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instability_n of_o worldly_a greatness_n and_o power_n in_o the_o person_n of_o the_o hitherto_o prosperous_a king_n of_o the_o westsaxons_a ceaulin_n who_o after_o all_o his_o conquest_n be_v at_o last_o overcome_v in_o fight_n and_o expel_v his_o kingdom_n and_o life_n also_o for_o such_o be_v the_o general_a hatred_n all_o man_n bare_a to_o he_o that_o they_o unanimous_o conspire_v his_o destruction_n a_o battle_n be_v fight_v between_o he_o on_o the_o one_o side_n and_o the_o saxon_n and_o britain_n on_o the_o other_o side_n in_o wiltshire_n at_o a_o place_n call_v wansdike_n fabulous_o report_v to_o have_v be_v make_v by_o the_o devil_n upon_o a_o wednesday_n take_v its_o name_n from_o woden_n or_o mercury_n the_o saxon_a idol_n the_o cause_n of_o raise_v this_o rampire_n seem_v to_o be_v the_o separation_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o the_o mercian_n from_o the_o westsaxons_a near_o to_o this_o be_v seat_v a_o village_n call_v wadensbury_n and_o here_o ceaulin_n fight_v this_o 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capitula_fw-la speak_v of_o before_o his_o epistle_n unto_o they_o concern_v that_o subject_n be_v extant_a by_o which_o they_o receive_v full_a satisfaction_n for_o present_o after_o several_a of_o their_o bishop_n and_o other_o devout_a person_n undertake_v pilgrimage_n to_o rome_n to_o express_v their_o duty_n to_o the_o supreme_a bishop_n there_o be_v another_o epistle_n of_o the_o same_o holy_a pope_n in_o answer_n to_o certain_a doubt_n and_o question_n which_o the_o irish_a have_v propose_v to_o he_o touch_v the_o rite_n and_o manner_n of_o baptism_n but_o however_o the_o state_n of_o the_o irish_a church_n then_o be_v the_o church_n of_o britain_n be_v declare_v at_o this_o time_n free_a from_o any_o stain_n either_o of_o schism_n or_o error_n in_o doctrine_n in_o the_o year_n of_o grace_n 593._o edelric_n king_n of_o the_o northumbrian_n die_v who_o succeed_v ethelsr_v the_o cruel_a at_o first_o he_o vigorous_o defend_v his_o own_o dominion_n then_o unjust_o invade_v the_o bound_n of_o other_o and_o every_o where_o seek_v occasion_n of_o exalt_v his_o glory_n many_o combat_n be_v undertake_v by_o he_o prudent_o and_o execute_v gallant_o for_o neither_o will_v he_o be_v restrain_v by_o sloth_n nor_o by_o his_o courage_n prick_v on_o to_o temerity_n about_o the_o same_o time_n redwald_n come_v to_o the_o kingdom_n of_o the_o east-angle_n but_o fatal_a indeed_o be_v this_o year_n in_o the_o death_n of_o our_o saxon_a prince_n for_o crida_n king_n or_o duke_n of_o the_o mercian_n now_o end_v his_o life_n to_o who_o succeed_v his_o son_n wibba_n or_o wippa_n who_o after_o also_o die_v leave_v behind_o he_o three_o illustrious_a child_n penda_n kenwalch_n and_o sexburga_n about_o this_o time_n also_o die_v the_o virtuous_a queen_n ingoberga_n and_o receive_v the_o reward_n of_o her_o patience_n she_o have_v be_v the_o wife_n of_o childebert_n king_n of_o the_o frank_n and_o after_o she_o have_v bring_v he_o a_o daughter_n be_v unworthy_o repudiate_v by_o he_o her_o memory_n challenge_v a_o place_n in_o this_o history_n as_o mother_n to_o birtha_n or_o aldiberga_n queen_n of_o kent_n who_o piety_n and_o endeavour_n so_o dispose_v the_o heart_n of_o her_o husband_n ethelbert_n that_o it_o be_v ready_a to_o receive_v the_o christian_a faith_n soon_o after_o tender_v unto_o he_o by_o st._n augustine_n and_o now_o behold_v the_o sun_n of_o righteousness_n begin_v to_o dawn_n again_o upon_o this_o island_n and_o dispel_v the_o darkness_n of_o idolatry_n and_o superstition_n and_o now_o a_o new_a seed_n of_o pious_a prince_n immaculate_a virgin_n devout_a monk_n and_o a_o multitude_n of_o all_o sort_n excel_v in_o christian_a virtue_n and_o grace_n spring_v up_o and_o flourish_v to_o the_o admiration_n of_o all_o christian_a church_n so_o as_o even_o from_o this_o time_n our_o island_n begin_v to_o deserve_v the_o title_n of_o the_o isle_n of_o saint_n it_o will_v be_v needful_a to_o give_v you_o a_o prospect_n at_o one_o view_n how_o the_o province_n be_v divide_v and_o what_o prince_n rule_v in_o each_o it_o be_v agree_v on_o all_o hand_n that_o this_o daystar_n of_o christianity_n begin_v to_o shine_v among_o the_o saxon_n in_o the_o year_n of_o grace_n 590._o for_o then_o the_o apostolic_a messenger_n from_o rome_n receive_v their_o mission_n from_o the_o most_o worthy_a successor_n of_o st._n peter_n st._n gregory_n the_o great_a in_o the_o seven_o year_n of_o his_o pontificate_n and_o begin_v their_o journey_n towards_o our_o island_n though_o they_o do_v not_o arrive_v here_o till_o the_o year_n follow_v at_o this_o time_n the_o saxon_a heptarchy_n be_v establish_v in_o britain_n and_o all_o the_o province_n thereof_o be_v entire_o under_o the_o dominion_n of_o the_o angli_fw-la and_o saxon_n except_o the_o northern_a kingdom_n of_o the_o pict_n and_o scot_n the_o western_a part_n in_o cambria_n and_o cornwall_n be_v not_o yet_o whole_o subdue_v by_o the_o saxon_n the_o king_n govern_v the_o heptarchy_n their_o 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fight_v at_o the_o mountain_n call_v badonicus_n between_o the_o britain_n and_o saxon_n in_o the_o time_n of_o aurelius_n ambrose_n to_o which_o mountain_n the_o saxon_n retire_v be_v besiege_a by_o the_o britain_n and_o after_o in_o a_o battle_n discomfit_v this_o happen_v in_o the_o year_n of_o grace_n 493._o forty_o year_n after_o the_o first_o entrance_n of_o the_o saxon_n into_o britain_n this_o gildas_n be_v affirm_v by_o the_o author_n of_o his_o life_n to_o be_v the_o disciple_n of_o iltutus_n and_o leave_v he_o to_o have_v go_v into_o ireland_n he_o remain_v four_o year_n under_o the_o discipline_n and_o instruction_n of_o st._n iltutus_n and_o have_v pass_v through_o the_o school_n of_o many_o learned_a teacher_n in_o ireland_n and_o like_o a_o diligent_a bee_n collect_v the_o juice_n of_o divers_a flower_n he_o lay_v it_o up_o careful_o in_o the_o hive_n of_o our_o mother_n the_o church_n to_o the_o end_n he_o may_v in_o opportune_a season_n pour_v forth_o the_o 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quality_n in_o ireland_n who_o send_v a_o epistle_n to_o he_o at_o the_o same_o time_n he_o receive_v a_o epistle_n also_o from_o st._n columba_n who_o he_o very_o much_o esteem_v for_o his_o sanctity_n the_o second_o message_n or_o invitation_n be_v direct_v to_o he_o from_o a_o king_n in_o ireland_n name_v ammeric_n who_o request_v this_o our_o gildas_n to_o come_v to_o he_o promise_v that_o if_o he_o will_v undertake_v the_o journey_n and_o restore_v to_o good_a order_n the_o ecclesiastic_n of_o his_o kingdom_n wherein_o general_o the_o catholic_n faith_n be_v decay_v both_o himself_o and_o his_o subject_n will_v in_o all_o thing_n be_v obedient_a to_o he_o st._n gildas_n hear_v this_o like_o a_o valiant_a soldier_n thorough_o furnish_v with_o celestial_a arm_n present_o go_v into_o ireland_n there_o to_o preach_v the_o gospel_n of_o christ_n be_v come_v thither_o he_o be_v present_v to_o the_o king_n by_o some_o noble_a person_n who_o be_v acquaint_v with_o he_o the_o king_n give_v he_o many_o gift_n and_o entreat_v he_o to_o stay_v some_o time_n and_o restore_v order_n to_o that_o region_n because_o the_o inhabitant_n have_v in_o a_o manner_n lose_v the_o christian_a faith_n st._n gildas_n as_o thereupon_o travel_v through_o all_o the_o province_n of_o ireland_n restore_v church_n instruct_v the_o clergy_n in_o the_o true_a faith_n and_o worship_n of_o the_o holy_a trinity_n cure_a those_o who_o have_v be_v poison_v with_o heresy_n and_o expel_v all_o teacher_n of_o error_n so_o that_o by_o his_o zeal_n and_o diligence_n truth_n become_v again_o to_o flourish_v in_o the_o country_n after_o this_o the_o holy_a man_n build_v many_o monastery_n in_o the_o country_n and_o instruct_v the_o child_n of_o the_o nobility_n in_o learning_n and_o piety_n and_o to_o win_v the_o great_a number_n to_o the_o service_n of_o god_n he_o himself_o become_v a_o monk_n and_o bring_v to_o the_o same_o profession_n very_o many_o as_o well_o of_o the_o nobility_n as_o other_o and_o also_o he_o compassionate_o free_v many_o poor_a christian_n from_o the_o slavery_n of_o infidel_n and_o so_o become_v a_o second_o apostle_n to_o ireland_n repair_v the_o ruin_n of_o that_o faith_n which_o st._n patrick_n first_o preach_v among_o they_o now_o whereas_o it_o be_v say_v that_o the_o first_o epistle_n to_o st._n gildas_n be_v bring_v by_o faithful_a man_n it_o be_v very_o probable_a that_o the_o holy_a abbot_n komgall_n be_v one_o of_o those_o faithful_a man_n how_o long_o st._n gildas_n abode_n in_o ireland_n be_v uncertain_a but_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o the_o great_a work_n he_o there_o perform_v can_v not_o be_v complete_v in_o a_o short_a time_n and_o yet_o that_o he_o return_v into_o britain_n where_o he_o die_v in_o a_o good_a old_a age_n in_o the_o monastery_n of_o banchor_n after_o he_o have_v live_v ninety_o year_n what_o bishop_n usher_n refer_v to_o the_o former_a st._n gildas_n may_v reasonable_o be_v apply_v to_o this_o latter_a namely_o that_o st._n brendan_n the_o son_n of_o finloga_n in_o the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n 562._o come_v into_o britain_n to_o visit_v the_o holy_a old_a man_n gildas_n famous_a for_o his_o wisdom_n this_o our_o latter_a gildas_n at_o that_o time_n be_v above_o 70._o year_n old_a in_o the_o year_n of_o grace_n 561._o irmeric_n king_n of_o kent_n die_v after_o he_o have_v reign_v 30._o year_n leave_v behind_o he_o a_o son_n and_o daughter_n his_o son_n and_o successor_n name_n be_v ethelbert_n his_o daughter_n ricula_fw-la this_o be_v that_o famous_a ethelbert_n who_o according_a to_o his_o name_n be_v the_o glory_n and_o splendour_n of_o this_o nation_n who_o have_v the_o first_o prerogative_n among_o the_o saxon_n of_o receive_v and_o propagate_a the_o christian_a faith._n some_o disposition_n thereunto_o begin_v it_o seem_v in_o his_o father_n time_n who_o permit_v at_o least_o a_o private_a exercise_n of_o christian_a religion_n thirty_o year_n of_o ethelbert_n reign_n be_v never_o the_o less_o spend_v before_o it_o be_v open_o profess_v during_o which_o time_n he_o be_v frequent_o exercise_v in_o war_n wherein_o at_o first_o he_o sustain_v great_a loss_n which_o after_o he_o repair_v by_o many_o victory_n with_o which_o he_o much_o enlarge_v the_o limit_n of_o his_o dominion_n in_o the_o three_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n st._n columba_n by_o occasion_n of_o civil_a war_n be_v compel_v to_o quit_v ireland_n and_o come_v into_o britain_n as_o adelmannus_fw-la who_o write_v his_o life_n relate_v in_o this_o manner_n some_o time_n after_o the_o civil_a war_n at_o culedrebene_n when_o dermitius_n son_n of_o kerbail_n be_v monarch_n of_o ireland_n and_o all_o business_n be_v determine_v before_o the_o king_n tribunal_n it_o happen_v so_o that_o st._n columba_n be_v oblige_v to_o appear_v before_o he_o to_o challenge_v a_o certain_a freeman_n who_o have_v be_v make_v captive_a and_o when_o the_o cause_n be_v plead_v before_o the_o king_n a_o unjust_a sentence_n have_v be_v pronounce_v by_o he_o the_o man_n of_o god_n rise_v up_o with_o great_a indignation_n and_o before_o all_o there_o present_a tell_v the_o unrighteous_a king_n that_o from_o that_o moment_n he_o shall_v never_o see_v his_o face_n more_o till_o god_n the_o just_a judge_n shall_v have_v diminish_v his_o kingdom_n for_o his_o injustice_n for_o say_v he_o as_o thou_o have_v despise_v i_o here_o before_o thy_o noble_n by_o a_o unjust_a judgement_n so_o shall_v the_o eternal_a god_n despise_v thou_o before_o thy_o enemy_n in_o the_o day_n of_o war._n and_o have_v say_v thus_o he_o present_o take_v horse_n smite_v he_o with_o his_o whip_n so_o as_o the_o blood_n issue_v from_o he_o this_o be_v observe_v by_o the_o king_n councillor_n present_a they_o wonder_v at_o it_o and_o humble_o entreat_v the_o king_n to_o comply_v with_o the_o holy_a man_n request_n lest_o god_n shall_v dissipate_v his_o kingdom_n according_a to_o the_o man_n of_o
by_o bishop_n usher_n it_o be_v relate_v that_o lachanus_fw-la give_v the_o holy_a child_n to_o certain_a britain_n who_o careful_o bring_v he_o up_o and_o give_v he_o the_o name_n of_o albeus_n because_o he_o be_v find_v alive_a under_o a_o rock_n the_o grace_n of_o god_n be_v with_o he_o not_o long_o after_o this_o st._n kebius_n come_v into_o those_o part_n send_v thither_o by_o the_o see_v apostolic_a many_o year_n before_o st._n patrick_n to_o sow_v the_o faith_n of_o christ_n there_o but_o the_o irish_a be_v pagan_n he_o be_v receive_v by_o few_o he_o than_o go_v into_o munster_n where_o he_o find_v this_o holy_a child_n albeus_n pray_v in_o the_o open_a air_n with_o his_o eye_n raise_v up_o towards_o heaven_n that_o the_o true_a faith_n may_v be_v reveal_v unto_o he_o and_o say_v his_o desire_n be_v to_o know_v the_o creator_n of_o all_o thing_n and_o to_o believe_v in_o he_o who_o make_v heaven_n and_o earth_n and_o declare_v that_o the_o element_n can_v not_o be_v make_v without_o a_o skilful_a workmaster_n nor_o be_v produce_v by_o any_o man_n these_o thing_n be_v hear_v by_o this_o holy_a priest_n he_o not_o only_o salute_v but_o instruct_v this_o holy_a child_n baptise_v he_o and_o continue_v the_o same_o name_n of_o albeus_n to_o he_o several_a other_o person_n be_v convert_v and_o baptise_a by_o he_o as_o meclarus_fw-la and_o kiaxanus_fw-la who_o prove_v eminent_a for_o sanctity_n and_o be_v after_o exalt_v to_o episcopal_a dignity_n before_o the_o arrival_n of_o st._n patrick_n after_o some_o year_n abode_n in_o ireland_n the_o holy_a bishop_n kebius_n return_v to_o his_o see_n in_o anglesey_n where_o he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n of_o grace_n 370._o the_o place_n of_o his_o burial_n seem_v to_o be_v in_o denbighshire_n for_o in_o the_o story_n of_o st._n winefred_n we_o read_v that_o she_o be_v bury_v near_o the_o sepulcher_n of_o chebaeus_fw-la and_o senanus_n call_v gwethern_n which_o chebaeus_fw-la be_v certain_o our_o kebius_n who_o memory_n remain_v still_o say_v cambden_n in_o anglesey_n where_o the_o promontory_n call_v holyhead_n be_v by_o the_o native_n name_v caer_n gubi_n from_o kebius_n a_o disciple_n of_o st._n hilary_n who_o memory_n be_v also_o there_o preserve_v by_o another_o promontory_n call_v hilary-point_n the_o same_o year_n in_o which_o st._n kebius_n repair_v to_o st._n hilary_n then_o new_o return_v from_o banishment_n be_v illustrious_a for_o the_o birth_n of_o the_o great_a apostle_n of_o ireland_n st._n patrick_n as_o most_o authentic_a author_n agree_v the_o place_n of_o his_o birth_n be_v agree_v to_o be_v in_o britain_n by_o the_o irish_a themselves_o he_o be_v say_v to_o be_v bear_v in_o pembrokeshire_n of_o calphurnius_fw-la and_o his_o wife_n conchessa_n sister_n or_o sister_n daughter_n to_o st._n martin_n bishop_n of_o tours_n after_o this_o birth_n calphurnius_fw-la become_v a_o priest_n or_o deacon_n and_o profess_a continency_n as_o many_o other_o do_v now_o constantius_n die_v of_o a_o fever_n in_o cilicia_n julian_n have_v be_v create_v caesar_n succeed_v he_o in_o the_o empire_n which_o he_o pollute_v by_o his_o infamous_a apostasy_n he_o be_v from_o his_o infancy_n breed_v in_o the_o profession_n of_o christianity_n and_o inscribe_v in_o the_o ecclesiastical_a degree_n of_o a_o lectorour_n but_o be_v of_o a_o inconstant_a curious_a disposition_n and_o unfortunate_o become_v acquaint_v with_o pagan_a philosopher_n and_o magician_n he_o be_v by_o they_o pervert_v and_o though_o during_o the_o life_n of_o constantius_n he_o dissemble_v his_o change_n yet_o be_v in_o possession_n of_o the_o empire_n he_o public_o declare_v his_o defection_n from_o christianity_n and_o a_o implacable_a hatred_n of_o it_o with_o a_o resolution_n to_o employ_v all_o the_o power_n of_o earth_n and_o hell_n for_o its_o destruction_n the_o first_o proof_n hereof_o he_o give_v in_o take_v away_o that_o famous_a labarum_n or_o imperial_a ensign_n of_o the_o cross_n which_o in_o his_o predecessor_n time_n have_v give_v they_o assure_v victory_n in_o place_n whereof_o he_o restore_v the_o image_n of_o heathen_a god_n or_o devil_n with_o the_o representation_n of_o eagle_n vulture_n minotaur_n etc._n etc._n which_o the_o soldier_n be_v command_v to_o adore_v all_o the_o monument_n of_o the_o holy_a cross_n he_o endeavour_v to_o abolish_v insomuch_o as_o he_o cause_v a_o representation_n of_o constantinople_n to_o be_v dig_v up_o on_o the_o top_n whereof_o constantine_n have_v fix_v the_o cross_n to_o denote_v the_o felicity_n of_o his_o new_a city_n he_o usual_o object_v to_o christian_n by_o way_n of_o ignominy_n that_o they_o leave_v off_o to_o adore_v and_o worship_n the_o ancilia_n which_o jupiter_n let_v fall_v from_o heaven_n as_o a_o pledge_n of_o his_o protection_n of_o their_o city_n instead_o of_o which_o they_o adore_v the_o wood_n of_o the_o cross_n paint_v image_n thereof_o in_o their_o forchead_n and_o before_o their_o door_n thus_o scoff_v julian_n censure_v the_o rite_n of_o the_o ancient_a church_n and_o of_o the_o faithful_a in_o his_o time_n for_o their_o veneration_n of_o that_o bless_a instrument_n of_o our_o redemption_n all_o other_o sacred_a image_n and_o statue_n erect_v in_o memory_n of_o divine_a benefit_n together_o with_o the_o relic_n of_o saint_n and_o martyr_n this_o apostate_n endeavour_v to_o abolish_v in_o particular_a he_o cause_v that_o miraculous_a statue_n of_o our_o saviour_n to_o be_v throw_v down_o which_o the_o devout_a woman_n who_o have_v be_v cure_a of_o her_o bloody-issue_n have_v raise_v at_o caesarea_n philippi_n and_o in_o the_o place_n thereof_o erect_v his_o own_o which_o not_o long_o after_o be_v divide_v in_o the_o midst_n and_o the_o upper-half_a thereof_o throw_v all_o black_a to_o the_o ground_n where_o it_o remain_v so_o for_o a_o long_a time_n this_o impious_a emperor_n consult_v a_o oracle_n at_o daphne_n near_o antioch_n and_o perceive_v the_o devil_n in_o it_o to_o remain_v mute_a save_v only_o that_o he_o be_v able_a to_o declare_v that_o the_o body_n of_o the_o holy_a martyr_n babylas_n hinder_v his_o speech_n cause_v the_o sacred_a body_n to_o be_v remove_v into_o the_o city_n which_o be_v do_v by_o the_o christian_n with_o great_a solemnity_n in_o sing_v psalm_n especial_o such_o as_o deride_v idolary_n which_o so_o incense_v the_o cruel_a emperor_n that_o he_o cause_v many_o of_o they_o to_o be_v torment_v howbeit_o by_o the_o intercession_n of_o the_o holy_a martyr_n their_o torment_n be_v miraculous_o convert_v and_o melt_v into_o pleasure_n a_o war_n against_o the_o persian_n interrupt_v his_o rage_n against_o the_o christian_n who_o extirpation_n he_o threaten_v at_o his_o return_n from_o that_o expedition_n in_o the_o heat_n of_o this_o war_n libanius_n a_o heathen_a sophister_n in_o derision_n of_o our_o saviour_n ask_v a_o christian_a what_o the_o carpenter_n son_n be_v then_o do_v who_o answer_v he_o be_v prepare_v a_o cousin_n for_o julian_n the_o event_n make_v the_o word_n prophetical_a for_o the_o wicked_a emperor_n receive_v from_o a_o unknown_a hand_n a_o wound_n mortal_a to_o himself_o but_o healthful_a to_o all_o the_o world_n beside_o in_o his_o place_n the_o army_n choose_v jovian_a emperor_n which_o honour_n he_o refuse_v profess_v that_o be_v a_o christian_n he_o neither_o will_v nor_o can_v govern_v a_o army_n poison_v with_o heathenish_a idolatry_n whereupon_o all_o the_o army_n cry_v out_o that_o they_o also_o be_v christian_n so_o that_o it_o seem_v the_o two_o year_n reign_n of_o julian_n can_v not_o extirpate_v the_o good_a seed_n sow_o in_o their_o roman_a heart_n jovian_a thus_o choose_v restore_v the_o christian_a faith_n reduce_v the_o church_n to_o its_o former_a splendour_n he_o publish_v a_o law_n by_o which_o in_o all_o city_n a_o proportion_n of_o wheat_n be_v contribute_v to_o sacred_a virgin_n by_o vow_n consecrate_a to_o god_n another_o which_o inflict_v death_n on_o any_o who_o shall_v ravish_v or_o but_o attempt_v their_o chastity_n there_o be_v extant_a a_o epistle_n of_o st._n athanasius_n in_o answer_n of_o one_o from_o this_o emperor_n to_o he_o wherein_z he_o desire_v the_o judgement_n of_o the_o saint_n who_o among_o the_o divide_a sect_n of_o christian_n retain_v the_o orthodox_n faith._n several_a nation_n be_v mention_v in_o this_o epistle_n as_o constant_o persevere_v in_o the_o faith_n of_o our_o saviour_n divinity_n establish_v in_o the_o council_n of_o nice_a and_o among_o the_o rest_n st._n athanasius_n make_v a_o honourable_a mention_n of_o the_o british_a church_n this_o pious_a emperor_n enjoy_v his_o sovereignty_n but_o one_o year_n and_o valentinian_n equal_o orthodox_n be_v his_o successor_n yet_o unhappy_o he_o make_v his_o brother_n valens_n partner_n in_o his_o empire_n he_o infect_v with_o the_o arrian_n heresy_n prove_v impious_o zealous_a in_o the_o promote_a of_o it_o in_o the_o first_o year_n of_o valentinian_n reign_n the_o barbarous_a