long as it lasts 3. The gratest part of showers of rain falling upon high places run down from thence into plains and from plains through small channels or trenchs into Rivers and that rain which falls upon any place from whence it cannot in some such manner be conveyed away remains upon the superficies of the earth till it be exhaled by the Sun as we see in divers places besides it cannot be imagined that rain sinks so far into the earth as to supply Springs and that because it is generally observed by all that dig in the earth that rain wetts not the earth above ten feet deep And the reason hereof Seneca the Philosopher gives in his third Book Naturalium quaestionum chap. 7. Where he saith that when the earth is satiated with showers it then receives in no more and this we see by dayly experience Besides when wee dig a Well although it be in a soft place wee dig sometimes one two or three hundred feet deep before wee come at quick Springs and that the rain should sink so deep it is no way probable nay although there were hallow veins and chinks in the earth through which many would have it passe to a great depth for who cannot easily conceive that those veins and crannies which yet are not granted to be in every place where there are Springs are easily stopt with dust or dirt which the rain carryes with it when it is fallen on the earth or swelled up and contracted as we see they are in Summer time with rain after a long drougth Arguments for the second opinion Alleadged and answered Arg. They that contend for the second opinion such as Seneca c. affirme that Springs are generated cheifly of earth changed into water and that because all Elements are mutually transmutable into one the other And some as Aristotle and H. ab Heer 's that Springs are generated of the aire shut up in the earth and by the coldnes thereof condensed into water Sol 1. It is more probable according to reason and experience that by reason of the density of the earth water should more easily be converted into earth than the earth into water 2. It is to be wondred at that seeing that ten parts of air if not many more serve for the making of one part of water conteinable in the same space there should be so much space in the earth for the containing of so much air as serves for the making of such a quantity of water as springs dayly out of the earth Besides so much air being spent there would of necessity follow a vacuum for where should there be so many and great crannies or holes to let the air into the earth fast enough But if there were yet how is it possible that so much air can be corrupted in such a moment the whole Elementary air being of its owne nature most subtile and not being sufficient to make such abundance of water as all the Springs of the earth will amount to Now although this answer be according to the sence of common Philosophers and sufficient for the satisfaction of this objection yet Helmont will not admit of any such supposition viz. That air and water can at all be mutually transmuted into one the other It is true saith he that water can easily be turned into a vapour and the said vapour into water again but this vapour is nothing els materially and formally but a congeries of atomes of water sublimed air will not in cold or heat yeild water any more then it contains in it the vapour viz. of rarefied water For saith he if those two Elements were so mutually convertible one species must be transmuted into another and the air that is made out of water may be again reduced into the same numerical waterwhich it was before its rarefaction but this cannot be
burns in the very cavities and caverns of them the cavities themselves consisting of a Bituminous matter For Bitumen and these things which are made of it being kindled burn in water by which also the said fire is cherished This you may see in Naphtha which is a kind of Bitumen for if you put but a drop thereof into water and put fire to it you will see it burn and continue burning so long that you would wonder at it which could not be unless it were fed by the moisture of the water which it did attract and transmutes into its own nature The like you may see in Champhir and other kind of Bitumen Pliny also affirms that these are some certain burnings in the earth which sometimes cast out Bitumen and are increased by raine And Fallopius saith that in the territories of Mutina is a short plat of ground out of which comes fire and smoke and the ground is all like dust which if you kindle you cannot quench again with water so that these kind of fires are perpetual and very long lasting in waters And hath it not been observed that a fiery Bituminous matter doth sometimes flow out of hot Springs Pliny makes mention that in the City Somosata of Comaganes a certain lake sent forth burning mud and Plato makes mention of the like concerning a Spring in Sicilia And Agricola reports another upon his credit Fallopius also saith that in many places where the earth is digged deep there are ashes and calcined stones which are the effects of fire and that in the territories of Modena Bolonia Florence and other places as in Italy c there are found Springs and several places casting out fire But as to Springs this happens onely where the bituminous matter is very near the Spring head and as high and where the veins are more open Now then the manner of Springs being caused by this Bituminous fire is this viz Seeing art doth for the most part imitate nature the thing is even the same in a hot Spring as in a distilling vessell or a seething pot covered with a lid onely there is this difference that to the bottom of these the fire is put on the out side but here the fire is within the cavern it self through which the water passeth and that either lying in the bottom or sticking to the sides thereof As therefore in these artificial vessels the water being by the heat of fire resolved into a vapour is forced upwards to the covers or heads thereof where by reason of some less degree of heat it is condensed into drops and returns to its self and into its own nature again So even after the same manner water in the caverns of the earth being heated by the Bituminous fire with which it is mixed is by the heat thereof forced into a great quantity of vapours which ascending through the cranines veins and fibres of the earth being there for the greatest part turned into water doth with the rest of the vapour yet very hot break forth in fountains viz very hot and very full of spirit so that it seems to boyle if the fountains be near to the caverns or onely warm if more remote And as these Springs differ in their heat according to their nearness or remoteness to their fire so also in their Bituminous odour and tast For as in distilled waters their Empyreuma vanisheth in length of time so in these in length of course So that these fountains which are very remote from this Bituminous fire are neither hot nor have any Bituminous odour And as by this natural distillation water is the best way procolated from its Sea saltness so also doth it become thereby less obnoxious to putrefaction For we know that distilled waters last longest Ob. It may be objected that if the matter preserving this fire were Bitumen then it would follow that almost the whole world should be Bitumen because ever since and before the memory of man these hot baths were and are like to continue for ever and therefore there must be that element for ever which must preserve that fire Sol. It doth not follow that there must at present be so much Bitumen as will maintain the fire so long for it is perpetually generated and as long as there shall be sic city and humidity in the earth there will be Bitumen generated And do not we see that metals are generated a new in the same places out of which they have formerly been digged Witness the profit which Fallopius saith the Duke of Florence hath by it and the testimony of learned Sendivogius who saith that there have been metals found in mountains where formerly there have been none If so then much more may sulphur and Bitumen be generated a new Ob. If it should be granted that Bitumen is generated a new yet if that were the aliment of the fire the fire would change its places because the Bitumen is consumed one part after another and so by consequence the baths would not be so equally hot as before the fire being by this means more remote from the fountains Sol. The flame is fed two ways either when the flame follows the matter as when the fire burns wood or when the matter follows the flame as in a lamp in which the oyle follows the flame not the flame the oyle and so it is in the earth and therefore the fire is always in one place Neither doth that withstand it which we see by experience in sulphur which is burnt part after part the fire following of it for you must know that in the earth where there is a great heat the Bitumen and Sulphur are melted and by this means follow the flame as I said before of Oil. Ob. If Bitumen feed the fire of these baths then the waters thereof would have the odour tast and colour of Bitumen but it appears that they have not Sol. Though all baths are heated by Bitumen yet some immediatly as those which do pass through the place where it burns these onely have the tast and odour of the same and some mediately as those that pass through places as rocks c. heated by Bitumen burning under them as was the opinion of Empedocles and Vitruvius Neither do I by this distinction contradict what I said before concerning the waters being distilled up by that fire onely which burned in the caverns and veins of the earth through which they pass for in this place I speak onely of the waters being heated this mediate heat not being sufficient to distill them to any considerable height Ob. It is very improbable that any subterraneal fire can burn within the bowels of the earth by reason of the want of air as we see in cupping glasses where as soon as they are applyed the fire goeth out besides the fuliginous vapours would recoil and choak the fire for there are few or no vents and exhalation seen Sol. There is not any such great want
of air in the earth nay there is such a plenty of it there that many learned Philosophers were nay Aristotle himself of opinion that all Springs were generated of subterraneal air 2. Air is not the aliment of fire for saith the Lord Bacon in his Treatise De vita morte Flamma non est aer accensus flame is not kindled air nay but unctuous vapours which arise from the matter that is burnt so that whereas without air fire goeth out and is extinguished the reason is because the fuliginous vapours wanting evaporation do recoil upon the fire and choak it Now this Bituminous fire is not being of a sulphureous nature very fuliginous and besides what smoak or sumes or vapours there come from it are subtile and penetrating and either evaporate through the superficies of the earth insensibly or incorporate themselves with some sutable subject that is in the earth or els are of themselves condensed into some unctuous matter adhearing to the sides of the caverns into which they are elevated So that according to the fuliginousness of vapours more or less recoiling the fire is more or less choaked Nay if we will believe Historians there have been burning Lamps closely shut up in glasses for fiftheen hundred years together in old sepulchres Now they burnt without air were not extinguished by reason the aliment of it was a Naphtha or Bituminous matter which was so pure that it bred no fuliginous vapours to choake the fire thereof 3. Where this fire is very great there is a great vent and exhalation but where but little little is the vent and insensible And in most places the fire is not great extensively but intensively because it is kept within a narrow compass as in small caverns and veins of the earth Q. How comes this Bitumen to be kindled in the earth Sol. It is agreed by all that are of the opinion that Bitumen is the matter of the subterraneal fire that hot and dry exhalations in the bowels of the earth being shut up and not finding any place to break forth are agitated attenuated rarified and so inflamed and being inflamed kindle the Bitumen Now lastly let no man wonder that there should be so great a force of fire conteined in the earth as to be sufficient for the generation of so many Springs that flow from thence daylie seeing Pliny and many other Philosophers wonder so much on the other side when they considered of the subterraneal fire and brake forth into an exclamation saying it is the greatest of all miracles that all things are not every day burnt up And cannot the burnings of the Aetnean Visuvian Nymphean mountains convince us a little of this But for the further confirmation of this opinion let us a little consider whence the winds proceed and what they are And are they not a hot and dry exhalation Now that this proceeds from and out of the earth most agree and that it entered not first into the earth is very probable For how can a hot dry light exhalation whose nature and property is to ascend descend into the earth in such a quantity as to cause such great and lasting winds as many times happen It must therefore be in the earth originally and be stirred up by some great heat in the same And what shall we think of the dry exhalation or spirit which is shut up in the caverns of the earth in great quantities and endeavouring to break forth through obstructed passages causeth great earth-quakes whereby Cities Towns and Countries have been overthrown to say nothing of those dreadfull noyses sometimes in the bowels of the earth Whence I say these great exhalations I say great because I confess that some little quantity of them may be caused by certain fermentations in the earth should be raised if not from some great heat of fire within the earth never any one yet could rationally determine And Caesius affirms that at a certain village called Tripergulus about an hundred and twenty years since after fiftteen dayes earthquake the earth opened and winds smoak and very great fires brake forth out of the same also pumice-stones and abundance of ashes in so much as they made a mountain and about that place were many hot Springs Also in Apulia is a hot bath called Tribulus where there is abundance of ashes and calcined stones and about the lake Lucrinus and Avernus are the same But if any should yet doubt that winds proceed from the earth or from the occult fires of the earth I shall make it yet further to appear by propounding to their consideration some observations concerning the Sea For it is observed that wind doth proceed from the Sea after a more apparent and violent manner than from the land and that more certain signes of an ensueing wind are taken from the Sea than from the land For when a calme Sea makes a murmuring noyse within it self it signifies that then the exhalations which is the matter of the wind are rising out of the earth and bottom of the Sea and this the fishes perceiving and being affraid of it especially Dolphins play above the water and the Sea-urchins fasten themselves to rocks the Sea a little swelling sheweth that the exhalation is endeavouring a vent then boyling sheweth that it hath penetrated to the superficies but as yet in a little quantity but then the eruptious of the exhalations following upon the waters mounted up aloft make wind and a tempest such as Marriners have often experience of when as they perceive that the wind blows from no other place but ariseth at themselves Now why waves or billows should preceed wind let any man if he can give any other reason Also I have been informed by some Marriners that a little before a great tempest there is seen a great quantity of an unctuous shineing matter floating on the top of the Sea and that this is an infallible signe of an ensuing storme The reason of this is because wind breaking forth out of the earth forceth up with it self that Bituminous matter from the place where it self was generated But now why winds should arise from the Sea more apparently than from the land is because there is more plenty of fire in the gulfes of the Sea for there it hath more aliment or fewel viz. Water which as I said before is the aliment of that Bituminous fire And whence are those great mountains of stones and minerals and those Islands which do sometimes arise up anew from the Sea but from a subterraneal fire which forceth them up from thence according to the judgement of learned Sendivogius and experienced Erker and those chasmes and gapings of the Sea Much more might be alleadged for the confirmation of this opinion as the manner of the generation of minerals and metals and many such like subterraneal operations which can not rationally be ascribed to any other cause than fire within the earth but all the premises being seriously
Springs and waters are found which are impregnated with the aforesaid four kinds of Ingredients 1. Of Metals Gold is said to be found mixed with Balneis Ficuncellensibus Fabariis Piperinis c. Silver in a certain Spring in Hungarie and in the Bath at Bol. c. Copper in the Bath of Saint Mary's in Flaminia in Thermis Cellensibus in Suevia and in many places in Germany c. Yron in Springs in Agro Lucensi in Asatia in Agro Calderiano and divers in England Lead in Lorayne whence a certain Bath there is called Balneum Plumbaceum Quick-silver in Serra Mordena in Spain near the village Almediea in a cave where they say are many wells infected therewith 2. Of Minerals Sulphur is said to be found in Thermis Puteolanis Aponitanis Badensibus in Helvetia and those at Knaresborow Antimony in Germany and in a certain Spring at Meldula as also in divers other purging waters Arsenick and Auripgimentum in the lake Avernus Bitumen in the wells at Baia Mutina and those at Knaresborow called the Sulphur-wells Salt in Balneis agri Pistoriensis Volaterrani and in the Sulphur-well at Knaresborow Nitre in Agro Puteolano of Campania in Aegypt and divers other places where the waters are very nitrous Allum in Balneis Agri Senensis Lucensis and in some Springs in the North of England Vitriol in agro Volaterrano and those Spaw-wells in Germany and these in England 3. Of Stones Plaister in a Spring of the Mountain Grotus in agro Pataviano Lime-stones in Springs of chalkie countries where the water sometimes runs forth white Marble in a Bath in agro Agnano 4. Of Earth Potters clay in a bath of the mountain Orthonus Rubrick or a certain red earth for so sometimes it signifies in aquis Calderiani◠Marle in Oaxes a river of Scythia c. But of all these by the way onely and for method sake and also for the better understanding of what is behind and indeed is the chiefest subject of this present treatise CHAP. VI Of the Original of Vitriol and the causes of Vitrioline waters or Spawes difference of them the one from the other and the reasons of their different operations IN the first place I shall give a description of Vitriol in which shall be declared the causes thereof and explain the terms thereof difficult and not obvious to every ones apprehension as being not usual in common natural Philosophy 〈◊〉 Vitrial therefore is but an esurine acid Salt of the embrionated Sulphur of Copper or Iron which attracting an acidity from air or water is thereby opened and resolved and then corrodes the parts of the said metals with which it is connate the body of which compound consisting of Pure Metal and superfluos Sulphur and Salt being thus opened is dissolved in water passing through the veins thereof And this water thus impregnated is boiled to a Vitrial The difficult terms hereof I thus explain 1. By embrionated Sulphur I understand a superfluous sulphur which is not the matter of the Metals but connate onely with them for the embrional conservation of them and after the perfection of the Metal is cast off in part by nature and more fully by the refiners fire Paracelsus explaines it by a familiar example of a Nut. A Nut saith he per se is onely the kernel which is not generated by it self but together with the shell and shales which are superfluous and serve onely for the embrional conservation of the Nut that is of it whilest it is in an Embrio or imperfect And here by the way note that as every Mineral Metal and vegetable hath its distinct Sulphur Embrionatum so every Sulphur Embrionatum is distinct from the true genuine thing generated with which it is connate as much as a form essence substance and corporality differ the one from the other and is but an impurity of its Embrio and as it were as Helmont calls it the secundine thereof 2. By esurine salt I understand in this place not the acid spirit of air water and subterraneal sulphurious vapours not yet coagulated or specificated which also are sometimes called an acid or esurine salt but a certain acid vapour applicable to all Metals and Minerals and connate with them in their principiis solutis and Embrioes and especially to those that abound with sulphur as Iron and Copper and with them congealed into a saline principle giving consistency to the compositum as sulphur doth coagulation and is by Hel-mont for want of another name called the esurine salt of an embrionated sulphur But any one may call it what he please if so be he understand it and is resolved and unloosed by an acid spirit conteined in air and water which spirit is indeed the seed of salt for in them viz in air and water are the seeds of all things in the former as being therein imagined as saith Sendivogius as in the male and in the latter as being afterward by a circulative motion cast forth into the same as into their sperm for he makes a subtile distinction betwixt seed and sperm wherein they are conserved taking not upon them the nature of any specifical salt untill they meet with some corporeal principles that are consentaneous to them and is when it meets with any saline corporeal principle in its resolving of it coagulated together with the same into a distinct species of salt viz into this or that according to the nature of the compositum where this solution and coagulation is made I shall for the better illustration of this nativity of salts briefly shew how two of the four said salts viz. Nitre and vitrial are made artificially because this artificial process is performed in imitation of the natural production of them 1. The process therefore of making nitre artificially is this viz. Sprinkle distilled vineger upon fat earth as fullers earth bole marle c. beaten small and let it stand for a few dayes in a cold place and you will see pure nitre produced from thence Or take any one of the aforesaid earths and beat it small and set it in a cold moist place for some weeks and you will see the same effect Now this latter way seems as much natural as artificial and indeed it is just in imitation of nature for we see that any fat earth if it be covered from rain and the Sun so as it spendeth not its strength in producing of hearbs and plants breedeth plenty of nitre Now note that in these kinds of fat earths there is at first observed no nitrous tast neither can there from thence be extracted any nitre but after they have continued a certain time in the cold air do by a certain magnetick power of a nitrous principle or saline unctuosity which is in them attract an acidity or rather acid spirit which opens the bodies of those fat earths and resolves the said saline unctuosity and is therewith coagulated for the solution of the one is the coagulation of
bituminous vapours Ob. What is the reason that seeing this water hath passed lately through the bituminous burnings as it appears by its fresh odour of the same should be cold and not hot as hot Baths are Sol. 1. It was the opinion of Fallopius that such kind of waters proceed from a remote fire but passing through narrow passages retain their full odour and tast which cannot be vanished by the way any otherwise than smoak through a Chimney or pipe although by the length of its passage it may loose its heat 2. Though the fire be near to the superficies of the earth where this water breaketh forth yet it is very probable that the coldness thereof may proceed from a mixture of a cold spring before the breaking forth thereof Neither let it seem strange to any that cold springs and hot may be so near together in the bowels of the earth for just above the head of this Sulphur-well there arise two cold Springs which meet and run down within a few feet of the head of the same And Mr. Jones in his treatise of Buck-stones Bath in Derbishire saith that the cold Springs and hot Springs are so near that a man may put one finger in the cold and another in the hot Having in some measure declared unto you the cause of this Sulphur-well viz. of its saltness bitterness and sulphurious odour I shall in the next place give an account of some experiments and observations which I made and they are these viz. 1. If Silver be put into this water it is thereby tinged first yellow and then black but Gold is not all discoloured thereby 2. If this water be a little boiled it looseth its tinging property and also stinking odour 3. It coagulates milk if it be boiled therewith 4. The distilled water thereof looseth its odour and doth not coagulate milk 5. If the water be boiled it will still coagulate milk though it looseth its odour 6. Seven gallons yield by evaporation a pound of Salt which though at first black I have made as white as snow 7. This Salt coagulates milk also 8. This water kills worms and such kind of creatures presently if they be put therein 9. I filled two Vial glasses with this water in wet weather and stopt the one but the other I left open The water in that which was stopt within an hour or two became white and thick and within two or three dayes deposited a white sediment and the sides of that glass were furred the water in the other glass altered not 10. I filled two Vial glasses in fair weather whereof the one I stopt but the other left open the water in neither of them turned colour any whit considerably onely a kind of a thin whitish matter after two or three dayes fell to the bottom the water continuing very clear The water of that glass which was stopt retained its odour most 11. A pint of this water weighs two scruples i. e. fourty grains more than a pint of common Spring-water Note that the reason of its tinging white metals is not from any bodily Sulphur or bitumen mixt with it for the substance of them will not mix with water but swim on it as in the Spring at Pitchford in Shropshire and in Avernia in France and in divers other places but from the vapours or the subtile atomes efluvia's thereof which are mixed with the water and in boiling are evaporated The reason of its coagulating property is from some occult acidity in the Salt thereof which to sense is not perceptible onely by effect Out of the Salt is drawn a very good spirit of excellent vertue as I shall declare in the next Chapter Before I conclude this Chapter it will be worth taking notice that about 240 yards above the head of this Sulphur-well is a bog of about twenty yards diameter in which I digged a mineral kind of substance like the finders of Iron but almost rotten being corroded with some acid spirits of which that bog is full as also other places This mineral substance being cast into the fire burns blew and smels like Sulphur It is in tast like Vitrial and out of it Vitrial may be drawn nay in time it will be almost all resolved into Vitrial For I washed it and set it in a Cellar for two or three dayes and it was covered over with a white sweeetish Vitrial which I dissolved in water and set the said substance in a Cellar again and it contracted the like I did as before still reiterating this work till it was almost all turned to Vitrial In the said bog I found three or four sorts of waters viz. a Sulphur and Vitrioline and of each two sorts This was done the last day of my abode there and therefore I had not time to make any further search onely some of that mineral substance I took with me with which I tried the aforesaid experiments If any Gentleman would be pleased to expend some costs in digging up this bog and erecting some new Wels there he would prove an acceptable benefactor to his Countrey and it may be some new kind of water might be discovered hereby having yet more vertues than any of the former Note that the stink of this Sulphur-well is perceived afar off especially in moist and cold weather CHAP. XV Of the vertues and uses of the Sulphur-well together with directions and cautious for the taking of it THe use of this water is either inward or outward It being taken inwardly incideth abstergeth attenuates and resolves viscous thick humours and irritates every vessel of the body to expel whatsoever humours are offensive in them It openeth and removes those strong and obstinate obstructions whether in men or women that would not yield to any other Medicine whatsoever It doth oftentimes evacuate by stool great lumps of viscous slimy matter which was certainly whilest it was in the body the cause of some great distemper oppressure gripings tensions c. and which could hardly any other way be removed It heateth and quickneth the stomack bowels liver spleen bloud veins nerves and indeed the wholy body in so much that it consumes crudities rectifieth all cold distempers in all parts of the body causeth a good digestion cures the Dropsie Spleen Scurvy Green sickness Gout Cramp Epilepsie head-ach Vertigo Kings evil and all such Symptomes as proceed either from crudities cold viscous slimy or corrupt humours which obstruct distemper the stomack Bowels Messentery Liver Veins Brain and Nerves and these though of long continuance It killeth worms infallibly Note that this water must be begun by degrees and the full proportion be taken not at once but at several times exercise intermediating as in the taking of the Spaw The full dose or quantity to be taken must be proportioned according to the constitution strength of the party his bearing of it as also the humour offending the predominancy of the distemper and the aptness of the
unless you will grant that which all Philosophers deny viz. That A privatione ad habitum datur regressuc Lastly for the confirmation of his opinion he brings in an experiment viz. Air shut up in an Iron pipe of an ell long may be compressed by force that it will be conteined within the space of five fingers which when it expands it selfe drives out the pellet with which it was stopt at the one end with a sound like to that of a gun which would not be if the air thus compressed could have been turned into water by the coldnes of the Iron Arguments confirming the third opinion and objections made against it answered The third opinion is the most ancient of all and was held by Plato and Thales himselfe one of the first Philosophers in Greece and not so only but is also asserted in sacred writ viz. Eclesiastes chap. I. vers. 7. Where the wisest of men affirmes that all the Rivers run into the Sea and yet the Sea is not full unto the place from whence the Rivers come thither they return again The reason for the confirmation of this opinion are many but the chiefest are these two First because there is not any body besides the vast Ocean that can afford neer such an abundance of waters as spring from the earth Secondly because the Sea it selfe is not increased by that multitude of waters that flow dayly into it as it must of necessity be unless they did by occult cavities of the earth return to their Fountaines as is declared in the fore cited place by the wisest of Philosophers Neither is Aristotle's imputing the wasting of the Sea to the Sun and winds of any force to perswade to the contrary for although this kind of wasting may be granted in part yet if it should be according to his judgement his whole Element of water had bene long since consumed Obj. Seeing the Sea according to its situation is lower than springs for the course of water is downward how then doth the water thereof ascend so high as the heads of springs especially those in high Mountains and Hills Sol. I shall first shew after what manner it doth not ascend according to the opinion of some for there are divers opinions concerning the causes of its ascent 1. It is not forced upward by a spirit or breath that is in the water it selfe as Pliny and Vallesius supposed For if it should be granted that there were any such intrinsecal impulsive spirit or breath in waters as it can not rationally be for it is not observed that the Sea is moved any other way but by tempests sometimes and the Moon by way of tide yet that could not though assisted extrinsecally by strong winds blowing contrarily and that in an open Sea force them to the height of springs much lesse could it alone in subterraneal crooked channels 2. Neither doth the weight of the earth force it up as was the opinion of Bodinus and Thales For the earth seeing it is a solid and firme body doth not lye upon and presse the water but contrarily the water the earth Neither is the earth held up by the water but the water by the earth as you may see in all Rivers Lakes Pits and the water of the Sea it selfe when it is in channels of the earth For if they should not at any time be quite full as it sometimes happens the upper part alone proves empty which would not be if the waters were pressed by the earth but contrarily 3. Neither doth the weight of the Sea force it self up as was the opinion of Seneca who supposed that the greatest part of the water of the Sea is out of its place viz. above its place in the place of the air and so above the heads of springs towards which it forceth it selfe by its natural descent and so riseth up again as high as the level of the water from whence it came but he proves it not onely he asserts it But Doctor Jorden in his treatise of Baths being of the same opinion as touching the Seas being higher than the earth though he holds that the natural place of the waters is above the earth seemes to give some plausible account of it For saith he although neer the coasts it be depressed and lower than the shoare yet there is reason for that because it is terminated by the dry and solid body of the earth as wee see in a cup or bowle of water filled to the top wee may put in a great bulk of silver in pieces and yet the water will not run over but be heightened above the brims of the bowl the like saith he we may see in a drop of water put upon a table where the edges or extremities of the water being terminated by the dry substance of the table are depressed and lower than the midle like a halfe globe But take away the termination by moistening the table and the drop sinks even to an evennes And whereas we see saith he that Rivers run downward toward the Sea per declive it doth not prove the Sea to be lower than the Land but onely neer the shoar where it is thus terminated and in lieu of this it hath scope enough assigned it to fill up the Globe and so to be as high as the Land if not higher Now if I should graunt that the Sea were higher in the midle than the highest place of the Land yet it is very improbable that it should force it selfe to the tops of Mountains sooner than into Rivers which are far lower than the head of Springs and more open than the narrow channels and veines of the earth through which it must passe to the Springs And for that similitude of his concerning the termination of water by drynes it will not hold water nay it rather makes against him than for him for he saith that this termination is taken away by moisture Now let me demand of him or of those of his judgment whether or no many great Rivers terminated in the Sea be not a sufficient moisture for the taking away of the termination of the water made by the dryness of earth and so to make the globous Sea to sink to an evennes 4. And as the water is not elevated by any of the three foregoing wayes of impulse or forcing so neither is it by any of these two wayes of attraction viz. by the power of the Planets or by the earths sucking it in as a sponge doth water from beneath and sending it to higher places For the first there can be no such attractive vertue demonstrated and if there were it would as well and promiscously extend a like to Valleyes and low Countreyes where wee see few Fountains as well as to high Mountains and Hills from whence proceed the greatest Springs As to the second an attractive vertue if there were any such here attracts to this end that the subject wherein it is might consume retain or
substance Maginus makes mention of a Lake in Ireland in the bottone whereof if you put a staff it will being pulled out some moneths after be turned into Iron viz. that part which stuck in the mud and that part which was in the water into a whetstone Aristotle mentions a certain Fountain in Sicilia into which if living creatures being before killed were put they would become alive again Athenaeus saith that the fish of the River Clitoris have a certain voyce Solinus speaks of a Fountain that is in Boeotia which helpeth the memory Isidorus saith the like of the River Lethe which causeth forgetfulnes Scaliger saith that the River of Juverna is of that nature that the leaves of a certain tree hanging over falling into it become living fishes Pliny reports that in Agro Carrinensi in Spain is a certain Fountain which makes all the fish that live in the water of it seem to be of a golden colour Agricola affirmes that fishes live in the hot Sulphur-waters of the lower Pannonia neer Buda Varro and Solinus affirm that there is a Fountain in Arabia which if the sheep drink thereof changeth the colour of their fleeces and maketh the white to become black Pliny reports that the water in Falisco maketh the Cattle that drink thereof to become white He also saith that in Pontus the River Astaces watering the fields makes the Mares that feed therein to yield a black milk which feeds the Countrey It is reported that in Ulcester in Ireland there is a Fountain in which he that washeth himself shall never become gray I could recken up many more waters of very strange natures but whether they or these already mentioned be all certainly true I will not undertake to affirm onely thus much I will say that some of them I my self have seen other some I am assured of from those whose unquestionable worth may justly command mine and other mens faith to their indeniable testimony and for the rest we may believe them according to the reputation of the Historian These here I mentioned that it might not seeme strange to us how capable waters are of receiving diversity of qualifications from the earth and although some of them may seem magical and supernatural yet may they upon a profound enquiry be made to appear truely natural CHAP. IV. Of the nature and vertues of simple Waters I It will be necessary for the better conceiveing of the nature and vertue of mineral waters in particular to speak something of the nature and virtues of water in generall or of simple water which is an element as saith Sendivogius most heavy full of unctuous flegme and is more worthy in its kind than the earth it is without volatile but within fixed cold and moist attempered by air It is the Sperm of the world in which the seed of all things is preserved and it is the keeper of every thing It is called by the ancients {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} Thales as saith Aristotle called one and the same water the beginning of all things Empedocles also believed that of water were all things made Hippon also saith Aristotle called it the soul of things as if it were the life of them which made Hippocrates say that water and fire were the principles of life and especially water for saith he many animals may want fire but none can well live without water Theophrastus affirms that water is the matter of all things And indeed if water were accurately anotamized you should clearly see that both vegetables minerals and animals are generated of water but of this I have treated more largely elss where I shall not now stand to repeat especially since my purpose here is chiefly to speak of the medicinal virtues of water Now we must know that water is twofold for either it is simple or mineral which we more usually call medicinal Water is called simple not according to its own nature but to our sense or being compared with that which is mineral and of this there are five kinds viz. rain fountain pit river and standing water I shall not here stand to prove whether or no water be nutritive or be onely a vehiculum of aliments as Galen would have it because in another treatise I have cleerly shewed how vegetables animals and minerals are generated of and increased by water which hath such strange dissimilary or heterogeneal parts as can scarce be believed by those who never saw the spagyrical anatomy thereof or curiously examined the production of all natural things I shall insist onely upon the medicinal use thereof as being administred either to prevent or cure the distempers of the body Simple water which cooles and moistens is either taken inwardly or used outwardly It is taken inwardly either warm or cold The vertues of warme-water taken inwardly are these which follow viz. 1. It doth by reason of its warmth cause nauseouseness and it is drank in a greater quantity to cause vomiting in head-ach proceeding from drunkenness and in any other ilness of stomack but with this caution that they that have very cold weak and laxated stomacks must abstain from this kind of vomit because warm water doth moisten very much and so by consequence would laxate tht stomack more than it was before Also it is not to be administred to those that are accustomed to drinking of water for them it will not move to vomit but remain in the body and weaken the vessels upon the aforesaid account of its extream moistening 2. It allayes sharp acid and gnawing humours and cureth such symptoms as proceed from thence as saith Galen also it represseth the ebullition of choller and helps the inflammations of the throat and mouth caused thereby as saith Aetius 3. It cures the inflammation of the reins by altering of them if it be taken before meals Note that if warm water be given to cause vomiting it must be administered to the quantity of a pint or two or of as much as will be sufficient thereunto But if it be used for qualification it must be taken to the quantity of a cup onely which may not cause nauseousnes The use and vertues of cold water are these viz. 1. It conduceth to long life in regard it condenseth the spirits saith the Lord Virulam And indeed water was the usual drink of the ancients who lived long 2. It repels by reason of its coldness and is thefore effectual against divers distempers it forceth crudities out of the stomack and as saith Aetius promotes the operation of any medicine that is taken and works not besides it suppresseth the fuming of vapours to the head as saith Dioscorides and Mesues and being drunk at bed-time causeth quiet rest as saith the Lord Virulam in his learned treatise de vita et morte by suppressing the ascent of vapours to the head 3. It allayes extream hot distempers whether they be in any particular part as in the stomack liver c. or in the
whole body as in continual and burning feavers It is upon this account commended by Galen against an inward Erisipelas I know some that account it especially rain water as a great secret against ulcers of the reins Note that cold water is prohibited from a cold temper either of the whole or of principal parts also from old age because it is very feeble and from child-hood because it is subject to convulsions as saith Galen and from a thin habit of body extenuated by reason of scarcity of bloud which is a great and the principal safeguard against cold things Winter also and a cold crass slimy morbifick or a hot impact matter as also great obstructions of the vessels and cold inward tumours forbid the use of cold water As for the time when cold water is to be drank note that it is never to be administred in feavers unless concoction do first appear as saith Galen for although it be a remedy for a feaver as it is a feaver yet it is not a remedy against the humours which cause a feaver but as it evacuates them by Urine stool or sweat But these cannot safely be expelled before they be concocted Now we must not notwithstanding expect a perfect and full concoction but it will suffice if it be moderate and in good part performed for else there will be a danger of the feavers turning into a Hectick Also it must not be taken on the critical day for then saith Hippocrates we must not move the humours because we do not certainly know which way nature will attempt an evacuation But for a more particular time of the feaver it is to be taken most conveniently in the fit or in the very hour of the ebullition of the humours because then the inward parts do burn most and need most then to be qualified besides coldness is then least offensive because the greatness of the heat is a safeguard against the offensiveness thereof As for the quantity to be drunke note that if the repelling or suppressing vertue thereof be required it is to be taken to the quantity of half a pint more or less as things may be considered But if the altering or allaying vertue as in a feaver then it is to be taken in such a quantity as may be drunk at one breath or as much at the sick party needs for satisfaction or elss can well bear But the greatness of the distemper the age time of the year custome and strength is also to be considered But it will be demanded which is the best water and most wholsome and for answer hereunto I say that is the best which is void of taste or odour is clear pure most light is soon heated and soon cooled and in which flesh is soonest boyled and in particular as saith Galen rain water is the best but yet not any but such which falls in Summer-time when the heaven is in great part serene and especially with thunder being that which consists of thinner vapours elevated and purified by the heat of the Sun and lightning And next to this is that pit water which flows from the next fountain or river especially through a sandy earth because if the said earth partake of no other quality it is percolated made more thin and becomes more depurated than other water And in defect of these two fountain and river water may be used being indeed very good and wholsome and indeed are by many accounted the best but the worst of all is standing water as lakes pooles Now in case there can be got no good water but onely what is bad than Galen would have that to be boyled and cooled again and so to be used Thus much of the use and vertues of cold and warm water administred in wardly It remaines now that I speak two or three words of the external use of water both warm and cold and of the effects thereof Now water is used outwardly saith Julius Caesar Claudinus first by way of Balneum or bathing the whole body secondly by way of insessus or sitting in water up to the navel thirdly by way of aspersion or affusion i. e. sprinkling or pouring on fourthly by way of stillicidium dropping or distilling Fistly by way of fomentation and lastly by way of lotion or washing any part Bathes are either hot or cold Cold Bathes were by ancient and modern Philosophers and Physitians ordeined for divers uses Many used them onely by way of exercise as for swimming in them which the Lord Verulam in his learned treatise de vitâ morte reckons up as one of those robust exercises as he calls them which makes the flesh hard and compact conducing to long life They are used also for the astringing of the body and condensing the same also as saith the a foresaid Learned Vicount for the closing of the pores of the body that are too open whereby the hot air excluded from preying upon the body besides they unite the Calidum innatum corroborating the same by an antiperistasis wherby by cōsequence it doth beget a good appetite cause a good digestion excite the expulsion of excrements represse a canine appetite other ill symptomes caused by the exolution of the skin stop bleeding the overflowings in women and the gonorrhea cure the Hydrophobia which is a symptome occasioned by the biting of a mad dog and many sorts of seavers both intermitting and continual if the party make use of them when that fit is approaching and there continue an houre or two Note that the use of cold baths is not for youths because they hinder their growth nor for old men because that little heat which they have is thereby suffocated nor for cold and thin women which have delicate bodies because the cold penetrates too much into their solide parts nor to any that be sick unles they be of strong natures for as cold baths doe wōderfully corroborate the Calidum innatum or naturall heat if it be strong so doe they on the contrary overcome it if it be weak and the humours appeare to be concocted and fit for evacuation and no principal part or bones nerves brain ill affected and the body free from convulsions Note also that when the intension is to be formed by cooling onely and there is no need of moistening then as saith the aforesaid authour of the History of life and death the body is to be annointed with oyle with spissaments or thickeners that the quality onely of the cooler be received and not the substance Yet we must in such cases have a care that the pores of the body be not thereby stopt too much for when any extrinsecal cold obstructs the body too much it is so far from cooling it that it stirs up the heat the more by suppressing perspirations Baths also of hot or heated water are of great use but before I declare the uses and effects thereof wee must consider that they are of three sorts for either they are tepid i.
e. Luke-warm or moderatly hot or very hot water A Bath that is very hot dryes rather than moistens contracts the skin condenseth the pores thereof so that neither any external humidity can be received in or internal superfluities expelled forth thereby So that there is no great use thereof onely it serves for the contracting of the skin where it needs contraction where the use of a cold Bath may not be admitted safely for that intension A Bath that is moderately hot serves for divers uses and is very necessary in several cases It draws from remote internal parts and causeth hot humours to be digested into vapours and openeth the pores that the offensive humours and vapours may be evacuated by sweat and perspirations It moisteneth a dry body and therefore is very good in a putrid and hectick feaver in the itch and scab c. attracts nourishment to the extreame parts where before by reason of some defect it came not allayeth the sharpnes of humours in the habit of the body and upon all these accoūts serves as effectually if not more for most intensions that almost any Physick is prescribed for I shall onely add to these the great vertues that Columella attributes to Baths of hot water for saith he we do concoct our crudities by the use of Baths And for this end they were much used by the ancient Romanes who used a crude kind of dyet as of hearbs and raw fruits which bred crude humours in their bodies and therefore needed some such help to concoct them and by this meanes they became very healthfull and of delicate bodies But they must be used for the concocting of crudities with this caution viz. that there be no feaver present for then insteed of concocting of them they will become by being stirred more putrid and by being attracted to the habit of the body as of necessity they must by the use of hot Baths obstruct the pores thereof to the increasing of the feaver and in case of a feaver hot Baths must be used in the declining thereof as when concoction appeares and after purging of the grosse humours abound in the first vessels but in other cases Hippocrates commends Bathing as a preparative to purgations A tepid Bath cools as well as heats and heats as well as cools and serves for the same uses as a hot Bath doth but more remisly Note that if the patient that is bathing be subject to faint he must hold cold water constantly in his mouth and drink ever and anon a draught of cold beer or water I might here prescribe many rules and directions for bathing or for the ordering of ones self before in and after bathing but it was not my purpose to make a full and large discourse of this subject onely to touch it by the way referring those that stand in need of bathing to their skilful Physitians for their directions To this kind of bathing viz. with hot water I might add the manner of bathing by vapour which is when a vessel of seething water close covered hath proceeding from it a long pipe which is fastened into a bathing tub into which the hot vapours come upon the patient there sitting but of this I have treated more largely in another discourse and will not now repeat The second way of using water outwardly is called insession or sitting in water up to the navel and this is used when the weakness of the body cannot bear a bathing of the whole body and particularly it is made use of if warm for laxating mollifying the hardness of the belly for provoking of Urine the mitigating of the pains of the stone and chollick c and if cold for the performing of the same intensions for the lower part of the body as a cold Balnenm doth for the whole The four last ways of using water outwardly as aspersion i. e. sprinkling or affusion Stillicidum i. e. dropping or distilling fomenting and lotion respect parts with the like operations upon them although with some kind of variety of application as baths do the whole body They that will understand more these external uses of cold and hot water let them read Claudinus his treatise de Ingressu ad Infirmos and Galen de tuenda Sanitate Note that that water is best for outward uses which will bear sope best and make the greatest some therewith And thus much for the vertues and inward and outward use of simple water whether hot or cold and that in brief for I would not dwell upon this subject as not being the chiefest that I propounded to my self to discourse of in this treatise taking it in onely by the way and for order sake and the better illustrating of that which follows and is principally to be here treated of CHAP. V. Of the several kinds of mixtures in mineral waters IT is graunted by all that there is some kind of mixture in all mineral waters indeed there are four kinds of things that are usually mixed with these kinds of waters viz. Metals Minerals Stones and Earths and of some of these 1. Sometimes the vapours onely are mixed viz. Such as arise from the fermentation and dissolution of Metals and Minerals and are mixed with the water that passeth by them through the veins of the earth And concerning this saith Aristotle that the vapours of Minerals keep the tast and odour of the Minerals from whence they proceed but of this more fully in the Chapter of the Spaw 2. Sometimes the juice onely of them viz. Whilest they are in principiis solutis And indeed gold can be mixed with waters no otherwise because it cannot be corroded with the acid spirits of the earth as other Metals can having in it self when concocted and perfected none of that esurine acid salt which a subterraneal aciditie will resolve and set at liberty to corrode the Metal with which it is per minima together with the embrionated Sulphur of the same conjoyned 3. Sometimes the substances and that after a threefold manner for some are mixed with water so very close together that from the mixture of them there results but one forme neither will they ever or scarcely be seperated and such are those that will not vapour away faster than the water it self is evaporated neither remaines in the bottom but is all evaporated with the water Some are mixed confusedly Such as subside or fall to the bottom if the water be put into any vessel that it may stand still And lastly some are mixed in a way betwixt both as salt for salt and the water continue to be in one and the same form but yet the salt will subside and remain in the bottom after evaporation of the water Now the cause of this variety of mixtion is either the difference of the heat that should unite or of their abode together or else of the aptness of the things to be mixed for mixtion This being premised I shall proceed to relate where these
the other and after this manner is the nativity of nitre 2. The process of making artificial Vitrial is manifold I shall speak of onely two and they are these 1. Cast Sulphur into melted Copper and there let it burn till it cease to burn any more then presently cast the melted Copper into rain-water which will thereby become green This do so often till all the Copper be dissolved in the water then evaporate the water and you shall have a good Vitrial Note that it is an acid spirit in the sulphur which opens and resolves the esurine Salt in the Copper whereby the Copper it self is corroded and fit for dissolution in the water 2. Take Copperas stone which is a certain Sulphurious glittering Marcasite break to pieces a good quantity of them and lay them in air and rain upon sticks over wooden vessels and in a certain time the stones will be resolved by an acid spirit in the air and water and washed down into the said vessel with the rain-water which will thereby become green and yield upon evaporation a good green Vitrial and after this manner do we make our Vitrial or Copperas in England Now let it not seem strange to any one that there is such an acidity in water and air for whence else doth Iron and Copper being put into water or standing long in the air especially in a cold Cellar contract such a rust as they do Is not this rust from the aforesaid acid spirit viz. of the air and water resolving the erusine Salt in those metals and making it thereby more corrosive and more powerfull to corrode part of the metals themselves with which it is mixed per Minima And will not this rust being boiled in rain-water yield a Vitrial Ob. But some will object and say that this rust is caused not from the acidity but onely from the humidity of the air and water resolving thereby the said esurine Salt Sol. This I will solve with a relation of two experiments viz. 1. Take the above named Copperas stones broken to pieces weigh them exactly and lay them in a cold moist place but so that no rain come at them to wash away the Salt thereof as it is resolved by the acidity of the air and after some moneths they will by a certain magnetical power attract a certain saline humidity and fall into a black pouder which being well dried and then weighed will prove far more ponderous than before which implies that there is an addition of something else than a meer quality viz. the humidity of air and water 2. Take a pound of Salt of tartar make it red hot and weigh it exactly then put upon it two pints of rain-water distilled and evaporate it then put on more and evaporate that also and then make the Salt red hot again and weigh it and you shall find it far heavier than before which is caused by the said Salts attracting to it self that occult acid saline spirit which was in the water and fixing of it into its own nature and not by assimilating the water it self which will never be converted into Salt any otherwise than as it contains a saline acid spirit which is the onely thing coagulable in it Ob. Some again will object although they do admit of this acid spirit in air and water say that in case the said acid spirit do corrode and dissolve the metals it doth not follow that there is any such esurine Salt in those metals as distinct from the pure mercurial or other Sulphureous part of them but say that it corrodes onely the said mercurial and Sulphureous part thereof as we see aqua fortis doth silver and mercury and aqua regia doth gold and so becomes coagulated into a saline nature and consistency Sol. The said acid spirit of the air and water can not corrode or putrifie the pure metalline part of metals for we see that mercurie is not corroded and reduced into a saline nature thereby and that gold doth never rust and that because it is purified from all the said acid saline principle and is not at all corroded but by an aqua regia and silver contracts but little rust and that according to the small quantity there is in it of the said Salt And for the superfluous embrionated Sulphur that neither can be corroded by the said acid spirit any otherwise than it contains in it that esurine Salt for if we put pure Sulphur extracted from Sulpbur vivum into aqua fortis it will not be corroded thereby much less then by the aciditie of air and water nay Theophrastus saith that if woods and cords be smeered over with an unctuous oyl which he prescribes to be made out of Sulphur they will be preserved from putrifaction for ever though they continue in the air water or earth and the truth is nothing can open and resolve Sulphur but oyl being of a like unctuous nature with ' it as I have oftentimes tried There must therefore be another corporeal Principle viz. of a consentaneous suitable and saline nature that is apt for to be corroded and resolved and to coagulate the said spirit 3. Vitrial is made artificial after this manner viz. Take an ounce of spirit of Sulphur or vitrial and put it into a gallon of rain-water stir them well together then put into this acid water half a pound of the filings of Iron or Copper and within a few hours the metal will attract the said acid spirit to it self be dissolved it self thereby and coagulate that This being done decant the water and calcine the said mixture in a crucible and being poudered put it into rain-water seething hot stirring them together and then all that being settled to the bottom that will settle powr off the clear green water and evaporate it and you will have a pure Vitrial Like unto this is the making of Vitrial by sprinkling a considerable quantity of distilled Vinegar upon the pouder of Steel or Copper and letting of them stand till the mixture grow very hot by fermentation and be again cooled and then putting it into rain-water seething hot and proceeding as in the foregoing process Almost after the same manner is Verdigrease made viz. by hanging plates of Copper or Brass over the hot vapours of Vinegar Now these three processes of making artificial vitrial being seriously considered will clearly illustrate the nativity of natural vitrial which is as I conceive after this manner viz by an acid subterraneal spirit whereof there is great quantity in some mines corroding the veins of Iron or rathe Copper which being thus resolved and opened are by the water that passeth through them dissolved after which this liquor is boyled to a Vitrial and thus is made the Vitrial in Dansick Hungarie c. Note that any of the said Vitrials if they be made out of Copper whether natural or artificial being distilled in a forceing furnace yield oyle and spirit and the Caput Mortuum
thereof dissolved in rain water yields a pure Vitrial and the Colcothar that falls to the bottom of the said water yields upon a refiners tast most pure Copper like to very gold as doth Verdigrease the Metalline parts thereof being purified from their feculencies by means of the foresaid corrosion and dissolution The nativity of Vitrial being thus promised it will most evidently appear what are the true causes of Spaw water viz. Of their Vitrioline tast and odour It will not now be a thing irrational to grant that all Spaw waters partake either of the corporeal or spiritual parts of Vitrial They that partake of the substance of Vitrial are such as when they are evaporated leave behind them a Vitriol at the bottom and such are the Sevenir Paubon and Geronster Springs the two former of which Helmont said he carefully distilled and found nothing in them but the Vitrial of Iron and like to this was a certain Spring within two miles of Knaresborow the water whereof I distilled and found in the bottom a Vitrial of Iron Moreover betwixt these wells which are impregnated with a corporeal Vitrial there is a considerable difference for some work upon the bowels mostly and by stool if not sometimes by vomit and such are they that contain in them much Vitrial whether of Copper Iron or both mixed together as Geronster and are more gross and corpulent and the operation of these is much after the same manner as that of steel which for the most part doth the first dayes it is taken cause a nauseousness in the stomack and passeth away by stool all the time it is taken and by reason of the harshnes it hath is seldom attracted to or passeth through the vessels of the second concoction But they that contain little of the substance but more of the spirit as doth Serenir do pass the stomack Liver and other vessels far sooner and with less disturbance than do the other And they that partake of none of the substance but onely of the spiritual part or vertues such as the Spaw-well at Knaresborow of which particularly in the next Chapter c. are far more efficacious in many cases especially where obstinate humours and confirmed obstructions betwixt the stomack and Liver are not the causes of the distempers for in such cases such a Medicine must be administred which way more strong irritate these vessels to eject those obstructing tartareous and viscous humours or at least dissolve and attenuate them thereby making them to yield to more benigne purgatives Note also that these waters may the more they are impregnated with the said corporeal substances the further be carried without loss of their strength The water of Sevenir is carried many miles and into other Countreys without loss of its vertues but that of Pauhon much further and into further Countreys we have it transported into England very frequently Now the water of the Spaw in York-shire cannot be carried near so far but yet further than most believe as I shall declare in the next Chapter Now these differences or varieties of impregnations arise either from the difference of the quantity of the acide spirit corroding the difference of the fruitfulness of the vein of Copper or rather Iron corroded or the greater or lesser continuance of the course of the water already impregnated through veins of the said Metals whereby it becomes long yet more impregnated if the course be continued Note that the veins of the said impure Metals contain in them more esurine salt and yield more natural spirits than they themselves when melted and therefore communicate far more efficatious vertues than they do I mean in many cases CHAP. VII Of the Spaw-well near Knares-borow ABout a mile and a half from the said Town West-ward in a moorish boggie ground within less than half a mile from which there is no considerable ascent ariseth a Spring of a Vitrioline tast and odour resembling much those ultramarine Spaws The water of this Fountain springeth directly up from the sandy bottom and this is no otherwise than that water doth which passing through pipes in the earth serving for the conveying of water from a Fountain to a house or Town doth break the pipes if they be obstructed or force it self through them if already broken upwards through the superficies of the earth and flows in the manner of a Spring For in this place the subterraneal veins through which the water passeth are either if not there terminated obstructed or too infirm to contain the water of the spring passing forcibly through them and making a vent where it can As for the vitrioline and Ironish tast and odour of this water I need in regard I have in the preceeding Chapter declared more at large the causes of all Spaws speak the less in this place But for more particular satisfaction the aforesaid tast and odour may be imputed partly to those vapours that proceed from the fermentation that is in Iron or Copper mines and thus Aristotle and H. ab Heer 's would have it to be affirming that vapours retain the tast and odours of their minerals and the water with which these vapours are mixed become thereby impregnated though in a more remiss degree with the same qualities partly to the long abiding or continuing of the water with the Iron or Copper mine viz. in some great cavities in the midst of the veins thereof whereby it contracts their odour and tast as we see it doth in Iron or Copper vessels if it stand long there especially if excited by heat or acuated with any acidity and as doth white wine standing long with scales or filings of steel or iron or partly to the water acuated with some subterraneal sulphurious acidity and passing swiftly through some hungry barren vein of Iron which it corrodes lightly resolving thereby some of the spiritual and subtile parts thereof onely which it becomes it self impregnated with And hence it acquires the nature of a Spaw-well Now for the better understanding of the nature of this Spaw I made divers experiments thereof which are these 1. I distilled it supposing that if I could draw off the mineral spirits by themselves I should discover a great secret very advantageous for diseased people but the water yea the two first spoonfuls which were distilled and the rest undistilled that remained utterly lost both the tast and odour which they had before neither would they become any otherwise tinged with galls than common Spring-water although the water undistilled with the mixture of the pouder of galls became as red as a well coloured Clarret wine Now it is hard to conceive the true reason of this especially since I distilled it in a glass still and luted or closed up very carefully the joints thereof so that spirit of wine could not evaporate out thereat I impute it to the subtilty of those spirits which are so volatil that they are sooner sublimed than the water it self therefore
For the better passing of the waters let the first glass be mixed with Sugar Syrrup of Liquorish or de quinque Radicibus or Nitre or Spirit of Salt or Vitrial Salt of Tartar or a glass of white wine in the midst of the water or mixed with three or four of the first glasses or two or three glasses of the Sulphur Well in the midst of the Spaw-water or a good draught of the decoction of Fennel or Parsley-roots be taken half an hour before the water Note that some of the aforesaid things are penetrative and so force their way and some are sweet and therefore are sooner attracted to and by the Liver and so the more speedily evacuated In case of the necessity of any of the aforesaid mixtures it will be convenient and necessary that some experienced Physitian be first consulted withall And if you meet with none at the Spaw that you can confide in York and other places are not far where you shall find such Gentlemen that are able to advise you as concerning this so also in any other case and especially if any unexpected accident should fall out whilest you are drinking the waters In case in the taking of the waters sumes and vapours fly to the head as oftentimes they do even to inebriation let none be disheartned thereat for either they are the spirits of the water themselves alone which will do the head much good or else there is a mixture of wind from the stomack for when that is filled with water the wind that was in it must of necessitie be forced up to the head but there it continues but a very short time And as there is no necessity of preventing it so neither can it be well prevented but yet for some satisfaction let Nutmeg and Coriander seed being beaten together into a gross pouder be taken after every fourth part of the water for the gratefull vapour thereof will also be carried up to the head with the force of the other vapours from the stomack and withall somewhat corroborat and close the mouth of the stomack Q. It may be demanded whether or no the rednes and hot pimples of the face may be cured by the inward use of this water and it is the more questioned because it dries and heats the Liver Sol. It is true that for the most part the rednes of the face is increased by the use of this water but yet notwithstanding it may in a great measure be cured with the help thereof with the observing of certain rules and cautious which do much conduce thereunto The patient that is thus affected his body being well prepared by medicaments phlebotomie must in the first place drink of this water ten or twelve mornings together for by this time it will in some considerable measure remove those obstructions of the messentery Liver which are the chiefest cause of the aforesaid distemper then let him be purged with some cooling lenitive and then because the continual use of the water should not as doth steel heat the bloud too much or rather by its strengthning the inward parts drive outwardly the heated corrupt humours of the body too fast I advise that he do for seven or eight dayes together drink clarified whey made with cooling moist and diuretical herbs and medicaments as Borage Lettuce Seangreen Endive Grasroots Parsly and Fennel-roots Nitre Tamarines Liquorish and such like and withall have a vein breathed if nothing contradict it and then return again to the use of the water for another fortnight and after that again to cooling purges and the cooling and clarified whey as before for a moneths time Note that withall that some topical Medicines are to be applied to the place affected as oyl of the yelks of Eggs oyl of Tartar juice of Lemmon and Salt unguentum alhum but above all flores sulphuris dissolved in oyl or the like By such kind of means with the use of the Spaw-water I would undertake to cure almost any red pimpled face whatsoever CHAP. XI Of the necessity and manner of exercise in the use of the waters EXercise is whilest the water is in the body very necessary as being good to laxate the passages of the body to excite the natural heat for the better digestion of the waters if as I said before we may properly call it a digestion for by this means saith Archigenes as also Aetius the internal vessels being heated will more strongly attract and expell Some kind of exercise is if strength permit to be continued from the first glass to the evacuation of the whole proportion taken Now for exercise in particular riding on a trotting horse or in a Coach are the best because thereby the muscles of the abdomen being pressed do intend the expulsive faculty of the Ureters and bladder And where those cannot conveniently be had and used I commend walking bowling pitching of the bar and leaping and the like all which must be used so moderatly as not to provoke sweat for by sweat the water will be drawn into the habit of the body to the endangering of a dropsy and such like symptomes They that are not able to walk nor have the accommodation for riding must take the waters in their bed for the warmeth of the bed doth as I said before serve very well instead of exercise and answers to the intensions thereof Sleep is very hurtfull because in sleep all exceptions or evacuations of excremently except sweat which is thereby promoted and for the aforesaid reasons to be prevented are suppressed Sitting on the ground is hurtfull and also standing in the Sun and walking late in the evening CHAP. XII Of the time of the year and day when the Spaw is chiefly to be taken IN frosty weather the water is strongest because the mineral spirits thereof are by the binding of the earth suppressed and prevented from evaporating through the superficies thereof as they do at other times by which means the water becomes the more strongly impregnated therewith But by reason of the inconveniency of journying and of the uncertainty of the frost I prefer the Summer viz. from the beginning of May to the end of September and before and after if the season be dry Ob. Some may object against the use of the Spaw in the Canicular or Dog dayes because say they Hippocrates in the fifth of his fourth book of Aphorismes saith {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} forbiding thereby purgations and evacuations and these being forbidden say they how shall we prepare our bodies for the taking of the waters Sol. This aphorisme having been these many years grosly mistaken hath been the occasion of the deaths of thousands I say mistaken because purgations are not here at all forbidden but onely intimation given that in that season by reason of that usual extremity of heat the humours being drawn outwardly towards the habit of the body are not so easily retracted and evacuated by way of purgation as
being more remote from the medicament and also in a contrary motion Besides who is ignorant of the great difference betwixt the climate Hippocrates lived in and ours as also betwixt his medicine and ours which are both far milder and temperate than his And who doth not know being the same also which Heurnius saith of the seasons of his Countrey that May June prove oftentimes far hotter moneths then July and August It is needles to enter upon any long confutation of the Vulgar opinion which is weakly grounded upon the said aphorism and hath a long time been absurdly maintained and the rather because it begins to be generally exploded And indeed it is good for men to grow wise by others harms In extream wet weather the water becomes far weaker than before and the reason is because the rain although it doth not usually sink above ten feet deep yet may into some of the veins of the said spring which lye towards the superficies of the earth In such a season the water may best be omitted as having but little or no strength in at most not enough to qualify the coldnes and moisture thereof unless it be corrected and amended with Sugar of Iron made out of the very Mine of Iron or with spirit of Vitrial for want of the other The fittest time in the morning is betwixt six and seven of the clock for those that be of a strong digestion But as for those that are very sick with a nauseousness in their stomacks in case they rise early I advise that they lye longer in their bed and sleep for the better digestion of those crudities for otherwise they will be carried down with the water into the narrower passages and cause great obstructions and the water thereby become more impassible As for the taking of the waters in the afternoon I have occasionally declared my judgement with the reasons thereof in the tenth Chapter page 89. CHAP. XIII Of the Dyet to be observed by Spaw-drinkers THe greatest reason why many receive but little benefit and some none by the Spaw is because of their intemperancy in respect of dyet This water for the most part begetteth a very great appetite by reason whereof many forget themselves at Table putting in more than nature can dispose of and hence are crudities the nursery of all diseases And it is true what Galen saith affirming that no man shall be vexed with sicknes that is not oppressed with crudities And whence crudities saith Hippocrates but from fulnes affirming also that to eat without fulnes is the rule of health He also saith that what diseases so ever are cured by evacuation are caused by repletion and do not we see that all diseases are cured by evacuation viz. vomiting purging bleeding sweat and urine When the Chylus is ill concocted or rather corrupted for Aristotle calls it {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} not {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} corruption not concoction it passeth crude through the whole body for the second concoction doth not amend the first nor the third the second so that hence of necessity great obstructions the occasion of tensions gripings all manner of hypochondriacal distempers stone gravel distemper of the head heart liver stomack bowels limbs and indeed of all parts There is an Italian Proverb that he that will eat much must eat little that is by eating little he shall live long and so eat much A sober dyet as it prevents so also cures many infirmities and distempers by diminishing crudities already bred and reducing all the humours of the body to the government of nature Let such dyet be used as may not hinder the effects of the Spaw being of a good laudable nourishment of easie digestion and may freely pass through the vessels serving for the distribution thereof Let not the meat be dressed or sauced deliciously so as to prolong appetite beyond the satisfaction of natural hunger and thirst thereby causing a greater quantity to be taken in than otherwise would or nature requires or can digest For the most part meat offends more by its quantity than quality In more particular manner I forbid all flesh that is very salt and fat Bacon Pork Neatsfeet Tripes tame Ducks Geese gizards of Poultry all salt Fish Eels and all things that come from milk except Butter Whey Milk Pottage Chees-curds also Leeks Onions Parsnips Cabbage Muskmillions Cucumbers Helmont forbids nothing onely excess saying that Nature hates curiosities I could reckon up divers other things that I should forbid but because they are never used at the Spaw it will be needles to mention them I disapprove not of Beef if it hath been salted but a week especially for those that love it I allow for those whose bloud and Livers are hot Pears Apples Plums Cherries Rasp-berries ripe Goose-berries and raw Sallets but with this caution that they be eaten a little before supper and also sparingly and one glass of white wine drank after them for they do temper the bloud and promote the curing of the distemper thereof I forbid much variety of meats because of the unequalness of their concoction and because nature is although the pallate be not best satisfied with simplicity of dyet And excellently doth Macrobius discuss this point As for drinks I commend beer or ale that is neither too small or too new They whose stomacks are very cold may drink Beer or Ale as strong as can be made and also a glass or two of Sack with a rost put into it which they may eat and these do much further and help concoction I approve of the drinking of pure thin well refined white and Rhenish wine but not at meals unless in a very little quantity because they are very diuretical and penetrative carrying down with them to the Liver and through the narrow vessels the crude juyce of the meat before it be concocted thereby endangering obstructions but let them be drunk a little before supper The time of eating must be considered according to the passing of the water through the body for when the Urine begins to change its colour passing from white to a higher colour then is it a sign that the water is passed through and then something may be eaten and not before unless when good part of the water although not all hath passed through freely and then ceased for an hour or two and then also it is time to eat something for it may be that nature hath disposed of the residue that is left behind retained for some other uses as to moisten some dry parts of the body or the like They that are first ready to eat may stay their stomacks as we call it with a mess of broth which commonly is there made very good and then have so much good fellowship and civility to wait for their dinners till all the good company of the house be ready for the same Let the supper be larger than the dinner because in
the evening the stomack is less laxated and languid than at noon and can therefore concoct a greater quantity of meat Yet the supper must not be very large neither greater than what the stomack can be well able perfectly to concoct before the next morning Let it be ready at six at least if not seven hours after dinner I advise that all whether it be at dinner or supper that they lerve with an appetite eat not half so much as the Spaw drinkers usually do indulging their pallates and gratifying their stomacks according to the measure of their appetites which many times is rather adventious or preternatural then natural I utterly disapprove of mixing of the Spaw water with either Wine or Beer but yet I allow of the drinking of a glass of it self at bed time for the corroborating and closing of the mouth of the stomack and suppressing of vapours which would otherwise disturb the brain from quiet sleep CHAP. XIV Of the Sulphur-well THis is called the Sulphur-well by reason of its Sulphurious odour although besides this it hath two other qualities viz. saltness and bitterness I shall in the first place endeavour to prove whence it contract its saltness and thereby I shall the better make to appear the cause of it stanch and bitterness Now because the Salt which this water yields upon evaporation is of the same nature with cannot be distinguished either in odour or tast the stanch being lost in the evaporation from common black Sea-salt I shall first declare what is the cause of the saltness of the Sea which is no other than that of this water And first I shall shew what is not the cause of it thereby confuting the opinion of many ancient Philosophers and their followers 1. The saleness of the Sea is not caused by the Suns exhaling the sweeter parts out of it as was the opinion of Aristotle for this supposeth that there was the same saltness in the Sea before but was not but upon this account manifested but this can not be for then why are not other waters as Rivers Ponds Lakes c. made saltish also by the Suns exhaling their sweeter vapours 2. The Sun doth not boil into the Sea by the vehemency of its heat that saline tast according to Pliny being almost of the aforesaid opinion for then why doth not the Sun work the same effect upon a Pond or Vessel of water on which it may work more vigorously by heating more vehemently viz. because it is less resisted by reason of the small quantity of water in them than on the Ocean 3. This saltnes is not caused as Scaliger would have it by rain mixt with hot dry and terrene exhalations for the rain it self would also then be saltish which indeed is most sweet and if it were saltish then why are not Pits Rivers c. which are many times filled with Rain-water saltish also Now the weakness of these opinions viz. the chiefest that have usually been embraced being detected I shall shew from whence very probably this saltness of the Sea may proceed We must therefore in the first place consider that the Sea is not simply saltish but saltish and bitter together that is it hath a tast made up of bitterness and saltness for which cause as saith our learned Countrey-man Mr. Lydyat in his disquisitio Physiologica de origine fontiam Chap. 9. de salsedine maris the Latines gave these two names to it viz. Mare quasi amarum Salum quasi salsum And this Aristotle himself consents to giving the reason of those two tasts in general and of them in the Sea in particular where he saith that all kinds of tasts arise from a kind of terreness more or less adust but bitterness from a terreness very much elaborated by a fiery heat in the burning bowels of the earth and saltness where that heat is somewhat remitted If so then let us consider whether there be not abundance of terrene adustness in the bowels of the earth and gulfs of the Sea where a bituminous fire is alwayes burning being fed by water as I declared more at large in the 2. Chap. viz. Of the original of Springs in general and that whether we may not probably conclude and especially because bitumen is bitter and very full of Salt that the burning of the bitumen together with the terreness therewith mixed in the gulfs of the Sea be not the cause of the saltness thereof Moreover that bitumen hath a great power to communicate to and beget a bitter and saltish tast in water is confirmed by that which Geographers write concerning the Lake of Palestina which is called in Greek {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} i. e. bituminous For say they the Lake is so bitter and saltish that no fishes can live therein and it is called in sacred writ the salt sea {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} And Historians say of it that if a man be cast into it bound hand and foot he cannot be drown'd and the reason of this is the saltness thereof for we see that waters bear the greater burdens by how much the salter they are witness the difference betwixt the Sea and fresh Rivers and our boiling of brine till an Egg swim thereon and will not sink This being premised it will be easie to conclude from whence the saltness and bitterness of the Sulphur-well proceeds And as for the stinking odour thereof that I suppose is caused from the vapours of the burning bitumen and adust terreness mixt therewith which lye not far from the very head of the Well Ob. If there be the same reason for the saltness of this Spring as there is of the Sea then why is there not the same reason for the Sulphurious odour of the Sea as of this and why doth not the Sea receive and retain the same odour as this doth Sol. I do not deny but the same odour may be communicated to the Sea as to this water together with the saltness thereof but because the saltness thereof was communicated to it by degrees viz. from some certain gulfs of the Sea so also this odour for it cannot be rationally conceived that the whole Sea received all its Salt into it self at one time after a natural way and therefore being such a great body must become saltish by little and little even insensibly And accordingly the Sulphurious odour also is imparted to it insensibly and although the saltness may continue by reason that the Salt it self is of a fixed substance yet the odour being of a subtile volatile nature is exhaled by the Sun and so lost But now the case is far otherwise in the water of this Sulphur-well for this is at once fully impregnated with the said saltness and Sulphurious odour and immediatly passeth away through narrow channelsâ— and veins of the earth without any vanishing of the odour by means of the Sun or otherwise which it contracted from the