of them all with all their children were put to death that there should not be so much as a shadow to be seen of so great a villany After this Artaxerxes having contracted a disease by the excess of grief deceased himself a happier King then a Father The Inheritance of the Kingdom by order of succession was devolved on Occhus who fearing the like conspiracy did fill the Court with the slaughter of his kinsmen and the ruins of the Princes being touched with no compassion in the respect either of blood or sex or age belike that he might not be more innocent then the Parricides his brothers And having as it were thus purified his Kingdom he made war upon the Armenians in which one of the Enemies having sent a challenge to try his force in Arms with any in a single fight Codoman with the good opinion of all advanced to encounter him who the Enemy being slain did restore both victory to the Persians and almost their lost glory For this atchievement so gallantly performed he was made Governor of the Armenians and in the process of time after the death of Occhus in the memory of his ancient valor he was chosen King by the people and being honoured with the name of Darius that nothing might be wanting to the regal Majesty he a long time mannaged the war with great courage but uncertain fortune against Alexander the Great at the last being overcome by him and slain by his own kinsmen he ended his life with the Empire of the Persians THE ELEVENTH BOOK OF IVSTINE AS there were divers Nations in the Army of Philip so he being slain there were divers agitations of minds in his Army Some being oppressed with the injury of servitude did advance themselves to some hope of liberty others not pleased with the tediousness of so remote a war did rejoyce that the expedition would be remitted Some there were who lamented that the torch lighted for the marriage of the daughter should be now imployed to be put under the pile of the Father And no small fear it was that possessed his friends at so sudden a Change of the affairs revolving in their minds how much Asia was provoked before Europe was subdued and how unfaithful and uncertain were the Illyrians the Thracians and Dardaneans and others of the barbarous Nations that were adjacent to them which people if they should all revolt together it was impossible to redress it In these destractions the coming of Alexander was as a Soveraign remedy who in a set speech did for the present so perswade and comfort the Souldiers that he took off all fear from the timerous and did raise the opinion of all into a great hope of him He was then but twenty yeers of age in which he so moderately promised so much that it might appear to all that he reserved more for the proof He gave to the Macedonians the immunity of all things unless a discharge from the wat 's by which he so much attracted their love that they said they had changed onely the body but not the vertue nor the valor of the King The first care he had was for his Fathers obsequies at which he gave a charge above all things that all who were guilty of his Fathers death should be slain before the Tombe of his Father he onely reprieved Alexander the brother of the Lyncestae preserving in him the inaguration into his dignity for he was the first that did salute him King He also took care that his brother Caraunus born of his Step-mother who aspired to the Kingdom should be put to death In the first beginning of his Reign he awed many Nations that were about to rebel appeased divers seditions in the East and joyful at the success of his proceedings he marched privately into Greece where having called all the Cities to Corinth after the example of his Father he was made General in his place After this he did go on with the preparations for the Persian war which was begun by his Father and being altogether imployed to make provision for it he was enformed that the Athenians Thebans and Lacedemonians had revolted from him to the Persians and that the Author of that treachery was Demosthenes the Orator who was corrupted by the Persians with a great sum of gold He alledged that all the Forces of the Macedonians were overthrown by the Triballians with their King and in his speech composed for that purpose he produced his Author before the people who affirmed that he was wounded in the same battel wherein the King was slain By which report the resolutions of almost all the Citizens being startled they resolved to shake off the Garrisons of the Macedons to meet with and to prevent these difficulties he marched into Greece with so much speed and with so gallant and so prepared an Army that whom they knew not of to come they could hardly believe they saw In his way he exhorted the Thessalians and did put them in minde of the benefits of Philip his Father to them and of the neer relations of his Mother descended from the generation of the Aeacidans His exhortation was agreeable to the Thessalians they created him General of Greece after the example of his Father and delivered to him all their tributes and revenews But the Athenians as they were the first in the revolt so they began to be the first in repentance and turning the contempt of their Enemy into their admiration of him they extoll'd the youth of Alexander despised before above the vertue of the ancient Captains Ambassadors therefore being sent they besought a forbearance of the war Alexander having heard them and severely reprehended them did remit the war After this he advanced against the Thebans and would have exercised the same indulgence towards them if he had found the same repentance but the Thebans were resolved to make use of their Arms and not of entreaties or deprecations Being overcome they endured the heaviest punishments of the most miserable captivity When a Councel was called to debate on the utter destruction of the City the Phocensianâ— and Plataeans the Thespians and Orchomaenians the Associates of the Macedonians and the partakers with Alexander in this victory did demonstrate to him the ruines of their own Cities and the cruelty of the Thebans charging them with their inclinations towards the Persians against the liberty of Greece not onely for the present but for the continuance of many Ages for which cause the hatred of all people was upon them to be manifested by this that they have all bound themselves by an oath the Persians being overcome to pull down Thebes To this they added the fables of their former abhominations with which they have filled all Scenes insomuch that they are to be abhorred not onely for their present treachery but for their ancient infamy Eleadas one of the Captives having obtained liberty to speak did alledge that they did not revolt from the King
minde and body taking upon him the Government of the Empire it is incredible how much he excelled those who were before him especially in clemency liberality magnificene and in the contempt of money all which graces were so much the more esteemed in him because many thought that being discended of a private man he would be more cruel to private men himself and be given to avarice and to riot For having gotton the office of the Praetor in the raign of his Father he oppressed many of his opposites having his Emissaries in the Theaters and in the Army who did cast forth envious and railing accusations against them and as if they had been convicted of the crimes of which they were accused he did demand them unto punishment amongst whom he commanded that Cecinna a Consulary man whom he had invited to supper should be put to death upon suspition that he had defiled his wife Berenice and all men took very grievously the quarrels which he revenged in the time of his Father alledging that he was greedy of spoyls and that he would be another Nero when he had got the Empire into his hands But these things falling out better did procure him such immortal Glory that he was called The Delight and the Love of mankinde As soon as he was invested with the Government of the Empire he sent Berenice home and commanded the Companies of the Eunuches to depart which was a good sign that he had changed his intemperate life And the succeeding Emperours being accustomed to confirm the Donations and Grants made by the former Emperours he as soon as he took upon him the Government in the first place of his own accord did ratifie them One day calling to minde in the Evening that he had performed no good office to any man that day in a reverend and celestial Speech he thus expressed himself O my friends we have lost a day of such a magnificent liberality he was He so famous made his Clemency that when two men of great Honour had conspired against him and could not deny the intended Treason he first admonished them and afterwards having brought them into the publick Spectacles he did place them on each side of himself and having sent for a sword from the Fencers being present whose exercises were that day to be seen he did give it first to the one and afterwards to the other who being amazed at it and wondring at his constancy See you not said he that power is given by Providence and that it is in vain to attempt a villany either in hope to commit it or through fear to be disappointed of it He also with tears in his eyes did oftentimes request his brother Domitian who sollicited the Souldiers against him that he would not seek to obtain that by parricide which would come unto him in course and with his own consent nay which he had already since he was his partner in the Empire In his time the Mountain of Vesuvius in Campania did begin to burn and there was a great fire in Rome which burned night and day for three dayes together there was also one of the greatest plagues that was ever known with which calamity many being afflicted with his own money he provided all kinde of remedies and in his own person would visit and relieve the sick and comfort those who mourned for the death of their friends He lived one and forty years and dyed of a feaver in the same place amongst the Sabines where his Father dyed It can hardly be believed how great a lamentation there was for his death both in the City and the Provinces who calling him Their publick Delight did so bewaile him as if the whole world had been deprived of a perpetual preserver Domitian DOmitian the Son of Domicilla a free woman the Brother of Titus raigned fifteen years he at the first pretended clemency and seemed to be more tolerable both at home and abroad and not to be so cowardly as indeed he was He overcame the Câ—ttuns and the Germans and administred the Law most justly He builded many houses in Rome either begun before or also anew from the foundation He restored the Library consumed with the fire Copies everywhere being sent for but especially from Alexandria He was so skilful an Archer that standing far off he would shoot Arrows betwixt the fingers of a mans hand stretched forth Afterwards growing cruel and out-ragious he exacted unjust punishments by the murders of good men and after the manners of Caligula he commanded men to call him Lord and God and sending off his Attendants he ridiculously would pursue swarms of flies He raged with that lust the filthy exercise whereof the Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from his pursuing the flies it came to pass that a certain man asking who was in the Palace Answer was made Not so much as a flie with those cruelties of his and especially with the injury of words by which an aspersion of lust was laid upon him Anthony being incensed did invade the Empire having at that time the command of the Upper Germany but he being slain in a battel by Normanus Appius Domitian growing more furious against all kinde of men did prosecute even his own friends with the utmost cruelty Therefore many in fear of his unbounded rage did conspire against him Parthenius the Groom of his Chamber and Stephanus inciting them to whom was added one Clodian fearing to be punished for the sums of money he had intercepted Domitia also the wife of the tyrant fearing to be tormented by him for the love she did bear to Paris the Stage-Player was one of the Conspiracy Domitian by their instigation having his Body printed full of wounds dyed in the five and fortieth yeer of his life The Senate decreed that there should be no more honor done unto him at his funeral then was allowed to a common Ruffian and that his name should be razed out of the Registers of Honour In his time the secular Playes were celebrated Cocceius Nerva HItherto such as were born in Rome or in Italy did govern the Empire Strangers afterwards were advanced to the Goverment of it by whose vertue the City was much strengthned For who was there more wise or more moderate then Nerva who more divine then Trajan who more excellent then Adrian Cocceius Nerva was born in the Town of Narnia he raigned thirteen Moneths and ten dayes Having taken upon him the Empire a rumor being raised that Domitian was still a live approaching he was surprised with so great a fear that his countenance being changed and his voyce lost he was hardly able to stand upon his legs but being afterwards assured to the contrary by Parthenius he returned to his former temper Being joyfully received by the whole Senate Arrius Antonius a Gentlemen of a high spirit and his greatest friend wisely observing the estate of those who did bear rule before him did embrace him saying That he
Arms at their very entrance into their Gates and not above one hundred men and disabled too by their age did enter into a fight against fifteen thousand Souldiers so much strength and courage the sight of their City and of their houshold gods did administer who infused into them greater spirits as much by their presence as by the remembrance of them for when they saw for whom and amongst whom they stood they were all of a resolution either to overcome or die a few old men undertook the whole brunt of the battel unto whom before that day appeared not all the youth and Army of their Enemies could be equal In this fight two Captains of the Enemies were slain In the mean time when the coming of Agesilaus was reported the Thebans retreated and some few hours after the battail again began for the youth of the Lacedemonians being inflamed with the courage and glory of their old men could not be kept back but would throw themselves upon their Enemies howsoever the Thebans had the Victory and Epaminondas performing the duty not onely of a General but of a resolute and couragious Souldier was grievously wounded which being understood the Thebans through the excess of grief were possessed with fear and the Lacedemonians through the excess of joy with a kind of amazement and as it were with a consent on both sides they departed from the batâ—el Some few daies afterwards Epaminondas deceased with whom the whole strength of that Common-wealth dyed also for as if you break or blunt the edge of any weapon you take from the residue of the steel the power to hurt so this Captain who was the edge of their courage being taken away the whole strength and vigor of that Theban Commonwealth was immediately rebated insomuch that they did not seem onely to lose him but to have all perished with him for before this Captain they did never mannage any memorable war and were famous afterwards not for their vertues but their overthrows so apparent it was that the glory of his Countrey was born and dyed with him It is hard to say whether he was a better man or a better Captain for he sought the Government not for himself but for his Countrey and was so careless of money that he had not wherewith to defray the charges of his own Funeral moreover he was no more covetous of glory then of money for the Commands were all thrown upon him refusing and drawing back from them and he so deported himself in his places of honour that hee seemed not to receive but to give an ornament to the dignity it self So great was his knowledge in Letters and Philosophy that it may be wonderful how that excellent experience in the affairs of war should arrive unto a man born amongst the Arts neither did the manner of his death differ from the institutions of his life for being brought half dead into his Tent he collecting his voyce and spirits demanded onely if his Enemy had taken his Buckler from him when he fell which when hee understood was preserved he desired to see it and it being brought unto him he kissed it as the companion of his labours and his glory Hee again demanded Who had obtained the Victory when it was answered The Thebans he replyed It was well and so gratulating his Countrey he did give up his last breath In his grave the vertues not onely of the Thebans but of the Athenians also was buried for he being taken away whom they were accustomed to emulate they did degenerate into sloth and laid forth the publick Revenues not as before on Fleets and Armies but on festival dayes and on the setting forth of Playes and visiting the Scene oftner then the Camp they onely celebrated the Theators famous with Poets and Actors praysing their Poets and their Orators more then their Captans by which means it came to pass that in these leisures of the Grecians the name of the Macedons but ignoble and obscure before should rise into glory and that Philip bred up in the vertues and institutions of Epaminondas and Pelopidas being three yeers as an Hostage at Thebes should put the Kingdom of Macedonia on the necks of Greece and of Asia as the yoak of their servitude THE SEVENTH BOOK OF IVSTINE MAcedonia was heretofore called Aemathia after the name of their King Emathion the first experiments of whose vertue were extant in those places Their beginnings were but small and their bâ—unds but narrow the people were called Pelasgi and the Country Boeotia But afterwards by the prowess of their Kings and the industry of their Nation having first subdued their borderers and after them other People and Nations they extended their Empire to the furthest bounds of the Orient Telegonus the father of Astriopaeus whose name we have received amongst the most famous Commanders in the Troâ—on war was said to reign in the Country of Poeonia which now is a part of Macedonia On the other side in Europa there raâ—gned Europus by name But Caranus with a vast multitude of the Grecians being commanded by the Oracle to loâ—k out a seat for hâ—mâ—n Macedonia when he came into Emathia he unexpectedly possessed himself of the City of Edissâ— he Inhabitants not perceiving it by reason of a tempest and a great mist that did attend it In this expedition he followed the conduct of a slock of Gâ—â—ts who â—led towards the Town from the violence of the tempest and calling the Oracle into his memory by which he was commanded to seek out a place to rule in the Goats being his leaders he made that City the â—eat of his Kingdom and whithersoever afterwards â—e advanced he religiously observed to have the same Goats before his Ensigns to be the Leaders on in his enterprize who were the authors of his Kingdom for the memory of this event he called the City Edissa Aegaea and the people Aegaeâ—des After this Midas being forced away for he also possessed a part of Macedonia and some other Kings with him he alone succeeded into the place of them all and having united the Nations into one he brought the several people of Macedonia into one body and the Kingdom increasing he made the foundaâ—ion strong with an intent to raise it higher After him Perdicas reigned whose life was famous and his last words at his death were as memorable as the precepts of the Delphian Oracle for full of age and dying he shewed to his Son Argaeus the place where he would be buryed and commanded that not onely his own but the bodies of all who succeded him in his Kingdom should be interred the same place presaging that if the Relicks of his Successors should be buryed there the Kingdom should perpetually continue in that Family And it is superstitiously believed that the issue failed in Alexander because he changed that place of Sepulchre Argaeus having governed the Kingdom moderately and with the love of the people did leave Philip his
Hercules But remembrâ—ing that Darius was yet alive he commanded Parmenio to seize upon the Persian Fleet and sent some others of his friends to take possession of some Cities in Asia which the fame of his Victory being understood came presently into the hands of the Conquerors the Lieutenants of Darius delivering themselves with vast sums of gold unto them After this he advanced into Syria where many Kings of the East with Fillets and Miters did meet him of whom some he received into the society of his friendship according to their merits and from others he took their Kingdom new Kings being chosen in their places Amongst others A'bdolominus chosen King of Sidonia by Alexander was remarkable who living but miserably before all his imployment being either to scoure ditches or to water gardens was ordained King by him the Nobility of that Kingdom being rejected least they should impute their royalty to their birth and not to the benefit of the giver When the City of Tyre had sent to Alexander by their Ambassadors a Crown of gold of great weight in the pretence of gratulation the gift being gratefully accepted Alexander did declare unto them that he would repair himself unto Tyre to pay his vows to Hercules the Ambassadors replying that he should perform that better in the old Town of Tyre and in the more ancient Church desiring withal that he would forbear to enter into their new City Alexander was so incensed at it that he threatned utterly to destroy their City and immediately drawing his Army to the Iland he was not less resolutely received by the Tyrians through the confidence they had of being assisted by the Carthaginians The example also of Dido did confirm them in their resolution who Carthage being builded were masters of the third part of the World thinking it dishonourable if their women had more resolution to subdue forreign Kingdoms then they had to defend their own liberty Those therefore who were unfit for the service of the war being removed to Carthage and the ayd of that City desired to be hastned they were not long after taken by treachery After this he took Rhodes Aegypt and Cilicia upon composition and was resolved to go to Jupiter-Hammon to ask counsel of him concerning the event of things to come and concerning his own Original for his mother Olympias had confessed to his Father Philip that Alexander was not begotten by him but by a serpent of a vast extent and bulk And Philip not long before his death did openly confess that Alexander was not his Son and caused Olympias to be divorced from him as being guilty of incontinence Alexander therefore desiring to know the divinity of his Original and to deliver his Mother from Infamy did send some before him to suborn the Priests what answers they should give unto him Entring into the Temple the Priests immediately did salure him as the Son of Ammon He being joyful of this his adoption by the God did command that he should be esteemed as his Father After this he demanded whether he had taken full revenge on all the Murtherers of his Father It was answered That his Father could neither be killed nor die but the revenge for King Philip was fully performed After this having propounded a third demand unto them It was answered That both Victory in all wars and the possession of all Lands was granted to him His Companions also were enjoyned by the Priests to worship him as a God and not as a King From hence he was possessed with a strange insolence and a wonderful pride of minde being altogether estranged from that familiarity which he had learned by the letters of the Grecians and the Institutions of the Macedons being returned from Hammon he builded Alexandria and commanded that a Colâ—ny of the Macedons should be the chief Seat of Aegypt Darius flying to Babylon desired Alexander by letters that he might have the liberty to redeem the Captive Ladies and promised him a vaste sum of money But Alexander returned answer That to redeem those Captives he must not onely have his money but all his Empire Not long after Darius did write again to Alexander and in his letter he offered him the marriage of his Daughter and a great part of the Empire but Alexander did write back unto him that he gave him but that which was his own before and commanded him to come as a Suppliant to him and to permit the Conqueror to dispose of the Kingdom at his own pleasure Wherefore having abandoned all hope of peace Darius did prepare again for the war and advanced against Alexander with four hundred thousand foot and one hundred thousand horse In his march he was enformed that his Wife was dead in her extremity of pain by an abortive birth and that Alexander did lament her death and assisted at her burial which civilities he used towards her not out of the heat of vain love but the obligations of humanity for he was assured that Alexander did never see her but once when he oftentimes repaired to comfort his Mother and his Daughters Darius then confessing that he was truly conquered when after so many battels his Enemy in courtesies did overcome him and that it should not be altogether unpleasing to him if he could not be victorious especially when he was conquered by such an Enemy did write the third time unto Alexander and gave him thanks for his civil respects unto his Family and offered him his other Daughter to Wife and the greater part of his Kingdom even to the River of Euphrates and thirty thousand talents for the other Captives Alexander returned answer That the giving thanks of an Enemy was superflucus neither had he done any thing in flattoâ—y of him or in the distrust of the event of the war or to complement for conditions of peace but out of the greatness of his minde by which he had learned to contend against the Forces but not the calamities of his Enemies He promised that he would allow the same Grants to Darius if he would be his Second and not his Equal But as the World could not be governed by two Suns no more could it endure the Government of two such great Empires in a safe condition Therefore he should come he said and make a surrender of himself on that present day or prepare for the battel on the next nor promise to himself any other fortune then of what before he had the experience On the next day their Armies stood both in battel-array Immediately before the fight began a deep sleep invaded Alexander possessed with too much care who being onely wanting in the battel he was with much ado awakned by Parmenio All men demanding the cause of so sound asleep in such apparent danger when in his greatest leisures he was alwayes moderate of it He made answer that being delivered from a great sear the suddenness of his security was the occasion of it for he might now fight
unserviceable The treasure consisting of one hundred and three and fifty thousand Talents was brought all into one Exchequer and Parmenio was made Chancellor of it In the mean time Letters were received from Antipater in Macedonia in which the war of Agis King of the Lacedemonians in Greece the war of Alexander King of Epirus in Italy and the war of Zopyron his Lieutenant in Scythia were contained with which news he was diversly affected but received more joy by the death of the two Kings that did emulate his glory then he expressed grief for the loss of Zopyron with his Army For after the departure of Alexander almost all Greece taking advantage of his absence did combine to take Arms for the recovery of their liberty In which they followed the authority of the Lacedemonians who alone despised the peace with Philip and Alexander and refused the conditions of it The General of this war was Agis King of the Lacedemonians which insurrection Antipater having drawn his forces together did suppress in the very beginning of it The slaughter howsoever was great on both sides Agis when he beheld his Souldiers to turn their backs having cleared himself of his Guard that he might be equal to Alexander though not in fortune yet in courage did make so great a slaughter of his Enemies that sometimes he drove whole Troops of them before him At the last though he was over-born by the multitude yet he overcame them all in glory And Alexander King of Epirus being called into Italy by the Tarentines desiring ayd against the Brutians did march with so much resolution that if in the division of the world the West by lot had fallen to him and the East to Alexander the Son of Olympias his sister he might have found no less a subject of glory in Italy Africk and in Sicily then the other in Asia and amongst the Persians To this may be added that as the Oracles at Delphos did fore-warn Alexander the Great of treachery in Macedonia so he was advised by Jupiter of Dodona to take heed of the City of Pandosia and of the Acherusian River which being both in Epirus he being ignorant that they were both in Italy also did more readily undertake a forreign war to decline the danger which was threatned by the destinies as he conceived at Rome Being advanced in Italy he first of all made war with the Apulians the fate of whose City being understood he not long after made peace and friendship with their King At that time Brundusium was the City of the Apulians which the Aetolians following the Conduct of their Captain Dio medes renowned for his atchievements at the siege of Troy did build But being forced away by the Apulians it was told them by the Oracle that perpetually they should possess the place which they first found out wherefore by their Ambassadors they demanded of the Apulians that their City should be restored to them and threatned to bring a war upon them if they should detain it But the Apulians having notice of the Oracle did put the Ambassadors to death and did bury them in their City to have there their perpetual residence And being thus discharged of the Oracle they for a long time did possess the City which when Alexander of Epirus understood in reverence to the Antiquity of the place he did abstain from making war upon the Apulians But he made war against the Brutians and Lucanians and took many of their Cities afterwards he made peace with the Metapontinians the Rutilians and the Romans But the Brutians and Lucanians having the assistance of their Neighbours did renew the war with greater courage in which the King neer unto the City of Pandosia the River Acheron was killed the name of the fatal place being not known until he fell and dying he understood that the danger of death was not in his own Countrey for the fear of which he did â—â—e his Countrey The Tyrians having at the publick charge redeemed his Body did commit it unto Burial Whiles those things were done in Italy Zopyron who was made Lieutenant of Pontus by Alexander the Great conceiving himself to be but as an idle person if he should do nothing memorable himself having drawn together an Army of thirty thousand men did make war upon the Soythians being slain with all his Army he suffered for the rashness of making wars on that innocent Nation When these things were brought to Alexander in Parthia having dissembled a sorrow for the death of Alexander his kinsman King of Epirus he commanded his Army to quarters for the space of three dayes And all men suggesting to themselves that in Darius death the war was ended and expecting now a speedy return into their own Country and in their imagination already embracing their wives and children Alexander did call them forth to a general convention and declared unto them that nothing was as yet atchieved by so many famous battels if the more Eastern Enemies should remain untouched neither did he make war for the body but the Empire of Darius those he said were to be pursued who fled away and revolted from him Having with his speech given new heat to the courage of his Souldiers he subdued the Mardians and Hercanians In that place Thalestris or Minothaeae Queen of the Amazons did address her self unto him with three hundred thousand women having travelled five and twenty dayes through most hostile Nations to have Issue by him her countenance and the cause of her coming was the subject of much wonder both for the strangeness of her habit and the strangeness of her desire To satisfie which the King took the leisure of thirty dayes and when she thought that her womb was pregnant she departed After this Alexander assumed the habit and the diadem of the Kings of Persia before unused by the Kings of Macedon as if he had translated himself into the customes and fashions of those whom he had overcome which that it might not more enviously be beheld in him alone he commanded his friends also to take unto them the long robe of gold and purple And that he might imitate as well their riot as their habit he divided the nights by turns amongst the flocks of his Concubines as remarkable for their birth as for their beauty to which he added the magnificence of banquets least his luxury should not seem compleat And according to the vanity of royal pomp he made his Feasts more delightful with Enterludes being altogether unmindful that so great wealth with such profuseness is accustomed to be consumed and not enlarged Amongst these things great was the Indignation of all over all the Camp that he so degenerated from his Father Philip that he cared not for the name of his own Country and followed the dissoluteness of the Persians whom for such dissoluteness he overcame and that he might not onely seem to addict himself to the vices of those whom with arms he had subdued
he permitted his Souldiers to marry those female Captives to whom they had indeared themselves politickly conceiving that having in their Tents a representation of their houses and Families at home the labour of the war would be both more pleasant by the company of their wives and their desires to return into their Countries would be more moderate And that Macedonia also should be less exhausted with recruits if young Souldiers should succeed in their old Fathers places and fight in the same works in which they were born being likely to be more constant upon duty exercising not onely their youth and childhood but having their cradles also rocked in the Camp This Custom remained afterwards amongst the Successors of Alexander and maintenance was provided for the Infants and Instruments for the making of Arms and the furniture for horse were given them to practice on when they were but young and their Fathers had allowances appointed them according to the number of their children and if their Fathers dyed nevertheless the children had the pensions of their Father their Infancy amongst so many Expeditions being as a continual war-fare Therefore from their minority being enured to labour and to dangers their Armies were unconquerable for they thought no otherwise of their Tents then of their Country and that an encounter was alwayes nothing else but Victory This is that off-spring which were called Epigoni The Parthians being overcome Andragoras one of the most noble of the Persians was made Governor of them from whom the Kings of Parthia did afterwards derive their Original In the mean time Alexander did begin to exercise his rage on his own men not like a King but like an Enemy Nothing more incensed him then that he was upbraided by them that he had subverted the Customs of his Father Philip and of his own Country for which offence old Parmenio next unto the King in Dignity and his Son Philotas being questioned for other pretences were both put to death On this there did arise a murmur over all the Camp in compassion of the condition of the innocent old man and of his Son and sometimes they were heard to speak that they could not hope for any better themselves which when it was reported unto Alexander fearing least the same reproach should be divulged in Macedonia and that the glory of his Victories should be eclipsed by the ignomy of his cruelty he dissembled that he would send some of his friends into his own Country who should be the Messengers of his Conquests He desired the Souldiers to write freely unto their friends being but seldom to enjoy such an apportunity again by reason of the more distant remoteness of the war This being done he commanded the packet to be brought privately unto him by which having discovered what every one thought of him he reduced them who had written to their friends more hardly of him into one Company either with an intent to destroy them or to distribute them into Colonies in the furthest parts of the world After this he subdued the Dracans Evergetans Parimans Paropamissidans Hydaspians and the other Nations which live at the foot of Caucasus In the mean time Bessus one of the friends of Darius was brought bound in chains who had not onely betrayed but also killed the King whom Alexander delivered to the brother of Darius to be tormented in revenge of his treason thinking Darius was not so much his Enemy as he had been a friend to him by whom he was slain And that he might give a name to those Lands he builded the City of Alexandria on the River of Tanaia within seventeen daies having made a Wall about it six miles in compass and translated thither the people of three Cities which Cyrus had erected He builded also twelve Cities amongst the Bactrians and the Sogdians having distributed amongst them whomsoever he found to be seditious in his Army After this upon a holy day he called his friends together to a banquet where mention being made by them in their wine of the deeds performed by Philip Alexander preferr'd himself above his Father and extoll'd unto the Skies the greatness of his own atchievements the greatest parts of his Guests assenting to him Therefore when Clytus one of the old men tempted by the confidence of his friendship with the King did advance the memory of Philip and the battels which he fought he so inflamed Alexander that a spear being snatched from one of the Guard he killed him at the banquet and insulting over him he objected to him being dead how bravely he defended his Father Philip and how highly he praised his wars After his passion was blown over and he was satisfied with his blood and the consideration of his reputation succeeded into the room of his anger pondering with himself sometimes the person of him who was slain and sometimes the cause of his being slain he began to repent of what he had done and that he gave so discontented an ear to the prayses of his Father which he ought not to have given to his reproaches and lamented that his old friend and his innocent one was slain by him being full of wine and supper and by the same fury being hurryed into repentance as he was into passion he would have kill'd himself Melting into tears he did imbrace the body of the dead he did handle his wounds and did confess his madness to him as if he had heard him and taking the spear again into his hand he turned the point of it to himself and had done a thorough execution with it if his friends had not prevented him this resolution to die continued with him certain dayes afterwards The remembrance of his Nurse sister unto Clytus was an addition to his repentance for whom being absent he was greatly ashamed that he returned her so foul a recompence for the nourishments she had given him and that being a young man and a Conqueror he should with Funerals requite her in whose arms he was bred up He then considered what reports what disgrace he had by this violent act pull'd upon himself not onely in his Army but amongst the conquer'd Nations how much fear and hatred he had cotracted amongst his friends how sad he had made his Feast sitting more terrible at his banquet with his friends then armed in face of his Enemies Then Parmenio and Philotas then Amyntas his kinsman then his Step-mother and his Bothers being killed then Attalus Eurilochus and Pausanias and others of the slaughter'd Princes of Macedonia did present themselves unto his memory For this he four dayes persevered in an abstinence from all meat until at last he was intreated by the prayers of all the Army desiring that he would not lament so much the death of one as to destroy them all nor forsake them whom he had brought into the furthest part of the East amongst barbarous and cruel Nations and provoked by the war The perswasions of Calisthenes the Philosopher
unpeopled City on the other side of Euphrates He was there importuned by Anaxarchus the Philosopher to despise again the presages of the Magicians as things false and uncertain and unknown to men if proceeding from the Fates or if from Nature not to be prevented Being returned therefore to Babylon after the leisures of many days he again prepared a solemn Feast which sometimes before he had intermitted where having devoted himself altogether to mirth in the excess of drinking he added night unto the day Thessalius Medius afterwards to a new Bower did invite both him and his Companions having taken the Cup into his hand in the middle of his draught he groaned as if he had been struck through with a sword and being carryed half dead from the Banquet he was tormented with so great a pain that to free himself of it he demanded for a sword and his body became so extreamly tender that he complained at the touches of his friends as if he had received so many wounds His friends divulged the cause of his disease to be a distemper by the excess of wine when indeed it was treason the infamy whereof the powerfulness of his Successors did suppress The Authour of the Treason was Antipater who when he beheld the dearest of his friends commanded to death his Son-in-law Alexander Lycestos slain and himself having done considerable service in Greece not respected only but also made distastful to the King and morever accused by his Mother Olympias for divers insolencies when he considered also some few daies before what were the punishments which the Lieutenants of the conquered Nations too cruelly indured and conjectured that he himself was called out of Macedonia not to the society of the war but to be a partaker of their punishment therefore to make sure work with the King he with poyson suborn'd his Son Cassander who with his brother Philip and Jolla were accustomed to minister unto him So great was the strength of this poyson that it could not be contained either in Iron or in Brass or in any shell and could no way be carryed but in the hoof of an horse Cassander was instructed that he should not commit the trust of it unto any but to Thessalus and his brothers For this cause therefore the Feast was prepared and renewed in the house of Thessalus Philip and Jollas who were accustomed to take an assay of the Kings Cup had the poyson ready in cold water and having tasted of the wine they put the poyson afterwards into it Four days afterwards Alexander finding that death undoubtedly was approaching he said that he acknowledged the fate of the Family of his Ancestors most of the Aeacidans dying about the thirtieth yeer of their age After this he pacified the Souldiers growing into tumults and suspecting that he perished by treason and being brought into the highest and the most conspicuous place of the City he did admit them all into his presence and gave them his right hand to kiss When they all wept he was seen to be not onely without tears himself but without the least show of a troubled minde and comforted some who impatiently did lament he gave to others his instructions to deliver from him to their Parents so invincible was his courage now against death as it was before against his Enemies The Souldiers being dismissed he demanded of his friends who stood round about him if they thought they should finde another King that was like unto him they all holding their peace he said that as he himself was ignorant of that so he was confident of this and did presage it and did almost with his eyes behold how much blood Macedonia should lose in this contention and with how many slaughters she would parentate to him being dead At the last he commanded his body to be burryed in the Temple of Hammon When his friends beheld him to faint away they demanded whom he would make heir of his Empire he made answer The most worthy So great was the magnitude of his minde that when he had left behind him his Son Hercules his brother Aridaeus and his wife Roxane great with child forgetting those obligations he did nominate the most worthy to be his heir as if it were a sin that any but a valiant man should succeed a valiant man or the wealth of so great an Empire should be left to any but to approved resolutions With these words as if he had sounded into his friends ears a charge unto the battel or had sent the evil spirit of discord amongst them they all grew immediatly jealous of one another and in a popular ambition did all tacitely seek the favour of the Souldiers On the sixth day being speechless having taken his Ring from his finger he delivered it to Perdicas which for the present did pacifie a little the growing dissention of his friends for although he was not named Heir by voyce yet by choyce he seemed to be elected Alexander deceased being three and thirty yeers of age and one month a man endued with a mightiness of spirit above the capacity of men On that night when his Mother Olympias did conceive him she seemed in her sleep to have commerce with a great Serpent neither was she deceived in her dream which by God was presented to her for undoubtedly she had in her womb a burden above the condition of mortality and although the generation of the Aeacidans from the first memory of Ages and the Kingdoms of her Father brother and husband and of her Ancestors before them did render his mother most illustrious yet she was not more famous by any Title then by the name of her Son There appeared also many presages of his greatness on the day of his birth for two Eagles flying all that day round about the place did pearch at last upon the Battlements of his Fathers Court prognosticating unto him the two Empires of Europe and Asia and on the same day his Father received the glad tidings of two Victories the one in Illyria and the other in the Olympick race to which places he sent some Chariots drawn all with four horses which portented to the Infant the victory of the whole World He was of an admirable apprehension in the study of letters and having passed his minority he for the space of five yeers had his education under Aristotle the most excellent of all the Philosophers Being invested in his Fathers Kingdom he commanded that in his Title he should be called King of all Lands and Lord of the World So great a confidence had his Souldiers in him that he being present they feared not though unarmed the arms of any Enemy He therefore never encountred any Enemy whom he did not overcome nor besieged any City which he did not take nor invaded any Nation over whom he did not triumph At the last he was overcome not by any prowess of the Enemy but by Treason and the Civil fraud of his own Subjects
THE Thirteenth BOOK OF IVSTINE ALexander the Great being deceased in the flower of his Age and the height of his Victories a sad silence there was over all Babylon and over all men The conquered and barbarous Nations would not believe the report who believ'd him to be as immortal as he was invincible They called to minde how often he had been pluckt from sudden death how often his sword being broke and his buckler slipt from his hand he on a sudden presented himself to his Souldiers not onely safe but a Conqueror But as soon as it was believed that he was dead all the barbarous Nations whom not long before he overcame did leave him not as an Enemy but a Father The mother also of Darius who her son being lost yet repented not by the indulgence of the Conqueror that she lived that day although reduced from the height of Majesty into Captivity having heard of the death of Alexander she wilfully ended her own life not that she preferr'd an Enemy above her Son but because she found the piety of a Son in him whom she had fear'd as an Enemy On the other side the Macedons did rejoyce as if they had lost rather an Enemy then a Citizen and a King of so great a Majesty condemning his great severity and the daily dangers of the war To this you may add that the Princes looked after the Soveraignty of command the common Souldiers after the treasure and the heavie and great weight of gold as an unexpected booty those bending their thoughts to the succession of his Kingdom and these to the inheritance of his riches for you are to understand that there was in the treasury one hundred thousand and in the office of the yeerly revenews by tributes three hundred thousand Talents But the friends of Alexander did not undeservedly expect the Kingdom for they were of that vertue and veneration that you would have believ'd every one of them to be a King such a graceful beauty of countenance such a tall streightness of body such a greatness and vigor of strength and wisdom were in them all that they who did not know them would have judged them not to be selected out of one people but out of all the Nations in the Earth For never Macedonia before nor any other Nation did flourish in the production of such famous men whom Philip first of all and after him Alexander did select with so much care that they seemed not so much to be chosen into the society of the war as into the succession of the Kingdom Who would therefore wonder that the world should be conquered by such ministrators when the Army of the Macedons was governed rather by so many Kings then Captains who never had found any equal to them if they had not fallen out amongst themselves and Macedonia in the roome of one should have had many Alexanders if Fortune had not armed them by the emulation of their vertue into their mutual destruction But Alexander being deceas'd they were neither secure nor joyful drawing both their persons and competitions into one place neither were the common Souldiers less sollicitous whose liberty was more dissolute and whose favor more uncertain Their equality did encrease their discord not one of them all so excelling another that any one of them should submit unto him Therefore putting on their Arms they came all unto the Court to form a new State according to the emergency of the present affairs Perdiccas was of judgement that they should attend the Issue of Roxanes womb who being eight Moneths with childe was almost ready to be delivered if she brought forth a Boy that he should be his Successor in the Kingdom Meleager denied that the Counsels ought to be delayed to the doubtful events of the birth of the child neither ought they to attend when Kings should be born unto them when they might make choyce of those who were born already for if they would have a child there was at Pergamus the Son of Alexander begotten on Arsine or if they would rather have a young man there was in the Camp Aridaeus the brother and companion of Alexander and most acceptable to all though not in his own yet in the name and notion of Philip his Father He alledged that Roxane received her original from the Persians neither was it lawful that Kings should be derived to the Macedons from those whose Kingdoms they destroyed and that Alexander himself was against it who dying made no mention of him Ptolomy refused Aridaeus to be King not onely by reason of his Mothers infamy being begot on Larissaea the Danceress but also by reason of his own incapacity least he having the Title onely another should govern the Empire it was therefore better he said to make choyce of those who in regard of their virtue were next unto the King who might govern the Provinces and might command war or peace then to subject themselves to the command of unworthy men under the pretence of a King The opinion of Perdiccas was approved by the consent of all It was therefore agreed upon that they should attend untill Roxane was delivered of her child and if it were a Male that Leonatus Perdiccas Craterus and Antipater should be his Guardians and immediately they every one did take their oaths to perform the office of a Guardian When all the horsemen did the like the foot being offended that they were not assumed into the participation of their Counsels did choose Aridaeus the brother of Alexander to be their King and did provide him with a Guard out of their own Companies and commanded that he should be called Philip after the name of his Father which when it was reporred unto the Horsemen they sent two of the Nobility Attalus and Meleager to pacifie their minds who seeking a new power to themselves by a compliance with the people omitting their legation did accord with them On this the sedition did encrease and it began now to have both head and Counsel The foot being all in arms did break into the Court to destroy their Cavalry which being understood the Horse surprized with fear did abandon the City and having encamped not far from it the Foot themselves were startled at it But the contestation of the Nobility ceased not Attalus did send to kill Perdiccas who was Captain of the other party to whom being armed and out-daring them when the Executioner durst not approach Perdiccas was of so great a resolution that of his own accord he came unto them and admonished them to look back upon the crime which they were about to commit and consider against whom they had taken arms not Persians but Macedons not enemies but Citizens and most of them their nearest kinsmen certainly their fellow Souldiers and companions in the same Tents and dangers it would be a gallant spectacle he said unto their Enemies who would rejoyce in their mutual slaughter by whose arms they were overcome
at all where or in what manner I shall fall and I shall by this means be delivered from the ignominy of death This if I shall obtain I will disoblige you all of the Oath by which you have so often devoted your selves unto me or if you are ashamed to lay violent hands upon me desiring it give me a sword and permit your General to do that for you without any Oath which you have so often sworn that you would act for your General When he could not obtain it of them he turned his entreaties into curses and in a great passion But you he said O devoted Heads may the gods the Revengers of perjury look down in judgements on you and give unto you such ends as you have given to your Generals It is you who have imbrued your guilty hands in the blood of Perdiccas It is you who attempted the murder of Antipater It is you which is the worst of all who would have killed Alexander himself if it were possible for him to have fallen by a mortal hand having so often tormented him with your seditions I now the last sacrifice of such perfidious wretches do fix these curses and imprecations on you May you live all your lives Vagabonds desolate in Tents and in banishment May your own Arms devour you by which you have destroyed more Captains of your own then of your enemies Being full of passion he commanded his keepers to go before to the Camp of Antigonus The Army followed having betrayed their General he himself a Captive did bring the triumph of himself to the Tents of his Conqueror They delivered all the Trophies all the Palms and Lawrels of King Alexander together with themselves unto the Conqueror and that nothing of the pomp might be wanting their Elephants and the Auxiliaries of the East did follow Much more honourable was this for Antigonus then so many Victories were for Alexander for though Alexander conquered the East Antigonus conquered those by whom the East was overcome Antigonus therefore divided amongst his Army these Conquerors of the World having restored all things to them which he took from them in the former victory After this he did set a Guard upon Eumenes being not admitted to come into his presence in respect of the familiarity of their former friendship In the mean time Eurydice the wife of Aridaeus the King of the Macedons as soon as she heard that Polypercon was returned out of Greece into Macedonia and that Olympias was sens for by him being possessed with a female emulation and abusing the weakness of her Husband whose Offices she challenged to her self she did write to Polypercon in the name of the King to deliver the Arms to Cassander to whom the King had transferred the administration of the Kingdom she sent also Letters to Antigonus to the same effect in Asia by which benefit Cassander being obliged did perform all things which the boldness of the Queen did prompt him to Having marched into Greece he made war there on many Cities by the destruction whereof the Spartans being affrighted as by a fire in a neighbours house distrusting to their arms they did enclose their City with a Wall contrary to the answer of the Oracles and the ancient glory of their Predecessors whose honourable custom alwayes it was to defend it with their arms and not with their Walls So much they degenerated from their Ancestors that when for many yeers the wall of their City was the vertue and the valour of their Citizens they now conceived they could not be safe unless they lay hâ—d under the protection of a Wall Whiles these things were thus mannaged the troubled Estate of Macedonia did call back Cassander out of Greece for Olympias the Mother of Alexander the Great being come from Epirus towards Macedonia Aeacidas the King of the Molossi following her she was forbidden by Eurydice and King Aridaeus to enter into the Confines of that Kingdom which so incensed the Macedons both in the regard of the memory of her Husband the greatness of her Son and the indignity of the act that they all sided with Olympias by whose command both Eurydice and King Aridaeus were both slain having raigned six yeers after the decease of Alexander But Olympias enjoyed not the Kingdom long afterwards for having committed many great slaughters of the Princes after a womanish rather then a manly way she turned the love of her Subjects into hatred Therefore having heard of the approach of Cassander distrusting to the Macedons she fled with Roxane her daughter-in-law and Hercules her grand-child into the City of Pictua In her journey Dardamia the daughter of King Aeacidas and Thessalonice her kinswoman being also famous her self by the name of Philip her Father and many other Ladies of royal blood a gallant rather then a profitable company did attend her When Cassander was informed of it in a swift match he came to Pictua and layd a close siege unto the City Which when it was oppressed with the sword and famine Olympias being no longer able to endure the tediousness of the siege having Articles for her life did deliver her self to the Conqueror But Cassander having called the people to an Assembly to understand what they would have done in relation to Olympias he suborned the Parents and kindred of the noble men whom she had put to death who having put on mourning habits did accuse the cruelty of the woman by whom the Macedons were so much instigated that without any respect to her former Majesty they did decree that she should be put to death being altogether unmindful that by her Son and Husband they not onely enjoyed their lives with safety amongst their neighbours but also became masters of such great wealth as also of the Empire of the world But Olympias when she beheld the armed men to come resolutely towards her being cloathed in royal habiliaments and leaning on her two Maids she did go to meet them The Executioners beholding her were amazed and stood still startled at the Majesty of her presence and the names of so many of their Kings which came at once into their memory At the last they were commanded by Cassander to run her through with a sword she drew not back from the sword nor at the thrust that was made nor gave any shrike like a woman but submitted unto death after the manner of valiant men and for the glory of her antient family insomuch that you might have seen Alexander again in his dying mother Moreover she covered her face with her hair and the neither parts of her body with her garments that nothing unseemly might be discovered After this Cassender did take to wife Thessalonice the daughter of King Aridaeus and sent the Son of Alexander with the Mother to be kept prisoners in the Tower of Amphipolis THE Fifteenth BOOK OF IVSTINE PErdiccas and his brother Alcetas Eumenes and Polypercon and divers Captains of the other party being slain
place of Amilcar who when he made many successful encounters both by Sea and Land did at last on a sudden lose all his Army by the rage of a pestilential Planet Which when it was reported at Carthage the City was so full of sorrow and lamentation as if it had been taken it self The shops and houses were shut up so were the Temples of the gods no publick duties of religion were performed and all Offices intermitted which belonged to the administration of justice They all slocked in throngs to the Haven and asked those few who came out of the ships who escaped the fury of the mortality how their Sons and kinsmen did and when they were assured of their deaths of which before they were uncertain and were in some hopes that the Reports were false they filled all the shoar with their lamentations nothing was heard but sighes and throbs and the sad complaints of the unhappy Parents In the mean time the distressed General Amilco came down out of his own ship raggedly cloathed and in the habit of a servant the multitudes of the mourners pressed round about him to behold him And he amongst the rest lifting up his hands to Heaven sometimes bewailed his own and sometimes the publick fortune sometime he accused the gods who took from them so many Ornaments and Trophies of the war and of the victories which they had given them and had destroyed the victorious Army not by war but pestilence so many Cities being taken and the Enemies so often overcome in the battels both by Sea and Land Howsoever he said he brought some comfort to the Citizens that the Enemies though they might rejoyce yet they could not glory in their calamity for they could neither say that those who were dead were killed or that those who returned were routed by them The booty he said which the Enemy found in their abandoned Tents was not such as they could boast to be the spoyls of a conquered Enemy but such as by the casual deaths of their Masters they had seized upon being poor and transitory things which no body was left to own that in relation to their enemies they departed Conquerors but in the relation to the plagues they departed conquered Howsoever he affirmed that he took nothing more neer unto his heart then that he could not die himself amongst so many most valiant men and was preserved not for any delight which he took in life but onely to be the sport of calamity yet nevertheless having brought the miserable relicks of his Army to Carthage he would follow also himself his deceased Souldiers and would make it apparent to his Country that he did not continue to that day because he had a minde to live but that he would not by his death betray these whom the direful pestilence had spared by leaving them amongst the Armies of their Enemies With this Resolution and complaint having entred the City as he came to the threshold of his own door he dismissed the multitude that followed him with his last Farewel unto them and having locked the door with his sword he put a period to his own life not admitting any not so much as his own Sons to come unto him THE Twentieth BOOK OF IVSTINE THe Carthaginians being driven out of Sicily Dionysius seized upon the command of the whole Iland and thinking so great an Army without action would be prejudicial to his Kingdom he transported his forces into Italy that the Souldiers should be both exercised with continual labor and the bounds of his Kingdom enlarged His first war there was amongst the Grecians who enhabited the next Coasts of the Italian Sea who beings overcome he assaulted all their Neighbors and destined to himself all the Grecians that possessed Italy who at that time enjoyed not onely a part but almost all Italy for many Cities after so great a Tract of Antiquity do to this day demonstrate that they received their original from the Grecians For the people of Tuscany who inhabit the Coast of the lower Sea did come from Lydia And Troy being taken and sacked did send forth the Venetians who are the Inhabitants on the Coasts of the upper Sea under Antenor their Commander Adria also which is washed by the Illyrian Sea is a Greek City which gives a name to the Adriatick and so is Arpos which Troy being overthrown Diomedes builded being brought by shipwrack into that place Pisca also amongst the Ligurians is beholding to the Graecians for her original And amongst the Tuscans Tarquinia derives her beginning from the Thessalians and the Spinambrians and Perusians from the Achaians What shall I speak of the City Cere and the Latine people who seem to be planted by Aeneas And are not the Falicians Japigians Nolans Abelans Plantations from Calcedo in Greece What shall I speak of all the Provinces of Campania What shall I speak of the Brutians Sabinians and the Samnits what of the Tarentins which we have read did come from Lacedaemon and were called Spurii It is recorded that Philoctetes did build the City of the Thurins whose Monument is yet to be seen in that place As also the Arrows of Hercules which were the first ruine of Troy are to be seen in the Temple of Apollo The Metapontins also do shew in the Temple of Minerva those Tools of Iron with which Epeus from whom they are derived did build the Trojan horse by reason of these Inhabitants all that part of Italy is called Graecia major But in the beginning of these Originals the Metapontins with the Sybarits and Crotonians did resolve to drive all the other Grecians out of Italy and having first of all taken by force the City of Syris they killed fifty young men embracing the Image of Minerva and the Priestess her self amongst the Altars of the Goddess having on her the Sacerdotial ornaments Wherefore when they were punished with pestilence and sedition the Crotonians first of all repaired to the Oracle at Delphos for a remedy to whom it was answered That an end to their calamity would ensue if they would pacifie the violated power of Minerva and the ghosts of the slaughtered young men Therefore when they began in the first place to erect the Statue of Minerva and afterwards of the young men according to the just proportion of their bodies the Metapontins having understood the Oracle of the gods did resolve to be as forward in the Religion as they and erected small Images of stone to the young men and pacified the goddess with Manufactures of Wool And thus the Plague was ceased in both places the one striving who should exceed in magnificence and the other in swiftness The Crotonians being recovered to their health were not long quiet But being discontented that in the taking of the City of Syris the Locrensians did send Auxiliaries against them they made war upon them which so troubled the Locrensians that they besought ayd of the Lacedemonians The Lacedemonians being
unto him that he would come and joyn with her Sons in the fellowship of the Kingdom with whom he would not contend in arms to force the Kingdom from them but because he would more confirm it on them by his presence and assistance To this effect he desired that she would send one to be the Attestator of his oath before whom he would oblige himself with what obsecrations she would desire in the presence of the gods of his Country Arsinoe was uncertain what to resolve upon fearing if she should send she should be deceived by perjury and if she should not send she should pull upon her the fury of her brothers cruelty But more careful for her children then for her self whom she thought she should be the better able to protect by her marriage with her brother she sent Dione one of her friends who being brought into the most holy Temple of Jupiter a Temple of the ancient Religion of the Macedons Ptolomy having laid his hands on the Altars and touching the Images and Cushions of the gods did swear by unheard of and devoted imprecations that he most sincerely did desire the marriage of his sister and that he would call her his Queen neither would he ever in the disgrace of her take any other wife or own any other children but her Sons Arsinoe after she was delivered from fear and became pregnant with hope and had conference with her brother whose countenance and flattering eyes promised no less belief then did his Oaths although Ptolomy his Son did apparantly disswade her and enformed her of the deceit yet she consented to marry with her Brother The Nuptials were celebrated with great solemnity and with the publick joy of the people And Ptolomy having that day called forth the Army to an Assembly he there imposed a Diadem on the head of his sister and called her his Queen with which title Arsinoe being transported with joy because she had now regained that which she had loâ—t before by the death of her former husband Lysimachus did of her own accord invite her husband to her City of Cassandria for the desire of which the deceit was contrived And going before to compleat the preparations she commanded that a holy-day should be observed in the City for the approach of her Husband and that the Houses Temples and the streets should be adorned and that Altars should be erected everywhere and that sacrifices should be in a readiness She also commanded her two Sons Lysimachus of sixteen years of Age and Philip three years younger being both of an excellent feature and complexion to meet him with Crowns on their heads Ptolomy the better to conceal his deceit having greedily embraced them both and beyond the measure of true affection did a long time even smother them with his kisses When he approached to the Gate of the City he commanded the Citadel to be seized on and the two boys to be slain who when they fled to their Mother they were killed in her very lap as she was kissing them Arsinoe exclaiming that Ptolomy had committed so abominable a crime under the pretence of marriage and offered herself to the Executioners for her children and oftentimes with her own body she protected the embraced bodies of her children and would willingly receive the wounds which were intended to them At the last being denyed to be present at the funerals of her children she was brought out of the City with two hand-maids onely her garments torn and her hair dishevelled to lead a banished life in Samothracia being so much the more miserable that it could not be permitted to her to die with her own children But this wickedness of Ptolomy was not unrevenged for the immortal gods revenging so many perjures and cruel Parricides he was not long after dispoyled of his Kingdom by the Gauls and being taken he lost his life by the sword as he deserved For the Gauls their multitudes abounding when the Land â—n which they were born could not contain them did send as it were like vagabond sojourners three hundred thousand men to look out new habitations Part of them sate down in Italy who took and set on fire the City of Rome part of them through the Armies of the Barbarians who opposed them did out their way into the Coasts of Illyria and inhabited Pannonia following the auspication of the birds in which Art the Gauls excell above all others a hardy bold and warlike Nation who first after Hercules to whom this attempt gave an admiration for his vertue and a belief of immortality did pass over the unconquered H lls of the Alps and places intractible by the extremity of cold where having overcome the Pannonians they for many years made sundry wars with their Neighbours Afterwards by the temptations of success having divided their strength some of them advanced as far as Greece some as far as Macedonia laying all things waste before them So great was the terror of their Name that Kings not provoked by them would of their own accords buy their p ace with vast sums of money Onely Ptolomy King of Macedonia dâ—â— without â—eâ—r at end the arrival of the Gauls and with a few Sâ—uâ—dâ—ers and those disordered s if wars were managed with no less d fficulty then parricides were committed e did advance to meet them being tormented with the furies of his bloody Acts. He despised also the Embassage of the Dardanians offering him twenty thousand armed men to ayd him adding this to their contumely that Macedonia was in a sad condition if when they alone overcame all the East they should now stand in need of the Dardanian Citizens to be revenged of their Enemies He boasted that he had the Sons of those in his Army who being Conquerors under Alexander the Great made all the World tributary to him Which when it was reported to King Dardanus he said that the renowned Kingdom of Macedonia would shortly fall by the rashness of one heady young man But the Gauls under the commannd of Belgius did send Ambassadors to Ptolomy to try the Resolutions of the Macedons offering him peace if he would purchase it with money But Ptolomy vaunted to his Subjects that the Gauls did supplicate to him to have peace for fear of the war and did speak as insolently to the Ambassadors as to his Subjects He assured them that he would grant them no peace unless they should give him their Princes for Hostages and deliver up their Arms for he would not believe them unless they were disarmed This answer being returned The Gauls laughed out-right crying out on every side that he should shortly perceive whether they offered peace unto him for his advantage or their own Some few dayes after the battel was fought and the Macedons being overcome were beaten down Ptolomy having received many wounds was taken his head was cut off and being fixed on the point of a Lance it was carryed all about the Army to the terror
spread over all Being therefore made Captain of the banished persons he took away by stealth the sacred things of the Egyptians which they attempting to recover by arms were enforced to return back by Tempests Moses therefore on his return to his ancient Country of Damascus did possess himself of Mount Sinai where he and his people being afflicted with seven dayes continued fast in the Desarts of Arabia when he arrived to his journeys end he by a fast consecrated the seventh day to all Posterity and according to the language of his Nation did call it the Sabbath because that day did put a period both to their fasting and their travel And in remembrance that they were driven from Egypt for fear of the contagion least for the same cause they might be hated by the Inhabitants they provided by a Law that they should not communicate with strangers which beginning first from Policy was by degrees turned afterwards into Discipline and Religion After the death of Moses his Son Arvas who was a Priest also in the Egyptians Religion was created King and it was always afterwards a Custom amongst the Jews that they had the same men both for Kings and Priests whose justice being mixt with Religion it is incredible how greatly they did prosper The weath of the Nation did arise from the profits of the Opobalsamum which doth only grow in those Countries for it is a Valley like a Garden which is invironed with continual Hils and aâ— it were inclosed with a Wall The space of the Valley containeth two hundred thousand Acres and it is called Jericho In that Valley there is a Wood as admirable for its fruitfulness as for its delight for it is intermingled with Palm-Trees and Opobalsamum The Trees of the Opobalsamum have a resemblance like to Firr-Trees but that they are lower and are planted and husbanded after the manner of Vines On a set season of the year they do sweat Balsom The darkness of of the place is besides as wonderful as the fruitfulness of it For although the Sun shines nowhere hotter in the World there is naturally a moderate and a perpetual darkness of the Ayr There is a Lake also in that Country which by reason of its greatness and unmoveableness of the water is calld the dead Sea fot it is neither stirred with the Winds the glutinous substance with which all the water is covered resisting their violence neither is it patient of Navigation for all things wanting life do presently sink into the bottom neither doth it sustain any matter unless it be washed over with Roch-Allum dissolved Xerxes King of the Persians did first overcome the Jews they came afterwards with the Persians themselves into the power of Alexander the great and a long time they continued in subjection to the Macedonian Empire when they revolted from Demetrius and desired the friendship of the Romans they first of all the East did receive their liberty the Romans at that time giving freely out of other mens possessions In the same time in which the change of Government in Syria was alternately managed by the new Kings Attalus King of Asia polluted that most flourishing Kingdom received from his Uncle Eumenes with the slaughters of his friends and the punishments of his neerest kinred feigning sometimes that the old woman his Mother sometimes that his wife Beronice were slain by their treasonable practices After the fury of this most wicked violence he did put on ragged clothes and made short his beard and the hair of his head after the manner of the guilty he would not be seen in publick nor shew himself to the people he would have no feasts of mirth at home or any appearance of a sober man as if he would altogether by taking punishment on himself give satisfaction to the Ghosts of the slain At the last having forborn the administration of his Kingdom he digged in gardens sowed seeds and mingled the good with the hurtful and having steeped them all in the juyce of poyson he sent them as a peculiar gift unto his friends From this study he gave himself to the Art of making of brass and in the invention of tools and things belonging to it and much delighted himself with the melting and the minting of pieces in Brass After this he bent all his endeavours and design to make a Tomb for his Mother at which work being too intent he contracted a disease by the immoderate heat of the Sun and died the seventh day afterwards By his Testament the People of Rome were made Heirs But there was one Aristonicus descended from Eumenes not by lawful marriage but born of an Ephesian Strumpet the Daughter of a Fidler who after the death of Attalus did invade Asia as his Fathers Kingdom And having made many happy encounters against the Cities which for fear of the Romans would not deliver themselves unto him he seemed now to be a King in earnest wherefore Asia was decreed to Licinus Crassus the Consul who being more intent to the Attalick booty then to the war when in the end of the year he entred into Battail with the Enemy with a disordered Army being overcome he with his own blood suffered for his inconsiderate avarice The Consul Perpenna being sent to supply his place at the first encounter did overcome Aristonicus and brought him under subjection and carried with him unto Rome the hereditary treasures of Attalus which his successor the Consul Marcus Aquilius repining at did make all possible haste to snatch away Aristonicus from Perpenna to become the gift and honor of his Triumph But the death of Perpenna did end the difference of the Consuls and thus Asia being made the Romans she sent also with her wealth her vices unto Rome THE Seven and thirtieth BOOK OF IVSTINE ARistonicus being taken the Massilians sent Ambassadors to Rome humbly intreating for the Phocensians their Founders whose City and the memory of whose Name because they were alwayes implacable Enemies to the people of Rome both at that time and before in the war of Antiochus the Senate commanded should be utterly extinguished but a pardon was granted by the importunity of the Ambassadors After this the rewards were given to those Kings who brought in their Auxiliary forces against Aristonicus Syria the less was bestowed on Mithridates of Pontus Lycaonia and Cilicia were given to the sons of Ariarathes who fell himself in that war and the people of Rome were more faithful to the sons of their Confederate Ariarathes then the Mother was to her own children for they encreased the Dominions of his son in his nonage and she took away his life from him For Laodice having in number six sons by King Ariarathes fearing that they growing into years she should no longer enjoy the administration of the Kingdom did destroy five of them by poyson The care of his Kindred did preserve the yongest from the violence of the Mother who after the death of Laodice for the
and by the murder of his own son did declare what they ought themselves to expect of their King Cleopatra having ended the dayes of her mourning for the death of her son when she perceived that she was oppressed by a war also from her late husband her brother she by her Ambassadors demanded aid of Demetrius King of Syria whose own fortunes were as various as they were memorable For when Demetrius made war against the Parthians as mention hath been made before and in many encounters overcame them being on a sudden surrounded by an Ambuscado having lost his Army he was taken himself Arsacides King of the Parthians in the greatness of his royal spirit having sent him into Hyrcania did not only honour him with the Respect due unto a King but gave him his daughter also in marriage and promised to restore unto him the Kingdom of Syria which in his absence Trypho became Master of After his death Demetrius despayring of return and not enduring Captivity and loathing a private life although a fatt one and a wealthy did contrive with himself how he might escape into his own Kingdom His friend Calamander was both his Companion and his perswader to undertake this journey who after his Captivity in Syria having hired a guide did bring him disguized in a Parthians habit through the desarts of Arabia into Babylon But Phrahartes who succeeded Arsacides by the swiftness of his horses did cause him to be brought back being overtaken by the compendiousness of their goings Being brought unto the King he not only pardoned Calamander but gave him a reward for his fidelity to his friend but having very roundly checked Demetrius he sent him to his wife in Hyrcania and commanded that he should be observed by a stricter guard In process of time when the children which he had by his wife did seem to be a stronger obligation on him for his fidelity he did endeavour to make his escape again having the same friend to be his Companion but by the same infelicity he was taken again near unto the bounds of his own Kingdom and being the second time brought unto the King he was looked upon as a hated man and not suffered to come into his presence But being then also dismissed to his wife and children he was sent back into Hyrcania and confined to a City upon a penalty not to go out of it and in the reproach of his childish levity was laden with golden shackles But no compassion of the Parthians nor respect of any consanguinity was the occasion of this their clemency towards Demetrius but because the Parthians affected the Kingdom of Syria they determined to make use of Demetrius against his brother Antiochus as the opportunity of time or the fortune of the war should require This being understood Antiochus thinking it discretion to take the advantage to begin the war did conduct his Army which he had hardened with many neighbouring wars against the Parthians But his preparation for luxury was no less then for the carrying on of the war for three thousand of his black guard followed eight thousand of the armed men amongst whom also a great number were Cooks Bakers and Players and all of them so abounding with Gold and Silver that the common Soldiers had their shoes enterlaced with Gold and trod upon that mettal for the love of which all other Nations do fight with steel In their Kitchings also their instruments were of silver as if they advanced rather to keep some great feast then to prosecute a war Anticohus approaching many Kings of the East did meet him who in detestation of the Parthian Pride delivered themselves and their kingdoms to him Not long after the battail began and Antiochus having overthrown his Enemies in three several fields and possessed himself of Babylon he was called Antiochus the great And the people in all the neighbouring Nations revolting to him there was nothing left to the Parthians but their own Country and the boundaries of it At the same time Phrahartes sent Demetrius into Syria with a considerable Army of the Parthians to possess himself of his own Kingdom that upon that account Antiochus should be called off from Parthia to defend his own Interests And because he could not overcome him by strength he did every where attempt him by Stratagems The Army of Antiochus abounding with multitudes the winter coming on he quartered his Army in several Cities which was the cause of his destruction For when the Cities beheld themselves oppressed with the billeting the injuries of the soldiers they revolted to their old Masters the Parthians and on a prefixed day by treacheries they did all assault the divided Army that thereby one might be disabled to bring assistance unto the other Which when Antiochus understood being resolved to relieve those who were next unto him he advanced with that party which with him had their winter quarters In his way he encountred with the King of the Parthians against whom in his person he fought more couragioâ—sly then all his Armie At last when he had overcome his enemies by fine force being abandoned of his own Souldiers through the treacherie of their fear he was slain Phrahartes did bestow upon him the solemnitie of magnificent funerals after the manner of Kings and being taken with the love of the Virgin did marrie the daughter of Demetrius which Antiochus had brought along with him and began to repent that ever he suffered Demetrius to go away and having sent in full speed several troops of horse to fetch him back they found him in safetie in his own Kingdom fearing the same design of Phrahartes and having in vain attempted all things to reduce him they returned to their own King THE Nine and thirtyeth BOOK OF IVSTINE ANtiochus being overthrown in Parthia with his Armie his Brother Demetrius being delivered from the Captivitie of the Parthians and restored to his own Kingdom when all Syria was in lamentation by reason of the loss of the Armie as if he had happily managed his own and his Brothers wars with Parthia in which the one of them was taken and the other slain he was resolved to make another war in Egypt his mother in law Cleopatra having promised him that Kingdom as the reward of his assistance against her Brother But whiles he affected the possessions of other men as oftentimes it comes to pass he lost his own by the revolt of Syria for the Antiochians first of all under the command of their General Trypho having in detestation the pride of their King which became intolerable by the exercise of his Parthian crueltie and after them the Apamenians and other Cities following their examples did revolt from King Demetrius in his absence But Ptolomy King of Egypt having his Kingdom invaded by him when he understood that his sister Cleopatra having taken with her the wealth of Egypt was fled unto her Daughter and to Demetrius her Son in law did suborn a
and Amulius p. 503 O OCtavius takes Perseus with his two sons p. 413 Olympias guilty of her husband Philips death 144. Her great fortitude at her death p. 234 Olinthus sacked by Mardonius p. 53 Orthanes p. 18 Otho Salvius p. 540 Ovid banished by Augustus Caesar p. 529 P PArmenio and Philotas killed by Alexander p. 185 Parnassus Hill p. 336 The Parthians took Pompeys part p. 497 The Parthians war with the Romans p. 495 The Parthian Kings commonly parricides p. 496 Pacorus slain by the Romans and his Fathers immoderate lamentation for him ibid. The Parthians Original and Name p. 477 Pausanias affecting the Kingdom was condemned p. 57 Pausanias another of that name killed King Philip p. 142 Perdiccas his undaunted courage p. 211 Pericles gives his Fields to the Common-wealth p. 70 The Persians adore their Kings p. 102 The Persians God is the Sun p. 20 The end of the Persian Empire under Codeman p. 151 Pertinax Caesar called the Tennis Ball of Fortune p. 564 Phalantus love to his own people p. 66 Philip of Macedonia marryeth Olympias p. 122 Philips perfidiousness and sacriledge p. 127 Philomenes overcame the Thebans p. 125 Ptolomy called Philopater and wherefore p. 371 Philopaemenes general of the Achaians taken p. 402 The Phocensians seise upon the Temple at Delphos p. 124 A Phoenix seen in Aegypt p. 537 Phrahartes his parricides p. 496 497 Phrahartes driven into banishment by the the people p. 497 Pisistratus ruleth at Athens p. 40 Polipercon slain p. 221 Popilius with a rod in his hand doth circumscribe Antiochus 418 Porus King of the Indians taken p. 192 Probus Caesar p. 580 Philip Caesar p. 572 Prusias attempting to kill his Son was killed killed by him p. 420 Ptolomy the Son of Pyrhus utterly overthroweth Antigonus p. 346 Antigonus slain p. 348 The great Praise of Pyrhus Father to Antigonus ibid. Ptolomy the elder flyeth from his Kingdom of Aegypt to Alexandria to his brother Ptolomy the younger p. 418 Promptalus out of a sordid stock and fortune chosen King p. 422 The great luxury of Ptolomy of Egypt p. 379 The parricide of the Ptolomies p. 331 455 Pigmalion killeth his Uncle Sichaeus p. 270 The Pyrenaean Mountains p. 514 Pyrhus first of all brought Elephants into Italy 264. His overthrowing the Roman Army ibid. Pyrhus the Son of Achilles killed by Orestes p. 269 Pyrhus slain by a stone from the wall of his Enemies p. 348 Pythagoras bred up in the learning of the Egyptians 291. Pythagoras house esteemed as a Temple p. 293 Q QVintilius Caesar p. 557 R REligion protecteth better then Arms p. 164 Rhea a Vestal Virgin p. 503 Romulus and Remus nourished by a shee Wolf ibid. Rome builded by Romulus p. 505 The Romans would destroy Annibal by treachery 388. The Arts of the Romans and how they did arise unto the Soveraignty of the world is excellently described in that speech of Mtthridates in the eight and thirtieth Book of this History Roxane with her Son killed by Cassander p. 237 S THe Sabbath and the Religion of the Day amongst the Jews 429. Sandracottus from a mean Original advanced to the height of regal Majesty p. 242 Sardanapalus his effeminate life and manly death p. 6. 7 The Scipioes accustomed to overcome the Carthaginians p. 396 Scylla and Charibdis p. 74 The Scythians the most antient of all Nations 26. They founded the Parthian and Bactrian Kingdoms 28. They subdued Asia 31. And were subdued themselves by Alexander the Great p. 186 Seleucus and his Posterity after him had all the sign of an Anchor on their thighs p. 241 Seleucus slain by the treachery of Ptolomy p. 258 Seleucus another of that name slain by his own mother p. 465 Seleucus another of that Name killed by a fall from his horse p. 362 Semiramis killed by her own Son p. 6 Severus Caesar p. 570 Sergius Galba p. 539 Septimius Severus p. 566 Sicily the Description of it 73. No Land more fruitful of Tyrants p. 75 Sidon so called from the abundance of fish p. 267 Silvanus Caesar p. 593 Solons Laws p. 38 Sophocles a Writer of Tragedies the General of the Athenians p. 69 Sosthenes defends the Macedons against the Gauls p. 335 The courage of the women of Sparta p. 347 Strato King of the Tyrians p. 268 Sulpitius fights against Perseus p. 412 Sybares is by Cyrus made Governour of the Persians p. 13 The Syrian Kings derive their Original from Semiramis p. 427 T TAcitus Caesar p. 579 Tanais King of the Scythians p. 4 The Tarentins descended from the Lacedemonians p. 288 Theodosius Caesar p. 602 Thrasibulus overcame the Tyrants p. 95 Tigranes overcome by Lucullus p. 475 Tygris a River in Armenia p. 493 In what place the Gyants made their war against Heaven p. 518 Titus Vespasian p. 545 Trajan the Emperor p. 553 Titus Vespasian the Father of Titus Vespasian p. 542 The Drum called in Latin Tympanum the sign of fight amongst the Parthians p. 480 The Athenian Tyrants slain p. 96 Tyrus a City famous before the destruction of Troy 267. Tyrus being taken by Alexander the Citizens were all fastned to the Cross and the reason of it p. 269 Triptolemus found out the use of corn p. 36 Tyrtaeus the lame Poet with his Verses incenseth the Lacedemonians to the war p. 67 Tyssaphernes the Leiutenant of Darius p. 83 Theramenes killed p. 93 Turnus slain by Aeneas p. 502 Thomyris Queen of the Scythians overthrew Cyrus p. 16 V VAlentinian Caesar p. 598 Valens Caesar p. 600 Valerius Levinus overcome by Pyrhus p. 264 The Venetians descended of the Trojans p. 287 Ventidius his two first happy encounters against the Parthians p. 495 Virgil beloved by Augustus p. 528 Verona builded by the Gauls 294. So was also Vincentia ibid. Virus Gallus Caesar p. 573 Vexores King of Aegypt p. 4 Virgins to marry without portions by Licurgus Law p. 63 X XErxes made King p. 44 Xerxes beaten at Thermopylae by Leonidas p. 48 Xerxes burned Athens p. 49 Xerxes makes war with the Gods p. 49 Xerxes first of all subdued the Jews p. 430 431 Xerxes flying from Greece in a Fishers-boat p. 52 Z ZOpyrus his memorable Act p. 21 Zopyron the Lieuteant of Alexander the great utterly overthrown by the Scythians p. 182 Zoroastres found out the Art of Magick p. 4. He was King of the Bactrians and overcome and slain by Ninus ibid. The End of the Table Errata THe Errors committed in the Press may be thus corrected p. 13 l. 21 r. back into p. 15 l. 3 r. he shewed p. 26 l. 11 blot out either p. 30 l. 6 r. the p. 31 l. 2 r. whence p. 38 l. 28 r. nightly p. 41 l. 19 r. Author of not p. 47 l. 13 r. stood to it p. 51 l. 15 r. taken p. 65 l. 1 blot out they p. 78 l. 8 r. that p. 88 l. 25 r. that p. 91 l. 16 r. houses p. 115 l. 12 r. in the same l. 17 r. Sepulture p. 122 l. 14 blot out now p. 145 r. him p. 46 l. 4 r. joyed in p. 148 l. 2 r. one hundred and fifteen p. 162 l. 25 blot out and p. 165 l. 24 blot out of it p. 166 l. 9 r. whom p. 174 l. 25 r. gave him his p. 180 l. 20 r. home p. 193 l. 9 blot out their bodies p. 200 l. 15 r. Bouze p. 207 l. 2 r. lament l. 6 r. lived until that p. 220 l. 13 r. big p. 252 l. 25 blot out in p. 292 l. 16 blot out both p. 318 l. 19 r. pursued p. 321 l. 28 r. least p. 322 l. 24 r. standers by p. 329 l. 10 r. Court p. 331 l. 26 blot out and p. 339 l. 22 r. begin p. 340 l. 8 blot out laughing p. 345 l. 7 r. Kings p. 351 l. 28 r. of his age p. 353 l. 19 r. this p. 358 l. 25 r. so much p. 359 l. 17 r. vanquished p. 360 l. 30 r. and p. 365 l. 19 r. they proceeded p. 365 l. 26 r. mortar p. 372 l. 22 r. round about p. 375 l. 6 blot out howsoever p. 397 l. 15 r. benefits p. 409 l. 5 r. stowed p. 414 l. 8 blot out hardly p. 445 l. 4 blot out both p. 447 l. 1 blot out that ibid. r. for they p. 447 l. 2 blot out who p. 448 l. 6 r. then those who have p. 455 l. 13 r. but he p. 459 l. 3 r. way p. 513 l. 1 blot out it is p. 558 l. 1 r. Antoninus Pius p. 514 l. 19 r. vermilion ibid. l. 17 r. lead