were No man durst contradict him both for that as it is saide many thought it necessarie to ioine battaile as also for that the Portugals doe generally thinke it cowardise to disswade from fighting holding it more honourable to loose a battaile with rashnes then to conquer with cunning and iudgement without fighting For this reason it was resolued after great contrarietie of opinions to march against the enimie although some practises of peace were yet in hande but with weake hopes So as the same morning they dislodged hauing deuided their armie into three squadrons the one following the other immediately and almost vnited togither that in the front was in a manner diuided into three for in the middest the aduenturers were led by Aluaro Pirez brother and Lieutenant to Christopher of Tauora on the left hande were the Castillians led by Alphonso d'Aguilar lined with Harquebuziers of the same nation commanded by Lewis d'Godoy and the Germaines were on the left hande vnder the Lord of Tamberg intermixed with Harquebuziers Italians and those Portugals that vsed to be at Tanger commanded by captaine Hercules d'Pisa euery nation was set in long rankes with their Commanders in the front In an other squadron which did second this were the Portugals of Michell de Norogna and Vasco de Sylueira with harquebuziers in flanke and in the other which serued for the rereward were the Portugals of Diego Lopez de Sequeira and Frauncis de Tauora although that Sequeira remained at Arzilla for the guard whereof besides two wings of shot there were three hundreth Harquebuziers in the rereward on both sides of the armie were their horsemen deuided being in all fifteene hundred placed in triangles whereof the right wing was commanded by George d' Alencastro Duke d'Auero on the left side was the standerd Roiall Iean de Sylua Embassadour for the Catholique King and yoong Theodose Duke of Barcellos for so they call the eldest sonne of the Dukes of Bragançe and on the right hande a little separated were about two hundreth horse of those which liue commonly on those frontiers which they call Affricans not far from them were the Moores of the Cheriffe Mahamet but fewe in number In this order they marched with their baggage in the midst betwixt their horse and foote on the right winge leauing a space on both sides betwixt their squadrons to retire if need were Moluc who lost no opportunitie had now put his armie in battaile he placed his footmen which were all Harquebuziers in forme of a cressent the first rank were of Andalusians the second of Renegados and the last of Affricanes placed expresly in this sort for that one nation being enimie to an other they might presse forwarde their contraries and not suffer them retire vpon the two hornes of the cressent he planted two squadrons of ten thousand horse in each and behinde as it were in the rereward followed in equall distance all their horse in small troopes resoluing if they ment to fight with so great a number of men to compasse in the Portugals armie and charge them on euery side But in the meane time his sicknes encreased feeling himselfe die by degrees and although his Phisitions vsed all their skill to succour him yet decaying howerly they founde he coulde not liue two daies He felt a double death by reason of the time wherein he died and not being able to execute his resolution in this warre he doubted that he shoulde not leaue any one that could effect them For although hee were then in battaile yet had hee no meaning to fight at that instant foreseeing after that hee vnderstood the Portugals did march into the maine land with their baggage if they sought to delay the battell they were all vndone and that without the losse of any one man he would take them all prisoners by reason of the want they should find in that poore countrey of Affricke But seeing this resolution which required time and could not bee effected in haste would not succeed by reason of the shortnes of his life he was much troubled He thought it not conuenient to discouer his conceit vnto his brother that should succeede him both for that he much doubted of his iudgement and knowing assuredly that if he died before the victorie the Moores would flie and rebell against his brother and yeeld to the Portugals chiefely by the pretence of Mulei Mahamet and in this manner the kingdome would be lost Afflicted with these cares seeing the enimie neere with so great an Armie and his death approaching he resolued not to trust his heire but leauing his first resolution rather during his life to hazard a bloodie and doubtfull battell against all Reason of warre then to die with feare of the losse of his Realme the which he knew assuredly would happen after his death being resolued to fight all practises of accord dismissed he assembled the chiefe commaunders of the Armie and spake vnto them in this manner Your valour souldiers and the iustice of the cause which hath put Armes into your hands will not suffer me to speake much to encourage you to fight For you are those who vnder my command haue alwaies brought to happie ende euerie enterprise were it both difficult and dangerous The enimies which you haue in front are the same Portugals which in times past your fathers and your owne right hands haue often vanquished and ouercome The Italians and Germans which are come to their succours more terrible in name then in deed should not any thing amaze you being men without experience and in small numbers And as for me who haue sometimes made tryall of them I take vpon me the charge to yeeld them subiect to your forces And if reason preuaile any thing in battell shal not the victorie be on our side We liued quiet in our houses without vexing or molesting any one content with our fortunes not practising against the wealth and prosperitie of any other And a nation by nature our enimies differing in law comes from a far countrey not onely to pull from me my Crowne but also to spoile you of all your goods to depriue you of your libertie and to rauish your liues You perchance suppose that in this wicked people pietie hath so much force as to plant Mahamet in the kingdome a stranger contrarie to their Religion whose friendship and bountie is vnknowne to them they should vndertake this paines to hazard themselues to death It is the thirst of gold and of your blood with the desire to rule that hath brought the King of Portugall hither supported not by his owne forces but with the hopes he hath to deceiue you vnder this fained shew of pietie to this Infidell Mahamet who if he had any feeling of a man should be rather contented to liue subiect to my Empire according to our lawes then inuading my Realme by force procure the destruction of his owne blood the ruine of his countrey the
retayned nothing of a priest but the habit and the name as for sermons confessions and such like things they came from them as from men which had not God before their eies And Anthonie himselfe during these afflictions had not his minde free from lasciuiousnes for the women of honour could hardly be free from his lustes hauing too familiar accesse into the monasterie of religious women amongst whom as well as amongst the men raigned the passions of the affaires of the Realme with no small scandall and great disorder and many of his as also of the French followed this his example Anthonie liued this kinde of life vntill the moneth of October irresolute what to doe To goe into Fraunce after the losse of so great a number of the nobilitie he helde it not safe neither knew he how he should be looked on for he feared as much the disdaine of particulars as he hoped in the protection of the Queene mother To remaine there he saw it a thing not able long to subsist with so great garrisons not hauing wherewithall to pay the souldiers nor in a manner how to furnish his expences He resolued therefore with such shippes as he had to depart for Fraunce but first would goe towardes the Madera and the Iland of Canarie that by spoyling of some weake places hee should content the souldiers with some weake pray For this cause hauing prepared about thirtie saile he not onely shipped his souldiers but with a new deuise he commaunded all the citizens which he suspected and all religious persons affected to the contrarie partie as the Iesuits and others to imbarke making this commaundement most rigorous to those that could least obserue it to the ende they should redeeme this voyage with money But all as vnprofitable in sea causes excused themselues with liuely reasons and entreaties but it preuailed nothing making answere to the yoonger that he had neede of them for his guarde and to the olde for counsell so as many sought to content him with money as hee desired euerie one according to his abilitie by meanes whereof they were freede from his commaundement But this inuention was soone counter-checkt by another for many desired to leaue the Iland to imbarke not with intention to follow the armie but to saile into Spaine Some of the Captaines of the shippes vnderstanding their mindes agreede with the Portugals not to deliuer any money to Anthonie for their stay in the Iland but paying them the like summe and much lesse they would land them in Portugall so as many trusting to the French and English not paying any thing to Anthonie imbarked with them agreeing for a certaine summe to be set on land Anthonie departed with this armie from the Terceres leauing Emanuel de Silua in his place with fiue hundred Frenchmen vnder the charge of Baptiste Florentin and Charles a French man their Captaines He arriued at the Iland of Saint Michael where hauing staied long thereabouts fearing the Spanish garrison there he durst not land being forced to leaue it by a storme that rose Then some of his English and French ships left him keeping promise with the Portugals that were imbarked with them In the meane time they had newes in Fraunce of the defeat of the armie and the death of so many prisoners which caused both in court and throughout the Realme a great griefe and disdaine and enflamed the French to reuenge and as they had Flaunders neere and matters in that estate as hath beene said there they discharged their choler neither did they forbeare after the returne of Anthonie to treat of a new preparation of an armie at sea for the sommer following It was giuen out in Spaine that the faction of Anthony and the French against Portugall was dashed and that they had weakned their forces yet did they not dismisse their hired ships At that time two galliasses being arriued from Naples it seemed the king would assemble a great armie for the next yeere and make himselfe absolute Lorde of the Ocean both in respect of the affaires of Anthony as to assure his ships from the Indies and newe founde landes from the French and English and to force the Iland The Catholique King desired to returne into Castill both for that he was called by the states of Arragon and to finish the marriage of his daughter with the Emperour as also for other business of the realme and was vpon the point to effect it in Nouember 1582. but he woulde first extend his pardon graunted at Tomar to such as had followed Anthony For this cause hauing excepted the religious persons and tenne others hee pardoned freely all the rest that shoulde present themselues within a certaine time but this wrought no effect for there came fewe and many said that the King being yet displeased could not make a free pardon This departure was after staied by the newes of the death of Diego his eldest sonne who as hee had beene sworne Prince of Portugall at the estates of Tomar hee woulde likewise that the same oath shoulde bee made in the person of Philip his second sonne being then sicke And for that he had no other issue male the succession masculine of these Realmes remaining in the breath of one only togither with the kings age and the disposition of the affaires of the world both the quiet seditious were in care But for the swearing of him he assembled the estates at Lisbone in the moneth of Februarie resolute to accomplish this ceremonie before his departure At that time the Duke of Alua consumed with a continuall feauer died in the pallace of Lisbone in the Kings owne quarter being of the age of threescore fourteene yeeres During his sicknes he was greatly fauoured of the King who did visite him a little before his death There is no doubt but the King apprehended the losse of such a seruant which bred no lesse discontentment in him then pleasing to his enimies But the Portugals obserued that the day following he went publikely to masse without any shew of discontent contrary to the custome of their kings who vpon the death of men of lesse qualitie hauing done any notable seruices to the crowne retired themselues for a time the which seemed the more strange for that King Emanuel vpon the death of a notable Pilote withdrew himselfe three daies But the actions of great Princes are so subiect to the censure of the vulgar as the wisest minister matter of discourse to the curious and malicious to slaunder them With him died as a man may say all the warlike discipline of Spaine for there remained not any one captaine equall vnto him He was of a goodly stature of visage leane and graue hee had rare gifts of nature and fortune the which he augmented much by arte he was of a noble minde of a readie and subtill spirite assured in iudgement and peaceable He was not greedy of worldly wealth sparing
ignorant of the waies and passage of the riuers were either drowned or fell into their handes who made them slaues There were many drowned deceiued with the rising of the riuer ignorant of their former passage for whereas the riuers and particularly Mucazen doe ebbe and flowe like the Ocean by the course of the Moone filling it selfe with salt water when the armie passed they were almost dry but in their returne the Tide as they cōmonly say being full the riuers were greatly risen wherof the Portugals being ignorant and vnskilfull of the Ford fearefull and chased by the Moores they were swallowed vp so as of a great multitude of Christians which were in this battaile there escaped but one hundreth so well coulde the Barbarians execute their resolutions The King who in the beginning when as Molucs artillerie first plaied went through the armie in coach with Christopher de Tauora tooke his horse and as they say went couragiously toward the vanguard where remaining a while a looker on sending first one then another to commaund what he thought was necessarie he was lightly hurt with a shot in the right arme towarde the shoulder whereof making small account he went ordering thinges in all parts of the armie leauing the triangle of horse where his Standerd remained But for that he was yoong and depriued of the greatest treasure that Kings can enioy I meane a wise man neere him in whome he shoulde trust when he did see his men begin to breake and the Duke of Auero to go forward and retyre backe he came furiously with certaine Gentlemen that were about him to fight among the souldiers encouraging his men valiantly by the effects but with fewe words Those that behelde him fight woondered at his courage for although that they slewe three horse vnder him without any whit daunting him yet was he neuer wearie to charge strike and succour all partes of the armie where was greatest daunger But being but a man aided by fewe he cannot resist the enimies furie nor make his friends partakers of his valour Manie of the Nobilitie which remained yet on horsebacke seeing the armie in route sought the King in all parts to helpe to saue him but the Standard which was carried before him as a marke to knowe him was now taken and the bearer slaine and being deceiued with another somewhat like vnto it which Edward de Meneses carried they followed the one in steade of the other so as the King remained as a man lost with some of his most trustie seruants about him and one Renegado who laboured to saue him Hauing in vaine sought to fly being aduised to yeeld with his armes he would by no means agree vnto it One amongst them holding vpon the point of his sworde a white napkin in signe of peace went towards the Moores as an Embassadour for the rest to yeelde but they either barbarous or wrathfull tooke the messenger prisoner and charged the rest who being fewe in number wearied without courage they were all slaine Some say there grew a controuersie amongst them about the Kings owne person and for that occasion they slew him They sent after to secke his bodie and by a notable example of the inconstancie of this world they carried it naked vpon a saddle pommell into the roiall tent of Moluc where letting it fall to the ground it was carefully viewed by the Nobilitie that was there present a publike certificate made that it was he keeping it aftewardes at Alcazer-Quiuer Such was the death of this vnfortunate King wherein chaunced all things that might make him lamentable his yoong age the expectation of his vertues the want of succession his violent death and the imprisonment of his bodie He was indued with excellent qualities but nothing profitable vnto him wanting by reason of his vnripe yeeres that predominante vertue of our actions For all his resolutions that did guide him to so rash an end were grounded vpon his magnanimitie zeale to religion liberalitie thirst of militarie glorie of the disposition of his body and the vigour of his courage It seemes that we may well saie of this vnfortunate yoong Prince that which was sometimes spoken of Alexander the Great That Nature had giuen him vertue and Fortune vices For in truth Sebastian had his vertues of nature and his vices from his education Mulei Mahamet escaped his enimies hands but his too great haste to passe Mucazen and to recouer Arzille was the cause he was drowned in his passage Those whome idlenes had made curious did note the diuersitie of these Princes deathes for being all lost in one battaile within the space of sixe houres the one died of his naturall death the second by the sword the thirde was smothered in the water When as Hamet see the battaile wonne he ranne towardes his brother thinking to finde him aliue and to reioice with him but being come to his litter they enformed him of his death And although Moluc had left one sonne yet did they salute Hamet as their King running through their campe with ensignes proclaiming of his name according to their custome And for that according to the conformitie of the grandfathers will the eldest as it is saide of the nephewes should succeede therefore Hamet was sworne Prince The Moores fell to spoile and take prisoners making a very rich bootie by reason of many precious things the Portugals had brought with them into the campe but especially for the prisoners which were in great number and of great importance for their wealth and nobilitie besides that the Moores make more account of one Portugall prisoner then of any other nation for that being delicate and not able to suffer they redeeme thēselues for great sums as these gentlemen did afterwards who by an example of small patience set themselues at sixe thousand duckats a peece and more This day was famous by the death of three Kings that is Sebastian Mulei Moluc and Mulei Mahamet by the imprisonment of all the Nobilitie of a Realme of so many souldiers a thing seldome or neuer hapned and also for the importance of Sebastians death in the other affaires of the worlde The number of the dead was not so great as of the prisoners but for that the truth is hard to be verified it hath bred diuers opinions in the Portugals Some haue reported that the enimies were infinite in number others haue bin more moderate yet haue they augmēted this point Notwithstanding there died three thousand Moores and as many Christians or more amongst the which were some men of account For besides the Captaines of the strangers and the Duke of Auero there was slaine Alphonso of Portugall Earle of Vimiosa Lewes Coutigno Earle of Rodondo Vasco de Gama Earle of Vidiguera Alphonso of Norogna Earle of Mira Iohn Lobo Baron of Aluito Aluara of Melo sonne to the Marques of Ferrara Rhoderick of Melo eldest sonne to the Earle of Tentuguel Iamie
with much people on foote The Cardinall inuironed with a great multitude ascends the staires of the hospitall being entered the Church hauing heard Seruice and ended his praiers he seates himselfe in the chaire prepared on the scaffolde where presently Frauncis de Sada one of those that had bin gouernours put the Scepter in his hand and Michell de Mora Secretarie standing a little off said reading it with a loude voice that King Henrie by the death of King Sebastian did succeede in the Realme and therefore they had deliuered him the Scepter and that he was come to take the accustomed oath to maintaine and obserue vnto his people and to any other all liberties priuiledges and conuentions graunted by his predecessours which done the Secretarie kneeling before him with an open booke the King laide his hande thereon swearing so to do then did the Attabales sounde euery man crying Reale Reale for Henry King of Portugall this done he riseth with the same companie holding alwaies the Scepter in hande he returned to the pallace the Attabales sounding and the Herolds crying from time to time as before THE THIRDE BOOKE The Contents of the third Booke The descent of the Kings of Portugall The pretendants to the succession The resolutions of King Henrie And the peoples demaunds The voyage of the Duke of Ossuna into Portugall and other Embassadors from the Catholique King The imprisonment of the Duke of Alua The Catholique Kings letters to them of Lisbone The States of Portugall The grounds of the pretendants to the succession The sentence of Henry against Anthony Prior of Crato vpon his legitimation by vertue of the Popes Briefe The reasons of the Catholique King to the Realme against euerie one of the pretendants The preparatiues to warre of the Catholique King against the Realme of Portugall The suspension of the briefe The second sentence of Henry against Anthonie The alteration of King Henry his will concerning the succession And the Popes offers to the Catholique king MOst men from all the noted parts of the worlde had their mindes and iudgements turned vpon Portugall both for that hitherto the affaires of Sebastian were worthie attention as to see nowe Henry come to the Crowne who was olde and without successour which made all Princes doubte that the succession of this Realme might trouble the publike quiet for the Pretendants were diuers their actions differing all allied and all with groundes And although their forces were vnequall yet were they made equal by certaine respects But to the ende we may the better vnderstand the groundes of euery one of the pretendants I will make a little digression to report briefly the descent of these Kings And although from the first vnto Henry there raigned seauenteene yet doe I not thinke it necessarie to take their beginning but frō Emanuel forward who was the fourteenth who began his raigne in the yeere of our Lord 1495. for that of his onely progenie is issued the number of Princes that pretended to the Crowne This man had three wiues of the first which was Isabell daughter to Ferdinand King of Castill widow to Alphonse sonne to Iohn the second of Portugall he had no other children for she died in childbed but Michael who died in the cradle who had beene as they say the pillar and corner stone to vnite it and Spaine togither But by his death the Portugals lost the kingdomes of Castill and Arragon whereof Emanuel and Isabell his wife were sworne Princes the issue male of the bloud roiall being extinct in Castill His second wife which was Marie sister to Isabell third daughter of the saide Ferdinand brought him many children vz. sixe sonnes and two daughters Isabel was married to Charles the fifth Emperour Beatrice to Charles the thirde Duke of Sauoy Iohn did inherite the kingdome Lewes died without marrying leauing behinde him Anthony his bastard sonne he who as you shall heare anon was the cause of great miserie to his countrey by reason of his pretention to the Crowne Ferdinand deceased without heires so did Alphons who was Cardinall called by the title of Saint Blaise and Henry of the title of Saint Quatre Coronez this outliued all the rest and it is hee of whom we speake Edward tooke to wife Isabell daughter to Iaime Duke of Bragance by whome he had Marie which afterwardes was married to Alexander Farnese Prince of Parma and Katherine at this present wife to Iohn of Bragance he had likewise a sonne the which being borne after the death of his father who liued but fower yeeres in matrimonie was likewise called Edward This is he who disfauoured by Sebastian died at Euora in the yeere 1576. of his thirde wife which was Leonora daughter to king Philip the first of Castill archduke of Austria who was after married to Frauncis the first king of Fraunce he had none but Charles who died yoong and Marie who being about sixe and fiftie yeeres olde died a maide at Lisbone in the yeere 1578. But returning to Iohn the thirde sonne of the second wife who succeeded Emanuel in the kingdome he contracted marriage with Katherine sister to the Emperour Charles the fifth and had issue Marie who after was the first wife of Philip the second king of Castill now raigning from whom issued Charles who died yoong the which if he had liued without doubt had preceaded the Cardinall Henry in the succession of the crowne The saide Iohn and Katherine had many male children which died yoong one onely outliued the rest named Iohn who as some say died yoong with excessiue loue of his wife sister to the saide Philip leauing her great with childe and after deliuered of Sebastian during his grandfathers life who soone after passed to an other worlde and this is that Sebastian which died in Affrick Let vs now come to the pretentions The Catholique King as it is saide put himselfe foremost being borne of Isabell the eldest daughter of Emanuel And although as a Castillian he was naturally hated of that nation yet he supposed that being mightie compassing in the Realme with his dominions and the Portugals vnexpert he shoulde soone either by loue or force become master thereof Iohn Duke of Bragance challenged the Realme as the right of Katherine his wife alleaging he was neerer to the succession then the Catholique King being although a woman daughter to the said Edward brother to the saide Isabell And forasmuch as the Duke is the greatest personage of the Realme and his subiects most warlike trusting on the fauour of Henry who did then grace him and hauing small experience in the affaires of the worlde he held himselfe halfe in possession Alexander Prince of Parma sonne to Octauius Farnesse did pretend it for his eldest son Rhainucius as male issued from Marie the eldest daughter of the saide Edward sister to the saide Katherine And although his territories were farre off yet besides that some supposed the Church shoulde
he should preuaile in recompence of the discontentment he had to be drawen from Italy Many beleeued the King would goe to this war in person both for the inclination they see in him as for some other signes which were apparant for he not only caused his armes and pauillions to be readie but also commaunded Ferrant de Silua Conte de Cifuentes Guidon Maior of Castill with the Standard Royall to furnish himself the which in that Realme is not accustomed to be carried but in the Squadron where the King is in person but in this case it behooued him to remaine irresolute and to gouerne himselfe according to the necessitie and occasions which time should discouer In this hope of things the King commaunded a Secretarie of the councell of warre to write to the Duke of Alua demaunding of him if he were able to serue in this enterprise whereunto making answere that in that which concerned his Maiestie he neuer made reckoning of his health hee was commaunded to prepare himselfe within three daies and to goe to the campe the which he putting in execution he went to Barrazas a village ten miles from the court which was at Madrill hauing no leaue to come thither but that which caused admiration the king hauing at the same time caused the Prince Diego his sonne to be sworne by all the estates in a Chappell although with ordinarie ceremonies yet with lesse pompe then of custome did not admit the saide Duke to the oath being so neere and so great a personage He did neither write vnto him nor treated with him concerning these warres but long after So as the Duke marching with the armie finding himselfe not fully released from the prison wherein he had beene saide that the King had sent him to conquer Realmes drawing after him chaines and fetters such was the seueritie of Philip and the obedience of so great a minister All Spaine was pleased with this election for besides the deliuery of the Duke which followed they esteemed not the valour of their soldiers without a Commaunder to their mindes and in the Dukes person they helde any armie good The Generall being dispatched the King prouided all things for his iourney into Portugall he caused a daughter borne at that time to be secretly baptized and hauing made the saide prince of Castill to be sworne without calling or the presence of Ferrant de Sylua to his great discontentment the King went to Guadalupa being now the time of Lent vnder colour to performe the obsequies of King Henry there and so to draw neere vnto Portugall to giue encouragement to his affaires and thus did he write to all the principall cities in Spaine He departed from Madrill in coach almost all alone without giuing order for the Queenes departure or for the officers of his Courte notwithstanding cherishing her dearely After he had passed two daies seeming conuenient and a great signe of amitie that being now to enter into Portugall he shoulde be accompanied with his Queene he called her vnto him The Duke was now gone to Glierena where a part of his armie lay being in farre lesser numbers then had beene leuied for that discommodities and sicknesse had consumed many and many places were voide by the Captaines pollicie being in all but fower thousand fiue hundreth Italians three thousand fiue hundreth Germaines and three thousand Spaniards come out of Italy and other seauen thousand newly raised with fifteene hundreth horse which being a body long before prepared for a matter so well foreseene seemed to him but small But the Duke trusting more to the qualitie then the quantitie of his soldiers desired to haue them fewer and of more experience and these seemed in a manner all without knowledge and therefore the King at his entreatie commanded that all the soldiers which were come out of Flaunders into Italy should passe into Spaine being such whom he knew and had tried in the warres yet they arriued not in time but returned backe The Duke saide that surmounting the enimie in horse he would vndertake this warre with twelue thousand foote well experienced neither did he value the great number of the Portugals which assembled as it was giuen out making reckoning to waste them by policie to conquer them without battaile The King being come to Guadalupa there arriued the Bishop of Coimbra and Emanuel de Melo Embassadors from the Gouernours of Portugall The King with his Councell were doubtfull in what sort to honor them some would haue them treated like subiects without respecting them as Embassadors Others would not haue any thing altered of the ordinarie course obserued in those causes yet not to discourage them it was resolued they should be heard as Embassadors with their heads couered and that the King should put off his hat yet the King had written before to the Gouernors that he would treat with their Commissaries as with subiects These laboured by a long speech to perswade the King to lay aside armes they saide that King Henry had greatly desired to end the question of succession by the ordinarie course of iustice but that death had preuented him he had in the States held at Lisbone in the yeere 1579. not onely chosen Gouernors and defenders of the Realme but the States had also named fower twentie Iudges whereof the King had chosen eleuen to iudge definitiuely the cause of succession if he died before the effecting it the which after hapned and that the matter being brought to that passe the realme remained quiet and peaceable resolute to obey and acknowledge for their Lord and King him in whose fauour sentence should be giuen conformable to the oath which the whole Realme had taken in the said estates the which was after ministred to the same Gouernors in the great church at Lisbone when as the coffer which contained the nomination was opened and therefore they were readie to administer iustice and to acknowledge for King him vnto whom the realme shoulde be iudged by right to appertaine and being thus affected they beseeched his maiesty to command his embassadors to assist iudicially to the cause in the conclusion thereof But the King being assured of his right prouided of forces and seeming no blot to his conscience made answere that he was well pleased with the shew of zeale to the publike good of these realmes and that he was perswaded that what they had propounded proceeded from a good inclination that he would haue bin glad their demand had bin such as he might haue satisfied them the which he wil do alwaies in matter that shall be iust tending to the generall or particular good of these realmes But the equitie of his cause being so apparant to the world remaining no lawfull or competent iudge they neither ought nor could performe the oath which they saide they had taken seeing it were an apparant preiudice to his title and a domage to his owne realmes and therefore he
in giuing but honourable in the expences of his house hee was a great dissembler of the disgraces of the Courte and cunning in their secret practises for so it behooued him to be to preuent such as were his competitors He was generally hated for that he treated proudlie with his inferiors and his equals hated his greatnes The ambition to purchase the Princes fauour a shelfe wherein proude mindes cast themselues was great in him for this respect it may be or for the preheminence and greatnes he pretended aboue all other officers the which made him odious hee was not much pleasing to Charles and lesse to Philip although from their birthes vntill their later daies he had serued them 60. yeeres But Princes loue them better whom they haue rewarded then such as haue serued them Hee was greatly enclined to warlike discipline wherein hee was so cunning as there was not any captaine of his nation in long time comparable vnto him and to conclude for his many yeeres and great experience there was not in a manner any one in the worlde but yeelded vnto him He was of great iudgement and dexteritie to encampe and make choice of a lodging so as alwaies with lesse forces then the enimies he kept them in awe he was so well experienced as he neuer refused battaile wheresoeuer he came Hee did willingly hazard his owne person but his soldiers with greater consideration trusting more to policie then fortune He was a rough inexorable executioner of the seuere lawes of war of whose pittifull crueltie depends the health of armies and the conseruation of States He was by nature enclined to vanquish without effusion of bloud and was imploied in warres conformable to his inclination for the greatest part of them being defensiue wherein a wise captaine should rather temporize and suffer the enimie to consume by the difficulties of warre in a strange countrey then to hazard an estate vpon so vnequall a game as is the winning of a battaile against him that hath but men to loose To this effect hee answered the councell of warre in the kingdome of Naples in the yeere 1558. when as the Frenchmen being expelled they woulde haue charged the enimie retiring hee saide hee woulde not hazarde the realme against a cassock of golde for such was then the habite of the Duke of Guise Lieutenant generall to Henry the seconde King of Fraunce yet some did blame him to be too warie in the execution of matters of importance in warre He serued his King in greater charges and with greater authority then euer any of their subiects and it may be there hath not beene in many ages a captaine which hath so long mannaged armes nor displaied his ensignes in so manie countries For he hath made warre in Italy Spaine and Fraunce in Hungarie Germanie Flaunders and Affrick although he were accustomed to say that he had done nothing seeng that he was neuer so happie as to see a Turkish armie But the last wars of Flaunders did somewhat obscure the glorie he had gotten for although as captaine he did warre valiantly yet he knew not as it hapned to him in other places howe to vse the victorie but arrogating too much vnto himselfe he caused a statue of brasse to be erected for him in the Cittadell of Antwerpe which the king caused afterwards to be beaten downe It appeeres that he coulde better carrie himselfe in aduersitie then prosperitie for in the one he had great force in the other too much conceite so as he reaped more commendations by afflictions then by victorie Hee shewed in dying the magnanimitie he had in his life and that which is of great moment hee shewed tokens of a religious Christian being happie that Frier Lewes of Granata that famous preacher whose diuine writings are pleasing to the worlde was present at his death They did substitute in his place Charles Borgia Duke of Gandia a man of greater vertue then experience The King had caused the bones of King Sebastian to be brought out of Affricke the which with King Henries that were at Almerin he woulde before his departure see solemnly interred in the church of Belem neere to the other Kings of Portugall and for that cause remained there three daies He caused also to be brought from diuers parts of the realme vnto the saide monasterie the bodies or at the least the ashes of his kinsfolkes the children and nephewes to King Emanuel who as a man may say dying resigned him the crowne that they might bee all kept togither There was made a most sumptuous obsequie with great shewes and all the religious persons in the name of Henry were present for the rest had beene performed before and in the funerall sermon Sebastians actes were likewise touched and Henry extremely commended the which was more pleasing being dead then the praises of Philip liuing and present wherein the Orator dilated much hauing first in particular set downe the branches of King Emanuel and brought the succession to the said Philip. I will not leaue heere to make mention as of a rare matter although it be somewhat from our purpose that in this yeere of our Lorde 1582. they did reckon ten daies lesse then in others for by the Popes decree all Christian princes obeying the Romish sea gaue commaundement to cut off ten daies in the moneth of October so as for the fift day they should generally write 15. the which was done to fitte the times to the meanes and principall aspects wherein the heauens were when as our Redeemer Iesus Christ suffered that they might celebrate Easter and the other feasts vpon their proper daies The which they had not formerly done for that the true course of the sunne which makes the yeere being certaine minuts of an hower lesse then the time which they vntill then had taken for a yeere it seemed that in the course of so manie yeeres so small a difference had mounted vnto ten daies so as by this equalitie it was made conformable to the time past The King beganne to vnburthen himselfe of the affaires of Portugall for to go into Castill and therefore the xxvj day of Ianuary in the yeere 1583. hauing assembled the estates of the realme they began in the pallace of Lisbone where after Alphonso de Castelbianco newly made Bishop of Algarues had briefly made the proposition shewing how much the King was grieued with the death of the Prince and the necessitie there was to sweare a newe Melchior d' Amaral one of the Deputies of the citie of Lisbone made answere in the behalfe of the whole realme shewing the desire and readines they had to performe this acte Whereupon the yoong Duke of Barcellos as Duke of Bragance beginning for his father with sword in hande did supplie the office of Constable kneeling downe before the King held foorth his hande to take the oath after the accustomed manner the which being likewise performed by all the rest this ceremonie
crowned King not knowing in the morning what the euening brings But it seemed to him that fortune began now to smile for that Albacarin the Moore who commanded for Mulei Moluc in Arzilla a towne vpon the borders of the sea sometimes belonging to the Portugals voluntarily abandoned to the Moores by the intercession of the Cheriffe Mahamet had deliuered it to the gouernour of Tanger whereof the King receiued great contentment and beleeued now the Moore had such as he saide affectionate to his partie At this time the Irishmen rebelled in diuers parts of that kingdome pretending the libertie of Religion and complained to Pope Gregory the 13. taking for their leader the Earle of Desmond and others as Oneale and some other of the sauage Irish affirming that if they were aided they could easily drawe the whole Island from the Queenes obedience The Pope did communicate this with the Catholique King exhorting him to vndertake this action as most godly to succour this people the which they resolued to do But forasmuch as the Queene of England did seeme in words friend vnto the king did as the Spaniards supposed couertly vnderhand assist the Prince of Orange in Flaunders against him the King woulde likewise march in the same path and make a couert warre against her they concluded to assist this people in the Popes name but secretly at the kings charge To this effect they leuied certaine footemen in the territories of the Church whereof sixe hundreth vnder the conduct of Thomas Stukeley an Englishman fled out of England for treason who a little before had obtained the title of a Marques from the Pope were embarked at Ciuitauechia in a ship of Genua to be transported into Ireland the which arriued at Lisbone in the time they made preparation in Portugall for the warre of Affrick the king hearing of their arriuall and that for want of money he could haue no Italians out of Tuscane desired to see them with an intent to retaine them vse them in the war of Affricke hauing caused them to disimbarke and to lodge at Oeiras neere to the mouth of Tagus he went one day to view them and although they were no chiefe men yet did he admire their order their speedie discharging of their Harquebuzes their disposition to handle the pike and their strict obedience and hauing had some conference with the saide Stukeley they perswaded him to promise to goe with him into Affrick The Catholique King for that he woulde not shew himselfe a partie woulde not contradict it The Pope was so farre off that before the newes coulde come vnto him he gaue them impresse and they remained for his seruice In this time the foote which were leuied by three Coronels approched to Lisbone the fourth which was Frauncis de Tauora shoulde imbarke in Algarues The three thousand Germaines which the Prince of Orange had granted were vnder the conduct of Martin of Burgundie Lord of Tamberg arriued within the mouth of Tagus in Flemmish ships and were lodged at Cascaies and thereabouts to the great amasement of the peasants not accustomed to the charges of warre King Sebastian before his departure desired to see the Duke of Alua whom he sent vnto but he excused himselfe vpon the King and the King at the entreatie of the Duke vpon the infirmitie of the old man so as his desire tooke no effect The Dukes friends tolde him he should haue accepted this fauour whereunto he answered that hauing knowne by the practises and discourses of Guadaluppa and by the Kings letters his resolution to passe into Affrick he thought it impossible to diuert him from that opinion that hauing beene discreet in his youth he woulde not in his declining age make himselfe author of the ruine which he did foresee of a King and kingdome Sebastian without any graue Counsellors hastened his departure impatient of the least delaies his forces being all assembled with the ships at Lisbone the souldiors which were scarce nine thousand were imbarked against their will The Noblemen and Gentlemen likewise had euery one a shippe armed wherein he should imbarque with those vnder his commaund but hardly were they drawne from their deere houses And although there were a certaine day for their departure appointed yet was it not obserued So as the King going one morning in great troupe to the cathedrall church with the Standard he ment to carrie into Affrick he caused it to be hallowed with great pompe and deliuered it to the master of his horse and so returning many beleeuing he would haue returned to the pallace he went directly to the galley wherein he woulde passe to hasten the rest saying that he woulde presently depart And although this were the xvij day of Iune in the yeere 1578. yet did he stay eight daies in the Port and neuer disimbarked preparing the rest of the soldiours who were no sooner readie then the day after Midsommer at what time hauing a prosperous winde the whole armie set saile to the great pleasure and contentment of the King who yoong and vnskilfull guided by some sinister starre or by that diuine permission which woulde punish this people went into Affrick to a dangerous although a glorious enterprise leauing the Realme emptied of money naked of Nobilitie without heires and in the hands of ill affected gouernours THE SECOND BOOKE The Contents of the second Booke The King of Portugals passage into Affricke his counsell and resolution to enter into the maine land the way his armie tooke the preparatiues for the warre of Mulei Moluc the qualitie and disposition of his campe the battaile of Alcazar the ouerthrowe of the Portugals the death of King Sebastian and of Moluc and the creation of King Henry THe King of Portugals departure from Lisbone was so mournefull that it gaue apparant signes of euill successe for in so great a number of men and of so diuers qualities there was not any one with a cheerefull countenance or that did willingly imbarke against the common custome in the beginnings of warre but all as it were presaging of ill euents complained they were forceablie drawne vnto it There was such a deadlie silence in the porte that during all the time of their abode in so great a number of shippes there was neither flute nor trumpet heard The Kings galley issuing foorth was carried downe with the currant and brake her rudder against a Flemmish ship a cannon shot from the towne slew one of his marriners in the boate so as if we shall giue credite to signes as the auncients did these seemed very ominous The first towne they touched vpon the maine lande was Lagos in Algarues where did imbarke the regiment which Frauncis de Tauora had leuied in those parts and certaine other vessels ioined to the armie so as in all one and other they made neere one thousand saile but except fiue galleis and fiftie other ships all the rest were vnarmed and the most of them were barkes
brother to the Duke of Bragance Iohn de Silueira eldest sonne to the Earle of Sorteglia Christopher of Tauora and manie other of account so as some noble families were there wholie extinct Arias of Silua Bishop of Porto and Emanuel of Meneses Bishop of Coimbra died likewise The Duke of Barsellos with Anthonie Prior of Crato were taken prisoners The newe King hauing gathered togither his armie and the greatest number of prisoners he could get resolued to returne to Feez where he entered in great triumph For besides the colours taken and the number of Captiues he led with him he caused the bodie of Mulei Mahamet to be founde out and hauing flaied it and filled the skin with strawe he carried it in triumph to take from the Moores al the hope they had conceiued in him After he studied carefully to discouer the Gentlemen that were prisoners taking them from the Moores and Iewes who had bought them for a small price to drawe from them a greater raunsome as indeede he did Whereupon hee was noted by some to be more couetous then valiant seeming a great indiscretion that after so great and absolute a victorie remaining no reliques of an enimies armie he shoulde so sodainly betake himselfe to rest They woulde being but twentie and fiue miles from the fortes which the Portugals held in Affrick he should presently haue laboured to force them and haue freed the Prouince from such a curbe being the opinion of the most expert that if he had aduanced his campe he had soone forced them vnfurnished both with men and munition and the Portugals that were there in guard remaining so astonished for the death of their King that they could hardly haue made defence and so much the lesse hauing small hope to be succoured out of Portugall Sebastian hauing carried with him all the Nobilitie which were woont to defende those places So as vpon this discourse many saide as was spoken to Hannibal of the same nation that the Affricanes although they knowe sometimes how to vanquish yet coulde they not vse the victorie But all well considered the Moore proceeded in this action with more iudgement then others beleeued for not suffering himselfe to be carried away with prosperitie hauing aduertisement that the Realme of Feez the which they had receiued from such as had escaped the day of the battaile the handes of the vanguard of the Christians and of the Arabians was somewhat altered seeing himselfe newly King he thought it more conuenient being armed to goe pacifie his people and take assured possession of the Realme then to busie himselfe with newe conquests and leaue the certaine in doubt for the vncertaine Besides hauing well considered the conquest of these fortresses of the sea he did not esteeme them easie but of hard attempt for besides they wanted no garrisons and that Portugall was not yet so vnpeopled but that it might soone be succoured he held it for most certaine that King Philip for his owne priuate interest would defend them with all his force the which he might easilie effect by reason of the great number of galleies hee had prepared readie in Spaine fearing perchance that which had happened And for that he doubted the Andaluzians might haue some intelligence with the Turkes and practise some treason against his person hee cut off the head of Doali and some other Commaunders and of some others of his traine By this meanes Hamet got the name of a wise and considerate Prince the which he preserued gouerning himselfe with iudgement Diego de Sosa Generall of the armie at sea who as we haue said remained neere Alarache hearing the noise of the artillerie and the brute of the two armies most assured they were in fight he knew not what to doe for although his commission was there to attende the King yet he doubted least the viewe of the enimie might force him to change his resolution or that the way shoulde be stopped and that he shoulde expect him in vaine not resoluing whether it were more expedient to returne to Arzille or attend in that place He made likewise a question whether he shoulde batter Alarache whereunto he was enclined thinking by his cannon to giue the King a figne of his being there and to trouble the minde of the Moore while he was in fight but he resolued not any thing deteined by his blinde commission and the aduise of some other Capteines The armie being broken he receiued letters from Peter de Mesquita gouernour of Arzille and withall newes of the successe in part false writing vnto him that he shoulde returne with the armie to Arzille and that King Sebastian came thither to imbarke And although this letter did not easilie mooue him doubting that Mesquita demaunded the armie more for his owne assurance then otherwise yet being certified of the Kings death he ranne alongst the coast vnto Tanger seeking to gather vp the remainder of the armie and so after returne to Lisbone These thinges passed in Affrick the news came but without good assurance to the Gouernours the fourteenth of August which did so amaze them that for a time they knewe not what to determine yet they kept it secret resoluing in the meane time to call the Cardinall Henrie who they saide succeeded directly to the crowne he a little before not greatly pleasing nor agreeable to his Nephew in a manner retired himselfe in the Abbey of Alcobassa to whome with great dissimulation they sent father George Serrano of the order of the Iesuits to declare vnto him the successe and to beseech him to come to Lisbone to receiue the Scepter although on the other part some reported that Peter d'Alcasoua had secretlie aduertised the Catholique King of all things beginning to yeelde obedience as to him whom he did foresee woulde be future Lorde of the Realme if this were not a practise of his enimies to make him more suspect vnto the Cardinall Henrie generally through the Realme they knewe nothing of assurance for all passengers were staied by order from the Gouernours all letters that came from forraine parts were taken giuing the people to vnderstande a thousand fables doubting perchaunce that if the people knewe themselues to be without a King they woulde attempt something The Citie of Lisbone as also all the rest were in great garboile vnderstanding that there was a Carrier come with such newes as had greatly altered the Gouernours not knowing what it was seeing the Councell daily assembled the letters retained to vnderstande that they had sent both into Castill and to the Cardinall to heare that both the Christians and the Moores campes were approched helde the whole Realme in feare of some ruine There was none in Lisbone but had some interest in this warre who so had not his sonne there had his father the one her husbande the other her brother the traders and handie-crafts men who had not their kinsemen there and yet many of them had did venture their wealth
in it some of them for the desire of gaine and others for that they could not call in that which they had lent to Gentlemen and souldiers by reason whereof all were in heauines euerie one seemed to foretell the losse of such friends and goods he had in Affrick and although they stoode yet doubtfull yet might you vnderstand their secret sighes The Catholique King aduertised of the successe of Affrick and of that which was treated in Portugall sent thither presently Christopher de Mora a Portugall at that time a Gentleman sewer one of those which went into Castil with the Princesse mother of Sebastian He carried with him two Commissions the one was to visite Henrie and to let him vnderstande the King woulde presently sende to him another personage for the ful perfourmance of that office The other was to sounde the harts of the Portugals for the which hee was thought best able being there borne and well vnderstanding the state of the Realme They gaue him not the title of an Embassador for that being doubtfull of the life or death of Iohn de Sylua who was in Affrick with that charge the King woulde not yet appoint any other Mulei Hamet before his going to Maroc desirous to make the Catholique King his friend sent to that effect to present him the same peace that had beene betwixt Moluc and him offering him in gift the bodie of King Sebastian which he helde prisoner This Embassadour being arriued in the Court of Castill the King heard it willingly and although he accepted the deliuerie of his Embassage yet woulde he not receiue the Kings bodie but appointed it shoulde be consigned to the Portugals and therefore Andrew Gasper Corse in the name of the saide Cheriffe did consigne it by publike act to the gouernour of Ceuta for the Catholique King who at the same time to requite the Moores bountie sent Peter Venegas of Cordube for his Agent into Affrick with a present of stones valued at a hundreth thousand duckats as well to continue the treaties of peace as to demaund the Duke of Barcellos the which he graunted and sent him after free to the frontiers In this time the Cardinall came to Lisbone at whose arriuall they published this heauie newes so as this inward and generall sorrow which was suppressed by the vncertaintie of the report encreased and burst foorth into teares and lamentations I cannot well describe the generall sorrow how all things were filled with sighes how euerie man was ouerladen with mourning It was a pitifull thing to heare the women whereof the most noble in their houses from whence you might heare the noise and the rest in the streetes powring foorth their cries and teares vnto heauen the which they redoubled so often as the newes was confirmed by any newe aduertisement And as it often happens that mindes supprest doe oftentimes turne to superstition so they and likewise many men did not beleeue what was saide but hoping beyond all hope and trusting more then they shoulde although it were verified vnto them that their husbands and kinsfolkes were dead yet woulde they haue them still liuing and deceiued by sorcerers and witches but most of all by their owne desires remained long without their widdowes habite expecting in vaine newes of him which was passed into an other life Many men complained and some cursed the King and such as suffered him to goe into Affrick one blames the King himselfe an other his fauorites some the Cardinal and some the Chambér of Lisbone who had not hindered so foolish a resolution some did see that Portugall was neere her last period and with their own miserie lamented their countries The Gouernours yeelded their gouernment to the Cardinall who by the Nobles and Magistrates was sworne Gouernour and future successour to King Sebastian The which was done to quiet the people expecting a better confirmation of this newes from Affrick which staied not long but was verified from all partes And therefore they resolued to finish the ceremonie which they haue accustomed in bewailing their King dead and to breake their Scutchions which was this There parted from the Magistrates house a Citizen on horsebacke couered himselfe and his Horse all in blacke with a great Ensigne in his hande likewise of blacke bearing it vppon his shoulder that it might traile on the grounde After him followed three olde men on foote in mourning weedes with three scutchions in their hands like bucklers or targets bearing them high vpon their heades without any figure of them but all blacke Then followed some Citizens of the same Magistrates and other inferiours in great numbers All these went through the principall streetes of Lisbone and comming to the steps of the Cathedrall Church which is neere to the place from whence they parted those which holde the scutchions mount vp certaine degrees and one amongst them lifting vp his target cries with a loude voice People of Lisbone lament your King Sebastian who is dead Then all the people weepes and cries Hauing ended his words he breakes his Scutchion as a fraile thing striking it on the place where he standes Then proceede they on and being come to the newe streete ascending the staires of the little Church of our Ladie of Oliuera an other of them which carries the Scutchions pronounceth the same wordes the former had done and breakes his Scutchion in the same manner The like is done by the thirde vpon the staires of the Hospitall So as all the three Scutchions were broken in these three places and then they returne from whence they came At this time Christopher d' Mora arriued at Lisbone who desirous to deliuer his Embassage from the King vnto the Cardinall was not permitted for Henrie I know not the reason would giue him no audience before he was sworne King Therefore they made haste to performe ordinarie ceremonies which done the King did heare him louingly and he remained in the Realme executing the charge his master had inioyned him The forme of the oath was done in this manner The xxv of August the Hospitall Church of all Saints was hanged with tapestrie of silke in the which they erected a little scaffold on the which they placed a seate of cloth of golde thither came the King in the morning in the habite of a Cardinall going from the pallace there marched before him eight Attabales or drums on horsebacke after the Moresco manner and nine Harolds all on horsebacke carrying vpon their cloakes their coates of Armes after followed on foote almost all the officers of the Courte those of the Chamber and other Magistrates behinde them was the Duke of Bragance on horsebacke bare headed bearing in his hande a sworde with a scabberd of golde as Constable a little after came the Cardinall vpon a Mule the which Aluaro de Silua Counte of Portalegro Lord Steward of his houshold ledde by the reines there followed after many Noblemen and Gentlemen on horsebacke
of Coimbra many allegations in her behalfe To effect this it was thought necessarie to cite all the pretendents to appeere and produce their reasons the which was sodainly put in execution although in the iudgement of many it was thought out of season seeming more conuenient first to conclude it in parliament and then to effect it whereby it was apparant that the king did gouerne himselfe daily without order or any constant resolution what he woulde doe He did yet foresee that dying before Philip as it was likely the Realme should remaine confused and without a Gouernour which shoulde rule the Realme during the interreigne and that the Noblemen and Commons shoulde presently sweare obedience vnto them and after examine the reasons of the pretendents And although they feared that King Philip woulde be displeased yet they hoped to satisfie him promising it shoulde no way preiudice his title nor any thing delay it but onely to proceede with more grounde as it was conuenient giuing out that King Henrie woulde marrie and send to Rome for a dispensation being a Priest so as being capable of issue it was not expedient to sweare a Prince This matter being concluded amongst fewe and of the chiefest within fewe daies after least it should not seeme to be done in priuate but with a general consent and to choose gouernours Henrie called to Court the three estates of the Realme that is the Clergie the Nobilitie and the Deputies of the cities and townes the which assembled the first day of Aprill in the yeere 1579. in the great hall of the pallace at Lisbone the King hauing before him nine Herolds accompanied with the Duke of Bragance and many Noblemen he went in the scarlet habite of a Cardinall retaining nothing of a king but the scepter being mounted vpon a scaffold of wood prepared at the vpper end of the hal fower steps higher then the Deputies he seated himselfe in a chaire prepared for him couered with cloth of gold vnder a cloth of estate of the same Euerie one being in his ranke according to their ancient degrees Alphonso de Castelbianco a priest stood vp by the Kings commandement at one of the endes of the scaffold who with a long speech after he had a little renewed the sorrowes of their forepassed miseries and mittigated them with hope of a future good hee forgot not to praise the King with all vertues adding that being weake he did not spare his life imploying it to what was profitable to the Realme he compared him in his gouernment to the King of heauen in his loue iustice pitty and sacrificing himselfe for his people he commended this assembly resembling it to the Councels and saide it coulde not erre he concluded the king had there assembled them to propound what was conuenient for the Realme to prouide for it with their aduise The first acte being ended it was decreed that daily the Clergie the Nobilitie and the Deputies of the Realme shoulde assemble a part the which they effected where they found diuersitie of opinions and very different one from an other some of them friendes to the conclusion woulde sodainly haue it determined to whom the Crowne appertained without hearing the pretendents allegations others held the parties should be cited and that they shoulde proceed with deliberation to sentence after instruction of the processe many enclined to haue gouernours others would not heare speake of them euery one taking the course neuer to agree The king hearing of this hauing called the chiefe of his Councell one after one and acquainting them with his resolution he shewed vnto them that it was so conuenient for the libertie of the Realme so as all difficulties accorded they concluded not to make any election of a Prince at that instant but the pretendents being heard the King shoulde iudge to whom the Realme belonged that he might be declared after his death And although God did suffer it may be for a punishment to the Portugals that the King held this Councell for the best yet experience did shewe that it was the woorst course they coulde haue taken for to put the cause in processe did breed vaine hopes in some of the pretendents which after were causes of great ruine to the crowne And to the end the motion of the kings marriage shoulde seeme to be spoken with some grounde they named vnto the estates Edward de Castelbianco to goe to Rome and treate with the Pope for his dispensation they did choose fifteene gentlemen vpon the backe of the rowle whereof the King with his owne hand shoulde write fiue of them which so chosen shoulde gouerne the Realme vntill it were decided who shoulde be King There was also about this nomination of the Gouernours no small controuersie betwixt the King and his Councell of estates for that the king would absolutely name the fiue the Councell woulde not consent vnto it but they would do it And when they were agreed that the Councell should name fifteene and the King choose fiue of them there grew a newe discord among them for the Councell desired to know who should be these fiue some woulde not onely haue them published but also during the Kings life put in possession of the gouernment that after they might be the better obeied but notwithstanding they resolued to keepe it secret yet generally they coniectured and truely who they were They chose also fower and twentie Iudges vpon the backe of the rowle of these the King did name eleuen to iudge the cause of the succession if he shoulde not determine it before his death This was held and chiefly by the Castillians a fault of importance the king shewing himselfe to be ignorant that his roiall iurisdiction did end with his life and that this naming of Gouernours was to rule after his death whereof they had an example with them of Elizabeth Queene of Castill who in vaine prescribed lawes for the gouernment of the Realme after her decease In this sorte the States ended and soone after the Duke of Bragance with the Nobilitie and the Deputies of the Realme sware obedience to such as the king had chosen Gouernours and to him that shoulde be declared king It would not be forgotten the manner of oath the Prior tooke for being called before the king and commanded to sweare to obey the forme aforesaid he answered that he would first speake vnto him The King replied that there was no neede but that he shoulde sweare the which he refusing to doe the king grewe in choler whereupon casting his eies vpon his friendes that were about him as who shoulde say that he was forced to lay his handes vpon the Euangelist against the opinion of many who beleeued he shoulde rather commit some disorder then sweare The Rowle of the Gouernours with the nomination vpon the backe of it was locked vp in a coffer and deliuered to the keeping of the Magistrate of the Chamber of Lisbone the people
whereof were male content fearing it had beene giuen to the Castillians The which was apparant for that a little before there came boldly to the assemblie of the Nobilitie before the whole Councell two mechanick officers of those that representing the people are imploied to the Magistrate of the citie The one of them crauing audience said they had vnderstoode that some of the chiefe of that assemblie neglecting their dutie and honour had spoken slaunderously and wrought against the publike good and suretie of the Realme which like good Portugals they resolued to preuent as before the inhabitants of the same citie had done in the times of king Iohn the first and of other kings And therefore they required the whole Councell as the chiefe and principall member of the common wealth to aide and support them that they might not loose their honor and priuiledges thorough partialities and priuate respects They saide also that for this effect and for the defence of iustice and to chastice seditious Portugals they were readie with fifteene or twentie thousand men betwixt the citie and the countie which they woulde assemble if neede were in two howres to burne the houses of such as shoulde speake too boldly or treate against the publike good and quiet of these Realmes the which they would not put in execution hoping to see them punished and the matter redressed by some other course He concluded that he thought it their dutie to giue this aduertisement that with more assurance they might all treate of the common good without feare of violence or any preiudice and to stop the mouthes of those who suspected in such a cause make all things impossible without seeking or procuring of any remedie Hauing ended this speech one of the wisest of the assemblie made answer that this counsell was acceptable for the loue and affection they had to the common good but there was not any one amongst them which did not desire it with the like zeale and therefore they should rest assured that all things should be handled with good order carefully but notwithstanding this answere they returned with threatning This assembly discouered to the Catholique King not onely the intention of the Portugals in these affaires but also of King Henrie himselfe for that it seemed vnto him they rather held a forme of conspiracy against him then a councell of the states Henry encouraged by his followers for a time intended to marrie dayly consulting with his phisitions to see if he were apt for generation which seemed strange to all such as had knowen him for euerie man beleeued considering the chast life hee had alwaies led that although he had come yoonger vnto the Crowne he would not haue taken any wife and now talking of it being decrepit of age and a Priest it seemed the desire to exclude the Catholique King from the Realme preuailed so much that it did estrange him from his ancient disposition But honors breed in men alteration of manners although his age made men thinke his inclination was rather forced in him then voluntarie Some of the wisest said that the Catholique King should haue a special regard least he were abused in this marriage for although the age and disposition of the said Henrie might well assure him yet the matter being of such importance he should suspect some supposed or adulterate childe or some such like deceit But hauing possibly laboured at Rome that no dispence should be graunted to Henrie he sent into Portugall Fryer Ferrant of Castillio of the order of preaching Friers and an eloquent diuine the cause of his voyage being vnknowne I my selfe being vnable to search the secret It was generally thought he went to disswade the King from marriage with many reasons and especially saying that in so dangerous a time by reason of the Heretickes which did raigne when as Heretickes did tolerate marriage in men of the Church if he now did it being Priest and King he should giue them a verie ill president and this conceit of his going was confirmed to be true hauing vnderstood he was neither willingly heard nor presently dispatched The pretendents had beene cited which were the Catholique King the Dutchesse of Bragance the Duke of Sauoy the Prince of Parma and Anthonie Prior of Crato to send shew their reasons The Catholike King did not answere in forme although Henrie had written vnto him with his owne hand but onely sent a certificat with a Secretarie to his Ambassador in Portugall that he had beene cited Many disallowed this diligence and all agreed that the King causing the Duke of Sauoy and the Pryor to be cited had not dealt therein iudicially saying it was a meane to breed contention the Prior being manifestly a bastard and the Duke apparantly after King Philip. Who being cited framed a new Councell of some of the Lords of his Counsell of State of his Confessor one other Diuine and fiue Doctors of the Councell roiall which he called the adioining of the succession of Portugall they were twelue in number and did onely treate of those things that did concerne that point At this time Iohn de Silua arriued at Madrill from Ciuill to be enformed of matters cōcerning his charge who although he were graciously receiued of the King and did often enter into Councell both to giue his aduise and to take his instructions yet did they delay his dispatch sometimes with one excuse and sometimes with an other And although he did earnestly sollicite that he might enter into the mannaging of so great an action as was the vnion of this Realme and after so many trauailes past goe comfort his friendes with his presence yet in this particular he had either many crosses or small good fortune For being prisoner in Affrick although it seemed to these Counsellors that this charge as his shoulde not be otherwise disposed of vntill they had certaine newes of his life or death yet notwithstanding it seemed that both the Kings meaning and the disposition of his ministers were enclined to dispossesse him not onely when he was present but euen then when he had most reason to beleeue it for that the King hauing alreadie discouered himselfe in secret matters to Christopher de Mora woulde not peraduenture reueale them to any other whereof they were apparent signes some curriers comming out of Portugall directed to other ministers then to those that did handle the matters of succession Besides the Duke of Ossuna to whose will both the Cardinall Archbishop of Toledo and other counsellors did conforme themselues hauing entered into great familiaritie with Mora recommending him to the King laboured that no other should be sent to treat of this busines seeming as it may be vnto him as some did suppose that he would not so easily agree with Sylua being more haughtie He answered to these obiections offering not onely to agree with the Duke of Ossuna and with all those that should be sent but
mention thereof neither is it credible that since this pretention was incorporate to the crowne of so mightie a Realme such wise and mightie Princes as were Frauncis the first and Henry the second woulde haue forgotten to haue called it in question But the truth was the Countesse Matilda left no children as it appeeres in her Testament in the publike Registers of Portugall making therein no mention to leaue any by king Alphonse nor to haue had any and viewing the antiquities of the Realme they saide that a writer was abused who reported that a yoong childe buried in the church of Saint Dominico in Lisbone was her sonne and though it should be so yet doth it not contradict since she doth not affirme she had any children but that he died yoong They did likewise prooue that Matilda had not any by a formal request found in the same registers by the which all the Prelats of the Realme did beseech Pope Vrbane that it would please him to disanull the curse which he had laide vpon the Realme and that he woulde approoue the marriage of Beatrice the second wife of Alphonse that he would make their children legitimate that there might be no hinderance in the succession of this Realme whereby they concluded that if there had beene any lawfull children of Matilda they coulde not haue perswaded the Pope to preferre the bastards of Beatrice They added that these reasons were not vnknowne in Fraunce and that of late there had beene a booke printed of the genealogie of the houses of Medicy and Bulloigne continued vnto Katherine the most Christian Queene whereby it did cleerely appeere that Matilda had left no children by Alphonse her second husband hauing beene formerly married to Philip sonne of Philip Augustus king of Fraunce by which marriage she had one daughter named Iane who succeded not her mother in the Countie dying before her without issue So as Robert sonne of Alix sister to Matilda came to the succession and this is that Robert from whom they would drawe the descent of the Queene Mother being the Nephew not the sonne of Matilda So as not being prooued by any meanes that Alphonse the thirde had any children by his first bedde but the contrary by many reasons they saide the Queene had no reason to pretende neither had she done it in time Philip therefore being grounded in this action sendes into Portugall for assistants to the Duke Rodorik Vasquez and Lewes de Molina Doctors of the law and Auditors of his Councell roiall with the title of Embassadors to signifie vnto the King and to his Councell his apparant iustice with aduertisement not withstanding that they should do no acte whereby they might inferre that they acknowledge any iurisdiction in the king Being arriued and all the Agents of the Catholique King consulting togither they propounded the matter of succession in forme as they were commanded deliuering in writing vnto the king an ample allegation of the reasons of Philip But for that in the beginning they had founde the kings thoughts bending to the Dutchesse of Bragance they laboured long in vaine to make him capable of the iustice of their king They vsed all meanes they thought conuenient and heere in Mora perfourmed great offices not onely with the King and his fauorites but with the Gentlemen and Noblemen of qualitie so as many with liuely reasons giuing to one offering to an other by effects wordes and writings he drew all he coulde to the Catholique Kings deuotion It seemed that this manner of sounding the Nobilitie with money and promises did then serue to purpose And although the course which the king helde for the attaining of his pretention seemed vnto him expedient yet did he not so relie thereon as knowing the Portugals to be restie he woulde omit force for that seeing the indisposition of Henry he sought to winne time and so to prepare himselfe that if he shoulde chaunce to die at such time when as the Portugals woulde not yeeld him the Crowne quietly he might sodainly take possession thereof by force But hauing learned by experience in the warre of Granado the losse of Golette and the defence of Malta that one nation alone sheweth not so great a courage as vnited with another this competencie seruing as a spurre to animate them he resolued to prepare to warre with the forces of diuers nations as if he had beene certaine that of necessitie he must winne this Realme by conquest And although the generall opinion were that fewe men woulde serue against the vnexperienced Portugals and that he shoulde not finde any resistance against his force yet knowing that there is not any humaine force but may be vanquished hee resolued to make an armie of fortie thousand foote considering that although the Portugals were such as it was saide yet being at home and by reason of the hatred and furie of the whole Realme they might in one day drawe togither aboue seuentie thousand men for any expedition and therefore it behooued him to be strong He therefore commaunds Inico Lopez de Mendosa Marques of Moundegiar then Viceroy at Naples to keepe in a readines his Spanish foote with the ships and munition for Portugall he leuied nine thousand Italians vnder the commaund of Peter de Medicy brother to Frauncis the great Duke of Tuscayne hee brought downe sixe thousand Germaines with Counte Ierome of Lodrone and although he might haue raised in Spaine a great number of men of all sorts yet trusting onely to his entertained soldiers he leuied the greatest forces he coulde purposing to ioine to those Spaniards that were but fresh water soldiers some of those that had beene in Italy and such as were come from the warres of Flaunders But these things were effected with more ease and lesse nombers then were appointed For although the Viceroy of Naples did in the beginning very carefully prouide for it yet after hee grew colde abandoning all hauing intelligence that the King had chosen to succeed him in his charge Iohn de Suniga great commander of Castill and that he shoulde returne into Spaine yet the soldiers were inrolled and conducted with armes and munition to Gibraltar and other places of Andelouzia thereabouts from whence they marched after to the confines of Portugall the number chiefly of Italians being greatly diminished with hunger and other discommodities not without consideration that nine thousand men seeme much in Spaine And although they arriued a yeere later then the king had commanded yet came they sooner then necessity required for Henry yet liuing they were long idle But this preuention was done like a valiant and wise Prince maintaining an armie vpon the confines of his owne Realme without vse thereof during a mans life attending his naturall death when as no man is yet so neere death but may liue some yeeres The Catholique King preferring the danger to be vnarmed and Henry deceasing before his expences gaue this testimonie not onely of his wisdome
his disfauour retaining still the right of armes by reason whereof in this suspence he forbare still to giue the Nuncio his answere vntill that being better assured of the disposition of Henry he made answere that his interest being so apparant and the King so well enclined there needed not any mediation the which if it were requisite he woulde accept of this office of the good zeale of his holines The indisposition of Henry and the disquietnes of his minde did much afflict him so as he resembled a lampe neere extinct the which sometimes yeelds a great light sometimes seemes quite out They feared he shoulde die of an accident which hapned and therefore his Counsell thought good not to attende his death for the declaration of the Gouernours but to put them as it were in possession the which was partly executed For the King being halfe dead they brought vnto him the coffer wherein the Rowle was kept with the names of the Gouernours in the great Church of Lisbone and hauing opened it they founde them to be George Dalmeda archbishop of Lisbone Frauncis de Sada first groome of the Kings chamber Iean Tello Iean Mascaregnas and Diego Lopez de Sosa President of the Counsell of Iustice of the citie who tooke their oathes to gouerne according to the lawes of the Realme and to the limited commission which Henry had particularly set downe This diligence bredde aswell in the peoples mindes as in the Catholique Kings a iealousie of the kings death and the rather for that two daies before they woulde not suffer any to see him supposing they woulde keepe it secret vntill they had taken counsell put the Gouernours in possession and prepared for defence And although it were presently knowne that the King was yet liuing and so amended that he had almost recouered his former health yet the generall opinion being that he coulde not liue long all mens mindes were in suspence in this Realme THE FOVRTH BOOKE The Contents of the fourth Booke The Castillians and Portugals discourse vpon the state of Portugall the vehemencie of the plague the estate of Almerin the death of King Henry the Regency of the Gouernours the practise of Anthonie to be chosen King the Testament of Henry the diligence of the Catholique King to vnderstande if he might with a safe conscience make warre the election of the Duke of Alua as generall of the enterprise and the priuileges the Catholique King offered if they woulde deliuer him the Realme THe Catholique King in the meane time kept his armie togither in Spaine with greater paines and more charge then he had done else where for the countrey being not greatly fertile he was enforced to fetch victuals from other parts being then about the ende of Nouember 1579. there was then no assuraunce of things whereby they might either dismisse their armie or imploy it For although king Henry was yet liuing and well affected yet the Portugals being most obstinate against the Castillians he desired not to liue any longer doubtfull of the succession as well for the charge as for the euent and therefore he ceased not continually to importune Henry to declare him Successor obiecting many reasons why he was bound to do it and propounding many inconueniences which woulde follow not doing it the which was spoken in doubtfull tearmes whereby it seemed he woulde make the equitie of his cause apparant by force And although this entreatie seemed somewhat to threaten yet did it nothing displease Henry suffering it expresly to bee published that the people might beleeue he was forced to this declaration The whole Realme was discontented to see Henry dying the Catholique King armed and the small remainder of time spent in matters of light importance whereof their discourses and opinions were as diuers as they were different in passions The Priors partisans being in a manner all of base qualitie hauing their reason darkned and not setled in opinion saide that he was legitimate and that the Crowne appertained vnto him but that the king of his absolute authoritie hating him woulde depriue him and that all his fauorites did concurre in this resolution For the King hauing alwaies persecuted Anthony by their aduise they feared that he comming to raigne woulde take such reuenge as they deserued and therefore preferring their owne securitie before the libertie of their countrey they woulde take the Realme from him and giue it to a stranger Many others alleaged that although hee were a bastard yet they ought to giue him the Realme being the neerest allied of the bloud royall Others in whom hatred to their neighbours preuailed more then any other inclination saide that whosoeuer had interest to the Realme yet shoulde they by no meanes giue it to the Catholique King but rather come to armes vaunting themselues to be valiant They added moreouer that they woulde demaund aide from Fraunce and England whereof they were assured and hauing them they doubted not to seate a King at their pleasures There were some yet fewe but of iudgement who comparing the forces of Portugall with Castill founde they coulde not flie the yoke of the Catholique King and although with great griefe yet they hoped it might prooue a gentle amitie and that these Realmes vnited togither Portugall might reape great profit by the commerce traffique Many spake after their owne humors saying that Anthony leauing the habite of Saint Iean shoulde marrie with the daughter of the Duke of Bragance and being vnited togither they needed not to feare Others gaue out that the Catholique King woulde be contented to giue his seconde sonne to the Portugals for their king to be brought vp amongst them the which they shoulde accept for were it whosoeuer it were sufficient to haue a King alone And some say that Henry laboured to effect this but Philip soone resolued him saying that he coulde not do it but to preiudice the Prince his eldest sonne fearing by this meanes to leaue a seminarie of diuision in Spaine betwixt his descendents The perswasion of the Catholique Kings Agents with the Nobility were of great effect by reason whereof there were few Gentlemen amidst this diuersitie of opinion but either did willingly encline to the said King or corrupted held their peace and retired themselues from Court auoiding all occasion to declare themselues Of the fiue Gouernours chosen three were drawne to the Catholique Kings deuotion and although we should not be amazed to see the common people who by custome inconstant and without iudgement holde the woorser part yet did it breed a woonder in many that the Portugals in generall euery one according to his qualitie framed in their mindes a resolution contrarie to that which by reason they ought to haue done in a matter of so great importance in the which they should haue taken greater consideration For that some discoursed without passion that the Nobilitie accustomed to be respected of the King shoulde flie the obedience of the Catholique King being
should call him before eleuen So as being turned on the other side he remained somtime but being called by the Religious he asked againe what it was a clocke being answered that it was eleuen O giue me said he that candell for now my hower is come and taking it in his hand died soone after hauing raigned seuenteene moneths This was the last King of Portugall in whom ended the direct masculine line And as the first Lord of Portugall although vnder the Title of an Earle was called Henrie so doth it seeme the last should be so termed He was thin of bodie small of stature and leane of his face as for his wit it was indifferent indued besides the Latine toong with some knowledge He was alwaies held to be chast and did neuer blemish this angelicall vertue but with the desire of marriage in his latter daies He was accounted sparing giuing rather then denying for he refused seldome but he gaue sparingly he was ambitious of all iurisdiction as well Ecclesiasticall as ciuil zealous in Religion and the faith yet in the reformation of religious persons he was more stricte then was conuenient He was Bishop Gouernour of the Realme Inquisitor Maior legate Apostolique and King But the more he mounted the more he discouered his incapacitie suffering himselfe in greatest matters to be ruled by his ministers not being able to determine the cause of the succession Opinions were grafted in him with great obstinacie retayning a continuall remembrance of wrongs so as iustice was in him but an iniust execution of his owne passions and for this cause a religious man whom he had pressed to take vpon him a most strict course of life said vnto him that he would obey seeing there was no humaine helpe against his commandements seeing he had the wil of a man the authority of a Pope the execution of a king Finally he was indued with great vertues with fewer lesse vices yet were they equal for he had the vertues of an Ecclesiasticall person and the defects of a Prince during his life he was feared of many and beloued of few so as no man lamented his death onely such as were well affected desiring the cause had beene first decided before his decease had some feeling These things happened in Almeryn where suddenly the fiue named Gouernours did assemble to prouide for that which should be necessarie tearming themselues Gouernours and Protectors of the Realme of Portugal But in this beginning after the kings death they feared some mutinie of the people both at Almeryn and at Lisbone neither did the gouernours themselues nor the Catholique Kings Agents thinke themselues secure They hated the assembly of the Deputies of the Realme which were continued at Saint Arem both for that they held it as a superiour councell as also fearing it might cause some insurrection of the people and therefore they did still abuse them with words differing from their meanings for which cause they sent Martin Gonzalues de la Camera a gentleman of the church who in the time of Sebastian held the first place in the gouerument of the Realme which he could not continue for although he were not couetous of riches but full of integritie yet was he seuere and hard to be intreated that they held him inexorable Him they sent being a popular man and contrarie to the Catholike King whose words they thought should be of more credit then any others hauing particularly reported the Kings death hee said that the Gouernours chosen at the last estates began to looke vnto the gouernment and to giue order for things necessarie to the Realme And although the death of King Henrie were a great losse yet being in heauen he would mediate for them and that they should rest assured that with the greatest zeale and loue to their countrey they could they would indeuour to doe iustice as well to those of the Realme in the pretention they had to the election as also to the pretendents to the succession That they would deliuer them all writings whereof they had neede exhorting them to treat with peace and loue without causing of any mutinie were it neuer so small in any mans fauour and for the better ordering of that which concerned the common good they were well pleased they should put them in minde of any thing which they thought necessarie Hauing ended this speech all men keeping silence Phoebus Moniz answered that they were all assured that of the fiue Gouernours three were suspect for when the King laboured to bring the States to make agreement with King Philip they were not onely conformable to the will of Henrie but did vrge them and commended this resolution without respect of the libertie of the Realme seeking onely to please the Kings humour and their owne interest which being it was not reasonable to suffer such suspected Gouernours whom they were not bound to obey and this was the opinion of them all Martin replied that he was not of opinion they should then alter any thing for in steed of helping they should heape danger vpon danger and trouble vpon trouble that for a while they should be lookers on and if in time they should finde the Gouernours not to doe their duety as they ought they might then helpe with the same remedie seeing they had alwaies authoritie to doe it whereunto although Phoebus Moniz answered that this remedie could not alwais be applied for that the councel could not stil be vnited for the great charges they were at yet the reasons of Martin Gonzalues were of such force that they resolued not to alter the Gouernours as a matter scandalous but accepting what they had sent to be said vnto them that they should aduise what they thought necessarie they began suddenly to set downe in writing such Articles as they would haue perfourmed by the Gouernours The which were that leauing the aboade at Almerin they should goe to Saint Arem to be neerer neighbours more in quiet and in greater safetie that for the auoiding of charge and scandall they should discharge the Souldiers as vnnecessarie That presently they should sende Ambassadors to the Catholique King that as Gouernours of the Realme they would do iustice to the pretendents in the cause of succession the which his Maiestie should beleeue not suffering within his Realme any attempt against Portugall That they should presently prouide for the fortresses of the Realme as well vpon the sea as in other places sending trustie Captaines garrisons and necessarie munition and to euerie Prouince men of great authoritie to force men to defend and succour the weaker parts that they should send some vnto his holines giuing him to vnderstand the Kings death their succession to the gouernment of the Realme for the defence thereof against any one that would vsurpe it contrarie to equitie against the sentence which should be pronounced touching the succession beseeching him to write to the Catholique King to rest
satisfied and to be bound to stand to iudgement They did vrge them to take information by way of Iustice against those that in the cause of succession did suborne with promises of money honours and also such as were suborned hauing knowledge that there were many such Whereunto the gonernors answered that they would presently depart from Almeryn but whither it was not expedient then to say and that it shoulde be conformable to the demaund of the citie of Lisbone They saide that they woulde not discharge the souldiers being leuied by the commandement of King Henry for the guard of his Court and of the pretendents That some hauing refused to carrie this Embassage into Castill yet in the ende they had chosen Gaspard de Casale Bishop of Coimbra and Emanuel de Melo who prepared to go That alreadie they had commaunded al Captaines to remaine in their fortresses where there were none they were prouiding as also of armes both in the fortresses vpon the riuer as in all other prouinces That it seemed not necessarie to send to Rome but if king Philip made shewe to stirre they woulde beseech his holines to doe as he hath beene accustomed and that they woulde proceede with all the rigour against such as shoulde be found culpable in the matter of subornation Now had the Agents of the Catholique king sent newes into Castill of King Henry his death and were remaining still at Almerin fearing some alteration but this people accustomed to a heauie yoke without knowledge of libertie did not stirre The Duke of Bragance saide vnto the Gouernours that he was readie to obey and that they should proceed to sentence for the succession He sent to the Duke of Ossuna and the Catholique Agents willing them not to feare any thing that he woulde assure them from danger offering them his lodging the like did the Gouernors Whilest these things passed in Almerin Anthony Prior of Crato who at the Kings death was not far from thence ran vnto Lisbone lodging himselfe in a garden neere vnto the citie he did write vnto the Magistrate of the chamber and to many of the chiefe signifying vnto them that hee was there and that they shoulde come vnto him The which the Magistrate vnderstanding disdained sending him worde that he shoulde retire but making no reckoning thereof he sent both into the citie and places of pleasure thereabouts some of his followers who both in priuate and in publike gaue out that the king was dead and that the Prior expected them there beleeuing by that meanes for the affection the people bare him they woulde all iointly proclaime him king which being done in that citie which is the principall all the rest of the Realme for he was greatly beloued would follow their example yet he was soone deceiued And this may serue as an example to those which relie too much vpon the vulgar sort for there was not any one that durst come vnto him but in secret and as for gentlemen there were none by reason of the plague As for the new Christians which are there in great number whereof a part was likewise abroad they wanted courage and being rich feared to doe that which might cause the losse of their goods The people most base of themselues had no commander that could mooue them or lead them so as hauing labored by diuers meanes to draw men to his deuotion finding his practise not to succeed hauing spent some time there he went to the Monasterie of Belem from whence he did write to the Councel of States with words more conformable to the qualitie of time then his intention saying That hauing intelligence of the death of the King his Lord vnderstanding likewise that his bodie should be transported to that Monasterie and that not to faile of his dutie he was come thither to attend it seeing he could not be in time to accompanie it the which he had done that perfourming this last office he might doe them the seruice he ought but vnderstanding that he was not brought thither he had assisted the fathers in their sacrifices and deuotions recommending him vnto God And as a true Portugall and mindfull of the bond which as sonne and nephewe to his father and grandfather he had to the quiet and preseruation of these Realmes he thought it good to aduertise them that he was readie to expose for this cause not onely his life and receiue the lawes which they should please to lay vpon him but also in all present occasions to liue in submission due obedience not any way transgressing their commissions He protested to shew the innocencie of those crymes imposed vpon him in the sentences which it had pleased his vncle to pronounce against him togither with the interest hee had to the suceession of the Realme Hee promised to yeeld himselfe into their hands and protection relying vpon those persons who by the special grace of God in so afflicted a season had been chosen as a remedie to restore this Realme referring himselfe for the rest to Lewis de Brito who should deliuer it by mouth To this letter the which was receiued in councell cōtrarie to the aduise of some who said it ought not to be accepted Brito added that the Prior would be there with speede that they should cōmaund where they pleased he should lodge They answered that he might come when he pleased yet they would not intermeddle with his lodging but leaue it to his owne choice But almost all in generall were pleased with his cōming He staied not long but presently vpon his arriuall he presented the Popes Bull contayning the suspension of the Kings sentence he began to renue the pretention of his legitimation without the finall decision wherof they said they could not treat of the succession wanting no hope to obtaine by the councell of States that which before he did expect from the multitude at Lisbone The Deputies of the Realme did assemble daily at Saint Arem without effecting any thing of importance They spent some daies onely in sending to visit the pretendents and their deputies to make vnto them offers of iustice and likewise to receiue from them thanks for their good dispositions wherin all aboured to shew themselues protectors of the libertie of the Realme and most of all such as least desired it And for that the going and comming to Almeryn was very incōmodious being forced to passe the water without a bridge that by this reason in communicating the affaires to the rest of the States that is to the Cleargie and nobilitie by treating with the Gouernours they lost much time it was propounded in councel to reduce all togither yet could they not effect it for manie of the Deputies began to want money for their ordinarie charges desiring rather to be dismissed then vnited They desired to depart saying that they were not furnishèd frō their cities but as they were not discharged so were they not relieued
with money although Balthasar de Faria Deputie of Barcellos the Pryor of Saint Steuens and the Bishop of Parma euerie one apart did offer money to such as wanted that the assembly might not be dissolued yet the Deputies vnfurnished would not accept thereof not willing to be bound in their owne proper names for that their cities were bound to furnish them Besides in this assembly the opinions were diuers few inclined to fauour the pretention of the Catholike king many knew not what to resolue a great part were affected to the Prior but all in generall feared the Gouernors mistrusted their proceedings so as besides the aduertisements they sent daily vnto them they did solicite the execution making new demaunds pressing them aboue al to discharge the soldiers They demanded a copie of the authority to gouerne left them by King Henrie the words of his will which concernes the point of succession the which were wholy deliuered vnto them his wil was made 8. moneths before cōtained these words Seeing at the time of my will making I haue no descendents directly to succeed to the Crowne of these realmes and haue called my nephewes which may pretend and haue put the matter of succession in Iustice I do not at this time declare who shall be my successor but leaue it vnto him to whom by right it shall appertaine him I doe declare my heire successor except that before my decease I shall name him that hath this interest And therefore I command all men within these my realmes of what quality soeuer that presētly after I or the iudges appointed shal haue named him to acknowledge him for heir lawful successor so to obey him There followed many other words in recōmendation of iustice religiō but they serued not to this purpose And although his wil contained these words yet they say the King at his death would haue resourmed it declared the Catholike king successour of the realme But the Gouernors desirous to hold the gouernment for a time in their own hands did diuert him saying That whether he made any declaration or not no other then the Catholike king could succeed both by law force that it was not expediēt to nominate him to the end that the realme might with greater aduantage capitulate agree with him Many supposed that they did not disswade the king from this declaration so much for these reasons as fearing it would breed som popular sedition to their hurt being held as autors of the said declaration The limitation which he had left to the Gouernors contained that they could not create Dukes Marquesses Earles Barons Bishops nor Archbishops nor giue any commandery nor reuenue which passed 125. duckats But in matters of war reuolutions they might doe giue any thing with the aduise of the councel not otherwise The deputies being satisfied with these writings whilest they debated the reasons of their pretended election Stephen Lopez Doctor deputy of Portalegré spake publikely amongst them who hauing shewed how fit it were to giue God thanks for the quiet they now enioyed said it was not necessary to continue so many deputies stil together with so much trouble so great charge that they should be reduced vnto few the rest returne to their houses And for as much as they were aduertised that the Catholique King began to arme they should surcease from the cause of succession vntill the said King had dismissed his forces and the preparatiues for war he had made for by that meanes the free libertie to treat of the cause and for the pretendents to alleage their interest was taken away That by the suspension of the cause they shall discouer the Catholique Kings disposition in laying aside armes If he doe it it shall breed these good effects That in the meane time they shall haue leisure to prouide for things necessarie to gather in the fruits of the earth and the pretendents shall liue in peace and quiet if he refuse it which we ought not to beleeue of so Christian a Prince then shall they be satisfied and both the States and the pretendents vnited in one bodie may the better defend themselues and when as all things were quietly setled then to determine the cause disabling notwithstanding before all things the saide Catholique King who vsing force when as iustice is offered him for being King of these Realmes And this he said was the disposition of the lawe that in the meane time they should commaund the Pretendents to the Crowne to make their residence in diuers places the one at Elues and the other at Begia as fronter townes swearing not to attempt any thing one against the other The reasons of this Doctor as a man of small account were not followed but the councell being resolued with two others of the States to send six Deputies to Almerin to treat of matters of importance with the Gouernours Thither they sent them with instructions different from this fourme of speech videlicet that the Gouernours should passe to Saint Arem and there make their residence to take a view what armes men and munition the citie of Lisbone had for their defence to supply what wanted to take notice what Captaines be appointed in the fortresses vpon the riuer of Lisbone and being suspected or not valiant to place others with men and other necessaries That they should send armes to all cities of the Realme and traine vp their men with exercise thereof that they should beseech the Pope by his Ambassadours to perswade all the pretendents to take the course of iustice and lay aside armes vpon paine to loose the interest they pretend requiring that Emanuell de Portugal purueyor of the fortresses of the Realme might be restored to the same office whereof the King had suspended him and that they should do the like to Diego Salema and to Aluaro de Morais in their offices in the Chamber of Lisbone And for that they found themselues tobee vnfurnished they would haue all the ships vessels staied throughout all the ports of the realme for the conducting of things necessarie for the war The Gouernors made but a cold answere to these demands as they had done before to all others saying that being matters of so great importāce they would consider of them first then aduertise them what should be done The Cheriffe had as it is said before in the life of King Henrie and at the instance of the Catholique King deliuered the Duke of Barcellos who hauing passed the streight to returne into Portugall being arriued at Gibralter where as afterwardes at Saint Lucar the Duke of Medina Sidonia Lord of those places did him great honour by meanes whereof he spent sometime in sports At this time the newes comming of King Henries death the Duke of Medina thought it a matter importing the Catholique King to deteine the saide Duke of Barcellos
as eldest sonne to the Duke of Bragance and of Katherine chiefe pretendent to the Realme vntill the cause of the succession were decided so as the sports before shewed vnto the saide Duke in courtesie were now redoubled for this other intent detayning him expresly vntill he might receiue answere from the King so as shewing him first one place and then another this yoong Prince was taken vnawares But the Duke of Medina hauing staied certaine carriages vnder colour to shew him some feastes he then conceiued the cause of his detaining and wrote foorthwith vnto his father in Portugall that he should not then expect him and that his detention should not any way preiudice the rights of the Realme preferring iustice before his owne life This letter being come into Portugall was by the Duke his father sent vnto the assembly of the States shewing on the one side a griefe for the detayning of his sonne and on the other side a contentment that in so yong an age he was so great a louer of his countries good offering if need were to sacrifice him for the seruice of the Realme Yet this feare of the Dukes continued not long for hauing written to his son that he should labour to come away or they should make declaration of his staie he was suffered freelie to depart for so the King had commaunded Some say that Philip had long before this consideration hauing meanes to stay him not onely in Spaine but also in Affrique but fearing to incense the Portugals and desirous to make the Duke his friend he had procured his release in Affrick and suffered him safely to depart from Andoluzia into Portugall yet the said Duke of Barcellos or his father by whose commaundement he was directed was noted of some ingratitude for being inuited by Philip to passe by his court as desirous to see him the iealousie of the State of these Realmes preuayled so much that he did not satisfie his desire but tooke his direct way to Villauizosa fearing perhaps a new detention These things passed in Portugall when as in Castill the Catholique King beeing aduertised by his Agents of the death of King Henrie of the small affection the Portugals bare vnto him of the liuely pretention of Authonie and other pretendents and to what estate the matter was brought was greatly discontented seeming he should be forced to take armes for the obtaining of the conclusion of his interest But desirous to satisfie his conscience in the effecting thereof he had formerly the aduise of Diego de Chiaues of the order of preaching Fryers being his confessor and of some other principall Diuines of that order and yet not well satisfied with their opinions least he should seeme onely to follow the aduise of the dominical Fryers he desired likewise to treat with other orders of religious persons and to that intent he sent one to acquaint the chiefe Deuines in Spaine with the cause and to demaund their aduise This care perfourmed not only with the chiefe prelates and readers in Diuinitie but with the Iesuits and the Fryers of Saint Francis all agreede that the Kings right being so apparant he was not bound to represent it otherwise then out of iudgement to King Henrie as he had done and to make his councell and the rest of the Realme of Portugall capable thereof such as with sinceritie of hart would vnderstand the truth and by the mildest meanes procure as he had done that Henry should declare him successor if these diligent proceedings were not sufficient to perswade the King and the Realme that then Philip had sufficiently iustified his cause and that he might assure himselfe by armes without thrusting the succession which was due vnto him into euident perill his person being as it is saide soueraigne exempt and free from all reprehension and onely bound to iustifie his right before God and to signifie it to the King and the Realme saying that this point was now without all doubt since the death of Henrie no man liuing that could pretend any interest in the decision of the cause It appertained not to the Pope being a matter wholy temporall nor agreeing with the circumstances which may giue him any right ouer temporall matters and lesse to the Emperour beeing no way acknowledged by the Realmes of Castill and Portugall and much lesse to certaine Iudges named by Henrie for besides that he could not choose any after his death they were now become the materiall partie and the thing it selfe whereon they pleaded Besides that all the Realme was become insufficient when as making themselues a partie they pretended power to choose a Prince although all this ceased yet would they prooue that no Portugall but was suspect in this cause to be excepted against for the manifest hatred they bare to the Castillian nation They found likewise that he was not bound to submit himselfe to any compremise for besides the difficultie and impossibilitie to finde a trustie person in so dangerous and iealous a cause as this is the bond of compremise is not incident but in a matter of doubt and the definition of doubt is when as the aduocate and Doctors conclude not for any partie finding equiualent reasons for either but in this all being of one agreement the cause is not doubtfull nor to be compremitted The King being resolued to take armes hauing no possession deliuered vnto him prouided for it for this cause he writ to the gouernors to the three estates and to the fiue principall cities to all of one subiect but in diuerse formes after he had lamented the death of his vncle he required them to receaue and sweare him King as King Henry had resolued and declared him to be he thanked the nobility and clergie for their good affection showne when as Henrie had said that the succession appertained vnto him he made offer to all and threatned cunningly he sent to the gouernors a copie of the priuiledges which King Henry had required in the behalfe of the Realme offering to graunt them more amplie then they had bene demaunded protesting if they would not obey to vse force But all these things were receiued and reiected according to the humors of men The gouernors made aunswere they could not resolue vntill the returne of their Ambassadours which they had sent vnto them At this time there was readie at sea as well in Spaine as in Italie about threescore gallies whereof Aluaro de Bassan Marques of Saint Croix was generall the which should saile towards Portugall as the occasion of the time should serue there was yet no generall named for this enterprise and euerie man greedilie expected who should be chosen for that few were thought fit for so great a burthen The Duke of Alua was generallie held most sufficient yet few beleeued that the King would willingly free him from prison the Marques of Mondegiar who was returned from the gouernment of Naples affected this charge many beleeued
two chanels by a shelfe which they call Cacippo That which lieth betwixt the right banke and the shelfe is defended by the rocke or castell of Saint Iulian the other which is betwixt the shelfe and the sandie hill which they terme La Carriera d'Alcasoua is not defended by any forte neither can the artillerie of Saint Iulian reach so farre Emanuell woulde builde a forte in the Iland to defend this passage And although hauing digged deepe in the sand he coulde finde no firme ground to settle his foundation yet woulde not Emanuell desist from his opinion but hauing no meanes to builde it of stone he raised it of woode filling it with earth the which he supplied with artillerie and many other things necessarie yet coulde he hardly furnish it with water for that his caske burnt with the sunne and the reuerberation of the sands which is vehement in those partes although they were couered with sailes did breake and woulde holde no water At that time the Gouernours did an acte of great consideration to animate men to the defence of the Realme for by a newe and dangerous example they vsed religious men as instruments to execute their intention commaunding all religious houses that they should not onely in their sermons but also in their confessions commaund their preachers and confessors to animate the people to defence in that sort as they preach the Croisado against infidels And for that the Portugals are too ambitious of honor they commaunded them to vse this encouragement that such should be most honoured who did most readily prepare for resistance so as their preachings which should haue beene religious were become furious orations of soldiers This was greatly blamed by the good and wise and was the cause of great hurt to the whole Realme for besides the imploying of priestes in a prophaned action they did animate the poore people to this defence the which afterwardes did thrust them rashly into armes It was likewise very hurtfull to the religious houses for as it is dangerous to stirre vp the mindes of religious persons these being by the death of king Henry growne more then before adding thereunto this other libertie to speake publikely whilest they did animate others it bred in themselues warlike affections so as hauing passed the limits of their profession in a manner all the Ecclesiasticall state ran into mightie abuses and disorders as we shall hereafter see There wanted money to furnish the charge for this defence and therefore they desired to borrowe one hundreth thousand duckats of the marchants the which although they would not agree vnto they were forced to pay These things were practised at Lisbone more then in any other parts of the Realme In the meane time the Gouernours were in diuision and irresolute loosing still of their reputation For the Prior continuing still in the cause of his legitimation and seeming daily a more obstinate pretendent threatned such as shoulde contradict him The ministers of iustice began to decline from their accustomed authoritie and euery man presumed to speake and do what he pleased shewing well that it was a realme without a king the which was remarkable in two points which then hapned as well amongst the religious as the secular The one was that the religious of the order of Saint Ierome in our Ladies monasterie of Belem being desirous to recouer their libertie which the king had taken from them who with consent of the Pope and of his authoritie had bound them notwithstanding the rules of this religion to chuse superior officers at his pleasure that is one of the fower or fiue religious men that he should name to euerie office Frier Emanuel d'Euora being then Prouinciall all the Religious went vnto him saying That he was not iudicially chosen to that charge and therefore he shoulde renounce his office and they would choose another according to the Statutes The Frier to whom this seemed of harde digestion opposed himselfe to their demaund with many reasons and multiplying many words both of the one side and of the other they did forceably put the Prouinciall prisoner in a Seller vsing him something hardly in their choler The kinsmen to the Prouinciall hearing of this disorder ranne for remedie to Alexander Formento then Nuncio for his Holinesse in that Realme who vnderstanding the reasons of both parties although the Religious protested he was not their Iudge yet he commaunded the Prouinciall should be deliuered and restored to his charge citing some of the Religious men of the Monasterie before him as seditious The Friers to whome this sentence was signified by a publike Notarie would not obey So as the kinsmen of the Religious prisoner crauing aide from the secular power the Gouernours sent the officers of iustice of the citie of Lisbone to the Couent with three Ensignes of soldiers to see this sentence put in execution by force who being come to Belem the Friers shut their gates leauing the Church open where notwithstanding the grate of wood which shuts vp the great Chappell and the Sepulchres of kings was close they went into the quire singing their Letanies But after the officers of iustice had knocked a while at the Couent gate and no man opening it entering into the Church they burst downe the grate of wood so as the soldiers comming into the Cloister of Friers they laide hold of such Religious persons as they met with small respect of their priestly order And although the elders came with their Crosses Buls and excommunications it nothing preuailed for they must of force deliuer the Religious man and restore him to his former estate the which they did protesting they had vsed violence and that they woulde complaine to the Apostolique seate The other case was that Fernand de Pina a Doctor and Citizen being chosen in the place of Diego Salema whome Henry had deposed Vereador of the Chamber which is the highest degree of magistrate that hath charge of the citie he was at noone day in the market place wounded in the head with a Curtelax by Anthony Soarez whereof he died soone after the which the Prior had caused to be done for that Pyna in his office had not onely spoken ill against him but also laboured to draw the officers and all the Councell of the Chamber to the Catholique Kings deuotion Anthonie desired to reuenge himselfe in this manner and the offender who knew better how to strike then to flie being hurt by the Sergeants and retired into a Church without the citie was taken prisoner by the Iustice and after some daies of imprisonment was hanged and quartered the which execution was done with trouble and feare least the people shoulde deliuer him For the authoritie of the Gouernours declining the ministers of iustice were not respected And for that they knew this murther was committed by the commaundement of Anthonie the people were inclined to saue him The Religious for the like respect alleaging that the
secular power could not iudge him being taken in the Church came running likewise to the place of execution to succour him And had not Damain D' Aguiar a seuere and resolute officer had the charge thereof who suddenly put this sentence in execution there was so great a concourse of people crying and of religious men with their crosses and excommunications that the offender had been easily rescued These disorders displeased the louers of religion and quietnes who blaming somewhat the Friers for not suffering their Prouinciall quietly to ende the terme of his charge yet did they attribute more fault vnto the gouernours for suffering in such a season so publike and rigorous an execution against the religious and chiefly vpon a Monasterie seated vpon the banks of Tagus saying that if for no other reason yet shoulde they haue forborne in respect that many English and French ships anchored there whose men infected with heresie would reioyce to see the religious in the hands of Sergeants The death of Pina was held for an indiscreet and cruell resolution of Anthony for being but a matter of small moment to be reuenged by so foule an example vpon an olde man alawyer and of meane condition he had thrust himselfe into an exigent either to be held vnthankfull in suffering of Soarez to die as he did or else to doe violence vnto iustice But for that princes hate the executioners of their follies for in their life doth liue the remembrance of their errors euen so the Prior hated this man after the offence committed neither did he labour to saue him although his death made him contemptible to the people The said prior was thē at Almerin laboring the cause of his legitimation solliciting the iudges to decide the same who excused themselues that they could not do it obseruing the lawes of the realme if he retired not himselfe 25. miles from the Court that in so doing they would looke into the cause But for that the Duke of Bragance and the Ambassadors of other princes were there present he would not depart for this reason the matter surceased at this time Emanuel of Portugall who remained at Belem laboured ambitiously that Iohn Teglio one of the gouernours his brother in lawe conformable to himself in opinion principally in the exclusion of Philip should be sent to Belem with authoritie from the other gouernours to prouide by his presence for all things necessarie seeming a matter hard to effect at Almeryn The other gouernours desirous to be rid of his companie and not daring to contradict any thing that seemed to concerne the defence gaue him authoritie and suffered him to goe to Belem There he consulted with Emanuel and receiuing with some difficultie the money borrowed of the merchants he resolued for the gathering together of a greater summe to sell the iewels of the Crowne the which were there and therefore causing them to be brought foorth he dealt with some merchants vpon the price The Duke of Ossuna was then returned into Castill leauing Mora in Portugall with the other Ambassadours that were Lawyers who vnderstanding the iewels were vpon sale the saide Mora in the name of the Catholique King required the said gouernours not to sell them as appertaining to the King protesting both against them and the buiers that they should be bounde to restore the price at their owne charge so as they found not any that woulde deale with them Philip being at Merrida as it was saide hauing by a long protestation required the gouernors to deliuer him the possession of the Realme The Bishop of Coimbra and Emanuel de Melo returned the second time making the like proposition to the King as they had done at Guadalupa offering to put the cause to arbitrement and complaining he had giuen them too short a time to resolue But Philip being now well resolued what he would doe and infourmed of the aide the Portugals demaunded from other princes he made them the like answere as before Many iudged the proposition of those Ambassadours to be ill grounded saying it was an vnseemely thing to require the King to make himselfe subiect to the iudgement of nominated iudges seeing that King Henry himselfe who with more appearance of reason might pretend to be lawfull iudge in this cause did neuer require the King to acknowledge him for iudge neither did he euer declare him contumax in the cause debated with the pretendents for not acknowledging him The Catholique King came to Badagios the 20. of May where the Portugall Ambassadours laboured to perswade him making suite that before the taking of armes he should admit an assemblie to the estates but they were no more admitted to audience the king resolued to send his answere vnto the gouernors and to publish it throughout the whole realme in the name of his Councell the which he did as followeth That experience had taught that by two examples of the estates last held at Lisbone and at Almerin they wrought no good effect in fauour of the apparant right of his Maiestie but in the one and the other they had still laboured to trouble it seeking lets and delaies which might haue bred the losse thereof and therefore it seemed a treble error to attend againe a new assemblie of these estates That they haue no reason to complaine that his Maiestie had giuen them too short a time to resolue accounting from the day of the receipt of his letters the xiij of March by the which he required them to sweare him saying they made no good computation if they supposed he were dispossessed of the realme but from the time that he demaunded it appertaining vnto him from the hower of King Henries death but that his Maiestie had expressely contained himselfe a moneth and a halfe without making of any motion to the ende they should not loose the thanks by calling him to the succession whom God had called and might haue leisure amongst themselues to make cleere this bond by which they were tied and giue satisfaction making the pretendents capable of reason to the ende they should not hinder the publike quiet and that they might be intercessors for them and for the realme which course the king himselfe had taught them That their excuse might be taken in two senses saying they coulde not receiue his Maiestie but in a generall assemblie of estates their meaning is either that they cannot doe it by right or that they may not doe it for that they dare not In the first case they are deceiued for there needes no assemblie of estates when a king makes his entrie vnto the realme although he succeede not to his father but to his kinseman neither were they necessarie when as Henry succeeded to his nephew In the other case that they cannot doe it because they dare not the excuse is good but not to binde the king neither in iustice nor conscience to desist from taking the possession of his goods if the delaies make the
discouering their intention said it was fit they should all stay at Saint Arem so as fearing to giue greater cause to suspect they coulde not depart They added moreouer that leauing the Prior there with the deputies in a time when as the Catholique king should begin to take armes they might in their absence vnder colour of defence erect a tyrannie So as ignorant what course to take or how to redresse things they did being friends by their irresolution more hurt to the Catholique king then they coulde haue done being enimies for the king hoping these woulde haue deliuered him the crowne proceeded slowly with his armie At that time it chanced that Iohn Gonzalez de Camera Earle of Caglietta died of the plague at Almeryn so as the Gouernors tooke this occasion to depart from thence and went to Settuual with the Duke of Bragance the Agents of the Catholique King and others of their faction for hauing created captaines placed a garrison they cōmanded the gates to be guarded The Catholique King hauing assembled his armie neere to Badagios receiued aduertisement that his nauie was at Saint Marie porte ready to set saile before they should enter into Portugall not yet well satisfied with the diligence he had vsed as it is saide with many Diuines desired to consult againe in the Vniuersitie of Alcala where the profession of Diuinitie flourisheth most in those realmes vpon his entrie in armes into the realme and the proposition made by the Portugall Embassadors And to that effect hauing assembled all the doctors being in number aboue thirtie hauing made their praiers and supplications vnto God in their sacrifices and the matter considered by euery one apart it was disputed of in three sessions For although the matter were not hard to decide yet was it graue and new All without any disagreement concurre in opinion with the first with whom the King had consulted without viewing of their reasons they sent a publike decree vnto the King There was propounded vnto them three articles I he first that the King being certaine to succeed by right after the death of King Henry to the realmes of Portugall whether he were in conscience bound to submit himselfe to any tribunall iudge or arbitrator who might adiudge him the realmes or put him in possession thereof The second was that the realme of Portugall refusing to acknowledge him for their Prince vnlesse he woulde first stande to iudgement with the pretendents Whether he may of his owne authoritie take possession thereof by force against such as shall make resistance presupposing that there is no doubt or scruple of conscience in his title whatsoeuer The thirde was that the Gouernours of Portugall alleaging that they and the whole realme haue sworne not to receiue any for King but him that shoulde be iudicially so declared and that they may not receiue the King otherwise the rather for that the pretendents complaine and offer to stande to iudgement He desired to know if the saide Gouernors and the whole realme may pretend this oath for an excuse not to receiue him for King To the first they answered that the King was not bound in conscience to submit himselfe to any Iustice or arbitrement seeing that he had of himseife priuate authoritie to adiudge vnto himselfe those realmes and to take possession They excluded especially from this authoritie of iudging all Princes and such as might pretend to take any knowledge thereof And first humblie saluting the Pope and the Apostolike sea they denied that this iurisdiction did appertaine vnto him the cause being meerelie temporall and nothing concurring where by his holines should vse that indirect authoritie which he hath in temporall causes so farre foorth as they concerne the spirituall good They shewed he was not bounde to the censure of the Emperour for that the Kings of Spaine were soueraignes not acknowledging the Emperour in any thing and much lesse to any other King They prooued he was not subiect to the common-wealth nor the realmes of Portugul saying That when as common wealthes doe choose their first King vpon condition to obey him and his successors they remaine subiect vnto him to whom they haue transferred their authoritie no iurisdiction remaining in them either to iudge the realme or the true successor seeing in the first election all the true successors were chosen Being therefore most apparant there is a true successour it followeth that the common wealth of Portugall hath no iurisdiction to iudge of him that doth truely succeede and that the King hath as great a warrant not to be subiect to the censure of this common wealth as he hath to be true successour And as touching the eleuen persons of the fower and twentie which King Henry had named they saide that Henry himselfe coulde not be iudge of him that did succeede after him for that after his death the office of administring iustice was expired and all his authoritie and iurisdiction past vnto his lawfull successor Against arbitrators they spake little onely that the bond of cōpremise had no place when as the equitie of the cause was not doubtfull as it was supposed They answered them which saide that the King had no interest to the realme of Portugall as King of Castill but as kinseman to King Henry by reason whereof he coulde not in this case challenge the preheminence he hath as King of Castill saying that this imaginarie diuision cannot bee made in the person of the King for it is so annexed to the dignitie royall that his person cannot be wronged but the dignitie woulde suffer And seeing the Prince may lawfully make war vpon an other Realme for iniuries done to his brothers and friends confederats with greater reason may he do it in taking possession of a Realme which appertaines lawfully vnto himselfe They made answer to such as said that obseruing the ciuill canon law a matter litigious should be iudged where it happeneth and therfore this shoulde bee decided in Portugall saying that these decisions speake of particular persons who haue their superiour Iudges and not of soueraigne Princes and their dependancies To the seconde article they answered with more reasons then vnto the first saying the King was not bound to any thing but to signifie vnto the Gouernours his Title and certaine interest to the Crowne and if notwithstanding this demonstration they should make resistance then the King by his owne authoritie might take possession of the Realme vsing if neede required force of armes for that in this action it can not bee termed force but a naturall defence of the Realme which is his owne and a iust punishment of Rebels To the third they said that this oath could not binde them that had vndertaken to obserue it seeing it is most certaine that neither in Portugall nor else where any iudge may determine this cause with the King Moreouer that this oath is to the preiudice of his prerogatiue royall and as this oath did not
of her soule For notwithstanding he were greatly bound vnto her yet he tooke them conuerted them to his own vse They gaue libertie to religious men to arme themselues imploying them in militarie charges to the scandall of the people and all good and religious men and without any fruite Many of the better sort remembring the time past and that wherein king Sebastian raigned blamed themselues for then they complained of the arrogancie of his fauorites who they saide had neuer done any harme They blessed king Henrie saying that although he knew not in the small time of his raigne how to gouerne himselfe as hee ought yet did hee neuer erre in will or suffred himselfe to be so easily seduced by any to the hurt of another They cursed the Gouernors who had beene so slowe to resigne the gouernment concluding that rashnes had raigned with Sebastian irresolute arrogancie with Henry confusion with the Gouernors and iniustice with Anthony Some excused this last with weake reasons saying there was nothing done amisse by his commandement being curteous wel enclined but that the greedy couetousnes of many of his followers caused this excesse who hauing long suffred whilest he was persecuted cōming now to rule they satisfied thēselues making things vnlawful tolerable that the Prior durst not deny their demaunds nor punish the offenders both for that the time was vnfit as also to auoid the name of vnthankfull in punishing such as had aided and succoured him when he was abandoned of all the world for the seuere sentences of King Henry THE SIXTH BOOKE The Contents of the sixth Booke The conquest the Catholique King made of Settuual and of the fortresse The arriuall of his sea-armie there The thoughts of Anthonie The voiage of Cardinal Riario into Spaine The passage of the armie from Settuuall to Cascayes And the retraite of Diego de Meneses with his Portugall soldiers The confusion of things in the citie of Lisbone The taking of Cascayes and of the Castell The death of Diego de Meneses Anthony Marcheth with his troupes to Belem to Alcantara Apardon sent by king Philip vnto the Portugals to draw them vnto him The treaties of Pacification The deliuerie of the rocke of Saint Iulian and of the fort Of Cabesa Secca being abandoned the taking of the towre of Belem THe Duke of Alua drew by small iourneies neere vnto Settuual with his armie marching with small order and without feare as they are accustomed to do in their friends countrey But approching neere calling the chiefe commaunders he saide vnto them That although they had hitherto neglected all militarie discipline being so farre distant from their enimies now approching neere vnto them they ought not to contemne them chieflie hauing Settuual so neere a citie of importance wherein it was likely there was a great garrison and therefore that euery one heereafter shoulde carefully doe his dutie lodging his campe within the gardens on the north side He presently sent a trumpet to signifie vnto them of the towne that he was come in the name of the Catholique king to take possession thereof as his owne that they shoulde open him the gates threatning them if they did otherwise with all the miseries that did followe warre offring both to the inhabitants and to the souldiers to leaue their persons and goodes free if they would obey Those within irresolute and deuided demaunded time to aduise And for that we doe vsually regard our owne priuate profite more then any otherthing the Citizens viewing from the wals the soldiers to cut their vines and spoile their banks of salt whereof there is great aboundance in that place would presently haue yeelded vpon any cōdition The marriners some few soldiers made a cold shew of resistance Yet Frauncis Mascaregnas who was captaine of the city Diego Boteglio the yonger who commaunded the soldiers hauing well considered the weakenes of the wals and fearing the enimie neere whom they little regarded a farre off were more enclined to yeeld then to anie thing else neither did it behoue him to linger long vpō this resolutiō For Lewes Douara had practised with a Frenchman who was captaine of a cōpanie within the citie to deliuer him in the night the gate which he had in guard the which he had performed but the citizens being formerly resolued sent Simon de Miranda vnto the Duke to offer him obedience but he could not execute his Embassage for the soldiers of the citie who were priuie to the resolution of the commaunders being issued foorth to go to Lisbone they found the said Simon without the gates saying that he had betraied them they led him by force to Anthony who kept him in prison notwithstanding presently after the soldiers of the armie were brought in without condition or order It is true that in this time the Duke had planted his cannon was resolued to batter it for a punishment of the slack resolution of the inhabitāts to yeeld their suburbs were spoiled so as we may well say that one of the most important cities of the realme was taken by threatnings neither did the wars seeme yet to haue any beginning The Portugal soldiers as I said departed free only Diego Boteglio not trusting to the Duke or seeming to be one of those that had actually serued Anthony would haue fled secretly by sea but he was taken kept prisoner The towre which keepes the entry of the Port remained yet in the hands of the Portugals The which for that it was a place of hard accesse vneasie to bring the cānon to it although it were small and weake yet was it held by the Portugals to be strōg the rather being backed towards the sea with three gallions armed which had beene sent from Lisbone vnder the commaund of Ignace Rodrighez Voloso And although it were manned with few soldiers yet had it no need of any great number not being capable of many It was well furnished with Cannoniers sufficient artillerie and a captaine who amongst the Portugals was counted valiant They attended at Settuual the armie at sea with great deuotion For besides that the short season for galleies to liue in that sea began to weare away if they had made any longer stay the armie at land had presently fallen into great want of victuals and munition For this reason the Duke desired to make himselfe with all speede master of the fortresse therefore he greatly entreated Mendo de la Mota for so the captaine was called to consigne it vnto him the which he refusing the Duke added some promises in the Kings name but they preuailed not And for that Aluaro de Bassan Marques of S. Crux captaine of the said Catholique armie by sea being departed from S. Marie Porte hauing run all the coast of Algarues and reduced many cities of that countrey to the kings obedience was now arriued in this sea with threescore galleis and some round vessels to
at the rising of the sunne hauing discouered the truth this feare vanquished yet did there a greater seaze vpon euery mans minde for vnderstanding in trutth the Duke to be strong they began to heare newes of the soldiers insolencies which disbanded and drewe daily neerer giuing no small astonishment to see certaine Negro slaues returne wounded who hauing rashly passed with their ensignes to the other banke were ill entreated by some horse and shot of the enimie They founde that Anthony made no preparation neither had he any forces to resist gouerning himselfe with small iudgement and therefore he neither knew how to fight nor which way to flie neither yet how to yeelde himselfe He was daily in counsell with his men but as he suffred himselfe to be gouerned by many whose authorities were equall and their opinions diuers so did he neuer resolue any good thing as it hapneth often in the like accidents They then propunded more plainly then before the treatie of an accorde and although some who before did seeme brauest shewed themselues nowe more milde yet for that the Counte of Vimioso being a yoong man perswaded to warre no man durst contradict him He affected the charge of generall but hee knewe not by what meanes to displace Diegode Meneses who enioied it so as contrarying one an other they prouided slowly for things necessarie whereunto was a great hinderance the credite that Anthony gaue to Edward de Castro a rich yoong man to whom he was bounde hauing furnished him with money who desirous to shew himselfe valiant obtained a commission to assemble what horse he coulde vnder his cornet imploying him in matters of greater authoritie then was fitte for his base qualitie His holines hauing intelligence of the refusall the Catholique king had made touching his entermedling in the cause doubted least the wars of Portugall shoulde alter the quiet of all Christendome In the beginning hee had shewed himselfe newter to both Kings seeming to bee doubtfull in himselfe to whether part hee should encline whether vnto Henry that woulde giue the crowne vnto the Dutchesse of Bragance or to Philip that sought it for himselfe for by reason of state he should not be wel pleased to see these two realmes vnited whereby the Catholique king shoulde become more mightie and superior in forces to all other princes yet did he not willingly seeme to oppose against him fearing to displease a Prince that had deserued well of him But vnderstanding that the two kings were agreed and that Henry had changed his minde and laboured to giue the realme to Philip he then made it manifest that he would fauour Anthony and the Portugals the which was more apparant after the death of King Henry when as hee laboured to haue the cause of succession ended by sentence But Philip in regard of the qualitie of the iudges detested this decision But his Embassadors hauing laboured in vaine in this respect Philip growing iealous and not greatly trusting the Popes good meaning woulde not put to compremise that which he seemed to holde certaine His holines determined to sende a Cardinall into Spaine expresly to treat vpon this busines Therefore before the Prior was proclaimed king he dispatched Cardinal Alexander Riario his Legat vnto Philip with commission to disswade the king from armes and from thence to passe into Portugall to fauour this busines with commission likewise to offer himselfe for iudge in the Popes behalfe vnto all the pretendents There were diuers discourses in Spaine vpon the comming of this Legat and although the Castillians feared not his sentence seeming hee shoulde not offer himselfe alone to determine so great a matter in Spaine if he had no meaning to pronounce it in fauour of Philip yet they helde it not conuenient to put the matter into his hands being of opinion that the Pope vnder colour to perfourme the office of a generall father came as it is saide to make himselfe absolute iudge of realmes that besides the extraordinarie authoritie he shoulde draw vnto the Aposto like sea hee shoulde binde the king vnto his house by giuing him a kingdome For this cause the King hauing intelligence of his departure from Rome desirous to take possession of the realme before his arriuall hee commaunded throughout all Spaine where he shoulde passe that he shoulde be entertained and receiued with all possible pompe whereof the Legat taking no heede he accepted of all their kindnes For this cause and for that the voiage was long he spent much time being arriued at Badagios he found that the affaires had taken an other forme then when he was at Rome For he vnderstood that Anthony was King and that Philips forces were entred Portugall being then at the wals of Settuuall Finding therefore the matter he had to treate of thus altred he sent to his Holines for new direction being in the meane time lodged without the citie in a cōuent of religious men which go barefoote he sent Traian Mario Apostolike Prothonotarie to visite the King who receiuing him with great fauor said vnto him that he was right sorie that by reason of his sicknes he could not go to meete the Legat as he was bounde but when God should giue him health he woulde then performe it supposing by this meanes to entertaine him the longer that the Cardinall desirous to enter with accustomed ceremouies would attend his recouerie and in the meane time the Duke of Alua should take possession of the realme But the Legat seeing his indisposition finding how much delay did import craued leaue to come to him by night priuately in coach the which with great difficultie was graunted comming vnto him one night accompanied with the Duke of Ossuna and the Earle of Chinchion But this audience was of small effect for the Legat by the alteration of the affaires being irresolute and the Catholique King most resolute to proceede in this enterterprise trusting more to armes then wordes there was no agreement the king saying that the matter was so farre aduaunced as it coulde admit no treating The Cardianll was lodged in the house of the Marquesse D'Oignion not being receiued at his entrie with the ceremonies accustomed for a Cardinall Legat Hee remained a while without doing any thing but to effect the Popes cōmission he would passe into Portugall The King who desired to stay him entertained him all he could supposing that the Legat being within Lisbone it woulde be scandalous to goe against him with an armie Moreouer he had no great confidence in the Legat but held him as suspect for that being before in Portugall with Cardinall Alexandryn he had entred a strict league of amitie with the Duke of Bragance one of the pretendents who had lodged and entertained him So as to delay his departure the King being now recouered of his sicknes sent vnto him that he woulde not haue him take his iourney before he had made his entrie with the ceremonies accustomed to a
of the greatest part hee retired himselfe by the counsell of Sforce Orsin to Alcantara a mile neerer the citie putting a riuer betwixt him and the enimie the which hauing the banks high on that part serued him as a fortresse And although this retraite was rather caused by the inconsideratenes wherewith hee went to Belem then by any newe feare of the enimie yet was it iudicious the place being strong by nature and fitte for Anthonies intent who desired not to retire farre from the citie to keepe it in obedience The Catholique King who remained still at Badagios vnderstanding the Dukes proceedings being on the one side glad and on the otherside troubled to see this people attende the scourge of warre besides that he did incense them against him whom he desired much to entertaine as friendes for this cause hee sought all meanes possible as he had euer done to winne them with the least shewe of hostilitie and therefore he thought it good to graunt a generall pardon to all portugals that had beene imploied in this action against him seeking by clemencie to make his enimies friends the which he published being thus in effect That being informed that in the rebellion that Anthony had raised vsurping tirannouslie the name of a king of Portugall many of them which had followed his faction had done it being oppressed forced and deceiued and that seeking to prouide that such should not be punished with offenders and that the people more easie to be abused then the rest shoulde not bee chasticed with that rigour which lawe doth inflict his pleasure was That al such as leauing the part of the said Anthony and embracing his as of their King and naturall Lorde shoulde come vnto his seruice within a certaine time prefixed to that effect by the Duke of Alua shoulde bee freely pardoned all their faultes whereinto they had runne by taking and following the voice of the saide Anthony He excepted notwithstanding the Prior and all the seductors and authors of the rebellions committed at Saint Arem Lisbone and Settuual and all such as had receiued from him any charges offices and recompences as King and such as did serue him actually all which shoulde not enioy the saide pardon And although this latter point was not approoued of all men yet the rest seemed to be done with great iudgement for thereby they did not onely discouer the kings good meaning but also his great wisedome vsing clemencie to pardon and martiall policie to procure the Portugals to abandon the Prior But this writing although there were many copies dispersed thorough the realme wrought small profite to Philip and little hurt to Anthonie for neither did any greater number follow the Catholique Kings partie then before neither did any man for feare abandon Anthonies his fauorites only were a little greeued who examining the forme thereof seemed to be excluded as those that had receiued offices honors and recompences so as they did see their offences become daily more capitall togither with the example they had seene by the death of Diego de Meneses Many noted in this pardon that besides it was written in the Portugall toong it beganne with the name of King onely with the ordinarie titles of kings of Portugall and being accustomed to signe with these words IO EL REY now he only subscribed REY pointed with fiue points called by the Portugals the fiue wounds after the same manner the kings of Portugall had vsed so as some said that in matters of small importance he began to shewe himselfe a Portugall The Duke of Alua marched easilie towards Oeiras to the rocke of Saint Iulian seeming so to doe expressely that the Portugals might haue leisure to resolue being incamped so farre from the fortresse as their cannon coulde not annoy them he presently sent a trumpet to demaund obedience But being the very same whom he had formerly sent to the castell of Cascayes at whom they had shot he durst not approch neere to the forte fearing they woulde doe the like so as onely hauing made a signe a farre off without attending any answere he returned saying that they woulde not yeelde For this cause hauing planted their artillerie on Saint Lawrence day they began their batterie with tenne cannons encreasing the number vnto fower and twentie The galleies coulde not approch for that the forte stoode vpon the sea and therefore the Portugall gallions drawing neere to the lande did greatly indomage the Castillians with their culuerings and other great artillery but hauing planted three cannons in the night they forced the gallions with a fewe volleies to retire themselues higher vnto Saint Katherines shoare Anthony was now at Alcantara vpon a hill being but fiue miles distant from the fortresse where he remained an vnprofitable behoulder of this battery wheron it seemed his whole fortune depended for that the whole realme of Portugall had no other forte but this that coulde make any resistance so as loosing it his greatest hope was vanished but for that he might well succour it by sea both with men and munition as he did he hoped well it shoulde not be forced or at the least holde out vntill that either winter shoulde draw on or some prince taking pittie of his miserie should relieue his estate before the winning thereof without the which he did see himselfe helpelesse and the rather for that he had intelligence that the citie of Lisbone being grieued with the great insolencies committed daily by the soldiers disbanded from the enimies campe thereabouts were resolued not to giue him entrance within the citie vnlesse he returned with victory or had compounded with the enimie fearing otherwise the Duke woulde be displeased and being weake giue it in spoile vnto the soldiers Some were of opinion that the Prior in whom desire of rule was of more force then religion or other respect whatsoeuer should finding al hopes lost procure that this citie which is in a manner the whole realme shoulde remaine as a praie to the auarice and voluptuousnes of the Castillians desiring that the Portugals being forced to yeelde the realme shoulde be so entreated by the Catholique Kings men as there might remaine no hope of peace or amitie to the end that if heereafter he shoulde pretende the recouerie of the realme the people in regard of the hatred that such losses engender togither with their naturall inclination shoulde remaine still enimie and be more willing to yeeld to his deuotion For this cause he sought dailie with all his force to reforme the magistrate of the chamber and to place men in whom he had great affiance as well to haue entire into the citie if need were as also to dispose of things at his pleasure But forasmuch as the greatest part of those magistrates were mechanicke men in whom feare hath a more interest then the respect of a King he did not greatly trust them When he was proclaimed king there followed him a gentleman of Castill who
King had thrust forwarde by his owne feare and that of Emanuel Soares one of the newe Veriadors of the chamber hee displaced the strangers from thence and being not yet well assured hee commaunded that all strangers shoulde depart the citie and soone after he decreed although it were not executed that they shoulde be spoiled These two armies remained eight daies in this estate neere one to the other without moouing and little skirmishing at the end whereof the Duke sent foorth Sanches d'Auila with a hundreth and fiftie horse and some fewe foote to discouer the countrey and plot the meanes to batter the tower of Belem they were encountred by three hundreth horse and fiue hundreth Portugale foote who without order ranne towards them But for that the Castillians pretended nothing but to discouer being but weakely charged by the Portugals hauing skirmished a while with the losse of fewe men they returned to their lodging and the day following they issued foorth with a greater number and hauing entred skirmish of the one side the Castillians of the other hauing planted three peeces of artillerie which the night before they had drawen neere vnto the tower they forced after some fewe cannonadoes first the armie of galleies to retire to Lisbone and then the tower to yeelde by meanes whereof the kings armie at sea might safely enter into the port of Belem as presently they did THE SEVENTH BOOKE The Contents of the seuenth Booke The route at Alcantara The taking of Lisbone The sacke of the subburbes The praise and dispraise of the Duke of Alua The sicknesse of the Catholique King The voyage of Sanches d'Auila into the Prouince which lieth betwixt Doro and Migno The winning of the cities of Auero and Porto The flight of Anthony The taking of Viana The death of Queene Anne The Kings progresse to Eluas The resolution of the inhabitants of the Terceraes The Popes offer to send an armie against England BEtwixt the two armies there was no other let then the rockes of the brooke of Alcantara The Duke finding that Anthony supposing himselfe in safetie would not come to the field resolued for that he woulde not force him in so defensible a lodging to seeke some other meanes to defeate him quite or at the least to make him dislodge and free the citie from such a curbe the which he vnderstoode came not to his obedience for that this armie was so neere them But hauing not yet viewed the enimie nor his lodging but from farre trusting little to the report of others woulde first himselfe see the seate and howe they were lodged before he woulde attempt any matter of importance and therefore on Saint Bartholomewes day he issued foorth of his lodging with his whole army onely with an intent to discouer The left banks of Tagus whereupon these armies were encamped is hilly but yet easie and is deuided by the brooke of Alcantara as it were into straight lines the which takes his name of a small village seated vpon the right angle where it dischargeth it selfe into the riuer There vpon the brooke is a bridge of stone the bankes of both sides beginning from the mouth of the riuer running a mile vpward are very high and vneasie yet vpwarde there lieth a champion ground although somewhat vneeuen yet very commodious for lodging vpon the left banke was the Portugals campe in a manner vpon the triangle where the rocke is highest fortified toward the enimie with ill fashioned trenches and much artillerie The Duke marched to the right banke with his whole armie right against the Portugals where hauing made a long stande considering well the seate to be naturally strong but little helpes by arte he see the enimies perceiuing his approch to put themselues into squadrons within their rampiers standing still without any shew of issuing foorth labouring onely to endomage them with their cannons So as hauing wel resolued what to do after some skirmish he returned for this night vnto the place from whence he came and for the day following gaue this order that after midnight they should giue a hot allarum on al sides to keepe the enimie on foote to wearie him and to cause him to put his men in order as hee had done the day before He enioyned Frauncis d'Alua Generall of the artillerie that before day he shoulde plant vpon the hils which discouer the enimies lodging and their trenches some great artillerie with sufficient munition to batter the Portugals rankes to scoure their defences and the place where they shoulde stande to defende the bridge when it should be assaulted He commaunded to thrust into the army at sea a thousand Harquebusiers fiue hundreth Italians and fiue hundreth Spaniards with order to the Marquesse of Saint Croix to charge the enimies when a certaine signe should be giuen vnto them He called all the chiefe Commaunders of the campe and saide vnto them that he hoped to driue the enimie that day by force from his lodging that he desired them to be obedient to obserue the directions which he had giuen and shoulde giue for as by that and their valour the enterprise was easie so without order and obedience it was most difficult That one of the chiefest points his Maiestie had commaunded was to saue the citie of Lisbone the which the king had in so great regard that he had rather leaue to vanquish then by vanquishing to spoile it And therefore hee did presse them to promise that if they were so happy as wholie to breake the enimie they shoulde not onely forbeare to spoile it but defend it from such as would attempt it assuring them that the king would be more pleased with the defence thereof then with the victorie it selfe He added moreouer and that with great vehemencie that if his ill happe were such as that they shoulde not satisfie him in this he beseeched God that the first shoote the enimie shoulde make shoulde rather depriue him of life then to see a thing so much against the seruice and will of his Maiestie These words being ended and al things executed the Duke a little before day leauing in his lodging a reasonable guard of all nations marched against the Portugals in this order notwithstanding some of the chiefe were of opinion they shoulde first trie this armie with courses and light charges being a generall opinion by the aduertisements they had receiued that fewe men woulde put them to flight The Duke deuided his armie into three bodies two of foote and one of horse the which marched not one after an other but as it were in front as the hilly countrey would giue them leaue In the middle was the Duke with the greatest part of the Spanish foote some Germaine pikes deuided into fowre squadrons which marched not all in fronte nor one after an other but scattered as the place would suffer them being in al about sixe thousand On the right side were all the Italians the rest of
a weake voice and small assemblie of people And as in the proclaiming of other kings there appeered nothing but feasts and ioy here was nothing to be seene but secret sighes and hidden sorrow with flatterie The Dukes armie was lodged vntill the tenth of September betwixt the citie and Alcantara at the same lodging where the Portugals had lodged without any resolution what to doe still expecting some newes of the Prior. At which time there grew as a companion to warre not onely in the campe but likewise in the citie a contagious infirmitie of Catarre so dangerous that it did no lesse harme then the pestilent contagion few were free from this disease and many of them died especially of the soldiers for that to a new disease ordinarie remedies helpe little Anthonie soone after arriued at Saint Arem where the magistrate of that place being the selfesame who a little before with so great ioy had proclaimed him king would not giue him entrie so are mens mindes turned with fortune yet hauing promised to depart presently they suffered him to enter vpon that condition and the day following he went towards Coimbra Soone after the citie of Saint Arem sent to yeelde their obedience and whilest they expected that Coimbra should doe the like they had newes that the Prior was there that he fortified himselfe in those partes that he repaired Mount Maior the olde and brake the bridge vpon the riuer of Doro And although there were no doubt that he could assemble men sufficient to terrifie the Duke yet hereby they vnderstood that the warre was not ended and that they could not dismisse any part of the armie which they had resolued to send backe with the galleies of Italie so as by a little stay they lost the season of sailing in that sea with their galleies but for that the countrey is not fruitfull and that victuals grew very deere within the citie they lodged the Germaines at Settuuall resoluing to send the Italians to Saint Arem But hauing the newes confirmed that the Prior assembled forces the Duke woulde not separate his troupes so farre from him but lodged the Italians and Spanyards in the suburbs of the citie which place had beene spoiled to defende them from the daily raine which began to fall At this time the Prior with his traine tormented the inhabitants of the prouince betwixt Doro and Mignio assembling men of warre by force and for that many doubting sinister euents feared that in sauing of him they should preiudice themselues he forced obedience vpon greeuous paines which he imposed vpon such as followed him not So as some for feare of their persons others of their goodes came vnto him yet were there others who of their naturall inclination would not leaue him vntill death In this sort he gathered together fower or fiue thousand men with the which he held the citie of Coimbra in awe so as it could not yeelde to the Catholique king Hee went with them to Auero where hauing found some resistance he vsed his greatest force For hauing with some small peeces of artillerie battered the wals he gaue a confused assault but profiting little his friends within did so weaken the defence by words and force that the Priors men entred The succours which Pantaleon de Sada brought from Porto comming too late There he imprisoned diuers persons he slew spoiled and ruined all he could By these actes which seemed vnto them most glorious his peasantlie soldiers were growne to that arrogancie that armed with hookes and staues they threatned to goe to Lisbone to free the realme from the hands of the Castillians And this foolish presumption was not a little furthered with the newes that Anthonie had of the kings sicknesse whome they gaue out to be dead being attired all in blacke the better to perswade them The Duke was well aduertised of all these things finding still more plainly of what importance the flight of Anthonie was There wanted not some that charged him to haue forborne too long in sending men after him yet hauing care to assure that which did more import he would not deuide his forces vntill he did see an end of the kings infirmitie who hauing long laboured in the extremities of death he began with an vniuersall ioy to recouer and encreasing daily the signes of health he grewe well wherewith feare which troubled the mindes of men being taken away they began to talke againe of the victorie and of the Dukes actions But this commendation which was attributed vnto him as it hapneth in all worldly actions continued little and rarely shall you finde so apparant an example of the inconstancie of the people and the force of enuie as this was for sodainly his praises were turned into murmurings and open slaunders searching so many reasons to deface the Dukes merits as two daies before they had alleaged to extoll his actions The Dukes reprehensions grew from the proper ministers of this warre or from such as followed the enterprise who offended with him for the diuersitie of their opinions or for their own priuate practises or else as some would haue it desirous to creepe into the kings fauour by like reports did write that the sacke had beene very great and freely suffred for three daies whereunto they woulde attribute the Portugals disobedience and their discontentment against the Castillians labouring to prooue that if the Duke had pleased by his authoritie hee might haue staied it but being partaker with his kinsemen who were more imploied to spoile then to fight of a good part of the bootie hee did tolerate it leauing outrages and thefts vnpunished although complaints were made vnto him That the termes of conquest taking of cities and route of armie were vaine and vnproper seeing that in no place they had founde any resistance and that this multitude of Portugals as simple people deceiued by their priests in confessions and preachings could not be termed an armie nor their route called a victorie And so blinde is enuie that two armies encountring with many peeces of great artillerie fighting on the one side for the passage of a bridge on the other side in their trenches the Portugals foote and horse broken the enimie put to flight the standard roiall taken with many other coulors and aboue a thousand men slaine and yet they woulde not haue this a battaile Some which did charge him with negligence saide that seeing hee had an intention to dislodge this armie after he had attempted the bridge the trenches he should haue stretched foorth his horsemen further on the left hande to cut off the enimies way and to take him prisoner if he woulde flie but to keepe himselfe so farre off as he coulde not ouertake him was an vnexcusable faulte in so great a captaine Others saide that it was not credible but he shoulde haue taken him if hee had pleased to place his horse in a conuenient place for that purpose which euerie
the Doctors which had read and writ against him with great mildenes but also with a noble resolution confirmed them in their lectures and preferred others to them that were voide In the meane time the Pope discouering the Priors weakenesse to maintaine Portugall and that there was no meanes of agreement hauing called home his Legate he seemed well content with Philips successe saying that his onely intention was to auoid wars so as hauing obtained great rewardes for his sonne or at the least assured hopes he graunted vnto the king that George de Taida bishop of Viseu who was his first chaplaine shoulde be iugde without appeale of all causes concerning the Ecclesiasticall rebels and of the proces of their confiscations so as the Prior in a manner doomed to sentence of death with the Bishop of Guarda and others were againe cited by edicts to be depriued by iustice of all spirituall liuings they held within the realme There was yet no newes of him notwithstanding the reward promised and the great care the Castilians vsed through the realme to finde him yet were they daily lesse certaine for that disguised in a base habite hee went vnknowne oftentimes amongst those that sought for him He had intelligence that the Counte of Vimioso was come by land into Fraunce labouring to mooue the French to warre against the Catholique King promising great succours by the people in the matters of Portugal By reason whereof and for the Priors concealement the King kept in a manner his whole armie dispersed in the fortresses and cities of the realme and although hee had dismissed the Italians and sent the greatest part of his galleies into Italy yet they gaue out that he after repented the realme seeming daily lesse peaceable and that the French in those parts might arme a good number of ships of warre and more conueniently in that sea then the galleies whereof fowre being in Algarues had taken a French pirate with great slaughter who being a knight of Malta had fought valiantly By reason of these garrisons of the rigor of officers of the smal recompence that was giuen them and of the conceite that the Prior was yet within the realme the Portugals harts beganne to turne some of them assembled at times lamented the miserie wherein they seemed to be by their not agreeing to defend themselues or not yeelding in time yet the greatest part held opinion that vnited togither they might haue made resistance They could not endure that the Castillian officers shoulde intermeddle in matters of iustice as they pretēded to do neither was the Portugals disdaine appeased in saying that the King hauing commaunded Iohn Andrew Doria Prince of Melfy to conduct the Empresse his sister into Spaine whom he had caused to come out of Germany was for no other cause but to leaue her Gouernesse in Portugall and so returne into Castill and that as a woman she shoulde raigne with greater mildenes then the kings of Portugall had done for although this was the common discourse yet many helde opinion that the king should not depart being constrained to keepe garrisons the which he would not dismisse vntill he were better assured of the Prior of whom they spake diuersly for some helde that he was dead and spoiled by the Castilians who for that they woulde yeelde no account of the iewels he had about him kept it secret Others saide that he had sent into Fraunce and England from whence hee expected great armies at whose arriuall he would discouer himselfe Many supposed that he shoulde keepe himselfe secret within the realme vntill the death of Philip who according to their discourse coulde not liue long and yet was there small difference betwixt their ages at what time shewing himselfe as hee did vpon the death of king Henry hee shoulde againe take possession of the realme the kingdomes of Castill remaining in the handes of pupilles And although some beleeued that he was departed the realme yet the greatest part helde that he was there yet labouring to escape as couertly as he coulde fearing to be taken prisoner the which was true indeede as it appeared by some of his friends that were taken in the porte of Lisbone who sought to imbarke with some prouision of victuals they had made who confessed vpon the racke that he was in the realme amongst which was Peter d'Alpoe Doctor of the lawes who since for that cause and others of high treason lost his head at Lisbone The Estates were now ended and the king desirous to goe to Lisbone but for that the preparations and triumphs which the citie pretended were not yet ready he went to Almada which is directly against the citie vpon the other banke of Tagus to giue them time to finish their preparations At what time the King hauing intelligence that those of the Ilands of Terceraes notwithstanding the letters which Ambrose d'Aguiar had carried stoode firme in their first resolution of defence hee sent Peter Baldes with fower ships sixe hundreth Spanish foote and some cannon with commandement to assure himselfe fully of the Iland of Saint Michaell which was obediēt to spoile the ships which should come from the Indies not to attēpt any thing by land vntill he had sent a greater supply of men The Court was ill appointed at Almada and the needfull ministers for dispatches could not all bee lodged there The King desirous to enter the citie would not attende after Saint Peters day when passing the water with his galleies he lāded in the city vpon a bridge of wood framed for that purpose without giuing them time to finish their arches statues prepared for his entry But the sloth and ignorance of the workemen was in parte cause yet did they make a sumptuous preparation Vpon the bridge he was met by the Magistrate of the chamber where Doctor Hector de Pyna one of them spake thus in the behalfe of the citie shewing the ioy they had conceiued of his entrie That as this citie was the greatest in the worlde so God had deseruedly giuen them conformeable to their owne desires a great monarch to bee their Lorde Hee excused the people saying That if they had no sooner obeied it was done rather by errour then their owne free will and that remaining in their owne power to choose a king they woulde haue made election of no other then himselfe And touching the death of Ferrant de Pyna hee saide that this citie had first of all shedde bloude for his seruice seeing that the saide Ferrant when as Anthony caused him to bee wounded was a member of this Magistrate He excused likewise the sleightnes of their ioyes by the afflictions of the warre the spoile of the citie and the plague remembring their losses of Affricke concluding that they hoped by his Maiesties fauours this realme shoulde not bee saide vnited vnto Castill but that all the other realmes were ioyned vnto Portugall Hee then went on horsebacke vnder a canopie of
the which is the more woorthie of admiration for that the diligence the King vsed to finde him out was admirable for all Iudges all Captaines and all soldiers were carefully imploied And although they had sometimes aduertisement of the place of his aboad and did follow him in a manner by his foote yet could they neuer finde him Ierom Mendosa with the help of Emanuel of Portugal in whom it was likelie that Anthony should trust treating an agreement laboured much to speake with him But although some of his familiar friends came vnto him somtimes at Alanquer somtimes at Vidigueira with hope they should meete yet did hee neuer discouer himselfe vnto them but the sleight execution of the punishment inflicted vpon such as did cōceale him did greatly preiudice their search for many therby did boldly receiue him The Duke of Alua his officers in the end of Lent had like to haue surprised him in Lisbon where the Duke had so many spies corrupted so many of his friends that it seemed vndoubtedly he shoulde fall into his hands but when as with greatest heate he shoulde haue pursued it he grew cold For vnderstanding that the king helde some regard of Mendoza his practise who with doubtfull hopes gaue him to vnderstande that the weeke before Easter the Prior woulde cast himselfe at the Kings feete hee feared to amaze him but the said Mendoza laboured in vaine For as it happens to him that feares Anthony distrusting all men performed nothing of what he promised neither went hee to any person where hee had appointed so as there neither followed the effect that was expected but they lost all hope to do any good Yet was it apparant that the affection which this nation bare vnto him was of great force for although that fortune preuailed in many more then faith yet in his afflictions and hauing so great an imposition laide vpon his person there was neuer any one amongst so many in whom he must of necessitie trust that euer sought to betraie him for hope of recompence although some laboured to saue themselues amongst which was Edward de Castro And therefore hee went safely throughout all the portes of the sea he was at Lisbone as it is saide where the king himselfe remained not finding meanes to imbarke some of his men being surprised hee went to Settuual where by the helpe of a woman hee hired a Flemmish ship for sixe hundreth crownes with the helpe of a religious man of the order of Saint Frauncis and with tenne of his faithfullest seruants he imbarked by night and so went to Caleis where wee may truely saie that God had not yet withdrawne his hand frō punishing of this nation and that this was as a scourge for by reason of the affection this people bare vnto him it was necessarie to keepe this people in awe with garrisons to the great hurt and ruine of the subiects Now was come the yeare 1581. at what time they expected the ships from the Indies Brasil Saint Thomas Cape Vert all other new found landes the which staied somewhat long and put them in some feare being looked for with greater desire then euer anie were Some feared they woulde not come others wished they shoulde come many helde opinion they shoulde willingly staie at the Terceres and from thence go into England the which if they should not willingly yeeld vnto touching vnaduisedly at the Ilands they shoulde bee forced thereunto by the Ilanders They were wished for both for the riches they carried as to vnderstande by them howe the people of those parts were addicted to the obedience of the Catholique king whereof many doubted Such as helde opinion they shoulde safely arriue at Lisbone saide that the Indies and other prouinces coulde not maintaine themselues without Spaine and shoulde bee forced to yeelde obedience to whomsoeuer that shoulde be Lorde of Portugall that they needed not feare the Terceres although they had spoiled some ships which they had taken or that had anchored there of their owne free will yet now the Castillian armie being master at sea vpon their discouerie they woulde conduct them to Lisbone not suffring them to approch the lande Such as supposed they woulde not come saide that the saide ships were departed from Lisbone in the yeere 1580. after King Henries death during the Gouernours raigne and that Lewes de Taide Earle of Toghia Viceroy of the Indies knowing there was a space-gouernement with likelihood of warre woulde attende the euent without yeelding obedience to any for that he woulde then shew it when he had intelligence who were king to be the more acceptable vnto him or hoping that amidst these tumults there woulde something remaine to his share But if notwithstanding he were resolued to sende them hee woulde appoint a captaine of his owne making and conformeable to his owne will with commission to obey him to whom he were most affected and that it were hard to iudge whom he wished most to be King besides that Emanuel de Melo being captaine Generall of the same armie when it departed from Portugall being a deuoted seruant to the Prior and had made shew to be of his faction it was likely that if he returned had any intelligēce of the Priors being in England the which he might easily vnderstande at the Ilands that he woulde saile thither the which if he coulde not performe in the same ships hee woulde then lande in the Ilands and after saile in other boats whether hee pleased with hope of gaine and bootie And although it were true that the Indians coulde not maintaine themselues yet Fraunce and England might more aboundanly furnish them and with greater profite then Portugall But for as much as in discoursing of matters which depends vpon an others will we cannot cōsider al causes of their errors a matter priuate to the diuine knowledge it fell out in an other manner then had beene discoursed For the Earle Viceroy of the Indies hauing by the same ships receiued letters from the Catholique King who enformed him of the equitie of his cause and of his intent with large promises whereunto and by the meanes of others which he receiued from the gouernors he gaue credite preferring them before such as he had receiued from Anthonie resolued to obey the King so as the ships departed and being arriued neere to the Terceres they came sailing without euer discouering of the kings armie for that Baldes discouraged with his ill successe at the Ilands could find no fit place to encounter thē True it is that after they had remained a whole day amongst those Ilands they were encountred by a French Barke sent from the Terceres who entreated the Captaines to go to Angra The Portugals demaunded the state of the realme that they might thereby know howe to gouerne themselues but for that there were none but marriners they coulde neither perswade dissemble nor speake the truth but contradicting themselues those of the fleete
it fearing that the king of Spaine by reason of the newe Acquisition of Portugall and the warres wherein the Turks were busied against the King of Persia might trouble this prouince yet he ministred matter of suspect for the Catholique King hauing treated with the Cherriffe to yeeld vnto him Alarache in exchange of Mazagon and not agreeing for that the Moores are great deceiuers in their promises It was suspected the Turke vnderstanding this practise had sent Lucciali to diuert this exchange to fortifie Alarache and furnish it with Turkes so as being so neere neighbour vnto Spaine and a conuenient port for galleies it might greatly annoy him But hee returned after to Constantinople being called backe at the pursuite of his competitours The State of Flaunders ministred matter of consideration for although the Prince of Orenge had long enioyed the greatest part of those prouinces yet the king had great hope especially now vpon on the conquest of Portugall that this people woulde be aduised and that one day he shoulde reclaime them but this hope soone failed for that Frauncis de Valois Duke of Alançon brother to the most christian King Henry the thirde being entred with armes into Flaunders and hauing succoured them that were in Cambrey he forced the Prince of Parma Captaine generall for the king being at the siege thereof to retire And although being master of the citie he presently returned yet the state of Fraunce seemed troublesome and readie to attempt some newe and important alteration the rather for that the French were animated by Anthony Prior of Crato who was come thither out of England being embraced by the Queene mother of Fraunce and visited by the whole Courte They had intelligence likewise of a practise which displeased them that the saide Duke of Alançon shoulde marrie with Elizabeth Queene of England and for that he had passed and repassed aboue once into that Iland it was giuen out the marriage was secretly cōcluded but whether it were so or otherwise the death of the said Duke of Alançon ended that combination but men of the greatest iudgement beleeued that her Maiestie of England was not married to the saide Duke bicause she had refused so many great Kings and Princes in former times and had liued with the reputation of a most chaste vertuous Princesse The Catholique king complained to the most Christian king that he had receiued the Prior his rebell into Fraunce of the succours giuen to Cambrey and blamed the marriage with England labouring to diuert it all he coulde saying that he ought by no meanes to yeelde vnto it for the difference of religion The King of Fraunce as they said made answere to these propositions by his Embassador That as for the marriage he left it to the Duke who was thereunto enclined with all the Nobilitie in Fraunce and that hee was not master of their wils That the Prior had beene receiued by the Queene mother who being Queene as she beleeued of that realme had receiued this her vassall That he had opposed himselfe to his brother touching the succours of Cambrey but his admonitions were of no credite This answere confirmed the Catholique king in the opinion hee had conceiued that these expeditions which had beene made in the name of Alançon were all lets proceeding from the King and couered with this maske seeming impossible that the Duke contrary to the Kings will and pleasure shoulde raise so great forces in Fraunce The which although it seemed incredible yet Fraunce had continued long in such an estate that it was no maruaile for that King Henry and his predecessor Charles the ninth hauing beene molested by their subiects vpon the points of religion all was in disorder and although the state seemed somewhat better pacified yet their mindes by the meanes of these former troubles remained still enclined vnto warre And for as much as Fraunce Englande and Flaunders did somewhat assist in these matters of Portugall for the better vnderstanding of things that follow it may be lawfull for me to digresse a little to speake something of these countries In Fraunce liued Katherine de Medicy mother to the king whose age and valour all Fraunce obeied she seemed to be discontented with the Catholique king for diuers respects but that she made most shewe of was that he had taken the realme of Portugall by force refusing to submit himselfe to iustice saying that she had more interest then hee whereupon it was supposed that mooued with this disdaine she shoulde labour to make warre against Portugall with whom agreed the said Duke of Alāçon her son no lesse enimy to the Catholique King then the mother mooued thereunto for that hauing demaunded one of the daughters of the saide King in marriage he was refused for that he required with his wife a portion fitte for her qualitie He was followed by the whole Nobilitie of Fraunce whom he might easily lead where he pleased although it were against the Kings liking the which grewe for that remaining the third sonne to Henry the second with small hope euer to aspire vnto the crowne hauing two brothers Charles and Henry his elders hauing a great minde and stirring he gaue eare to al such as discontented with the king or desirous of innouation whereof there are numbers in Fraunce laboured to alter the quiet of Christendome with whom he had often resolued to conquer himselfe some newe estate out of Fraunce Perswaded to this resolution by such as were about him he supposed for a time that his brothers were opposite vnto him and that by no meanes they woulde like of his greatnes so as that which was giuen him by the wisest for good counsell he did interprete to the ill affection they bare him and that they sought to obscure the glorie whereunto he aspired And this iealousie encreased when as his brother Henry was called to the crowne of Poland by not giuing him presently such places as hee enioied in Fraunce By this and such like those which followed him tooke an occasion to settle in his conceite a hatred against his brethren giuing him to vnderstande that they detested his greatnes the which they could so wel effect that although the said Henry did afterwards come by the death of Charles the ninth from the crown of Poland to that of Fraunce yet the Duke continued still his first desires and that with greater traine then before For some considered that Henry being sickly and without children he shoulde one day be king It was therefore no woonder if without the kings consent yea contrary to his liking he attempted many things although there were some shewe that the king his brother had intelligence with him And although his forces ioyned with the Queene Mothers were of importance might well cause the Catholique king to feare yet it seemed that those of England woulde likewise ioyne with him For it was giuen out that Elizabeth doubting the Kings force and knowing the Popes intention
anchor might easily be defeated yet the French seemed little to feare it for that they remained long carelesse at lande at what time Anthony was lodged in the couent of Saint Rocke neere vnto the armie labouring both by wordes and threatning to haue the forte and being after come to the towne hee wrote generally to all that were within requiring them to consigne it into his handes as his owne offring to suffer them to depart freely but hauing no answere conformable to his desires he caused some peeces of artillerie to bee landed from the ships to batter it but there followed no effect for the Spanish armie arriued Which hauing sayled eleuen daies with varietie of weather hauing discouered the Iland not being ioyned with the ships and galleies which were parted from Andelouzia but onely the number which came from Lisbone whereof there remained fower ships and some carauels behinde three of them let with the tides could not get out of the riuer of Tagus with the rest and the fourth returned backe vpon a great leake so as the Armie consisted but of eight and twentie ships for although the other three got foorth the next day yet they arriued not with the rest at Saint Michaels but before them where hauing intelligence of the French they went to sea without ioyning afterwardes with the armie The first place the Marques discouered was Le Morro the one and twentith day of Iuly and arriued the two and twentith at Villa Franche without hauing any intelligence of the French Armie In this arriuall the Spaniards had some disaduantage for that the enimies lying close to the land with their ships and in a manner couered sawe them come a farre off without being discouered by them The day before the Marques had sent foorth Captaine Aguirre with two carauelles armed to discouer with instructions what course he should take if he found the enimie to whom he deliuered letters for Ambrose D'Aguiar of whose death he was ignorant whereby he did aduertise him of the comming of the armie of the number of men and ships he had and how he did howerly expect the ships and galleies prepared in Andelouzia demaunding newes of the French armie if it were passed with how many saile and for what place saying that his intention was to fight with them and therefore hee should will Peter Peixotto prepare himselfe with his ships to follow him As the Marques had cast anchor vnder Villa Franca one of the three carauels which had staied behinde and after passed them being laden with horses came vnto the Captaines ship assuring them that the three ships which had remained within the riuer of Tagus were arriued two daies before at the Ilande and were returned backe and that certaine French ships had taken two other carauels laden with horses and that they did hardly escape them But the Marques gaue no trust vnto their words although the French armie were there he sent other men to lande to learne the truth who returned soone without knowing any certaintie for that their approch to lande being defended they had contrarie reports made vnto them Notwithstanding the Marques did still see more apparant signes of the disobedience of the Ilande especially vpon the returne of one of the caruels of Captaine Aguirre the which reported that the saide Captaine with the other had beene taken by a French ship for this cause the Marques called Lopo de Figueroa Marshall of the field to councell where they resolued betwixt them to land some men both to take in fresh water to haue certaine intelligence of the affaires and to approch with the armie to some more conuenient place for that effect But they remained not long in these doubts for they had no sooner appointed some to discouer some better anchoring place the armie being vnder saile they began to discouer towards the towne certaine ships the which increasing still in number came against them iudging what it was as in truth it was the enimy laying aside what they had treated of hauing assembled Peter of Toledo the marshall of the Campe generall the Marques of Fauara Peter Taxis Commissarie generall Frauncis Bouadiglia Marshall of the field and some other gentlemen and Captaines they called a new councell where it was propounded whether they should fight or take any other partie The Castillian armie had no place of retreat to returne backe they could not without great danger to get the winde of the French there was no meanes for with their lighter shippes and easier to turne into the winde they might chase flie fight and retire themselues from fight at their pleasure So as the Spanish Captaines framing their opinions according to the necessitie the matters standing so as the free election remained not in them resolued to fight Anthonie hauing by the letters which the Marques had written to Ambrose d'Aguiar taken in the carauel with Aguirre intelligence what forces they had and what they expected and with all of his intention for this cause he had resolued with Strozzi Brissac and the Counte Vimioso that it was fittest to fight with this armie consisting of so small a number of ships before the other part which they expected should arriue and therefore hauing imbarqued with all possible speed they came in battell against the Marques hauing first laboured but in vaine to take the Castel by new threatnings Then did the Marques appoint what order hee would haue the armie keepe in the fight Vpon the right side of his gallion called S. Martin he placed that of Saint Mathew wherein was Lopo de Figueroa and on the left that of Frauncis Bouadiglia with fower other ships of succour all the rest were put in order onely Christopher d'Erasso remained behinde with a great ship of importance for that hauing his mast a little crased he durst not vse any force so as the Marques had but seuen and twentie ships in all the which especially in the two gallions they gaue verie good order for the fight For hauing deuided the souldiers into their rankes and appointed diuers commanders they prouided not onely for all necessities but also for any thing that could chaunce with great iudgement but it was in vaine for at that time the armies came not neere one another by seuen or eight miles both for that the winde was scant as also for that the night approched so as after the Marques had discharged a peece of artillerie as it were in signe of Battell the French bent towards the citie and the Catholique armie turned to sea not hauing any intelligence of what had passed at lande neither should he haue had it so soone by any other meanes if the same night Iohn de Castillio who had succeeded Laurence Noghero in the castell had not aduertised the Marques what had happened in the Iland and assured him that the fortresse held yet both to the ende he should haue care to succour it and to haue succour from thence if need
him the ship wherein was Christopher d' Erasso then followed that of Saint Mathew wherein was Lopo de Figueroa these went before as a buckler to the rest of the fleete which followed The French had deuided amongst them the Spanish ships where with euery one shoulde grapple but it was a matter that coulde not succeede for the winde the sea and the order which had beene so often altered hindered that resolution The gallion Saint Mathew staied somwhat behinde the which was cause it was first set vpon for the captaine and admirall of the French with other three ships turning their prooes vpon her went to charge her and the captaine with great dexteritie to auoide the shotte ioyned with them towards the prooe and boorded the gallion from the middle forwarde leauing place for the rest to approch the which inuested her rounde with a great streame of fire and shotte Lopo de Figueroa being vnder their lee not able to vse his sailes as he woulde seeing such and so great ships come to charge him staied for them There beganne a cruell fight their artillerie did much harme especially the Spanish being the biggest so as two of the French ships being sorely beaten therewith and with their small shotte after some fight fell vpon the gallion which remained betwixt the captaines ship the admirall and an other who being succoured with fresh men in small boats from the other shippes troubled Figueroa much especially hauing his shippe fired by the enimie in many partes But being a man of great valour accompanied with expert soldiers hee made an honorable defence and with great resolution preuented all inconueniences He remained in this estate aboue two houres without any succour at the ende whereof a Biscaine ship of Peter Garagarza wherein were two companies of Spanish soldiers drawing neere succoured him much The Marques seeing in what danger this gallion was would gladly haue succoured it but he could not so sodainly performe it as neede required for being forced to returne backe and saile directly against the winde a matter impossible but by turning on the right and on the left to gaine a little way hee feared in the meane time she shoulde bee vanquished Against the saide gallion Saint Martin wherein the Marques was when as the Saint Mathew was charged there came likewise two great French ships but they were so beaten with the cannon from the saide gallion and from the ship wherein Frauncis de Bouadilla was neere vnto the captaine that one of the enimies ships was like to sinke so passed on so as the Marques being freed he caused all the armie to turne towards the gallion Saint Mathew and with all possible speede drewe neere vnto him vpon the turning of the armie the areergard fell to be vangard as it hapneth in the like case so as the shippes of Michael d'Oquendo of captaine Villauiciosa an other Biscaine which were the first to succour him remained in the fronte and all three inuested the French admirall who being ill intreated in this cruell fight fell from the gallion Saint Mathew Another shippe wherein was Michael de Benesa passed on forwarde and valiantly grapled with the French captaine on the outside so as the gallion Saint Martin wherein the Marques was could not approch neere any one of the enimies chiefe ships being enuironed with his friends so as he was forced to turne about and passe on The French admirall defended himselfe with great courage against the three ships that of Villauiciosa which fought in the prooe did end omage him greatly but the captaine thereof was slaine that of Oquendo which fought in the sterne had boorded her with his men taken prisoners and ensignes and began to spoile But the captaine finding that his shippe by reason of a shotte was in danger of sinking fell from her to repaire her leake so as being in a manner freed from the enimie hee tooke his course towards Saint Michael yet hee coulde not get thither but sunke by the way being spoiled by the artillerie and Mounsieur Brisac saued himselfe in a small boat But these two armies did not so ioine as it was expected for that the Frēch army although they had a full wind yet would they not willingly grapple with the Spaniards as they might haue done but many of them stoode idle discharging only their great shot And although some of them laboured to boord Frauncis de Bouadilla and Christopher d' Erasso yet the artillerie kept them off so as they durst not approch A Biscaine shippe wherein were captaines Michael de Cardona and Peter Pardo boorded a French man which was fallen from the S. Mathew and forced her to yeeld being already weake hauing spoiled and abandoned it she after fledde Captaine Villauiciosa the elder with his shippe wherein was the company of Lewes de Gueuara boorded an other and after a long fight vngrapled herselfe and one or two ships more boorded her and the rest fought passing onely by and discharging their artillerie The gallion Saint Mathew made a great resistance two of those ships which had fallen from her battered with the cannon sunke and although the generall of the French were succoured with many men yet was he so beaten that they within began to yeeld but for that there were many Spaniards dead and manie hurt so as there remained within the gallion not aboue seuentie able men to fight Lopo de Figueroa would not suffer them to enter make the victorie absolute the which the French finding and receiuing presently a new supply of three hundred men they vngrapled hoping to saue themselues But the Marques who stood vpon his guarde sayling first on one side and then on another pressing the enimie with his artillerie and smal shot when he saw his ship fall off he charged her and so did another Biscaine ship on the other side wherein was Captaine Bastida and Iohn de Viuero but the fight continued not aboue one hower at the ende whereof the Spanish generall became Master of the enimies ship with the losse of aboue 300. French there found they Philip Strozzi whom presently they transported into the Marques gallion but being wounded to the death he died presently without speech to the great griefe of all valiantmen The Counte of Vimioso was taken prisoner by Coronell Mondenaro an Italian aduenturer but being wounded vnto the death he liued onely two daies embraced by the Marques as if he had beene his kinsman Such was the ende of Frauncis of Portugall Counte of Vimioso more honourable then any one of those which had followed Anthonie vnto this day He was yoong indued with good parts both of bodie and minde if they had not beene accompanied with a certaine childish vanitie which made him thus obstinate besides such as knew him lamented his death beeing by nature amiable There found they also with no small admiration fourescore gentlemen whereof thirtie were Lords and had their subiects with many other
persons in number aboue three hundred The fight had continued fiue howers when as the French seeing their generall yeelded their Admirall lost two others sunke and many broken with artillerie they began to flie but the Marques by reason of the night pursued them not fearing for that they were better sailers he should not boord them and being separated hee should be forced to diuide his armie the which he would not willingly doe besides he should be constrained to leaue the gallion Saint Mathew behinde him in danger being vnable to sayle without tackling sailes and anchors the which the enemie had burnt and throwen into the sea There was one thing woorthie the obseruation that being within this gallion a Priest called Iohn de Iaem Chaplein vnto the Marshall of the fielde a man which had seene the warres during the fight being vnder the lowest decke of the gallion when he saw so much wilde fire cast by the French hearing their shot and finding the hurt the cannon did hee died onely of feare and amasement hauing receiued no wound The Spaniards recouered one of their carauels with horse which had beene taken and had taken more of their French ships if they could haue manned them with mariners to conduct them but for this cause the Admirall which was cast away abandoned and some others torne and abandoned by the French were not kept for this consideration the Marques burnt two which had been abandoned and some others ranne vpon the Iland In this battell the French lost seuen or eight of their best ships and there died in the fight aboue two thousand of their men with many hurt as for the Spaniards there died about two hundred and aboue fiue hundred wounded The Portugals pertisants vnto Anthonie say that the French fought not at all for that the Captaines were corrupted by King Philip and this opinion encreased for that after Anthonie caused Edward d' Castro to lose his head in the Iland supposing him to be the meanes thereof but they were deceiued for although that Castro had promised many things vnto the Kings ministers when as they deliuered him out of prison whereunto hee was committed when they tooke him flying out of Portugall yet could he neuer effect any but the cause of his death was for certaine practises begun after this defeate and for that he had committed murther vpon the person of Anthony Baraccio a deere friend vnto the said Prior and one of them that had proclaimed him King Behold the issue of the sea fight at the Ilands which possibly is one of the greatest that euer happened within the bounds of the Ocean for although in the Low-Countries there hath beene like factions in these last warres yet were they not truely within the Ocean but in chanels and riuers neere vnto the Ilands of Holland and Zealand rather at land then at sea But the issue hereof besides the greatnes of it was of more importance then euer any for besides that not onely the Realme of Portugall by this victorie remained settled but also all Spaine if the contrarie had fallen out all had beene full of confusion for that the French pursuing their victorie might with these forces their good fortune the presence of Anthony and the inclination of the people renue the warre in a suspended kingdome more dangerous for the Spaniards then euer seeing the great number of vnexpert Portugals vnited with so many French souldiers might giue them great hope of happie successe Anthony who remained in a small barke light and well furnished the day before the battaile when as they had resolued to fight although his whole fortune depended in a manner on this day not finding himselfe secure in this place retired with two other small barkes to the Terceres where in the citie of Angra they had prepared for him a sumptuous entrie with arches images and all triumphes commonly vsed at the ioyfull comming of Princes But deuining it may be the vnhappie successe these preparations seemed out of season for hauing forborne to passe to a bridge of woode which they had built onely for his comming whereby hee shoulde enter the streets that were garnished he landed farre from thence with small companie and more sorrow then ioy There did he howerly receiue sundry newes of the armie and by little and little he vnderstoode the successe thereof with an incredible griefe the which encreased the more by the intelligence giuen him of the death of Strozzi and the Earle and now caring for his safetie wauering in his thoughts hee knewe not howe to behaue himselfe in so rough an accident for although he relied much in the inhabitants of the Ilands and in the strength thereof seeming to be safe in this place yet feared he least the Marques pursuing his victorie should assaile him and that his men hauing their harts vanquished with this losse shoulde not be able to make resistance and therefore he enclined rather to abandon then defend it He was some what assured of this feare vpon the arriuall of seuenteene French and English ships to that place of those that had fledde from the battaile to repaire their hurts receiued to cure their wounded men and to take in water with these men he thought himselfe able to defende it yet had they all but fewe soldiers hauing in the battaile succoured the Counte of Brisack and Strozzi with all their men yet there arriued still more for at that time there returned but eighteene French ships into Fraunce with Brisack and fiue other English Mounsieur de Landes captaine of nine ships flying from the battaile went to Fayale where his soldiers began to spoile although it were not his meaning but hauing auoided the sacke retired to Angra yet for this cause they woulde not suffer him to enter or else that Anthony doubted his safetie The Marques as it is saide the day being ended resoluing not to pursue the enimie he drew neere to the Iland of Saint Michael to repaire his shippes to looke to his hurt men and to water but the winde being contrary woulde not suffer him keeping him three daies off at sea the fourth he drew neere to Villa Franca where he landed his hurt men and prouided what he needed the inhabitants of all parts of the Ile hauing yeelded their obedience The first of August Frauncis de Bouadilla landed with fowre companies of soldiers in the middest whereof vpon the sea shoare hee put all the French prisoners leading them to the market place of Villa Franca vnto a scaffolde built the height of a man where with a loude voice was read the sentence of the Marques whereby shewing that the Catholique King hauing peace with the most Christian King against the saide peace publikely sworne an armie of many aduenturers was come out of Fraunce in fauour of Anthony Prior of Crato with an intent to take the Catholique Kings fleete which he expected from the Indies and the new founde lands and
to spoile the Ilands as they had already done that of Saint Michaels and that the same armie hauing tried a battaile against his Maiesties the French had beene broken and ouercome in the which being taken eight and twentie noblemen and two and fiftie gentlemen and manie other marriners and soldiers he declared them taken as enimies to the quiet and publike good disturbers of the traffike and fauourers of his Maiesties rebels that as such and as publike pirats hee commaunded the Auditor generall of the armie that for their chasticement and for the example of others hee shoulde execute vpon them the punishment of naturall death beheading the Gentlemen and hanging the rest which passed the age of seuenteene yeeres being so conuenient both for the seruice of God and of the two kings This sentence seemed cruell to all such as heard it and chiefly vnto the Spanish soldiers both for that they feared the like might happen vnto thē an other day as also for that they would not lose the profit which many expected by the raunsome of the saide prisoners or else for their owne good inclination so as some of the soldiers laying aside all respect saide it was not well grounded for that there was no firme and inuiolable peace betwixt the Catholique King and most Christian but warre and that those were neither pirats nor theeues but valiant soldiers That there was no peace they prooued it by the warres of Flaunders more hot then euer where the French did in a manner possesse all the Catholique Kings patrimonie And that they were no pirats they prooued by the letters patents they had from the King vnder the which the ships and soldiers were enrolled besides the number and qualitie of these men were such as it appeered cleerely they woulde not haue attempted it of themselues if the king had not sent them And although betwixt the two crownes they dissembled many things the Christian King excusing himselfe sometimes vpon his mother sometimes vpon his brother that they were all deuises of Princes but for all that they were not without open warre the lawes whereof they saide was not so stricte as to commaund them to hang all their prisoners And this execution did so mooue the hearts of manie that some of the principall soldiers being assembled togither went with a commendable example vnto the Marques to make intercession for the life of their enimies who answered that the most Christian King had expresly commaunded that all Frenchmen that shoulde take armes against the Catholique King shoulde be corporally punished so as the same day these Gentlemen with a generall pittie and great seueritie were beheaded vpon the scaffolde and the marriners and soldiers hanged in diuers places and the pittie was the greater being apparant that they were all not onely valiant soldiers but Catholique and deuout Christians The blame of this seuere execution was not imputed to the Marques supposing that he had expresse commaundement from the King whom likewise they excused for hauing so determined seeing it was not to bee presumed that so many personages of importance should come with such an armie and remaine prisoners especially knowing that Philip by his owne inclination was not cruell yet on the other side they considered that the King in his minde shoulde haue conceiued a cruell disdaine against the French seeing that vnder the shadow of amitie peace and alliance Kings writing daily one to the orher greeuing and reioycing at their troubles and contents did not onely aide his rebels but also tooke his countries and sent so great an armie to endomage him And although that Princes do vsually dissemble and counterfeit in many things yet it seemed the French vnder a new kinde of dissimulation would make warre whereby they did inferre that this execution did nothing displease the King The armie being a little repaired here the Marques went to the I le of Coruo to meete with the Indian fleete and hauing past in view of the citie of Angra he put Anthonie and all the people into confusion for although the Marques content with the victorie would not thrust himselfe into a new danger yet Anthonie doubted that in the heat of the victorie he would pursue and assaile the Ilande in the which although he had men enough both of the nation and of the French yet were they fearfull and disordered and Anthonie himselfe at the same time prouided a light ship to imbarke if neede were These newes came slowly to Lisbone for the which they were in great care hauing newes of the fight by the meanes of a Zabra of Biscay but a French ship which had beene sore beaten by the gallion Saint Mathew being fled from the battel gaue assurance of the euent for beeing arriued disguised at Settuual he was discouered finding within her some Spanish souldiers dead in the bosome of one of them was written all that had passed in the armie since their departure from Lisbone vntill the time that he was slaine The Marques attended long about the Ilands for the Indian fleete whereof two being arriued the seas growing high he came with them to Lisbone to the great ioy of all the court where he was extraordinarily fauoured by the King Anthony after the Marques his departure remained more quiet in minde supposing that for one whole yeere he need not feare any enimie He greatly greeued for the death of the French prisoners fearing it would preiudice his cause in France But Emanuel de Silua pressed him to reuenge in hanging about fiftie or threescore Castillians which were there taken prisoners at diuers times the which he woulde not suffer being better enclined He was ill furnished with money although hee had great store of armes and munition For this consideration he daily all by the inuention of the saide Silua made rigorous commandements to draw money from the people and from such as did not follow him willingly He caused gold to be coined which hee valued at fiue and twentie roials although it weied but eight He made testons of siluer weighing a roiall and a halfe the which he made currant for halfe a duckat and the copper money which was woorth three in Portugall hee valued at tenne And for that many were retired to the mountaines to be free from troubles within the citie hee commaunded euery one to returne and if any deferred his comming longer then the time limited by his commaundement they presently seazed his goods Many for feare of the souldiers had carried and hidden their goods without the citie and therefore he commaunded euerie one to bring them backe againe whereby he gained much for he demaunded a loane of money of such as came and brought it backe and if any one obeyed not he sent Souldiers to search their goods and to spoile them with a thousand indignities It was a lamentable thing to see how the Church causes were handled for the religious men except the Iesuits imploied in militarie actions
was ended He procured that the assemblie of Deputies for this effect shoulde not be called estates to the ende hee might take away all occasion of demaunding new things or to redemaund those which had beene required in the former estates and not graunted and therefore hee had contrarie to the custome sent into all places briefes of the procurations the Deputies should bring with them so drawne as they should not extend further then the swearing of the Prince and although it were so executed yet the estates did not forbeare especially he that was for the Deputies of the realme to reuiue the demaunds made at the estates helde at Tomar with some others and especially that it woulde please his Maiestie to shewe magnanimitie and clemencie in giuing a generall pardon to all such as were culpable of Anthonies offence saying it shoulde greatly profite and do little harme But whatsoeuer the cause was he neither satisfied them in this point nor in any other of importance He dispatched some Portugals which sought reward for although hee had giuen vnto many yet were they not content But notwithstanding all this care and diligence whether it were his faulte or his ministers or else the disposition of the suters or of all togither there remained many of them discontented part of them for that they were not recompenced and others for that they did not seeme to be recompenced according to their merits The Duke of Bragance at the assembly of the estates hoped to haue receiued recompence from the King which he supposed to haue deserued for although hee were rewarded yet was it not according to his expectation for aspiring to greater offices greater authoritie then he had it seemed the Kings wil was therein directly contrarie so as for that the recompences were small in regard of the greatnes of his hope they were not published but hee was suffered to replie that they might be after specified The Marques of Villa Real receiued likewise no contentment to his liking so as both remained ill satisfied and the Duke leauing the Court being long before sicke died soone after although the Portugals say that the griefe he conceiued of the weake recompence hee receiued from Philip hastened his daies The King at the time of his departure reformed the state of iustice publishing many newe lawes suffering the Portugals to attire themselues more freely with silke then other kings had done He made Cardinall Albert Archduke of Austria gouernour of the realme in his absence leauing him notwithstanding accompanied with three counsellors that is George d'Almada Archbishop of Lisbone Peter d'Ascasoua and Michael de Mora who was Secretorie of the realme newly created Notarie which they call of the puritie so great a charge as yet had neuer beene giuen but to the chiefest personages of the realme whereunto since the time of King Iohn the third that Michael de Silua Bishop of Viseu who was after Cardinall went to Rome in disgrace there was neuer any aduanced The King gaue procuration to the said Cardinall causing him to take an oath in the presence of the councell of State and of the magistrate of the Chamber of Lisbone to gouerne with iustice and to resigne him the realme at his returne The Empresse his sister who was to goe into Castill visiting first the Nunnes of the monasterie of Santos who may lawfully marrie she tooke foorth and carried with her Iulian d' Allan castro of the age of thirteene yeeres who by the decease of Maudlyn Girone her mother remained Dutchesse of Auero The Portugals were much grieued with this acte for although she said the King woulde prouide she should not marrie but with his liking yet notwithstanding she seemed to be rauished and manie feared that he woulde not marrie her in Castill When these things were ended the king departed the eleuenth of Februarie in the yeere 1583. the which greatly displeased the quiet and did glad the seditious for those feared least there shoulde grow some controuersie betwixt the people and the garrisons that the soldiers ill paied woulde mutine and that the Cardinals authoritie was not of such force as the kings presence to redresse it and contrariwise the rest hoped that the kings absence the small affection the people bare vnto them the oppression of the garrison and the great dearth woulde in the spring considering principally the army which was prepared in Fraunce minister matter of alteration although it now seemed that things succeeded in fauour of the kings intention hauing intelligence that in Flaunders the Duke of Alonçon seeking to assure himselfe of the citie of Anwerp wherein he was as Lord and Protector hauing his armie lodged thereabouts it had not succeeded for forcing of a gate and hauing drawne in three thousand French they were by the great valour of the Citizens repulsed and the one halfe slaine so as it seemed the Flemmings would no more trust the Duke but compound with the King Such Portugals as had receiued no answere to their demaunds doubted of all dispatch in the Kings absence but this feare was qualified by the opinion which they had conceiued that the Cardinall remaining gouernour they should be no lesse fauored by him then they had beene by the King himselfe albeit this hope soone vanished after the Kings departure for the Cardinall did not onely forbeare to vse the authoritie which hee seemed to haue left him but hee refused to signe the commaundements or other writings which concerned the affaires of the realme And although some beleeued that he had forborne to do it for that the king was yet vpon the way and not out of the realme vpon a respect of soueraigntie yet they were deceiued for the King being out of the realme he did not signe the which bred a great disdaine in the Portugals who pretended to holde the realme distinguished from that of Castill it seemed that this manner of gouernment which the king vsed from Madrill was a more strict vnion then they desired besides the troubles of their expeditions for the distance of the court And this disdaine was much augmented for that the king had placed in the councell of the reuenewes of the crowne which they terme d'Hazenda two counsellors Castillians of nation a doctor a merchant saying that it was vnseemely against their priuileges THE TENTH BOOKE The Contents of the tenth Booke In this last Booke is contained the death of Sanches d'Auila The sacke of the Ilands of Cape Vert The carriage of Emanuel de Silua Gouernour of the Terceres The preparatiō of king Philip to force the said Ilands The succours sent thither from Fraunce The fortification and the garrison The departure of the armie from Lisbone The description of the Iland of Terceres The arriuall there of the Spanish armie The assault skirmishes and taking of the Iland The yeelding of the French The taking of the Iland of Fayale and the obedience of all the rest How that Emanuel de Silua
lost his head and many others put to death And the returne of the armie to Andelouzia THE estate of the Realme after the Kings departure remained all that winter quiet and although the people had their mindes yet disquieted and some of the nobilitie not fully satisfied hauing left the kings court and the Cardinals likewise retyred themselues to their castles and houses yet no man durst shew any discontent The greatest part although they loued peace and desired the tranquillitie of the Realme yet were they in their hearts contented to see the Terceres make resistance and continue in the deuotion of Anthonie and the French supposing that whilest the King had any warres he would entreat them better and beare them more respect then they thought hee should doe if all were pacified neither preuailed it that the Portugalles were made much of in Castile and admitted neere the King as they had woonte to bee when hee was in Portugall nor yet that the saide King had it may bee to make the present gouernement conformeable to that was passed obtained from the Pope the authoritie of the Legate for the Cardinall euen as Henry enioied it the which bredde a great benefite to the realme for as it hapneth to passionate mindes they were not remooued from their opinion for the Cardinall being made Legate for two yeeres onely they feared that the time being expired they woulde take an occasion to recall him into Castill and so the Realme should be reduced into a prouince and that the king remaining at Madrill shoulde gouerne it At that time Sanches d'Auila died being stroke with a horse for that leauing chirurgerie he woulde be cured by a soldier with certaine blessings the which caused the Castillians to mourne for although he were but marshall generall of the fielde yet remaining after the death of the Duke of Alua of greatest knowledge amongst the Spaniards in the arte of warre there was not any man neere the Duke of Gandia of so great experience Hee was a man without feare and happie in warre esteemed by the Duke of Alua aboue all the soldiers of his time but this life which he had vnto his olde age so happily aduentured at the cannons mouth was nowe taken away by death vpon a small mischance In Fraunce it seemed that all the French were turned vnto the affaires of Flaunders affecting them more then Portugall and although there were an intent at the Priors instance to set foorth some ships of warre yet founde they therein coldenes and want of money whereby it appeered that whereas they attempted something it should not be to offend but rather to prouide for defence And although they had now intelligence that certaine French ships guided by the Portugals and especially by one Emanuel Serradas had inuaded the Ilands of Cape Vert and spoiled some part of them yet they made no account thereof vnderstanding they were but small barkes of pirates At the Terceres Emanuel de Silua was still gouernour who shewed himselfe an obstinate enimie to the Catholique King a faithfull minister to the Prior and a cruell persecutor of the Philippines Notwithstanding ill disposed of small iudgment and little experience With these his qualities he afflicted the poore people in diuers manners for the meanes which he inuented to borrow money to molest and condemne many persons were insupportable The pride arrogancie whereunto he was growen as it hapneth often in him that is not accustomed to commaund made him seeme inuincible and immortall the wrongs he committed were so infinite that iustice had lost her place the libertie his friendes and seruants tooke vpon them was without restraint the subiection and seruitude of those that did not flatter him was such as the slaues were more free I leaue the executions he committed vpon such as would haue compounded with the Catholique king and coulde not conceale their mindes for vsing many stratagemes to discouer their affections wherein as he founde any one lesse obstinate then himselfe hee was miserable being cruelly punished both in body and goods And for this occasion he caused manie to be slaine betraied by one Amador Vieira who hauing beene secretlie sent into this Iland by King Philip to continue his followers in their fidelitie to sounde the disposition of the people and to drawe all he coulde to his deuotion after he had wel executed his charge he reuealed vnto Silua such as had discouered themselues by whom they were miserablie afflicted And as tyrannie taught him he daily made newe ordinances and lawes in the name of Anthony the officers and ministers of iustice in the citie which were vsually chosen by voices he alone woulde haue the naming of them He was not onely contented to obserue those lawes which treated of high treason but also made a new lawe more seuere that such as did but talke of that matter shoulde suffer death and that such witnesses should serue although lesse in number then the auncient lawes had ordained He would haue the sentences in such cases registred by the Magistrate of the citie for a perpetuall memorie to all to terrifie and tyrannize the more There was within the Iland little aboue seauen hundreth French soldiers one onely company of English and about three thousand Portugals it was fortified on all partes where they might lande with aboue thirtie fortes and many trenches made with such arte and diligence as it seemed impossible to enter if they were guarded And although these thinges with the other qualities of the place made it vneasie to force yet Silua iudged it stronger then it was and did trust as a man of no experience more in the defenders then was conuenient In the meane time they prepared an armie for sea at Lisbone and assembled the Spanish soldiers to imploy them against this Iland vnder the command of the Marques of Saint a Croix being more in number both in ships and men then the yeere before besides there was speech to sende fowre galliasses and twelue galleies for which cause they shortned their yardes prouiding square sailes and of a thirde maste which they call the meane In Spaine there were diuers opinions concerning this armie making diuers discourses thereon both by worde and writing Such as were not to be imploied in this action to whom no part of the honour or praise did belong made it easie saying that the people were alreadie so wearied poore and oppressed by the garrisons as the armie should no sooner appeere but they woulde bee at the Kings deuotion And the cause why they did no sooner yeeld was the subiection wherein they were held and although they neither would nor coulde come to composition yet were they easie to force for the citie of Angra and all other places being dismantled and weake they had no other defence then the landing the which they supposed were impossible to hinder proouing by ancient and latter examples that in warre there was no meanes to stoppe
with him This letter in some sort pleased the Marques being in hope to come to agreement to remaine an absolute cōquerour without effusion of more bloud before the sea shoulde grow more rough But this demaund seemed vnto him vnreasonable refusing to heare talke of any Portugals to be transported into Fraūce Amongst the principal of the armie there were diuers opinions what should be done Some would presently haue marched against the French men to winne time charge them without any further accord or condition what soeuer Others discoursed with greater iudgemēt saying that it was conuenient to make an agreement with the French both for the shortnes of the time they coulde staie there as for the difficultie they shoulde finde to goe vnto them for they made an account to spende fiue daies in that enterprise two in their march one at the least in conquering and two in retiring and that they had no commoditie in the armie to carrie victuals by land for aboue two daies wanting waggons bottles and such other necessaries But these difficulties were surmou nted by the courage of the soldiers who growen proud could not endure that so small a handful of French being so neere shoulde make shewe to defende themselues against so great a number of old soldiers and conquerors whereupon they did offer to endure all discommodities to go vnto them And although he were not resolued to do so yet this Brauado caused the enimies to haue straighter conditions then otherwise possibly they had had the which after long treatie was thus concluded That the French shoulde deliuer vp their armes and ensignes retaining onely their swordes that they shoulde bee lodged in a quarter of the towne that they shoulde giue them shippes and victuals to returne into Fraunce The accorde was no sooner made but it was put in execution for the thirde of August the French came from the mountaine and without the citie deliuered vp their armes with eighteene ensignes their drums and phifes as it had beene agreed and entred disarmed into the citie passing thorough the Marquesses troupes which were armed and in guard where the commaunder Chattes with the Lorde of Carrauaca marshall of the field and other principall officers did visite the Marques by whom they were kindly enterteined In this time the galleies and other vessels were arriued at Faiall with the men that Peter de Toledo carried and passing with them Gonçalo Perera a Portugall who had wife and children in this Iland the saide Peter thought it good to send him before as a trumpet to entreat the people to yeeld supposing that being of that conntrey he shoulde haue credite amongst them to let them vnderstand the Kings forces and the dangers that approched to the ende they might the more easilie yeelde obedience But Anthony Guedez de Sosa who was captaine of this Iland neither respecting the messenger nor the reasons which he deliuered nor yet regarding the example of his stronger neighbors hauing outraged him both in worde and deed in the ende he slewe him as if in giuing him this notice he had touched him in his honour Peter de Toledo seeing the messenger not returne surmising what had hapned resolued to disimbarke his men and finding the Iland not so rockie and lesse fortified then the Terceres the second of August he landed his men almost without resistance and marching against the towne he was encountred by fower hundreth French and many Portugals where the skirmish began the which encreasing the French and Portugals were faine to retire into a small castel whereinto they had drawen the greatest parte of their artillerie and munition where after they yeelded in the same manner as those at the Terceres had done and Sosa suffered the punishment of his inhumanitie being hanged by one arme after his hands were cut off It is strange to see the confidence of these men the which nothing terrified by examples did induce them to cruell excesse and yet did not force them to fight it out vnto death but the Portugals vnexperienced do not account of dangers they see not and when they see them they feare them more then they are to bee feared There was no more to be done in this iland so as hauing spoiled it leauing Anthony of Portugall for Gouernour with two hundreth soldiers Peter de Toledo returned with his galleies and other ships to the Terceres where the rest of the Ilands of Saint George Pico and Gratiosa came to yeeld their obedience The Marques hauing agreed with the French caused a diligent search to be made for Emanuel de Silua who intituled himselfe counte of Torres Vedras Gouernour and Generall of the Ilands but being retired to Altary and finding that such as had the charge of certaine boates in whom fortune had more force then loialtie had broken them against the rockes hee founde all hope vaine for his safetie hauing no meanes to free himselfe by the French composition being attired in a base habite hee hidde himselfe in the mountaines But it seemed the heauens had decreed he should suffer punishment for his offences by the hands of his enimies for that a moorish slaue who hoped by that meanes to saue himselfe discouered him to a Prouost marshall who seeing him before his eies knewe not what he was so as hauing taken and brought him to the citie he was kept with some other of the principall rebels and seditious vntill the processe of their death were made by the auditour in the name of the King and the Marques as generall of the armie specifying all their faults that were executed vpon the prisoners The Germaines first put themselues in battaile in the chiefest part of Angra keeping the entrie of euery streete and there causing a fire to be made they did burne all the money they founde to be stamped with the coine of Anthony the which although it was not little in quantitie yet was it nothing woorth being for the most part of base mettall with small mixture of siluer After they cutte off Emanuel de Silua his head with a sworde after the Germaine fashion to the generall griefe of all the assistants For being of a louely countenance and hauing in this last houre with great resolution confessed himselfe culpable and to haue deserued this punishment hee demaunded pardon of one after another of all such as present or absent he thought to haue wronged saying that he alone had bin the cause of the miserie of this Iland that he alone ought to suffer the punishment the which ioined to the contrition he shewed did mooue the harts euen of his enimies And in truth we may well saie that he framed himselfe to the speech of Dionysius the tyrant that to leaue a tyrannie they must not ride poast but staie vntill they be forced for in truth he attended vntill hee lost his head His head was set vp publikely in that place from the which that of Melchior Alphonso
was taken whom a little before he had put to death for being affectionate to the Catholique king And it was obserued that being required by the kinsemen of the dead to take it from thence he made answere it shoulde be remooued when his stood in the place which he ment shoulde be neuer thus do men sodainly foretell their owne miseries Emanuel Sarradas who as we haue said spoiled the Ilands of Cape Vert and Amador Vieira who with the title of Embassador to his Maiestie had betraied such as trusted in him did likewise lose their heads They did hang many and many especially of the French taken prisoners before the capitulation were sent to the galleies The Marques was commaunded to dispatch with all speede and to goe with his armie to Cales and some saide the King woulde turne his forces against Affrick and sease vpon Alarache and possiblie attempt the like vpon Algier being fitter to vndertake those enterprises in Autumne then in any other season of the yeere And therefore hauing left Iohn de Vrbina with two thousand Spanish foote for the guard of the Ilands he failed with the fleete and the rest of the soldiers towards the porte of Andolouzia and in the meane time both in Castill and in Portugall they made greatioy for this victorie with publike feasts but not so great as was the griefe of Anthony his followers whereof many hoping that the strength of this Ilande should yet be a subiect for Anthony to returne into the realme were discouraged so as there remained no grounde whereon to settle their hopes although many expected that Anthony suruiuing Philip the estate of things might so change as they might yet attaine the accomplishment of their desires FINIS A Table of the especiall matters contained in this Historie A ABdala sonne to the Cheriffe pag 14 Aduise of Iohn de Silua touching the voyage of Africke 35 Aldana sent by Philip to discouer the fortresses of Africke 21. arriues there at the Portugall campe 37. is slaine 49 Aide demaunded by the Portugalles from the French King 139 Alarum at Lisbone 189 Ambassage from Henrie to the Catholike King 56 Ambassadors chosen to goe to Rome touching Henries marriage 78 Ambassadours for the Gouernours to Philip and their negotiation 130 Ambrose d' Aguiar sent by Philip to the Terceres 241. he dies 281 Anthony Prior of Crato taken by the Moores 49 pretends to the crowne of Portugall 62. his grounds for his pretention 83. his letters to King Henrie 87. declared illegitimate 89. his course to obtaine the Crowne 120. his letters to the Estates at Almerin 121. his arriuall there 122. proclaimed King at S. Arem 160. comes to Lisbone and is proclaimed there 164. receiued at Settuuall vnder a cloath of Estate 169. receiued into Lisbone with ioy 176. prepares to defend the realme 179. importuned by poore women to succour Settuuall 184. his counsell and resolution 185. his feare 186. his counsels ill grounded 188. he offreth to compound 190. he marcheth towards Cascaies 196. he marcheth towards Belem with his men confusedly 199. he retires to Alcantara 201. his letters to King Philip 204. he prepares against the Duke 213. he flies towards Lisbon 215. is ouerthrowne and hurt 216. he gathered new forces at Coimbra 222. his speech to his souldiers 234. he flies to Viana 236. he saues himselfe ouer the riuer of Minio 238. his good fortune 259. he arriues at Cales 260. his care to haue the Indian fleete 263. his voyage to the Terceres 293. his carriage after the sea fight 295 his departure for Fraunce 298 Angra giuen to be spoiled three daies pag. 319 Anthonic Guedez de Soza hanged by the arme and wherefore 322 Anthony Scalin a Frenchman receiued into Angra vnder a Canapie 240 Apparition of a Comet 22 Armie parts from Fraunce with 70. ships and 7000. men 278 Armie of Spaniards part with 6000. men 277. they arriue at Saint Michaels 283. defeat the French 291 Arriuall of fower ships from the Indies 219 Auero taken by Anthonie 223. and recouered by Auila 230 B BAttell betwixt the Portugals and Moores pag. 44. famous by the death of three Kings 52 Baldes his attempt vpon the Terceres 255. his soldiers ouerthrowē there with oxen 257. his ouerthrow preiudiciall to the kings seruice 258. imprisoned in Portugall 263 Bezars stone excellent against the plague 109 Beginning of the fight at sea 288 Bishop of Guarda seconds Anthonie pag 187 Brisac flies from the battell 290 C CAbessa Secca fortified 140 and abandoned 207 Calender reformed 302 Cardinall Riario sent Legate into Spaine 190 Cardinall of Austria made Gouernor of Portugall 271. 304 Cascaies Saint Iulian yeeld to Anthonie 169 Cascaies with the Castle taken and spoyled by the Spaniards 197 Catarre most contagious 221 Castillians discourse of the affaires of Portugall 103 Christopher de Mora sent into Portugall in the place of Iohn de Silua 82 Chattes sent to succour the Terceres 310. he and Silua discourse vpon the strength of the Iland 311. he visits the Marquesse 321 Conditions of their accord ibid. Charles Borgia Duke of Gandia succeedes the Duke of Alua 302 Catherine Dutchesse of Bragance visites King Henrie 116 Ciprian de Figueredo Gouernour of the Terceres put from his charge pag. 307 Clause in King Henries will 123 Conditious offred by Philip to the Portugals if they would quietly yeeld the realme 134 Confusion of the affaires in Portugall 140. 154 Confusion in Lisbone 196 Coimbra yeelded 228 Conclusion of the Estates at Almerin 131 Conte of Vimioso seconds the King of Portugals wil 35. he is wounded to the death 291 Counsell touching the Ambassage that king Philip sent to Henrie 69 Counsell of the kings Chamber 246 Counsell of Estate in Portugall reduced to two 255 Crueltie at the Terceres 258 D DEcree made by the Gouernors for Philip against Anthonie pag. 178 Demaunds of the Estates at Tomat pag. 249 Description of Lisbon 3 Deputies of Portalegre their speech pag. 124 Deputies of the realme demaund of Henrie to be admitted to the Election 113. their answere to Martin Gonsalues 118 Description of Portugall 2 Description of the reuenues of Portugall 17 Description of Molucs armie 39 Diego de Meneses beheaded 198 Discontentments of the people of Lisbon 79 Discourse touching the precedence of Philip and Henrie 66 Disorders at Lisbon 179 Duke of Auero and Aldana slaine 49 Dutchesse of Bragance pretends to the Crowne of Portugall 61. her grounds 84 Duke of Sauoy pretends 62. his reasons for it 83 Duke of Parma pretends for his sonne Rainuctus 62. his reasons 83 Duke of Ossuna sent to Henrie 66. his proceedings in Portugall 75 Duke of Barcellos detained cunningly by the Duke of Medina Sidonia pag 125 Duke of Alua imprisoned and the cause 70. made Generall against the Portugals 128. he arriues at the Armie and the number thereof 128. the estate of his armie 134. passeth his armie at Cascaies 193. lands there and the disposition thereof 194. marcheth against
armes in all places and the cause thereof 274. his order in preparing 275. he departs from Portugall 304. his armie departs from Lisbone 312. arriues at the Terceres and their proceeding 314 Plague in Portugall 108 Places fortified by the Portugals 140 Portugals conquests at the Indies 4. they prepare for the warre of Africke 25. their armie landes in Africke and their proceedings 30. the qualitie of their armie 37. their conceite to fight 39. the order of their battaile 40. their aduantage of the Moores 41. their armie at sea returnes to Lisbone 54. their sorrow 56. their ceremonie in bewailing their king dead 58. they pretend election of their king 62. their demands 66. their reasons for the election 84. they complaine of king Henrie 85. their discourse vpon the estate of the realme 101. they answere the Castillians 106. they disagree with them 229. they are discontented 252. they abandon the French 319. their ships are spoiled 320 Pope pretends election 63 Pope Gregorie the xiij his offer to the Catholike king 98. he fauours Anthonie 190 his offer against England 243. seemes content with the successe of Portugall 251 Porto yeelded 236 Preparations at the Terceres 264 Preparations of the French for the Tercerâ—â— 269 Prince of Orange wounded by a Biscaine 269 Pretendants to the crowne of Portugall and their descent 60. cited to declare their reasons 80 Prosper Colonna Colonell of the Italians 134. he passeth the bridge defended by the Portugals 215 Q QVeene mother of France pretends to the crowne of Portugal 62. her reasons for it â—â— shee is discontented with Philip and the cause 67 Question whether the Catholic king should goe in person with his armie 152 Queene Anne died 238 R REason of the Portugals by way of discourse touching their future King 66 Reasons and grounds of king Philip to the realme of Portugal 67. examined by diuines 126 Regencie of the Gouernours 118 Religious men diuided into factions 200. they holde militarie charges 180. and keepe the keies of Lisbon pag. 208 Resolution of Gonsalues charge 119 S SAint Arem yeeldes obedience pag. 222 Sanches d' Auila Marshall generall of the Spanish camp 134. he is sent against Anthonie 227. he passeth the riuer of Doro at Auintes 232 his speech to his soldiers ibid. his stratageme to passe the riuer 234. hee dies 307 Sebastian king of Portugal his life 10. his first voyage into Africke 11. his enteruiew with Philip at Guadalupe 15. hee is perswaded to make war in Africke by Mahamet ibid. lands his armie at Arzille 30. hee fights valiantly and is vanquished 50. he is slaine by the Moores and carried to Molucs tent 51. his funerals at Madril 66. his obsequies with the Princes of Portugall 302 Settuuall taken 182 Summarie of an oration made at the assembly of Estates 77 Sosa Deputie of Lisbon his answere pag. 111 Spaniards discourse vpon the Cardinals legation 191 Spanish souldiers discontented with the sentence giuen against the French prisoners 295. they intreat for them ibid. Spaniards discourse vpon the enterprise of the Terceres 309 Stratagem with oxen diuised by a religious man 257 Stremos taken 175 Strozzi slaine 291 Suburbes of Lisbon spoiled 217 T TErceres 227. the description thereof 239 the resolution of the inhabitants 241. their confusion 272 Testament of King Henrie 123 Thomas Stukley an Englishman with 600. Italians serues King Sebastian pag. 27 Tower of Belem yeelded 210 Tower of Settuuall taken 184 Treatie of accord betwixt King Philip and Anthonie by the meanes of Carcamo a Castillian 204 V VAlour of the Italians and Spaniards 49 Valour of King Sebastian 50 Viana taken 237 Villauisosa surprised 173 Vniuersitie of Coimbra 250 W WOmen at Lisbon arme like souldiers 178 FINIS The description of Lisbone The Portugals conquests * Of good hope * Of good hope The life of king Sebastian Sebastians first voyage into Affrick Sebastians enteruiew with Phillip at Guadalupa Preparation for the war of Affrick Preparation for the second voyage of Affricke The second voyage of Sebastian with his armie into Affricke The arriuing of the Portugall armie in Affrick and their proceedings A light skirmish of the Moores against the Portugals The meanes of Moluc to defeat the Portugals The counsell and resolution of the Portugals to enter into the maine land of Affricke The Counts of Vimioso seconded the des gnes of the King of Portugall The aduise of Lewis de Silua concerning this voyage The counsell of Mulei Mahamet to the King of Portugall The Armie of the Portugals and their quality The arriuall of Aldana in the Portugall campe Letters and a Present from the Duke of Alua to the King of Portugall Molucs speech to his brother The qualitie of Molucs armie The conceit of the Portugall to fight The order of the Portugals armie The disposition of Molucs Armie Molucs Oration to his Armie The beginning of the battell The Portugals haue the aduantage of the Moores Molucs feare Molucs death The Arabians spoile their friends Frauncis de Tauora slain in the battaile The death of the Duke of Auero and of Aldana and the imprisonment of the Prior. The King of Portugall fights valiantly but is vanquished The King slaine by the Moores and carried to Molucs tent Mulei Mahamet drowned Hamet proclaimed king of the Moores A battaile famous by the death of three Kings The names of the chiefe slaine in the battaile The couetousnes of Hamet The Portugals armie at sea returnes to Lisbone A message sent to the Cardinall Henrie by the Catholique king An embasage from Hamet to the Catholique king The Portugals sorrow Cardinall Henrie swerne King of Portugal The ceremonie of the Portugals in bewailing their King dead The ceremonie of the Portugals in swearing their King The descent of the pretendants to the Crowne of Portugall * Of fower Crownes The pretendents to the Crowne of Portugall The King of Spaine The Duke of Bragance The Prince of Parma Anthonie Prior of Crato The Duke of Sauoy The people of Portugall The Queene mother of Fraunce The Pope pretends the election The deliberations of King Henry at his comming to the Crowne Peter d' Alcasoua in disgrace with King Henry Sebastians obsequies at Madrill The discord that fell out for that one said Philip did preceade Henrie The demands of the people of Portugall Councell vpon the Embassage the King sent to Henry The Duke of Ossuna sent to Henrie The imprisonment of the Duke of Alua and the cause Philips letters to the citie of Lisbone The deliuerance and returne of Iohn de Silna Embassador for Philip in Portugall The Duke of Ossuna arriues in Portugall and his proceedings King Henry inclined to the pretence of the Duches of Bragance The States of Portugall at Lisbone A summarie of the Oration made at the assemblie of the estates An Embassador chosen to goe to Rome to obtaine dispensation for Henrie to marrie The nomination of 5. gouernors of the iudges of the succession The oath to obey the elected Gouernours
The discontentments of the people of Lisbone Henrie desired to marrie The Catholique King sends a lacobin into Portugall The predendents to the Crowne of Portugall cited to declare their reasons Philip frames a counsell of the affaires of Portugal Iohn de Silua solicites to be sent backe into Portugall Christopher de Mora called againe and sent Ambassadour into Portugall in steede of Iohn de Silua The grounds of the Prior. Of the Duke of Sauoy Of the Duke of Parma Of the Dutchesse of Braganca Of the Catholike King The ground of the people The Queen Mother of Fraunce The peoples complaint against King Henrie The letters of the Prior to Henrie The sentence of King Henry against the Prior touching his legitimation The reasons of the Catholique king against the pretendents Against the Prior. Against the Duke of Sauoy Against the Duke of Parma Against the Dutchesse of Bragance Against the people Against the Queene mother of Fraunce Philip sendeth to signifie his right to Henry Philip prepares for warre against the Portugals The suspension of Henries briefe The Priors letters to Henry con cerning his rigor Henries second sentence against the Prior. Henrie changeth his opinion to the benefit of Philip touching the succession The offers of Pope Gregory 13 to the Catholike King A publication of the gouernors of Portugall The discourse of the Portugals vpon the state of the Realme The Castillians discourse touching the affaires of Portugall The Portugals answere to the Castillians discourse The plague in Portugall and the proceedings Bezar stone excellent against the plague The States of Almerin Henry changeth the Deputies of Lisbone and the cause The opening of the Estates at Almerin by the Bishop of Leiria The answere of Sosa Deputie of Lisbne A mutinie at Coimbra The speech of Moniz Deputie of Lisbone The Deputies of the Realme sent to Henrie to be admitted to the election of the King with the answere King Henry sicke The death of King Henry The life of Henry The regencie of the gouernors Martin Gonsalues sent to the deputies of the Realme The deputies aunswere to Martin The resolution of Gonzalues ambassage Anthonies course to obtaine the Crowne Anthony his letters to the states of Almerin The States answere to Anthony and his arriuall The clause of King Henries testament The speach of the Deputie of Portalegre The states send to the Gouernors The duke of Barcellos detained by the Duke of Medina Sidonia The diligence of the catholique King to assure his conscience for the Realm of Portugall The Catholique Kings preparatiues against Portugall The duke of Alua chosen generall of the army into Portugall The Catholique Kings Letters to the Duke of Alua. The Catholique King goes towards Portugall The Duke of Alua ariues at his Army The nombers of the Dukes Army The comming of the Ambassadors from the gouernors to the Catholique King and their negotiation The conclusion of the States at Almeryn The Gouernors prepare for defence The manner of the enterprise of Portugall The state of the Duke of Alua his armie The conditions that the Catholique King offred if they would deliuer the realme quietly The Gouernors sollicite their defence The Drie head fortified A confusion of the affaires of Portugall and the Gouernours The disorder of the religious of Belem Doctor Fernand de Pina slaine The answer of the Catholique king to the Portugals The gouernours inconstancie The diligence of the Catholique King vpon his entrie by force into Portugall made by the Diuines of Alcala The Catholique King takes possession of Portugall A question whether the Catholique King should go with the armie in person The Kings army wasted Confusion in Portugall The taking of Eluas The Kings letters to them of Eluas The reduction of Oliuenza The Catholique king his letter vnto Anthonie Anthonie proclaimed King of Portugall Two contrarie factions in Oliuenza The Catholique king sworne at Oliuenza The gouernors neglect the defence of Lisbone Anthonie arriues at Lisbone and proclaimed King The speech of Fonsequa for the creation of Anthonie The flight of Teglio The flight of the gouernors Anthonie arriued at Settuual Cascayes S. Iulian yeelde to Anthonie The Duke of Bragance sendes to Philip. The Catholique kings answere to the Duke of Bragance The taking of Villauisosa Reasons why the King should not goe in person The Kings army entred into Portugall The taking of Stremos Euora yeelded The taking of Mount Maior Anthony his entrie into Lisbone The decree of the Gouernors Anthonies preparation for the defence of the kingdome Disorders at Lisbone The taking of Settuual The arriuall of the Marques of Saint Crux with the armie by sea The yeelding of the fortresse Three poore women crying to Anthony to succour Settuual Anthonies care to succour Settuual The counsell of Anthonie and his resolutions Anthonies feare The resolutions of Anthony and of his counsell The Bishop of Guarda seconds Anthony The counsell of Anthony ill grounded An allarum at Lisbone Anthony offers to compound Cardinall Riario sent Legatinto Spaine The discourse of the Spaniards vpon this Legation The Legat visites the King The sundrie opinions for the passage of the army The armie passeth at Cascaies The disimbarking of the Dukes armie The disposition of the Dukes armie They charge the Portugals who retire The blames of Meneses and his excuses A confusion in the citie of Lisbone Anthony goes towards Cascaies Cascaies taken and spoiled The castell taken Diego de Meneses beheaded Henry Pereira hanged Anthonie marcheth towards Belem with his men consusedly Religious men deuided into factions Anthonic retires to Alcantara The Catholique kings pardon to the Portugals The Duke marcheth against the rocke of Saint Iulian. A treatie of agreement with Anthony Anthony his letter to the King The answere of the Duke to Anthony The rocke of Saint Iulian battered and the aduise of the Inginers A poore woman cause of the yeelding of Saint Iulian The rocke of Saint Iulian yeelded Cabessa Secca abandoned The feare of them at Lisbone The yeelding of the tower of Belem The Duke of Alua his speech to the soldiers The order of the Dukes armie Anthony his preparation against the Duke The flight of Anthony towards the citie his defeate and hurt The yeelding of Lisbone The spoile of the suburbs of Lisbone The number that were slaine in the battaile The Duke blamed The commendations of the Duke of Alua. The Catholique kings sicknes and the discourse vpon it Lisbone sweares obedience to the king A contagious Catar Saint Arem yeelds obedience The Prior assembles new forces Auero taken The Duke blamed The Dukes excuses The yeelding of the places in Affricke which the Portugals held The Terceraes Sanches de Auila against the Prior. The yeelding of Coimbra The estate of Porto and the reduction The Portugals and Castillians disagree The yeelding of Auero and other exploites of Sanches d'Auila The statagem of Anthony Serrano to recouer aboate Sanches D' Auila passeth the riuer of Doro at Auintes The speech of Auila
to his soldiers The stratagem of Auila to passe the riuer The oration of Anthony to his soldiers The flight of Anthony to Viana The flight of the Portugals The citie of Porto yeelded The taking of Viana Anthonie saues himselfe on the other side of the riuer Minio in danger to be taken The death of Queene Anne The King enters into Portugall by the citie of Eluas The description of the Ilands of Terceraes and the inhabitants thereof The resolution of the inhabitants of Terceraes The Iesuits walled vp at the Terceraes The Popes offer against England The complaint of the Dukes soldiers The auditor of Gallicia sent to Auilas campe The Councell of the Kings chamber The King visites the Duchesse of Bragance The King sworne at Tomar and the Prince Diego The kings pardon to the Portugals The beginning of the parliament at Tomar The demands of the Estates Touching the Vniuersitie of Coimbra The Pope seemes content with the successe of Portugall The Portugals animated and wherefore The Kings entrie to Lisbone The speech of the Magistrate of Lisbone to the king The Portugals discontented The councell of state of Portugall reduced vnto two Baldes attempt vpon the Terceraes The preparation of them of Angra against Baldes Iohn de Betancour affect to the King A stratagem with oxen made by a religious man The ill successe of Baldes soldiers The crueltie of those of Tercera The defeate of Baldes is preiudiciall vnto the king The Priors good fortune Ierom Mendoza treateth an agreement with the Prior. Anthonie arriues at Caleis The Indian fleete expected and the discourse of their arriuall The Indian fleete met with a French ship neere the Terceres The diligence of Anthony to haue the fleete The fleete arrtues at Lisbone The arriuall of Figueroa at the Terceres and his returne to Lisbone Baldes imprisoned in Portugall The preparation of them of Terceres A miracle performed by the Iesits The estate of Fraunce and Flaunders The Queene of Fraunce discontented with Philip and the cause The Duke of Alancon sworn Duke of Brabant Preparation of the french against the Terceres The Prince of Orenge wounded by a Biscaine The kings recompence to the Portugals The Empresse Mary comes to Lisbone The Cardinall of Austria made Gouernour of Portugal The Terceres in confusion The cariage of Emanuel de Sylua at the Terceres The preparation at Lisbone against the Terceres and the aduise vpon this enterprise The Catholique King armes in all places and the cause The kings order in preparing Peixotto sent to Saint Michaels fought with by certaine French ships The Marquesse of Saint Cruze embarkes for the Terceres The hopes of the French armie at sea with Strozzi The hopes of the Court of Spaine touching the Armie at sea The arriuall of the French ar mie at the Ilande of Saint Michael and the description thereof Or the dogs head The death of Ambrose D Aguiar The first encounter of the French The arriuall of the Spanish armie at the Ilands The Marques resolues to fight The Marques order for his battell The Marques gets the wind of the French armie The French disagree The beginning of the fight at sea Mounsier Brisac flies The death of Strozzi and of the Count Vimioso Apriest dies for feare The number of the dead in the battel Edward de Castro beheaded by Anthonie Anthony his voyage to the Terceres and his atchieuements there The sentence of the Marques against the French prisoners The Spaniards discontented with the sentence and the reason The Spanish soldiers entreat for the French The French beheaded and hanged * A kinde of small ship The carriage of Anthonie after the sea fight The departure of Anthonie for Fraunce Emanuell de Silua staies at the Terceres The French displeased at their ouerthrow The amplification of pardon towards the Portugals The death of Duke of Alua his commendation The blames of the Duke of Alua. The obsequies of Sebastian and other Princes Portugals A reformation of the Kalendar A new assembly of estates at Lisbone where the prince Philip was sworne Cardinall Albert made gouernour of Portugall The kings departure from Portugall The death of Auila The French spoile the Ilands of Cape Vert. The carriage of Silua at the Terceres The Kings preparation against the Terceraes The discourse in Spaine vpon this enterprise Mounsieur de Chattes sent to succour the Iland A discourse betweene Chattes and Silua vpon the strength of the Iland The kings armie departs from Lisbone The description of the Terceres The arriual of the kings army at the Terceres and their proceedings The diligence of the Ilanders for their defence The landing of some of the Marques his men The first assault giuen by the Marques his men The second landing of the Marques with his men and their skirmish against the French Silua his flight hindred The Portugals abandon the French The Marques takes S. Sebastian Angra put to be spoiled three daies The Portugall shippes spoiled The Marques sends to Fayall The French compound with the Spaniards The condition of the accorde Chattes doth visite the Marques They of Faiall kill a trumpet that was sent vnto them The landing of Peter de Toledo at Fatal and the sacke thereof Anthony Guedez de Sosa hanged by the arme and wherefore Emanuel de Silua taken and executed with others The French men sent to the galleies