thirteen nimble Gallies and lands her at Trieste with such treatment and magnificence that in the straightness of the Ships was seen abundantly contained all that which every Element furnishes for the use of Luxury and the honour of Greatness For which the Republick in the Name of the Emperour and Catholick King received thanks Spinola had pressed the Siege of Casal now brought to straights for Provisions beginning to fail and the Garrison diminished being reduced to only two thousand Foot and three hundred Horse no hope remained but in the Succours of the French excepted by the Inhabitants who although weary of so long vexations retained nevertheless a constant fidelity towards their Prince Ferdinand Duke de Maine incouraged the defence with his presence but the command the fatigue and the vigilancy rested upon Monsieur de Thoiras with great equality of Valour and Renown of two so great Captains for if Spinola had a confidence that at his name alone as to a fatal Conquerour of strong places Casal should yield the glory gotten at the Isle of Rhé did no less stir up the other to confirm it with most vigorous proofs Spinola towards the Citadel had strengthened his approaches which in the circumference of the Camp were four divided to the Spanish German Neapolitan and Lombard Nations and beyond the Po caused to drive away the French with the slaughter of many out of a Fort upon a certain Island which defended the Mills Thoiras not amazed at any thing bringing into the Citadel for its better defence some French Companies tormented the besiegers with frequent Sallies and in one particularly upon the Lombards killing the Count Soragna with many Souldiers drives him out of certain Redoubts flinging down the Works The Enterprise not advancing with the speed supposed the Duke of Savoy was highly offended with Spinola because neglecting to succour him with all his Forces in his great dangers in hopes to profit by his calamities he had ingaged himself before Casal Wherefore the dispatching the Abbot de Scaglia to Madrid to accuse him and complain was a motive to perswade him to send him more powerful assistance by which the Siege slackning gave time to the French to send new Forces into Italy under the Mareshal de la Force and Schomberg and the Duke of Momorancy He with his Troops which exceeded not three thousand men passing towards Pignarol to joyn with the others was near Avigliana attacqued by the Prince Vittorio with five thousand Foot and one thousand Horse in a narrow passage where the gross being passed beyond it the Duke was left with only six hundred Foot and two hundred Horse But the resistance of the French and the Valour of the Duke was such that he not only passed but routed the Savoyards taking Prisoner Pagano Doria who commanded the Spanish Cavalry The Prince saving himself with few Schomberg arrives thereupon to besiege Avigliana which was rendred after a Siege but of eight days Colalto having refused to send succours to the Castle On the other side la Force had reduced into his power Saluzzo making the Garrison Prisoners Villa Franca and Poncalieri yielded to the Conquerour and the best of the Austrian Forces being intrenched at the Bridge of Carignano to hinder the passage over the Po received a great blow for being assaulted by the French and losing a Half-moon they abandoned the Post with great loss and no less confusion Nevertheless the French pressed not forward destroyed amidst the advantages of War by a most cruel plague Piedmont now really served for a miserable spectacle being made the Stage of all sort of Cruelty destroyed by the Enemies through hatred and by Friends in derision Amidst so many and so grievous accidents the Duke Carlo Emanuel burdened with sixty and nine years but much more pierced to the heart by infinite afflictions and the mocqueries of Fortune towards the end of July being surprized by an Apoplexy dies in Savigliano Death surely took him in the greatest straight of his affairs and he just at that time had his thoughts busied in more violent designs But cancelled the memory of them in the fire burning a little before he expired many Papers which contained as was divulged to the prejudice of the Milanese Intelligences and Agreements with Wallestain who was to come for the Emperour into Italy so much the more easily believed by how much the Duke was against the Spaniards for their scanty and longsom succours the more implacably provoked and Wallestain above measure disgusted with the Emperour because resolving to take from him the absolute Command of the Armies he had a mind to send him into Italy as into a specious Banishment but amidst so great chastisements God spared Italy from so great slaughter Carlo Emanuel was without question a great Prince brought up in the experience of the one and the other Fortune magnanimous persevering and valiant in War vertues which might be said defiled by ambition lust and prodigality if his very defects dressed up by his lively Art had not passed almost for things approved and commended He directed his actions immoveably to his own interest alone and measuring by the same steps profit and glory discovered himself highly inconstant in his friendships more than liberal of his own greedy of what was anothers always poor never wanting with the money of his friends he out-stood so many Wars together with the Wealth of his Subjects oppressed with most grievous Impositions Nevertheless exercising Command in his Country and Authority in his House and among Strangers keeping up his honour he was by all reverenced and esteemed In Wars seeking advantages or in Peace sowing the seeds of other Wars his designs wanting success rather than industry as the Architect of so many confusions he dyed buried amidst his own ruines With his death the face of affairs was changed for Vittorio though of a profound yet of a more composed ambition assuming the Government inclined to Peace and not having with Richelieu causes of so great diffidence but rather as the Kings Kinsman shewing himself prone towards France would not close with the Spaniards nor totally separate from them Declaring himself therefore to adhere to that side which would most facilitate Peace he exhorted the Popes Ministers to urge new Propositions whereupon Mazarine had the luck in September to conclude a Truce which though blamed by reason of the conditions by every one was nevertheless by necessity observed by all It was to last till the end of October following within which time delivering to the Spaniards the City and Castle of Casal they were to furnish Victuals for the Citadel and afterwards to have it if within the prescribed time no succours should arrive Some imputed in this Treaty to the French that by rendring the Town they yielded a point of so much honour and left means to the Enemy to hinder the succours Others accused the Spaniards that hunger having reduced all to extremity they would be contented only
the evening hindred them and the darkness of the night after ten hours separated this cruel fight Ten with the title of Generals were killed in both the Armies Wallestain was rather threatned than hurt with the shot of a Musket which favourably passed betwixt the seat and the buttock though at the blow not without a mark of excessive fear he let the bridle fall out of his hand and his Horse ran away with him The Imperialists by night retired towards Leipzich leaving their Cannon in the field because in the confusion of the Battel the Draught-horses were run away But in the Triumph of the Swedes the General was wanting which filling the Army that infinitely loved him with sorrow and lamentation some deplored the flower of his age others the vigour of his mind and all together the quality of a great Prince and no less Souldier He was found amongst the dead bodies mangled with wounds bruised with the trampling of Horses stript totally that not so much as his shirt remained as a Trophy of so many Conquests and so great an Empire A King certainly saving the errour of his Religion endowed with those qualities which have rendred the Conquerours of the World famous Possessing in an equal degree courage and prudence and if in conquering he seemed fierce and violent he was as wise and circumspect in preserving His vertues being solid and all of a piece it could not be discerned to which in his knowledge of the Military or Civil Affairs the prize was to be given Yet all his life having been in a continual exercise of Arms it seemed that he himself gave it the preference And indeed Fortune in these so far favoured him that having fought many Battels and always conquered in this very instant of death he dyed victorious after death and a long course of prosperity hath crowned in such sort his Sepulchre that his very ashes may be called Triumphant This was the issue of the Battel of Lutzen both Parties judged fatal the one having lost the field and the other their King but if these got the Victory the others saved themselves Wallestain staying but a few moments at Leipzich retires afterwards into Bohemia and the Swedes conducting the Body to Weissenfelt solemnized his Funeral with Revenge and Arms. Leipzich was rendred to Saxony to Weimar Chemnits to Kniphausen Pleiffenberg and Zuiccan to Horn and to the Rhingrave after the defeat of the Imperial Cavalry in Alsace Rheinfelt Colmar Haghenau and other places Frederick Prince Palatine under the countenance of this the Swedes Fortune regains Frankendale but taking the death of Gustavus to heart An. Dom. 1633 dyes himself within a while after Baudissen having taken Andernach troubled the Elector of Colen and the Dukedom of Berg. In this year also were in mourning through unhappy Fate almost all the Royal Families of Europe for in Spain whilst King Philip kept his Court in Catalogna dyes Charles his Brother in the flower of his Age a Prince of a haughty mind and impatient of being idle to such a degree that being designed to temper with more quiet imployments the heat of his nature to the Government of Portugal while the Infante Cardinal his other Brother was going to that of Flanders he raging with anger within a while dyes either from the weariness of his condition or by disorders having in a manner dissolved his mind in idleness and wasted his natural strength in pleasures Fame nevertheless accused the Conde Duke as if fearing the opposition of his hot spirit against his Authority he should have procured his death by poyson But it is not becoming without more certain proofs to give credit to so hainous a wickedness In Germany Leopold Archduke of Inspruch weary of the blows of Fortune prejudicial to his House and Country dyes leaving little Sons under the Tutelage of Claudia de Medici his Wife In Poland King Sigismond departs this life and in the Diet of the Kingdom was substituted Vladislaus his Eldest Son The Republick to congratulate his coming to the Crown made choice of Giovanni Pisari Cavalier for Ambassadour Extraordinary who afterwards appointed elsewhere leaves Giorgio Giorgio Cavalier to perform it and it was answered in the Name of the King by the Duke of Ossolinschi after he had been to present obedience to the Pope ANNO M.DC.XXXIII By the death of Gustavus all the World believed notwithstanding the posthumous Victory and the advantages of Arms that as great and weighty bodies when they fall are split into small pieces so Fortune would be shaken and such a breach made into that Power that the Armies should disband Princes disunite Conquests be lost and after a short flash there would remain of this great Thunder-stroke no more but the memory and the ashes But quite contrary for after having setled in Swede the Succession of the Crown in Christina the only Daughter of the King deceased and placed the Tutelage of her that was not above seven years old in the hands of the principal Ministers the Chiefs of the Army calling a Council in Germany resolved to continue the War so much the more earnestly by how much they hoped that Honour and Booty will in future accrue to their advantage To Axel Oxenstern great Chancellor a man of a notable Talent they yielded the direction of the ordinary Counsels and to Weimar they committed the chief management of the Armies not without distasting the Elector of Saxony who by reason of his dignity thought it due to him So the War under divers Chiefs and with several Armies was presently spread into many Provinces to the so much ruine of places and people that if it ordinarily be nourished with cruelty and blood at present it seemed that the alone desolating of Germany was the aim of the Armies Amongst infinite successes which changing felicity and fortune hapned in several places it shall suffice to make choice of the most signal that serve most for the reflection of Princes and the alteration of States Whilst the Swedish Chiefs were dividing designs and charges Fridtland not only goes far from Leipzich but out of the Countries of the Elector of Saxony though with the fright of his Arms he might easily have perswaded him to an agreement and leaving but a few Troops in Bohemia goes into Silesia under pretext to oppose the Saxons who indeed made less disturbance there than elsewhere The Austrians joyful for the death of the King Gustavus stormed nevertheless against their own General accusing him that neglecting so great a conjuncture to end the War with advantage he had not made use of the arts proper to a Conquerour nor his wonted ones of a great Captain Wherefore the confidence Ferdinand had in him did henceforward degenerate into suspicion that he was pleased with War and the Command whereupon to satiate his ambition or rather to found his intention a great sum of money in the name of the Spaniards was offered him that by his reputation and conduct an
but some few of the Vscocchi and for the affairs of Piedmont they insisted upon the Dukes disarming after which things they offered a restitution of all yet without any prescription of time or obligation on their side to lay down Arms. But Gritti foreseeing that they joyntly aimed at the predominancy in Italy and to weary out the Princes in jealousies sustained that for common quiet and security the disarming of the Milanese ought also to be concerted and as to the interests of the Vscocchi insists that those three sorts should be banished which the Republick had already declared and for the rest that the agreement in Vienna should be precisely executed For some kind of temperament it was proposed by Lerma that the Venetians should first render the places in Istria Ferdinand then to perform the promises on his side and after that the Republick should withdraw their Arms out of Friuli the word of his King remaining security for the due execution of the Treaty But in this present state of affairs the news arriving that the Hollanders were safely landed in Italy Lerma in anger protests to Gritti that if the Treaty were not concluded within one day he would hold it for broken The Ambassadour complaining that the means of necessary defence should be converted into the pretexts of a most unjust War shewed himself very indifferent whether the Negotiation were continued or broken Chefniller gave out that the Negotiation coming to dissolve in Spain the Emperour should re-assume it elsewhere and the Ambassadours of France and England seeming to wonder that Lerma should proceed with such passion the Secretary Arostighi comes to Gritti to excuse the Dukes heat and to signifie to him in the Name of the King that he held not the Treaty otherwise broken than that he reserved wholly to himself the power to approve the Articles treated on when he should know they were accepted by the Senate The Ambassadour thereupon equally disapproves the things proposed and the form Lerma then at last calls together the Nuntio the Ambassadour of France and him of Venice offering to the two first that as to Savoy the Capitulation of Asti should not be altered and as to the Venetians they restoring the half of the places possessed and afterwards the rest at twice Ferdinand should also go on alternatively in the execution of that which some years past had already been agreed upon at Vienna Gritti not at all satisfied with this requires that Ferdinand should first settle in Segna the Garrison agreed upon that then the Republick should quit one place in Istria and that all the rest afterwards being executed Arms should be every where withdrawn Hereupon Lerma not dissenting certain Articles were drawn but in the affair of Carlo the Ambassadour sustaining that by reason of new accidents it was necessary there should be some explication and addition to the Treaty of Asti the whole business thereupon was at a stand Things standing in this posture at Madrid Gritti receives the revocation of his powers for the Venetians and the Duke being exasperated to extremity against the Spanish Ministers thought it better to have the Treaty transported to the Court of France where the change of Government opened a way to hopes of a better minding of the affairs of Italy Gritti then had no other Commission but to ratifie and see that worded which should be concluded at Paris by the Ambassadours Bon and Gussoni and King Lewis was assured that Carlo being satisfied in the point of disarming the Senate dissented not from the substance of that which had been in Proposition at Madrid about the Vscocchi adding only in consideration of late emergencies the restitution of Ships and the Merchandize stayed and made prize of by Ossuna and the rather because the reprisals could not be called just whilst Spain declared not to be in enmity or rupture with the Republick Gradisca in the mean time being brought to the last gasp the Austrian Commanders imployed all their power to make it subsist Several reliefs having not succeeded to get in by stealth they resolved passing on this side the Lisonzo with 600 Horse and 400 experienced Foot to attempt the Line to make way for the succours but being repulsed by the Guards of Horse upon them the action proved very bloody Of the Venetians were killed Marc Anthonio Manzano Pietro Avogadro and Leonoro Gualdo persons of Noble birth and all their Captains of Horse The loss in other respects appeared not unequal The night following the Austrians having a mind to make another attempt the breaking of some of the floats upon which they were to pass over suspended the effect But on the other side a while after they assaulted those Batteries which incommoded Rubia and driving out of the Redoubt which was most advanced four Companies of Switzers surprised in their negligence and killing some Cannoniers who would have made resistance they entred into the Quarter even to the lodging of del Lando where they were opposed by some Corsi till Don Giovanni coming with some succours forced them to retire The Battery was presently recovered and some Cannon being unnailed and turned upon the Enemy made a great slaughter amongst them Marradas and D'Ampierre still applying their minds to new attempts laying a Bridge over the Plain of Mainizza passed the River and convoying some provisions with a great body of men finding the Line ill guarded and having had the encounter only of a few Horse brings them happily into Gradisca Nassau was commanded by the Bridge of Fara with 600 Musquetiers to charge them in the flank but doing it out of time and the Germans under the favour of the Town fording the Lisonzo by the Hills of the Carso got safe into their Quarter Marradas encouraged by this with 800 Horse and 500 Musquetiers assaults some Quarters upon the same Hills forcing certain Trenches and although at that time repulsed yet upon a second attempt he was able to bring powder and meat by the way of Dobredo into the Fort Stella from whence it was afterwards carried into Gradisca The Camp of the Venetians was found weakened by its suffering and the Hollanders in particular not accustomed to the Climate were afflicted with several diseases of which Nassau himself dies in Monfalcone and Lando falls desperately sick It was therefore resolved to reduce the Quarters into a lesser compass and to abandon St. Michaele whence Marradas arguing a greater weakness took heart to assault them but was vigorously repulsed with the death of 300 of his own Discovering afterwards preparations to hazard anew succours the Venetians resolved to encounter it near to St. Martino with 300 Foot under Oratio Baglione The Enemy being discovered to be more than had been supposed which through by-ways conveyed a certain quantity of meal the Prince of Este returned to the Camp in the place of Medici who was indisposed gave Baglione advertisement that without ingagement he should preserve himself till He might arrive with
had brought a Garrison into the Imperial City of Ratisbone Wallestein follows the Kings Army who directing his march towards Wittemberg thought by drawing the Imperialists after him to consume and weary them to overcome them afterwards more easily when he should meet with a fit place and an occasion seasonable to give Battel But Wallestein considering that for the approaching Winter he lost these better quarters the further he went from those convenient Provinces ceasing to follow goes into Misnia taking Leipzick and every other place of any moment He had a mind in Saxony to attacque Dresden the residence of the Elector not so much to divert him from making progress in Silesia as to chastise him by taking quarters in his Country Thence in the Spring he designed to go into Mechelburg to recover that Province causing Papenhaim to be his forerunner who in the mean time in the Lower Saxony attempted important Conquests The King perswaded by the prayers and dangers of the Elector or rather by his protests that if he abandoned him he would incline to Peace joining Bannier sets forwards to his succours whereupon Fridtland recalling Papenhaim thought to possess Naumburg to stop his way but prevented by the King resolves to protract time and sends back Papenhaim to relieve Colen by another body of the Swedes besieged Nor was the King much inclined to a Battel but seeing the Imperialists weakened follows them to Lutzen a small Town not far from Leipzick There Fridtlandt doubting to be constrained with great disadvantage to some encounter recals in all haste Papenhaim who willingly keeping himself in a command apart was ingaged in the Siege of Hall But the King hastned the Battel so much that Papenhaim hardly arrived in time with those of his Troops which were in the greatest readiness The sixteenth of November was the day on which with the blood of sixty thousand Souldiers that in both Armies boldly exposed their lives it seemed that the fortune and glory both of the King and of the Austrians was to be decided The Troops were the day before marshalled into their distinct orders the Imperialists composed of great Battalions of Foot with the Horse that defended the flanks the Swedes in two very long Lines mingled with Foot and Horse Each had great store of Cannon in the front nor could there on either side be seen better order or greater daring Nevertheless the Fight was deferred the King seeming irresolute and troubled but expressed himself that for reputation it was fit to fight doubting nevertheless that Heaven would punish him by letting many that worshipped him as a God see that he was indeed but Man Each kept their order all the night and Wallestein took a great advantage by lining with Musquetiers certain ditches just before his Enemy So that about these at the first peep of day was he hottest of the Fight and the Swedes prospered in the gaining of them though hindred by a thick mist discerned not in the Fight either their danger or advantages Six Cannons being taken they turned them against the Imperialists doing great slaughter with them They nevertheless getting into order again repulsed beyond the ditches the Enemy who left four of the Cannon nailed and carried away two The left Wing of the Imperialists where was the Polish and Croatian Horse used more to Incursions than set Battels being charged by the Kings left easily gave way and would have disordered other Squadrons if Papenhaim bringing them again to fight had not stopped the Enemy till struk with a Cannon bullet he dyed with that commendation of valour and courage which with the testimony of many scars appeared imprinted upon his face The King that thought it the honour and duty of a great Captain not to overcome only with the blood of others but having ordered his Troops and given directions for the Battel to hazard himself no less than a common Souldier was there killed also leaving it uncertain whether in truth he overcame or dyed first Some will have it that in the beginning of the Battel passing from division to division accompanied but with few he fell into a Company of the Enemies Horse by reason of the Mist not discovered and that while unknown with his Sword in his hand he defended himself and by a shot of a Carabine being flung out of the Saddle and by one foot in the Stirrup by the Horse dragged away he was afterwards by another shot slain Others that having in the left Wing beaten the Imperialists and now certain of the Victory he was hasting elsewhere but by a Company of Horse which advanced to charge was flung to the ground and as an ordinary man trampled upon and amongst others stript There wanted not some who reported and this is the most rational account of them who were in the Battel that the King whilst at the head of the Regiment of Colonel Verde of Finlanders seconded by two others of Swedes charged a great Body of eight hundred Cuirassiers commanded by Ottavio Piccolomini was shot with a Pistol in the Arm for his Cuirasse by reason of some old hurts incommoding him he wore no Arms in the Battel but not to discourage the Souldiers concealing the hurt and though willing to redouble the charge yet constrained by pain had resolved to retire with a few when at the instant he was with a Carabine shot in the Back by a Souldier who was killed in the same occasion Piccolomini returning then to the charge passed over him yet alive and left him under a heap of dead bodies ignobly covered It was never known who could boast of such a blow either because in Battels chance bears so great a sway that confounding the Fate of the King with that of the Souldiers they are not distinguished after death but by Glory or Oblivion or because in this Fortune had withal a mind to shew her self favourable that no mean person may vaunt himself to have killed so great a King and withal so noble a Souldier The Swedes continuing the fight ended the Victory before they knew of his death So that the Souldiers accustomed to fight under the eye of him from whom they expected reward and commendation believing he was fighting with them and would overcome disordered not their Ranks nor grew cool in their accustomed courage Bernard Duke of Weimar alone knowing the Kings Horse that ran loose and was bloody being aware of what was happened but inraged with the grief not to give time to the Souldiers to take notice of it charged with such a force that the Imperial Army was constrained to give way The Horse of both Wings were now fled Piccolomini alone remained the last with his Regiment and with proofs of wonderful valour after four Horses killed under him had five wounds upon him which Wallestain with a generous Present of twenty thousand Crowns cured and acknowledged And the Swedes would now have environed the Enemies Foot on all sides when the Mist which arose towards
Army being raised he would send it against the States of Holland for the Conquest of Friesland of which with the title of King they willingly gave him the propriety He by rejecting the offer increased the jealousie and much more by entring into a project of agreement with Arnheim General of the Saxons justly offensive to the Emperour though Fridland with wonted craft let him know that he had no other end but to delude and amuse the Enemy But Arnheim having taken his march towards Leutmerits to attacque Gallas he makes a show to follow him but on a sudden falls near Stenan upon a body of men commanded by the old Count de la Tour and the Collonel Tubald and surprises them in such sort that wanting means and time to defend themselves the Souldiers rendred themselves upon the shameful conditions to deliver up the Cannon and Colours to inroll themselves amongst the Imperial Troops and to leave their Commanders Prisoners until the other places of Silesia should be rendred to Ferdinand But the Governours refusing to obey the orders of Tubald and la Tour Fridland nevertheless increasing as it were with his military attempts the suspicions which were had of his intentions gave to the one together with many Officers liberty and promoted the escape of the other He afterwards recovers Lignits Glogau and Francford on the Oder and would have passed on further aspiring to the recovery of Mechelburg without considering those greater mischiefs which the Emperour suffered elsewhere if new and greater accidents had not recalled him After the death of the King Gustavus France saw the Affairs of the Empire constituted in a state which was more pleasing to them the prosperity of those Arms declining which at first gave them great jealousie and all the party of the Protestants reduced to a necessity to receive with its assistances the law and motion of its interests Therefore renewing in Hailbrun for other ten years with the Chiefs of the Swedes Army the Treaty which France had with the King deceased and inlarging it with other Princes of that faction it obliges them to hold him for a common Enemy that should dare to separate himself or conclude a Peace without the consent of all Supplying then the Confederates with money the King of France begins also to dispose of those Forces Whereupon to divert the United Provinces from the wonted Treaties about a Truce with Spain he brings to pass that the Colonel Melander who served the Landgrave of Hesse should be sent with a good number of Troops to join Orange who so re-inforced might take Rhinberg and keep the Armies of Spain so distracted that the French under the title of protection might have success in making themselves Masters of all the Country of Trier without resistance In Westphalia then the Duke George of Luneburg and William Landgrave of Hesse in their progress against the Elector of Colen and other Catholicks of that quarter defeated the Count John Merode who with an Army of thirteen thousand men raised with Spanish money defended that circle and intended to attempt the relief of Hamelen but being put to flight by the Protestants left them in prey not only almost all his Souldiers with Cannon and Baggage but the place it self and many others thereabouts Weimar in this interim employs himself in Francony and Horn with Bannier opposed themselves to the Elector of Bavaria who with his own Forces alone upholding in those parts the Affairs of the Catholicks was after the taking of Raim passed into Swevia and there taken Meminghen and Kempen The Swedes effectually strengthened at Donawert to the number of seven thousand Horse and eight and twenty thousand Foot did most terrible mischiefs in his Country possessing themselves of Munichen and the Bishoprick of Aichstadt but by Aldringher who came speedily to his assistance were constrained to retire out of it The Austrians were not a whit less troubled by the Rhingrafe in Alsatia and for the defence of it had stirred up with great promises Charles Duke of Lorrain who equally ready to take Arms and to lay them down had in order to the executing of the Treaty with France delivered to the King some Troops but in such sort that they immediately disbanding and re-assembled anew under the name of the Emperour with others which he feigned to license forming an indifferent Army they took in Haghenau Colmar and other places which being presently put into his hand served for the price of his ingagement and a spur to his declaration in favour of the Emperour He hoped to quell the Swedish Force by Arms and to preserve himself from the invasion of the French by the revolutions which Orleans promised to raise up in that Kingdom But on the one side his design was betrayed by fortune and on the other success answered not his hopes for in the first place the Swedes being come to recover Haguenau whilst Charles attempted to relieve it he was entirely defeated by them whereupon Lorrain no less than alsatia remaining a prey to the Enemy the Rhingrave with many incursions did miserably afflict him Lewis then taking upon himself the revenge of the common injury possesses without dispute the Dukedom of Bar after an arrest of Parliament which declared it devolved to the Crown for that Charles had not done his Homage for it and St. Michael Pont a Mousson Chaunes Luneville and other places of less importance being rendred he comes near with his Army to Nancy Duke Charles having brought the War into his own Country without means to maintain it endeavours to pacifie the King with several propositions of submission and agreement But Richelieu admitted not for caution of his faith other pledge than the depositing of Nancy the Metropolis of the Country the residence of the Duke and a very strong place The Duke seeing that by nourishing distrusts he had put all things into a confusion renounces on a sudden to the Cardinal Nicola Francisco his Brother with the Title the Country to the end that being new as to offences he might better mitigate the resentments Richelieu despising the shift and calling the contrivance fraudulent refuses any propositions from the new Duke though having laid down his Purple sought in marriage Mad. Combalet the Cardinals beloved Neece offered instead of Nancy to deposit la Motha and to cause to pass into France Margaret whose marriage with Orleans King Lewis pretended was null as contrary to the Laws of the Kingdom which prohibit those in succession to the Crown to marry without the Kings consent But these very propositions were by Richelieu turned into distrusts and accusations for that Margaret while these things were in agitation going out of Nancy disguised and deceiving the French Guards which environed the place on all sides made her escape by flight and came to her Husband at Brussels after having wandred in the woods and narrowly avoided the risque of falling into the hands of some Swedish parties of Souldiers whence
connivence the party of the malecontents increasing had thoughts of retiring from Narbonne where he thought himself not safe but before he would do it supplicates the King that he would come to see him either to unloose him from the malecontents or to awaken in him with Eloquence and Art his former thoughts of him Lewis refusing to do it be then knew he was totally lost and therefore as fast as he could though in a bad season causes his Guards to carry him by hand in a certain Couch of Wood where he reposed upon a Bed towards the Baths of Terrascona to go forwards afterwards into Dauphiné and Provenze whither the Governours of those Provinces which were depending upon him invited him In this Conjuncture came the News that Guische had been defeated on the Frontiers of Flanders and that Paris was in great apprehension Many judged that the Count being in a strict intelligence with the Cardinal had by an affected negligence been the cause of this sinister accident to the end that in the confusion of things the King might know how necessary would be to him the Minister in whom the intelligence of the Kingdom rested In effect no other Expedient offered it self to Lewis but to send a Courrier after the Cardinal requiring him that to so sudden an emergency he would apply seasonable remedies for the better ordering whereof he desired in some place to speak with him But as the same Fortune in opposition to the Kingdom contributed to the prosperity of the Cardinal so did he heap much greater advantage from the accident for continuing his Journey very uncertain what measures to take the Treaty of Orleans made with the Spaniards came to his hands He presently sends it to the King to the end that he might know that whatsoever wounded the authority and favour of the Minister did withal strike through his own felicity and the Grandeur of the Kingdom Lewis was as much moved as the relapse of his Brother the ingratitude of le Grand and the perfidy of others deserved wherefore changing his affections into anger he goes to Narbonne and there to the end the Arrest might be done out of the Camp and with less noise he caused St. Mars and de Thou to be put Prisoners ordering secretly in Italy whither Bouillon was gone to command the Army that the same should be done with him He then goes to Tarrascona where the Cardinal staid and there speaking together they vented even with tears their affections and past disgusts The King communicates all that to the Cardinal which they had suggested against him and this confirmed the King in the opinion that in his fidelity and power consisted the greatest defence against foreign Forces and domestick Treacheries Thus the Mine being sprung into the Air Orleans asked the Kings pardon who grants it him on condition to see him no more and that with an assignment of two hundred thousand Francs he would retire to Nissi a Town upon the Confines of Savoy Melo the hope vanishing of raising so great a storm in France draws near to Sedan to perswade at least the Mother and Wife of Bouillon who was now a Prisoner in Italy at Casal to admit into the place a Spanish Garrison But he obtained it not because those Princesses considered the preservation of it the best caution they had of the Dukes life Making then an Incursion into the Territory of Bologne with the taking of certain Forts presently retaken by Harcourt the Spaniards ended the Campagnia on the side of Flanders The minds of the King and his Minister being reconciled and by that concord the Forces also of the Army strengthened before Perpignan by the concourse of much Gentry from the neighbouring Provinces the French prepared themselves to resist the more resolute attempts which the Spaniards gave out they would hazard The Naval Army of Spain under the Command of the Prince John Carlo di Medici General of the Sea was to second by Water the Relief which the Marquess di Torrecuso was to attempt by Land But retarding his march too too long Perpignan the Victuals after several months siege being spent and the Garrison wasted was at last rendred to the Mareshals Schomberg and la Meilleray whilst the King weakly in his health was at some distance from the Camp The loss of this place was of importance to the Spaniards and most afflicting to the Conde Duke who to hinder it had without effect imployed Treasures Treaties and Arts infinite The doubt more particularly tormented him lest while the happiness of successes maintained Richelieu amidst so many contrarieties his ill Fortune should at last weary the Kings affection towards him And the report was that he came into the Kings Cabinet lamenting and afflicted and falling upon his knees with tears demanded leave to expose himself to some certain danger to kill himself or at least to retire into the most obscure corner of the World to deliver himself from that unhappy Destiny which pursued him and that the King asking with apprehension the cause and understanding it to be the loss of Perpignan did embrace and comfort him ascribing all to the disposition of the Divine Will After Perpignan Salses was also taken and at last out of time the Army appears commanded by the Marquess of Leganes which consisted of twenty thousand Foot and six thousand Horse but coming to a Battel with the French that were inferiour in number the Spaniards at first prevailed but at last superfluously busying themselves in drawing off three Cannon gained in the first shock la Mothe Haudancourt rallying his men charges the Vanguard and disorders it Night thereupon coming on both Armies retired each ascribing to it self the Victory The Spaniards having possessed Aitona a weak place and more weakly defended were quickly wasted through scarcity of Victuals which were to be brought from far and with excessive charge Richelieu triumphed over his intestine no less than foreign Enemies for Perpignan rendred St. Mars and Thou had their heads cut off at Lyons and Bouillon threatned with the same punishment ransoms himself with the delivery of Sedan to the King to which Cardinal Mazarine betwixt the terrours of death and the hopes of great recompence perswaded him In these distractions was highly advantagious to Richelieu the common desire of the Confederates of France to maintain him for having some of them his Pensioners and in a manner all depending on him they imployed their offices with the King and Orange in particular little less than with protests gave him to understand that in the belief of the Cardinals ruine he contrary to his former inclinations had counselled the Provinces to hearken to a Truce with Spain fearing lest Maxims being changed with the change of Government there might be a change also with new Favourites in the faith of the Crown towards its Confederates At this time the Queen Mary Wife Mother-in-law and Mother of the greatest Kings of Europe wandring without shelter or refuge
acts past and to the excommunication he should legitimate the crimes of Felony which were laid to his charge But no sooner was this exhibited to the French Ministers but Barbarino sollicites the Spanish Cardinals to propose to the Grand Duke a suspension of Arms and the depositing Castro into his hand with a Brief apart which should give him power to render it to the Duke of Parma when he should perform those humiliations which should be agreed on The Confederates besides displeasure conceived at the late manner of proceeding in the Treaty found many doubtful significations and sly evasions to be contained in the present Propositions and above all become jealous that Mediators and Propositions were so often changed refused the suspension of Arms declaring notwithstanding to the Ambassadours of both the Crowns their will to be most inclined to Peace when it might be obtained upon conditions that might render it lasting honourable and safe The Count della Rocca Ambassadour Extraordinary from Spain being at this time arrived at Venice and Giovanni d'Frasso at Florence and they insisting upon things already rejected obtained answers not differing The Spanish Cardinals thereupon at Rome hearkened to new Propositions of Union betwixt the Pope and King Philip which the Cardinal Barberino ceased not to suggest to give jealousie to the Confederates but the Republick in the name of all the League made so lively complaints of it at Madrid with a protest that the League on the other side would accept the invitations which France had so long made them to close with that Crown that the King immediately orders that all such practices should be broken off Nay the Vice-King of Naples upon the Popes demand of nine hundred Horse due for the investiture of that Kingdom in case the Ecclesiastick State should be invaded denys them this not being the cause of the holy See but of his Family and Kindred And to say truth the Crowns by reason of the employments wherein they were ingaged and much more for the condition of their domestick affairs had little reason to interest themselves but by mediation and offices for in Spain with the disgrace of the Minister and in France with the death of the King Government was changed King Philip returned from Saragossa to Madrid had in his heart somewhat cooled his affection towards the Condé Duke whether it was that by reason of continual disgraces the unhappy director of his Affairs was become troublesom to him or that he had perceived things had been hitherto represented to him by the Favourite in a prospective differing from the truth And now many from necessity saw themselves bound laying flattery and fear aside to speak plain but none durst be the first till the Queen supported by the Emperour with Letters under his own hand to the King and with the discourse of the Marquess di Grana his Ambassador resolved to break through the vail and discover the secrets All then took the Cue and the very meanest persons either by notes in writing or by word of mouth sollicited the King to put away the Minister and assume the Government to himself He marvelling within himself to have ignored till now the causes of this disgrace overcome with the light of so many advertisements which all at a time unvailed him was wavering at first with himself apprehending the burden of the Government and doubting lest the wonted frauds of Court were practised against the Favourite but at last not able to resist the consent of all orders him one day on a sudden to retire himself to Loeches Olivares undaunted readily obeys going disguised out of the Court for fear of the people who if they are wont to follow Favourites whilst they shine in the station of favour and greatness endeavour much more to tread them under foot when they are precipitated by Fortune This resolution was applauded by all with excess of joy The Grandees formerly sent away and oppressed returned to serve the King and render the Court more majestical and the People offered to strifes men and money animated by the report that the King would take upon him the care of the Government hitherto neglected But either fainting at the burden or new to business and with more new Ministers in the tediousness of business and the difficulties of various accidents he had fallen back insensibly into the former affection towards Olivares if all the Court had not with an unanimous murmuring opposed it nay if Olivares himself had not rather precipitated his hopes for willing by the publishing of certain Writings to clear himself he offended many in such sort that the King thought it best to send him yet further off and confine him to Toro There not accustomed to quiet and afflicting himself as great wits are wont to do he dyes within a while of grief It cannot be denyed but that he had great parts of vivacity of wit and application to business but they were either corrupted by a rash violence which oftentimes in counsel carried him to extremities or were frustrated by fortune which always crost his designs He never suffered himself to be corrupted by Strangers but it was imputed to him that with flattery or not opposing he sometimes betrayed the Kings service He possessed with great jealousie the Kings favour and the power which to arrogate it to himself alone he took from the Council and every body else He employed few and those of his dependants but he proved so unfortunate a Judge of abilities that of all those he employed some wanting diligence many capacities and all approbation he was very often for the faults and errours of others condemned by the world He always vainly shewed his power but he laid up no great riches nor fortified his private power against the publick authority with Places Armies and Governments For this cause if his Government was not applauded his fall made no great noise nor was his death considered The King in truth though he published the contrary could not or would not govern by himself alone Whereupon Luigi d' Haro Nephew but withall an Enemy to Olivares insinuates himself by little and little and with great modesty shewing his obedience to the King in a short time takes upon him the administration of the Government But in France conformable to the nature of the people the changes passed with a greater noise for that Lewis amidst the cares of his mind and the unquietness of his body was fallen sick even to extream languishing By reason of the tender age of his Son he was exercised in difficult thoughts about the direction of affairs and no less were troubled the principal Ministers the reliques of Richelieu's Faction fearing lest the Queen coming to the authority of the Regency should for former disgusts revenge her self against them Mazarine therefore Bottiglier Superintendent of the Finances and his Son Chavigni Secretary of State being reduced to serious consults about their Fortune endeavoured to possess the King with the
with his King 402 Benedette da Leggi Proveditor in Istria outlawed by the Count Petazzo 54 55 Benefices Ecclesiastical prohibited to the Sons of the Dukes 180 Bergen Opzoom besieged described and relieved 192 193 Bernard Duke of Wiemar after the King of Swedes death assumes the Command of the Army 375 378. takes Ratisbon 385. beaten at Nortlinghen 393. closes with the French 413. defeats the Imperialists in Alsace and takes many places there 433. and Brisach 442. dyes 471 Bethelem Gabor makes War in Hungary 137. makes a Truce ibid. breaks it 157. makes peace again 177. seeks assistance from the Venetians but obtains it not 203 Bohemians rebel 125. what were the occasions 127. the effects ibid. form a Government 129. offer the Crown to several Princes 136 confer it on the Palatine ibid. have recourse to the Turks ibid. other Princes interest themselves 138. are beaten at Prague 156 Boisleduke besieged by Orange 307. is taken 308 Bormio important for the situation recovered by the Grisons and left 160 Breda besieged and taken by Spinola 222. recovered by Orange 430 Brem a Fort built by Savoy 409. taken by Leganes 437 Borgia Cardinal protests against the Pope 369 C. CArdinal Pasman demands assistance of the Pope 369 Charles Duke of Lorrain leans to the Austrians and receives Orleans in his Country 361. humbles himself to the King of France 362. reunites with the Austrians 380. is attacqued by the French 381. gives over his Country to his Brother ib. is forced to put Nancy into the Kings hands ibid. makes new Treaties with the King and breaks them 496 Carlo Duke of Nevers goes into Casal 13. his designs against the Turks without effect 30 protected by the King of France 272. succeeds into the Dutchy of Mantua 271. sends Ambassadours to the Emperour without effect 274. defends himself against the Emperors Commissary and hath recourse to the Venetians 284. raises Troops in France with his own money 286. sends his Son to the Emperour and to pacifie him attempts other means 288. complains of the Treaty of Susa but presses the execution of it 302. tempted to a Composure by the Austrians 312. consents to a cessation of Arms without effect 318. environed with domestick Treacheries 326. incouraged by the French and Venetians 334 retires into Porto renders himself and goes to Melara and there supplied by the Republick 336. is restored to his Country 353. the Pope denies him a Dispensation to marry with his Daughter-in-law 370. enters into a League with France 402. dyos 435 Carlo Duke of Rhetel comes to Mantua marries the Princess secures the Succession 271 goes to Vienna brings back severe answers 288. dyes 354 Charles the Second Duke of Mantua 354 Charles Emanuel Duke of Savoy his designs to enlarge his State the occasion offered by the death of his Son-in-law the Duke of Mantua 6. holds a Council about the enterprise on Monferrat and resolves it 10. surprises several places 11. with a general disturbance and the dislike of the Venetians 12. justifies himself to the Spaniards ibid. confides in the Governour of Milan 15. displeased with the Venetians ibid. sends his eldest Son into Spain 16. attacques Nizza della Paglia 23 but is hindred by the Spaniards 24. they press him to restore and he endeavours to avoid it 26. but yields to it with reserves 27 is constrained to disarm 29. complains of the conditions imposed upon him by Spain his courage 31. avoids seeing the French Ambassadour ibid. arms against Spain 33. sends an Ambassadour to Venice 34 39. opposes the Spaniards with their opinion of it 38. not satisfied with the offers of France for the peace 40. exhorts the Venetians to joyn in a League with him 41. seeks assistance elsewhere in vain 42 46. signs a Treaty of Peace without effect 43. clears himself of the Imperial Ban 45. justifies his intentions and accuses those of Spain 46. denies to consent to the conditions that Crown would impose upon him ibid. defends Bistagno and Asti 47. with great courage 48. demands the Republick caution for the peace 49. signs it 50. offers himself to the Republick 57. disarms with caution ib. seeks to know Toledo's intentions discovers Treachery and Arms 65. demands assistance from the Princes and Venetians of whom he obtains it 70. consents to a suspension of Arms 78. discovers the designs of Nemours 79. breaks out into a War with Spain invading the Milanese 80. gives battel 81. constant in his Vnion with the Venetians 83. strengthens himself 84. makes progress into Monferrat 99. his magnanimity when betrayed 100. attempts to relieve Vercelli 103. vexed at the loss of it falls into the Milanese 104 offers himself to the Venetians 112. with whom he unites 119. renders what had been taken to the Spaniards 120. adheres to France 124. assists the Bohemians 131. refuses that Crown 136. his ends on the emergencies of the Valteline 162. does not make the Levies promised the Republick 172. undertakes the surprising Geneva 172. stirs up France against the Spaniards 210. and against Genoua 211. is angry not to be seconded by the Venetians 214. tempted by the Spaniards 215. marches towards the Genouese 228. displeased with Desdiguieres 231 232 forced to retire 233. succours Verrua 235 is succoured by the French 236. angry at Richelieu for the peace of Monzon flatters the English and malecontents of the Kingdom 250. suspends Hostility against Genouse 252 applies himself to the affairs of Mantua and joyns with the Spaniards 269. despises the offers of France 270 273. complains of the Marriage of his Niece with Rhetel 273. possesses part of Monferrat 282. is stirred up against Genoua ibid. denies passage to the French 286. endeavours to sow jealousie betwixt France and the Republick 292. refuses conditions offered by that Crown 299. is succoured by the Governour of Milan ibid. indeavours to stop that Kings march 300. and make peace with him on any conditions 301 avoids executing the Treaty of Susa 303. leans to the Emperour 311. endeavours again to stop the French 319. disgusts increase betwixt him and Richelieu 323. flies from Rivoli 324. discharges the Ambassadour of Venice ibid. flings himself into the arms of the Austrians 325. and is succoured by them 325 angry with Spinola 339. dyes and judgment upon his life 340 Carlo Emanuel the Second Duke of Savoy dyes judgment of his death 434 Charles Lodowick Palatine goes towards Alface arrested Prisoner and set at liberty 471 Charles Prince of Wales goes into Spain to demand the Infanta in Marriage 195. not granted by the Spaniards marries a Sister of the King of France 207. succeeds into the Crown of England to his Father endeavours the restitution of the Palatine and to relieve Breda 220. is disgusted with France 221 255. is displeased with the Austrians 240 sends a Fleet against Spain ibid. his ingaging with other Princes against France 251 endeavours the relief of Rochel in vain 289 jealous of the designs of France upon Flanders 399 100.
find it strange to serve a Prince and that grace and favour should depend upon the Minister They ceased not therefore either with secret signs imperfect sayings or covered discourses such notwithstanding as Lewis understood to go on censuring the present Government the condition of the King himself under the direction and tutelage of another Amongst all Monsieur de Luines got the ascendant a Gentleman of Avignon of no great birth expresly put about the King that he might take up his time in hunting and hawking and other lesser pleasures But he with these insnares him in such sort that he quickly made the whole Kingdom his Quarry Corrupting some of d'Ancres Domesticks he brings them to represent to the King his actions designs and the means to preserve himself in his greatness with so much horrour and detestation of Lewis as yet without experience that not thinking himself secure either as to his life or Kingdom he resolves without delay to rid himself of so formidable a Minister His death was betwixt a few resolved on the King is perswaded to it out of a desire to exercise his Office and make tryal of his Authority Luines hopes to inherit the favour and the spoil and Monsieur de Vitri a Captain of the Guards who undertook to kill him thought to oblige the young Prince to him by the first fruits of his command The Mareshal then incertain of his destiny proudly entring into the Royal Palace of the Louvre the four and twentieth day of April sees the door clapt to behind him and in the same instant Vitri making a shew to arrest him d'Ancre falls dead with the shots of three Pistols The business was no sooner divulged but the Queen-mother doubtful what should become of her self breaks forth into a flood of complaints Those that had been of the Confidence fearing the same chastisement dispersed in disorder But the people who are moved with every blast running amongst them upon a report that the King was betrayed and wounded took Arms but assured of the contrary by the chief Ministers who rode through the streets quieting the tumult turned their fear into gladness and detesting the life and name of the dead let the World see That the lustre of favour is glorious but a thing so tender and weakly that going out with every puff it stinks at last and is infectious The Corps ignobly buried was taken up again and mangled into little pieces was burnt the ashes carried through the streets to sell and bought by many at a great rate to vent the publick hatred and private revenge The King greatly rejoycing that the judgment of the people did justifie the violence of the fact sends away the Confidents of the dead amongst whom was the Bishop of Lusson who retired to Avignon The Marquess his Wife was publickly beheaded and the Queen-mother confined to Blois And now those great ones who upon Conde's imprisonment had been kept from Court returned The Prince nevertheless was not set at liberty because the King contented by his own occasion to know his Authority left the height of favour to Luines and he with wonted craft considering how to establish himself in that condition resolved with the price of the liberty of two such Prisoners to play the Merchant with both for his own conveniences France with this sudden change might be said to be restored to it self and gained to Italy because the King stood in much jealousie of the Spaniards by reason of their confidences which he had discovered with the Queen-mother and with d'Ancre The reconciled Princes were addicted enough to Savoy and the progress of the War in the Milanese gave that Crown justly to understand how much of its honour and interest till now neglected was treated there And therefore understanding the danger Vercelli was in Lewis expressed himself to the Ambassadour of Spain That if some sudden composure were not found out he should be constrained to make good his obligation and maintain Carlo in the Treaty of Asti In this interim he gives the Duke leave to raise what French he desired and sends to the Borders of Savoy 6000 Foot and 2000 Horse to go forward into Italy where there should be need The Archbishop of Lyons going in great diligence to Rome communicates to the Pope the intentions of the King in favour of the Duke and seeing a young Prince that inclined to War and gave from his Race future presages of his Government every one believed a flood of Armies in Italy was to follow and an open Rupture betwixt the Crowns And therefore the Pope did not only double his endeavours for Peace but an Union was spoken of by some of those Princes and particularly the Grand Duke who knew they had offended France by having superciliously adhered to the other Party The Spaniards apprehending at first Lewis's threatnings and to pacifie him readily shewing a desire to Peace afterwards being assured that that Kingdom would not remain so quiet but was within a while to expect a new Crisis which promoting with Arts Friends and Money and with the help of some of the chief Ministers who dis-inclined from having any thing to do with the affairs of Italy they proceeded in the siege and in their designs The truth was that the first heat of the French cooling again the most secret intention appeared to be as not to let Piedmont be lost yet so as not to break with Spain Thus with appearances proposals and endeavours to hinder it Vercelli was near being lost for all the Half-moons were now taken The Neapolitans with their approaches having cut their passage into the Ditch had a breach open in the Bulwark of St. Andrea and towards the River on the other side the Walloons had made another The Garrison from duty and sickness appeared to be greatly diminished and for want of powder had at last resolved to take that out of the Mine under the Bastion forementioned No experiment to get some in by stealth had succeeded The Duke thereupon applying himself to force draws near to the Enemies Camp by night placing longst the Sesia 9000 Foot with 1400 Horse and 10 small Pieces Three thousand Foot and 400 Horse were appointed for the relief and there stood in the Rear the French under the Marquess d'Vrfè Signor di Chigliè and the Baron di Rairan and the Italians commanded by the Serjeant Major of the Marquess of Caluso and the Signor of Parella When the Duke caused the Alarm to be given the Arrierguard aforesaid divided into several Parties and d'Vrfè having passed the Sesia met by a Body of Horse and forced to fight was defeated with the loss of 600 men But whilst the Spaniards hasted to that side 1000 men entred into Vercelli on the other with some powder though not so much as was proportionable to the want For all this Toledo slackens not his attacque but re-inforcing with twenty Cannons more his battery of the Fort St. Andrea caused another assault
minds to whatsoever fault or interest Anthonio was at that time Ambassadour in the Court of England and to clear this account he had leave to come to Venice where haranguing in the Senate with great power and no less hope to pacifie mens minds by the merits of his Ancestors and his own Services he found that in cases the most important Justice did not hold the ballance to equalize merits with faults Being summoned to Prison to render account as a Delinquent and yielding to it he was banished with a Sentence of Death and Confiscation of Goods his Name and Posterity cancelled out of the Order of the Patricians He retired himself into England where Girolamo Lando succeeding him in the Ambassage moves the King to discharge him thence But the Senate by the League with the Duke Carlo believing by his strong diversion the State at Land only secured from the attempts of the Milanese and by that of the Switzers judging to have provided themselves with little more than with the appearance and some numbers of Souldiers applied themselves to an equal strength of shipping and men also on the Sea-coast lest the Viceroy of Naples should continue his thoughts to disturb the Islands and the Gulph For this cause they listened to a Proposition of Alliance insinuated from the United Provinces of Holland in which besides the common interest of Liberty and Commerce they had a great desire to strengthen themselves with some strong support before-hand if within a while the Truce coming to expire they should be exposed to a new ingagement with the powerful Forces of Spain Christofero Suriano was at this time Resident for the Venetians at the Haghe who with much ripeness of judgment and dexterity in the managing of persons had introduced himself into a confidence with the Prince of Oâ—â—…nge and the Chief of the States and from thence collecting easily their sense he proceeded from discourses to a Treaty for which some Deputies of the States of the Provinces being appointed to treat with him they set down in writing the Conditions of a League of common defence But being propounded in Venice for the approbation of the Senate opinions differed for amongst those of the Colledge Giovanni Nani judged that the Conclusion should be deferred believing that the Republick though involved in great and grievous suspicions ought not at this time to intangle it self in that interest which presupposing a perpetual War put her into such and so great expences and dangers that the remedy would be found worse than the present evils And so he spake to this purpose If it be true that the faith of Princes is a bond not to be untyed and that Treaties of Leagues as Marriages make a Community of Fortune and Interests it is never too late to resolve upon a Decree which cannot be retracted nor amended A Decree which concerns an Alliance not of those States which govern their Councils by the alteration of things by the vicissitude of affections by the corruptions of Ministers and the change of Governours but of two Republicks in their Constitution immortal in their Maxims immoveable and in their Word constant An Vnion comprehending a short period and a limited number of years yet extends it self to the most weighty affairs and putting the Republick into a long and inextricable Labyrinth draws along with it consequences of great moment because it hath for its object a perpetual War in which with unwearied exercise of mind the Vnited Provinces defend their Religion and Liberty against a most powerful King implacable in the offence and indefatigable in the resentment That the Treasure of the Republick should be poured forth to the assistance of the weak that our aids should be the certain Capital of the oppressed that the Arsenals and Treasuries should be common to Italy there are so strong motives that it cannot be denied but they have not the same force for the affairs of Holland and if they have force by ballancing the reasons it is fit that we measure their strength Our succours perhaps will be large yet unsufficient to be able to maintain a War which subsists upon terms of Liberty and Rebellion irreconciliable with subjection and Kingly Authority A War extended to the four parts of the World which hath no limits nor can be bounded which hath emptied Spain of People exhausted the Indies of Gold and swallowed the Blood and Treasures of Europe The Republick hath always been most just in her undertakings in her own defence most circumspect and in the assistance of others constant What is now pretended is it to take Arms against Spain have we Peace with him is it to preserve our selves but what more safe remedy than the sparing the vital spirits for our own occasions Some desire to perswade those States at the end of the Truce to make an end of the War but if in their intestine Divisions having experienced greater mischiefs from Peace than hazards in the War they are thereto perswaded by their own interest that diversion will surely serve to our advantage and that War will be carried on without us under the shadow of which Italy will take breath and the Republick protected by Heaven against force and treasons will happily enjoy a calm and quiet peace Holland hath the assistance of their Neighbours and they most potent Princes some conformable to their own Religion others by a suitableness to their conveniencies and designs and these can and will uphold her with puissant Forces To what purpose then hasten our Carrier if by the steps of others without wearying our selves we may arrive at the end of our advantages The Republick hath to its praise assumed to her self the protection of Italy hath maintained it and doth maintain it with glory but it would be too vast a thought to espouse all the differences of Europe and have to do in every part of the World If out of prudence we have abstained from meddling in the affairs of Bohemia why should we pinch our selves with those of Holland is it to obtain assistance But that people will not be wanting to be serviceable to us without a League who agree with all the World where there is money and reward I deny not but that friends are a great defence and that in true Mesnagery that Treasure is not to be valued which keeps the Monster of War far off But do the bonds of friendship consist in Treaties only The affections of Princes are there joyned where the Interests are not separate Who doubts but that the Vnited Provinces will embrace our assistance as often as being in distress it may be seasonable to give it and render it to us again when the Conjunction of affairs shall shew it to be necessary We have hitherto at least drawn Commanders Souldiers Ships out of that Country open to the money of all That very money which for the purchase of a friendship not necessary we are here vainly so ready to disburse shall be that
kept them on foot With this incouragement la Cadé and the Directorships took Arms pretending by forcible remedies to keep the Grisa in the ancient Union Pompeo Pianta the supposed chief Contriver of the disagreements was killed and Visconti with many of the Faction of Spain were forced to retire in great haste out of the Country because to the first fury of that inraged people nothing being able to resist the Catholick Switzers also with their Colonel Betlinger retired leaving Cannon and Baggage behind La Lega Grisa then joyned themselves to the other but Feria in hopes which quickly vanished to keep the Torrent of these armed people far from the Valley did not only strengthen the Forts but to facilitate the gaining of Chiavena caused an Invasion to be made into the Valley of Musocco which alone of the three Leagues is situate on this side the Mountains The Inhabitants though Catholicks yet for all that not inclined to the Spaniards having cold and ice for the defence of their situation hid themselves behind a great Trench of Snow whence sallying without being observed they so unexpectedly charged the Spanish Troops that leaving five hundred dead upon the place they retired dispersed by several ways into the Milanese Thus every day were their minds as well as Troops more and more imbrued in blood and the Venetians finding in the Princes of Italy more apprehension of the evil than resolution for the remedy had recourse again to the King of England by the means of Girolamo Lando ordinary Ambassadour representing to him the state of things to be in a condition of great contingency James with wonted magnificence of words answers That he took to heart the security and safety of Europe That the Interests of Italy were always in his eye and in his cares That he held the Republick above all in a choice confidence and constant friendship And did therefore declare that if his Son-in-law were despoiled of his Patrimonial Countries he would send a powerful Army into Germany to uphold him If the Hollanders should be invaded he would not spare his assistance and if the Venetians should suffer any molestation he would succour them with the Forces of all his Kingdoms and for an earnest offered a present Levy in England of ten thousand Souldiers The Senate by Letters express renders him thanks in abundance esteeming those magnificat offers for a grace if not an assistance It was now no secret that at this time the Spaniards themselves kept the King in hope of the Marriage of Mary second Daughter of Philip with the Prince of Wales to the end to make him suspected by all and beget a belief in himself that the restitution of the Palatinate should be one of the chief Articles in that agreement He nevertheless at Madrid presses also effectually for the restitution of the Valteline and Bassompiere arriving thereupon pursues the same the Popes Nuntio also and the Ambassadour of the Venetians contributing thereto their endeavours But the death of Philip the Third leaves for some days the business in suspence The face of the Court was a little before this much changed for although Lerma with the Purple of a Cardinal had thought to cover himself from changes and accidents yet it being difficult by honest means to maintain the ascendant over the Genius of Princes he escaped not the accustomed malignant influence of Envy and of Fortune Publick discourses ran abroad that he had with poyson procured the death of the Queen Margaret by the cooperation of Roderigo Calderone who had a power over her mind equal to that which he exercised over the will of the King The disorders in the Government being over and above imputed to him and in many things calumny envy and the interest of a few being joyned to what was true his disgrace from the hatred of all was fiercely promoted Having for some time since wrestled with many in this narrow path of the ambition of Court he met with no more fierce Competitor than the Duke D'Vceda his own Son closely oyned up with Father Luigio Aliaga he Kings Confessor so that there was not a corner that was not cunningly beset even to the inward retirement of Conscience and the most secret Colloquies of the Soul The King at last yields to the general desire of the Court and Kingdoms and in honour of the Purple silencing his accusations commands him to retire It remained a doubt whether in an age proclaimed by the wrath of Heaven to the mocquery of Favourites the King would not have taken upon himself the Government when death in the forty third year of his age takes him away from the troubles which Empire carries with it His years would surely have been more memorable if he had been born a private man rather than a King because being better adorned with the ornaments of life than endowed with the skill to command as goodness piety and continuance placed him in a degree higher than ordinary Subjects so the disapplication to Government rendred him lower than was fit or necessary By publick defects private vertues being corrupted and in particular keeping his mind in idleness it was believed that he had reserved nothing for himself to do but to consent to all that which the Favourite had a mind to Thus the Government of the World recommended to Princes as to the true Shepherds falls into mercenary hands making themselves not understood but by the sound voice of interest and the authority of ambition the people suffer ruine and calamity and the Princes themselves render account to God of that Talent which they have suffered their Ministers to make merchandize of It is certain that Philip in the agony of death was not so much comforted with the calling to mind his innocent life as he was troubled with the sting of conscience for his omissions in Government The report was that the Maxims of Interest yielding in that instant to the Law of God the restitution of the Valteline was precisely ordered The Son Philip the Fourth comes to the Kingdom in an age so young being but sixteen years old that the World had cause heedfully to observe whether ambition the common disease of Princes would sooner move or satiate him But it quickly appeared that the Ascendant of Favourites was not yet set for dispatches being brought to the King he delivers them to Gasparo di Gusman Conde d'Olivares and he shewing himself backward though he desired it commanded they should be given to whom the Count would appoint He feigning modesty assigns them to Balthasar di Zuniga an old Minister and of great credit but yet by concert for Zuniga being his Uncle they had agreed to support one another whereupon taking off the Mask the Power fell to the Count who quickly honoured besides with the Title of Duke will be found with this double attribute in the following relation to be more famous than fortunate From the Republick according to custom were appointed an
by how much he saw Dorlach wasted to nothing Halverstadt weakned and Mansfelt wont as the fortune of Arms wavered to apply himself to Treaties was always suspected by him lest one day he should sell him and sacrifice him to his own interest But he was no sooner returned into Holland and by a publick Declaration to shew his sincerity so much the more to the Austrians discharged out of his service Mansfelt and his Followers but he perceived that from an Enemy offended and in Arms he that had no Forces could expect but hard Conditions of Peace for there was offered to him but a small pitance of his Country with the rest to his eldest Son after the death of Bavaria on condition that he should pass from Calvinism to the Catholick Faith But such offers being openly rejected by Frederick and the Ministers of the King of England the business was again referred to a Diet in Ratisbone By such Negotiations Peace being retarded the War was more vigorously prosecuted Heidelberg the ancient Seat of the Palatines was by Tilli taken by force and Franckental reduced by Cordua to extremity so that the King of England who published that he held that Country under his Protection desiring by some appearance though laught at by the World to cover the contempt not being able to succour it consents to a Truce of fifteen months during which Franckental and the rest of the lower Palatinate should be deposited in the Spaniards hands to restore them to the King if within that time there were not a Peace concluded So the English in that state of things contenting themselves only with a promise abandoned soon after the hopes also of recovering that place the which for many years went not out of the hand of the Spaniards till the new changes of Fortune and the times obliged them to render it But Mansfelt was constrained to raise the Siege from before Zaverna both because the Catholick Armies being at liberty from the imployment of the Palatinate threatned to draw towards him and that the Duke of Lorrain not being willing to suffer him to nestle himself upon his Borders was preparing to relieve it He nevertheless at that very time when his Martial attempts succeeded not sets on foot a Treaty with Tilli in his own and Helverstadts name with offers to change his Party but his artifices now so many times discovered were by the Austrians with equal arts deluded He nevertheless with a flourishing Army and cryed up by Military men kept himself in great reputation of equally valiant and wise so that to strifs he was earnestly pressed with offers from all parts He inclined not though he were invited to it by the Venetians in regard of the affairs of the Valteline to pass into Rhetia apprehending that amidst the difficulty of the Passes and the Straights of the Mountains he might consume that Army which was accustomed with great spoils to maintain it self in the spatious Provinces of Germany but he equally hearkened to the instances of the Huguenots of France who with cryes and provocations of Religion called him to their succours and to those of the States of Holland who with equal motives of their Religion with greater recompence sued to him for assistance At last not being able to subsist longer in Alsatia whilst the Armies of Tilli Cordua and Leopold flanked upon him and reflecting that with the Huguenots it was rather to maintain a broken Faction than a setled Principality he resolves to go into Holland It was therefore necessary to keep his intention secret and deceive with many various reports and divers marches as he did For having with great artifice disarmed the Duke of Lorrain who expected nothing like it of a sudden he marches into the middle of his Country and in revenge that he had disturbed him in the Enterprise of Zaverne put it into so great confusion and fright with such bitter losses that the Duke was constrained to give him passage furnish him with Victuals and perswade him to vent that Military storm elsewhere Nor did the Count fail for the licence of his Souldiery being satiated in Lorrain he enters into the Bishopricks of Verdun and Metz with such terrour to the neighbouring Countries that Paris it self was in a fright whilst the King by reason of the War with the Huguenots was so far off The Duke of Nevers Governour of Champagne by all sorts of fair means and promises endeavours to stop him and he to lay truth baring those licences which to an Army that had no other livelyhood but rapine he was necessitated to permit he restrained 〈…〉 y as much as he could Fear therefore entred into the Province of Flanders towards whom it now appeared the march was directed and the Infanta with no less solicitude endeavours to keep him afar off sending as far as to the Pont a Mouson the Duke of Bornoville who with large offers was to perswade him to divert some whither else or to inroul himself under the Spanish Colours Certainly it was wonderful to consider that an Army new raised and mercenary without the Authority of Princes and without the Protection of Dominion driven out of Germany after having over-run it and in a great measure laid it waste should now be the Scourge of Lorrain the Fear of France the Terror of Flanders be paid by many intreated by all and every where most earnestly desired But whilst this fury of War in so many places either laid waste or threatned discord slides into its bowels Halverstadt upon great discontents separating who being sollicited by the Duke of Bouillon inclined to assist the Huguenots Little wanted but that the common Souldiers according to the animosity of the Chiefs at variance also amongst themselves had not fallen to kill one another and with intestine Arms expiated the offence and the excesses till now committed But at last foreseeing in their disunion their destruction and considering that the flatteries and propositions of Nevers by gaining time had served so to arm the Frontier as to be able to make a strong resistance the Commanders and the Troops reconciled amongst themselves and leaving as in trust under the faith of the Governour of the place the Cannon in the Suburbs of Mouson burning many Carriages to set a greater number of men on Horseback he continues his march with haste And it was now necessary for him to hasten it because Cordua sollicited not only by the Infanta but also by the French was come to Ivoy in Lutzemburg to cross him in his way but with a strength inferiour not exceeding ten thousand Foot and five thousand Horse so that at the first Encounter of Mansfelts Horse who confidently ravaged the Country he received a little blow But a while after re-inforced by the Colonel Verdugo whom Spinola without abandoning the Siege of Bergopzoom sent to his relief the Armies now being near an equal strength they straitned one anothers victuals and march in such sort that they could
the Government Conde made wary by past experiences taking himself off from his pretensions in favour of his Daughter which in the concurrence of so many interests he saw served but for a state or pretext the male-contents betook themselves to Engines more powerful making to oppose the Queen-mother the Queen Regent through impressions of jealousie believe that the Marriage with Monpensier succeeding to be fruitful she should be neglected and in case of Widowhood be necessitated with shame and scorn to subject her self to one of her own Vassals They let it fall to her that breaking the Treaty of Marriage with Monpensier she should promote that with her own Sister the Infanta of Spain to conjoyn France to that Crown with a double obligation and establish for her self in all events stronger defence and more pleasing supports To introduce such thoughts into the Queens mind the abhorrency which she had of the Cardinal Richelieu prevailed much which was fomented by the Dutchess of Chevereufe her Confident who with many artifices had the power of her will and besides augmented her party for the Grand Prior of Vendosm being her Gallant was by her perswaded to owne it and to bring the Duke his Brother into it Brothers both though base born of King Lewis With such supports they went on to greater designs deliberating to offer to the Huguenots Gaston for their Head suborning Governours of Provinces and places not without whispering that Gaston himself after having killed the Cardinal with his own hand and retiring himself from Court with the applause of a great party should not only have constrained the King to pardon him but disposed as he thought fit of the Marriage of the Government and of the Crown Nothing passed without Richelieu's knowledge for Monsieur de Chalais Master of the Wardrobe to the King a great Confident of Chevereuses discovering of her the secrets of the business reported them to the King with so terrible a prospect as if the Conspiracy being against his own Person the design was to shut him up in a Convent exalt his Brother to the Throne and make him marry the Queen so that Lewis suspicious by nature and distrustful to extremity might have been perswaded to believe things yet more absurd Nature had afforded to few the Magick I may call it of the tongue so powerful as to Richelieu for with a quick and nervous eloquence inriched with ready replies and strengthened oftentimes at his pleasure with tears oaths and passions moving affections he overcame mens minds and governed above all the will of King Lewis who full of fear referred himself to his wisdom and conduct to the end that he might conjure down so many false appearances The beginning was made by the imprisonment of Ornano done at Fontainbleau whither the Court was removed expresly to avoid those uproars and confusions which are but too easily raised at Paris The King there talking to him of the Marriage of his Brother with Monpensier and he shewing himself not inclined to it he was presently after arrested by the Guards to the astonishment of all the rest of his party that so much the more as it was quickly followed by his death ascribed by some to the indispositions of his old age and by others attributed to poyson The Cardinal ordered it so that at the time of the arrest he was far off to the end it might be believed though he directed every thing that the King had done it upon his own will nay he desired leave to retire himself and withdraw his life from the hatred and snares of so potent enemies but the King and his Mother were so far from consenting to it that though he with express instances covetously desired the contrary they permitted him to arm himself against those that envied him with Guards which serving at first for a defence became quickly an apprehension and jealousie to the power it self of the Soveraign By the imprisonment and death of Ornano the design of the Factionaries seemed in a good measure broken but was not totally destroyed those of most power being far off they of Vendosm particularly who having the Government of Britany by their great dependencies gave great jealousies The Court set forward that way but moved slowly to give time for the Cardinals Arts who deluding the Grand Prior with his own very desires and designs and giving him hopes of the Admiralship of the Sea which he with great longing pretended perswades him to come to Blois where the King was and to bring his Brother with him but were no sooner arrived but they saw themselves made Prisoners The Court then with so much the more haste goes to Nantes preventing the uproar of the Province Others upon this would not at all trust themselves The Count of Soissons who aspired to the Marriage of Monpensier and to obtain it was entred into the party of the male-contents left the Kingdom and made a Voyage into Italy Chevereuse commanded to remain at a house in the Country making an escape gets into Lorrain and with a spirit above the custom of the Sex greedy of novelties passes afterwards to other Courts carrying every where in her mind the fire of War against France and that of the loves of great Princes in her rare beauty Chalais alone remained unwarily taken in the net which he had laid for others for either trusting in the good turn he had done more than mindful of the offence committed thinking his service not well recompensed conceived too vast hopes or that repenting to have said too much he would discover no more was by sentence of Judges as guilty of the Conspiracy it self beheaded in Nantes Where at last the Marriage with Monpensier was performed for the Kings Brother having no body near him that might suggest the contrary married her and immediately intangled in loves and the first pleasures of Marriage was careless of the ruine of all his Confidents These were then the confusions of Court amidst which the Treaty of Monzone being concluded if they took not wholly away the blame they at least served to make some sort of excuse but the Duke of Savoy not admitting of any despising the flatteries of Bouillon was so greatly offended that swearing an implacable hatred and the most open resentments against the Cardinal by the means of Alexander the Abbot of Scaglia his most sharp-sighted Minister he closes with the male-contents of the Kingdom offers them all incouragement and forces and particularly to Gaston assistance and retreat if as he effectuall perswaded him he would revenge himself of the Cardinal But at Court the seeds of discord being extinguished he turns his practices to the Huguenots and to England sending Scaglia to London to the end that promoting a fierce War against France he might either gain upon that Kingdom those Conquests which he complained he had been elsewhere traversed in by those Ministers or at least molest and punish him that had dared to abandon
much the more applause as to have got the day after he was little less than overcome so that Chance which in Battels usurps so great a share could not in this by the Victory upbraid the one with its favours or by the loss blemish the praise of the other At the price of such a days work not only the remainder of the conquered who straitned in Luther rendred at discretion but Northeim and all the Countries of Luneburg and Brunswick with many other Cities and places yielded consequences prosperous to Ferdinand spreading themselves into every part of the Empire Nor could it fall out at a time more unseasonable for the King of Denmark for that England and France ready to break betwixt themselves denied him the assistance he hoped for The States of Holland only who apprehended Tilli his old design of getting into Frizland by the way of Embden sent him some succours of men being able to do it with so much the greater convenience as that in this year besides the taking of Oldensel which was of no great moment they had stood either attentive on the Affairs of the Empire or only imployed themselves to hinder the cutting off a Chanel which the Spaniards attempted in vain to unite the Maze with the Rhine The King himself within a while took new vigour from six thousand Foot and a thousand Horse sent him by the Administrator of Hall and from Recruits of his own Subjects whereupon marching out of the Country of Holstein whither he was retired for refuge he was able to take Hoye though himself hurt there with a Musket-shot and his Son by a double stroke much more dangerously Taking his Quarters afterwards in the Bishoprick of Bremen Tilli also divided his throughout the Lower Saxony for a bridle and punishment of those refractory Provinces But the defeat at Luther had given its counter-blow in every other part To reduce the Upper Austria whose stirring carried great danger with it Ferdinand had invited Bavaria to signalize himself by the recovery of that Province once more to God and the Austrians But he wont above all men in all Negotiations to joyn together two things so contrary as are Religion and Interest offers to do it at his own charge provided nevertheless for his re-imbursement that the Country as a fresh pledge might remain in his hand Ferdinand doubtful if another Country should be offered him of recovering this and recompensing him was contented that he should only lend him some Souldiers with which joyning some Horse under the Command of Papenhaim the Peasants were forced to remove from Lintz and having their Quarters afterwards beaten up at Entz were at last wholly subdued with much blood and a mighty slaughter In Silesia Mansfelt had lost the opportunity of going forward by a Truce interposed by Gabor that he might joyn with him so that the Imperialists had him shut in betwixt two Rivers but when they thought to keep him so inclosed he gets loose from them by stealth and advances into the Mountains of Hungary where at last Gabors Brother joyns him with three thousand Horse and a little after a great Body of Turks with which he might have had the better of the Enemy by reason of the number of his Forces and the inclination of the people if the fame of the Victory of Luther had not been to Wallestain in place of a great supply For Gabor applying himself to new projects of Peace separates from Mansfelt and by his example the Turks retire so that the Count environed in the Mountains by the Imperialists without victuals without money and with Troops almost disbanded and consumed leaving order to the small reliques of his Army that they should endeavour to joyn with the Transilvanian slips away almost alone and by a desperate counsel getting into the Turkish Dominions proposes new Unions and Treaties to the Ottoman Ministers and takes his way towards Dalmatia so to get to Venice and from thence pass to those Princes which had formerly assisted him But being come to Vracoviz an obscure place in Bosnia near to the Confines of the Venetians wearied with cares and wants he dies ordering his Corps to be buried in the Territories belonging to the Republick And so Ernest Count of Mansfelt having sought for a glorious death amongst so many famous occasions was ignobly surprized by it there where he least expected to the end it might be said that Fortune had defrauded him both in his birth and death A man otherwise that without envy may be called Famous and be celebrated without blame for great An. Dom. 1627 in an Age wherein some are chosen from Heaven for Ministers of Divine Justice and publick Calamities He had the courage to provoke alone and by his own private Authority and Conduct the formidable power of the Austrians He was alone overcome in Battel but by his felicity of getting up again no less renowned than the Conquerours Superiour in Negotiations to the greatest Wits Bold in encountring dangers and highly subtil in winding himself out of them a Lover of disorders and novelties enduring hunger watchings and excess eloquent wise and vigilant prodigal of his own covetous of anothers lived amidst great hopes and designs and dyed without Lordships and without Treasure The Marquess of Dourlach thought by his example to be able to attempt Alsatia having raised some Troops in Basil by encouragement of the Protestant Switzers and some little money with which France and England secretly furnished him but not with an equal success for the greatness of the Austrians so firmly rooted with so many Victories being no more to be moved with little shocks the Marquess no sooner began to put himself in order but an Army of Ferdinands arriving in those parts ruined the design intimidated the Switzers and obliged those of Basil to discharge him He therefore passes into Denmark but had first sent to Venice the Colonel Niccolas Boet to communicate his intentions to the Republick and desired assistance at a time that the King of Denmark also by Joachim Cratz and the effectual interposition of the Ambassadours of England and Holland demanded money for the maintaining of five or six Regiments The Senate having fully deduced the obligation which the Republick had to the common Cause by what had been done in the course of many years in Italy shewed their sense in the importunity without engaging themselves further ANNO M.DC.XXVII Ferdinand now feared by many and respected by all kept under the Empire with an armed hand keeping his Armies dispersed in the Countries of the Electors and Princes that where any held up his head they were ready to suppress and chastise them Nor seemed the design longer concealed to reduce Christian Religion and the Authority of the Austrians to an Union in Germany The discourse now was to make the Empire successive Walestain in particular not dissembling his thoughts so to moderate the power of the Electors that like Grandees of Spain according to
wavering amidst divers considerations not desiring to be ingaged against the power and rage of the Austrians nor seeing willingly the power of the Spaniards to be increased in Italy or the Authority and Name of the Emperour greatly suspicious to the Popes to be awakned He not only approved the remonstrance of the Venetians but in a manner promoted it frequently complaining to their Ambassadour of the iniquity of the times in which from a cause most unjust the ambition of Princes was going to subvert the repose of Italy scarce yet setled He offered his interposition with powerful offices but added What can be promised from reason without Arms in dealing with him who places Reason and Justice in nothing but Arms The excess of power in Princes makes little account of the Popes prayers and their Mediation is reduced almost to nothing else but to adorn the Frontispice of Treaties with their name It is meet since offices do no good to apply to other remedies more powerful To improve the thought of uniting the Princes of Italy in their own and the common Interest But besides his own Forces and those of the Republick of whom was there any account to be made The Duke of Savoy renouncing the ancient Glory of maintaining the Liberty of Italy unmindful of his age and of a Grave at hand contrives new Stratagems The Government of Tuscany was inclined to the advantages of the Austrians In the others power was wanting or will The Senate therefore was seriously to consider if the Forces alone of the Church and theirs would be a sufficient defence against the approaching evils and to maintain the Cause of Mantua threatned and may be said oppressed by the prosperity of the Emperour and the Potency of Spain That he was ready with counsels and action to run the common Fate of Italy but that it was also a common Interest to lean to the more powerful for the upholding of themselves and friends That he thought application to France was necessary whose friendship though by its inconstancy it seemed dangerous by its power made it self seasonable That he was disposed with his intentions offices and endeavours to second the resolutions of that Crown and the Common-wealth The aims of Vrban were not in truth conformable to his expressions He desired to maintain Nevers in the succession of Mantua but abhorred to ingage himself so far as to be obliged to come to a Declaration or taking up of Arms. He encouraged the Venetians to the end he might enjoy their support in whatsoever should happen and flattered the French with hopes of adhering to their Party for if he had the luck to bring him into Italy in favour of Nevers he doubted not but things would proceed with such a ballance that he might reserve to himself the glory of the mediation and the merit of making the Peace Frequent advertisements were then sent from Venice and from Rome to King Lewis of the State of Italy disquieted by great apprehensions and threatned by greater dangers solliciting him to imploy Authority Negotiation and Force for the saving of the Country and the Princes his Friends France in effect was greatly sensible and the principal Ministers confessed the Reputation and Honour of the Crown ruined if it failed to assist Nevers But the Ingagement before Rochel was equally important whereupon they turn their counsels anew to prevail upon the mind of the Duke of Savoy because he it seemed was the Arbiter of the Peace or of the War whilst if it could be brought about to separate him from the Spaniards their taking Arms would be diverted or at least weakned The center therefore of the business lay in Turin the Venetians on the one side assaulting him with reasons and perswasions and the French on the other tempting him with promises and advantages St. Simon besides the ceading of so much Land in Monferrat as should amount to twelve thousand Crowns of yearly Revenue proposes to him secret and great hopes that France with a more powerful assistance should joyn in promoting his undertakings against the Genouese the differences with whom assumed by the Crowns with the title of an authoritave mediation remained yet undecided But the Duke mindful of former accidents relinquished not for the uncertainty of things to come the designs of present advantages Clogging the Treaty therefore by the demand of Trin a place of most important situation because it was opposite to Casal and drawing it into length he no less precipitated the resolutions and getting into Arms. Upon the news of the death of Duke Vincenzo and what had happened in Mantua the Bishop of Mondovi and Serbellone were returned back to relate it to the Duke and to Cordua who agreeing in their aims aggravated also with uniform dissatisfactions That the young Princess Niece of the Catholick King and also of the Duke was without their knowledge forced rather upon the dead body of the deceased Duke amidst sobs and tears than married by her own free consent Then Cordua charges Rhetel with the contempt of having intruded himself into a State in contest contrary to the Commissions Patents of the Emperor Soveraign and Judge of the Parties to whom being required to refer the cognizance of the cause and the penalty of the boldness he refused the Letters which he had written to him concerning the Title assumed of Prince of Mantua The eyes of all men were to say truth turned towards Ferdinand some sheltering themselves under his Authority and others considering his Power Amongst the first were the Princes of Guastalla whose interest served not but for a bounded prospect and stalking Horse for the Arms of Spain and Margaret Dutchess of Lorrain who as eldest Sister of the last Dukes deceased pretended that the Males of the other Branch being excluded the Succession belonged to her but her Rights being very little considered they could amount to no more but to usher in those of Leonora the Empress her younger Sister Whilst the decision was like to proceed with great length of time the new Duke of Mantua and the Princes that adhered to him apprehended the Emperours Forces jealously observing an Army of sixteen thousand men under a Count of Mansfelt in Suaben kept on foot there under pretext of bridling the motions of the Marquess of Dourlach and the Protestants but in effect as a body of reserve for the Affairs of Italy at the disposition of the Crown of Spain the which not only by benefits and pensions held dependent on it the Emperours chief Ministers but upbraided to himself the holding the Imperial Dignity as but the fruit of their counsels and assistance Since therefore Ferdinand was obliged to depend on anothers will the pressing instances of the Popes Ministers and the Venetians availed little who perswaded him not to interest himself but with his Authority in favour of the cause which should appear most just and to prefer Negotiation before a Rupture Nevertheless to cover the designs which were
her passions as much more famous as her life and death equally unhappy She began then to inveigh against Richelieu that to play the Merchant at his pleasure with the Royal Authority he became prodigal of the Kings health keeping him as having him in a manner a Prisoner far from his Wife and Mother amongst Armies and the Marshes of Rochel exposed to dangers and in an unwholesom Air. She besides this dissented openly to have any thing to do with the Affairs of Italy towards which she discovered the Cardinal inclined and aggravated that he for his vain passions having stirred up a War with the English now to satiate his revenge would break also with Savoy and with Spain persecuting every where the Princesses of the Royal Family and exposing the Kingdom in prey to the sword and fire to the end that he alone with his Friends and Kindred might triumph over the publick Calamities and advance his ambition and avarice upon the common Ruine By effectual Letters she disswades the King from him and publickly exclaims against him in Paris seconded by many with whispers and discourses in the Court and in the Country for hatred and envy advanced as much against Richelieu as his own merit increased and the favour of the King appeared more and more partial to him The Cardinal Berule and Monsieur de Marilliac were the chief that in the Council sided with her opinions and to dishearten the Ministers of the Pope and of the Republick who with frequent endeavours moved the King to serious reflections and seasonable resolutions they divulged freely and gave the Ministers themselves openly to understand that France by Religion and Interest being strictly obliged to its own occasions could not be diverted elsewhere nor attend to what happened beyond the Mountains But Richelieu who with a profound judgment fathomed aims and designs as well domestick as foreign entertaining them with better hopes to repair that opinion which after the Peace of Monzon he knew cooled in his old friends and the Princes of Italy comforted them with ample promises that the King would not be wanting in protection and assistance to the House of Mantua and exhorted principally the Venetians so much interessed and so nearly joyned to support the Duke with powerful Aids till the Ingagement before Rochel being at an end and the differences with England in some measure composed the Crown might turn all its Authority and Forces towards Italy The Senate wisely weighing past events and the dangers imminent remained constant in the setled Maxims not to declare themselves but conjoyntly with the Crown of France and therefore sollicited with earnest prayers the happy success of the enterprise of Rochel and with urgent mediation promoted the Peace with England which seemed much facilitated by various accidents for another Fleet being sailed out of those parts formidable for number and quality of Ships manned with choice Souldiers and furnished with all sorts of Provisions having scarce shewed it self to the besieged and attempted the relief in vain was returned to the Coast of England and Buckingham the Incendiary of the discord stabbed with a Knife in his Chamber by one Felton for private causes was dead In the mean time Cordua finding no resistance in the field advances towards Casale hoping according to the concerts agreed with Spadino de Novara Serjeant Major in the Town that a Port should presently have been delivered to him But the Marquess of Canossa a Veronese Governour of Monferrat and Rivara a Monferrin who commanded the Citadel discovering the Plot as it was almost ready to be put in execution gave out Orders presently for the defence by preventing the Treachery and resisting the Force Spadino saving himself from punishment by flight meets the Governour of Milan with the Army near to Casale who though touched to the quick that his best and speedy hope was vanished nevertheless putting it to a venture and ingaging his honour upon the relations of the Traitor that the Garrison though consisting of about four thousand Foot and four hundred Horse yet all for the most part of the Country and having want of many things would together with the Inhabitants be little inclined to suffer for a Prince they knew not ruine and extremities resolves to undertake the Siege To flatter the Citizens he made as if he would respite the Country round about keeping for some days the Militia in such Discipline that it almost looked as if he would rather preserve than force the place And the effect though contrary to his intent proved to be so for the provisions spared by the Spaniards in the Country were in the interim brought into the Town At the first appearance of the Enemy the Garrison made a round Sally but being easily beat back Cordua orders Trenches to be opened and Batteries to be raised but with as many failings and errours as they made steps in the attempt Casale is situate upon the right side of the Po where a little Hillock begins to decline and enlarge it self into a Plain in which the Town is placed being of a large circuit but of an irregular inclosure inhabited by many noble Families and a numerous well-accommodated Commonalty A Castle with Walls and Towers served formerly for its defence but the old Duke Vincenzo placed there for state and defence a Citadel of a great compass with six well ordered Bastions which with two ranks of Walls were joyned to the City Against one of these directly towards the Po which at that time had its course a little distant but afterwards changing its Chanel came nearer to the Wall Gonzales directs his attacques and batteries but weak and slow so that the besieged were able to cover with Half-moons and Batteries the Wall the Mills and the Flank of the Town the most exposed on that side He could not by reason he had so few men begirt the place and for the same defect deferred for divers days to take in the Castles on the Hill by means whereof Provisions in abundance were frequently brought into the Town and even when he went about it Frederico Enriquez sent with a few Souldiers to make his way into Rossignano by a Petard being partly deceived by his Spies who brought him thither when it was broad day light and partly repulsed by the cragginess of the situation for it stood upon a Rock received there a great blow The Savoyards proceeded with greater success The Duke was no sooner in the field but he possessed in a breath Alba St. Damiano with all that which belonged to him by the Treaty and although Trino resisted some days yet upon the loss of a Half-moon it was forced to surrender Being thus dis-ingaged it gave great jealousie to the Governour of Milan lest having obtained his own design he should neglect or rather hinder the success of the Spaniards And knowing him fixed in this that short Wars frequent Treaties and continual change of Parties was that which pleased him he was greatly
and Obedience take their turns that we are equally capable to govern and to be governed that to the ambitious dignity of Command is associated the vertuous moderation of a private life and the most easie yoke of the Laws So that our Republick is ordered like the Heaven in which the Citizens in resemblance to the Stars have by office in the universal felicity influence and light but with various Situations divers Aspects and different Motions enjoying sometimes a fulness of light lending it often to others and then themselves suffering an Eclipse Ought we then to accuse the Divine Providence because it hath not distributed to all the same offices and stations Shall we then also in our Country where Ten make a supreme Council which by annual change give place to the merits of others stir our selves up to envy and anger because we all cannot be capable of it at once I dread to think that there is any that detests the rigour of Justice the severity of the Laws and the Authority of the Council of Ten. Let us in this case then suppose our selves guilty from our selves and to offend without punishment will we quite abolish Justice and Government it self Let us I pray turn these invectives against the offences let us abhor the Delinquents let us make Decrees against faults and on the contrary let us venerate that Ray of Divinity which though it strike the wicked with Thunder is a guide to the innocent I account the antiquity of such a Council always venerable and the Ages by which its Authority hath been established a Council chosen by our selves composed of our selves is the Maintainer of the Laws the Protection of Liberty and the Bridle of Subjects But what shall become of us and our Posterity if wanting the sacred refuge of our defence we shall think to offend without punishment and be audaciously despised What protects the Dignity of Persons and of Families the security of quiet and civil living the liberty it self of the Government but the Council of Ten alone which sharply punishing offences restrains with their Name and Authority the thoughts also of attempting them We by weakening it and exposing it to contempt think by it to diminish punishment and by it provoke injuries Do any perhaps under the pretext of regulating abuses go about to abase the Power of the Government A sad design which betrays to himself and his posterity the hopes of those rewards which the Country with considerable dignity largely imparts Let such go out from amongst us let them not be esteemed worthy to be Sons of so great a Common-wealth and he that would withdraw himself from the Laws and from punishments contriving rather to make himself a Criminal than aspiring to be a Judge like a Monster of Vice An. Dom. 1629 let him be separated from us and cut off In our Republick this is the just equality not to do and not to suffer wrongs Away with such conceits that those in Power ought to have a greater liberty and that punishments on Delinquents can be either too heavy or judgments too severe This is the bond of our quiet and the quiet of our Subjects Some Law givers have omitted to mention punishments for certain outragious faults believing that they could never happen in a well ordered Government Our Ancestors on the other side have been willing even in small matters to assign a more severe judgment to the end that not so much as the least offences should give encouragement of coming near to discompose the good order and integrity of the Common-wealth Happy the Country most happy the People and the Government to be admired which hath for its Foundation Law and for its Crown Liberty where those of the better sort excel in example where he finds more restraint that enjoys greater authority Fathers in point of Renown we have no cause to envy any of the ancient States or modern Soveraignties In the largeness of ovr Dominion we have wherewithal to content the moderation of our minds In the duration of liberty we surpass any Common-wealth whatsoever But the deliberation of this day is to overcome our selves therein we give comfort to our Subjects example to Strangers and occasion for a good Report Let the Venetian Nobility all in a body in the most majestical and authoritative of their Assemblies unanimously determine that if Empire and liberty at one and the same birth be acknowledged from God they willingly consecrate themselves to Justice and will govern the people with such moderation and sweetness that for the prevention of offences they make choice for their Court of Justice of the gravest for Laws the severest and for punishments the heaviest Upon these or like words delivered with gravity and received with great attention opinions and minds were so changed that many blushing that they had thought otherwise the Decree with a great number of Votes was willingly embraced and two days after followed the Election of Persons proposed for the new Council of Ten amongst which with great applause Nani was received and what had passed was registred in the publick Records with an honourable memory of his Name ANNO M.DC.XXIX Italy expecting succours from the Alps and by succours safety Lewis arrives there with thirty thousand men having left his Mother Regent at Paris But before the King moved Luigi Contarini the Ambassadour of Venice had gotten a promise from the King of England that he would not interrupt the enterprise and a while after the Peace was concluded which by the death of Buckingham the private passions of Favourities being extinguished consisted in few Articles To renew the ancient Treaties restore Commerce silence reciprocally pretensions about Reprisals prevent them for the future and perform the Conditions of the Marriage if any difficulty should intervene amicably to agree it Each King reserved himself the liberty to assist his Allies without breach of the Peace The Copies of the Treaty till the Ratification were deposited in the hands of the Ministers of the Republick who by the Mediation had gotten great reputation especially Contarini who within a while passed to the Embassy in Ordinary of France The King then freed from that distraction marches towards Italy having first sent to Mantua Monsieur de Landel to carry the News of it to the Duke at a time very seasonable when the Governour of Milan assaulted him with secret promises and Nassau pinched hard upon him who being gone against Mantua and requiring a positive declaration of obedience or resistance while the Duke fenced with general conceptions denounced to him War and Force To the noise hereof the effects afterwards following the Emperour orders to please the Spaniards greatly troubled at the march of the French that his Army should descend into Italy The Duke hereupon in trouble betwixt the hopes of succours and the fear of dangers equally near sending Pomar again to Venice sollicites together with the French Ministers the Republick to declare it self and
touched to the quick with the Swedes Army and France feared some imminent change within it self The King had in the end of September by a great sickness at Lyons run the hazard of death whereupon the Cardinal seeing by the aversion of the two Queens and of Orleans a furious storm coming upon him thought to compose Affairs abroad hoping that if the King recovered that he should not want means to overturn all that which had been agreed He had not for all that abandoned the care of the War of Italy for the Army under the Mareshals de la Force and Schiomberg augmented to the number of six and twenty thousand Foot and three thousand Horse with Victuals for fifteen days near the expiration of the Truce marched to bring succours into the Citadel of Casal Vittorio was not displeased that it should succeed believing that with the falling of that place into the hands of the Spaniard the Peace might be made more difficult and Colaeltoes judgment and Commission were differing the Emperour desiring that he might make use of those Troops against the Swedes that by all means the Peace should be made Both therefore gave way that the French Army crossing the Po should pass securely through Piedmont although the Duke afar off with some Horse marched on its side But the French pursuing their march without dispute there arrives a Currier from Ratisbone which by the advice of the Peace put the Mareshals into great perplexity whether by advancing they should break the accord or rather halting lose the Army for hunger in the bowels of the Enemies Country They resolved at last to go on for the securing the Citadel for which the Peace of Ratisbone had not sufficiently provided hoping with their appearance to bring the Spaniards to some more reasonable agreement Nor did that thought deceive them for Sainte croix in a fright sends Mazarine to meet them offering to receive the Articles of Ratisbone and besides furnish Victuals to the Citadel for the six weeks within which Carlo was to receive investiture The French perceiving the fright the Marquess was in hoping by pressing of him to draw him to better conditions pretended that he with his Army should retire out of the Town the Castle and all Monferrat So that marching resolutely forwards they presented themselves before Casal where the Spanish Army stood within their infranchment and Colalto was come thither also who to poise things equally had formerly denied the Marquess assistance but now would not suffer that the French should totally prevail They on the other side of the Gattola a very small stream put themselves in Battel and with Troops well in order after having repulsed certain Polish Cavalry which came forth to discover marched a round pace to assault the Trenches But Mazarine taking advantage from the consternation of the Spanish Chiefs and magnifying the Forces and gallantry of enemy Troops perswaded them to consent hastily to the condition of going out of the Town Lo then he coming out of the Trenches and with his hat and his hand making a sign to the Troops to make a stand being brought to the Mareshals concludes the Agreement upon the Field in which the Armies were in a moment seen to pass from fighting to peaceable meetings and from animosities to civilities The Conditions were That the Spaniards going immediately out of Casal and the Monferrat the Posts should be consigned in token of honour to the Emperour to one of his Commissioners who for that purpose should remain in Casal with his Family only but in ought else but carrying the name was not to meddle He afterwards the term prefixed for the investiture being expired was to depart and the French Garrisons likewise were then presently to go out of the Citadel and those of the Country to go in The accord was no sooner concluded but Thoiras comes forth honoured already by the King with the Title of Mareshal of France and was received with the acclamations of all the Army Nor did the Spaniards delay to go out of it Casal remaining betwixt the two Armies after having defloured the glory of two great Captains equally desired by him that saved it and by him that lost it Hereupon grew some delays in the execution of the Treaty because the French scarce gone twenty miles cast into it fifteen hundred Foot and five hundred Horse upon pretence that the Inhabitants were not sufficient to defend it whilst the Spaniards lodging near might attempt to retake it But Sainte Croix highly offended repossesses Fontestura and some other Posts blocking the place which was quickly like to fall into its first languishing because the universal scarcity of the Country had not afforded means to furnish it but scantily with Victuals Mazarine was hereupon obliged though by the conceit that in his Negotiations he had advantaged the French he was become distrusted by the Austrians to take the business in hand again and at the end of five and twenty days he had the success to concert anew the reciprocal abandoning of the Posts But after this retreat the Spaniards remaining armed on the Frontiers of Milan the French Chiefs who had made a halt prone to suspicions or pretexts send thither five hundred Switzers as of a Nation free and indifferent They being of those that bore arms in their Army Santa Croix taking it for a relapse and breach of the Treaty advances with Gallus who Colalto being gone and dead in Coira commanded the German Troops in Italy to take again the Posts The Pope's Ministers being gone the Ambassador Soranzo who in his return home was come with the French Army as far as Casal undertook the mediation by which the going forth of the Switzers being consented the Armies at last on both sides went further off There remained in the place the Duke of Main with the Commissary of Ferdinand and the Garrison of the Monserrins to which in Carlo's poverty France supplied The Peace then of Ratisbone was in this manner executed in the Monserrat notwithstanding that at the same time France blamed it for as much as the King being recovered and returned to Paris it was so far that the contrivances framed by Queen-Mother had any force against the Cardinal that he rather found himself no less by his cunning Arts than by his so glorious Undertakings advanced to a greater height in the favour of King Lewis The favours of Princes resembling a dangerous Voyage at Sea that either brings Shipwrack or Wealth Richelieu having scaped the rocks and snares became exalted with Praises Honours and Riches The Queen being made so much the more impatient broke forth at last into an open pressing of the King that he would put him out of the Government and Court But by such Arts she confirmed him in place of ruining him because Lewis jealous of his own Authority and affections feigning as then if not to satisfie her at least not to neglect her retiring himself afterwards for some days
removes to Aken in hope to form a third party but seeing no body come to him was forced not without some discredit to put himself under the protection of the States The Spaniards hereupon appeared to be much distracted and full of cares fearing lest the Nobility should be of the same mind and the disposition of the people wavering whereupon to entertain them with an appearing satisfaction they assemble at Brussels the States of the Provinces a thing which as prejudicious and of danger had been disused for a very long time Nor did it now prove of advantage because some admitted to the liberty of delivering their opinions and to make demands thought to moderate at least if not shake off the Dominion of Spain and they sent Deputies to the Hague to treat of an Agreement but the States insisted that before entring into the business they should drive the Spaniards out of the Country which not being in their power being oppressed with Armies and bridled by Citadels served nevertheless to disunite them and make the Spaniards so jealous that not being willing to use the people longer to such discourses Command came from Madrid that the Assembly should be dissolved Whereupon many knowing that they were rendred suspect for having truly declared their Judgments left the Country with better success than those who trusting too far were though after some years severely punished The Hollanders taking advantage of these discords invited by the Swedes by a solemn Ambassage and induced by France with a considerable sum of money after having taken Venlo and Ruremond attacqued Maestricht a place of great strength The Marquess of Santa Croce General of the Spanish Army knowing himself not able alone to relieve it with Presents and Intreaties invites Papenhaim who thereupon abandoning the Elector of Colen who suffered much from the Swedes comes with the Imperial Troops to joyn with him and with incredible boldness attacques the Hollaners Camp But Santa Croce remaining an immoveable Spectator of the success the Germans found the Lines so strong and well raised and provided with so many Cannon that with much loss they were forced to retire The place then after a Siege of almost three months finding it self having lost all the Out-works straightned by the approaches with open Breaches and the Ramparts blown up with Mines capitulates with honourable conditions the Surrender the Garrison reduced to fifteen hundred men marching out in sight of the Spanish and German Armies Upon this conquest being an action of great reputation they got the Towns of Orsoy and Limburg with other places thereabouts which extended the contributions very far Nor had at this time the Count of Soissons with a considerable Army given a little Jealousie on the side of France so that the Spaniards found themselves obliged to oppose to him a body not inferiour under Carlo Colonna Thus the Crowns being not yet broken out into War exercised openly the hatred of their Ministers who imployed their wits with equal cunning but different fortune for as to the Cardinal the felicity of success did frequently out-run his desires and go beyond his designs whereas on the other side the Conde Duke could not conceive a thought but it was enough to render the effect abortive and unhappy But the death of King Gustavus looked as if it might make a change in affairs every where He with the progress he made in Bavaria had designed to fall into Austria in hope that in that which is called the Vpper the Peasants ill affected to the present State would have risen and the minds as well as the forces would have been raised of the Protestants who concealing themselves or making an open profession together made no small Party in that Country He therefore had first made a course into Suevia and all rendring at his appearance Vlm Meminghen and other places fell easily into his power In the mean time Wallestain in Moravia quietly compleats his Army and left Gallas with a small body in Bohemia to attend upon Saxony But understanding that some of the Protestants assembled in Torgan had resolved to join with that Elector he moves with his whole Army and coming to Prague recovers the City without much dispute From thence he had a mind to give Saxony a Blow numbring the losses of Bavaria amongst his contentments Nevertheless called back by the clamours of the Duke Maximilian and his entreaties rather than the Emperours commands he leaves Gallas with a new re-inforcement to oppose Arnheim General of the Saxons and with a slow march takes his way towards Bavaria leaving in his passage through the Vpper Palatinate so many marks of military license and his own hatred against the Duke that it looked as if he went rather to ruine him than carry him relief Afterwards near Nuremberg a City as is known amongst the free ones to be one of the greatest but also the most tenacious amongst those of the Protestants he intrenches himself The King could not suffer the ruine of it without loosing that credit which he had with that party whereupon he made haste to draw near to it and encamping about it was in place of a Garrison to the City which supplied necessaries and conveniencies to the Army This our Age and perhaps scarce any past had not seen assembled together so powerful Forces reckoned in both Armies about eighty thousand Souldiers besides followers and useless people which amounted to an incredible sum Victuals neverthetheless were plenty and discipline flourished by the vigilance and skill of the Chiefs who had art and valour not unsutable to their strength Each pretended to overcome his Enemy either by tempting him with inconveniencies or provoking him with boldness But Wallestein placed his hopes more in prolonging the War than precipitating his Councils and the King placing all in reputation and fortune desired to come to an engagement After having offered Battel to no purpose he assaults the Enemies quarters and at the first fury the Bavarians who were quartered thereabout giving way he hoped to have mastered the Trenches and in effect broke into them but finding greater resistance from the high and difficult situation it gave time to Fridtland to come to the relief and to repulse him Three thousand of the Swedes were killed upon the place and it being the first encounter wherein whether it was fancy or fortune that deceived Gustavus it is not to be said how afflicted he was at it and how much that title of Invincible which common opinion had attributed to him remained prejudiced Inflamed by a generous impatience for so long and unsuccessful stay leaving in the City a numerous Garrison he marching towards Francony sending Banier into Bavaria to keep the Duke from the Imperialists and dispute with him the re-conquests of his Countries because whilst the Armies had been employed about Nuremberg the Elector Maximilian with the assistance of the people had recovered most of what he had lost and making advantage of others dangers
were commanded to obey him that would shew their fidelity to the Emperour and separate themselves from Wallestain now in open Rebellion Upon the publishing of this resolution he perceived how slippery is the trust to Fortune which turns her head from those from whom the Prince withdraws his favour Seldom to say truth hath that Power been seen to subsist which having grown up under the shadow of Soveraign Authority goes about to separate it self from it At the Name of Ferdinand the Regiments fell into commotion the Officers and Chiefs withdrew the sound in a moment separating themselves from the infected Being then left with a few not thinking himself secure in Pilsen where he now was he leaves the Government of it to one of his Confidents and takes his way towards Egra beleft to be a fit place as being the door of the Kingdom by which he might either let into Bohemia Stranger Armies or save himself into the neighbouring Provinces He had sought to Weimar to come speedily to his assistance offering to deliver him places but whilst the Duke in so weighty a matter was considering the advantages and the hazards and that not to hazard all his Forces he sent Birchenfelt with one part into the Palatinate to give him countenance and Duke Francesco Albert of Saxe to Egra to discover the designs the Scene was changed and the occasion vanished Wallestain did believe that those that stuck to him bound by the bonds of gratitude and obligation would run all sorts of Fortune with him but there wanted not some that followed him for the opportunity to vent by betraying him secret hatred and designed revenge and for the hope to get from the Emperour great rewards He had with him the Irish Regiment of Colonel Walter Butler John Gordon of the same Nation Tersica his Kinsman the Count Lesly Scotch-man Captain of his Guards L'Illo and other as well Officers as Souldiers believed to be most in confidence with him Some of these began among themselves to consider and then discourse with their Friends That in Battels the danger was common to all but the Reward and Glory was to a few that an occasion was here offered to gain a rich Prize with Renown worthily memorable that the Victory depended upon their own wills and hands To what purpose follow an unfortunate Rebel abhorred of all that would sell their Blood their Honour together with their Faith and Towns to Strangers One sole blow kills the Sacrifice expiates the fault pacifies the Prince nay obliges him to retribute wealth and favours to those that with their obedience preserve Kingdoms This was enough to animate them for every one was already perswaded of his own Interest whereupon Lesly Butler and Gordon promising fidelity to one another drew in some others and inviting L'Illo and Tersica to Supper in their Lodging growing hot in discourse among their Cups feigning a Wrangle confounding Wine with Blood and violating Hospitality kill them Thence not to give time to divulge it hasting to Wallestains Chamber and forcing the door whilst he awakened would have looked out of a Window to call for help and reproached the Conspirators they with many blows killed him with a Halbard Then leaving him dead upon the ground they went out of the Castle to inform the Souldiery with what was done and flatter them with great promises Nor found they any great trouble to do it for the Chiefs being dead not one durst shew resentment The day following keeping the Gates shut that the death might not be published they went out of the City under the pretence of honour and conduct to meet the Duke Francesco Albert who came in the name of Weimar to settle some agreements and arresting him Prisoner carried him to Vienna where they found great commendations and bountiful rewards Such was the unhappy destiny of Albert of Wallestain Duke of Fridtland who had formerly subdued the Empire by Arms and frighted Europe with his name He exalted the Nobleness of his Birth by his Military Vertue which from the lowest degrees lifted him up to a great Fortune so much the more honourable as carried to it by his own Merit he ascended not upon the ruine of others Amidst many faults of ambition cruelty and violence with which he afflicted his very friends his enemies commended his prudence his wariness and his discipline It seemed that he was always above Fortune and accidents or rather that foreseeing and mastering every thing in his mind he prevented difficulties and cross adventures He was accustomed to overcome and if at any time he seemed to have the worst the World in the belief of his felicity was perswaded that he had no mind to overcome Some condemned a certain rashness in his actions that rendred him precipitate nevertheless being always guided by hidden motives it was easily discerned that leaving little to chance he rewarded not without judgment nor punished without distinction Whatsoever the cause was if he lived with Glory he dyed with scorn Nevertheless opinions upon his case were diversly contested some believing him a Traitor before adjudged others that he cast himself into the Precipice after he saw himself lost Whereupon various were the Judgments the one by the infamy of his present actions cancelling the Glory of those past and the others by attributing his disgrace to the Fortune of great Imployments easily suffering his death whose life they hated before But in Vienna in regard of his Kindred and Friends which were in the Court quickly suppressing the discourse of the causes and of the fact and punishing some of the Conspirators it was resolved that the King of Hungary should go into the field to chear up the Army with his presence contain the Souldiers in their duty and hinder competition amongst the Chiefs This could not be done so suddenly that the Swedes made not great advantage of the past alterations for that in Alsace the Rhingrave routing near Tarn the Imperialists took amongst more considerable conquests Ensheim Friburg and Rinfelden In Swabe were yielded to Horn Meminghem and Chempem The Elector of Saxony having besieged Budweis and first burnt it with Bombes before he took it passed to Gorlitz which he found abandoned Retiring then into his own Country leaves to Arnheim the Command of the Army and he offering the Imperialists Battel near Lignitz after a long and doubtful fight defeats them with the death of three thousand of their men the gaining of many Colours and nine pieces of Cannon possessing Stenau Glogau and other places of importance at the same time that Banier took Francfort on the Oder and Crossen The King of Hungary coming forth at last with powerful Forces and the Army incouraged with his presence joyns the Bavarians who had recovered Strubingh and begirts Ratisbone with a Siege battering it with a hundred piece of Cannon Weimar draws near to it disturbing the Royal Camp which had not its Circumvallation yet finished but for want of Victuals he was forced
clearly that for the same causes for which there was a breaking into War it was likely to continue a long time The Venetians therefore being to expect little succours in their necessity whilst they saw the danger slighted applied themselves to some kind of composure with the Turks which might at least be able to retard that mischief for which there appeared as yet no remedy in a readiness Amurath as hath been said being come to Diarbechir intended to continue his way to Constantinople for the plague raging more and more had almost consumed all the Army and the remaining Souldiers were mutined against the Grand Visier murmuring at the King himself as if wont to palliate his avarice with his cruelty he had abandoned his Souldiers to the plague and to sufferings expresly to defraud them of those recompences and gifts which were wont to be bestowed by the Ottoman Kings on those that well deserved and the victorious Armies The Grand Visier having had much ado to quiet them sollicited from his own danger counselled Amurath to remain in those Provinces prognosticating otherwise that the Souldiers in his absence would lose all discipline and respect and the Conquests would with as much shame be exposed as they had been gotten with glory But the self same considerations expresly hastened the Kings departure both to withdraw himself from the grumblings of the Souldiers and not to be a Spectator without force of that which the Persians might attempt To take away every shadow and every chief which might but in name give countenance to sedition since the Turks are not accustomed to seek Kings out of the Ottoman Family he dispatches as he was upon the way order to Constantinople to take away the life of his Uncle Mustapha This unhappy man having twice scarce tasted the Empire was kept in a most strict prison always hating life and every moment fearing death The order as usual was immediately executed though there remained none of the Blood Royal but one Brother of Amurath believed a Fool. The King pursuing his Journey made a solemn Vow to his false Prophet not to lay down his Sword till he should have subjected the Christians to his Empire and Law But God hath set limits to the fury of man as well as bounds to the Sea Amurath through the strength of his body sottishly fierce gave himself up as a prey to every excess particularly that of Wine His Genius was his Law-maker though to the contempt of the Alcoran which expresly forbid it and his example prevailing over the Authority of the Law drunkenness became familiar with the Turks The complexion of the King though of the strongest not able to bear incessant disorder was at last shaken and on the way subjected to a dangerous sickness He found himself weakned in such sort that moderating the pride of his mind he inclines to thoughts of Peace At Smith not far from Constantinople his pleasure was to hold a Council about it and there it was fully considered The Army in Asia destroyed the War of Persia not as yet ended the difficulty to put to Sea a powerful Fleet thirty Gallies to bridle the Cossacks being to be imployed in the Black Sea That the Venetians had advantagiously made use of the time provided for the Islands and Towns increased their Fleet and had ordered and in a readiness all sorts of Provisions It was then secretly resolved to stoop to an accord but such is always the custom of that Government to shew it self averse to it to maintain its faste and meliorate the conditions Their great preparations therefore made a great noise and the Venetians did oppose as great having chosen Proveditor General of the Sea with Authority of Captain General Luigi Giorgio Procurator of St. Marco to the end that he should arm and go forth according as he should be clearly informed of the Turks hostile intentions The Tartars called Crim depending upon the Ottoman Port made at this time to revenge themselves of the Cossacks and to arm the Turkish Gallies with Slaves an Incursion into Russia bringing away a great Booty and number of men which they sold as is their custom to the Turks at a low rate But Amurath being come to Constantinople made not his entry with any designed Triumph because weakned with the late accident he could not sit vigorously on Horse-back some principal Prisoners only were brought in and a great quantity of Gold which stupendiously exceeded the sum expended for the War of Persia So much are the Ottomans wont to make profit by their Armies which to other Princes serve to consume their Treasure He presently let the Bailo know that he held him no more a publick Minister but the Hostage for Ships hostilly taken within his Port. Displacing Mussa the Caimecan he nevertheless orders Mustapha substituted into the same Charge that he should not shut his ears to a Treaty Contarini was admitted to Audience and the Bassa quietly hearing the reasons of the fact and the fixed resolution of the Senate not to deliver up in exchange their own Gallies condescended at last to an adjustment which consisted In the Bailoes promising some money as in reparation of the hurt done at Vallona in restoring that Vessel which was in being as properly belonging to the Turks as to other things that all sorts of pretensions should be silenced that the Corsaires should be commanded not to molest the Venetians and the Governours of Fortresses not to receive them in the Ports till first caution given not to make any disturbance That the Commanders for the Republick might punish the said Corsaires in conformity to the ancient Capitulations that Commerce should be renewed and the Bailo be restored to his liberty and house As was done the Caimecan sending him back with a Vest of Gold which is an Honour used by the Turks The advice of this agreement coming unexpectedly to Venice raised in mens minds as it happens in great things and unlooked for diversity of thoughts whilst some were not wanting who confounding the reflections of the Government with the discourses of the Vulgar judged that it would have been good counsel to have secured themselves with Arms rather than with Money out of a doubt that the Turks making a shew of Peace would by this false security protract their revenge and under a feigned tranquillity till a better conjuncture cover their hatreds and disgusts But the Senate from the experience of former times and the conjuncture of present things undeceived as to the hopes of Christian assistances soberly weighing the dangers the charges and the consequences of the War which might be carried on rather with good courage than with equal Forces and good successes having formerly commanded the Bailo to endeavour an accord approved the conclusion participating to the Princes to have resolved to procure honest conditions of Peace since the state of Christendom understood the trouble of such a War unseasonable The resolution was approved of all and
and of the ingaging the Army in that Country whilst he lost Alsace and Banier increased to little less than thirty thousand fighting men was wandring towards Bohemia to gain quarters there The Spaniards counselled the Emperour to go himself into the Field and command the Army being in great disorder through the discords and emulations of the Chiefs and in requital of the succours which they received from him in Flanders besides the payment of six thousand Hungarians they furnished him with a great sum of money But Ferdinand abhorring the charge and the danger which the assuming of the command of the Army carried with it allots it to the Archduke Leopold Guilielmo his Brother but to make an effort capable to drive the Swedes out of Germany he had recourse to the Pope demanding of him a powerful assistance Vrban excuses himself because the differences of the Venetians with the Turks being not yet appeased he professed that for that cause abandoned by every body else he was ingaged to imploy his mind and all his Forces The hopes then of Ferdinand depending upon Spain alone and the recovery of Alsace highly concerning him he sends Hannibal Gonzagha Ambassadour Extraordinary to Madrid by whom a Treaty was concluded to raise at common Charge an Army for that purpose to be commanded by Melo This Levy went not forward to designs of War the hopes of a Treaty intervening for Duke Bernard of Weimar dying at Neoburg in the thirty sixth year of his Age snatcht away by a short sickness in the greatest progress of Glory the Austrians believed with money and advantages to gain Erlach and other principal Commanders that had the Command of Brisach and the places of consequence But Richelieu with his wonted Ascendant of Wit and Fortune concludes a more speedy and happy Treaty with them for captivating with a vast sum of money the mind of those to whom the Duke in his Testament had committed the care of the Army he agreed with them That they should accept the Duke of Longueville for their General and be obliged to make War for the advantages and interests of France who was to pay the Army and Garrison of Brisach which under the Government of Erlach should be composed of Germans and French It happened that Charles Lodowick Palatine who was then at London no sooner heard the News of Weimars death but posting incognito through France endeavours to get to that Army in hope not only by conformity of Religion Manners and Tongue but by money and promises from the King of England to induce it to accept him for their Chief by which means he afterwards proposed to himself either by Force or Treaty for the exchange of Alsace to recover the Palatinate Richelieu who by many Spies had his eyes every where being advertised of such an intention caused him at Molins in the Borbonnois to be arrested and did not release him though the King of England not without complaints pressed it till the Treaty with the Weimarians was finished Thus in a moment fell into the power of France a Town a Province an Army not without great reflections of the Swedes and greater of the Germans who would have wished that Crown an Assistant and Neighbour but not so much advanced into the Empire Neither were other prosperities in the Provinces of Flanders wanting to the same for though in the beginning of the Campagnia Piccolomini had beaten Monsieur de Fichieres who besieged Thionville and with many Arts brought him with many others into that Town Prisoner yet on the other side Monsieur de la Meillerey passing through the County of St. Paul incamps with ten thousand Foot and eight thousand Horse before Hesdin a place of great accounts and having sprung two Mines and given three assaults took it being rendred on conditions The King who to countenance the action abode with the Cardinal at Abbeville entring into Hesdin by the breach and adding reward to Merit created him Mareshal of France The Infanta having taken Post at Bourbourg had attempted in vain to succour it for Orange seconding the design somtimes threatning to attacque Guelder and then attempting to dis-imbark at the Sas of Gant he had been obliged to divide his Forces The chief counsel of Richelieu consisted in incommodating the Spaniards upon their own Frontiers demonstrating to King Lodowick That the Enemy being invaded at home would discover his weakness and that Monarchy want strength to supply in so many parts foreign accidents that many Provinces would quickly appear mutinous all groaning under the Government of insolent Ministers with few Fortresses and they without trusty Garrisons with Souldiers for the most part mercenary and Strangers especially when they should be aware that they were under a Government burdensom in Peace and in War unhappy An imagination which came to pass perhaps beyond the belief of the Author himself through such casualties and sad emergencies that the World had occasion to believe that though for the most part humane counsels depend upon events Fortune did adjust events to the counsels of Richelieu He laid the foundations of it in this year by sending the Prince of Conde towards the Pirenei who took Salces the first place that lies nearest to the Mediterranean Sea on the Confines of Spain though after some months it was recovered by Philip Spinola He had conceived greater hopes of the Naval Army which commanded by the Archbishop of Bourdeaux in number about sixty Vessels plyed to and again upon the Coast in the Ocean but the effects proved not suitable for it effected nothing but the landing at Laredo taking and burning certain Ships and plundering some weak maritime places On the other side Spain received a notable blow for after Bourdeaux was retired into the Ports of France 67 Ships amongst which some were of a vast burden spread their Sails towards Flanders having upon them many Souldiers a great quantity of money and other provisions to carry a powerful relief into the Low Countries The way to pass into those Provinces by Land being on all sides stopt and to provide them money the exchange devouring a great part it had been resolved in Madrid to make an effort by Sea in concert with the King of England who jealous of the Greatness and of the Designs of France desiring to see them succoured and provided permitted retreat and security for the Spanish Ships into his Ports But this Fleet no sooner appeared in the Chanel but Martin Tromp Admiral of Holland with thirteen small but nimble and well appointed Ships comes up with it provoking it with incredible boldness to fight Sixteen others a while after joyned themselves to him and by the nearness of the Ports of Zeland and Holland receiving daily Renfort was quickly increased to such a face of a strong Fleet that Anthonio Oquendo General of the Spanish though superiour in number and in the bulk of Ships thought good to retreat into the Downs in England hoping that the Hollanders
re-united themselves and the Chiefs receiving the advice of the Kings death with express order not to hazard in that conjuncture a Battel kept it secret not to take away courage from their own nor increase confidence in the Enemy since they found themselves so far advanced that they could not retire either with safety or honour The Army then was put into order and Gassion with the right wing made choice of a place of such advantage that he could conveniently attacque the Spaniards in flank Melo with a redoubled errour not caring to stay any longer for Bech for whom he had the evening before neglected the advantage to defeat one part of the Enemy readily accepts the engagement and in the beginning had the success to rout and pursue all the left-wing with the gaining of eight Cannons taking Monsieur de la Ferté Seneterre Prisoner and the wounding of Monsieur del Hospitall This notwithstanding Anguien with an undaunted courage played still the part of a Commander and suggesting to himself if not from experience at least from his birth the memorials and provocations of glory restores the broken Troops to courage and order and leads again those that were most entire to the Fight Gassion with the natural fury of the French shocks the left-wing of the Spaniards in such a manner that the Cavalry could not withstand him The Duke of Albequerque was General of it arrived to that degree by the favour of Melo and he just unmindful of the publick danger and his own honour was the first that betook himself to flight whereupon the rest easily followed him Gassion then charges in the rear of the right wing which being victorious pursuing advantage had scarce been put to a little stop by Monsieur de Scirot who seasonably with a body of reserve was moving to encounter it But feeling on a sudden blows from behind them turned aside and at last gave way totally The Foot which consisted of the best of the Italian and Spanish Troops made resistance with the proof of great courage as long as they were able The Marquess de Fontaine their General having by the Gout the use of his Feet taken from him died upon a Chair at the head of the Battailons with a great number of Souldiers whose bodies were seen lying in ranks so unmoveably had they kept their station Many flinging away their Arms endeavoured to escape by flight and amongst those Melo after having given greater proof of courage than experience flinging away his Truncheon of command saved himself not softly Five other Squadrons closing themselves together withstood a long time the charge of Gassion resolving not to part with their lives but at the price of a great deal of blood But they abandoned and environed by the French who at last intended to bring Cannon to overcome them were forced to yield The Prisoners were six thousand which with the Cannon Baggage and a great number of Colours remained in the power of the French who found of theirs not above two thousand wanting Anguien warmed with the battel and fierce for the Victory casts himself into the Enemy Country not only recompensing with burning the mischief done in the Tirasche as hoping in that consternation of minds for some great revolt But the Flemmings observing France also by the death of the King tottering kept themselves quiet He applies therefore to more profitable Conquests besieging Thionville which through the importance of the situation in Lutzemburg having been formerly attempted after a bloody Siege was now rendred and a while after Sirch ran the same Fortune The Queen in this interim after the Husbands death comes with her two Sons from St. Germans to Paris amidst long files of the people in Arms and entring with the new King into the Parliament Orleans and Condé assisting expresses rather with tears than words shewing the Sons as pledges of her affection and the Kingdoms felicity that nothing remained to her but Widowhood and tears She referred to the Kings disposition of the manner of the Regency to which Orleans and Condé declared to have given their consent only not to defile with reluctancy and disgusts the quiet of the Kings last breath To many of the Parliament it self it seemed incapable of admission no less than new Being therefore abolished with unanimous Votes the Regency remained decreed to the Mother of the King alone with an absolute power Yet it is true that to have the two above-mentioned Princes consent to it it was before concerted that the Queen should confirm them in the charges conferred by the King and that the same Ministers should be continued in the Council As the first act of her authority to the end to avoid any intestine over-turnings the Queen recals the exiled and sets the Bastille open and to gain applause she bestows charges and gifts upon those she knew she could not wish better publishing that her desire was during her Regency to make appear all the virtue but none of the defects of the past Government To the Princes Confederates and Friends she stedfastly affirms that she would persevere in the alliances and affections of her Husband deceased As to Ministers of the Counsel it quickly appeared that she desired to bring into it persons more in her own confidence They were but few and had out-lived the persecutions of Richelieu neglected rather than preserved by reason of the opinion of their mean abilities Wherefore the others beginning to fear a fall the Chancellor to uphold himself employs as much money as he could and as much art as he knew for the gaining of those who being most conversant with the Queen should remonstrate on all occasions to her his ability in employments and the facility with which he suffered himself without reserve to be bowed to the supreme will of the Government a quality not to be despised in a new Regency Bottillier having the Keys of the Treasury as his Son managed the Pen of the secrets of State having with such eminent charges and immense riches provoked the hatred of the people and the envy of the Court judged it would be available for the preservation of the rest to renounce the superintendency which was by the Queen divided betwixt the President Bailleul her Chancellor and Monsieur d' Avo both in the reputation of sincere and dis-interessed virtue Nevertheless a while after Chavigni also under the title of sale was forced to yield up the Secretaryship of State to the Count de Brienne a person of exemplary integrity and of the Queens oldest Servants To the charge of chief Minister as difficult to be disposed of as to be undertaken because confidence and capacity were in an equal degree requisite she destines the Bishop of Bovés kept from Court by Richelieu as long as he lived But he being at first in the opinion of probity and sufficiency was no sooner arrived at Court but that in the darkness of so many affairs and interests he found a
new and obscure element and passing from a private to a publick life he seemed like a River which in its own Chanel running clear and quiet when it enters into the Sea becomes troubled and fluctuant He erred at first against his own fortune by not removing Mazarine from Court believing to keep him at his pleasure to be informed and instructed by him But he quickly came to know that the excellency of wit keeps predominancy in all things and places The Cardinal in this eclipse of fortune abandoned by all those who a little before worshipped him is not amased but faining to accommodate himself to the time with civil and submiss carriage moves compassion and affections leaving the Bishop to lose himself in the weight of the affairs or grow vain in the ambition of the place The truth was all those that negotiated with him were displeased at his want of experience but above all the Ministers of the League of Italy were offended with him for having with the favour assumed the ambition to adorn himself with the Purple the King having obtained his nomination to the Cardinalat he shewed himself most partial to the Court of Rome Mazarine seeing him tottering began to absent himself from Council alledging that being excluded from his former Post he could no more appear there whereupon the Government was quickly sensible of the weakness and alteration of the Ministers and the Queen more new in business than all knew not what to counsel or resolve There is no doubt but there appeared in the Queen a kind of inclination towards the Cardinal at which the Bishop taking jealousie stirred up others also who in his Government hoped to have a great share to form a party to discard him Perceiving at last that he was not able to do it alone it was published that the Duke of Beaufort would take upon him to kill the Cardinal and Papers with sharp invectives were scattered in the Apartments and private Cabinets of the Court The Queen moved at it caused Beaufort to be arrested Prisoner and commands the Bishop to retire to his Residence The Dukes of Vandosm and Mercure Father and Brother of Beaufort went out of Paris and Madam de Chevreuse left it also Thus the Court changing face in a moment gave Mazarine opportunity to establish himself In the want of other capable persons by the means of those that took party with him he caused it to be divulged That the quality of a Stranger ought not to prejudice him but was rather to be judged commodious for the common good being neither obliged to the factions of the Princes nor exposed to the hatred of the great ones That the Natives had kindred riches and parties in which they were confident either to find excuses for their oversights or pardon for their faults That himself destitute of all protection could not hope for support but in his innocency That he willingly exposed himself to the hatred of the turbulent being always ready to deliver the lovers of Peace out of troubles All applauded these conceptions some to bespeak his favour and to advance him others to expose him to the publick hatred and to ruine him And many being not able to bear the superiority of Equals inclined rather to a Stranger Thus the Cardinal saw himself in a moment got up to that height of authority to which Richelieu in the progress of many years scarce arrived with so many difficulties he as a Stranger governing that Kingdom which having placed the glory of it in Arms he had very often rejected the commands of the King and not valued the fovour of his nearest affections There was no difficulty in the Queens satisfaction she being new in Affairs and desirous of Peace Orleans weary of his banishments and of former troubles of a Genius otherwise tractable and now satisfied with the posture wherein he was and desirous to be imployed in the Armies was pleased with the submissions and flatteries of Mazarine who supplied him with his satisfactions and money and designed him the next year for the Command of the Army of Flanders Conde also setling after the doubtfulness of the Regency and intent upon heaping up wealth and therefore a friend to Favourites from whom he received advantage was at present content with his condition the Cardinal serving him to obtain of the Queen all that which his interests suggested him to pretend to Anguien his Son who having haply tasted the first glory of War breathed nothing but a Martial Genius professed himself bound to the new Minister who destining him for the command of an Army furnished him also with those means for his subsistance which his Fathers Patrimony contributed scantily to him For the rest the Great men finding themselves without places and without Governments the people exhausted both in their Wealth and Blood no body could oppose all rather applauded the Cardinal who in this beginning made it his glory not to appropriate to himself Riches Governments or Honours but labour and toil only with inflexible rigour to keep his Kindred far distant to refuse the Queens favours and benefits and above all trusting in his fidelity and the services which he proposed to render to the Crown to detest any Defence and Guards content with his own House and the modesty of a frugal Family Such were the beginnings of his Government in which increasing always in favour he was notwithstanding acceptable to all But Strangers could not believe this Ministry durable or the Peace of the Kingdom lasting yet it quickly appeared that it was confirmed nay rather increased in Dominion and Glory Power and Authority being so enlarged that the change of the Minister the death of the King the government of a Child and the direction of a Stranger had no power at all to shake it The Queen in these beginnings shewed a desire to Peace and the Cardinal to keep the people with those hopes contented caused Pass-ports for the Ministers of Spain to be dispatched and consents that a beginning should be given to the Meetings for which the Pope deputed Fabio Chighi Bishop of Nardo Nuntio at Collen and the Republick dispatched Luigi Contarini But in Italy amidst the the considerations of foreign occurrences the successes of the Armies Pontificial and Confederate were attentively observed The Duke of Modena with the Vote of the Commendator Vgolino Grifoni who in that Army assisted for the Grand Duke had resolved to incamp in sight of Castel Franco though Corraro believed it more proper that it should have gone to Finale to incommodate the Ferrarese and keep it self nearer to the Quarters of Parma to the Po and to the Territory of the Republick Cardinal Anthonio foreseeing the march sends a great Party into the Mountains of the Modonese so that the Duke was forced to follow it with his own men and two thousand Venetian Foot the rest remaining at Buon Porto He desired afterwards that that also might move but Corraro denied it because
of France passes into that Kingdom to her Marriage 58. is Partaker of the designs against Richelieu 249. obtains of the King to remain at Paris with her Sons 532. her Regency limited by her Husband 551. she gets it at large from the Parliament 555. is about introducing new Ministers ib. Antonio Antelmi Resident with the Switzers swears to the League 131. sent to Mirandola to adjust those Princesses 416 Antonio Barbaro General in Istria falls sick 78. returns to that Command 89. Proveditor General for the Sea 150. General of the Terra firma 217 Antonio Barberino Cardinal Legate for the Peace of Italy 300. returns to Rome successless 325. accepts the protection of France 382 commands the Army against the Prince of Parma 523 525. provokes the Venetians with jealousie 542. opposes the Duke of Parma and Confederates 544. invades the Modonese 547 558 559. by the surprise of Lago Scuro defeats the designs of the Confederates 560 counsels Peace ibid. Antonio Baron de Rabbata Ambassadour from the Emperour to Venice 425 Antonio Capello called Terzo Captain of the Galliasses defends the French Ships in the Part of Alesandrette 296. Proveditor of the Fleet pursues the Pirates of Barbery 447. besieges them in the Port of Vallona ibid. carries away their Gallies 448. chosen a Counsellor 449 Antonio Donato punished for Peculat 140 Antonio Foscarini put to death and afterwards found innocent 180 Antonio Giorgio betrayed and killed by the Uscocchi 52 Antonio Lando General in Friuli besieges Gradisca 88 89. thinks of going up to Carso 89 does it 91. is attacqued in his Quarter 107 being sick retires from the Camp 107 Antonio Pisani brings the Gallies of Candia safe to the Fleet 146. made Proveditor of the Sea chases some Pirates chastises others 215 convoys the Queen of Hungary from Ancona to Trieste 338. Captain of the Galliasses 452 Antonio Priuli General at Land 16. Generalissimo 72. deputed for the execution of the Peace with King Ferdinand 115. dyes 202 Antonio Trivisano killed in a Tumult of the Souldiers 73 Armando de Richelieu named by the King for a Cardinals Cap 151. enters into favour and the chief Ministry 205. his Jars with the Duke of Buckingham 221. blamed for the Peace of Monzon 253. his excuses 253 his parts and arts 249 250. discovers the designs against France 262. makes division amongst the Huguenots 263. undertakes the Siege of Rochel 264. loses the favour of Queen-Mother and the Kings Brother 280. strengthens the Princes of Italy in the interests of Mantua 281. exalted by the taking Rochel perswades the King to go into Italy 291. having concluded the Treaty of Susa returns into France to overcome the Huguenots 304. hated by the Queen-Mother and the Kings Brother 310. is appointed to relieve Mantua 315. suffers himself not to be deluded by the Savoyards 319 forces them to declare themselves 323. his disgusts with the Dukes increase 323. attempts to take him Prisoner 324. gets Pignarol ibid. vexed with the faction at Court 326 345. endeavours to repair the discredit by the peace at Ratisbone 345. is pleased with the possession of Pignerol 356. created Duke and Peer of France and Patrician of Venice 262. the death of the Mareshal of Maivilliac imputed to him 370. revenges himself of the Spaniards 373. pinhes the Lorrainers 381. speaks with Oxenstern 412. troubled at the invasion of the Austrians orders the defence of the Kingdom 422. endeavours to make advantage of the misfortunes of the House of Savoy 463 counsels the King to make War in Spain 472 hated universally in the Kingdom 494. whence arises a great storm of the discontented Princes he defends himself and weathers it 497 becomes troublesom to the King himself 534 perswades the King to the enterprise of Perpignan and aspires to the Regency 531. St. Mars with Orleans and the Spaniards conspire against him 534. discovers the Kings kindness towards him cooled 536. defeats the conspiracy 536. dyes his Elogium 538 539 The Army of France by Sea prey of money belonging to the Genouese 232. infests the Coast of Spain 472. the English Fleet attempts in vain to take Cadiz and the Fleet there 255 Army Naval of Spain attempts in vain Susa 146. avoids an encounter with Turks ibid. give jealousie to the Venetians 170 312. pretends to convoy the espoused Queen of Hungary through the Adriatick 338. prepares for an enterprise on France 395. surprises the Islands of Ere 's 411. is beaten by the Hollanders 472 Army Naval of the Turks scoures the Sea and pillages the Coast of Puglia 96 146 150 Army Naval of the Venetians opposes the invasions of the Spaniards in the Adriatick 95. defends it self in the Port of Lessina ibid. reinforced with a new supply of armed Ships 96. go forth but slowly out of the Port of Curzola against the Spaniards 97. with which he fights 113. ranges the Sea and takes many Vessels 118 145. is re-inforced with the Gallies of Candia 245. thence chases the Pirates 446. takes their Gallies out of the Port of Vallona 448 Armies Naval of France and Spain meet to the loss of Spain 440 Arras besieged by the French not being relieved renders 480 Asti described 47. attacqued by the Spaniards and defended by the Duke of Savoy 48. is rendred to the Princes of Savoy 462 Avo Ambassadour of France stirs up the Republick to assist the Duke of Mantua 285 Austria superiour rebels 134. is punished by Bavaria 153. rises in commotion again and is subdued 256 Axel Oxenstern governs the Swedes affairs in the Empire 378. hath a Conference with Richelieu 412. sends Count Gualdo to Venice ibid. B. BAbylon besieged by the Turks 453. taken by assault 454 Baltasar Maradas with Spanish Souldiers comes to assist the Archduke in Friuli 72. attempts to surprise the Venetian Quarters 89. reassures the people of Istria ibid. assumes the chief Command of the Army 92. succours Gradisca and attempts the Quarters of the Venetians 107 108 Barbery Pirates called by the Turks to help keep the Sea 446. enter into the Adriatick ibid. retire to Vallona ibid. their Gallies taken by the Venetians 448. the Turks incensed 449 Battel of Prague 154. at over Ersheim where Dourlach beaten 186. at Hochst Alverstat defeated 187. at Burgsteinfort defeated again 203. at Leipzich the Imperialists defeated 359. at Lutzen the King of Swedes death 376. at Nordlingen the Swedes beaten and consequences of advantage for the Empire 393. at Sedan with the death of Soissons and defeat of the Kings Army 496 at Leipzich the Imperial Army beaten 531 at Rocroy the French victorious 553 Battista Nani maintains the Authority of the Council of Ten 295. Commissioner for the Borders of Loreo 366. deputed to treat with the French Ministers 386 414. deputed to treat the League with the Princes of Italy 519 Battista Nani Ambassadour gives the King of France thanks for his Mediation of Peace 573 Bellievre Ambassadour of France to the Princes of Italy 401. exhorts the Republick to unite
resolve to defend themselves 230. lose many places and beaten in several encounters ibid. perplexed in their counsels 232. recover what lost 234. suspension of Arms with Savoy 252. troubled at a conspiracy discovered and at threatnings of the Spaniards and of Savoy 282. withdraw themselves from the predominancy of Spain 386 Girolomo Cavazza assists at the Treaty of Chierasco 350 Girolomo Marcello taken by the Uscocchi and released 19 Girolomo Soranzo Ambassadour to the Emperour concludes a peace with the Uscocchi 19 treats at Rome restitution of Goods taken by Ossuna 118. adjusts the manner of putting a Garrison into Casal 344 Girolomo Trivisano designed Ambassadour into Holland to swear the League 145. perswades the approving the Treaty of Monzon 245. Bailo at Constantinople 470 Giesuits not admitted by the Republick at the instance of the Pope and King of France 165 Giacomo King of England offers assistance to the Republick against the Turks 30. being a Lover of peace promotes it for Savoy 46 66 his failings and ends for the interests of Bohemia 136. promises assistance to the Republick 167. treats a Marriage for his Son with the Infanta ibid. assists his Son-in-law weakly 178 188. provoked against the Spaniards calls a Parliament and dissolves it without effect 207. dyes 220 Giaques Piere enters with an ill intent into the Service of the Republick 122. lays treacherous designs is put to death ibid. Giorgio Coranaro banished 292 Giorgio Giorgio Ambassadour in France 266 and to the King of Poland 378 Giorgio Justiniano Ambassadour insists for the execution of the Treaty about the Uscocchi 52 admitted to Audience by Ferdinand after the Peace 115. Bailo at Constantinople 150 Giovanni Baptista Grimani General in Dalmatia Giovanni Baptista Padavino treats for the Republick with the Switzers and Grisons 71 Giovanni Bembo Duke of Venice 59 Giovanni Casimir Prince of Poland Prisoner to the French not set at liberty at the instance of the Venetians but only by a Treaty made with that Crown 443 Giovanni Count of Nassau carries three thousand Hollanders to the service of the Republick 90. his differences with Medici 91. takes the Enemies Forts upon the Carlo 93. dyes 107 Giovanni Count of Nassau Commissary for the Emperour at Mantua 284. presses the Duke earnestly 284 298 Giovanni Count of Tilli defeats the Marquess of Baden 186. and Halverstadt 287 203. the Protestants 226. the King of Denmark 255. proceeds against that King 260. takes Magdenburg and destroys it 358. is beaten at Lipswich 359. dyes ibid. Giovanni Cornaro Duke 228. admonished by Renieri Zeno 296. dyes 319 Giorgio de Medici commands the Army of the Republick in Friuli 76. attempts to divert the Enemy 88 89. his differences with Nassau his maxims and retardings of progress 91 92 Giorgio Elector of Saxony assists the Emperour against the Palatine 153. joyns with the Swedes 358. possesses Bohemia 359. reconciles with the Emperour 411 Giacomo Pancirolo the Popes Nuntio for the peace betwixt the Emperour and Duke of Mantua 318 Giacomo Piscina Ambassadour of Savoy in Venice his offices done there 34 Giacomo Zane General of Dalmatia repulses those of Trieste 61. takes Scrisa 77. Captain General 96 Giorgio Justiniano Ambassadour in Spain 395 Giorgio Grimani Ambassadour to the Emperor 425 Giorgio Mendozza Governour of Milan confounded by the variety of the Duke of Savoy's projects 13. insinuates to him the rendition of what he had taken in Monferrat 14. the Dukes Confident 15. arms himself 16. marches against the said Duke 24. treats with rigour both the Dukes of Savoy and Mantua 27. demands the Princess Mary of Mantua 28. presses Savoy to disarm and makes War upon him 37. raises the Fort Sandoval 39. passes the Tanaro and then retires 43. demands assistance of the Princes of Italy 44. finds difficulty in the siege of Asti 47. accused in Spain but absolved by the King 59 Giorgio Nani disswades the League of the Republick with Holland 141. and the attacquing the Germans in their Posts about Mantua 329. Ambassadour to the Pope 457. exhorts him to endeavour peace betwixt the Christian Princes and procure assistance against the Turk 457. Plenipotentiary for the Treaty of peace with the Pope 568. signs it 592 Giorgio Paulo Gradenigo commands the Gallies of the Republick 296. Proveditor at Cattaro 452 Giorgio Pesari Ambassadour in Savoy 161. France 185. at Rome 364. endeavours to perswade the Senate to protect the Duke of Mantua 506. General in Terra firma possesses the Banks of the Po 542 545. defends the Polefene 560. appointed for the Treaty of Peace 425 Giovanni IV. proclaimed King of Portugal 490. treats with the French and the Hollanders 493. discovers treachery and punishes it ib. sollicites the Duke of Medina Sidonia to rebel 494 Giulio Mazarine negotiates with the Duke of Mantua 313. concludes a Truce in Piedmont 340. perswades the Duke of Savoy to leave Pignenol to France 351. preserves Casal with the adjustment concluded betwixt the Armies of France and Spain 344. most confident with France is chosen its Plenipotentiary for Treaties of Peace 459. made Cardinal 513. Heir of the Kings favour to Richelieu 539. after whose death laid low he raises again and exercises the chief Ministry about the Queen Regent 557 Giosep a Capucin insinuates to the Duke of Mantua an exchange of that Country with France 303. sent by Richelieu to the Treaty at Ratisbone 341 Goito possessed by the Germans 317. the Venetians practise to regain it 332 Gonsales di Cordua Governour of Milan sends Souldiers to the Confines of Mantua and of the Venetians 270. complains of the Duke of Rhetel 273. perswades the Council of Spain to the enterprise of Casal 275. his Forces increased by the Militia of the Genouese ibid. moves towards Casal and sends Paulo Rho to Venice 276 280. the Duke of Savoy exclaims and threatens the Genouese 283. fears the relief of Casal by the French 286. perplexed at the descent of the French into Italy 292. weakned before Casal ibid. retires 301 Goritia described 56 Gradisca its situation 56. besieged by the Venetians 62. assaulted without effect 63. straightens it more closely 88. several times relieved 107. suspension of Arms in order to the Peace concluded 112 Gregory XV. Pope sollicited by the Spaniards for the interest of the Valteline 164. receives the Ambassadours of Venice and seeks by them the restitution of the Jesuits in the Territories of the Republick 165. accepts the deposition of the Valteline 200. dyes 201 Grisons sought to for a League and passage for the Republick deny all 71. at discord among themselves 114. some rising in a tumult from new Tribunals 132. seek a League with the Republick 157. march against the Valteline with ill success 172. oppressed by the Arms of Leopold 173. deluded and divided by Treaties with Feria 182. take Arms again tumultuarily ibid. cozened by the Proposition of a Truce 183. surprised by the Archduke are assisted by the Confederates 216. surprised by the Imperial Army 309. France demands the
Treaty of Monzon 245. of Simeon Contarini to defer the resolution in favour of the Duke of Mantua 276. of Dominico Molino to the contrary 278. of Battista Nani upon the authority of the Council of Ten 295. of Pietro Foscarini to drive the Germans out of the Posts about Mantua 327. of John Nani in the contrary opinion 329. another of his to the Pope 457. of Julio Mazarine to perswade the Duke of Savoy to yield Pignarol to France 351. of Bellievre Ambassadour of France to perswade the Senate to a League with his King 402. of the Spanish Ambassadour de la Rocca to disswade it 425. of Monsieur de Hussé who demands assistance for the Duke of Savoy 465. of the Spanish Ambassadour la Rocca against it 465. of Giovanni Pesari that the Republick would take the Duke of Parma into their protection 506. of Vincenzo Gussoni on the contrary 508 Ornano Governour of the Kings Brother promotes disturbances in France 248. his imprisonment and death 249 Osmond succeeds in the Turkish Empire 117. deposed and killed 194 Ostia taken by the Venetians 331 Ottaviano Bono Ambassadour to the King of France 60. recalled by the Republick 110 P. PEace of Asti and its conditions 50 Peace betwixt the Republick and the Archduke treated at the Emperours Court 65. transferred into Spain 87. and thither also the Treaty of that betwixt Spain and Savoy 87. an Imperial Ambassadour arrives there 105. further Negotiation suspended 106. is transferred into France ibid. is concluded at Paris as extended in Madrid 109. the conditions of it ibid. approved by the Republick though not content with their Ministers 111. the execution for Piedmont concerted ibid. interrupted by Toledo ibid. the ratifications exchanged and Commissioners appointed 115. and executed betwixt Ferdinand and the Republick ibid. Peace for the Valteline treated at Paris without effect 238. is concluded at Monzon 243. its conditions ibid. various judgments 244. the aim of the Contractors ibid. the opinions the Confederates had of France ibid. the Republick approves it 246 Peace betwixt France and England 297 Peace of Susa not executed 301 Peace betwixt the Emperour and King of Denmark 305 Peace of Ratisbone for the affairs of Italy 342. complaints of many Princes ibid. executed in Piedmont 344. disapproved by France 345. is moderated by a new Treaty at Chierasco 351. the Governour of Milan complaining 353. is executed ibid. Peace betwixt England and Spain 345 Peace of Prague betwixt the Emperour and the Protestants 411 Peace general meets with great difficulties yet the Pope sends a Legate and the Republick Ambassadours to negotiate it 425 431. some Pass-ports are granted 432 460. a Treaty betwixt France and Swede concerning the management of the peace 444. greater difficulties still arise 474 484 499. a beginning given to the Meeting 558 Peace betwixt Spain and the Prince of Parma Peace betwixt the Princes of Savoy and their Sister-in-law and France 414 Peace of the Pope with the Princes of the League and with the Duke of Parma managed by the French Ministers 549. disturbed by the propositions of the Barberins to the Spaniards ibid. Cardinal Bichi imployed and Plenipotentiary are named 566. the opinions of the Confederates 569. Propositions of Cardinal Bichi at Venice 570. interruptions feared by the Popes sickness ibid. recovers 571. is concluded the Articles comprehended in two Capitulations ibid. are published and executed 572 Palatinate possessed by Bavarians and Spaniards 174. succoured by Mansfelt 178 Paulo V. Pope endeavours the peace of Italy 13. the peace betwixt the Republick and the Archduke 53. betwixt Spain and Savoy 66. sollicited by the Spanish Ministers against the Republick 72. fears lest the peace break for the cause of the Valteline 163. dyes 164 Perpignan its situation blocked by the French 532. besieged by the King in person 533. is rendred 538 Plague in Italy 319. destroys the Armies 326. Mantua unpeopled 329. lays waste the State of the Republick and the City of Venice 337. ceases 350. is manufactured in Milan 350 Piacenza straightned by the Spaniards 426 Pietro Contarini Ambassadour in England hires Ships for the Republick 117 Pietro Barbarigo after many imployments made Captain General 222 Pietro di Toledo inveighs against the peace of Asti 83. comes Governour to Milan and reinforces the Army 59. demands of the Republick to withdraw their Army from Gradisca and gives jealousie to their Borders 64. endeavours to break the Treaty of Asti 65. with various Propositions to Carlo against whom nevertheless he hatches treachery ibid. draws near with his Army to Piedmont corrupts the Duke of Nemours 79. endeavours to separate Carlo from the friendship of the Venetians 83. not caring what Monferrat suffered besieges Vercelli 99. takes it 103. invades the Confines of the Republick 111. afterwards publishes the peace 112. makes difficulty to execute it in Piedmont 120. hatches a conspiracy in Crema 122. renders Vercelli 123 Pietro Foscarini counsels to force the Germans from their Posts near to Mantua 327. Ambassadour at Constantinople 469 Pietro Girone Duke of Ossuna and Viceroy of Naples renders the Republick jealous by Sea 72. arrests their Ships 93. incourages the Uscocchi ibid. his various designs 94. sends Ships into the Adriatick ibid. publishes a design against the Turks and demands the Gallies of the Princes of Italy 95. but intends rather to stir up the Turks against the Republick 95 96. sends Gallies into the Adriatick 97. takes Merchant-ships belonging to the Republick ibid. invade the Adriatick anew 113. does not restore the Booty ibid. his disturbing thoughts 116. arms more and more and treats with the Turk 117. to make the Republick jealous 118. withdraws his Ships ibid. hinders the restitution of Goods taken ibid. advises of new attempts against the Republick 119. partaker of the conspiracy in Venice 123. continues to trouble the Republick by sending out Ships to rob 146. desirous to maintain himself in his Government 226. the King jealous of him appoints a Successor 147. goes into Spain and dyes in prison 148. his Ships taken by the Venetians ibid. Pietro Gritti Ambassadour in Spain insinuates the peace 86. concludes it 109 Pietro Hein Admiral of Holland takes the Spanish Fleet. Petillano besieged by the Pontificians raises the siege and are beaten 564 Polesene important to the Venetians 565 Pompeo Justiniano taken into the Venetian pay 44. commands the Army in Friuli 55. abandons Lucinis 56. offers to besiege Gradisca 61. dyes 76 Portugal rebels 488 Prague taken by the Catholicks 156 Prefectureship of Rome given by the Pope to his Nephew to the distaste of the Princes 364. whose Ambassadors abstain from the Churches ibid. encounter of the Venetian Ambassadour with the Prefect 364. the matter composed 366 Princes moved by several affections and interests especially those of Italy 267 Princes of the Vnion in Germany approve the Republick resentments against the Archduke 60. they disunite for fear of the Spaniards 177 Princes of Italy invited by the Republick to a League are
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