20 Days Of Disposition he was Robust and of Spirit Lively The latter part of his Life was stained with a leud Appetite tho he was past acting for he fixed his Affection upon a handsome young Woman called Frances Rose whom he design'd to have formerly Married to that D. Jayme de Aragon who was Executed at Barcelona In his Will made 10 Years before his Death he ordained several godly Works to be performed Particularly the Erecting Two Monasteries of the Order of St. Hierome which are famous at this time One of them is St. Engracia at Zaragoça the other St. Mary de Belpuch in Catalonia his Son exactly performing all that he had ordained He also ordered that the Grandsons of his Son Ferdinand tho' by a Daughter should Inherit the Crown of Aragon and take place of their Mothers CHAP. VIII Elenor Queen of Navarre The troubles of that Kingdom and her Death The Countess of Medellin raises Tumults in Castile Portugueses overthrown by the Castilians Heretical Opinions Started and Condemned in Spain King Ferdinand goes into Aragon BY the Death of the King of Aragon his Dominions were divided Aragon fell to King Ferdinand and Navarre to the Princess Elenor in the Right of her Mother She had been 7 Years a Widow and consequently exposed to great Misfortunes That Kingdom was still divided betwixt the old Factions The Biamonteses Enemies to the new Queen were most prevalent These troubles seemed to be a Judgment for the Murders committed upon Charles Prince of Viana the Princess Blanch his Sister and the Bishop of Pamplona Queen Ellenor Reigned not a whole Month. She was more Fortunate in her Issue than in her Life for she had 4 Sons Gaston John Peter and James and 5 Daughters Mary Joanna Marguerite Catherine and Ellenor we shall briefly speak of them all great Families being descended from them Gaston died as was said before and left two Children Francis Phebus and Catherine who both Reigned in Navarre successively John was Lord of Narbonne which he bought of his Father and had Issue Gaston and Germana Gaston was killed at the Battle of Ravenna where he was General for Luis the 12th of France Germana Married King Firdinand after the death of his first Wife Peter applied himself to learning and piety and Pope Sixtus made him a Cardinal James followed the War and was never Married Mary the Eldest Daughter was Married to William Marquess of Monferrat Joanna to John Earl of Armagnac Margaret to Francis Duke of Britany and had Issue Ann and Elizabeth Ann the Heiress being Married first to Charles the 8th and after his death to Luis the 12th of France joined that Dukedom and Kingdom Catherine 4th Daughter to Queen Ellenor Married Gaston de Faux Earl of Candale and brought forth 2 Sons and a Daughter called Anne Married to Ladislaus King of Hungary Ellenor the Youngest Daughter died a Maid Queen Ellenor died on the 12th of February at Tudela where she began her Reign In her Will she Ordained out of her own Money a Monastery of Franciscans should be Built at Tafalla and that her Body should be Buried there and the Bones of her Mother Queen Blanch be also Translated thither from the Monastery of Nuestra SenÌ„ora de Nieva in Old Castile where they were deposited The Revenue was so exhausted that she was forced to Sell her Jewels to Live Francis Phebus so called for his extraordinary Beauty being but 11 Years of Age succeeded her His Mother the Lady Magdalen and his Uncle Peter the Cardinal had the Administration of the Government till he came to Years and discharged their Trust Prudently in those difficult Times The late Queen during her Troubles had no help from her Brother the King of Castile therefore she made no mention of him in her Will but directed the Governors to Adhere to France as they did which was the Cause they soon lost that Kingdom Thus much of Navarre In Castile some new Oppinions in matters of Religion were broached One Peter Oxomensis a Professor of Divinity at Salamanca was the Author By Order of Pope Sixtus the Archbishop of Toledo assembled several Persons of great Learning at Alcala where he Refided who all Condemned those new Opinions and the Author was Excommunicated unless he recanted Sentence was given on the 24th of May and soon after Pope Sixtus confirmed it by his Bull. John Prexanus a famous Divine in that Age. afterwards Bishop of Cuidad Rodrigo wrote a Book against the said Peter The Marquisate of Villena was now the Seat of War for the Marquess because Covenants were not performed with him had recourse to Arms and relieved the Town of Chinchilla besieged by the King's Forces Peter Ruiz de Alarcon who Commanded a Party of the King 's was defeated near Alberca by Peter de Baeça and D. George Manrique who in another Skirmish with Peter de Baeça was Wounded of which hurt he afterwards died A great pitty that so ripe a Wit should be so soon cut off Hereupon the Marquess was liable as having been in Arms against the King's Forces He excused himself laying the blame upon the Insolency of those Officers who forced him to do so and pleaded he had no dealings either with the King of Portugal or Archbishop of Toledo These excuses whether True or Counterfeit prevented any farther proceedings against him In this War there happned an extraordinary accident worth Relating The King's Party had hanged 6 of the Prisoners they took In revenge John Berrio an Officer of the Marquess ordered as many of those he had taken to be put to death in the same manner The Prisoners cast Lots and among the rest it fell to the share of one of 2 Brothers that were Prisoners who had a Wife and Children to die The other Brother who was a Batchellor begged to be put to death in his place and so it was done after they had both long and with many Tears contended about it King Ferdinand and Queen Elizabeth received the News of King John's Death and their own Accession to the Crown of Aragon in Estremadura where they were quelling the Tumults raised by the Countess of Medellin and D. Alonso de Mâ—nrey The Countess had a Spirit above a Woman for she kept her own Son D. John Portocarrero some years a Prisoner and at last turned him out of Doors which was the cause she was in Arms fearing lest she should be obliged to restore the Earldom to her Son who laid Claim to it as his Father's Inheritance She also designed to keep the City Merida in which she had a Garison D. Alonso was digusted that the Mastership of Alcantara was taken from him and given to D. John de ZunÌ„iga upon which Pretence he seized several Towns belonging to that Military Order The King provided for the War with Portugal which it was feared would prove more bloody than before yet both Parties being exhausted a Treaty was proposed This was the more Welcome to
had joined the Turks with 34 Sail. These small Vessels sailing under the Shore the Portugueses descryed only 5 Ships which they thought to belong to Alonso de Albuquerque whom they expected Part of the Enemies Fleet entred the Harbour and that day was spent in Cannonading one another Next day Laurence de Almeyda Attacks Mir Hozem's Admiral Gally but could not grapple by reason it was Ebb and the Enemy lay in shoal Water He sustained much loss because the Enemies Vessel was higher Decked and was himself wounded with Two Darts Pelayo de Sousa and James Perez took each of them one of the Enemies Gallies and thus that day ended The day following Melique came into the Port with his Vessels whereupon the Portugueses at midnight resolved to put out to Sea But the Enemy perceiving them move fell upon them and so pierced the Admiral which was the last that she made much Water and what was worse ran a Ground and the Water Ebbing none of the others could come in to assist her The Enemy Cannonaded her till such time as Laurence de Almeyda being killed with a Cannon-shot and 80 of 100 Men he had the other 20 with the Ship were taken The rest put to Sea and recovered the Port of Cananor whence they sent advice of what had hapned to the Governor This Battle was fought towards the end of the Year Almeyda and Albuquerque came both to Cananor and Albuquerque contending to take upon him the Government according to the King's Order Almeyda sent him Prisoner to Cochin This done he gathered the greatest Fleet he could at Onor burnt several Ships of Calicut destroyed the City Dabul and many Vessels there and on the 5th of January 1509 sailed towards Diu a Port of Cambaya where the Enemy lay Mir Hozem placed himself in shoal-water under the Cannon of the City He had at this time 3 Caracs 3 Galleons 6 Gallies and 4 Ships of Cambaya besides Melique's small Vessels Almeyda had in all 19 Sail and in them 1300 Portugueses and 400 Malabars The Two Fleets Cannonaded one another but could not draw near because the Weather was calm Next day they engaged and after a very bloody Dispute the Portugueses obtained the Victory Of the Enemy 4000 were slain of which number were all the 800 Mamalucs except only 22. Three of their great Ships were sunk besides many small Vessels Two Galleons Two Gallies and Four great Ships were taken The Commanders Mir Hozem and Melique escaped On our side 32 were killed and 300 wounded This done Almeyda returned to Cochin where there was much contention about the Government which was ended by Ferdinand Coutinho who this Year sailed from Lisbon with 15 Ships and Orders to put Alonso de Albequerque in Possession of the Government as was accordingly done From Valladolid the Catholick King went to Arcos where he found the Queen his Daughter so ill Lodged that the last Winter she fell sick through the coldness of the Room she lay in In February he removed her to Tordesillas and with her the Body of her Husband which was afterwards by her Son the Emperor Charles the V buried in the Royal Chapel at Granada The Queen lived out the rest of her days in that Town Queen Joanna's Condition was such she might better be counted among the Dead than the Living Her two Sisters ran different Fortunes The Queen of Portugal lived happy abounding in Riches and having a numerous Issue and this very Year she was delivered of a Son called Alonso who was afterwards a Gardinal but died young The Princess of Wales in England neither Widow nor Wife was hardly used by her Father-in-Law who hoped that way to induce her Father to give him in Marriage his other Daughter Joanna Queen of Castile The King's death which hapned upon the 21st of April for the present put an end to those Discontents Soon after the Match before agreed upon betwixt this Lady and the Prince of Wales after his Father's Death King Henry VIII was consummated That Princess had no Inclination to this Match but it was for the Conveniency of both Kings King Henry was of a graceful Presence but very Lewd especially towards his latter days insomuch that to gratifie his Lust he cast off all Obedience to the Church and made way for all the Confusion that afterwards hapned in that Kingdom Whilst Queen Catherine was yet living tho' he had by her a Daughter called Mary upon pretence she had been married to his Brother and that the Pope could not dispence to marry her he put her away and publickly married Anne of Bullen whom afterwards he convicted of Adultery and executed By her he had Elizabeth afterwards Queen Next he married Jane Seymour who died in Childbed but her Son lived and was called Edward VI. His Fourth Wife was Anne of Cleves from whom he was Divorced and to that purpose made a Law which allowed of Divorces His Fifth Wife was Anne Howard who was put to death for Adultery The last was the Lady Catherine Parr from whom he was not divorced nor had any Children by her death putting an end to his wicked Courses King Ferdinand made publick rejoycing at Valladolid upon the News of the Marriage of his Daughter on Midsummer-day He also agreed that Prince Charles should marry that King's Sister and ordered Gutierre Gomez his Ambassador to Compliment her upon the same At Valladolid Queen Germana was delivered of a Son on the 3d of May he was called John Prince of Aragon but died within a few Hours His Body was deposited in the Monastery of S. Paul in that City and thence translated to Poblete the ancient Burial-place of the Kings of Aragon The Catholick King prepared to make War upon the Venetians and grounded the Justice of his Proceedings principally upon Two Points The first That those Cities the Venetians were possessed of in Apulia were mortagaged to them by Ferdinand II. King of Naples and that they neither performed the Conditions of the Mortgage nor would restore those Places when the Money was tendred to them The second was That the Catholick King had been at a greater Expence either in gaining Cephalonia for that Republick or in the War made upon France on their account and upon promise that they would allow him 50000 Ducats a Year towards the Charge of that War which Debt tho' it had been demanded of them they would never pay nor so much as acknowledge CHAP. VII The Cardinal of Spain takes Oran in Africk The War against the Venetians and their Losses They recover Padua and other Places GReat Preparations were made throughout all Spain for the Conquest of Africk and the Cardinal of Spain did not only furnish Money towards it but designed to go over in Person The Rendezvous of the Forces was at Carthagena Stores of Ammunition and Provisions were made there and at Malaga About 14000 Men were gathered as well Horse as Foot The Principal Commanders were James de
raise Mony for the War which threatned on all sides The Cortes of Burgos gave 150 Millions of Maravedies This they did in respect that King Ferdinand then united the Kindom of Navarre to that of Castile whereas formerly it was united to Aragon By this it appears the King had no Thoughts of restoring that Kingdom but esteemed it as much his own as any of the others without the least remorse of Conscience upon that account as he was often heard to say He gave three Reasons to justifie this his Proceeding The first the Pope's deposing that King The second the free gift of that Crown to the Kings of Castile made by the Princess Clare first Wife to Prince Henry afterwards the 4th King of Castile of that Name when her Father King John of Aragon delivered her up to Gaston de Foix and her Sister Ellenor her declared Enemies who sought her Death to secure themselves the Possession of that Crown and therefore he said it was but just to revenge that Murder by depriving the Grandchildren of those that committed so great a Crime of the Kingdom His third Reason was the Right that Queen Germana pretended to the Crown after the Death of her Brother Gaston de Foix. Three Years after this it appears she assigned over all her Claim to Prince Charles then King of Castile and Aragon It was proposed in the Cortes of Aragon to raise a considerable Sum of Mony towards the War but the Nobility would not consent unless their Vassals were cut off from having any Appeal to the King This hindred all Proceedings for some Months The Archbishop of Zaragoça laboured to remove these Obstacles but perceiving nothing was done he was of Opinion to try what every City in particular would contribute King Ferdinand tho' his Sickness increased so that he was given over for Dead one night resolved to get into Aragon believing his Presence would reduce that obstinate People He sent for the Vicechancellour Antony Augustin to meet him and assoon as he came to Aranda caused him to be apprehended and sent Prisoner to the Castle of Samoncas Every one guessed at the Cause of his Imprisonment but nothing was certainly known The King left the Cardinal and Council at Segovia and hasted to Calatayud carrying Prince Ferdinand with him He could not prevail with the Nobility to quit their unjust Pretensions His Sickness increased and it is reported the famous Bell of Vililla prognosticated his Death for in Aragon it is a received Opinion that Bell rings of it self before the Death of Kings or any other great Misfortunes Thus having done nothing he returned to Madrid in Autumn The Queen having broke up the Cortes of Aragon went to Lerida to those of Catalonia At the same time these Cortes sat the Emperor the Brothers King Sigismund of Poland and Ladislaus of Hungary and his Son Luis then King of Bohemid met at Vienna on the 17th of July Their meeting was to celebrate the Nuptials of Prince Ferdinand and the Princess Mary with Luis King of Bohemia and the Lady Anne his Sister the Children of the Hungarian King Prince Ferdinand being absent the Emperor stood Proxy for her Thomas Cardinal of Strigonium the Pope's Legate performed the Ceremony It is worth observing that as Ferdinand and Mary were Grandchildren to the Catholick King so Luis and Anne were great Grandchildren to E e or Queen of Navarre and Sister to King Ferdinand Gatherine Daughter to Queen Ellenor was married to Gaston de Foix Lord of Candale whose Daughter Anne was Wife to Ladislaus King of Hungary and Mother to Luis and Anne so far was the Progeny of King John of Aragon the Father of King Ferdinand spread abroad Great things had been done by Alonso de Albuquerque Governour of India and great is the Obligation his Country owes him for having Founded their Dominion in those remote Parts He was now old sickly and worn out and had many Enemies who sent Complaints against him to Portugal it being impossible to please all Men. King Emanuel sent Lope Suarez de Albergaria a Man well versed in the Affairs of India to succeed him With him went Mathew the Ethiopian Ambassador and Duarte Galvam sent in the same Quality by King Emanuel but he died by the way Some time after Roderick de Lima was sent who carried Mathew into Ethiopia but he died before he could reach the Court. Now also went Francis Alvarez the Priest whose Book is extant giving an account of his Voyage The new Governour arrived at Goa on the 2d of September having spent but 5 Months in the Voyage which was a very short time On the 7th of that Month the Queen of Portugal was delivered of a Son called Edward an affable and mild Prince addicted to Hunting and Musick He died young yet left a Son by his Wife of his own Name and two Daughters whereof Mary was married to Alexander Farnesius then Prince and afterwards Duke of Parma and Catherine married to the Duke of Bragança When Lope Suarez arrived at Goa Albuquerque was at Ormuz ill of his last Sickness Having settled that Island he embarked being desirous to see Goa which Place was his Delight By the way he received advice of the coming of his Successor he was extreamly surprized and cried out Good God! how many Misfortunes surround me If I please the King Men are offended if I satisfie them my King is displeased Retire to the Church unhappy Old Man for no other Sanctuary is left you Soon after being better come to himself he said Truly it is God that guides the Hearts of King and disposes all things What would become of India if there were not one to succeed me after my Death In how great Danger would it be This said he reposed and finding his Malady encrease ordered his Confessor to be brought to him from Goa which was not far off Having made his Peace with God he gave up the Ghost He was doubtless one of the Bravest Men that Spain ever bred His Valour Mildness Prudence and Justice reigned in an equal degree He was patient of Labour discreet in his Resolutions quick in Execution amiable to his own People and terrible to his Enemies It was a great Mercy of God to give to the Portugueses Two such Governours at first as was he and Francis d' Almeyda being both Wise and Resolute Men and Zealous of their Prince's Service and the Propagation of the Faith tho' they differed in Opinions as to the Means of carrying on that Great Work For Francis d' Almeyda who was the first thought it best only to make themselves Masters of the Sea and not undertake any Conquests whereas on the contrary Albuquerque was wholly for gaining Strong holds in order to secure the Trade and have a Retreat for their Fleets Experience has taught how much he was in the Right Albuquerque was never married but he left a Son by a Servant and a little before his Death recommended
Ferdinand Gonçaga Governor of Milan seized that City and put a Garison into it The Pope fortified Parma and put Camillus Vrsinus into it Afterwards that Dominion was given to Octavius Farnesius Duke of Parma Son to Peter Luis Anno 1548. The breaking up of the Council of Trent was so much the more resented for that among the other Articles of Peace with the Princes and Cities of Germany one was That they should submit themselves to the determination of the Fathers in Matters of Religion This design failing to reconcile all Matters in Difference at the Diet at Auspurb a Book was published in Defence of the Catholick Doctrine but allowing the Laity to communicate in both Kinds and Priests to Marry It was called An Interim because to last till the Council met again and determined what was to be done Julius Phibug Michael Sidonia and Eilebius Agricola composed it In Saxony at the desire of Duke Maurice the Hereticks publish'd another Book called Adiapora that is Things Indifferent Philip Melancton was the Author of it and mentioned many things that ought to be Tolerated for the sake of Peace Matthias Illiricus and Nicholaus Gralius more rigid Hereticks wrote against this Book At the same time Muleasse King of Tunez came to Ausburg being expelled his Kingdom and having his Eyes put out by his own Son Maximilian Son to King Ferdinand came to Spain to Marry the Princess Mary his Cousin-German and to remain Governour in Spain because Prince Philip was to go for Flanders as he did in November in the same Fleet that brought Maximilian He landed at Genoa passed through Milan and Mantua and lastly at the beginning of the following Year came to Brussels in the Low Countries at such time as his Father was gone to Germany At the instance of Siceleus Archbishop of Toledo the Pope granted his Bull by which it was enacted That none descended of Jews Moors or Hereticks should have any Living in that Church D. James de Castilla the Dean and some others of the Chapter opposed this Decree but the most powerful Party prevailed Joanna d' Albret Daughter to Henry was contracted to the Duke of Cleves but the Match breaking off she now Married Antony of Bourbon Duke of Vendosme of the Blood Royal of France Anno 1549. This Year died Margaret Queen of Navarre and Mother to the above-mentioned Lady Joanna In Germany some Synods were held particularly at Treves Metz and Cologne by the Emperor's procurement to bring the deluded People to the Obedience of the Church In Africk a Man called Xerife the Son of a Merchant and himself a School-Master under the pretended Veil of Sanctity drew together a number of Armed People wherewith he expelled the Kings of Morocco Fez and Veles He of Veles fled for Refuge to the Emperor and afterwards to the King of Portugal of whom he received nothing but good Words This was the beginning of a bloody War in Africk In England Peter Martir at Oxford began publickly to teach the Heresy of the Sacramentarians and great Tumults happened about the Change of Religion They made Peace with the French who had began the War in Picardy restoring to them the City Bologn taken some Years before At Cigales on the first of November was born Anne Daughter to Prince Maximilian and Mary his Wife She was afterwards Married to her Unkle and was Queen of Spain Pope Paul died at Rome the 10th of November Anno 1550. Cardinal John Maria de Monte succeeded him by the Name of Julius the III. and lived after his Exaltation 5 Years 1 Month and 16 Days John de Vega Viceroy of Sicily on the Coast of Africk took the City called Africa formerly Leptis on the 9th of September expelling thence the Pyrat Dragut who used to set out thence and Ravage the Coasts of Sicily He put a Garison into it but soon after to save Charges utterly demolish'd it At Ausburg in Autumn was opened the Diet of the Empire at which the Emperor and his Son Prince Philip were present The Emperor strove to make his Son King of the Romans but his Brother King Ferdinand opposed it in favour of his own Son Maximilian who was come back from Spain being already chosen King of Bohemia and was now with his Father at the Diet. It was proposed to assemble a-new the Council of Trent and to make War upon Mecklenbourg where the Catholick Religion was wholly excluded Both these Propositions were offensive to Maurice Duke of Saxony tho he was appointed General of that War but what chiefly perplexed him was that the Emperor did not release his Unkle the Landtgrave of Hesse These were the Causes that moved the Duke to make War upon the Emperor who being at that time unprovided for it was reduc'd to great Extremities This Year was remarkable for the Jubilee and for the great numbers of People that repair'd to Rome to gain it Anno 1551. At the beginning of this Year died at Pavia Andrew Alciatus a famous Civilian and Humanist born at Milan who was first Professor in France and afterwards in Italy Pope Julius last December summoned the Bishops to meet again at Trent The Emperor caused the Pope's Edicts to be read at the Diet at Ausburg Duke Octavius Farnesius very unseasonably put himself under the Protection of France Ferrante Gonçaga to put a stop to his Proceedings besieged him in Parma This was the cause that Council was put off for some time but at length it was open'd in May. Cardinal Crecencius the Pope's Legate presided The Ecclesiastical Electors and many Prelates of Germany Spain and Italy were there present The King of France by his Embassador protested against their Proceedings Embassadors came from some German Princes to ask safe Conducts for the Heretical Ministers and Divines but the Conditions they proposed were so extravagant the Fathers thought it a lessening of their Authority to grant them After the Diet at Ausburg broke up Prince Philip return'd to Spain His Cousin Maximilian bore him Company as far as Genoa where he found the Princess Mary his Wife and his Children come thither by Sea out of Spain With them he return'd in December to Inspruck where the Emperor then was that City lying near to forward the Proceedings of the Council King Henry of France on the sudden commenced War in Flanders and Milan He call'd the Turkish Fleet to his Aid which on the Coast of Sicily took the Town and Castle of Augusta seated beyond the City Catania Thence they sailed over to Malta but not succeeding there crossed the Sea and on the Coast of Africk took Tripoli deliver'd to them by the Knights of Malta who had kept it ever since Rhodes was lost Two French Knights had the greatest share in that Treachery The Spaniards paid dearly for their Loyalty about 400 being put to the Sword It was given out the Turks did this in Revenge of the taking of the City of
Queen Mother joyns them the King gets the better and Executes many of them p. 272 The Seventeenth BOOK Chap. I. THE beginning of the War in Aragon many Rebellious Nobles in Castile put to Death The War betwixt Castile and Aragon carry'd on by Sea and Land p. 275 Chap. II. The Kings of Castile and Aragon both call the Moors to their assistance The War is carry'd on vigorously on both sides The Castilians treacherous to their King He punishes many of them The Computation of Time in Aragon altered p. 277 Chap. III. The Death of Queen Blanch and D. Maria de Padilla Peace betwixt Castile and Aragon The War with the Moors and Death of their King The King of Aragon 's Daughter Marry'd to the King of Sicily p. 278 Chap. IV. Castile and Navarre joyn in League The War is carry'd on successfully against Aragon by King Peter of Castile who declares the Lady Mary de Padilla to have been his lawful Wife The Death of John King of France and Constance Queen of Aragon p. 281 Chap. V. Count Henry Proclaim'd King of Castile King Peter expell'd the Kingdom Refus'd Entertainment in Portugal gathers a Fleet in Galicia and flyes into France to the Protection of the English p. 282 Chap. VI. The War betwixt France Navarre and Aragon King Peter of Castile supported by the English in France is brought into Spain by the Prince of Wales with an Army Overthrows Henry the Vsurper and recovers his Kingdom p. 284 Chap. VII King Peter Excommunicated and Absolv'd Count Henry returns into Spain is again receiv'd by many Places Toledo opposes him and is Besieg'd King Peter comes to its relief is overthrown betray'd to and murder'd by Henry the Bastard p. 286 Chap. VIII Several Foreign Princes pretenders to the Crown of Castile War with Aragon Portugal and Granada Affairs of Aragon Sardinia and Navarre The League betwixt Portugal and Aragon p. 288 Chap. IX The Siege of Carmona The King of Portugal Marries the Lady Ellenor de Meneses Peace betwixt Castile Portugal and Navarre p. 289 Chap. X. Peace concluded betwixt Castile and Aragon Several Matches of Princes French and Spaniards Besiege Bayonne in vain The Papal Chair restored to Rome Death of Frederick King of Sicily p. 292 The Eighteenth BOOK Chap. I. THE Wars of Navarre Matches of some of King Henry 's Children The Schism in the Church caused by the Election of the two Popes Urban and Clement The Death of the King of Castile and of Mahomet the Moorish King of Granada p. 294 Chap. II. King John succeeds his Father in the Throne of Castile Charles King of France dies Charles VI. succeeds him Pope Clement own'd in Spain thro' the French Interest p. 296. Chap. III. Charles Duke of Durazzo Crown'd King of Naples The War with Portugal Peace concluded The King of Portugal dies Actions of the Aragonians and Catalonians in Greece and of the former in Sardinia p. 297 Chap. IV. Portugal full of Divisions about the Succession to the Crown King John of Castile having been Proclaim'd at Lisbon enters that Kingdom has many places deliver'd to him Besieges Lisbon but is forced to raise the Siege and return to Castile p. 299 Chap. V. John the Bastard Master of Avis Proclaim'd King of Portugal King John of Castile sends his Fleet then enters Portugal himself with an Army The famous Battle of Aljubarrota and rout of the Castilians p. 301 Chap. VI. The Portugueses make an Inroad into Castile and defeat a Body of Castilians The Duke of Lancaster lands at Corun̄a and takes several Towns The Death of the Kings of Naples Aragon and Navarre p. 303 Chap. VII Peace concluded with the English The Heir of Castile in imitation of the Prince of Wales in England is created Prince of Asturias A Truce with Portugal and the Moors King John of Castile kill'd by a Fall from his Horse p. 304 Chap. VIII John King of Aragon upon complaint of his Subjects complies with their demands Irruptions of the French into Aragon Henry III. Proclaim'd King of Castile The Form of Government appointed there during his Minority p. 307 Chap. IX The Contentions betwixt the Nobility of Castile about the Government They agree on a Settlement then alter it The Affairs of the Moors at Granada War renew'd with Portugal King Charles VI. of France runs distracted p. 308 Chap. X. The Divisions among the Nobility of Castile continue A Truce betwixt Castile and Portugal for 15 Years The Nobility at length pacify'd Sicily brought under the Aragonian Yoke p. 310 The Nineteenth BOOK Chap. I. KIng Henry takes upon him the Government The Cortes at Madrid Discontents among the Nobility The Death of the Master of Alcantara The Biscainers invade the Canary-Islands The Plague at Madrid p. 313 Chap. II. Another Rebellion in Castile quell'd by the King Pope Clement dies and Benedict XIII is Elected which continues the Schism The strange Death of John King of Aragon p. 315 Chap. III. The Queen of Navarre returns to her Husband The Earl of Faux invades Aragon The War betwixt Castile and Portugal renew'd Joseph King of Granada dies Mahomet his second Son Vsurps The Turks come over into Europe p. 317 Chap. IV. Two Franciscans Preaching to the Moors of Granada suffer Martyrdom The Truce with Portugal renew'd Two great Plagues in Spain and France The Year of Jubilee 1400. p. 319 Chap. V. The Death of the Queen of Sicily Of Tamerlan and Bajazet Pope Benedict again receiv'd in Castile The King of Castile has a Son born Pope Boniface dies Innocent VIII chosen at Rome p. 321 Chap. VI. Great Tumults in Aragon appeas'd by the Cortes A Battle betwixt the Castilians and the Moors The Cortes of Castile meet at Toledo and King Henry dies there A Notable Action of his p. 322 Chap. VII The Crown offer'd to Prince Ferdinand be refuses it John II. Proclaim'd King of Castile The Death of the Queen of Aragon The War of Granada Several Places taken by the Christians who also obtain a Victory at Sea p. 324 Chap. VIII The Murder of the Duke of Orleans by him of Burgundy The War carry'd on with the Moors and a Truce concluded Original of D. Alvaro de Luna Continuation of the Schism p. 326 Chap. IX The Death of Martin King of Sicily Several Pretenders to the Crown of Aragon Their several Claims Martin King of Aragon prefers that of his Nephew Prince Ferdinand of Castile tho' unjust p. 328 Chap. X. The Moors having done much harm in the Christian Territories Prince Ferdinand marches against them defeats them and takes Antequera and other Places Martin King of Aragon dies A Love Adventure p. 329 The Twentieth BOOK Chap. I. THE State of Christendom Nine Judges appointed in Aragon to decide the dispute about the Succession Arguments us'd by each of the Candidates The Government of King John of Portugal p. 332 Chap. II. Ferdinand Prince of Castile declar'd King of Aragon by the Judges and afterwards Proclaim'd at
Peace His Son Peter succeeded him and was the second of the Name To Alonso he left Provence and its Dependencies to Ferdinand the Monastery of Poblete of Cistercians founded by his Father and finished by himself betwixt Tarragona and Lerida His three Daughters Constance Ellenor and Dulcis were appointed to succeed in the Throne in case their Brothers dy'd without Heirs This Year was also unfortunate for Plague and Famine which raged most in Catalonia The Moorish King also made an incursion took Caceres and Plasencia destroyed the Country of Talavera but could not enter the Town and demolished Santolalla and Escalona Toledo was ten Days Besieged In the Year ensuing which was 1197. there were great revolutions in Catalonia the People being divided in Factions some followed Armengaud Earl of Vrgel other Roger Earl of Faux who prevailed and subdued the other Party Abenjoseph the Moor flushed with succeess marched again to Toledo but despairing of taking that City ravaged all the Country about Madrid and Alcala then turning off to the left did the same about Ocan̄a Vcles Huete and Cuenca King Alonso not able of himself to withstand so great a Power thought of Foreign aids there was no hopes in Leon and Navarre who at the same time wasted his Dominions the one entred at Soria the other the Country of Campos No hopes remained except Peter called the Catholick King of Aragon who readily condescended and they joyn'd their Forces It was resolved first to take revenge on the King of Leon from whom were easily taken the Towns of Bolanos Castroverde Valencia and Carpio Navarre was designed to suffer next but it was not effected for that Abenjoseph prepared again to invade Castile however the Christians again in the Year 1198 turned their fury against Leon ravaged all the Territory of Salamanca and took Alva and Monterey with other lesser places Such was the blind Passion of the two Kings that to be at leasure to invade Navarre they concluded a Truce for ten Years with the Moor Abenjoseph At this time Sancho King of Portugal was busie repairing many Towns as Valencia de Min̄o Montemor O Novo Vallelas Penamacor Sorrella Penella and others which he gave some to the Knights of Santiago some to those of Avis who then first began to be known With the assistance of a Fleet of English French and Flemmings he took the City Silves near Cape S. Vincent His Brother-in-Law Philip Earl of Flanders sent 27 Ships and a good Body of choice Soldiers Authors do not agree about the time of this Action some say it was the Year 1199. others 10 Years before Many Prodigies seen about this time Terrfied all Men especially the Vulgar who are more Superstitious In Portugal there was a raging Plague and Famine at once which the Commonalty attributed to Gods Vengeance for that Alonso King of Leon and Teresa Princess of Portugal were not divorc'd as the Pope had expresly Commanded by reason of their Consanguinity so that Portugal was under an interdict and all Persons who opposed that Separation Excommunicated To add to these misfortunes the City Silves was recover'd by Abenjoseph the Moor. At length in the Year 1200. the King of Leon was divorced and immediately began to treat of Marrying Berengaria Daughter to King Alonso of Castile with whom he had as near Kindred as with the former but state Policy bears down Conscience and Religion It appears by an Epistle of Pope Innocent III. to the Archbishop of Compostella that he refus'd to give a Dispensation for this Marriage Alonso King of Castile ardently desired to be reveng'd of Navarre but the King of Aragon could not join him presently as had been agreed being then at variance with his Mother Queen Sancha of whom he was suspicious and therefore seiz'd upon her jointer Lands The two Kings met at Hariza and there matters were adjusted betwixt the Aragonian and his Mother Peter Ruiz de Açagra Lord of Albarazin being reconcil'd to both Kings was at this Congress and here was concluded a stricter Alliance on the 30th of November This same Year according to our Historians Richard King of England Married Berengaria the Daughter of Sancho King of Navarre English Authors say it was a Year sooner and that he dy'd this same Year King Alonso of Castile by the benefit of the Truce with the Moors repair'd all the places they had demolish'd and at the same time ceas'd not to press the King of Aragon to join his Forces against Navarre as had been agreed At last both Armies entred Navarre Sancho King of Navarre despairing of any Succour from Christian Princes and finding himself too weak to withstand so great a Power went over into Africk not doubting of assistance from Abenjoseph Miramamolin He being gone the Kings of Castile and Aragon rang'd that Country without any opposition Aivar and the Country of Valderroncal were given to the King of Aragon he of Castile had Miranda and Insula and lay'd Siege to Vitoria head of the Province Alaba The Siege growing tedious the King left James de Haro to Command there and went himself to the Province of Guipuscoa in Biscay which submitted to him the People being offended at the Government of the Navarrois Vitoria was also Surrendred and after it all the Fortresses in Alaba Yet they Capitulated that the King should impose no new Laws or Governours on them except in Vitoria and Trevin̄o where he might place whom he pleas'd Nothing could withstand the two Kings the Country being altogether forsaken A report was also spread that King Sancho had an Incurable Cancer in one of his Legs which proceeded from Melancholy for his Misfortunes The Sea-Coasts of Biscay were now fortify'd some Towns repair'd as S. Sebastian Fuenterrabia Guetaria and Motrico and other new ones built which were Laredo Santander and St. Vincent Mean while King Sancho having met with no success return'd home with shame and found his Kingdom diminish'd on all sides He sent submissive Embassies to both the Kings but they obtained nothing for neither of them would part with what he had gained by the Sword besides they had other pretensions of right to palliate their Ambition Whilst these things hap'ned in Spain John King of England being hard pressed by Philip Augustus King of France concluded a dishonourable Peace by which he restored many Towns to the French and the better to Colour this condescention gave them in the Nature of Dower obliging the King of France to Marry one of the Daughters of Alonso King of Castile and Neices to John King Alonso had Four Daughters three of them marriageable which were Berengaria Vrraca and Blanch. Berengaria about the same time was Marryed to the King of Leon the French had their choice of the other two and pitched upon Blanch. She was Contracted at Burgos and thence convey'd to Guienne then in the hands of the English from whence the Nobility of France conducted her
they had opposed their Surrender An Assault must be given and many advised to do it by Night but the King to avoid the confusion that is common in the dark drew out by break of day in order to storm causing all the Avenues to be guarded that none of the Enemy might escape Three times the Sign was given to fall on and the Soldiers stirred not till the King calling upon them as it were wak'd them out of a heavy sleep Then with a terrible shout they gave the Assault The Moors with great Courage ran to meet the Danger but being over-power'd and born down the City was entred and plundred and the People put to the Sword The Moorish King was drawn out from a private place where he lay hid and King Jayme took him by the Beard having sworn so to do yet comforted him with good words and promises After taking the City the Castle soon surrendred where was found a Son of the King 's 13 years of age who was afterwards Baptiz'd by the Name of D. Jayme and had an Estate given him which was the Town of Gotor in the Kingdom of Valencia whence his Successors Gentlemen of Note in that Country take their Name Majorca was taken on the last day of December preceeding the Year 1230. This City was made an Episcopal See notwithstanding the Canons of Barcelona pretended a Right to it but could make no good proof All the rest of the Island was easily brought under which done most of the Soldiers return'd home and the King to Catalonia This Year the Order of Mercela Instituted some time before was Confirm'd by Pope Gregory IX as appears by his Bull dated at Peroza in Tuscany the 17th of January CHAP. IX Alonso King of Leon Defeats the Moors takes Merida and Badajoz and dies Crowns of Castile and Leon united under Ferdinand Sancho King of Navarre dies Theobald succeeds him Interviews of several Kings WHilst the Forces of Aragon Conquer'd Majorca Alonso King of Leon again entred the Territories of the Moors and took the Town of Caçeres in Estremadura where he had before been repulsed This Success encouraged him to Besiege Merida a great City once the chiefest in those parts Abenhut the Moorish King thinking to establish a Reputation marched to relieve that place King Alonso was much inferiour to him in number and therefore being dubious what was best to be done he held a Council of War in which most were for drawing off Yet Honour prevailing the King resolved to give Battle and accordingly drew up his Army The Moors were not backward and the Signal being given both Parties charged with great resolution Long the Fight continued very bloody but at length the Valour of the Christians overcame the number of Infidels This Victory and Slaughter were so great that many of the neighbouring Towns were abandon'd by the Inhabitants It was reported that the Apostle S. James and other Saints were seen in this Fight encouraging the Christians as also that at Zamora S. Isidorus and others had appeared as preparing to go aid the Faithful But who can assert the truth of this Great Victories often cause any sort of Miracles to be believed After this Defeat no other hopes of relief remaining Merida was surrendred Badajoz a City on the Borders of Portugal Estremadura and Andaluzia also submitted King Alonso who was the ninth of that Name the Season being unfit for Action dismissed his Army resolving as soon as the Weather would permit to carry on the War with greater Forces Death prevented his Designs which cut him off at Sarria about the end of this Year as he was going to pay his Vows at Santiago His Body was bury'd in that Church By D. Teresa his first Wife he had two Daughters Sancha and Dulcis by Queen Berengaria he left Ferdinand already King of Castile and Alonso Lord of Molina and Berengaria Marry'd to John King of Jerusalem He had besides a Bastard Son call'd Roderick de Leon. He Reign'd 42 years was Valiant in War and a great Lover of Justice wherefore he assigned Salaries to the Judges that they might take no Bribes and punished them severely if faulty His hatred to his Son Ferdinand was such that in his Will he appointed his two Daughters to succeed him King Ferdinand had Besieged Jaen and not being able to carry it was remov'd to Daralherça where the News of his Fathers's Death was brought to him He was very intent upon the War of Andaluzia but the necessity of securing the Crown of Leon drew him away At Orgaz five League from Toledo his Mother met him and they resolv'd with all speed to move towards Leon. All things there prov'd easier than had been imagined Most places received him with great Joy and Tokens of Love He was Crown'd at Toro which had first by Letters sent to invite him Some great Men sided with the Princesses which might have proved of dangerous Consequence had not the Prelates interposed and reduc'd them to submit to him who had the most right Teresa Mother to the Princesses came out of Portugal to their aid but considering it was best to compound with her Son-in-law she met Queen Berengaria at Valencia in Galicia where it was agreed the Princesses should quit their claim to the Crown and in lieu thereof the King should allow them 30000 Ducats a year for Life This done the King set forwards towards Valencia by the way at Bonavente the Princesses met him To the Archbishop of Toledo for his indefatigable Services the King gave the Town of Cascata in that Country Thus the Kingdom of Leon was again united to Castile after it had been separated from it 63 Years and this Union has continu'd to our days D. Sancho King of Navarre who in his Youth was call'd the Strong liv'd now retir'd in the Castle of Tudela without attending to the Government This his retirement gave his Subjects opportunity to mutiny which Pamplona in particular did several times Besides Lope Diaz de Haro Lord of Biscay entred the Territories of Navarre and took some Towns and Castles King Ferdinand was suppos'd to have some hand in this Affair Yet the worst was that Theobald Earl of Champagne the King's Nephew and Heir impatient of delay contriv'd with the Nobility to Depose him King Sancho no way able to oppose so many Enemies sent to invite Jayme King of Aragon newly return'd from the Conquest of Majorca to the Castle of Tudela there to consult about Affairs of the highest nature King Jayme being then at Zaragoça set out immediately as was desired without asking any further security for his Person Both the Kings expressed much affection at their meeting and the Ceremonies being over he of Navarre complain'd of the evil Practices of his Nephew Theobald of the ambition of King Ferdinand At the same time he declar'd he had resolved to make use of the King of Aragon for regaining what he had lost about
succeeds him KIng Alonso the Tenth of the Name as was of right succeeded his Father Ferdinand His Reign for the strange variety of Revolutions that happen'd prov'd much more wonderful than glorious For what can be more admirable than to see a Prince bred in War and so Learned that few private Persons could compare with him reduc'd to that Unfortunate State he could neither obtain the Empire offer'd him by Strangers nor secure the Kingdom left him by his Father but to be reduc'd almost to the state of a private Man He sully'd the Title of the Wise purchas'd by his Learning by not knowing how to foresee and prevent the Calamities that fell upon him At Sevil where he was when his Father dy'd he was Proclaim'd King His first action was to renew the League with the King of Granada and he remitted him the sixth part of the Tribute he us'd to pay This was done in respect to his good Services and to encourage him to continue faithful That Prince was so great an admirer of King Ferdinand that tho' a Moor he sent Yearly 100 Wax Torches to Sevil for that Kings Anniversary There was great scarcity of Money to relieve which want it was thought fit that instead of Pepiones a Coin so call'd that was made of pure Metal there should Burgaleses be us'd which were base and full of allay This was no relief to the King's wants for all things grew dear and he was forc'd to raise the Salaries of all Officers But the People were much more inrag'd when another sort of Money was invented call'd Black because it had much Copper 15 pieces of this Money were worth a Crown one Burgales was worth two Pepiones This Method of raising Money has often been found very prejudicial and soon made King Alonso odious to his Subjects King Alonso was troubled for the Barrenness of his Queen Violante Flatterers advis'd there might be a Divorce obtain'd and the King was easy to be perswaded He sent to conclude a Match with Christina Daughter to the King of Denmark and she was brought into Spain King Jayme of Aragon indeavour'd by fair means to alter this resolution but those failing had recourse to Arms. Thus the War broke out incursions were made on both sides and the Frontiers plunder'd Theobald King of Navarre dy'd now on the 8th of July 1253. As he was worthy of praise for his zeal towards the Holy Land so he was Blameable for invading the rights of the Church on which account it is said that Kingdom was for the space of three Years under a general Interdict After that time was expir'd Peter Remigius or Gaçoliz Bishop of Pamplona who had been Banished was reconciled to the King and return'd to his Church Theobald was honourable for other good qualities and especially for his Learning He had Three Wives by the first who was Daughter to the Earl of Lorrain he had no Children Being Divorc'd from her by the Pope's Command he Marry'd Sibila Daughter to Philip Earl of Flanders by whom he had Blanch Marry'd to John Duke of Britanny called the Red. By his third Wife the Daughter of Archimbaud Earl of Faux he had Theobald Henry and Ellenor Theobald succeeded his Father being then not 15 Years of Age but of an Excellent temper and promising hopes Queen Marguerite his Mother fearing Alonso King of Castile being eas'd of the War with the Moors would again set up his pretensions to that Crown had recourse to the King of Aragon with him she had a Conference at Tudela in August and they concluded a League Offensive and Defensive It was also agreed that Theobald should Marry one of King Jayme's Daughters and that neither of them should be given to any of the King of Castile's Brothers without the consent of Queen Marguerite However the King of Aragon sav'd to himself his pretensions to that Crown on account of the adoption of King Sancho That this League might be the firmer they had it confirmed by the Pope It aim'd directly at Castile The apprehensions of a War caus'd the King of Aragon and his Son to be reconcil'd Thus I find that Alonso the eldest Son confirm'd under an Oath what his Father had given to Peter and Jayme the two Younger Brothers A new War ensued Alasarcho a designing Moor promis'd to deliver up the Castle of Reguara King Jayme being a forward Prince easily gave credit to him and was on the way with a small handful of Men. He had fallen into the snare and been taken but that he had intelligence of the design The Moor thus disappointed perswaded those of Valencia to revolt thither the King hasted and it was debated to expel all the Infidels Interest sway'd the Nobility to oppose this advice but the Prelate and Commonalty prevail'd so the Moors were Commanded to depart Valencia and all its Territory within a time prefixt They tho' 60000. strong and in Arms obey'd and dispersed themselves into the Country of Murzia and Granada A considerable number also setled in that part now called La Mancha de Aragon formerly Montaragon of a Town of that Name At that time it was not Tilled nor Improved at present yields Corn that supplies many Places Ferdinand Brother to King Alonso made a considerable profit of the Moors for being Governour of Villena through which they were to pass he obliged every one to pay a Crown of Gold These affairs hindred the King of Aragon from falling upon Castile and this delay proved fortunate At the same time that Christina after her long Voyage came to Toledo which was in the Year 1254. it appeared that the Queen was with Child The King moved at so unexpected an accident changed his hatred into Love and those who before perswaded a Divorce now pleaded for the Queen Such is the Custom of Flatterers Philip the King's Brother notwithstanding he was Abbot of Valladolid and Elect Archbishop of Sevil renounced the Priestly Function and with the King's consent Marry'd Christina who dy'd soon after Queen Violantes Barreness was chang'd into Fruitfulness and she bore many Children These were Berengaria Beatrix Ferdinand called de la Cerda that is of the Hair because of long Hair that grew on his back Sancho Peter John James Elizabeth and Ellenor By a Woman of mean Extraction the King had Alonso Fernandez by D. Mayor Daughter to Peter de Guzman he had Beatrix both Illegitimate In the following Year 1255. Edward the Eldest Son of Henry King of England came into Spain the cause of his coming is not known unless it were on account of Christina who was his Cousin-german He was honourably received by the King at Burgos and by him Knighted according to the Custom of those times Honours directed to appease the Fierce Youth King Alonso had not the same Character in all parts In Spain he was hated by his Subjects and not much beloved by the Neighbouring Princes Abroad the Fame of
Abbot of Valladalid for that it was he who started that Discourse and consulted with the Queen how to be reveng'd They thought fit to call him to Aâ—â—ount for the administration of the Royal Revenue which he had Charge of and the Business was committed to the Arch-Bishop of Toledo King Sancho went away to Santiago in 〈◊〉 and by the way in the Monasterâ— of Sahagun finding that the Bonca of King Alonso the VIth and his two Queens Elizabeth and Mary were meanly laterred he â—â—us'd them to be put into decent Tombs with 〈…〉 Being return'd to Valladâ—lid he honour'd D. Lope Diaz de Haro â—â—rd of Biscay to whom chiefly he 〈…〉 Crown with the place of Lord Steward of his Household and his Standard heaâ—ery Besides he made him Governour of many Forth and on the 1st of January gave him the Title of an Earl all these Honours in remainder to his son James Lopez de Haro 〈…〉 de Haro Brother to D. Lope was made General of 〈…〉 Thus that Family increas'd Riches and Power and D. Lope became the King 's Favouriâ—â— all Things were govern'd according to his Will in so much that the other Nobles complain'd he tyranniz'd in the Name of King Sancho Paticularly the People of Leon and Gâ—â—cia found fault that he bestow'd all 〈…〉 upon his own Creatures D. Lope great yâ—t more Hanghty having marry'd his Daughter Mary to Prince John and endeavour'd to have the King put away his Queen that he might Marry his Consin Gulielma Daughter to â—astâ—n Earl 〈…〉 This was not at all pleasing to the King who had now by the Queen another Son call'd Alonso and therefore sought an Opportunity to â—ake off D. Lope yet fearing some Rebellion kept him close about his Person in the same Hâ—â—â—ur whilst he visited the Kingdom of Toledo and went to 〈◊〉 The Design of this burney was to 〈◊〉 the People of Galicia who had revolted and put a stop to the incursions of the 〈…〉 Prince Alonso the King of Portugal's Brother and D. Alvar NunÌ„oz de Lara Son to D. John de Lara a restless Man and us'd to live upon Rapine Prince Alonso was possess'd of the 〈◊〉 of Pertalegâ—â— and Roncaâ— on the Frontiers of Castile and Portugal 〈◊〉 Lope de Haro was lest to reduce the Rebels of Galicia The affair of Portugal was 〈◊〉 of between that King and him of Castile and they agreeing with joynt Forces laid Siege to Ronca destroy'd all the Country and oblig'd it to surrender The two Kings being together at this Siege the Portuguese advis'd the Castilian to take D. Alvar NunÌ„ez de Lara into Favour that his Greatness might serve as a check to D. Lope de Haro which was done accordingly D. Lope diving into that Design upon pretence of visiting his Cousin the Viscount of Bearne withdrew into Navarre The Navarrois were of themselves inclinable to make War against Castile and therefore upon his coming took up Arms. Clement Luna a Frenchman was then Viceroy of Navarre Many Incursions were made by the Navarrois as well into Castile as Aragon but nothing of Note was done except taking the Town of Salvatierra from the later The Aragonians made War into Italy with better success Roger Lauria a brave Commander and famous for his late Victories surpriz'd a mighty Fleet of the Enemy near Naples and after a sharp Dispute obtain'd a compleat Victory taking 42 Sale and 5000 Prisoners among which were many of Note Most of them were ransom'd only Guido de Montfort was not releas'd the Kings of England and Aragon being his 〈…〉 Enemies because this Man was Great Grand-son to Simon Earl of Montfort who as has been said overthrew and kill'd Peter King of Aragon in the War of Toulouze And Simon Grand-son to the other Simon took Richard Brother to King Henry of England Prisoner Guido also cruelly Murder'd Henry the Son of that Richard the Emperour in the Cathedral of Viterbo at Man in Revenge for his Father kill'd in Battle by Edward King of England The French and English Historians affirm 〈◊〉 Guido was deliver'd up to the King of England A Sicilian Writer of that Age positively says he 〈…〉 Sicily of a Disease which could not be cur'd without having to do with a Woman which he absolutely refus'd because he would not wrong his Wife Margueriâ—e who after his Death behav'd not her self so well as she ought to have done The Aragonians were now at Peace and famous for their Riches Strength and the memorable Action they had perform'd Only the King of Majorca â—â—â—ested the Coast of â—â—â—alonia but â—â— nothing Remarkable Alonso King of Aragon was renowned and had the Ballance of Peace and War in his Hands keeping the two rightful Princes of Castile Prisoners in Aragon and him of Salerâ—o in Sicily These Princes growing weary of their Confinement inclin'd to admit of any 〈…〉 so they might be enlarg'd and great Kings interceded for them Many 〈…〉 sent from France and Castile upon that Affair but the Authority of Edward King of England was of most Weight because the Aragonian sought to Marry his Daughter Ellâ—â—or â—â—ose Kings resolv'd to meet at the City Oloron in the Province of Bearne and there 〈…〉 of the King of England it was agreed that the Prince of Salerno should be set at Liberty within a Year upon these Conditions That the Kingdom of Sicily should remain to D. Jayme That he should prevail with the Pope to give his consent and take 〈…〉 censures under which the Kingdom of Aragon lay That he should Pay 30000 Marks of Silver That Charles of Valcis should quit his Pretensions to the Crown of Aragon given him by Pope Martin And that if all this were not perfor 〈◊〉 within the Term of three Years that Prince should return in Prison and in the mean while should give his Three Sons Robert Charles and Luis and Sixty Men of Note of 〈…〉 as Hostages Charles Prince of 〈◊〉 being set at liberty went over into France and thence into Tuscany and after having appeas'd the Tumults rais'd by the 〈◊〉 in Rodâ— was at last by Pope 〈◊〉 the IV th declared King of Apulia and Sicily and accordingly 〈…〉 Pope pretended the late Agreement was invalid being made without his Consent that Kingdom being an antient Fleâ— of the Church This highly perplexed the King of Aragon and the Wordâ— for that he understand that Sancho King of Castile was 〈…〉 to break 〈◊〉 him and joyn with the King of France the Queen and Arch-Bishop of Toledo favouring the French and many others oppos'd He â—â— many Troubles ensu'd and D. Lope de Haro dying â—â— shall be related but Friends and 〈…〉 fled to Aragon and were the 〈◊〉 of new Wars This 〈…〉 speedily with the French The Embassadors of both Kings and the Popes 〈…〉 at the â—â—ity Lyons in French and â—here they agreed Thâ—â— King Sancho should give to D. Alonso de la Cerda the Kingdom of Mâ—â—câ—â— upon Condition he
should not assume the Title of King of Castile and â—â—ould hold that Crown of him and do him 〈◊〉 for it That if D. Alonso dy'd without 〈◊〉 his Brother Ferdinand should 〈…〉 That the King of Castile should send â—000 Horse to the Assistance of the King of France to make War upon Aragon but give 〈◊〉 Army free passage through his Dominions if there was Occasion That the Two Princes then Prisoners being by the Two Kings set at Liberty should be deliver'd to the King of France This Agreement was so displeasing to Blanch the Mother of â—â—â— Princes that leaving her Brother she went away to Portugal She labour'd with a 〈◊〉 Spirit to get assistance against 〈◊〉 but the Success answer'd not the Pains she took Denis King of Portugal having 〈◊〉 the Moors his Dominions â—njoy'd perfect Peace and would by no 〈◊〉 be perswaded to hazard his own Quiet for the good of others This King had good natural Parts and who happy in a numerous â—â—ue By his Queen Elizabeth he had Two Daughters Elizabeth and Constance and one Son called Alonso who 〈◊〉 him By other Women he had Alonso de Albuquerque from whom descends a Noble Family in Portugal Peter given to 〈◊〉 as appears by a Book he wrote of the Nobility of Spain 〈◊〉 and Ferdinand 〈◊〉 two Daughters one marry'd to D. John de la Cerda the other to 〈◊〉 CHAP. VIII Troubles in Castile The rightful Heirs to that Crown before Prisoners in Aragon set at liberty Wars on that account betwixt those two Crowns Badajoz Mâ—tinies and is reduc'd An Interview betwixt the Kings of France and Castile CAstile was at peace with the Moors Amity being establish'd with the King of Granada and a Truce with the King of Morocco A Civil War was fear'd by all Men. These Troubles were occasion'd by the Death of D. Lope de Haro kill'd in the Court and even in the King's presence in this manner D. Alvar NunÌ„ez de Lara dying soon after he was reconcil'd to the King his Competitor D. Lope de Haro return'd to Court hoping to recover his former Favour But no sooner was D. Alvar dead than D. John his Brother was rais'd to the same degree of Esteem to the great satisfaction of the People and no less Grief of D. Lope de Haro who so highly resented it as to complain to the King himself Prince John D. Lope's Son in Law 〈…〉 Incursions far as Guidad 〈◊〉 The King complain'd thereof to D. Lope who had the Boldness to say 〈…〉 by his Consent and added that if the King went to Valladolid his Son in-Law would come to â—igules a Town 〈◊〉 that 〈◊〉 which was threatning of him The King tho inrag'd at this Affront dissâ—â—â—'d it at present and going to Valladolid spoke with D. John his Brother â—o those Troubles â—â—as'd for some time From Valladolid the King 〈◊〉 to Roa thence to 〈◊〉 then to Soria and then set forward towards Taragona to meet the King of Aragon and treat about delivering the Two Princes his Nephews This Meeting of the Two Kings was prevented by the Policy of D. Lope de Haro who pass'd betwixt them and made Proposals to each of them which the other never thought of His Design was by 〈◊〉 of these two Princes to pull down King Sancho from whom he was wholly 〈◊〉 Therefore nothing being concluded King Sancho return'd to Alfaro a Town or 〈◊〉 on the Borders Beacon and Navarre Prince John and D. Lope de Haro came thither to attend him without a sufficient Retinue to guard them There were 〈◊〉 at that 〈…〉 Arch-Bishop at Toledo the Bishops of Plasencia Callahorra Osma and Tuy besides the 〈…〉 Lord 〈…〉 and the Abbot of Valladolid all summon'd to a Council Prince 〈◊〉 and D. Lope being come into the Kings Presence he commanded them immediately to deliver up all the 〈◊〉 they held of the King and they excusing themselves he order'd them to be apprehended D. Lope 〈◊〉 Hand on his Sword and wrapping his Cloak about his Arm call'd the King Tyrant gave him much more opprobrious Language and stepp'd forwards to kill him All that were by 〈◊〉 and falling upon him first out off his Right Hand and soon made an end of him Prince John after wounding some of the King's Servant seeing his Father in Law Dead fled to the Queen's Chamber who stood before him to stop the King that follow'd with his drawn Sword and by her intreaties sav'd his life However he was put in Prison to stand Tryal for his Offences It would be tedious to relate all the particulars of this Treason and the Confusion in the Royal Family These Heads being taken off all Tumults ceased for the present and the Example terrifyed others from attempting just then to Rebel But when the Terror was somewhat abated that Action of the King 's began to be openly censur'd The Friends and Kindred of those two great Men withdrew from Court and many got out of the Kingdom Thus a mighty Storm seem'd to threaten and therefore the King as was said made hast to conclude the League with France Joanna Wife to the late D. Lope de Haro Daughter to D. Alonso Lord of Molina all clad in Mourning went to see the Queen her Sister at Santo Domingo de la Calçada where the Court then was and prevail'd so far with her Tears and the Queens intercession that the King was appeased and granted her Son should not be depriv'd of his Lord-ship of Biscay as had been design'd the Town of Haro and Castle of TrevinÌ„o being already seiz'd Moreover the Queen promis'd her Sister that if her Son would be quiet and submit himself to the King he should be restor'd to his Father's Honours The Lady Joanna like an unconstant Woman thinking this proceeded from Fear incens'd her Son against the King and perswaded him to cast off his Allegiance and go over to Aragon Mary Wife to Prince John then a Prisoner fled to Navarre and with her many of her Friends but others better advis'd stay'd to see the Event of Things Gaston Viscount of Bearne came speedily to Aragon resolving to hazard his Person and Estate in defence of his Kindred At the Request of all these Nobles the King of Aragon releas'd the Two Brothers Princes of Castile and the more to incense King Sancho in the Month of September at Jaca saluted Alonso the eldest King of Castile and Leon. This was the Foundation of new Wars which presently broke out between Castile and Aragon The Commonalty of Castile were for a Change the Gentry for the most part stood by King Sancho He about that time went to Vitoria in the Province of Alava and there the Queen was deliver'd of a Son who was call'd Henry This Journey was undertaken in order to meet the King of France at Bayonne as had been agreed and to subdue Biscay This War prov'd more difficult than was expected by reason of the natural Strength of
Revenue in his Arch-Bishoprick whence there ensu'd a mortal Enmity betwixt them At the same time the Navarrois still subject to France sustain'd a great loss in Biscay Philip the Long King of France dying without Heirs on the second of June 1321 his Brother Charles the Fair succeeded him and equall'd his Brothers in Liberality Valour and Beauty In his time the Biscainers seiz'd the Castle of Gorricia in Guipuscoa pretending the Navarrois withheld it from them wrongfully 60000 Men-march'd out of Navarre if the Numbers are not mistaken and came to Botivara on the 19th of September 800 Biscainers having secur'd the Passes of the Mountains from thence roll'd down Barrels full of Stones and Bodies of Trees on the Navarrois which broke and put them to flight with greater Slaughter than could be imagin'd from so small a Number Giles Oniz commanded the Biscayners and Ponce Morentaina a Frenchman and Viceroy of Navarre those People The Pope sent Cardinal William of Bayonne his Legate into Castile to endeavour to put an end to the Distractions of that Kingdom He procur'd the Cortes or Parliament should meet at Palencia at the same time that Queen Mary the Protectress of three Kings and Honour of Castile worn out with Age and Troubles dy'd at Valladolid on the first of June 1322. She built the Monastery of Huelgas in that City where she order'd her self to be bury'd another at Burgos a third at Tore and others in several Parts of the Kingdom The Cortes at Palencia it seems took no effect A Synod of all the Bishops or Castile was held at Valladolid by the Legate There on the 2d of August many wholsom Constitions were enacted Among other things those that shall eat Flesh or sell it publickly in Lent or the Ember-days are Excommunicated Such as are not Christians are forbid to be present at Divine Service yet if Baptiz'd they are allow'd to be capable of Benefices The common way of Purgation used in Spain is Condemned The Decrees of D. John Archbishop of Toledo publish'd at that time are preserv'd to this day He ordains that Divine Service do not go forwards till the Jews or Moors go out of the Church That Monies gather'd upon the Croisade be deliver'd to the Prelate for Redemption of Captives and Relief of the Poor That Priests say Mass at least four times a year and that after they have said Mattins That what is gotten by the Church shall not be left to Children tho' got in Wedlock This same year Ismael King of Granada was kill'd in the Alhambra by his own People stirr'd up against him by the Lord of Algezira and Ozmin the first was offended at him because at the taking of Martos he took from him a Beautiful Captive the other because he lost a Nephew he dearly lov'd there Scarce was his Death known abroad when his Son Mahomet but 12 years of Age was carry'd on a Chair on Men's Shoulders through the City and proclaim'd King By this means the Governour of the City manifested his Loyalty and prevented the designs of the Conspirators who intended to have set up a King of their own making but were now forc'd to quit the City and to fly to several places CHAP. IX King Alonso the 11th of Castile takes upon him the Government The Conquest of Sardinia by the Aragonians The Death of King Denis of Portugal His Son Alonso succeeds him Jayme the 2d King of Aragon is succeeded by his Son Alonso the 4th UPon the Death of Queen Mary the Disorders of Castile were doubl'd No hopes of Remedy remain'd but in the King 's coming to Age to take upon him the Government There were great Tokens to be seen of his Prudence and Virtue At last being arriv'd at the Age of Fifteen tho' so young the necessity of the Times oblig'd him to take up the Government of his Kingdom Besides the Subjects press'd him and particularly Garcilasso de la Vega and Alvar Nunez Ossorio Men of great Note who labour'd to get into the King's Favour thereby to obtain Pardon of the Crimes they had committed during his Minority He admitted them into his Family and they grew so great that he was chiefly govern'd by them One Joseph a Jew of Ezija a very Rich Man and Chief of the Farmers and Managers of the Revenue had the next place to these Two Gentlemen The King sent Letters of Summons to the Governours of the Kingdom who presently came to him to Valladolid each striving to be first in gaining his Favours tho' their Hearts were not sincere as soon appear'd for only Prince Philip stay'd with the King D. John Manuel and D. John Lord of Biscay withdrawing privately from Court Their pretence was as usual Evil Counsellors They joyn'd their Forces and made a solemn League at Cigales The Form of Covenant formerly us'd among the Nobles of Castile was thus Having read the Articles of Agreement one of the Gentlemen concern'd in the Name of all the rest said I swear by Almighty God and by his most glorious Mother that every one of us will perform all that has been read in this Publick Instrument without Fraud or Deceit That we will not go one without the other against our Enemies nor in any manner act contrary to what has been here establish'd Whosoever shall first violate it that very Day do Thou Almighty God in this World take away his Life and torment his Soul in the other with cruel and everlasting Torments let his Strength and his Speech fail him and in Battel his Horse Arms and Spurrs and his Vassals when he has most need of them Then all present answer'd Amen Other times they divided the Consecrated Host into Two Parts and each took one then follow'd the Curses and Imprecations This is the solemn manner of Associating themselves long us'd in Castile This Union was dangerous to the King and therefore to break it he agreed to Marry D. John Manuel's Daughter who thereupon came to Pen̄afiel submitted himself to the King and deliver'd him his Daughter as yet too young to be marry'd The other D. John seeing himself forsaken thought of Marrying Blanch the Daughter of Prince Peter kill'd in Andaluzla for her great Portion she being Lady of Almaçan Alcocer and other Towns upon the Borders of Aragon which lay opportunely to forward his designs To prevent him the King was advis'd to seize upon all the Lady Blanch's Patrimony Garcilasso forgetting his Obligations to Prince Peter was the chief Man that gave this Advice D. John Manuel being restor'd to the King's Favour meditated Revenge against the Archbishop of Toledo Hereupon some hard words passing betwixt them in the King's Presence the King depriv'd the Archbishop of the Chancellorship whereat he being offended withdrew into Aragon and there exchang'd Churches with D. Ximeno de Luna Archbishop of Tarragona with the additional Title of Patriarch of Alexandria Garcilasso was made Chancellor and from that time
the Office fell to nothing tho' afterwards for some years the Archbishops appointed Deputies to execute it and now they have only the bare Title of Lords Chancellors of Castile D. John the Archbishop increas'd the number of 13 Poor maintain'd at the House of those Prelates to 30 which holds to this day The King of Aragon in persuance of the Popes Grant was resolv'd to possess himself of the Island of Sardinia then subject to the Republick of Pisa To this purpose he sent his Son D. Alonso who in the term of two years Conquer'd it defeating those of Pisa in several Encounters Yet most of the Aragonians dy'd through the unhealthfulness of the Country Prince Peter younger Brother to Alonso mov'd by the fresh example of Castile and the favour of many Nobles hop'd if his Brother dy'd in that Expedition to exclude his Sons and inherit the Crown which he understanding soon concluded a Peace with Pisa in the Month of June 1324. upon these Conditions That Prisoners on both sides be set at liberty That Trade be restor'd That the Castle of Caller with all its Territory remain to the People of Pisa That all the rest of the Island belong to the Aragonians This done he came over into Spain and prevail'd with his Father to declare his Sons Heirs of the Crown notwithstanding he should dye before them in the Cortes at Zaragoça and there the Oath of Fidelity to them as Heirs was accordingly taken The following 1325. in January and at Santarem dy'd Denis King of Portugal a Prince famous for the long time he Reigned which was 45 Years 9 Months and 5 Days as also for his continual Prosperity till the latter end of his Reign when it was disturb'd by his Son He was bury'd in the Monastery of St. Bernard built by himself a League and half from Lisbon Queen Elizabeth his Wife liv'd 11 Years after him and dy'd on the fourth of July 1332. She was afterwards Canonized for her extraordinary Virtue and Acts of Piety Alonso King Denis his eldest Son succeeded him and was call'd the Brave for his Love to Martial Affairs Of six Children he had three dy'd young which were Alonso Denis and John Mary Peter and Ellenor outliv'd their Parents This year dy'd Sancho King of Majorca at Cerdagne and because he had no Children appointed D. Jayme his Brother Ferdinand's Son his Heir The King of Aragon pretended it belong'd to him by his Grandfather's Will who was the first that erected that Kingdom Jayme had the possession but the Aragonian was powerful therefore at the instance of Philip the late King's Brother by him appointed Governour during the Minority of D. Jayme it was agreed That D. Jayme should Marry Constance Grandchild to the King of Aragon who should give her in Dower the Right he pretended to that Crown Castile was not yet quiet which caus'd King Alonso tho' naturally merciful to punish some Heads of Mutineers whence he got the Name of the Revengeful D. John the Lord of Biscay who aspir'd to marry the Lady Blanch for her great Estate and design'd to call D. Alonso de la Cerda out of France to stir up new Troubles was the first that suffer'd The King upon pretence of making War against the Moors call'd D. John to him and made some Overtures of giving him his Sister Ellenon in Marriage He came to Court on the Day of all Saints in the year 1327 and being invited to a Feast was there put to Death by the King's Order One only Daughter he had then at Nurse was carry'd to Bayonne then in the Hands of the English Mary his Mother who was in the Monastery of Perales sold all the Lordship of Biscay to Garcilasso de la Vega. Yet the King being afterwards appeas'd the Heiress of that Estate was marry'd to D. John de Lara and had the Lordship of Biscay restor'd to her The Towns and Forts D. John had by Inheritance which were above 80. were either taken by Force or Surrender'd and annex'd to the Crown D. John Manuel commanded in the Frontiers against the Moors and tho he did not much confide in the King yet he carry'd on the War vigorously The Infidels had not long before surpriz'd the Castle of Rute and design'd an Incursion into Andaluzia under their General Osmin then reconcil'd to the King D. John ingag'd them near the River Guadalhorça routed them and killed a great Number After this Victory he retir'd to his Estate much Discontented for that the King put away his Daughter Constance and marry'd Mary Daughter to the King of Portugal This was highly resented by D. John and the King of Aragon Uncle to the Lady Constance Alonso the IVth at this time was King of Aragon his Father King Jayme the IId dying at Barcelona where he was bury'd the Day after D. John the Lord of Biscay was put to Death in Castile The Lady Teresa the King's Daughter in Law dy'd 5 days before him at Zaragoça and was there bury'd in the Monastery of S. Francis D. Alonso who succeeded King Jayme had by his Wife the Lady Teresa these Children Peter Jayme and Constance for four others dy'd in their Infancy King Jayme ordain'd that the Principalities of Drago Catalonia and Valencia should never be parted He was so great an Enemy to Law-Suits that he for ever banish'd Ximeno Rada a great Lawyer by whose Contrivance many had suffer'd in their Estates Charles the Fair King of France and Navarre dy'd at Bois de Vincennes on the first of February 1328. His Queen 3 Months after his Death was deliver'd of a Daughter call'd Blanch. By the Laws of France she could not inherit the Crown therefore a Son of Charles de Valois who dyed two years before the King call'd Philip Cousin German to the three late Kings on the one side and Edward King of England as Son to the Lady Elizabeth Sister to those three Kings on the other pretended to that Crown The States of the Kingdom according to the Salique Law proclaim'd Philip de Valois whence ensu'd bloody Wars betwixt those two Nations and the Kings of England took the Title of Kings of France and quarter'd the Flower de Luces in their Arms. Navarre was more Fortunate for it was deliver'd from the Dominion of France Joanna the Daughter of King Luis Hutin marry'd the Earl of Eureux call'd Philip and they were proclaim'd King and Queen of Navarre at Pamplona by the general consent of all People that Lady having the undoubted Right to the Crown by her Mother The King of France made no Opposition as well in regard to her Title as because the Earl was his near Kinsman being Great Grandson to S. Luis King of France Before the Government was well setled the People of Navarre mutiny'd and were so outragious against the Jews that in only the Town of Estela 10000 are said to have been kill'd perhaps there may be
a mistake in the Numbers CHAP. X. The Wars betwixt the Christians and Infidels Rebellions in Castile Aragon Castile and Portugal joyn in League The King and Queen of Navarre come into that Country and return again to France AT the same time in Castile great Preparations were made for the War with the Moors The Moorish King 's tender Years and the Distractions among the Infidels offer'd a good Opportunity of making some considerable Advantage Besides that a Son of Ozmin call'd Abraham the Drunkard because he drank much Wine had deserted to the Christians With him came a good Body of Men. King Alonso went to Sevil and from thence made Incursions wasting the Enemy's Country He took from them Olivera Pruna and Ayamonte Thus the Summer was spent and Winter coming on the Souldiers return'd Rich with Plunder to Quarter in Sevil. D. Alonso Jofre the Admiral brought thither the News to the King that he had defeated 24 Galleys of the Moors taken 3 and sunk 4. Some of these belong'd to Granada the rest were of Asrick Above 1200 Moors were kill'd and taken Embassadors were sent to Treat about the King's Marriage D. John Manuel seeing the King resolv'd to put away his Daughter publickly renouncing his Allegiance joyn'd in League with the Kings of Aragon and Granada Besides he made Inroads from Chinchill and Almansa two strong Places wasting all the Country At the same time the King at Sevil gave the Title of Earl of Trastamara Lemos and Sarria to Alvar Nun̄ez Osorio his great Favourite an Honour had not been given in Castile for many Years past The Ceremony was very odd Three Sops were put into a Cup of Wine and set before them the King and Earl complimented one another three Times about taking the first at last the King took one and the Earl another The Earl was allow'd in the Camp to keep a Kitchin apart for his Company and in the Army to have Colours with his own Devise and Coat of Arms. His Patent being sign'd and read all that were present cry'd Let the Earl Live This was the manner of creating an Earl in those Days At Cordova the King caus'd John Ponce to be Beheaded for that he had not obey'd his Orders in restoring the Castle of Cabra to the Knights of Santiago from whom he took it during the late Troubles besides he was accus'd as a Seditious Person Many Citizens of Cordova suffer'd the same Punishment for the same or other like Crimes Garcilasso de la Vega was murder'd at Soria in the Church at Mass by the contrivance of the Nobility The King was much concern'd and had sent him not long before from Sevil to thwart the Designs of D. John Manuel Escalona a small Town in the Kingdom of Toledo mutiny'd and was for joyning with the Rebels In Castile there were Uproars particularly Toro Zamora and Valladolid had reyolted The chief Contriver of this Rebellion was Hernan Rodriguez de Balboa Grand Prior of the Order of S. John His Pretence was the Greatness of the new Earl Alvar Osorio and Joseph the Jew The King lay'd Siege to Escalona but hearing the News of Castile was forc'd to quit it He came to Valladolid where they would not admit him unless he cast off the Earl Osorio which was accordingly done This Affront was so hainously resented by Osorio that he Rebell'd and joyn'd with D. John Manuel which prov'd his utter Ruin Ramiro Flores de Guzman counterfeiting he fled from the King gain'd his Friendship and finding an Opportunity stabb'd him The King presently seiz'd all his Lands and Treasure and declar'd him a Traytor no body appearing upon Summons to Vindicate him Joseph the Jew was protected by his Meanness and general Contempt of that Nation The King was married at Cuidad Rodrigo where with him of Portugal he contriv'd to draw away the King of Aragon from the Interest of D. John Manuel To this purpose they offer'd him Ellenor the King of Castile's Sister in Marriage which he accepted of and the Lady was sent into Aragon his first Wife Teresa being dead before D. John the Patriach and Arch-bishop of Tarragona went as far as Alfaro to meet her The Ceremony was perform'd at Taraçona the King of Castile being present with him of Aragon this was at the beginning of the Year 1329. To make this League the firmer Blanch the Daughter of Prince Peter who was kill'd by the Moors was contracted to Peter the King of Portugal's eldest Son The Three Kings agreed with Joynt Forces to make War upon the Moors till they had totally driven them out of Spain Also that none of them should shelter or protect the Rebels to any of the other D. John Manuel having thus lost the Protection of Aragon to make the best Interest he could marry'd the Daughter of Ferdinand de la Cerda D. John de Lara likewise marry'd Mary the Daughter of D. John Lord of Biscay hoping with their Joynt Forces to recover that Province which the King had taken from that Lady D. John de Lara and D. John Manuel were in open Rebellion others consented underhand as D. Peter de Castro and D. John Alonso de Albuquerque Son to Hernan Sanchez and Grandson to King Denis of Portugal The greatest of all was D. John de Haro Lord of Cameros Great part of the Kingdom follow'd these Rebellious Noblemen This Year the new King and Queen of Navarre came to Pamplona and were receiv'd upon these Conditions That no Mony should be coin'd during the Term of 12 Years because if was then usual to Stamp base Metal That Foreigners should not be put into places of Trust That it should not be in their Power to sell or change the Kingdom or alienate the Revenue That their first Son as soon as he came to Age should be King and take upon him the Government and his Father Philip should allow 100000 Crowns for his Expences The King and Queen swore to the Performance of these Articles and were thereupon Crown'd in the Cathedral on the 5th of March Great Joy was express'd by all sorts of People for that the Kingdom was restored to Princes of their own after it had been 55 Years subject to Foreigners These Princes had 3 Sons Charles Philip and Luis who had all great Possessions and as many Daughters Joanna Mary and Blanch who also were well Marry'd At this time the Flemmings were in Rebellion and had imprison'd Luis their Earl who getting loose was by them besieg'd in Gant whence he fled to the King of France for Protection That King sent Embassadors to Flanders but they proving unsuccessful he had recourse to Arms. Many Princes went to that War and among them Philip King of Navarre The two Armies met near Cassel After some Skirmishes one day in August in the heat of the Day the Flemmings surpriz'd the French Camp gain'd their Works and came to the King's Tent killing many before they could defend themselves The
fitted out The King of Aragon landed in Majorca where the Islanders had assembled 300 Horse and 15000 Foot but all Raw undisciplin'd Souldiers They were easily overthrown and their King fled to the City Poncia and thence desparing of better Fortune over to the Continent Those People being before well affected to the Aragonian soon took the Oath of Fidelity to him and he return'd to Barcelona leaving Arnaldus de Eril Viceroy of the Islands Russillon and Cerdagne on the Borders of Spain were Infested and some Towns there taken belonging to the King of Majorca A Cardinal was now sent by the Pope as his Legate to reconcile these Kings his coming the approach of Winter and want of Engines to batter Walls made the War cease for sometime but his Embassy took no further Effect In the Month of April 1344 the War was renew'd with more Fury than at first all the open Country destroy'd and the places of Strength taken Some perswaded the King of Majorca to put himself into the Power of the Aragonian Others more fierce said it was better to dye than trust him Nothing was left the King of Majorca but the Town of Perpignan therefore he sent by D. Peter de Exerica to acquaint the King of Aragon he would put himself into his Power upon promise of Life and Liberty Having receiv'd that Promise in July he came from Perpignan to Elna where the Camp of Aragon then was Being come before the King of Aragon he kiss'd his Hand and with Submissive Words begg'd pardon The Aragonian receiv'd him with feign'd Friendship and promis Forgiveness but his Actions were not answerable to his Words Soon after in an Assembly of Nobility at Barcelona he depriv'd him of the regal Title and asign'd him some Estate to live upon Finding himself deceiv'd the King of Majorca fled into France designing to renew the War and seeing there was little help in the Pope cast himself wholly upon the King of France to whom he sold the Lordship of Montpellier for 100000 Crowns in Gold The War was again Commenc'd in the Island Cerdagne and Russillon which prov'd fatal to him for he was 5 years after overthrown and kill'd in a Battle in Majorca by the Aragonians His Body was deposited in Valencia his Sons and Nephews liv'd Poor and in Bannishment The same year that Algezira was taken and the King of Majorca depos'd there was a mighty Earthquake at Lisbon which shook all the Buildings and threw down the Steeple of the Cathedral and was look'd upon as an Omen of ensuing Misfortunes Constance the Daughter of D. John Manuel and Wife of Prince Peter of Portugal dy'd in the year 1345. Her Death was the less grievous to him because he was in Love with the Lady Agnes de Castro and kept her in as great State as his Wife The Lady Constance left two Sons Ferdinand and Mary After the War with the Moors was ended the King of Castile labour'd to punnish the Disorders that had happen'd in that turbulent Time and to perswade the Kingdom of Toledo and Andaluzia to grant him the same Duty on Merchandize as Burgos and Leon had done In Aragon new Troubles began to break out for the King endeavour'd by all means to increase the Grandeur of the Crown by recalling many Grants of his Predecessors and oblig'd his Brother D. Jayme to quit the place of Vicar General of the Kingdom In the year 1346 dy'd the Queen of Aragon a most virtuous Lady She was bury'd at Valencia To the intent the King might have Issue male a Match was presently propos'd with the Lady Eillenor Daughter to the King of Portugal Ferdinand the Aragonian's Brother thought to marry that Lady but the King prevail'd chiefly by the assistance of D. John Manuel whose Son Ferdinand marry'd Joanna cousin German to the King of Aragon The Nobility and Commous of Aragon rebell'd upon pretence that Wrong had been done to D. Jayme the King's Brother and that several publick Acts were made in the Name of the Lady Constance as Heiress of the Crown Ximeno de Vrrea Peter Coronel Blase de Alagon and D. Lope de Luna were appointed Conservators of the Liberties of the People D. Jayme Earl of Vrgel was châ—â—en for their chief His Brothers Ferdinand and John were call'd out of Castile The King assembl'd the Cortes at Zaragoça and to please thâ—â—eople restor'd the Vicarship to his Brother D. Jayme and declar'd him heir of the Crown Thus all People were pleas'd but D. Jayme soon dying their Joy expir'd The King went to Barceloâ—â— whither he had order'd his Queen to be conducted from Portugal and here it was the Earl of Vrgel dy'd about the end of the Year 1347. His Brothers Ferdinand and 〈◊〉 â—â—aded the Mutinâ—ers being assisted by the King of Castile with 800 Horse The King of Aragon was marry'd without any Pomp by reason of the publick Sorrow for the death of D. Jayme as also because of the Troubles of the Kingdom The Two Brothers Ferdinand and John who had been in Castile to consult with their Mother and the King their Uncle headed the Rebels being assisted with 800 Horse from Castile Ferdinand went 〈◊〉 to Valencia and John to Zaragoça Their Mother resided at Cuenca and Requena Fernan Perez Portocarrero was sent from Castile and MunÌ„on Lopez de Tauste from Aragon to reconcile the Brothers of that Crown and procure that no Aid might be given to the Rebels Alvar Garcia de Albornoz was allow'd to raise 600 Horse in Castile to serve the King of Aragon who put himself into the Hands of the Rebels at Valencia Here the People Mutinying assaulted the Palace and the King was forc'd to ride out among them and grant that D. Ferdinand should be Vicar of the Kingdom and Heir to the Crown excluding the King's Daughters After the King's departure D. Lope de Luna who was reconcil'd to the King was very severe towards 〈◊〉 Conspirator He encamp'd about Daroca Prince Ferdinand march'd against him with 15000 Horse and Fooâ— they came to a Battle in which the Rebels were routed 〈…〉 Prince Ferdinand himself taken but Alvar Garcia de Albornoz who was intrusted to 〈◊〉 him suffer'd him to make his escape into Castile The King to reward D. Lope created him Earl of Luna a thing not much us'd in Aragon After this Victory all submitted to the King Yet Prince Ferdinand was again declar'd Heir and the Power of the High Justice of Aragon was increas'd that the King might not oppress the People This in Aragon in the Year 1348. This Year a destructive Plague spread it self first in the East then into Italy Sicily Majorca and Spain where no City escap'd it and the Mortality was so great that only in the City Zaragoça in October 100 dyed in one day The infection was so great that nobody would look to the Sick or bury the Dead Ellenor the new Queen of Aragon dy'd
â—own was well providâ—â— strongly fortify'd and had a good Garrison As soon as the Town was invested all 〈◊〉 Country about was laid Waste and presently the Walls began to be batter'd The Siege lasted long notwithstanding the Townsmen abated of their Heat seeing no hope of Sucâ—â—â—r yet the Garison held out resolutely During the Siege the Embassadors sent by the 〈◊〉 of Castile to establish Peace and desire Succours of the King of Aragon return'd to the Camp and with them Bernard de Cabrera a Man of great Parts and therefore brought to the Court by the King of Aragon from his retirement â—nd employ'd in the most important Affairs of the Government He came to the Camp on the â—0th of August and establish'd a League betwixt the two Kings upon these Conditions That Queen Ellenor and her Children shall peaceably enjoy all that was given them by her Husband and their Father That the King of Castile shall not give them any assistance if they raise Commotions in the Kingdom After this the King of Aragon sent 400 Cross-bow-Men and 10 Galleys under the command of Raymund Villano Joanna Queen of Navarre who after the Death of her Husband Philip resided in France at the Town of Conflans seated at the meeting of the Rivers Seyne and Oyse dy'd on the 5th of October and was buried in the Church of St. Denis near her Father King Luis Hutin She was a most virtuous Lady and had a numerous Issue Charles her Son succeeded her at the Age of 17. She had two lesser Sons Philip and Luis he who had the Seignory of Durazzâ— in Dower and these Daughters Joanna Mary Blâ—â—â—h and Agnes who were all marry'd to great Men the first to the Lord of Roanâ— the 2d to the King of Aragon the 3d to Philip de Valois King of France and the last to the Earl of Faux Mossen John de Conflans a Frenchman was now Vicerâ—y of Navarre Let us return to the Siege of Gibraltar The Moors of Granada always laid Ambushes about the Christian Camâ—â—â—nd pick'd up all Straglers The besieg'd made often Sallies and did some Execution But what was worst a violent Plague rag'd in the Army and great Numbers dy'd Most Men and particularly D. John de Lara and D. Ferdinand Manuel who had succeeded his Father in the Lordship of Villena were for raising the Siege These things somwhat mov'd the King â—et his Resolution prevail'd unfortunately to him for the Infection seiz'd him and he dy'd on the 26th of March 1350. This was the first year in which Pope Clement allow'd the Jubilee to be gain'd every 50th year which before was every Century It was also remarkable for the Death of Philip King of France His Son John succeeded him This was the end of King Alonso the XIth of Castile in the 38th year of his Age and 't is thought had he liv'd longer he would have drove the Moors out of Spain He might have been compar'd to the best of Princes had he not â—â—emish'd his Virtâ—es by much Inconstancy His Severity in executing Justice gain'd him the Name of The Vpright Immediately upon his Death the Siege was rais'd His Body was carry'd to Sevil and bury'd in the Royal Chappel In the Reign of his Son Henry he was Translated to Cordova as he had order'd it in his Will D. Giles de Albornoz Archbishop of Toledo was created a Cardinal by Pope Clement on the 18th of December Laurence de Padilla says this was the Cause why he quitted the Archbishoprick for in those Days two such Dignities were incompatible and that D. Gonçalo the IVth succeeded him and govern'd that Church but 3 Years Mighty Troubles and Confusions follow'd in Castile Most Men lay all the blame on the new King and therefore call him The Cruel 〈◊〉 Authors attribute it to the Pride and Ambition of the Nobility who 〈◊〉 the King to make 〈◊〉 â—ere Examples As soon as King Alonso dy'd his lawful Son Peter was proclaim'd King 〈◊〉 the Camp tho he was but 15 years of Age and then at Sevil with his Mother His Age was unfit for Government but his forward Wit promis'd well He was fair of Complexion had an agreeable Face with much Majesty a great Heart for difficult Attempts and would undergo any Labour He lov'd 〈◊〉 king above other Sporst and was rigid in Administring Justice Among these Virtues some Vices began to appear as Pride and Passion in his Youth afterwards he added Avarice and Incontinency These natural Imperfections were increas'd by the ill Government of his Tutor D. John de Albuquerque who gave him his Will in all things and by that means rose to the great Favour he had with him The new King had these Bastard Brothers Henry Earl of Trastamara Frederick Master of Santiago Ferdinand Lord of Ledesina and Tello Lord of Aguilar these the Sons of the Lady Ellenor de Guzman Besides these the Lady Joanna marry'd to Ferdinand and Philip de Castro Sancho John and Peter for another Peter and Sancho dy'd Young These Bastard Brothers had not much Confidence in the King who was wholly govern'd by his Mother Queen Mary The Lady Ellenor de Guzman fâ—â—ring the Queen Dowager set out from the Camp with the dead King's Body but by the way changing her Resolution left it and went to Medina Sidonia a strong Town of her own Here she was some time dubious what to do but at last resolv'd to put her self upon the King's Goodness Having fix'd this Resolution she went away to Sevil her Sons and other great Men of her Kindred went to Algezira and other strong Places The King yielding to his Mother's Passion the Lady Ellenor was cast into Prison Her Son Henry being expell'd Algezira upon a safe Conduct came to the King and hastily concluded a Match with the Lady Joanna Sister to D. Ferdinand Manuel to be 〈◊〉 Condition to oppose the King The King fell so desperately Sick that he was given over by all the Physicians Every one named a Successor according to his Fancy but the King soon recovering this only serv'd to discover the Inclinations of the People D. John de Lara envious of the great Power of D. Alonso de Albuquerque went away for Castile designing to raise a Rebellion which was easy because of his great Possessions in that Country His Designs were prevented by Death which took him away at Burgos on the 28th of November His Body was bury'd in the Monastery of St. Paul of the Dominiâ—ans in that City He left a 〈◊〉 NunÌ„o de Lara but two years Old Almost at the same time dy'd his Brother in Law D. Ferdinand Manuel leaving only a Daughter call'd Blanch. The Death of these two great Men was very pleasing to D. Alonso de Albuquerque who hop'd they being remov'd to be absolute without Controul The King upon the first News set out from Sevil hoping to seize upon their Estates and gave by the way some Signs of his
call'd the Simple who two Years before succeeded his Brother Luis was Young and Weak as well in Judgment as Forces and preserv'd the Title of King in the City Catanea The Power of the French daily increasing he was so dismay'd that he freely made over all his Dominions of Sicily Athens and Neopatria to his Sister Ellenor Wife to the King of Aragon to whom he sent a publick Instrument of this donation to oblige him to send Forces to his Aid but the Aragonian had his Hands so full at Home that he could not relieve his Brother-in-Law The Affairs of Sicily reduc'd to this miserable Condition were up-held by the Valour of D. 〈◊〉 de Aragon Earl of Mistreta and Lord Justice of Sicily who overthrew the Enemy in Battel punish'd some Rebels and redu'd others CHAP. II. The Kings of Castile and Aragon both call the Moors to their assistance The War is carry'd on vigorously on both sides The Castilians treacherous to their King He punishes many of them The computation of time in Aragon alter'd REvenge carry'd the King 's of Castile and Aragon headlong to their Ruin and so blinded them that they call'd the Moors to their assistance The King of Granada sent a Body of Horse to the Service of Castile as was agreed betwixt them The King of Aragon call'd over the King of Morocco Pope Innocent by Letter grievously complain'd of this Action but in vain The Nobles of Castile were wrought upon by the Aragonians and forsook their Prince The first was Prince Ferdinand of Aragon as was said above Yet Jumilla by him betray'd was retaken at the beginning of the Year 1358 by D. Frederick Master of Santiago This done he went away to the King then at Sevil who caus'd him to be put to death in his presence by his Guards understanding he dealt underhand with the Aragonians From Sevil the King went with great speed to Biscay designing the same Fate for the other Brother D. Tello who suspecting it fled by Sea into France and thence into Aragon D. Tello being gone Prince John of Aragon begg'd of the King he would put him into Possession of the Lordship of Biscay to which he had right by his Wife the Lady Elizabeth Daughter to D. John Nun̄ez de Lara The King knowing he was associated with the rebellious Peers caus'd him to be slain by his Guards in his presence and his Body to be thrown out at a Window and say'd to some Biscayners that look'd on Behold him that would have been your Lord. His Body was carry'd to Burgos there cast into the River and never after seen Queen Ellenor that Prince's Mother and the Lady Elizabeth his Wife were sent Prisoners from Roa to the Castle of Castroxeriz Six Heads of Men of Note were brought to him to Burgos from several Places He had resolv'd to execute others at Valladolid but was prevented by the Incursions Count Henry and Prince Ferdinand made into his Territories the former wasted all the Country of Campos Soria and Almaçan the other the Kingdom of Murcia From Osma the King went to Burgos to provide against these Irruptions Thence he sent to complain to the King of Aragon that he had broke the Truce That King answer'd the Truce had been broken in retaking Jumilla and calleng'd him to decide the Quarrel with 20 50 or 100 Men of a side King Peter made small account of his Challenge but sent D. Gutierre Gomez de Toledo lately made great Prior of St. John to secure the Kingdom of Murcia others had other Commands given them He himself went away to Sevil where he had fitted 12 Galleys which were joyn'd by 6 from Genoa with which he design'd to scour the Coast of Valencia and attempt the Maritime Towns These Galleys took the Town of Guardamar belonging to Prince Ferdinand but were prevented from taking the Castle by a suddain Storm in which they all perish'd except two that were out at Sea This loss no way discourag'd the King who burnt the Town and march'd away to Murcia Thence he sent his Favourite Martin Yanez to Sevil to equip another Fleet and he having gather'd an Army from all parts march'd away to Almaçan and thence into the Enemies Country where he took several Towns Winter drawing on he return'd to Sevil resolving to fit out a great Fleet to which purpose the King of Portugal his Uncle sent him Ten Galleys and he of Granada Three This Year was remarkable for the Birth of the Lady Ellenor Daughter to Peter King of Aragon and of D. John Son to Count Henry whom Heaven had decreed should be marry'd together and inherit the Crown of Castile This Year also it was ordain'd in the Cortes of Valencia that the computation of Years should no longer be taken from the Era of Cesar but from the Birth of Christ At the beginning of the Year 1359 the King of Aragon laid Siege to the strong Town of Medina Celi but it being well defended return'd to Zaragoça without any Success The King of Castile being on the way to relieve Medina Celi understood the Cardinal of Bolonia the Pope's Legate was arriv'd at Almaçan In that place the Legate had Audience and earnestly exhorted the King in the Pope's Name to incline to Peace with the Christians and employ his Arms against the Infidels The King answer'd he had been already impos'd upon by the King of Aragon under pretence of Peace and therefore was resolv'd to give no more Ear to it unless the Aragoman would banish the out-Laws of Castile restore the Towns wrongfully taken during his Grand-fathers Minority and pay 500000 Florins for the Charge of War With this Answer the Legate went to the King of Aragon who excus'd himself and laid the blame upon his Enemy as is usual The time was spent in Messages to and fro and yet not so much as a truce could be concluded All hopes of Peace being laid aside the King of Castile at Almaçan declar'd Prince Ferdinand and the two Brothers Count Henry and D. Tello Traytors Queen Ellenor was put to death in Prison and soon after the Lady Joanna de Lara Her Sister the Lady Elizabeth was sent with Qu. Blanch from the Castle of Siguença to Xerez de la Frontera This done the King imbarqu'd aboard a Fleet of 41 Galleys and 80 Ships so well stord and carrying so powerful an Army that they were provided for any great Enterprize By the way he took a mighty Venetian Garack only because it resisted it was carry'd to Cathagena and all its rich Lading secur'd The Fleet sail'd to Guardumar and took both the Town and Castle by Storm Alicant was abandoned by the Aragonians D. Gutierre de Toledo was left with a good Force to secure the Towns taken The King with the rest of the Fleet sail'd to Tortosa at the Mouth of the River Ebro There the Legate came aboard his Galley and again made some Overtures of Peace but in
Trastamara was with him this Man was employ'd to offer Bertran Claquin many Towns and 200000 Castilian Doubles to leave the service of Henry and carry the King off Bertran refus'd but being press'd consulted with some Friends who advis'd him to acquaint Henry with the Proposal He did so and Henry thanking him for his Fidelity perswaded him to carry on that Design and secure King Peter at his Quarters King Peter accordingly came with only a few Gentlemen to Bertran and said it was time to be gone At the same time Henry enter'd the Tent and stood some time as it were astonish'd at the sight of the King till a Frenchman pointing at him said to Henry Take notice that is your Enemy King Peter with his natural fierceness answer'd I am I am Then Henry taking out his Dagger wounded him in the Face they clasped one another and both fell to the Ground but Henry was undermost till Bertran turning them Henry got uppermost and then stabb'd the King several times till he dy'd A horrid sight to behold a lawful King descended of Kings murder'd by a Bastard Frossarte a French Historian writes that as Henry enter'd the place where the King was he said Where is this Jewish Son of a Where who calls himself King of Castile and at that the King answer'd Then art the Son of a Where for I am the lawful Son of King Alonso King Peter dy'd on the 23d of March in the flower of his Age being but 34 Years and 7 Months old he reign'd 19 Years lacking 3 Days His Body was carry'd without any Pomp to Alcoçer and there deposited in the Church of S. James Afterwards he was translated by King John the IId to the royal Monastery of Dominican Nuns at Madrid After the King's death several of his Followers were apprehended CHAP. VIII Several Foreign Princes pretenders to the Crown of Castile War with Aragon Portugal and Granada Affairs of Aragon Sardinia and Navarre The League bewixt Portugal and Aragon MOntiel immediately submitted and Toledo upon the News of the King's Death was surrender'd Among foreign Princes there arose a Dispute concerning the succession of the Crown All agreed that Henry being a Bastard could have no Right and every one strove to make his Advantage of the Troubles of Castile The King of Navarre as has been said had already taken several good Towns belonging to Castile Molina Can̄ete and Requena were betray'd by their Governours to the Aragonian The King of Portugal call'd himself King of Castile and Leon being great Grandson to King Sancho and Grandson to Beatrix his Daughter He was already possess'd of Cuida Rodrigo Alcantana and Tuy The King of Granada always a Friend to King Peter hop'd to make his Advantage Yet the greatest Storm was threaten'd from England and Guienne for John Duke of Lancaster Brother to the Prince of Wales had marry'd Constance Daughter to King Peter and the Earl of Cambridge another Brother had to Wife Elizabeth the younger Sister both Daughters to Da. Maria de Padilla The only remedy against all these Evils that hung over the new King Henry was to secure the Affections of the Nobility and Commons of the Kingdom Therefore he immediately went away to Sevil where he was receiv'd with the usual Joy of the Rabble thither all the Cities of Andaluzia sent to make their Submission except Carmona where King Peter had left his Children and Treasure under the Care of Martin Lopez de Cordova Master of Calatrava who still continu'd faithful to his dead Master At Sovil King Henry not without Infamy endeavour'd to settle a Truce with the King of Granada but could not obtain it Therefore having secur'd the Frontiers he went to Toledo knowing his Wife and Son were come thither from Burgos Here it was taken into Consideration how to raise Mony to pay the Arrears due to the Foreigners and what was promis'd to Bertran Claquin at Montiel for his good Service or rather infamous Treachery All that could be gather'd of the King's Revenue was but a small Summ towards satisfying the Foreigners who boasted they had put the Crown upon Henry's Head To supply this want two new sorts of base Coin were invented the one call'd Cruzados the other Royals which caus'd all things to grow excessive dear The Kings of Aragon and Portugal at this time infested the Frontiers Pero Gonzalez de Mendoça and Alvar Garcia de Albornoz were sent with an Army to oppose the Aragonians and recover'd Requena from them Henry himself march'd towards Galicia where he heard the Portugueses did much harm By the way he attempted Zamora yet stay'd not to take it but enter'd Portugal between the Rivers Duero and Min̄o burning and destroying all the Country and taking Braga and Bragança This done he return'd into Castile His Brother Sancho was with him having been ransom'd from the English who took him at the Battel of Najara The King of Portugal was too weak to give Battel and Henry drew off with much hast upon the News that the King of Granada wasted all Andaluzia having taken Algezira and so demolish'd it that it was never after Rebuilt Besides he was forc'd to return to Castile to raise Mony for Payment of the foreign Souldiers and discharging of Bertran Claquin who was courted by the King of Aragon to go over into Sardinia against Marianus the Judge of Arborea who had again rebell'd and taken many Towns D. Peter de Luna had been sent against him before who reduc'd him to secure himself in the City Oristan whence watching his Opportunity he sally'd and surprising his Besiegers put the whole Army to flight killing the General and his Brother Philip. Some Days after Brancaleon Doria who was of the Lord of Arborea his Party was reconcil'd to the King but the Rebels made even for this loss by taking the City Sacer the Capital of the Island Berengarius Carroz Earl of Quirra was sent as General to put some stop to the Proceedings of the Rebels and Bertran Claquin was sollicited to accept of that Command Bertran was about to accept of that Offer when another more important War drew him away The People of Guienne weary of the English Government sollilicited the King of France to assist them in their Rebellion He gladly condescended and sent for Claquin to command his Army in that Expedition At the same time he desir'd the King of Navarre to assist him That King resolv'd to go into France tho he had but then sent John Cruzate Dean of Tudela into Aragon to settle a Confederacy He left his Queen to govern Navarre and went to his own Estate in Normandy resolving not to trust the King of France but to make his advantage of those Wars The King of France sent Embassadors to him and at last they had a Meeting at Vernon on the Seine Here they agreed the Navarrois should deliver up Mante Meùlan and the County of Longeuville about which they were
King stole away privately to Porto and was there solemnly marry'd He setl'd on her many Towns and commanded the Nobles there present to kiss her Hand as their Queen which all did even the King's Brothers except only Denis who refuss'd which at the King was so incens'd that he ran at him with his Dagger D. Denis fled and absconded for some time till he got into Castile where he serv'd that King From this time the Queen govern'd the Kingdom absolutely The Gentlemen of the Family of Vasquez de AcunÌ„a fled knowing she bore them a Grudge for the Mutiny of Lisbon whereof they were the Authors Her Kindred and Relations were all preferr'd and honour'd The King and Queen's greatest Favourite was D. John Fernandez de Andewo a Nacive of Galicia who in the Wars of that Country came over to the King and was created Earl of Oren. The Queen was very Familiar with this Gentleman and us'd to be alone with him in Private for which reason it was suspected their Friendship was dishonest and it was publickly say'd the Children she had were not got by the King but by D. John These were the malicious Suggestions of the Multitude At the end of this Year King Henry held the Cortes at Toro where it was decreed the Army should be sent to recover the Places taken by the Navarrois since the Portuguese had restor'd those in his Possession It was also order'd that the Jews who liv'd intermix'd with the Christians should wear a Mark of Distinction The Cruzados and Royals coin'd before were cry'd down to a lesser Value but not quite forbid to pass because the Treasury was exhausted The King would have had those Towns call'd Behetrias which did not belong before to the Master of S. Bernard given to some Great Men but he could not carry it When the Cortes broke up King Henry sent his Army into Navarre where after a few Days it was agreed with the Queen Regent that those Towns about which they were at Variance should be put into the Hands of Pope Gregory the XIth who this Year was elected in the Place of Vrban the Vth. This Pope restor'd the Apostolick See to Rome The first Cardinal he created was Peter Gomez Barroso Archbishop of Sevil who dy'd 4 Years after at Avignon D. Peter de Luna a Noble and Learned Aragonian was made Cardinal by him It was agreed that the Pope's Legate who was daily expected should be Arbitrator betwixt Castile and Navarre These Towns were put into the Hands of John Ramirez de Arellano a Navarrois made Lord of Cameras by King Henry for that he would not deliver him up at the Congress of Vncastel or Sos. This Gentleman took an Oath to hold them for his Holiness and to deliver them to whom they should be adjudg'd by him Thus for the present the War betwixt Castile and Aragon ceas'd yet soon after King Henry sent his Army contrary to what had been agreed and to â—â— Salvatierra and Santa Cruz de Campezo No Faith is to be had in Usurpers for they can never be true to Strangers who are false to their Sovereign Logrono and Victoria continu'd firm to the King of Navarre A more dangerous War was fear'd from Aragon that King being offended upon many Accounts and particularly for that D. Jayme King of Naples had been releas'd contrary to what he had sent the Archbishop of Zaragoça to desire That King fear'd he should endeavour to recover the Island of Majorca taken from his Father Therefore a League was design'd with the Duke of Lancaster against King Henry but it came to nothing because the English were engag'd in a War with France and the Aragonian was in Care for Sardinia besides he fear'd the Prince of Majorca would invade Russillon with French Forces as was confidently Reported Pope Gregory the XIth sent the Cardinal of Cominges to compose these Differences He prevail'd with them to ratify the Promise they had made to one another and threaten'd severe Penalties to him that should break the Truce concluded on the 4th of January 1372. Yet King Henry fearing the Pope would favour the Aragonian delay'd the Conclusion of this Affair hoping to find some other means of Accomodation About this time King Henry besieg'd and took the City Tuy which Men Rodriguez de Sanabria and other banish'd Men of Castile held for the King of Portugal He also sent 12 Galleys under the Command of Micer Ambrosio Booanegra his Admiral to the Assistance of the King of France These having join'd the French near Rochel defeated the English took several Ships and the Earl of Pembrook with many other Men of Note and much Mony All was sent to the King then at Burgos From this Ambrose Bocanegra are descended the Earls of Palma The King of Aragon had 3 Children by his Wife Queen Ellenor Daughter to the King of Sicily these were Prince John the Heir of the Crown Martin and Constance who as has been said was marry'd to Frederick King of Sicily In June Prince Martin marry'd the Lady Mary de Luna Heiress to the Earl D. Lope de Luna her Dower was the Earldoms of Luna and Sogorve the King gave him the Barony of Exerica made an Earldom and soon after appointed him Constable of the Kingdom Prince John marry'd Martha Sister to the Earl of Armagnac and had with her 150000 Francs Of them was born the Princess Joanna marry'd afterwards to Matthew Earl of Faux On the 22d of August D. Bernardine de Cabrera Grandson to Bernard de Cabrera was restor'd to all his Grandfather's Estate except the Town of Vique and the Country a League about it The War broke out again betwixt Castile and Portugal on Account that the Portugueses took certain Ships belonging to Biscay King Henry was then at Zamora whence he sent Embassadors to demand Reparation of Dammages and in case of Denial to declare War D. Alonso King Henry's Bastard-Son was sent to make War in Portugal on the Side of Galicia and to besiege Viana Bocanegra the Admiral was order'd to equip 12 Galleys at Sevil and scour the Coast of Portugal King Ferdinand of Portugal was at Variance with his Subjects therefore King Henry laying hold of this Opportunity enter'd Portugal with a great Power Burning and Plundering all the Country and took the Towns of Almeyda Panel Celorico and Linhares This was about the end of the Year He now receiv'd Letters from Guido Cardinal of Bolonia sent by Pope Gregory to fettle Peace betwixt him and Portugal King Henry sent to desire him to expect his coming at Guadalajara where the Queen was The Cardinal answer'd it was not fit for him to neglect what he came about which was putting an end to the War and therefore made hast to Cuidad Rodrigo designing to speak with both Kings Mean while Portugal was consum'd for at the beginning of the Year 1373 King Henry took the City Viseo march'd in sight of Coimbra but would not
of great Beauty which made him prefer her before Joanna Queen of Naples who was offer'd to him By this Lady he had two Sons who dy'd young and a Daughter call'd Elizabeth afterwards marry'd to the Earl of Vrgel CHAP. II. King John succeeds his Father in the Throne of Castile Charles King of France dies Charles the VIth succeeds him Pope Clement own'd in Spain through the French Interest KING John having bury'd his Father was Crown'd together with his Wife Queen Ellener in the Monastery of Huelgas at Burgos He Knighted 100 young Gentlemen according to the manner of those Times and gave the Town of Pancorvo to that City in Payment of the Expence it had been at and to reward its Loyalty The Cortes or Parliament was held in that City where several Laws were enacted One was that a Man who had receiv'd the lesser Orders if he marry'd should pay Taxes but if he liv'd Single was shorn and were the Habit of a Clergy Man he should be priviledg'd as a Church Man Great rejoycing was throughout the whole Kingdom for the King's Coronation The Joy was the greater for that it was hop'd he would prove an excellent Prince being Generous sharp Witted Mild Religious and not Conceited but always inclinable to be advis'd Of Stature he was low yet with Majesty The first thing he did after his Accession to the Crown was to express his Affection to the French and therefore immediately fitted out a Fleet and sent it against John de Montfort Duke of Britany whom because he sided with the English the King and Counsel of France had declar'd an Enemy to the Crown and confiscated his Estate The Fleet scower'd the Coast of Britany and took there the Fort they call'd Gaye The King spent the Summer at Burgos Two things concurred the one to increase the other to lessen the publick Joy The first was that one Joseph Pico a rich and famous Jew was kill'd by his own People He was Receiver General of the Revenue which rais'd him to a great height Some Jews of Note bore him ill will the reason of it is not known and they contriv'd to make him away To this purpose they deceitfully obtain'd an Order of the King for putting of him immediatly to Death and finding out the Executioner prevail'd with him to kill the Jew without delay The Fraud being discover'd the Contrivers of it were punish'd and that People were debarr'd the Power they had before of Judging their own Members a Liberty till then allow'd by the Kings forc'd by their wants because the Jews have extraordinary Methods of raising Mony The Subject of Joy was that on the 4th of October the Queen was deliver'd at Burgos of a Son call'd Henry in Honour of his Grandfather this Child came afterwards to inherit the Crown About the end of this Year and beginning of the next which was 1380 the Rains were so great and continu'd so long that all the Rivers overflow'd and all the low Lands were under Water Particularly the River Ebro near Zaragoća broke down it's Banks and ran a new way so that it cost much Mony and Labour to bring it back into it's own Channel From Burgos King John went to Toledo where he again repeated his Father's Exequies and plac'd his Body in the Tomb built for him Then he set out for Andaluzia resolving to aid the French against the English At Sevil he fitted out 20 Galleys with which Fernan Sanchez de Tovar having coasted along Spain and France came to the English Shore and ran up the River Thames destroying all the Country and burning the Villages The Difference about the two Popes was now hotter than ever and each of them had powerful Supporters Pope Vrban meditated Revenge against the Queen of Naples the chief causer of the Schism whom her wicked Life had rendred Infamous He invited Charles Duke of Durazzo descended of the Kings of Naples into Italy intimating he would conferr that Crown upon him On the other sid'e the Queen having no Children adopted Luys Duke of Anjou giving him the Title of Duke of Calabria appertaining to the Heirs of that Crown not doubting by that means to be supported by the Arms of France This is all the Title the Dukes of Anjou have to that Crown which was the occasion of tedious and bloody Wars betwixt them and Spain tho at this time the Design was only to support the Queen and Pope Clement On the 13th of July dy'd the Famous Bertran Claquin at the Siege of Chasteauneuf in Britany and on the 16th of September following Charles King of France departed this Life at Bois de Vincennes His Son Charles the VIth succeeded him The King of Portugal was concern'd about the Succession be being old and having never a Son Beatrix his Daughter by the Queen whose Birth was afterwards call'd in Question was contracted to Frederick Duke of Benavente and Bastard Son to King Henry After the Death of Henry the Portuguese would not stand to that Match but sent Embassadors to the new King to offer her to his Son Prince Henry then a Child but a few Months old King John hoping to joyn the Kingdom of Portugal to Castile admitted of the Proposal The Articles of Marriage were agreed upon at Soria where the Cortes met but at last they came to nothing Peter Manrique Leiutenant of Castile was apprehended being accus'd of holding a treasonable Correspondence with D. Alonso de Aragon Earl of Denia He dy'd in Prison without leaving any Children James Manrique his Brother inherited his Estate and Honours as he well deserv'd for his good Service in Navarre Luis Duke of Anjou govern'd France for King Charles who was under Age. The King of Aragon fear'd lest he should lay hold of that Opportunity to conquer the Kingdom of Majorca to which he pretended a right as has been said but he had bent his Thought upon securing the Crown of Naples to himself and his Heirs However King John of Castile sent Embassadors into France to accommodate that Affair and it was agree'd he should sell the Title he had bought King John advanc'd a good Summ out of kindness to his Father-in Law and to secure the Peace of Spain He also sent Embassadors to the Soldan of Egypt to sollicite for the Liberty of Leo King of Armenia whose Wife and Daughter had dy'd in Prison The barbarous King granted his Request and releas'd the Prisoner sending him into Spain with Letters full of Pride and Arogancy in relation to himself but honourably writ in regard to King John whose Power and Valour he extoll'd desiring his Friendship Three Years after that unfortunate King came into France and thence into Spain where the King entertain'd him honourably and gave him the Towns of Madrid and Andujan with a competent Revenue for his Maintenance He stay'd not long in Spain but return'd into France designing thence to go into England to perswade those Kings to
They wish'd for any manner of Composition and at length the Mortality was so great that the Siege was rais'd with much Loss and Dishonour and the Army march'd away James Sarmiento was made Marshal de Camp in the Place of his Brother deceas'd and had the Government of Santarem given him Other Officers were put into Garrisons about the Country the King designing to recruit his Army and return as soon as possible This done the Fleet and Army mov'd towards Sevil. Much harm might have been done them had the Besieg'd pursu'd but they were glad to be rid of them at any rate Processions were made at Lisbon and throughout the Kingdom for this Deliverance At this time the King of Aragon shew'd no Kindness to his two Sons by the first Wife the Princes John and Martin The Blame was laid upon the Mother in Law but Prince John had offended his Father by Marrying privately the Lady Violante Daughter to the Duke of Berri not regarding the Queen of Sicily which was much the better match The King vented his Passion upon John Earl of Ampurias in whose Dominions and under whose Protection they were Marry'd for as soon as his Son return'd home and was Pardon'd he seiz'd the greatest part of the Earl's Estate The Earl himself fled by Sea to Avignon resolving to make use of the Forces of his Friends for recovering of his Dominions CHAP. V. John the Bastard Master of Avis proclaim'd King of Portugal King John of Castile sends his Fleet then enters Portugal himself with an Army The famous Battle of Aljubarrota and rout of the Castilians AT the beginning of the Year 1385 the King of Castile was employ'd in raising Land-Forces and had fitted a Fleet of 12 Galleys and 20 Ships Yet all things went on slowly because he fell Sick and was in Danger of Death yet as soon as recover'd he forwarded all Preparations News was brought that the Garrison of Santarem had taken the Master of 〈◊〉 and Grand Prior of S. John but this prov'd False and the Joy conceiv'd was turn into Sorrow for it was certainly known that the Portugueses in Coimbra had proclaim'd the Master of Avis King which was engaging themselves so far that there was no way to go back again The chief of the Rebels in that City had consulted together and agreed it was absolutely Necessary to choose them a Head and that for the greater Authority he ought to be declar'd King Some thought this too bold an Attempt and were against excluding Queen Beatrix whose Right it was or so far Provoking the Anger of Castile Others favour'd Prince John tho then a Prisoner at Toledo but this was wholly rejected he being in no Condition to assist them Therefore they all voted for the Master of Avis who was present and proclaim'd him King on the 5th of April at the Monastery of St. Francis in Coimbra where that Consultation was held All that were present even those that had before oppos'd it kiss'd his Hand and did Homage to him to express their Zeal Prophesies were then invented to justify their Choice and they gave out that at the beginning of these Troubles a Child in the Cradle had three Times with a loud Voice cry'd out D. John King of Portugal Which they attributed to the Master of Avis for Men are apt to fancy every thing as they would have it From that Day the Portugueses despairing of Pardon became more resolute and bold The Province between the Rivers Duero and MinÌ„o soon declar'd for the new King This Joy was somewhat abated by the Arrival of the Fleet of Castile on the Coast of Portugal which meeting no body to oppose it ravag'd all the Sea Coasts The King of Castile was at Cordova and thence at the beginning of Summer sent his Queen to Avila since she could be no longer useful her Subjects having wholly cast her off About the beginning of July D. Peter Tenorio Archbishop of Toledo made an Incursion into the Country of Viseo destroying all the Country and sparing neither Sex nor Age but at their Return they were met with and overthrown by the Portugueses Many other Encounters happen'd with various Success but all prov'd ruinous to the Natives for both Parties liv'd at Discretion The Army of Castile randevouz'd at Guidad Rodrigo when the Summer was well advanc'd Only Prince Charles Son to the King of Navarre was expected with a good Body of Men. A Council of War being held the wiser sort were against Fighting and only for wasting the Country and wearying out the Rebels But their Opinion prevail'd who being young were hottest and magnify'd the Strength of Castile despising the Enemy as a raw and undisciplined Rabble and therefore were for putting an end speedily to the War This advice the King follow'd tho the other was the safest The Castilians were overseen in many things and they ought at least to have expected the Succours that the Prince of Navarre was to bring Having fix'd this Resolution they enter'd that part of Portugal call'd Beâ—ra and took Cillorico Thence they advanc'd and burnt the Suburbs of Coimbra and attempted to take Leyria which held for Queen Ellenor During the Siege of Cillorico the King being unhealthy and considering the Danger of the War made his Will upon the 21st of July In it he ordain'd that the Lordships of Biscay and Molina his Mother's Inheritance should for ever be annex'd to the Crown and belong to the eldest Sons of the Kings of Castile He appointed 6 Tutors for his Son and Heir Henry and 12 Governours of the Kingdom during his Minority The Queen his Mother in Law the Princes John and Denis of Portugal the Children of King Peter and Son of D. Ferdinand de Castre who were all Prisoners in Castile he order'd should have Justice done them The Shortness of his Life gave not Leasure to make it known whether he design'd to put to Death or release them Many other things he ordained in his Will which being made without Deliberation was the Cause of many Troubles and Confusions The Portugues Army was advanc'd to Tomar with a Resolution to try their Fortune The Castilians march'd to meet them They discover'd one another about the Mid-way and there Intrench'd themselves The Portugueses were in a narrow Place having a Plain on the Front and deep Morasses on each side which secur'd their Flanks they were 2200 Horse and 10000 Foot The Castilians being much more Numerous encamp'd in an open Plain about a League and half from them and being confident of their Strength advanc'd and offer'd Battol on the Eve of the Assumption The King of Castile led the main Battel and some of the Nobles the Wings which in the time of need were useless by season of the Streightness of the Ground D. Gonzalo NunÌ„ez de Guzman with a Body of 〈◊〉 was order'd through By ways to fall upon the Enemies Rear that none might escape being taken or
Relief and a solemn Embassy was sent thither The Embassadors having laid down the miserable Condition of their King made humble suit for assistance and all the Nobles of France unanimously agreed the King ought to be supported It was resolv'd 2000 Horse should be sent into Castile under Luis de Bourbon the King's Uncle by the Mothers side and 100000 Florines for their pay They promis'd if this relief prov'd too small that the King himself would March in Person with all the Power of France and esponse the Quarrel of Castile Pope Clement from Avignon wrote a letter to King John comforting him in his Adversity Peter Earl of Trastamara the King's Cousin who deserted from his Army to Coimbra and thence went over into France being pardon'd return'd now into Castile These Helps were small but the slowness of the English prov'd the safety of Castile The King of Portugal besieg'd Coria but could not take it because some fresh Forces got into it therefore he return'd Home with much Booty The Corses met again at Segovia in order to lay Taxes for raising of Mony Here the King Publish'd a Manifesto to prove his Title to the Crown against the Duke of Lancaster But what just Title could the Son of a Bastard have where there were so many of the True Line living The Duke of Lancaster accepted of the Offers made by the Portugues He endeavour'd to obtain passage through Aragon and the King of Castile to hinder it Both parties sent their Embassadors to that King upon this account Passage being refus'd the Duke came over from England into Spain by Sea and landed at Coruna on the 26th of July In that Port he took 6 Galleys of Castile Fernan Perez de Andrada Governour of the Town defended it with such bravery it was not taken The English were only 1500 Horse and the like number of expert Archers a small Body but might have done great Harm had they immediately joyn'd the Portugueses The time they lost before Corun̄a gave a great Advantage to their Enemies Nevertheless they took several Towns in Galicia and even the City of Santiago the Metropolis of that Kingdom Some Men of Note of that Country went over to the English The Duke of Laucaster at length sail'd for Portugal and Anchor'd at the Mouth of the River Duero The King and Duke met at Porto With the Duke came his Wife Constance his Daughter Catherine and Philippa and Elizabeth two Daughters by his first Wife It was resolv'd they should joyn their Forces That the Duke should have the Kingdom of Castile and the Portugues certain Cities and Towns They agree'd the new King should marry the Dukes Daughter Philippa in Case the Pope would dispense with his Vow of Chastity as Master of Avis The King of Castile was at Zamora making Preparations to defend himself and gathering the Forces that came from France and Castile He publish'd an Edict by which all were ennobl'd who should serve two Months with Horse and Arms at their own Cost and Charge D. John Garcia Manrique Arch-bishop of Sevil was sent with a good Body of Men to secure Leon. All things succeeded better than was expected The third part of the English not us'd to that Climate was consum'd by Sickness Besides many ranging the Country disorderly were cut off by the Boors Thus nothing remarkable was done that Summer only some Messages pass'd betwixt the Kings The Duke sent to challenge the King of Castile and require him to resign up that Crown to him The King also sent Persons of Note to justify his Title but underhand to propose a Match betwixt his Son and Heir Henry and the Dukes Daughter by the Lady Constance This Proposal was no way displeasing to the Duke yet in publick he answer'd He would hear of no Terms but delivering up the Kingdom Near about this time tho far remote as to Place dy'd three Kings On the 4th of June Charles King of Naples was kill'd in Hungary his Head being cloven with a Partesan On the first of January following which began the Year 1387. Charles the IId King of Navarre ended his Days at Pamplona Some say it was the Year before His Body was buried in the Cathedral of that City Four Days after Peter the IVth King of Aragon departed this Life at Barcelona He liv'd 75 Years and reign'd 51 wanting 19 Days Of Stature he was small not Healthy very quick a great lover of Honour and of making a show of Majesty in so much that he was call'd Peter the Ceremonious He maintain'd War against powerful Princes without Foreign Aids only by his own Valour and Conduct was a lover of learned Men and particularly addicted to Astrology and Chimistry His Body was first bury'd at Barcelona and thence translated to Poplete as he had ordain'd Charles King of Naples upon the death of Luis King of Hungary had that Crown offer'd him by the Nobility he went thither and being entertain'd at Dinner by the Queen was murder'd by her Order He left a Son and a Daughter which were Ladislaus and Joanna they both reigned in Naples successively and the one being a Child the other unfit for Government they were the cause of Bloody Wars in Italy The King of Navarre had long been troubled with a Leaprousy It was commonly reported he was burnt to death for that by the Advice of Phisitians he us'd to be wrap'd in Cloaths dip'd in Brimstone on which a Spark of Fire accidentally falling is said to have consumed the Bed and Him This was the more easily believed because he was Cruel Covetous and Lascivious Joanna his youngest Daughter was Married to John de Montforte Duke of Britany who had by her four Sons and three Daughters Charles the Son of him Deceased Friend and Brother-in-Law to the King of Castile inherited the Crown of Navarre He return'd out of Castile and in the Cortes caus'd Pope Clement to be own'd as had been done in Castile for till then Navarre as well as Aragon had stood Neuter This was thought to be done rather to please the French and Castilians than out of respect to Justice The King of Castile to oblige the new King withdrew his Garrisons out of several Towns in Navarre which he held by Contract and forgave him a great Summ of Mony his Father ow'd Thus the new King was encourag'd to attempt the recovery of many Towns taken from his Father in Normandy by the French and English and sent Embassadors to them accordingly This King was mild liberal and generous whence he came to be call'd the Noble By his Wife the Lady Ellenor he had the Princesses Joanna Mary Blanch Beatrix and Elizabeth his Sons Charles and Luis died Young Illegitimate Godfrey Marques of Cortes the Founder of that Family and Joanna marry'd to In̄igo de Zuniga In Aragon King John was Crown'd after the death of his Father He was a meek Prince if not provok'd He could not be present at the
hating him mortally The King who let slip no Opportunity to advance his Interest sent immediately Embassadors to the Queen and went over himself to the Island Ischia to be the nearer to her Most of the Summer was spent in treating but at length the Queen disannull'd the Adoption of the Duke of Anjou and renew'd that of King Alonso This was all privately transacted by the Advice of Corbella by whom the Queen was wholly directed Whilst these things were in Agitation at Naples the Princes of Aragon were in great danger Peter being a Prisoner and Henry besieg'd in Albuquerque A greater War was fear'd because the Articles agreed on before had not been observ'd whereof the Embassadors of Castile complain'd to John King of Navarre who was Lieutenant to his Brother of Aragon At length it was agreed that the two Princes should deliver up Albuquerque and all other Places they held and so depart Castile This being concluded by the Mediation of the King of Portugal the two Brothers and Catherine Wife to Prince Henry with the Master of Alcantara and Bishop of Coria embarked at Lisbon and went thence to Valencia designing to try their Fortunes again in Spain or if that fail'd to go over into Italy which was what their Brother desir'd being resolv'd to conquer the Kingdom of Naples as knowing well the Queen was more inclin'd to his Competitor and only study'd to amuze him Frederick Earl of Luna kept up his Intelligence with Castile intending to betray Taraçona and Calatayud Towns on the Frontiers of Aragon to King John This seem'd the more easy because at the same time there arose a Dispute about the Jurisdiction of the Church of Toledo D. John de Contreras Archbishop of Toledo with six others was appointed by the King of Castile to compose the Differences betwixt him and the Crown of Aragon D. John as Primate of all Spain carry'd the Cross before him which the Bishop of Taraçona first and then the Arch-bishop of Zaragoça as Metropolitan complain'd of This Dispute betwixt the Prelates hinder'd the most important Affair of the Peace which was the general Concern from being brought to an Issue and it was fear'd the Truce being expir'd the War would again break out Both Parties prepar'd for it and both were streighten'd for Mony but chiefly the Aragonians exhausted with such lasting Wars Several strange Apparitions in the Sky terrify'd the Spaniards already alarm'd with the Apprehension of a new War Particularly at Cuidad Rodrigo where the King of Castile then lay there was seen for a long time a Flame moving about which ended in a terrible clap of Thunder that was hear'd above 30 Miles from thence At the beginning of the Year 1433 it Snow'd in Aragon and Nevarre for the space of 40 Days continually which destroy'd vast Numbers of Cattle and Fowl The very wild Beasts came from the Woods to the Towns forc'd by hunger to seek Food From Cuidad Rodrigo the King of Castile went to Madrid to hold the Cortes Thither resorted so great a Multitude that the Town tho large could not contain it and many were forc'd to lodge in the neighbouring Villages Here it was consulted how to carry on the War of Granada the Truce being expir'd Ferdinand Alvarez de Toledo was sent to begin the War He took some strong Holds from the Moors All the rest of Spain enjoy'd Peace this Year The Nobility of Castile strove to out do one another in the splendour of their Retinues and Expences spending the time in running at Tilt and such Sports to delight the King and People without any care of the War At Lisbon this Year the Plague carry'd off great Numbers of People King John of Portugal dy'd on the 14th of August at the Age of 76 4 Months and 3 Days and having Reign'd 48 Years 4 Months and 9 Days He is famous for having in such a confusion of times secur'd that Kingdom to his Posterity His Son Edward succeeded him and was declar'd King in a great Assembly of the Nobility being then 41 Years 9 Months and 14 Days old Besides his other Felicities King John was happy in a numerous Issue by his Wife Philippa Daughter to John Duke of Lancaster First he had Blanch who dy'd young 2dly Alonso who liv'd but 10 Years 3dly Edward who succeeded him 4thly Peter Duke of Coimbra 5thly Henry Duke of Viseo 6thly John Constable of Portugal 7thly Ferdinand Master of Avis and 8thly Elizabeth marry'd to Philip Earl of Flanders and Duke of Burgundy On the Day of King Edward's Coronation it is reported that a Jewish Physician call'd Gudiala advis'd to put off that Ceremony till the Afternoon else it would be unfortunate but his Council was slighted as superstitious As soon as the King took upon him the Government he order'd the Funeral of his Father with greater Pomp than had been till then he with all the Nobility accompanying the Corps to the Church of Batalla at Aljubarrota built by the deceas'd King as was said before All the rest of this King's Reign was answerable to this pious Beginning CHAP. V. The Council of Basil The Affairs of Naples and death of the Duke of Anjou and the Queen of Naples The Nobility of that Kingdom incline to favour the Aragonians The Pope expell'd Rome and restor'd POpe Martin the last Year of his Life had summon'd all the Christian Prelates to hold a General Council at Basil in order to reform the universal Corruption of Manners and to 〈◊〉 to the true Faith the Bohemians then tainted with new Heresies Cardinal Julian Cesarinus went from Rome to be present at the opening of the Council Eugenius successor to Pope Martin endeavour'd to remove the Council into Italy but Sigismund the Emperor oppos'd it Other Princes were courted to joyn with each of them The King of Aragon thought fit to be of the Emperor's Party hoping he would be the surer Friend to him towards obtaining the Kingdom of Naples For this Reason he sent his Embassadors to Basil as did all the other Princes of Spain mov'd by his Example At the beginning of the Year 1434 dy'd at Basil Cardinal Alonso Carrillo a Person of great Learning and Wisdom and Protector of Spain D. Alonso Carrillo his Nephew succeeded him in the Bishoprick of Siguença and came at last to be Archbishop of Toledo Sigismund the Emperor answer'd not the Expectations of the King of Aragon but as soon as he was crown'd at Rome as if the Crown had chang'd his Nature he made a League with the Venetians Florentines and Philip Duke of Milan for expelling the Aragonians out of all Italy with their joynt Forces This he did rather to comply with the Pope than out of any particular Prejudice But all things happen'd otherwise than they expected as shall appear hereafter Frederick Earl of Luna added one Crime to all his former Extravagancies which brought him to his Ruin He was bold and restless
done It is a wonderful thing that none of all those D. Alvaro had raised now appeared for him He was sent Prisoner to Portillo in keeping of James de Zuniga Son to the Marshal In̄igo de Zuniga This Year so remarkable in Spain for the Death of this great Man was fatal to Christendom for the loss of the City Constantinople taken by Mahomet the Great Turk after a Siege of 54 Days Great Cruelties were committed in it when entred and it has ever since been the Metropolis of the Turkish Empire Charles Prince of Viana was carryed to Zaragoça and there at the Request of the Aragonians pardon'd and set at Liberty on the 22d of June The Prince promised Obedience for the future and to withdraw his Garrisons out of all Places that held for him For Security of Performance he delivered Luis de Biamonte Earl of Lerin and Constable of Navarre and his Children with other Noblemen as Hostages The Joy for this Agreement was not lasting for new Tumults began soon after The Father's Covetousness and Son's Impatience for a long time consumed the Kingdom of Navarre as shall be related in its place Whilst the King of Castile seized upon D. Alvaro de Luna's Lands and Treasures he prepared in Prison to clear himself of the Crimes lay'd to his Charge but there was no likelyhood he should be cleared the King being his Enemy The Judges appointed to examin his Case gave Sentence of Death against him From Portillo he was carryed to Valladolid to be Executed Having confessed and received the Sacrament he was led out to Execution a Cryer proclaiming before him in manner following Our Sovereign Lord the King commands this cruel Tyrant to be Executed for that he with extraordinary Pride and Presumption to the great abuse of the Royal Majesty which is the Image of God upon Earth made himself Master of the King's Court and Palace usurping the place that did not belong to him and committed many great Crimes Extortions Rapines Violences and tyrannical Actions to the hainous offence of God and our faid Lord the King the disgrace and lessening of his Person Crown and Dignity the impairing of his Revenue and obstructing of Justice For which his Offences he is to be beheaded that the Justice of God and the King may appear and he be made an Example to deterr others from committing the like Crimes To such Actions such a Reward In the Market-place was erected a Scaffold with a Crucifix and two Flamboys on the sides of it Being upon the Scaffold he bowed to the Cross and going forward gave his Ring he used to Seal with and his Hat to his Page saying This is all I have lest to give you This moved him to weep and many followed his Example Barrasa Master of the Horse to Prince Henry being present D. Alvaro called and said to him Go warn the Prince from me not to follow this Example of his Fathers in rewarding his Servants Then seeing a high Iron hook he asked the Executioner what it was for and being told it was to fix his Head upon answered When I am dead do as thou wilt with my Body for to a brave Man neither is the manner of his Death disgraceful nor can it come too soon to him that has attained such high Honours This said he opened his Garment and without the least mark of fear bowed down his Head which was cut off on the 5th of July He was a Man in all respects great who for the space of 30 Years absolutely governed the King and directed all his Actions Alonso de Espina a Franciscan Fryar accompanied D. Alvaro de Luna to the place of Execution This Fryar wrote a Book called Fortalitium Fidei an excellent Work The dead Body remained three Days on the Scaffold with a Bason by it to gather Alms to bury him that not long before was equal to some Kings He was interred at St. Andrews the common Burial Place of Persons executed thence removed to St. Francis in that Town and lastly to his own Chappel in the Cathedral of Toledo It is reported an Astrologer told D. Alvaro his Death would be at or on Cadahalso which he supposed to be meant of a Town he had of that Name and therefore never went thither but Cadahalso in Spanish is a Scaffold But these are vain Observations The King besieged Escalona which place after the Death of D. Alvaro was surrendred by his Wife upon Condition his Treasure should be equally divided betwixt the King and her self All the rest was confiscated except the Town of Santistevan left to his Son D. John whose Daughter and Heiress married James the Son of John Pacheco and so the Earldom of Santistevan and Marquisate of Villena were united D. Alvaro had a Daughter married to In̄igo Lopez de Mendoça Duke del Infantado Also a Bastard Son and Daughter Thus much of D. Alvaro At Granada Ismael with the Assistance of the Christians and his Party among the Moors wrested the Crown from his Cousin Mahomet the Lame but being in the Throne soon forgot the Obligations he owed to the Christians In Portugal a new sort of Mony was coined called Cruzados which took that Name from the Croisade then granted by Pope Nicholas the V. to all that went to the War against the Moors in Barbary at the Request of D. Alvaro Gonzalez Bishop of Lanego CHAP. VII The Designs and Death of King John of Castile Discoveries of the Portugueses along the Coast of Africk Prince Henry proclaim'd King of Castile Peace concluded betwixt Castile Aragon and Navarre The Character of Henry the new King of Castile THE Death of D. Alvaro de Luna no way contributed to alter the Posture of Affairs for the better tho the King was resolved had he lived to take upon himself the Government and follow the Advice of the Bishop of Cuenca and Prior of Guadlupe Men of great Integrity and Piety To this purpose he sent for them both to come to Avila whither he went from Escalona He designed also to keep 8000 Horse in constant pay to be a check to his Subjects and a standing Power against Forreign Enemies Besides he resolved that every City should be impowered to Collect the Revenue that there might be no need of Farmers or Collectors who oppress the People to enrich themselves The Portugueses at this time began to make vast Discoveries along the Coast of Africk as far as the Cape of Good Hope Prince Henry Uncle to the King of Portugal being learned in Astrology and zealous of promoting the Christian Faith was the first that undertook this Affair The King of Castile pretended that Conquest appertained to him and threatned War in case the Portugues did not desist He answered he knew no wrong had been done and hoped the King of Castile would not begin a War before that dispute was decided by Law The King of Castile went to Medina del Campo and Valladolid to try
been suitable to them This popular Inclination so entirely gained him the Affections of the Commonalty that they were never known to continue more firm to their Prince but it disobliged most of the Nobility John de Luna had the Government of Soria taken from him and was cast in Prison by the Contrivanc of John Pacheco who by these means endeavoured to get into his Power a Grandaughter of D. Alvaro de Luna Daughter to his Son John de Luna then dead The young Maid was in the Custody of that Governour of Soria who was her Kinfman and his Wife her Aunt This young Lady he married to his Son James Pacheco and by that means united the Farldom of Santistevan to his own Estate Alonso Faxardo Lieutenant of Murcia making his Advantage of the Confusion of those Times seized Carthagena and Lorca with several other Forts in that Country Against him the King sent Gonçalo de Saavedra who took from him not only those Places but all he had inherited of his Forefathers and he thought it a Happiness to save his Life At the same time dyed the Marques de Santillana He left these Children James his Heir Peter then Bishop of Calahorra In̄igo Laurence John and others from whom some noble Families in Castile are descended On the 4th of September dyed the Queen of Aragon at Valencia and was buryed in the Monastery of Nuns in that City called the Trinity Soon after the King of Portugal passing over into Africk with a powerful Fleet on the 18th of October took from the Moors a Town called Alcaçar near Ceuta His Brother Ferdinand Duke of Visco and his Uncle Henry were with him in this Expedition Duarte de Meneses was left Governour of the Place He after the King's Departure three several times repulsed great Multitudes of Moors that attacked him and made them desist from that Enterprize Prince Charles sent Embassadors out of Sicily to his Father to beg Pardon and offer his Submission But he dealt not fairly for at the same time he sollicited the King of France and Duke of Britany to joyn in League with him to recover by Force what his Father would not voluntarily yield up to him For this Reason and for fear the Sicilians should proclaim him King his Father pardoned him and he came over to Spain at the beginning of the Year 1459. Thence he went over to Majorca to wait the Event of what his Father designed for him despairing of obtaining his Mother's Kingdom His death which was near at Hand put an end to all his Contrivances His Demands were that his Father should pardon him and his Adherents and release the Constable of Navarre D. Luis de Biamonte with all others that had been delivered as Hostages That he should cause the Oath of Allegiance to be taken to him as Heir and give him leave to live quietly in any Town except the Court That he should restore to him Viana and Gandia which were his own If this were granted he offered to withdraw his Garrisons out of all Places that held for him He also desired that his Sister Ellenor Wife to the Earl of Faux might be removed from the Government of that Kingdom Much time was spent in Debate but at last neither was all he demanded granted nor what was promised performed It was the Opinion of the Vulgar that this was all the Contrivance of his Mother in Law who wished his Death fearing if he succeeded his Father it would not be well with her self and her Children The Seed of Sedition which had been long sowed in Castile at length broke out The King besides his other Faults was wholly devoted to Women First he loved one Catherine de Sandoval but left her because she admitted the Courtship of another yet soon after made her Abbess of the Monastery of S. Peter de las Duen̄as at Toledo Alonso de Cordova her Gallant was beheaded at Medina del Campo In the Place of Catherine de Sandoval he took the Lady Guiomar the most Beautiful Woman next to the Queen They two as is usual in such Cases fell at Variance D. Alonso de Fonseca Archbishop of Sevil favoured the Mistriss the Marques de Villena sided with the Queen Thus the Court was divided and the Servant grew so haughty as to Cope with her Sovereign It came to that pass that they gave one another ill Language and at length the Queen laid violent Hands upon the Mistriss and treated her severely which the King highly resented Another scandalous thing happened which was that D. Beltran de la Cueva Lord Steward of the Houshold a great Favourite of the Kings to whom he had given a plentiful Fortune grew into Familiarity with the Queen The People generally judged ill of that Freedom and some were of Opinion the King knew they were faulty and consented to it to hide his own Impotency It is to be suspected that a great part of this Fable was forged in favour of King Ferdinand and Queen Elizabeth when they came afterwards to the Crown Some time after this Scandal gathered strength when upon account of an Embassador coming out of Britany D. Beltran was Challenger in a Feast of running at Tilt that was in Madrid and Pardo and after the Sport was over made a Banquet greater than was thought could be done by any private Person The King was so pleased that in the Place where the Tilting was in memory of it he caused a Monastery of Hieronimites to be erected which because the Place was unhealthy was afterwards removed to that where it now stands The People after the Example of the Court were addicted to all manner of Ludeness and Prodigality and the Nobility without any regard of the King combined to raise new Troubles About this time many extraordinary Accidents were thought to foretell the Calamities that were threatned by these Disorders There appeared in the Sky a great Flame which dividing it self into two Parts the one ran towards the East and vanished the other continued some time In the Territory of Burgos and Granada there fell a shower of great Stones which killed much Cattle At Pen̄alver a Town in the Country of Alcarria it was reported a Child of three years of Age foretold the Troubles that would ensue unless the People did Pennance for their Sins The King's Lions at Segovia fought and the little one killed the biggest and eat part of him The People made Processions to appease God being terrify'd with these strange Omens but they mended not their Lives Particularly the Clergy was extraordinary depraved in so much that about this time D. Roderick de Luna Archbishop of Santiago forced away a Bride on her Wedding Day to debauch her which caused the People to Mutiny being Headed by D. Luis Osorio Son to the Earl of Trastamara In revenge of that hainous Crime they deposed that Bishop and seized all he had His End was answerable to his Life the rest whereof he spent
away to Burgos and thence to Ordun̄a upon his coming all was presently quiet He made a Truce between the Two Parties till such time as they could be fully Reconciled and set all the Prisoners free After this great Levies were made throughout Castile and the Nobility was summoned to the end to force King Ferdinand and Elizabeth his Queen to depart the Kingdom yet by the Advice of the Master of Santiago this Design was laid aside Toledo and Sevil mutinied at the same time both Cities being divided into Factions Those of Toledo were the Ayalas and Silvas The Earl of Cifuentes was Head of the Silvas and he of Fuensalida of the Ayalas To put an end to these Contentions by the Advice of the Bishop F. Peter de Silva the Earl of Cifuentes Married Ellenor Daughter to him of Fuensalida What was designed to produce a Peace proved the cause of greater Discord not only the Earl of Cifuentes but John de Ribera his Uncle being admitted into the City against the Kings will one of them coming to be Married and the other to honour that Solemnity The Faction of the Silvas having got their Chief among them armed against their Adversaries with such fury that King Henry was forced to come thither in Person and having appeased the Tumult deprived the Earl of Fuensalida of the Government of the City which he had held many years and put Garci Lopez into that Command with the Title of Deputy At Sevil the Marquess of Cadiz was expelled that City by the Duke of Medina Sidonia Hence ensued a formal War which was ended by D. Yn̄igo Lopez de Mendoça Earl of Tendilla sent thither to that purpose he using more Art than Force or Severity Medina Sidonia was restored to its Owner It was a very great loss for Castile that Pope Paul II. died on the 25th of July During his Papacy he did much for the good and advantage of Spain On the 9th of August was chosen in his place the Cardinal Francis de Ruvere of the Order of Friers Minors he took the Name of Sixtus IV. a Man of no less Merit than his Predecessor and as well affected towards Spain At the same time a Body of Moores broke into the inward parts of Andaluzia and made great havock in the Territory of Alcantara The Booty they took was so great they could observe no Order in marching In Revenge for this Affront and to Divert the Enemy by the King's Order the Marquess of Cadiz with his Forces took the Town of Cardella in the Kingdom of Granada by force but he leaving a weak Garison in the place it was soon recovered by the Moores This Year was Fortunate to Portugal King Alonso about the middle of August set sail from Lisbon with a Fleet consisting of 300 Sail between great and small resolving to renew the War in Africk With him went Prince John his Son that he might learn his first Military Rudiments in that Holy War and all the Flower of the Nobility and Souldiery of the Kingdom The Army consisted of about 30000 Men. At his first landing he took from the Moores the Town of Arzila in which above 2000 Infidels were killed and 5000 sold as Slaves which raised a great Sum of Money This Success was not bought without Blood for several Persons of Note among the Portugueses were killed and among them D. Alvaro de Castro Earl of Montesanto and D. John Coutin̄o Earl of Marialva whose dead Body the King having seen turning to his Son he said God grant you prove so great a Souldier The Example of Arzila so terrified the Moores of Tangier that they abandoned it the Command of which Place the King gave to Roderick Merlo Henry de Meneses Earl of Valencia was left Governour of Arzila and Alcaçar Having in so short a time concluded such Noble Exploits the King returned with his Fleet in safety to Portugal D. Alonso Vasconcellos was in this Expedition created Earl of Penella as a Reward of his good Service CHAP. IX Catalonia reduced Charles Duke of Guienne dies Cardinal Borgia the Pope's Legate comes into Spain Interview of the Kings of Castile and Portugal The Master of Santiago strengthens himself against his Enemies Barcelona surrendred to the King of Aragon IN Catalonia the Aragonians were now successful for after the Death of the Duke of Lorrain Girona was surrendred to the King What remained of the Enemy whose Chief Commanders were Reiner Bastard Son to the Duke and James Galeoto were either besieged in a Town called S. Adrian on the Banks of the River Bese or overthrown by the General D. Alonso de Aragon as they marched to relieve that Place The King tho' so old ceased not to press the Enemy in Ampurias As he lay encamped near Torella he is said in a Dream to have seen a notable Soldier that died in that War who advised him not to decamp from thence because it would prove dangerous to him The King took no notice of this Dream but moved thence and having taken Roses and laid Siege to Peralada was in great danger of his Life by a Camisade given at Night by the Earl of Campobaso who commanded the Enemy He was so surprized that he fled half naked to Figueras Nevertheless next day he returned to the Siege and wasted the Country which obliged the Town to surrender All that Country being subdued he marched with his Army and sate down before Barcelona the Siege of which Place lasted long he being resolved to carry that Town by Policy rather than open Force In Old Castile King Ferdinand and Queen Elizabeth laboured to draw the People to their Party some Towns surrendred to him and among them Sepulveda This done they sent for the Archbishop of Toledo resolving to reconcile him at any rate and being come went with him to Tordelaguna a Town of his on purpose to oblige him Charles Duke of Guienne not regarding that he was contracted to the Princess Joanna as doubting whose Daughter she was was now making a Match with the Duke of Burgundy's Daughter As soon as King Henry had notice of it he went from Segovia to Badajoz to meet the King of Portugal at the beginning of the Year 1472. The Earl of Feria in whose Custody that City was in Hatred to the Master of Santiago would not admit the King Between that Place and Elvas the two Kings met and treated about the King of Portugal's marrying the Princess Joanna but nothing was concluded The Portugues placed no great Confidence in the King or the Master of Santiago beside that King Ferdinand and his Queen became daily more acceptable to the People For the present the Insolence of the Earl of Feria was winked at but not long after King Henry went into Andaluzia with a Resolution to punish all the Mutinous Lords He came to Cordova and would not go on to Sevil because the Duke of Medina-Sidonia was possessed of that City and had
He of Burgos delayed whereupon the King sent Peter Navarro with Forces to besiege it and then the Lieutenant submitted as did all the others D. John Manuel by the way of Navarre went into France designing for Germany There only remained the Duke of Najara who fortified that Town and levied Forces hoping the Emperour would soon come and therefore acted in the Name of Prince Charles as his Viceroy To put a stop to these troubles the King set out towards Burgos and from Arcos sent Ferdinand Duke of Strada to require that Duke to deliver up his Forts The Duke excused himself The King leaving the Queen at Arcos because she would not go to Burgos where she lost her Husband went on himself in order to force the Duke Count Peter Navarro was sent with his Forces the Guards and Artillery to seize all the Duke's Estate and his Person Several of the Nobility interposed and the Duke submitted to deliver up many Places of Strength Hereupon the King pardoned the Duke and not long after by degrees restored all those Forts to Duke Antony Manrique Earl of Triveno Son to the Duke To oblige the Duke of Albuquerque the King proposed to marry the Lady Joanna de Aragon Daughter to the Archbishop of Zoragoça to the Dukes eldest Son but this Match did not succeed and she was afterwards married to D. John de Borgia Duke of Gandia The Emperor was much offended at the Kings of France and Spain He complained of the Catholick King for that he had seized upon the Government of Castile without agreeing with him It was reported he would send 3000 Germans to Naples to favour the Pretensions of the Duke of Calabria and it was also suspected that the Great Captain forwarded this Design in hopes to marry his eldest Daughter to the Duke and would accept of the Command of General of the Forces of the Church with a Pension of 6000 Ducats But those were mere Jealousies and soon after the Emperor declared he would break through the Dutchy of Milan and with all his Forces invade the State of Venice The Catholick King took care to secure the Duke of Calabria who was at his Court The Emperor was offended at the King of France for that he supported the Duke of Guelders and had made War in Burgundy at the time that King Ferdinand went into Italy He did not approve of the Conference betwixt the two Kings and took it ill that the Match betwixt Prince Charles and the Princess Claudia was broke off At this time that Lady was contracted to the Duke of Angoulesme Heir to the Crown of France and therefore the Emperor pleaded the Investiture of the Dutchy of Milan according to the Agreement made with King Philip was void The Catholick King valued not the Match thinking by this means to secure Prince Charles the Inheritance of the Kingdom of Naples The King of France not regarding the Emperor's Complaints he thought of marrying Prince Charles to Mary Daughter to the King of England This Match was so far advanced that the Princess's Portion was assigned to be 250000 Crowns and the Time and Place of Marriage appointed It was concluded the Consent of King Ferdinand and Queen Joanna should be asked but the Marriage to be consummated tho they opposed it This Match pleased the King of England yet he was willing to oblige King Ferdinand in hopes himself to marry Queen Joanna The Catholick King gave him good words to secure the Marriage of his Daughter the Princess Catherine with the Prince of Wales But the King of England at the same time delayed in hopes to promote the Match for himself which was a strange Complication of Politicks Death broke off all the King of England's designs Many said King Ferdinand intended to marry Queen Joanna to his Brother-in-law Gaston de Foix to put him in possession of the Kingdom of Navarre to which he pretended a Right and by that means take revenge of the King and Queen of Navarre who had often offended him and lastly in siezing the Estate of of the Earl of Lerin who was married to his Sister and refusing to restore and stand Tryal with him D. John Manuel was come to the Emperor's Court but not so well looked upon as before which he perceiving thought of returning to Spain In order to it he proposed to King Ferdinand either to restore him to his Estate and treat him according to his quality or else to give him leave with his Wife and Children to go to Portugal otherwise he must like a desperate Man do all that he could against him Nothing was granted him and he tho out of favour by his sharp Wit sowed Discord betwixt those two Princes It was also believed Cardinal Bernardin de Carvajal the Pope's Legate at the Emperor's Court did King Ferdinand no good Offices there wherefore the King requested of the Pope that he might be removed and called back to Rome which at last he obtained CHAP. V. The Designs of bringing Prince Charles into Spain King Ferdinand in Andaluzia to settle that Country Penon in Africk taken by the Spaniards the Portugueses loosers at Azamor in that part of the World yet relieve Arzila THe Emperor now declared his warlike Preparations were not designed against Naples but against the French in Milan and tho the Pope and King Ferdinand interposed for a Peace or Truce he would not give ear to it unless upon very advantageous Conditions He left the Princess Margaret his Daughter to Govern Flanders in Jan. 1508 marched towards Italy and in February came to Trent There he took the Name of Emperor Elect being till then called King of the Romans His General was the Marquess of Brandenburgh his Forces so small that no great matter could be expected of them The first Hostilities were committed in the Valley of Cadoro subject to the Venetians and the Emperor understanding that 5000 Swiss were going into the French Service returned into Switzerland to prevent it and thence to Luxemburgh because French Forces marched that way Upon his departure most of the Germans at Cadora disbanded and 2000 that remained were defeated by the Venetians The Catholick King tho setled in the Government of Castile thought himself not secure knowing there were many that persisted in their aversness to him Among the rest the Bioshps of Badajoz and Catania signalized themselves having no hopes of Preferment unless the Government were changed The Pope at the King's Suits commissioned the Archbishop of Toledo and Bishop of Burgos to prosecute them He of Badajoz endeavouring to make his escape into Flanders was apprehended near Santander and after being Prisoner some time at Atiença was remitted to the Archbishop of Toledo according to the Pope's Order D. Jayme de Conchillos Bishop of Girachi the King's Ambassador at the Emperor's Court pressed to have Prince Charles sent to Spain to have him bred after the manner of the Country and to secure his Succession but the Emperor
they died soon after they were married Pope Leo the same Year he died entred into a League with Charles the Emperor for expelling the French out of Italy upon condition that every Year upon S. Peter's Day the Emperor should for the Kingdom of Naples besides the White Hacaney pay 7000 Ducats and that the Kingdom of Sicily should be owned as a Feoffe of the Church paying only 15000 Ducats as it had used to do That till such time as the Pope were repayed his Expences in that War he should hold the Cities of Plasencia and Parma the Profits whereof were not to be deducted out of the Principal and that the Dukedom of Milan should be given to Francis Sforcia Afterwards followed the expulsion of the French and their return as was said the last Year The King of France lying before Pavia in which was Antony de Leyva and a good Garison of Germans the Emperor's Generals hasted to the Relief of the City These were Charles de Lanoy Viceroy of Naples Charles Duke of Bourbon and Ferdinand Davlos Marquis of Pescara who overthrew the French Army took the King and sent him Prisoner into Spain Henry d' Albret King of Navarre was also taken but he bribing his Keepers made his escape out of the Castle of Pavia In this Battel was slain the Marquis of Civita de Santangel whose Name was Ferdinand Castriot Great-Grandson to the most Renowned Scanderberg Prince of Epirus and Terror of the Turks His Reins not being chained were cut and his Horse ran with him into the midst of the Enemies where the King of France himself killed him with his Lance. This Battel was fought upon Friday the 24th of February being the Feast of the Apostle S. Mathias Anno 1526. Thus Europe for a while was delivered from the Desolation of War King Francis of France was Prisoner in the Castle of Madrid His Mother the Queen-Regent of France in his absence earnestly desiring her Sons Liberty sent her Daughter the Lady Margaret who had been Married to Charles Duke of Alençon into Spain to treat of some Accommodation She managed the business so well that on the 14th of January an Alliance was concluded between the King and the Emperor upon the following Conditions That from thence forward it should not be allowed the Flemings to Appeal to the King of France That the King of France should quit all his Pretensions to Milan Genoa and Aste That he should restore Burgundy to the Emperor That he should Marry Ellenor the Queen-Dowager of Portugal the Emperor's Sister and should have with her 200000 Duccats That he should Pardon Charles Duke of Bourbon And That all other Differences should be determined according to Equity The Duke of Bourbon had to Wife Susanna Grandchild to Lewis the Eleventh King of France and Daughter to Peter Duke of Bourbon and Anne the aforesaid King 's Eldest Daughter To him Charles last of the Duke of Anger 's had by his Will left his Dominions in France and his Title to the Kingdom of Naples Charles the Eighth Son and Heir to King Lewis left no Issue therefore the Duke of Bourbon tho he pretended not to the Crown as not being the next of the Male Line yet he insisted that all the Dominions that had accrued to the Crown by other means belonged to his Wife as next of Blood to the late Kings After her Death he pretended tho he had no issue to retain the Dukedom of Bourbon as next of Kin in the Male-Line to his Father-in-Law But the King's Mother urged that she was Neice to the said Peter of Bourbon being his Sister's Daughter and this Title prevailed The Treaty being concluded the King of France departed out of Spain leaving as Hostages acording to Agreement for performance of the Capitulation his two Sons Francis the Dauphine and Henry the Younger At Sevil on the 3d of March was celebrated the Marriage of the Emperor with Elizabeth eldest Sister to the King of Portugal D. Ferdinand of Aragon Duke of Calabria before set at Liberty and D. Alonso de Fonseca who had succeeded Cardinal William de Croy in the Archbishoprick of Toledo accompanied the Bride from the Borders of Portugal The Emperor had deprived Francis Sforcia of the Dukedom of Milan accusing him of being unfaithful and holding Correspondence with France Pope Clement to restore him and being himself offended because it was by Law established in Spain that Benefices should not be given to Strangers and that the Pope's Bulls should be examined in Council joined in League with the French and Venetians he also invited the King of England into the Confederacy and promised D. Ferdinand Davalos Marquis of Pescara and Governor of Milan if he would join with them to make him King of Naples which Kingdom he designed to Conquer These Practices were the cause of great and mighty Mischiefs that ensued Mean while the Marquis of Pescara died and leaving no Issue his Cousin D. Alonso Davalos Marquis del Gasto inherited his Title and Estate Solyman the Great Turk Son to Selymus overthrew in Battel near the City Buda King Luis of Hungary and by his Death not only the City Buda was lost but Contentions arising about the Succession the Kingdom was brought into great distress Part of the Nobility were for Ferdinand of Austria because he was Married to the late King's Sister and part stood up for John Sepusius Vayvode of Transilvania whence ensued grievous Wars Mary the Queen-Dowager having no Issue returned to Flanders Anno 1527. Cardinal Pompeius Colonna and Vespasian Colonna having raised Forces in the Territory of Rome and being joined by others sent by D. Hugo de Moncada Viceroy of Naples they had so streightned the Pope at Rome that he could scarce secure his Person or prevent the Soldiers Plundering the Sacred Palace After which Charles Duke of Bourbon with part of the Imperial Army marched out of Lombardy towards Rome designing to Plunder that City The Duke of Vrbin and Janetin de Medicis Father to Cosmo who was after Duke of Florence set out to oppose him but were overthrown passing the River Mincius and Janetin slain The Duke of Bourbon assaulting Rome was killed with a Musket Shot from the Walls nevertheless the Soldiers pursued their Design and Sacked the City laying Siege to the Castle of Santangelo whither the Pope and Cardinals retired The Emperor was at Valladolid when the News of this Disaster was brought to him he immediately caused the Publick Feasts and Rejoicing for the Birth of his Son Prince Philip born in that City the 20th of May to cease which was a Token of his Religious Zeal and that so great a Disorder had not happened with his knowledge On the other side the Florentins who mortally hated the Pope seeing him Distressed expelled out of their City the Family of Medicis and particularly Hippolito and Alexander who were the Chiefs of that House which was the Cause why
which was the Introduction to all the Disorders that afterwards happen'd in England Civil Wars broke out between the Catholick and Heretick Cantons of Swisserland They came to a Battel near Zurick in which the Catholicks had the better In this Fight Zuinglius was killed At Basle Ecolampadius was found dead in his Bed Both these were Heads of that wicked Sect of Sacramentarians Anno 1532. The Emperor assembled the Diet at Ratisbon to raise the Forces of the Empire to oppose Solyman the Great Turk who threatned Hungary Liberty of Conscience was granted to the pretended Reformed Religion whereupon the Professors of it joined with the Catholicks in raising Forces The Pope sent a Supply of Italians under the Conduct of the Cardinal Hippolito de Medicis The King of Portugal also sent Succour Thus about 20000 Horse and 80000 Foot were raised They encamp'd near Vienna whither the Turks had designed to advance The Emperor in Person commanded this Army The Infidels understanding the great Power of the Christians tho they were much more numerous durst not hazard a Battel but contenting themselves with having ravaged Hungary and part of Austria returned the same way they came At the same time Andrew Doria with the Imperial Fleet sailing into the Morea took Coron and Modon John Frederick Duke of Saxony a great Favourer of Martin Luther died and his Son of the same Name and no better a Christian than he succeeded him The Emperor having setled the Affairs of Germany passed over into Italy At Bolonia he had a Conference with the Pope concluded a League with him against the Turk and it was proposed to call a General Council to put a stop to the growing Heresies But the main Design of these Princes was to prevent the French returning into Italy for it was thought that King would never desist till he had recover'd Milan Anno 1533. It seems there was no reality in their Proceedings for as soon as the Emperor returned into Spain the Pope and King of France met at Marseilles This Meeting it was fear'd would produce new Commotions and Wars in Italy The Death of the Pope which soon after ensued broke all those Measures All that took effect was that Catharine Daughter to Laurence de Medicis was Married to Henry Son to the King of France who afterwards Francis the Dauphin his Elder Brother dying came to be Dauphin and at last King She had in Dower certain Towns in Auvergn and a great Sum of Money Anno 1534. D. Alonso de Fonseca Archbishop of Toledo died the 4th of February and the Cardinal D. Jobn de Tavera succeeded him in that Dighity Pope Clement immediately after his return out of France fell sick of a lingring Disease and having setled his own Affairs and those of the City departed this Life at Rome the 24th Day of September On the 15th of October Cardinal Alexander Farnesius born at Rome and well versed in all the Affairs of that Court was chosen his Successor took the Name of Paul the III. and govern'd the Church 15 Years and 28 Days In his younger Days he had two Children unlawfully begotten which were Peter Luis and Constance Peter Luis was Father to Alexander Farnesius Constance was Mother of Guido Sforcia Both these were made Cardinals in the first Promotion Alexander Farnesius had two Brothers Octavius afterwards Duke of Parma and Raynuncius Knight of S. John of Hierusalem and lastly a Cardinal In England this November it was by Law establish'd That the Pope should have no Spiritual Jurisdiction within that Kingdom but that the King was Head of the Church Some who would not consent and among them certain Carthusians John Fisher Bishop of Rochester and Sir Thomas Moore late Chancellor were put to Death A Famous Pyrat called Ariadenus Barbarkssa had made himself King of Argiers and being afterwards Admiral of the Turkish Fleet took the City Tunez on the Coast of Africk expelling thence Muleasse the rightful King Anno 1535. The Emperor set Sail with a powerful Fleet from Barcelona on the 30th of May to restore Muleasse who had fled to him for Protection Prince Luis of Portugal kept him Company with certain Galleons fitted out by his Brother to that purpose They had a favourable Passage and landing on the Coast of Africk at their first arrival took the strong Castle of Goletta and in the Month of July were Masters of the City of Tunez The City was delivered to King Muleasse D. Bernardin de Mendoça was left in the Castlc with a Garison of 1000 Men. This done the Emperor sailed over to Sicily and thence to Naples Mean while the King of France passing the Alpes took from Charles Duke of Savoy the City of Turin and many other Places in Piemont whence ensued great Broils To encrease which Francis Sforcia Duke of Milan dying without Issue appointed the Emperor Charles his Heir Anno 1536. From Naples the Emperor went to Rome where in the Presence of the Pope and Cardinals he grievously inveighed against the King of France and was so far transported with Passion that he challenged him to Fight hand to hand upon Easter-Monday following Soon after departing Rome he entred France with a powerful Army He advanced as far as Marseilles to which he laid Siege but was forced to return without doing any thing remarkable In this Expedition Garcilasso de la Vega the Famous Spanish Poet was killed by certain Country People from a Tower which the Emperor so highly resented that he caused the Tower to be razed and all those Men to be hanged Antony de Leyva a famous Commander and then General died also in this Undertaking Three things remarkable happened this Year The first the Death of Francis the Dauphin of France suspected to have been Poisoned The second a Provincial Council held at Cologn by Hermanus Archbishop of that City who seven years after turned Lutheran was therefore deposed by the Pope and Adolphus placed in his stead The third was the Death of Erasmus Roterodamus who departed this Life at Basle being 70 Years of Age a Person of great Learning but no good Reputation In England on the 29th of May Anne Bullen tho the King had by her a Daughter called Elizabeth was accused and convicted of Adultery and accordingly Beheaded Jean Seymour stepped into her Place but the Year after she died in Childbed Her Son lived and was called Edward After this the King Married Anne Sister to the Duke of Cleves from whom he was soon after Divorced having before establish'd a Law to allow of Divorces Thus he Married his fifth Wife Catherine Howard but her also he put to Death for Adultery and because she had lost her Virginity before she was Married to him Lastly he Married the Lady Catherine Par her he made not away for soon after he died himself Anno 1537. Duke Alexander de Medicis was murdered at Florence the 6th of January by the
Alonso of Portugal takes the Title of King His Wars with the Moors War betwixt the Christian Princes and Peace concluded Baeça and Almeria taken by the King of Castile and Lisbon by him of Portugal p. 169 The Eleventh BOOK Chap. I. THE coming into Spain of the Moors call'd Almohades The Death of D. Garcia King of Navarre by a fall from his Horse his Son Sancho succeeds him King Alonso and his Daughter both Marry'd Many Places taken from the Moors p. 171 Chap. II. King Luis the Younger of France comes into Spain Alonso of Castile and Leon call'd the Emperor dies His Sons Sancho and Ferdinand inherit the Crowns of Castile and Leon. Original of the Knights of Calatrava p. 174 Chap. III. The Death of Sancho King of Castile The great Commotions that ensu'd The Death of Raymund Prince of Aragon his Issue Alonso his eldest Son succeeds in his Dominions p. 176 Chap. IV. Alonso the young King of Castile takes upon him the Government recovers most of his Dominions joyns in League with the Aragonian and Marries Ellenor the Daughter to Henry II. King of England Some Actions of Ferdinand King of Leon. p. 178 Chap. V. The League made against Peter Ruiz de Açagra The Original of the Knights of Santiago The taking of Cuenca by the Christians Increase of the Knights of Santiago or S. James the Apostle Several Places in Navarre taken by the Castilians p. 180 Chap. VI. Rebellion in the Kingdom of Leon suppress'd Alonso King of Portugal taken by Ferdinard of Leon and set at liberty Being Besieg'd in Santarem by the Moors is reliev'd by him He Vanquishes the Infidels Actions of his Son Sancho p. 182 Chap. VII The Death of the Kings of Leon and Portugal Alliances betwixt the Kings of Spain The Defeat of the Christians at Alarcos Sancho the Wise King of Navarre dies Sancho I. King of Portugal Alonso IX of Leon. p. 183 Chap. VIII King Alonso of Aragon dies and his Son Peter succeeds him The King of Leon Divorc'd Castilians and Aragonians over-run Navarre Alonso King of Castile 's two Daughters Marry'd to the Kings of England and Leon. Plague and Famine in Spain p. 186 Chap. IX The Marriage of the King of Aragon and Death of some Persons of Note Peace concluded and Alliance betwixt all the Christian Kings of Spain The beginning of the War with the Moors A vast Multitude of Foreigners comes to the Assistance of the Christian Kings of Spain p. 187 Chap. X. The further Progress of the Christian Army which obtains a most signal Victory over the Infidels of whom 200000 are slain and this call'd the Battle of Navas de Tolosa Many Towns taken after this Success p. 189 The Twelfth BOOK Chap. I. THE Original and Growth of the Heresie of the Albigenses which spread all over France and some part of Spain Preaching against them unsuccessful War is resolv'd upon p. 191 Chap. II. The Death of Peter King of Aragon and of Alonso King of Castile Simon Earl of Montfort General of the Catholicks Overthrows the Hereticks and takes the Towns they had possessed themselves of p. 193 Chap. III. Disorders in Castile and Aragon under the two Infant Kings Sancho King of Navarre altogether decripid The Lateran General Council Honours done there to the Archbishop of Toledo p. 195 Chap. IV. The Family of Lara take the Government of Castile into their Hands They commit many Insolencies and oppress the Nobility Young King Henry Marry'd and Divorc'd The King of Aragon escapes from his Keepers p. 197 Chap. V. Great Disorders in Castile rais'd by the Family of Lara Young King Henry kill'd by the fall of a Tile Ferdinand Prince of Leon succeeds his Mother Berengaria renouncing her Right Orders of S. Dominick S. Francis and La Merced Instituted p. 198 Chap. VI. The Marriages of two Kings Ferdinand of Castile and Jayme of Aragon King Ferdinand quells many Commotions Death of the Kings of France and Portugal p. 200 Chap. VII King Ferdinand of Castile 's great Success against the Moors King Jayme of Aragon seiz'd by some Rebellious Nobles makes his escapes and commences War against the Rebels p. 202 Chap. VIII The War with the Moors renew'd The Island of Majorca Conquer'd by the Aragonians The Popes Legate disanuls the Marriage of King Jayme on account of Consanguinity Raymund Earl of Toulouze a Heretick reduc'd p. 204 Chap. IX Alonso King of Leon defeats the Moors takes Merida and Badajoz and dies Crowns of Castile and Leon united under Ferdinand Sancho King of Navarre dies Theobald succeeds him Interviews of several Kings p. 205 Chap. X. The beginning progress and end of the War against Cordova with the Conquest of that Noble City p. 206 Chap. XI A Moorish King Baptiz'd Description of Valencia its Siege and Surrender to the King of Aragon who is wounded before it Theobald King of Navarre goes with others to the Holy-War p. 207 The Thirteenth BOOK Chap. I. THE taking of many Towns by the Christians The Kingdom of Murcia surrendred to King Ferdinand His Marriage Salamanca made an Vniversity 20000 Moors defeated by the Christians p. 208 Chap. II. A defeat of the Christians who recover and are successful take Jaen and many other Places The King of Granada made Tributary King Sancho II. of Portugal expell'd by his Rebellious Subjects p. 209 Chap. III. The beginning of the War against Sevil. Aragon under a General Interdict The Siege and Surrender of Sevil. Carmona and several other Places p. 210 Chap. IV. S. Luis King of France sends Presents to the Church of Toledo and makes an unfortunate Expedition to the Holy-Land Aragon embroyl'd King Ferdinand of Castile after gaining much from the Moors dies p. 211 Chap. V. The beginning of the Reign of King Alonso he is chosen Emperor by part of the Electors and Richard Duke of Cornwal by the rest Theobald I. King of Navarre dies his Son Theobald II. succeeds him p. 212 Chap. VI. Aragon and Castile at variance and reconcil'd Sancho King of Portugal dies in Exile Death of the Queen and Prince of Aragon Portugal under an Interdict Marriages of the King of of Navarre and Prince of Aragon p. 213 Chap. VII The Family of the Merines obtains the Empire of Africk The War against the Moors renew'd in Spain Cuidad Rodrigo built Troubles in Aragon The City Murcia taken and the King of Granada made Tributary p. 214 Chap. VIII The Kingdom of the Normans in Sicily extinguish'd by the French The Empress of Constantinople comes into Spain and Jayme King of Aragon to Toledo p. 215 Chap. IX The King of Aragon 's Expedition for the Holy-Land The Kings of France and Navarre and the eldest Son of the King of England move upon the same Enterprize The Nobles of Castile revolt Troubles in Aragon p. 216 Chap. X. Rodulphus of Ausburg chosen Emperor Henry King of Navarre dies His Daughter Joanna Inherits Alonso King of Castile agrees with his Nobles then goes into France
to plead for the Empire before the Pope and returns re infecta p. 216 The Fourteenth BOOK Chap. I. THE King of Morocco passes over into spain The War with the Moors The Christians twice defeated Death of Prince Ferdinand the Heir of Castile Troubles in Navarre betwixt the Natives and the French p. 217 Chap. II. Three Popes die in one Year Prince Sancho of Castile contrives to Vsurp that Crown from his Nephews The Death of Jayme King of Aragon and of Alonso of Portugal Peter succeeds the first and Denis the latter p. 218 Chap. III. The Practices of Prince Sancho He Rebels against his Father The King of Morocco comes to aid King Alonso returns home leaving 1000 Horse to serve under him King Alonso disinherits and curses his Son Prince Sancho p. 221 Chap. IV. The Conspiracy of John Prochita in Sicily against the French and slaughter of them call'd the Sicilian Vespers Kings of France and Aragon at War about Sicily Castile and Aragon under an Interdict at the same time p. 222 Chap. V. The Death of Alonso King of Castile The beginning of the Reign of King Sancho IV. The defeat of the French Fleet on the Coast of Italy Albarazin taken by the King of Aragon p. 224 Chap. VI. The French Invade Catalonia take Girona and retire back to France with loss The King of Morocco Besieges Xeres and is repuls'd The Death of the four Kings of France Aragon Naples and Morocco p. 226 Chap. VII The Kings of Castile and Portugal meet D. Lope de Haro flies to Navarre A Treaty in order to release the two Princes of Castile Charles Prince of Salerno set at liberty France and Castile joyn against Aragon Denis King of Portugal 's Issue p. 228 Chap. VIII Troubles in Castile The rightful Heirs to that Crown before Prisoners in Aragon set at liberty Wars on that account betwixt the two Crowns Badajoz Mutinies and is reduc'd An Interview betwixt the Kings of France and Castile p. 230 Chap. IX The Revolt of D. John Nun̄ez de Lara The Death of the King of Aragon His Brother Jayme Succeeds him Matches betwixt the three Kings of Spain Defeat of the Moors at Sea Original of the Dukes of Medina Sidonia p 232 Chap. X. Alcala de Henares made an Vniversity Tarifa Besieg'd by the Moors A brave Action of the Governour Sancho King of Castile dies Ferdinand IV. succeeds Peace betwixt France and Aragon p. 234 The Fifteenth BOOK Chap. I. NEW Troubles and Wars in Castile where Prince Henry takes the Government from the Queen Prince John Proclaimed King of Leon and Galicia Castile invaded by the Moors Portugueses and Aragonians p. 236 Chap. II. Peace betwixt Castile and Portugal setled by means of the double Alliances betwixt those Princes The Progress of the Wars in Sicily The Jubilee first Instituted Bilbao built and Prince John reconcil'd to the King p. 238 Chap. III. Of Raymundus Lullus and the Master of Calatrava The Marriage of King Ferdinand Peace concluded betwixt the Kings of Sicily and Naples A Synod of Bishops Troubles in Castile Pope Boniface dies Benedict XI succeeds him p. 240 Chap. IV. The Differences betwixt the Kings of Castile and Aragon reconcil'd After which they joyn in league against the Moors but to no considerable effect Death of Roger Lauria the great Admiral of Aragon and Divisions among the Moors p. 241 Chap. V. The King of Granada depos'd The King of Castile 's Sister Marry'd to the Duke of Britany The Extirpation of the Knights Templers The Death of Ferdinand IV. King of Castile p. 244 Chap. VI. The beginning of the Reign of Alonso XI King of Castile The many Confusions in that Kingdom by reason of his Infancy The Moors of Granada expell their King The Turks their Original and Growth p. 246 Chap. VII The Actions of the Catalonians in Greece The War in Andaluzia Death of Luis Hutin King of France Philip the Long succeeds him John XX. chosen Pope Defeat of the Moors by Prince Peter of Castile p. 248 Chap. VIII Institution of two new Orders of Knighthood in Aragon and Portugal Peter and John Princes of Castile kill'd by the Moors The Government of that Kingdom in Confusion A great Overthrow given the Navarrois by the Biscainers p. 249 Chap. IX King Alonso XI of Castile takes upon him the Government The Conquest of Sardinia by the Aragonians The Death of King Denis of Portugal His Son Alonso succeeds him Jayme II. King of Aragon is succeeded by his Son Alonso IV. p. 251 Chap. X. The Wars betwixt the Christians and Infidels Rebellions in Castile Aragon Castile and Portugal joyn in League The King and Queen of Navarre come into that Country and return again to France p. 253 The Sixteenth BOOK Chap. I. THE King of Granada goes into Africk Abomelique passes over into Spain The War with the Moors A Truce concluded Alonso de la Cerda rightful King of Castile submits to King Alonso the Possessor p. 256 Chap. II. The Moors of Granada murder Mahomet their King Wars among all the Christian Kings of Spain Alonso King of Aragon dies Fresh Rebellions in Castile The Portuguese Fleet beaten by the Castilians p. 257 Chap. III. The Death of Frederick King of Sicily A Truce betwixt Castile and Portugal The Death of Abomelique and defeat of his Army Peace betwixt Castile and Aragon A Synod at Barcelona p. 259 Chap. IV. A new Invasion of Spain by Albohacen King of Morocco with 470000 Moors he Besieges Tarifa is there routed with the loss of 200000 Men by the Kings of Castile and Portugal Three defeats of the Infidels at Sea p. 261 Chap. V. The Siege and Surrender of Algezira The Infidels attempt to murder King Alonso of Castile The Earls of Derby and Salisbury come to his assistance out of England and the Earl of Faux out of France Robert King of Naples dies p. 263 Chap. VI. The King of Aragon Conquers Majorca and all its Dominions Great Troubles in Aragon The Rebels suppress'd An Vniversal Plague The Knights of Calatrava at variance at length reconcil'd p. 265 Chap. VII The Siege of Gibraltar the King dies and the Siege is rais'd King Peter succeeds him The Lady Ellenor de Guzman kill'd Some Nobles Rebel and are subdu'd Biscay annexed to the Crown of Castile Interviews of Kings p. 267 Chap. VIII Embassadors sent by King Peter into France to obtain for his Wife Blanch Daughter to the Duke of Bourbon who is brought into Spain and Marry'd to the King but he being before in Love with the Lady Mary de Padilla slights and forsakes his Queen p. 269 Chap. IX King Peter of Castile removes his Officers punishes some Rebels and reduces several Towns The War of Sardinia where Diseases rageing in the Aragonian Army that King claps up a dishonourable Peace and returns to Aragon p. 270 Chap. X. The Nobility of Castile particularly the King's Bastard Brothers in Rebellion they treat with the King without success the
Geryon was Buried near the Mouth of the Streights and after worshipped as a God as appears by the Temple of Osiris Built in Sicily by Hercules and his famous Oracle at Padua which Princes often visited as Suetonius affirms Osiris having thus rescued Spain from the Tyranny of Geryon thought not fit to punish the Crimes of the Father in the Children which were three beautiful Sons to these therefore he gave the Kingdom appointing who should Govern during their Minority and then returned into Egypt These Geryons being come to Age did not only Tyranize over their Subjects but meditating Revenge for the Death of their Father induced Typhon to Murder his Brother Osiris which he performed and seated himself in the Throne of Egypt Orus the Son of Osiris who then Governed Scythia understanding what had passed hasts into Egypt and in revenge of his Fathers Murder slew Typhon then gathering a great Army he passed into Spain and drove the Geryons into the Island of Cadiz where they Fortified themselves Fearing lest so great an Army should suffer want if the War were protracted and desiring to avoid the great Bloodshed that must ensue if they came to a Battle he offered to decide the Quarrel by his own Person and sight the three Brothers They accepted of the Challenge and were all Slain by him Their Bodies were buried in the Island and from thence forward it was called Erithrea of some People that came with Orus or Hercules from the Red Sea who with the Approbation of their General planted there This done Hercules caused vast Stones and other Materials to be cast into the Sea at the mouth of the Streights and raised the two Mounts so famous by the name of Hercules's Pillers that on the West of Spain is called Calpe the other in Africk Abyla All things being settled to his Mind he chose Hispalus one of his Companions of whose good Conduct he was fully satisfied to Govern and Reign in Spain and then went over by Sea to Italy It is agreed on all Hands that Hispalus Reigned in Spain From him Justin affirms it took the Name of Hispania only one Letter being changed Others say he built Sevil in Latin Hispalis St. Isidorus says it was built by Julius Caesar and called Julia Romana perhaps it was then enlarged and beautified Plutarch affirms Spain took its Name from Pan a Follower of the second Hercules and was first called Pania then Spania others say it was from Hispanus the Son of Hispalus These are all bare surmises our Historians write many things of this Hispalus of their own Invention to beautifie their Works but their being no certain Account of such Antiquity it is better to pass it by in Silence than Impose upon the Readers Authors do not agree about the time of the Death of Hispalus but after his Days Hercules returned into Spain where having Governed with Moderation and Built as some will have it the Towns of Julia Lybica Vrgel Barcelona and Tarragona he departed this Life being of a very great Age. The Spaniards Consecrated him a God and payed him Divine Honours raising a Temple where his Body was Buried and placing Priests therein Hispalus and Hercules dying without Issue the latter before his Death appointed Hesperus Brother to Atlas and one of his Compauions to succeed him The Fame of this Hesperus's Valour and Vertue gained him such Credit among the People that of him some Greek and Latin Authors say Spain was afterwards called Hesperia tho' others are of Opinion it was from Hesperus the Evening Star The good Fortune of this King was not lasting for his Brother Atlas offended that he should be preferred before him came over into Spain and having gained the good Will of the Soldiers soon possessed himself of the Kingdom Hesperus thus forsaken fled into Italy where he was Friendly entertained and soon after constituted Tutor to the young King Coritus called by others Janus or Jupiter wherein he behaved himself so well that having gained the Affections of that People he gave his Name to Italy as he had done to Spain and it was called Hesperia Atlas jealous of his Brother's greatness and fearing he might in time recover his Kingdom resolved to prevent him In order hereunto he raised a mighty Army and under colour of Honouring them took the Chief Men of Spain along with him into Italy but his design was to keep them as Hostages lest the People in his Absence should endeavour to cast off a foreign Yoke At Sea a violent Storm scattered his Fleet and instead of Landing in Italy he was forced into Sicily that Island being exceeding Rich and Fruitful he left a considerable Number of Spaniards to Plant there This done he put to Sea again and arrived in Italy where he found his Brother Hesperus was Dead so that there was no difficulty in seizng Coritus King of Tuscany and making himself Master of the Country Atlas had two Daughters one of them called Electra was Married to Coritus and had Issue Jasius and Dardanus of whom more hereafter That his other Daughter called Rome Built the City Rome looks more like a Fiction of our Historians than a true History therefore I will make no further mention of it no more than of Sicorus Sicanus Sicceleus and Lusus whom our modern Writers reckon among the Kings of Spain whereas among the Ancients there is not the least Account of them nor of Morgetes the Son of Atlas giving his Name to the People of Italy called Morgetes for which there is no other Authority but framed likeness of Words Philistius Siracusanus's Authority is sufficient to believe that Siculus the Son of Atlas Governed Spain in his Father's absence and succeeded him in the Kingdom after his Death In his time the two Brothers Jasius and Dardanus being at Variance about the Kingdom of Tuscany by reason of the Death of their Father Coritus Siculus their Uncle went over with an Army to pacifie them and by the way Landing in Sicily is said to have given his Name to that Island till then called Trinacria of the three great Promontories that run out into the Sea Thence passing over into Tuscany he endeavoured to reconcile the Brothers but Dardanus dealing Treacherously Murdered Jasius and Siculus in Revenge drove him out of Italy Dardanus with a great Number of the Aborigines who followed his Fortunes fled into Asia where he Built the famous City of Troy Siculus having settled the Affairs of Italy and Seated the Son of Jasius on the Throne of Tuscany returned into Spain and from this time we find no Account of any other Actions of his unless we should write the Dreams and Ravings of modern Authors who also Forge other Kings of Spain upen as vain grounds as the former One of these is Testa who they say built a Town of his own Name and from him the People of that part of Spain were called Contestani Another is Romus to whom
had taken which were above 800 as well in Spain as that part of France he passed thro' In the Valleys of Andorra and Altavaca betwixt the Pyrenean Mountains towards Sobrarve are to be seen to this day certain Iron Rings fixed to the Rocks with Lead above ten foot in Circumference each which are supposed to be remains of Pompey's Trophies because such used to be fixed to Triumphal Arches to fasten the Trophies to them as is still to be seen in the City Merida Among the Vascones in the Kingdom of Navarre he Founded the City Pamplona by some in Latin call'd Pompeyopolis Then returning to Rome he Triumphed together with Metellus over Spain in the Year 683. About the Year 685. Julius Caesar came into Spain the first time with the Pretor Antistius as his Questor or Pay-Master but having at the sight of Alexander the Great 's Statue at Cadiz conceived greater thoughts he obtained leave to return to Rome before his appointed time was expired After his departure Gneius Calpurnius Piso who Governed Hispania Citerior was killed by certain Spaniards in the Year 689. either in revenge of some Affront offered them or to oblige Pompey who sought his ruin Four Years after which was in 693. Marcus Pupius Piso and M. Valerius Messala being Consuls Caesar came the second time into Spain with the Character of Pretor His first Action was to oblige the Inhabitants of the Mountains Herminii which are betwixt Duero and MinÌ„o to leave their Habitations and come down to the Plains in regard that many Companies of Robbers sheltered themselves in those Places and from thence infested the Provinces of Lusitania and Betica Some of the neighbouring People offended at it designed to pass the River Duero and seek new Seats but were prevented by Caesar who fell upon and routed them so they submitted themselves The Herminij Revolted again and being overthrown fled to an Island that was upon that Coast This perhaps was one of those Islands that lye off of Bayona in Galicia and are known by that name formerly they were called Cinciae in particular one was called Albiano and another Lacia Caesar sent an Officer to subdue those People his Name we have not but Dio relates the Passage He by reason of the Ebb could not land all his Men so those that landed were easily cut off by the Herminii Publius Sceva Signaliz'd himself in this Action who tho' much wounded swam away to the Ships To revenge this loss Caesar having gathered a greater Fleet went over in Person and easily made himself Master of the Island the Herminii being out of heart and wanting Provisions Thence sailing over to the Coast of Galicia he took the Port Brigantinum now CorunÌ„a Those People easily submitted being frighted at the greatness of his Ships as those who were only used to see and use small Boats the lower part whereof was made of light Timber the upper of Wicker covered over with Hides to keep out the Water This done he prescribed Laws to the Province to those of Cadiz he allowed such as they themselves had chosen and enacted Laws against Usurers in such manner that the Debtor should enjoy the third part of his Estate the rest to go to the Creditor till the Principal was paid Then he returned to Rome without waiting for a Successor and refused the Triumph the Senate offered him for fear of slipping the opportunity of being chosen Consul He carried out of Spain a Colt whose Hoofs were cloven which Diviners said betokened to him the Sovereignty of the World Only he could ride this Colt and when it died he caused a Statue to be Erected to it in the Temple of Venus Caesar after this making War in France sent Crassus to subdue the Gauls that bordered upon Spain who called the Spaniards to their assistance and Orosius says 50000 of the Cantabri or Biscainers went over to them but with bad Success for 38000 Spaniards are said to have perished in that Service Strabo adds that Crassus sailed to the Islands 〈…〉 opposite to Prom. Cronium or Cape Finisterre and easily brought them under the People being lovers of Peace and their Ease In the Year 699. the Proconsul Q. Cecilius came to Govern Spain and continued two Years He fought a Battle with the Vacel near Clunia the Ruins whereof are to be seen not far from Osma and was overthrown whereat the Senate was so much concern'd that they resolved to send Pompey into Spain which was accordingly done in the Year 701. giving him that Command for the Term for five Years as well in regard he was well beloved there as of the good service he had done before He came not himself being kept back by the charms of Julia Caesar's Daughter to whom he was newly Married but sent three Legates or Lieutenants to Govern in his name these were Petreyus Afranius and M. Varro To Afranius he committed Hispania Citâ—â—ior with three Legions to Varro that part which lies betwixt Sierra Morena and Guadiâ—â—â— now called Estremadura and to Petreyus all the rest of Lusitania and Betica and the Vectones with two Legions These Forces curbed the fierce Spirits of the Natives so that Spain enjoy'd Peace at least there was no Trouble of moment In Italy began a furious and bloody War which soon involv'd Spain Julia Caesar's Daughter and Pompey's Wife dying that knot which held them together was untied and each strove for the Sovereignty of the World whence ensued that Civil War the effects whereof were felt throughout the Roman Empire It will be enough here to relate so much as appertains to Spain Pompey being gone into Macedonia to gather the Forces of the East sent Bibulius Rufus into Spain with Orders to Petreyus and Afranius that they should joyn their Forces and by all possible means hinder Caesar from getting any footing there They instantly obeyed and leaving Varro to command in Hispania Vlterior with their united Forces and 80 Companies they raised among the Celtiberi incamp'd upon the River Segre near to the City Lerida This Town is seated on a high Ground towards the North is another Hill that commands it on the East it is watered by the River Segre which a little lower mixes with CinÌ„ga and both a little farther fall into Ebro Caesar having settled all things to his mind in Rome resolved to pass over into Spain By the way he was stopped at the Siege of Marseilles which refused to receive him and theretore sent Caius Fabius with three Legions before He having Defeated Pompey's Forces that guarded the Pyrenean Mountains stopped not till he incamped in sight of the Enemy There three Legions more and 6000 Foot with 3000 Horse out of France joyned him All these Preparations were making because it was reported that Pompey would very speedily come into Spain by the way of Africk Caesar finding he could not so soon as he desired put an end to the
was of double Inclinations some Good but more Bad. At first he gained Credit by his good Government and soon lost it by his excessive Luxury Cruelty and Avarice In his time Germanicus waged War in the farthest part of France and it being known in Spain that he suffered great want of all Necessaries they sent him Arms Horses and a great sum of Money which last he refused but accepted of the rest returned thanks to the Spaniards for their Affection to the People of Rome This hap'ned in the second Year of Tiberius at which time also leave was given to the Embassadors of Hispania citerior to build a Temple in Honour of Augustus Those of Hispania ulterior that they might not be behind hand with the others in Flattery begged leave to build a Temple in Honour of Tiberius and his Mother Livia a thing never used whilst Princes were living and therefore it was denied them The Cantabri at the same time Revolted and infested the neighbouring Country which oblig'd the Romans to place several Garrisons in that Province whereby their Insolency was curbed and those barbarous People by Conversing with the Romans grew more Civiliz'd Gneius Piso who had Govern'd Spain and was suspected to have Poison'd Germanicus kill'd himself at Rome Vibius Serenus who had been Proconsul of Hispania ulterior accused his own Son of taking Bribes in that Province and he being Convicted was Banished to Amorga one of the Islands in the Aegean Sea reckon'd among the Cyclades L. Piso who was Pretor in Hispania citerior by laying new Taxes and Impositions so far incens'd the Natives that they Conspired against him and he was kill'd by a Country-man among the Termistini He endeavoured to make his escape but having tir'd his Horse was taken and put to the Rack to draw from him a discovery of the other Conspirators but all in vain for the Day after being again brought out to be Tormented he slipt from his Guards and ran his Head against a Rock with such force that he fell down dead So great was the Fidelity Secrecy and Regard of Friendship in a Clown This hap'ned in the Year of Christ 26. As Tiberius advanced in Years so he grew in Avarice and all manner of Wickedness a just Judgment of Heaven for that he did not punish the cruel Executioners of our Lord Christ the Son of God who suffered in his time The Emperor Tiberius dy'd on the 16th of March in the 78th Year of his Age which was of Christ 38. Gneius Acceronius Proculus and C. Porcius Niger being Consuls Caius the Son of Germanicus succeed him in the Empire and of a certain sort of Buskin he wore called in Latin Caligae he had the name of Caligula He was only remarkable for Madness which lasted all his Life and for the manner of his Death being killed by Cherea one of the Captains of his Guards Aemelius Regulus of Cordova had attempted the same before but failed of the Execution and suffered Death His Power lasted but three Years ten Months and eight Days which were spent in extravagant Vices and Enormities Caligula being dead Caius Claudius his Uncle by the Father who lay hid for fear of being killed was brought out and Proclaimed Emperor in the Year of Christ 42. This Emperor was wholly adicted to Vice but above all his carelesness was such that his Wife Messalina durst presume publickly and almost in his sight to Marry a young Noble Man called Silius It is true she was at length tho' with much difficulty Executed for it This set him at liberty to commit another Enormity for he Marry'd Agrippina his Niece Daughter to his Brother Germanicus Such Marriages were forbid among the Romans but he made a Law which declared it Lawful for Uncles to Marry their Nieces He held the Roman Empire almost 14 Years In his time Drusilaus Rotundus Govern'd Hispania citerior and Vmbonius Silus Betica Now also Christianity was first Preach'd and began to take Root in Spain for James the Son of Zebedee Sirnam'd the Greater after Preaching in Judea and Samaria came into Spain as Isidorus witnesseth He first spread the light of the Gospel in Zaragoca where at his Instance was built a Church of the Invocation of the blessed Virgin now called of the Pillar as it is receiv'd by a constant Tradition among those People Afterwards having suffered Martyrdom at Jerusalem in the Year of Christ 42. his Body was taken up by his Disciples and put into a Ship and after Coasting about the greatest part of Spain they landed it in the farthest parts of Galicia in the City Iria Flavia now call'd El Padron whence it was translated to Compostela a place held in Veneration throughout all the Christian World on account of that Holy Body lying there The Body of this Apostle for several Ages was lost and forgot till in the Reign of King Alonso the Chast about the Year of our Lord 800. it was miraculously discovered and a Church built in the same place where it has been highly Reverenced This Devotion was much increased when D. Ramiro who Reigned soon after Alonso with the Assistance of this Saint won the famous Battle of Claviso fought against the Moors whereby he delivered the Christians of a most heavy Imposition by which they were oblig'd to deliver Yearly to those Infidels 100 chosen Maids Hence the Custom used by the Spanish Soldiers of calling upon St. James in Battle had its Original And from this time the Spaniards oblig'd themselves by a Vow to pay a certain Measure of Corn out of every Acre of Arable Land Yearly to the Church of St. James which Custom having suffered many changes has been renewed by several Popes who have issued out their Bulls to that effect and it is still preserved in a great part of Spain St. James had but very few Followers in Spain whereof some reckon up nine chosen Disciples which others say were sent into Spain by the Apostles St. Peter and St. Paul which Controversie being altogether impossible to be decided I think fitter to pass it by than to take up the Reader 's Attention with what is altogether uncertain CHAP. II. The Reigns of the Emperours Nero Galba Otho Vitellius Vespasian and Titus with an Account of the Colonies Free Towns and Courts of Judicature then in Spain CLaudius the Emperour was Poison'd by an Eunuch or as others have it by his Wife Agrippina to the intent her Son Domitius Nero might obtain the Empire which prov'd fatal to her Certain it is he dyed in the Year of Grace 55. Nero his Son-in-Law and Successor held the Empire 14 Years the first 5 he govern'd well as Trajan used to testify after that he sunk into all manner of Vice and Debauchery like a wild Beast that breaking loose from its Confinement bears down all before it To such a degree did his Cruelty rage that he kill'd his own Mother of whom he
Months were spent in agreeing the point at length the Senate overcome by the modesty of the Army named Claudius Tacitus a Man of great Ability but 68 Years of Age. So his Command prov'd but short lived for he Governed only 6 Months and 20 Days and dy'd at Tharsus in Cilicia Florianus his Brother who was there present caused himself to be Proclaimed Emperor but repenting ordered his Veins to be open'd 3 Months after and bled to Death The reason was he thought he had not Force enough to withstand the Legions of the East which had nam'd M. Aurelius Probus Emperor He tho' by Birth a Sclavonian was a Person so well versed in Civil as well as Martial Affairs and of such known Vertue that had not the Name Probus belong'd to him by his Family he had deserv'd it for his good Life and Behaviour His Reign lasted but 5 Years and 4 Months at the end of which he was killed by his own Soldiers who in his place chose M. Aurelius Carus in the Year of Grace 282. And he Named his two Sons Carinus and Numerianus his Companions in the Empire Carus was killed by a Thunder-bolt or flash of Lightning near the River Tigris in the second Year of his Reign and Numerianus murdered in a Litter in which he was carried because of his sore Eyes by his Father-in-law Aper in hopes of making himself Emperor Hereupon the Army chose Dioclesian who overthrew and killed Carinus that pretended to the whole Empire by Right of Succession At this time a Prefect called M. Aurelius Governed Hispania citerior as appears by certain Inscriptions upon Stones still preserv'd in Spain by which it also appears that the Emperors besides all their other Titles used the Name of Proconsul as may be seen upon a Stone preserved to this Day in the Market-place of Monviedro Dioclesian was a Native of Sclavonia Descended from Slaves and nevertheless was made Emperor of Rome in the Year of Christ 284. He was not inferior to the greatest Princes for Warlike Exploits but blemished all the Actions of his Life with an insatiable thirst of Christian blood In the second Year of his Reign he declared Maximianus Herculeus his Companion in the Empire and soon after gave the Title of Caesars to Galerius Maximinus and Constantius Clorus Galerius was married to Valeria Dioclesian's Daughter Constantius by his cammand was Devorced from Helena the Daughter of a King of Britain and Mother of Constantine the Great and Married to Theodora the Daughter-in-law of Maximian During the whole Reign of these two Emperors the Persecution against the Christians was so violent and bloody as it never had been before or was after in any part of the World Many suffered in Spain but especially after the coming of the President Dacianus no corner of it was free from the Blood of Martyrs Dioclesian grown weary of the Govenment and despairing of ever being able utterly to Extirpate the Christian Religion as he had designed renounced the Empire at Milan after he had held it 20 Years and retired to a private Life Maximian by his perswasion did the same at Nicomedia an example rarely to be seen By this means Constantius and Galerius were left absolute in the Year of Christ 304. Constantius for his part chose France Spain and Britain He was a Prince of that Moderation that the Service of his Table was Earthen Ware a great Friend to the Christians as appeared upon several occasions The other Provinces of the Empire fell to Galerius who the more to strengthen himself declared his two Nephews Severus and Maximinus Caesars To Maximinus he gave charge of the East to Severus of Italy and Africk he himself took care of Sclavonia and Greece Death put an end to the Actions of Constantius for he dy'd at York in the Year 306. having Reigned only 1 Year 10 Months and 8 Days About this time lived Prudentius Bishop of Tarraçona Born at Arnencia a Town in Biscay formerly an Episcopal See now only a scattered Village since the Collegiate Church was removed from thence to Vitoria by the Bull of Pope Alexander VI. In these Days also flourished Rufus Festus the famous Writer of the Roman History and a noted Poet. The Year after Constantius dy'd Maxentius Son to Maximian possessed himself of Rome and assumed the Title of Emperor Severus marched against him but was Defeated and Slain by the Tyrant Maximian hearing hereof repaired to Rome either to be assisting to his Son or in hopes to recover the Empire Ambition observes no respect of Persons his Son turn'd him out of Rome and he fled to the Protection of Constantine then residing in France who understanding that Maximian without regard to their Kindred or the Rites of Hospitality contrived his Death ordered him to be killed at Marseilles where he then was Galerius having constituted Licinius Caesar in stead of Severus marched himself into Italy to suppress the Tyrant but fearing his Army would Mutiny returned into Sclavonia without effecting any thing There he began to vent his Rage upon the Christians but Death put an end to his Designs for he dy'd of an Imposthume in the Groin 5 Years after he was raised to the Empire At that time Melchiades was Pope who in an Epistle to Marinus Leontius Benedictus and the other Bishops of Spain aduises them to take warning from the shortness of Humane Life to Govern their Flocks with Moderation That among the Apostles tho' equal in the Vocation there-was a difference in the Power which St. Peter had above the rest He also treats of the Sacrament of Confirmation This Epistle is dated in the Consulship of Rubrius and Volusianus which is in the Year of our Lord 314. CHAP. VI. The Reign of the Glorious Constantine the Great the first Christian Emperor The Arian Heresie And first General Council of Nice THE Romans weary of the Tyranny of Maxentius and reposing no confidence in the Caesars Maximinus and Licinius sent for Aid to Constantine then residing in France He readily condescended to their request and marched with his Army to Milan where to secure Licinius he gave him in Marriage his Sister Constantia That done he advanc'd towards the Tyrant Being near Rome his Thoughts fully bent upon the business in hand in a bright Sunshine day he saw the sign of the Cross in the Sky with this Inscription In hoc signo Vinces Highly encourouraged by this Miracle he ordered that the Imperial Standard call'd Labarum should be made in the figure of a Cross in the manner as represented in the Margent Hence some are of Opinion sprang the Custom in Spain of wâ—â—ting the Name of Christ with X. P. which was the form of the Labarum This is proved by a Stone found at Oreto near Almago of the time of the Emperor Valentinian II. where it appears the Name of Christ was then writ in that manner Constantine advanc'd and in Vertue
is usual where the Power is equal returned again into Africk and Castinus deprived of his Assistance being in no condition to oppose the Vandals went away into Italy in the Year 423. This same Year the Emperor Honorius dy'd on the 15th of Aug. having reigned 28 Years 11 Months and 10 Days He was no less famous for his Zeal in Religion than for the decay of the Roman Empire which began in his Days Valentinian III. Son of Constantius a Child succeeded in the Empire which gave occasion to Flavius Joannes to attempt to usurp the Empire but two Years after he was vanquished and slain Placidia the Empress Governed for her Son Bonifacīus who Governed Africk thinking to make his advantage of the times called over Genserius King of the Vandals into Africk who resolved not to slip so fair an opportunity of gaining so great a Dominion and therefore immediately passed over with 80000 fighting Men. The Silingi staid in Spain especially in that part of the Province Betica about Sevil upon which account they being mixed with and esteemed part of the Vandals the Country losing its former name of Betica was called Vandalosia now Andaluzia notwithstanding the Bounds of Betica and Andaluzia do not exactly agree By reason of the departure of the Vandals the Power of the Suevians began to grow Formidable throughout all Spain Hermenericus was their King and he dying of a tedious Sickness in the Year 440. and the 32d of his Reign Rechila his Son a hot and fiery Youth following his Father's Footsteps near the River Xenil met Ardebotus sent by the Emperor into Spain overthrew and killed him in Battle The Booty was such as left him rich enough to support the charge of the War After this Victory he Conquered all Betica and took Sevil a City then by reason of the Wars not so considerable as it was before or is at present Thence he turned into Lusitania and took Merida whereby what remained of the Alans was wholly brought under It was no small help to the Suevians that at that time the Country was naked and without defence for Sebastian the Roman General was gone over into Africk to oppose the Vandals where he was by them slain as Paulus Diaconus relates it Wherefore the Suevians went on and subdued Carpetania or the Kingdom of Toledo and the Province of Carthagena but soon after agreeing with the Romans they restored these two Provinces Rechila dy'd in the Year 448. and left his Son Recciarius to succeed him who was the first of the Suevian Kings that received the Faith of Christ and propagated the true Religion among his People in Spain Thus much of the Suevians CHAP. III. The Reigns of the Kings Theodoredus Torismund and Theodorick Attila King of the Huns twice Routed The General Council of Chalcedon THE Goths and their King Theodoredus Kinsman and Successor of Walia possessed but a small part of Spain to wit only that which is now Catalonia but in France they flourished both in Riches and Honour For this reason and because they were used to make the end of one War the beginning of another they broke the Peace with the Romans and began to spread a Terror Theodoredus's numerous Issue much encreased his Power for he had six Sons Torismundus Theodoricus Euricus Fridericus Reccinerus and Himericus as also two Daughters one Married to Hunnericus the Vandal Son of Gensericus who Persecuted the Catholicks in Africk and upon a groundless Suspicion sent her home after cutting off her Nose The other to Recciarius King of the Suevians in Spain About this time the Huns led by Attila commonly called The Scourge of God had entred France after burning Rome and laid Siege to Orleans which moved the Romans Franks and Goths to join in a League in order to oppose them Theodoredus King of the Goths fearing that Barbarian might fall into Guienne was the first that made head against the common Enemy and oblig'd him to raise the Siege and draw off into the Plains called Catalaunici by others Marochii and Maurisii near Toulouse AEtius Valentinian's General and Meroveus King of the Franks came up now and joyned the Goths The Forces being come together they ordered their Battles Theodoredus commanded the Right Wing AEtius the Left the Franks and Sanguibanus King of the Alans that Inhabited about Orleans were placed in the Center On the other side Attila made up his Wings which extended along those vast Plains of his Auxiliary Forces posting the Ostrogoths on the Left against the Visogoths the Huns where he was in Person made the Main Battle Betwixt both Armies was a rising Ground very advantageous to those that should possess themselves of it Both Parties strove for it but the Romans gained it This somewhat dismay'd Attila's Men but being encouraged by him the Huns gave the Onset with great Fury and were received with no less Resolution The Bodies closing there was a great havock both sides fighting obstinately for the Empire of the World 180000 Men were killed in this Fight which gave occasion to frame some Lyes as that a Rivulet which ran hard by overflowed with Blood and that the noise of Arms was heard in that place three days after as if the Ghosts of the Dead had continued the Action meer Fables to express the greatness of the slaughter King Theodoredus was killed at the beginning of the Fight being trod to Death by his own Men by reason of his age and weakness tho' some will have it that he was slain by an Ostrogoth called Andages What would have discouraged others inraged his Men for Torismundus and Theodoricus his Sons with a strong Body furiously charged and broke the Enemy and forced their General to fly after he had done all that could be expected from a wise Commander and brave Soldier The two Brothers went so far in the Pursuit that at Night they passed near the Enemies Camp where they were in some danger Torismundus was beat off his Horse wounded in the Head and brought off by the Valour of his Men. Attila who had before thought the World too little for his Conquest retired to his Camp with a Resolution if he were pressed to kill himself having to this purpose kindled a great Fire The Carts he had drawn up about his Camp and Night that came on saved him which he foresaw and therefore began the Fight after Noon AEtius spent the Night with no less fear under Arms having made a Trench of the dead Horses and Armour But the next day finding the Enemy refused to give Battle he Besieged him in his Camp at first and when he could with ease have destroyed him suffered him to march out of France and return into Pannonia The Joy of this Victory was much abated by the escape of Attila and Death of Theodoredus yet it was believed the Death of so Powerful a King was not displeasing to the Romans and Franks This Battle was
that had at first been conceived of him were soon disappointed for he entirely gave himself up to Sensuality Many of his People were privately Murthered and others upon forged Crimes publickly Condemned and Executed only that he might take their Wives to satisfie his Lust Hereupon he grew so hateful to his People that they Conspired and killed him in his own Palace as he sate at Dinner when he had Reigned 18 Months and 13 Days The Nobility upon the Death of Theudiselus an chose Agila for their King At his first coming to the Crown he laid close Siege to Cordova which refused to acknowledge him The Besieged making a furious Sally put his Army to flight with much slaughter killed his Son and took the Baggage whereby he was oblig'd to quit the Siege and retire to Merida This was looked upon as a Judgment from Heaven for his Profaning the Church of the Martyr Asciselus into which he had put his Horses After this misfortune he began to be less looked upon by his People and at length grew so much into contempt that one Athanagildus openly Rebelled He the more to secure and strengthen himself sent Embassadors to the Emperor Justinian offering to restore a considerable part of Spain to the Empire if he would assist him In pursuance of this Embassy Liberius was sent out of France to his aid and their Forces being joyn'd the Battle was fought near Sevil where the Rebellion is supposed first to have broke out Athanagildus obtained the Victory and Agila was slain by his own Men in the Year 554. when he had Reign'd 5 Years and 3 Months They killed him to put an end to the Civil Wars fearing lest the Power and Riches of the Goths being weakned by their own Divisions the Romans might again recover all Spain as they had done Italy and Africk In the same Year 554. by order of the Emperor Justinian was held at Constantinople the 5th General Council in which were 165 Bishops who Condemned the Opinions of Origen Jornandes a Gothish Bishop continued the History of that Nation till the time that Athanagildus having killed his Enemy was without farther Opposition acknowledged King of the Goths This King had his hands full during his whole Life being always ingaged in Wars the Success whereof proved various The great cause of these Troubles was that forgetting his Promise he endeavoured to expell the Romans all Spain On the other side they as well by Contract as force of Arms had possess'd themselves of so much that their Dominions reached from Sea to Sea By his Wife Gosuinda he had two Daughters the eldest Galsuinda Marry'd to Chilperick King of Soissons in France and Brunechilda the youngest to Sigebert King of Metz in Lorrain the Brother of Chilperick These two Ladies were by the French Bishops converted from the Sect of Arius which they had been bred in and some will have it that Athanagildus was in private a Catholick but durst not openly profess it for fear of the People He Reign'd 15 Years and 6 Months and dy'd at Toledo in the Year 567. After his Death followed an Interregnum of five Months D. Lucas de Tuy says It lasted five Years and five Months The reason of it was that the Gothish Nobility could not agree or pitch upon any one Person capable of supporting the Kingdom of the Goths then in danger of sinking and none minded the publick Calamities studying to indulge their private Humours At this time John III. Governed the See of Rome It was now also that the Suevians who possess'd Galicia returned to the Catholick Church renouncing the Heresie of Arius which they had follow'd almost 100 Years and grievously Persecuted the Catholicks Martinus Dumiensis was a great Instrument of their Conversion He was an Hungarian had Travelled throughout the East and was a Person of singular Learning at last he was Archbishop of Braga and after his Death esteem'd as a Saint in Galicia and Portugal where they Celebrate his Feast on the 20th of March. When the Suevians embraced the Catholick Religion Theodemirus Reign'd over them What Kings Reign'd betwixt Remismundus of whom we spoke before and this Theodemirus is not known the Histories of those times being imperfect The cause of the Conversion of the Suevians was this Theodemirus's Son and Heir lay dangerously Sick and the fame of the Miracles wrought by St. Martin of Tours being spread throughout the World his Father sent Embassadors to the Saints Tomb with the Youths weight in Gold and Silver to be offered for his Health But the Success not answering the King believed it proceeded from the difference of Religion and his being an Arian He sent again and the Embassadors brought a piece of the Saints Cloak and in the mean while the Prince recovered Hereupon the King in pursuance of a Vow he had made erected a Church in Honour of St. Martin and caused the Suevians publickly to embrace the Catholick Religion For the better confirming them in the Faith and by the Advice of St. Martin Dumiensis he caused a Synod of the Bishops of Galicia to be held at Braga in the third Year of his Reign and of our Lord 563. This was the first Council of Braga and Lucretius Archbishop of that City Presided in it CHAP. VII Of the two Sisters Galsuinda and Brunechilda The Reigns of the Kings Liuva and Leuvigildus This last makes his two Sons his Companions in the Throne IT was said above that Galsuinda and Brunechilda the two Daughters of Athanagildus were Marry'd in France to two Kings both which Matches in the end proved unfortunate The one soon dy'd miserably the other lived long and always in trouble Galsuinda the eldest Wife to Chilperick after suffering much thro' the Insolence of Fredegunda his Mistriss was at last found dead in her Bed and left no Issue Sigebert the Husband of Brunechilda was murdered by two Ruffians employed by the same Fredegunda and she sent Prisoner to Roan where Meroveus the Son of Chilperick admiring her Beauty Marry'd her but she having been Wife to his Uncle the Marriage was void He might have hoped for Pardon from his Father in regard to his Youth but by the procurement of Fredegunda his Mother-in-law he was first forced into a Religious Order and then killed Brunechilda having the Tuition of her two Grandsons Theodebert King of Metz and Theodorick of Burgundy made War upon Clotarius as the French Historians have it only to prefer Protadius an Italian for whom she had a more than lawful Affection Besides they add that thro' her Instigation the Brothers made War upon one another that Theodebert was killed and his two Sons and Daughter being taken she murdered the Sons and because Theodorick designed to Marry the Daughter Poison'd him After all these Cruelties Brunechilda being taken by Clotarius was four times whipped and then dragged to Death by the hair of her
Head at a Horses tail without any Compassion shown by the People in regard they said ten Kings and a vast number of Men had dy'd by her wicked Machinations I 'm apt to believe this is all a mistake in those Authors who have attributed the Crimes of Fredegunda to Brunechilda for St. Gregory writ a Letter to her full of her Praises besides there are many Churches in France built by her and many Captives were redeemed Much more might be said both for and against her but it is not our business to reconcile the different Opinions of Historians in a matter of so small moment to the History in hand After the Death of Athanagildus who deceased at Toledo as was said before Liuva so his Name is writ upon ancient Coins a powerful Man who till then had been Viceroy of Gallia Gothica was Proclaimed King of Narbonne This was in the second Year of the Emperor Justin the Younger who was the first that sent Longinus with the Title of Exarchus to Govern Italy Liuva began his Reign in the Year 567. Nothing of Note is found in History of this King save that in the second Year of his Reign he declared Leuvigildus his Brother his Companion in the Kingdom with equal Power to himself He continued in Gallia Gothica as being the place he had most been used to and D. Lucas de Tuy says he Reigned in France 7 Years before he was King of Spain All the other Provinces that were under the Dominion of the Goths he left to his Brother's charge hoping by his care they would be restored to their former Grandeur For at that time they were at War with the Romans who possess'd a great part of Spain and maintained it not only with their own Power but the Assistance of many Goths who put themselves under their Protection Leuvigildus had two Sons by his Wife Theodosia the Daughter of Severianus Duke and Governour of the Province of Carthagena their Names were Ermenegildus and Recaredus After the Death of Theodosia Leuvigildus Marry'd Gosuinda the Widow of Athanagildus at the same time that he was called by his Brother to be his Associate in the Kingdom As soon as he came to the Crown being a Man of great Courage he made War upon the Romans They came to a Battle among the Bastetani where now stands the City Baça the Romans were Defeated and by that means expelled the whole Province The Country about Malaga was laid waste with Fire and Sword Medina Sidonia near the Streights Mouth was taken by Night being betrayed by Framidancus Cordova was in Rebellion and would own no Superior since the Defeat of King Agila Thither Leuvigildus marched and brought it under with many other Places in the Neighbourhood and great destruction of People and the Country The Neighbourhood of Sabaria not knowing in what part of Spain it lay was also Ravaged and spoiled Whilst Leuvigildus was thus employed his Brother Liuva dy'd in France in the Year 572. Having Reign'd but 5 Years some say only 3. All the Province of Andaluzia being brought under and the Romans totally expelled Leuvigildus returned towards Biscay where he took Amaya by Assault others call it Aregia and others Varegia a City as is supposed betwixt Burgos and Leon. All the rest of that Country was pillaged and spoiled and many that were in Arms killed Hence he passed over into Aquitain where he took Aspidius who was Revolted in the City Agen with his Wife Children and Riches The same Year that Liuva dy'd Myrus or as others call him Ariamirus was King of the Suevians by Succession his Father dying two Years before At the same time was held the second Council of Braga by which the Suevians were confirmed in the Catholick Religion Leuvigildus having quieted the Affairs of Aquitain returned into Spain with a resolution to destroy the Kingdom of the Suevians which had lasted so many Years Mirus fearing the Power of the Goths who began to break into Galicia sent Embassadors to sue for Peace but could only obtain a Cessation of Arms for some time The Goth was the more willing to condescend because he had no just Cause to make War upon the Suevians unless their change of Religion for the better as also for that he was to oppose a Roman Army sent by Justin the Emperor upon the Frontiers of Spain At first Leuvigildus marching thro' the Mountains of Orospeda which rise at the foot of Moncayo and passing by Molina Cuenca and Segura end near Cadiz subdued certain Mountain People who confiding in the strength of the Country refused to obey him Thus the Power of the Goths was increased and that of the Romans diminished for they had left them only a small Tract of Land near the Sea as I suppose the Mediterranean Before Leuvigildus undertook this War to take away the Custom the great ones had instituted of chusing their Kings and to secure the Succession in his own Family he declared his two Sons Ermenegildus and Recaredus his Companions in the Royal Authority and to this purpose divided the Kingdom into three parts To Ermenegildus he assigned Sevil tho Gregory of Tours says It was Merida To the City Reccopolis he gave that Name being the first Founder in honour of his Son Recaredus this was in that place where the River Guadiela falls into Tagus not far from Pastrana as the Moor Rasis testifies This City was Founded in the Year 577. Others will have it that Reccopolis was in Celtiberia and is the same with Almonacir commonly called Zorita Leuvigildus chose the City Toledo for to keep his own Court in and so did the Kings of the Goths his Successors whereas till then it had been kept at Sevil. From this beginning that City by degrees came to be the Metropolitan See of all Spain as shall appear in its place Pope Benedict Successor of John III. now Governed the Church and Tiberius II. the Roman Empire About this same time Mirus King of the Suevians made War upon the People of Rioja upon what occasion is not known but it appears that he overcame and subdued them These People were formerly called Ruccones at least the Archbishop D. Rodrigo calls them so The Country is fruitful and pleasant so proper to bear Corn it often yields twenty for one CHAP. VIII Ermenegildus Son to Leuvigildus Marries the Lady Ingundis is Converted to the Catholick Faith is Besieg'd by his Father in Sevil taken Prisoner and put to Death by him INgundis Daughter to Sigibert King of Lorrain and Brunechilda his Queen was Married to Ermenegildus in the Year 579. She was Grandchild to Athanagildus and Gosuinda by these means those two Royal Families were United and Levuigildus thought thereby to secure the Kingdom to his Posterity Ingundis came out of France with a great Retinue Her Grandmother Gosuinda for some time used her with all possible kindness in hopes to prevail with her to forsake
is certain that the Alliance with the Franks was setled in the latter days of Recaredus About the same time such of the Romans as had remain'd in Spain were defeated upon several occasions and brought under by the Coths The Vascones likewise that is Navarre being revolted were pacify'd and subdu'd For these and the other glorious Actions perform'd during his Reign the King gain'd Immortal Renown He was endu'd with a singular greatness of Mind much Wit Prudence and a pleasing Person and Nature but what most gloriously shin'd in him was his great Zeal for the Catholick Religion His Death was in the Year of Grace 610 having Reign'd 15 Years one Month and 10 Days St. Isidorus says that being near his Death at Toledo he did publick Pennance for his Sins as was us'd in those days He left three Sons the Eldest called Liuva the others Suinthila and Geila The first is suppos'd to be by his first Wife he being of Age to govern at his Fathers Decease on whom the other two were got is not known Certain it is the present Kings of Spain are lineally descended from these Princes and particularly from Recaredus their Father For the better understanding whereof it will not be amiss here to insert their Genealogy Gosuinda the Wife of Athanagildus had by him two Daughters Galsuinda and Brunechilda Also Clodoveus or Clovis King of the Franks had Three Grandsons which were Guntrandus Chilperick and Sigebert all Sons of Clotarius the Son of Clovis Gassuinda was Married to Chilperick who perish'd by the Fraud of Fredegunda as was hinted before Sigebert Married Brunechilda and by her had Childebert Ingundis and Clodosinda Leuvigildus Successor of Athanagildus by his first Wife Theodosia had Ermenegildus and Recaredus before he was King and being come to the Crown Marry'd Gosuinda the Queen Dowager Ermenegildus Married Ingundis and Recaredus Clodosinda It is to be observ'd in the History of Recaredus and the ensuing Kings that whereas mention is made of Dukes and Counts or Earls those Names signify Offices and dignity of Command and not bare Titles as at present for Counts or Earls were Governors of Provinces the Dukes were Generals and had the Power of Coining Money for Payment of their Souldiers and hence the Crown Piece in Spain came to be called Ducado or a Ducate Not only the Governours of Provinces were call'd Counts but such as had any remarkable Office at Court or Command in the Army so in Military imployments we find Comites Cataphractariorum Clibanariorum and Sagittariorum At Court there was Comes Stabuli now the Constable and so others in imitation of the Roman Emperors From them also it is supposed Recaredus first took the sirname of Flavius as did the ensuing Kings after him Besides Toledo was stil'd a Royal City which was the very Title the Greeks gave to Constantinople the Seat of the Empire Thus we see that in those days Dukes and Counts or Earls were Persons of Command and those Names were not barely Titular as at present Kings having of later Years made them Hereditary assigning them certain Revenues CHAP. II. The Reigns of the Kings Liuva Witericus Gundemarus Sisebutus and Recaredus the Second several Synods the Jews Banish'd Spain LIuva being scarce Twenty Years of Age when his Father dy'd was immediately Proclaim'd King but by reason of his Youth lay the more expos'd to the insolencies of rebellious Spirits Wherefore it followed that tho' he was a Prince of Excellent Qualities and like his Father he was treacherously Murdered by Witericus before spoken of when he had Reigned only two Years during which time he did nothing remarkable save that by the Beauty of his Person and gentle behaviour he had gained the affections of all Men and left his Subjects in extream grief for that he was cut off in the flower of his Years There are Pieces of Gold found in Spain with his name on the one side and on the reverse these words HISP ALI PIVS that is Pious at Sevil which is a token of his goodness These Medals cannot be Attributed to the other Liuva because there is a Crown on them which in the times of the former was not in use among the Goths By this means the Traytor possessed himself of the Kingdom of the Goths and held it six Years and ten Months He was Fortunate in War for tho' in some rencounters with the Romans still remaining in Spain he had the worst yet at last his forces gave them an entire overthrow in a pitched Battle fought near Siguença Childebert King of Lorrain dying his two Sons divided his Dominions Theodobert was King of Lorrain and Theodorick of Burgundy Theodorick marryed the Daughter of Witericus but she was sent back into Spain a Maid some said that Theodorick was bound with Spels and Witchcraft by the Concubins he kept so that he could not have carnal knowledge of her Others are of Opinion it was done by the procurement of her Mother-in-law Brunechilda However it was Witericus stirred up Theodobert of Lorrain King Clotarius and Agilulphus of the Longobards to join in a League against Theodorick He finding himself in no Condition to oppose such a Power bought his Peace with his Brother Theodobert whereupon the other two Princes desisted from attempting any thing against him This disgrace made Witericus grow contemptible to his Subjects and their hatred began to break out which had long lain hid But what incensed the People most was that it was rumoured he designed to restore the Arian Heresie The People were so moved at this report that taking up Arms they broke in the Palace and killed the Tyrant as he sate at Dinner Nor did this satisfy their Rage so they dragged his Body about the Streets and then buried it in an infamous place This divine Vengeance tho' late overtook him for the Murder of King Liuva Gundemarus was immediatly Proclaimed King either for that he had been head of that mutiny or by the choice of the Nobility in regard of his great Wisdom and Abilities both in civil and martial Affairs He began his Reign in the Year of our Lord 610. and if it be Lawful to conjecture at History I suppose the Franks assisted him in obtaining the Crown for as appears by the Letters of Count Bulgaranus Governour of Gallia Gothica which are still preserved among the Antiquities of the University of Alcala de Henares and the Church of Oviedo Gundemarus payed a certain yearly acknowledgment to the Franks Those Letters also give us to understand that Gundemarus his Embassadors sent into France were contrary to the Law of Nations affronted by those Kings and tho' he sent other Embassadors to complain of that wrong they could not be admitted to Audience For this cause Bulgaranus would not suffer Theodorick his Embassadors to pass into Spain and at length broke out into open War and took two Forts called Jubinianum and Corneliacum Count
Ecclesiastical Persons to Marry Another Law was also Established disowning the Pope To give the greater force to these Laws a Council of Bishops met at Toledo but the Decrees of it are not placed among those of the other Councils as being contrary to the Canons of the Church From this time all things began to fall into confusion for tho' many were pleased with Libertinism yet some were Zealous for the Observation of the Laws and ancient Customs and began to think of restoring the Family of King Chindasuinthus as the only Remedy against so many evils Witiza was not ignorant of it and from it took occasion to prosecute what he had began in his Father's days which was to embrue his Hands in the Blood of that Family There were living two Sons of Chindasuinthus Brothers to K. Recesuinthus the one called Theodofredus the other Favila Thedofredus was Duke of Cordova where he built a Palace then and long after very famous He had resolved not to go to Court as being jealous of the King Favila was Duke of Cantabria or Biscay and whilst Witiza in his Father's time resided in Galicia had bore him Company with the charge of Captain of his Guards which the Goths then called Protospatarius Witiza slew him with a stroke of a Club as some think on account of his Wife These were the first Works of his Cruelty and Hatred to that Noble Family before he came to the Crown Favila left a Son called Pelayus or Pelagius who afterwards began to restore Spain after its general Desolation and at that time was Lieutenant to his Father but upon his Death retired to his Estate in Cantabria and Count Julian Marry'd to Witiza's Sister had the charge of Protospatarius Witiza being come to the Crown turned his Rage against Pelagius and his Uncle Theodofredus The latter he caused to have his Eyes put out Pelagius escaped out of his reach as did Roderick Son to Theodofredus who was afterwards King It is said Pelagius went in Pilgrimage to Jerusalem as a Testimony whereof the Staves used by him and his Companion were shown long after at Arraria a Town in Biscay These Cruelties and his other Vices made Witiza odious to his People he despairing of gaining their Affections resolved to keep them under by Terror and to this end caused the Walls of almost all the Cities in Spain to be Demolished I say almost all because some were exempted as Toledo Leon and Astorga Besides he destroy'd all the Arms of the Kingdom pretending it was to secure the Peace He Persecuted Gundericus the Archbishop of Toledo and some Priests that still preserved their Innocence and would not approve of his Enormities Sinderedus Successor to Gundericus overcome by Witiza's cruelty comply'd with him and consented that Oppas his Brother or as some will have it his Son should be Translated from the Archbishoprick of Sevil to that of Toledo The Death of Witiza was suitable to his Life yet Authors differ in the manner of it D. Roderick the Archbishop says He was killed by the contrivance of Roderick whose Father ended his Days at Cordova in perpetual Imprisonment and Darkness Other good Authors affirm Witiza dy'd a natural Death at Toledo in the 12th Year of his Reign which was of Christ 711. He left two Sons whose Names were Eba and Sisebutus Some People favouring these two Youths and others their Adversary there arose great Contests and Confusions which ended in a greater Destruction than could have been imagined Since the Division of the Goths about these two Families brought on their total Desolation it will not be amiss to declare the Descent of them both Chindasuinthus by his Wife Riesberga left Recesuinthus who succeeded him in the Crown Theodofredus Favila and one Daughter whose Name is not known Recesuinthus dy'd without Issue therefore the Nobles chose Wamba to succeed him Chindasuinthus's Daughter was Marry'd to Ardebastus who tho' a Greek for his Valour and Birth merited the King's Daughter and had by her Ervigius he that was the Beginner of all those Calamities Usurping the Kingdom and Deposing Wamba by wicked means Ervigius by his Wife Liubigotona had a Daughter called Cixilona Marry'd to King Egica a Kinsman of Wamba this Marriage being designed to cut off all Animosities by uniting these two Houses Of this Marriage were born Witiza that was King Oppas Bishop of Sevil and a Daughter as grave Authors say Marry'd to Count Julian Witiza as was said above had two Sons Eba and Sisebutus Theodofredus the second Son of Chindasuinthus by his Wife Ricilona a noble Lady had Roderick the Plague and Ruin of Spain Favila the third Son of Chindasuinthus had Pelayus no way like his Cousin for by his Valour the Christians in Spain began to make Head after they had been cast down and oppress'd thro' the madness of Roderick Spain being in this condition Roderick excluding the Sons of Witiza ascended the Throne of the Goths by choice as is believed of the Nobles The Kingdom was full of Distractions by reason of the several Interests the People were grown Effeminate giving themselves up to Feasting Drink and Lewdness the Military Discipline was quite lost and the Kingdom of the Goths was now running headlong to Destruction The new King had good natural Parts and seemed to be well inclined He was hardy resolute bountiful and had excellent ways of gaining of Men. Such he was before his Accession to the Crown but no sooner put into possession of it than he sullied all these Vertues with no less Vices Above all he was implacable when offended wholly given up to Lust and had no Discretion in his Undertakings and in fine was more like to Witiza than to his Father or Grandfather There are Pieces of Money of his to be seen with his Name and Effigies armed and with a stern Countenance on the reverse these Words Igeditania Pius a Motto he merited not but was given to Flatter him King Roderick enlarged and beautified the Palace built by his Father near Cordova which the Moors afterwards called Roderick's Palace He called home his Cousin Pelayus and made him Captain of the Guards the greatest Trust at Court Witiza's sons he treated so ill that they for fear of worse Consequences fled into that part of Barbary that was subject to the Goths called Mauritania Tingitana At that time Count Requila Governed that Province as Lieutenant I believe to Count Julian a Man in such Power that besides it he had the Government of that part of Spain about the Streight of Gibraltar whence is a short cut into Africk Besides all this he held a great Estate of his own about Consuegra inferior to none in the Kingdom Hence sprung all the Mischiefs that ensued for Witiza's Sons before they went over into Africk had sowed the Seeds of a Rebellion and were assisted by Oppas the Bishop who was of the Blood Royal and very Powerful These Beginnings which ought to have been
In Spain in the Year 753. at Cordova three Suns were seen at once and People with the fright imagined they saw several Apparitions of Men going in Procession with lighted Torches The terror was the more encreased by a great Famine which ensued caused by the Drought Spain is subject to Mean while King Alonso laying hold of the opportunity that offered of enlarging the Bounds of his Kingdom now the Moors were at variance among themselves gathered the greatest Force he could and broke into the Enemies Country with mighty Success For in Galicia he took Lugo Tuy and Astorga in Lusitania the City Porto at the mouth of the River Duero Beja Braga Viseo Flavia Bletisa and Sentica Besides he recovered Simancas Duenas Miranda Segovia Avila and Sepulveda at the foot of the Mountain Orospeda on the banks of the River Duraton a place naturally Strong formerly called Segobriga and after Sepulveda Then he turned his Victorious Arms to the Country of Bribiesca and Rioja and possessed himself of those Territories Rioja lies on one side of the Mountain Idubeda about the River Ogia which falling from that Mount runs into the River Ebro The Country is pleasant and fruitful He also took Pamplona in Navarre and that part of Biscay now called Alava It is true many of these Places were afterwards lost the Power of the Moorish Kings of Cordova daily encreasing to the great Detriment of the Christians King Alonso placed Bishops in the Cities he gain'd to instruct the Christians and restore Religion he built Churches and caused those that were prophaned to be reconciled providing them with Vestments and other Necessaries the best the Poverty of that Age would permit After performing these great Actions he dy'd at Cangas in the 74th Year of his Age and of Grace 757. He was a Prince of great Renown Reign'd 19 Years some say but 18 and left 5 Sons 4 by his Wife Ormisinda which were Froyla Bimaranus Aurelius and Vsenda By a Slave he had Mauregatus His Funeral was not so remarkable for the greatness of the Expence as for the Tears and Grief of his Subjects and the Voices of Angels said to be then heard singing these words of the Scripture Ecce quomodo moritur justus nemo percipit corde à facie iniquitatis sublatus est justus erit in pace memoria ejus This King and his Queen were Buried at Cangas in St. Mary's Monastery D. Alonso had a Brother called Froyla more known by his two Sons Aurelius and Veremundus or Bermudus than for any action of his own Let us return to the affairs of the Moors which being so intermixt with our own ought not to be forgotten It will not therefore be amiss to say something of the great discord that about this time hapned among those People on which were laid the foundations of a mighty Kingdom of theirs in Spain Mahomet the Founder of the Sarraçen Empire at his Death left never a Son but three Daughters Fatima Zeinebis and Imicultis all Married to Principal Men. Upon the Death of Mahomet first Abubacar and after him Homar whose Daughters he had Married succeeded in the Empire After them Autuman Husband to Fatima the Eldest Daughter ascended the Throne and of them descended the mighty Family of the Alavecines Mohabia Husband to the other Sister Zeinebis succeeded Autuman and of him came another powerful Family called the Humeyas His Successors were Izit his Son and Maula his Grandson after whose Death the Moors were divided some following Maroan and others Abdalla who dying all was again reduc'd under Abdelmelich the Son of Maula then Vlit Son of Abdelmelich next Zuleyman Brother to Vlit and after him Homar and Izit the Sons of Vlit Their Successor was Iscam a third Brother and his was Alulit the Son of Izit then Ibrahim his Brother Maroan though of the same Family of the Humeyas slew Ibrahim and Usurp'd the Crown Abdalla a wise and resolute Man of the Family of the Alavecines descended from Fatima kill'd Maroan and step'd into the Throne the better to secure himself in which he indeavour'd to extirpate the whole Race of the Humeyas Abderbaman who was of that Family for his own Safety was forc'd to fly into Spain where the Moors being all well affected to the Benhumeyas with their assistance he erected a new Kingdom independent of the Miramamolins of Africk or Caliphs of Asia He chose the City Cordova for the Metropolis of his new acquir'd Dominion as will further appear hereafter CHAP. IV. The Reigns of the Kings Froyla Aurelius Silon Alonso Mauregatus and Veremundus or Bermudo Monarchy of the Moors erected in Spain by Abderrhaman his Death and Wars among his Sons UPon the Death of King Alonso his Eldest Son called Froyla or Fruela succeeded in the Throne of the Christians in Spain in the Year of Grace 757. He Reigned eleven Years and three Months his Government was a mixture of Good and Evil being of a harsh Temper rather inclined to Cruelty than Mercy Some Actions of a good Prince he did for he Built the City Oviedo in Asturias and made it a Bishoprick Besides he forbid Priests Marrying a Custom introduced by Witiza and confirmed by the Example of the Greeks which in the Opinion of the Wiser sort had provoked God's Wrath and brought so many misfortunes upon Spain This Action as it gained him the Esteem of the better sort so it drew on him the hatred of the Commonalty and Priests by which his Memory was stained more than he deserved Besides his other good qualities he follow'd the Example of his Father in making War upon the Moors and in the second Year of his Reign overthrew Juzeph who then governed Spain for the Infidels and had entred Galicia killing 54000 of his Men. This loss was the ruin of Juzeph who for the space of four Years had opposed Abderhaman and now being oppressed by the Humeyas he fled from Cordova but was taken by his Enemies at Granada and making his escape thence to Toledo was there killed by his own People From this time which was the Year of our Lord 759. and according to the account of the Arabs 142 all the Moors in Spain were again United under one Head Abderhaman Abenbumeya who after took the Sirname of Adahil founded a new Kingdom of his own Nation independent of the Moors in Africk or Asia as has been hinted before Only the City Valencia held out some time but after a long Siege was forced to submit and joyn with the rest Such was the hatred this Prince bore the Christian Religion that the Christians of that City were forced to depart thence and setled in the farthest part of Lusitania about Promontorium Sacrum carrying with them the Body of St. Vencent from which that Cape now takes its Name A Moor of Fez some time after Hunting about that place slaughtered these People and carryed over their Children into Africk from whom the
fifth Year of D. Ordon̄o which was of Christ 918. After these great exploits the King returning was received in manner of Triumph into the City Leon which he designed for the Seat of the Kings and therefore enlarged and beautified it removing the Cathedral which before was without the Walls to his own Palace formerly built with much Magnificence by the Moors for Baths To add to the honour of the new Church he caused himself to be Crowned in it by the Bishop a thing not used before and thus those Kings before called of Oviedo came afterwards to be called of Leon. From henceforward the City Oviedo fell so much to decay that it not only lost the Title of an Archbishoprick but in our days it has no Vote in the States General or Parliament Mean while Abderhaman Almanzor King of Cordova meditating revenge for the losses sustained through Lusitania broke into Galicia and came as far as a Town called Rondonia Sampyrus names it Mindonia There the Armies of Christians and Moors met and fought resolutely with great loss on both sides till Night parted them without any visible advantage on either side tho' both boasted of the Victory our side as having drove the Infidels out of Galicia they for that they had sustained the Fight till Day left them Not long after the King of Cordova having received supplies from Africk wasted the Lands of Navarre and Biscay The King of Leon marched to the Assistance of D. Sancho Abarca King of Navarre They came to a Battle in the Valley Juncaria now Junquera in the Year 921. It was disperately fought on both sides yet the Moors got the Day for the Count of Aragon was killed two Bishops Dulcidius of Salamanca and Hormogius of Tuy taken Prisoners and that part of Biscay called Alava was possess'd by the Moors The ransom of the Bishops being agreed upon they were set at Liberty giving Hostages for the payment Pelayus a Beautiful Youth and Nephew to Hermogius was left for him His Beauty and Modesty were equal for the barbarous King lusting after him used all possible means to bring him to consent to his beastly Appetite first by kindness and then by force at which the Youth being provoked struck him on the Face Lust turning into rage upon this disappointment the Youth was torn to Pieces and cast into the River Guadalquivir in the Year 925. In the Reign of D. Ordon̄o came to Spain a Priest called Zanelus sent by Pope John the 10th as his Nuncio some say he was a Cardinal to enquire into matters of Religion and particularly the Ceremonies of the Mass the Romans being persuaded that the Divine Office according to the Gothish Form was Erroneous and that false Doctrines were taught Zanelus found all things conformable to the Truth only some small difference in the Ceremony not the Essential part of the Mass which he reported to the Pope in a great Congregation of Prelates who all gave Thanks to Almighty God To return to the King the Fortune of War seemed wholly changed after the Battle of Junquera Nevertheless the two Kings of Leon and Navarre made an incursion into the Country of the Moors and wasted the Territory of Rioja after which D. Ordon̄o returned to Zamora In the midst of this joy dy'd the Queen Munina Elvira a Lady of great worth and left these Sons D. Sancho D. Alonso D. Ramiro and D. Gracia and one Daughter Da. Ximena After her Death the King Marryed the Lady Angonta a Woman of high Birth in Galicia and in a little time put her away wrongfully as appeared afterwards Instead of her he took Santiva Daughter of D. Garci In̄iguez King of Navarre with the consent of King Sancho her Brother The two Kings joyning their Forces broke into Rioja again where they took Najara and another Town called Vicaria Thus far there was more to praise in King Ordon̄o than to discommend the untimely Death he brought the Earls of Castile to darkened all his Glory But before we enter upon the Relation of that Affair I will give a short Account of the rise and increase of some of the Chief Sovereignties of Spain THE History of SPAIN The Eighth BOOK CHAP. I. The Original of the Kingdoms of Navarre and Aragon and of the Earls of Barcelona with their Succession and Actions down to the time of King Ordonno the Second of Leon. AFter that Memorable disaster brought so Fatal to Spain which the greatest part of it under the Subjection of the Moors out of the ruins of the Gothish Empire were raised several Sovereignties at first small and inconsiderable yet such as in time recovered the Liberty of the Country and re-established the Common-wealth To Treat of them all would be endless yet it is necessary to give an Account of the Original of the Chief whose Affairs are often intermixed with those of the Kings of Leon such are the Principalities of Navarre Aragon Barcelona and Castile Part of the Spaniards that escaped the general ruin of their Country retired to Asturias whence the Kingdom of Leon hitherto spoken of had its beginning Another parcel shut themselves up in the Pyrenean Mountains along the Borders of Biscay and Navarre about those parts now called Sobrarve Vrgel and Cerdania These not content with preserving their own Liberty attempted to relieve the rest of Spain The motive that induced them at first to attempt so great an Action was but small A certain Religious Hermit called John on Mount Vruela built a small Chappel of the Invocation of St. John the Baptist The fame of his Sanctity brought him Four Companions and many came dayly to visit him He dying all the Inhabitans far and near came to his Funeral in great Numbers and among them 600 of the chief of the People The Solitariness of the place gave them opportunity to consult how to shake off the Yoke of the Moors the natural strength of the Country encouraged them and they doubted not of assistance from France besides the example of the Asturians egged them on After a long Consultation it was resolved to choose a Head and by consent of all the choice fell upon Garci Ximenez a Man of a Noble Spanish Family Lord of Amescua and Aberfusa His Wife was D. Iniga of no less Noble descent Authors do not agree about the Title given the new King or time of his Election his Arms were only a red Shield without any bearing he took some Towns from the Moors and among them Infa the Capital of Sobrarve The Hermits Chappel enlarged became a Royal Structure and the Burial place of Kings This King dyed in the Year 758. His Son Garci Iniguez succeeded him a Prince very Fortunate for by him Navarre that lay in dispute betwixt the French and Moors was subdued and left in perpetual Possession to his Heirs and he carryed his Victorious Arms as far as that part of Biscay called Alava In this King's time were
erected the Earldoms of Aragon and Barcelona That of Aragon thus Aznar Son of Eudo the Great coming to that part of the Country through which run the Rivers Aragon or Arga and Subordan and having gained some Towns from the Moors by consent of King Gracia called himself Earl of Aragon and was then Subject to the Kings of Navarre afterwards independent as shall appear in its Place This first Earls Son was also called Aznar his Grandson Galindo of whom there is nothing Memorable After Galindo succeeded Ximeno Aznar Ludovicus Pius during the Life of his Father Charlemaigne took Bercelond and left one Bernard a Frenchman to govern there in the Year 801. whence sprang the Earls of Barcelona In the following year dyed Garci Iniguez King of Navarre His Successor was his Son Fortun Garcia of whose exploits the Historians of Navarre relate things incredible It is not doubted he was in the Famous Battle of Roncesvalles before spoken of in which Ximeno Aznar Earl of Aragon was slain whose Sister Teuda was Married to King Fortun. Ximeno Aznar's Successor was his Unkle Ximeno Garcia or Garces King Fortun dyed in the Year 815. Sancho Garcia his Son succeeded him By this King the People of Valderroncal were exempted from all Taxes for their good Service against the Moors as appears by his Grant still extant Bernard Earl of Barcelona being accused of Treason for having to do with the Empress Wife to Ludovicus Pius for shame of this Slander returned to Spain where he had many Friends and dy'd in the Year 839. After his Death Ludovicus Pius bestowed that Earldom on Wifridus for it was not Hereditary but the free Gift of the Emperor during pleasure Garcia Aznar Son of Ximeno Aznar was now Earl of Arragon At the same time D. Sancho Garcia infested the People of Navarre beyond the Pyrenean Hills that were subject to the French and never desisted till they swore to maintain perpetual Amity with the Kings of Sobrarve This King is said to have been slain in the War against that Muza who as was said Rebelled against the King of Cordova that is about the Year 853. Next to this King a certain Author names Ximeno Garcia no other History makes mention of him but here the Royal Line expired whereupon there ensued an Interregnum for four Years During which time the Historians of Navarre say they Consulted the Pope the French and the Lombards by whose advice they took the best of the Laws of those Nations called The Charter of Sobrarve towards preserving their Liberty All their aim was to tye up the King's hands and to this effect they Instituted a Magistrate in the nature of the Roman Tribunes commonly called The Justice of Arragon Many of these Privileges and others granted by K. Alonso III. were Repealed by the States-General or Parliament in the Reign of D. Peter the last of Aragon All things being thus setled In̄igo Sanchez Earl of Bigorre in Aquitain for his swiftness Sirnamed Arista was chosen King by the Vote of 300 Nobles and having Sworn in the Church of S. Victorianus of Pamplona to maintain the Laws the Power of Government was put into his Hands All these and many other the like Relations are by many esteemed Fabulous and they believe that King Arista succeeded his Father in the Throne Certain it is that In̄igo Arista about this time Reign'd near the Pyrenean Mountains and was Married to D. In̄iga Daughter to the Earl Gonzalo of the Blood Royal of Oviedo He also Married Teuda the Daughter of Zenon Lord of Biscay and had only one Son not known by which of the two called Garci Iniguez who inherited the Kingdom The Monastery of S. Salvador de Leite seated among the Pyrenean Mountains and remarkable for the beauty of its Structure and greatness of Revenue is supposed to have been Founded by King Arista This Prince extended the Bounds of his Kingdom adding to what he had before the Plains of Navarre whereas the former Kings had contented themselves to live within the Mountains Pamplona and Alava fallen again into the hands of the Moors were by him recovered whereupon he stiled himself King of Pamplona as appears by Grants of those Kings At the same time Wifredus the Son of the other Wifredus obtained of the Emperor Charles the Gross the Earldom of Barcelona Hereditary only reserving the Right of Appeals to be made to the Emperor this was in the Year 884. Afterwards on account of Wifredus's tender Age by order of the Emperor Lewis II. Solomon Count of Cerdania Governed that Principality the space of 19 Years Wifredus among other Sons left Myrus Earl of Barcelona and Seniofredus Earl of Vrgel after their Father's decease Near the same time dy'd Garcia Aznar Earl of Aragon and his Son Ximeno Garcia succeeded him It is not to be found in what Year King Arista dy'd the most probable Opinion is it was about the Year 888. Garci Ximenes his Son succeeded him at the age of 17 but was not inferior either for warlike Exploits or civil Government to any of his Predecessors For being come to riper Years he gained much Reputation by many Victories he obtained too tedious to be here inserted His Wife's name was Da. Vrraça Sister to Fortun Ximenez Earl of Aragon or as some will have it his Kinswoman Grandchild of Galindo and Daughter of Endregotus from whom his Uncle Ximeno Garcia Usurped the Earldom of Aragon This King had two Sons Fortun and Sancho Abarca and a Daughter called Sanctiva Married to D. Ordon̄o King of Leon when he was Old and had had two Wives as has been said before He was killed by the Moors in a Battle he fought with them in the Valley of Ayuar the Archbishop D. Roderick calls it Larumbe for he often made Inroads into the Country of the Moors being desirous to enlarge his Kingdom and Extirpate all the Race of the Moors in Spain His Death was in the Year 905. as appears by the Chronicon Alveldense His two Sons succeeded him first Fortun and then Sancho in whose time as is before related the Christians lost the great Battle of Junquera The Monastery of S. Salvador de Leite pretends the Body of King Garci Iniguez lies there that of S. John de la Pen̄a contradicts it because there is to be seen there among the Tombs of the Kings one with the Name of King Garci Iniguez upon it These Disputes are not to be decided but I suppose the reason of them is that many Tombs were erected to the memory of Kings in several places by those that had received Favours from them tho' they had not their Bodies as is used even in our times Thus much at present of the Original of the Kingdom of Navarre and Earldoms of Arragon and Barcelona may suffice CHAP. II. Of the Earls of Castile The Reign of D. Fruela the Second King of Leon. Fictions concerning the Kings of Navarre The Reign of their King D. Sancho
Vrraca then great with Child was also killed that D. Sancho de Guevara passing by where she lay saw the Child put out its Arm at one of the Wounds the Mother had received and therefore ripping her open took out the Infant and bred him privately till he came to Age. That after an Interregnum of 19 Years this Child was brought to the Parliament and being there made known was Proclaimed King It is needless to show how incongruous and ridiculous the story is the weakness of the fiction is too obvious The Records of the Monastery of S. Salvador de Leyte tell us that Fortun the elder Brother of D. Sancho Reigned for some time and then being weary of the World took the Religious Habit in that Convent This we are assured of that D. Sancho by his Wife Teuda had four Sons Garci Sanchez Ramiro Gonzalo and Ferdinand and Five Daughters Vrraca Teresa Mary Sancha and Blanche The last of these some Authors say was Marryed to D. Nun̄o Lord of Biscay but no Lord of that name can be found to have been about that time This Prince was Fortunate not only for the many Children he had but for his Success in War By his Valour all that had been lost in Sobrarve and Ribagorza was recovered from the Moors and not content with that he added Biscay to his Dominions and all the Country along the River Duero till the Fountains thereof and the Mountain Doca and as far as Tudela and Huesca Nay that he came as far as Zaragoça appears by a Castle seated near that City called of Sancho Abarca Besides he passed the Pyrenean Mountains and subdued that of part Navarre lying on the other side those Hills Whilst he was busie in this War the Moors thinking he could not pass the Mounts in Winter laid Siege to Pamplona D. Sancho having notice of it furnished all his Army with Buskins to endure the cold and this is the true reason he was called Abarca signifying a Buskin It was easie for him that had Conquered Nature to overcome his Enemies they were Forced to raise their Siege Much mention is made in these Wars of one Centullo an Officer of great Courage and Conduct D. Sancho by these actions had gained Immortal Glory but he cast a blemish upon it by making War against Castile which besides the disgrace turned to his loss as will appear hereafter CHAP. III. The Reigns of Alonso the Fourth and Ramiro the Second Kings of Leon. Sancho Abarca King of Navarre slain by Ferman Goncalez Earl of Castile Several defeats of the Moors A great Eclypse D. Alonso the Fourth called the Monk by the Death of D. Fruela recovered the Kingdom which had been wrongfully taken from him in the Year 924. John Archbishop of Toledo dying the Moors would not suffer any to be chosen in his place therefore the Clergy to prevent all disputes gave the Supreme Authority to the Curate of St. Justa and obeyed him as Bishop which Custom was observ'd till Toledo was regained by the Christians At this same time the Fame of Fernan Gonzalez Earl of Castile spread through all Spain Whether he had the Title of Earl from the King of Leon or took it by consent of the People is not known The Virtues that made him Famous were Justice Meekness Zeal of Religion and his great Experience in Warlike Affairs By which means he not only Defended his own Territories but reduced those of the Kingdom of Leon to the farther side of the River Pisuerga From the Moors he took several Towns and curbed the insolency of the Navarrois killing their King D. Sancho Abarca The People of Navarre did much harm on the Frontiers of Castile and not content with that affronted the Embassadors sent to demand satisfaction so the matter came to be decided by Arms. The Earl broke into the Country of Navarre driving all before him the Enemies Army met him near a Town called Gollanda Great was the Slaughter on both sides before it could be decided who had the better till in the heat of the Action the Generals Challenged one another They met so Violently with their Lances that both fell off their Horses the King mortally Wounded the Earl hurt but not dangerously This put such Life into the Soldiers of Castile that giving a fresh Charge they soon became Masters of the Field At this time the Count of Toulouse came in with fresh supplies to assist the Navarrois who thereupon renewed the Fight but with the same success for the two Earls meeting he of Toulouse was killed and the Navarrois totally defeated The Bodies of the King and Earl were carryed home and honourably buryed There is a dispute betwixt the Monasteries of S. Salvador de Leyte and S. John de la Pen̄a both pretending they have the Kings Body He dyed about the beginning of the Reign of Alonso the Great in the Year of our Lord 926 and the 26 of his Reign His Son Garci Sanchez succeeded him and took the Name of King of Pamplona and Najara He Reigned Forty Years his Wife's Name was Da. Teresa Thus much of Navarre D. Alonso King of Leon was more like his Predecessor D. Fruela than to his own Father We have no account of any Vertue he was endued with or any Action he perform'd or Victory he gain'd For this cause he became so odious to his People that in the Year 931 having Reigned six and a half he sent for his Brother D. Ramiro and resigned the Scepter to him resolving to retire and become a Monk He took the Habit in the Monastery of Sahagun upon the River Cea without any regard to his Reputation or Provision made for his Son D. Ordon̄o got upon his Wife Da. Vrraca Ximenez Daughter to D. Sancho Abarca King of Navarre whom he left in his Infancy exposed to all Misfortunes Da. Teresa Sister to Queen Vrraca was Married to the new King D. Ramiro by her he had D. Bermudo D. Ordon̄o D. Sancho and Da. Elvira D. Ramiro being seated on the Throne soon apply'd himself to renew the War upon the Moors but the Inconstancy of D. Alonso put a stop to his good Designs for the same Inconstancy that led him to take up that course of Life made him quit it and call himself King again D. Ramiro to prevent the ill Consequences that might follow immediately repaired to Leon where his Brother then was and obliged him pressed with Famine and want of all Necessaries to Surrender and kept him Prisoner in that City The Sons of D. Fruela were in Arms at that time in Asturias which obliged D. Ramiro to repair thither D. Fruela's Sons pretended to be offended because they had not been called to Parliament when D. Alonso resigned the Crown the People revolted because he had done so and chose those Sons of D. Fruela to head them Yet understanding their danger they sent to offer all submission provided he would
come without an Army which he looking upon as an Insolence that they should prescribe Rules to their Sovereign entred with a powerful Army and vanquished his Enemies The Multitude was pardoned only the Heads punished D. Fruela's Sons as soon as taken had their Eyes put out the same was done to D. Alonso the King's Brother Not far from the City Leon is the Monastery of St. Julian there they were all kept as long as they liv'd and bury'd when dead as was Da. Vrraca the Wife of D. Alonso These troubles being thus over the King bent his Force against the Moors and entring the Kingdom of Toledo took the great Town of Madrid plundred and burnt and then threw down the Walls At the same time the Moors desirous of Revenge breke into the Country of the Christians and first entred into Castile The Earl being weakned by the late War of Navarre sent a submissive Embassy to D. Ramiro begging his Assistance and excusing himself for what was past It was easie to appease the King in that time of danger therefore he marched and joyned the Earl Near Osma they came to a Battle many of the Moors were kill'd the rest put to flight and the Christian Army returned home loaded with precious Spoils From this time some are of Opinion the Earls of Castile became again Feudataries to the Kings of Leon for it is thought D. Ramiro would not have pardoned past Injuries upon other terms D. Ramiro ardently desiring to extirpate the Moors marched towards Zaragoça Abenbaya held that City of Abderhaman King of Cordova With the King went the Earl Fernan Gonzalez The Moor finding himself unable to oppose so great a Power submitted himself to the King with a promise of Tribute No Faith is observed by Moors longer than they are forc'd so this Infidel as soon as our Army was departed joyning with Abderhaman broke into the Christian Borders and advanced as far as Simancas The King marched towards the Enemy and gave them Battle which was one of the bloodiest of those days for 30000 Moors were kill'd others say 60000. Fernan Gonzalez who had not been in the Fight falling upon those that fled made no less slaughter as appears by an ancient Grant in the Monastery of St. Millan de la Cogulla in the Mountains of Oca in which all the Neighbourhood are commanded to supply that Monastery with all Necessaries as the Earl had vowed when he went to this War All the Army was persuaded that two Angels on white Horses fought at the head of them and obtained this Victory The chief Alfaqui who is like a Bishop among the Moors was taken and thus the Province was deliver'd from the terror they had conceiv'd on account of those mighty Preparations In the Year 934. which was the same in which this Battle was fought on the 19th of July there hap'ned so great an Eclypse of the Sun that for the space of an hour the day was turned into perfect darkness Again on the 15th of October the light of the Sun became came yellow a great opening appear'd in the Sky wonderful Comets were seen towards the South and all the Fruits of the Earth were blasted besides other Tokens of God's Wrath. These Prodigies perplexed the People but after the Battle it was supposed they threatned the Infidels About this time dyed Miron Earl of Barcelona leaving 3 Sons under Age. Seniofredus who succeeded him Oliva Sirnamed Cabreta who was Lord of Basalu and Cerdania and Miron afterwards Bishop and Earl of Girona By reason of the Young Princes infancy the Government was long in the hands of his Unkle Seniofredus Earl of Vrgel which was a step for his Heirs to possess themselves of that Principality Whilst this Seniofredus governed a Synod of Bishops was held at a Town called Fuentecubierta in the Territory of Narbonne Seniofredus Earl of Barcelona dying without Issue tho' Marryed to Mary the Daughter of King Sancho Abarca Borello Earl of Vrgel Son to the other Seniofredus by Force possessed himself of the Principality of Barcelona for he could have no right to exclude Oliva Brother to the deceased King Ramiro growing Ancient began to give his Mind to Peace and apply himself to Religious Exercises therefore with the spoils of the Moors he Built a Monastery for Nuns at Leon of the invocation of S. Saviour where he caused his Daughter Da. Elvira to take the Habit. Besides this he Built Four other Convents and when he was busied about these Affairs Civil broils obliged him again to unsheath the Sword Fernan Gonçalez and James Nunez two Men of Note Rebelled and finding themselves too weak called the Moors and their General Accipha to their Aid First they destroyed the Territory of Salamanca upon the River Tormes then the Country of Aamya and part of Asturias were wasted D. Ramiro drove the Moors out of all the Country took the Promoters of this Sedition yet soon after set them at Liberty only upon taking the Oath of Allegiance over again a great Demonstration of the King's Mercy Fernan Gonzalez Earl of Castile by his Wife Da. Vrraca had a Daughter of the same Name whom he Marryed to D. Ordon̄o Son to the King of Leon. After this the King tho' Aged being an Enemy to Idleness made another incursion into the Enemies Country as far as Talavera in the Kingdom of Toledo and overthrew an Army of Moors that came to oppose him killing 12000. and taking 7000 Prisoners This Victory supported his Reputation which often decays as Kings grow Old Being returned home he dismissed his Army loaded with the spoils of the Enemy and went himself in Pilgrimage to Oviedo to visit the many Bodies of Saints that were there and give Thanks to Almighty God for so many Blessings At Oviedo which is an unhealthy place he fell Sick yet returned to Leon and there resigned up the Crown to his Son Then having received the Sacraments of Penance and the Holy Eucharist at the hands of the Bishops and Abbots there present he dyed in the Year of our Lord 950. on the 5th Day of January and was Buried in the Monastery of S. Saviour which himself had Built This Year was very remarkable for the many Towns that in it were either Built or Repaired which were Osma Roa Riaça and Clunia among the Arebaci now called Corun̄a Fernan Gonzalez Earl of Castile much about this time also Built Sepulveda in a place naturally strong and by his Valour the Christian cause was not only kept from decaying but was daily advanced and increased in honour CHAP. IV. The Reigns of D. Ordonno the Third D. Sancho the Gross Kings of Leon and of Garci Sanchez King of Navarre and actions of Fernan Gonzalez Earl of Castile BY the Death of D. Ramiro his Son D. Ordon̄o inherited the Crown of Leon. He was a Man of great Courage expert in Warlike affairs and had Prudence to govern but the shortness
of his Reign which last but 5 Years and 7 Months gave him not time to Exercise his many Virtues At his first Accession to the Crown D. Sancho his Brother stirred up D. Garci Sanchez his Unkle King of Navarre and the Earl Fernan Gonzalez against him The Forces of both those Nations at once entred the Territories of Leon and the King being unprovided and not yet secure of the affection of his Subjects resolved to Fortify himself and not come to a Battle His Enemies reaping no benefit by this attempt returned home to their own Countries But he to be revenged of the Earl for joyning with his Brother and Unkle without any Provocation given him presently was divorced from Da. Vrraca the Earls Daughter and Marryed Da. Elvira such was the Practice of that Age. By this Wife he had D. Bermudo who in process of time after many changes came to be King of Leon. The tumults raised in Galicia for the Love that People bore D. Sancho were soon appeased by the King who to make the greater advantage of this success entred that part of Lusitania Subject to the Moors plundering all the Country as far as Lisbon whence he returned home About the same time the Earl of Castile took from the Moors the Castle of Carranço Abderhaman King of Cordova tho' now very Aged gathered a mighty Army to the number of 80000 Fighting Men the Command of them he gave to Almanzor Alhagib that is Viceroy a General of great Note with orders furiously to over-run the Lands of the Christians Such extraordinary preparations startled the Earl he Listed all that were of Age to bear Arms and finding his Army yet too small for so great a danger held a Council of War at Mun̄on to consult what was best to be done Opinions as is usual in such Cases varyed some were for putting all to the hazard of Battle others for gathering up all Provisions into Places of strength that so the first fury of the Barbarians might be quelled before they came to Blows Gonzalo Diaz a Man of Quality without respect to Honour was for buying a Truce of the Moors The Earl knew well that many there spoke by the Mouth of Gunzalo Diaz but honour prevailed therefore he Gravely Discoursed them upon the Subject extolling the Valour of his People advising to rely on the Assistance of the Almighty and not to Blemish their good Name with the Infamy of Cowardice All agreed to him and having offer'd up their Vows to God moved towards the Enemy who lay incamped near Lara They came not immediately to a Battle and the Earl the mean while going out a hunting pursued a Wild Boor up a difficult ascent to a little Hermitage where a Holy Man called Pelagius had a small Chappel Dedicated to St. Peter The Earl moved to devotion spared the Beast and fell to his Prayers and Pelagius coming he stayed there all Night In the Morning Pelagius told him he should be Victorious and that in token thereof a Prodigy would happen before the Fight Then the Earl return'd to his People who were in care for him and gave an Account of what had befallen him The Souldiers took heart and the Army being drawn up before they engag'd a Gentleman by some call'd Pero Gonzalez de la Puente de Fitero rode out before the rest and the Earth opening swallow'd him so that he was never seen more This terrify'd the Army but the Earl told them it was the sign of Victory the Hermit had spoken of and since the Earth was not able to bear them much less would the Enemy At these words all reviv'd the onset was given and that vast multitude vanquish'd by a handful of Christians This Victory re-establish'd the tottering affairs of the Christians and the Souldiers return'd home loaded with spoils of their Enemies Part of the Booty was given to the holy Man Pelagius and afterwards the Earl built a Monastery dedicated to St. Peter upon the River Arlançd where were interr'd the Bones of D. Gonzalo his Father In our days the Cell of Pelagius is shown on a Rock near that Monastery The Moors nothing daunted at this loss prepar'd again to fall upon Castile and on the other side King Ordon̄o after the Incursion he made into Portugal desirous of revenge resolv'd to make War upon the Earl A mighty danger threatned but the King was easily appeas'd by an Embassy the Earl sent begging Pardon for what was past and that he would not prefer his private animosities before the publick good of the Christians when they were threatned with the extraordinary preparations made by the Moors Therefore the King not only forgave but sent him sufficient supplies to make head against the Moors who were advanc'd as far as Santistevan de Gormaz ravaging the Country As soon as the two Armies met the Battle was given and well fought on both sides but ours obtain'd the Victory with a mighty slaughter of the Enemies King Ordono joyful for this success provided to fall upon the Moors again when Death prevented him at Zamora in the Year 955. His Body was buried with great Pomp and Solemnity in the Monastery of St. Saviour at Leon where his Father also had been Interr'd Our Historians do not mention where D. Sancho the King's Brother was during his Brothers Life or whether ever they were reconcil'd but all agree that after the Kings Death he was by the unanimous consent of all Men Proclaim'd King He was call'd the Gross for his mighty bulk of Body unfit to endure fatigue yet he was good condition'd show'd much Constancy in Adversity and had a generous disposition In the second Year of his Reign which was of our Lord 956 by reason of a Mutiny in the Army not being well assur'd of the affections of his People because many were inclinable to D. Ordon̄o Son to D. Alonso the Monk he left his Kingdom and fled for refuge to his Uncle the King of Navarre D. Ordon̄o easily stept into the Throne and the more to secure himself Married Da. Vrraca that had been Divorc'd from his Cousin King Ordon̄o with the consent of the Earl her Father This D. Ordon̄o was so perversly inclin'd that he was call'd the Wicked and giving way to his base temper became odious and contemptible to the people D. Sancho watch'd all opportunities and mean while went to Cordova where it was reported there were very able Physicians that could bring down his fat Abderhaman receiv'd him with Courtesy and being undertaken by the Doctors his bulk was reduc'd to a moderate size To make his favours the more compleat Abderhaman gave him considerable supplies of Men to recover his Kingdom At his first approach D. Ordon̄o his Adversary fled to Asturias and thence to his Father-in-law the Earl who despising him for his Cowardice took away his Wife Thence he put himself into the hands of the Moors among whom he liv'd poor
desperately not so much for any hopes of Victory as to revenge their own Deaths They were all killed and with them their Tutor Salido the Heads being sent to Cordova afforded a pleasant Spectacle to the King but a sad one to their Father to whom tho' wounded and disfigured they were shown This misfortune moving the King to Compassion he freely dismiss'd Gonzalo Gustio Mudarra begoten on the King's Sister being 14 Years of Age was by her sent to his Father and afterwards revenged the Death of his Brothers killing Ruy Velasquez Da. Lumbra his Wife the cause of all these mischiefs was stoned to Death and burnt Mudarra by revenging his Brothers gained the Love of his Mother-in-Law and all the Family to that degree that he inherited his Fathers Estate Besides Da. Sancha adopted him after this strange yet remarkable Manner The same day he was Baptized and Knighted by the Earl Garci Sanchez his Mother-in-Law resolving to adopt him put over him the Sleeve of a very large Smock and his Head coming out at the top of it she Kissed him and thus he was received into the Family and looked upon as her Son Ordon̄o was Son of Mudarra his Grandson was James Ordon̄ez de Lara he that fought the Sons of Arias Gonzala who defended their Country from the infamy of having killed King Sancho slain by Vellido Dolphos as shall be related in its place This James Ordon̄ez was Father to Earl Peter well known for the Love Queen Vrraca showed him and Grandfather to Amalaricus de Lara Lord of Molina from whom is descended the Family of Manriquez and even that of the Kings of Portugal by the Mother's side for Mafalda Daughter of Amalaricus was Marryed to D. Alonso the first of the name and first King of Portugal tho' some will have it that Mafalda was of the House of Savoy But more shall be said of this hereafter The Tomb of Mudarra is to be seen in the Cloister of the Monastery of S. Peter de Arlanza That Monastery and the other of S. Millan de la Cogulla are at Variance about which of them has the seven Brothers Spain was now at Peace after so many Combustions and there rather wanted the Power than the will to raise new ones This quiet lasted till the 7th Year after the Death of the seven Brothers which was the Year of our Lord 993. when the Moors wasted the Country of Portugal and breaking a new into Galicia again took and burnt the City Compostella Nor had they spared the Apostles Sepulcher but that a sudden Light which appeared over it terrifyed them The Bells as a Trophy of their Victory they caused to be carryed on the Backs of Christians to Cordova where for many Years they served instead of Lamps in the Mosque Divine Vengeance pursued them many dyed of the Flux many of the Plague and many at the hands of the Christians the King keeping close in their rear and doing them great harm Few returned home One of them was Mahomet the General This same Year dyed D. Garcia King of Navarre his Son Garci Sanchez called the Trembler as was said before succeeded him He Reigned 7 Years was very Famous for many Victories obtained Liberal or rather Prodigal which drained his Treasures and obliged him to lay new Taxes In the Monastery of S. Millan̄ there are Grants of this King let every one judge what credit is to be given to them In them 't is specified that he had a Brother called Gonzalo and that he with his Mother Vrraca had the Kingdom of Aragon which if true either that Dominion lasted not long or he dying without Issue it fell again to his Brother King Bermudo joyful with his success against the Moors began to consider that if the Forces of the Christians were united it were easie to gain upon the Infidels and keep them under Hereupon he sent Embassadors to the King of Navarre and Earl of Castile to invite them laying aside all Animosities to enter into a League with him for the common Good Those Princes readily agreed to such advantageous Proposals and a powerful Army was formed of the three Nations The King of Navarre came not in Person being as is supposed busie in setling his new acquired Kingdom King Bermudo tho' Sick of the Gout was carried in a Litter and with the Earl of Castile moved towards the Moors of whom they were informed that having raised new Forces and plunder'd great part of Galicia they now marched towards Castile Near a Town called Calacanaçor on the Frontiers of Castile and Leon the two Armies met and came to a Battle which was obstinately fought till Night parted them without discerning which side had the better only that the Moors marched away in silence by Night which show'd they had got the worst of it Besides it was more like a Flight than Retreat for they left much of their Baggage in the Camp and for haste droped no less along the way they marched It is said this misfortune went so much to the heart of the Moorish General Mahomet that he dy'd in the Valley of Begalcorax refusing to take any Sustenance in the Year of our Lord 998. This Man managed the Government of the Moors 25 Years for his King who minded nothing but his ease He was a Man of great Courage an Enemy to Idleness and entred the Territories of the Christians 52 several times coming off very often Victorious The same day the Battle was fought at Calacanaçor one in the Habit of a Fisherman was seen at Cordova on the Bank of the River Guadalquivir singing in Arabick and Spanish Metre At Calacanacor Almanzor lost the drum It was believ'd the Devil in Humane Shape proclaimed their Defeat because the People of Cordova endeavouring to lay hold of him he vanished like a Shadow The dead General 's Body was carried to Medinaçeli CHAP. VII The Death of King Bermudo the Gouty and beginning of the Reign of D. Alonso the Fifth King of Leon. Many Troubles among the Moors The Earl of Castile slain by the Infidels AFter the Death of Mahomet his Son Abdelmelic took upon him the Government of that Kingdom the same Year his Father dy'd and continued in that command 6 Years and 8 Months From this time forward the Kingdom of the Moors which had been supported by the Valour of Mahomet began visibly to decline Civil Discord the Bane of all Empires and bad Government were the cause of its decay Abdelmelic who was more inclinable to Peace than War took little notice of the first Eruptions of those Tumults which ought to have been suppressed in their first rise True it is immediately after his Father's Death he entred the Teritories of the Christians spreading a great Terror and threw down to the Ground all that had been built since the City Leon was last destroyed Yet the beginning of this War was more successful to the Moors than the end for
the Earl of Castile falling upon them put them to flight and but a small number returned home This struck so great a terror into those People that they never attempted to make War again as long as Abdelmelic Ruled The Joy of this Victory was drowned in the scarcity of Provisions caused by a great Drought Gudésteus Bishop of Oviedo had been kept three Years in Prison by the King who was subject to give ear to the whispers of wicked Men. The People and among them some of Note said the Famine was a Judgment of God for the wrong done the Bishop and that unless Reparation were made him there was cause to fear a heavy Plague might follow There was danger of a Mutiny for the Multitude when they take Religion for their Pretence sooner obey the Priest than the King therefore Gudesteus was discharged out of Prison This same Year of our Lord 999 in which hap'ned the Famine was remarkable for the death of King Bermudo who dy'd of the Gout with which he had been long troubled in a Town called Berit His Body was Interred at Villabuena or Valbuena whence 23 Years after it was translated to the Church of S. John Baptist in Leon. He had two Wives one called Velasquita the other Da. Elvira From the first he was Divorced rather thro' the Corruption of those times than for that it was Lawful By her he had a Daughter called Christina By Da. Elvira he had D. Alonso and Da. Teresa Besides on two Sisters he had to do with in his Youth he got D. Ordon̄o Da. Elvira and Da. Sancha Christina the King 's eldest Daughter was Married to D. Ordon̄o called the Blind who was of the Blood Royal they had Issue D. Alonso D. Ordon̄o D. Pelayo and Da. Aldonza Marry'd to D. Pelayo called the Deacon Grandson to King Fruela by D. Fruela his Bastard Son D. Pelayo and Da. Aldonça had Issue Peter Ordon̄o Pelayo Nun̄o and Teresa from whom descended the Earls of Carrion Men of great Wisdom and Valour as will appear in its place Pelayus Ovetensis and D. Lucas de Tuy attribute to King Bermudo that passage of Ataulphus Bishop of Compostella and the wild Bull that was let lose against him which was spoken of before In this particular I give more Credit to the History of Compostella which relates it as I have done and it is a sufficient proof of their mistaking the time that about this there is no Bishop of Compostella called Ataulphus to be heard of King Bermudo appointed Melendo Gonzalez Earl of Galicia and his Wife D a. Mayor to be Tutors to his Son D. Alonso the young King during his Minority These because D. Alonso was but 5 Years of Age by the consent of the Cortes or Assembly of States and in pursuance to the Will of the Deceased Governed the Kingdom with great Prudence and Integrity The King being of Age as a Reward of their Fidelity and to make their Authority the greater Married their Daughter Da. Elvira by whom he had D. Bermudo and Da. Sancha He Reign'd 29 Years In the second Year of his Reign which was of our Lord just 1000. D. Garci Sanchez the Trembler King of Navarre dying his Son D. Sancho whom he had by his Wife Da. Ximena not Elvira or Constantia or Estephania as some will have it succeeded in the Throne This Prince in his Youth was under the Care and Tuition of Sancho Abbot of S. Salvador de Leyte who bred him Vertuously and taught him all that is fit for a Prince to know He Reigned 34 Years was so remarkable for his Vertue that he gained the name of the Greater and so fortunate that he got under his Dominion almost all that the Christians possessed in Spain But it was no good advice to divide it as he did among his Children thereby weakning the Forces of the Kingdom As the two Christian Kingdoms about this time enjoy'd Peace so Castile first and then the Moors fell to War among themselves both of them by their Civil Broils hast'ning their ruin D. Sancho Garcia Rebelled against his Father the Earl D. Garci Fernandez perhaps thinking he lived too long and being impatient to wait the few Years he had to live Both sides had recourse to Arms and the Subjects being divided the strength of that Principality was weakned The Moors were not ignorant of these Distractions and therefore resolved to make their advantage of them Accordingly they destroyed Avila that had been Rebuilt not long before Corun̄a and Santistevan de Gormaz in the Territory of Osma suffered the same fate The Affairs of the Christians were in great danger and yet the foreign Danger did not appease their domestick Tumults only kept them from coming to Blows Earl Garci Fernandez being much concerned at the harm the Moors did with what Force he could gather went out to meet them The Fight was bloody but the Earl having but a small number of Men was defeated and himself taken so desperately wounded that he dy'd in a few days He Governed Castile about 38 Years some say 49. was nothing inferior to his Father and tho' the Enemy had power to take away his Life the fame of his Actions will last for ever His Body being Ransom'd for a great Sum of Money was bury'd in the Monastery of S. Peter de Carden̄a This unhappy Battle was fought in the Year 1006. The Earl left a Daughter called Da. Vrraca who was a Nun in the Monastery of S. Cosmus and Damianus in the Town of Covarravias This Monastery was built by the Earl her Father and endowed with great Revenues besides many rich Gifts upon condition that if any Maid of his Family would not Marry she should be maintained with the Revenue of that Monastery D. Sancho succeeded his Father in the Earldom of Castile much blemished for Rebelling against him and having thereby been the cause of his death In all other respects he was good and vertuous and had very commendable parts About the same time dy'd at Cordova the Alhagib or Viceroy Abdelmelic Abderhaman a base and cowardly Fellow in scorn called Sanciolo succeeded him But he dying within 5 Months Mohomet Almahudi who I suppose was of the Race of the Abenhumeyas by force of Arms possessed himself of King Hissem who being given wholly to his pleasure was only supported by others Mahomet gave out he had killed the King Beheading one like him and keeping him privately to make use of him if needful A Kinsman of Hissem's called Zulema came over out of Africk who gathering what Forces he could and joyning with those of D. Sancho Earl of Castile overthrew the Tyrant in Battle near Cordova In this Battle were slain 35000 Moors which was the very Flower and Strength of that Kingdom so that for the future they decayed the more sensibly D. Sancho gave great Tokens of his Courage and Conduct and was the principal
Months His severity and the mutability of those People caused his ruin One Mahomet was put into his place and Reigned one Year four Months and twenty two Days and then was killed by the Citizens The same befell Hiaya the Son of Hali who was of the other Faction and had been before Proclaimed King he was in the same manner slain at Malaga whither as was said he had retired when he had Reigned in Cordova only three Months and twenty Days After this Idric Brother to Hali and Unkle to Hiaya was sent for out of Africk where he was Lord of Ceuta to take the Crown This Man being come into Spain what on account of his Kindred with the other two and what by force of Arms possessed himself of the Kingdom of Granada Sevil Almeria and other Neighbouring Cities The inland continued under Hissem for after the Death of Hiaya the People of Cordova had Reinthroned him unless it was another of the same name those Citizens made Choice of for these affairs are very dark The extravagancies of Ministers commonly turn to the ruin of their Masters as hap'ned to Hissem for his Alhagib or Viceroy being Cruel and Covetous was killed and the King expelled his City In that confusion a Youth of the Family of the Humeyas being assisted by a Company of wild Young Fellows entred the Palace and desired of the Soldiers to Proclaim him King They excused themselves with the disloyalty of the Citizens and advised him to take warning by so many as had perished before him to this he Answered Call me King to Day and kill me to Morrow Such is the inordinate desire of Reigning Nevertheless this Man and Hissem with all the Abenhumeyas as the causers of all these Confusions were turned out of the Town by the Citizens Hissem tired with so many changes of Fortune at last came to Zaragoça where he was well received by Zulema Abenbut King of that City who gave him a Castle called Alçuela where he spent the rest of his Life as a private Man D. Roderick the Archbishop who gives this account of the last Kings of Cordova somewhat more obscure than it is set down here does not mention what became of Idric How is it possible in such Confusion to be plain We can only add that from this time forwards the Kingdom of the Moors which for so many Years had mantained it self in great Power and Splendor in Spain so visibly decayed that it was divided into many Sovereignties for every one that could possess himself of a City called himself King of it Jahuar seized Cordova Albudazin Sevil. Haytan he that at first assisted Hissem and then became his Enemy secured Toledo Some will have the Kingdom of Toledo to be more Ancient because that City often rebelled against the Kings of Cordova Other Kingdoms were erected in other Cities too long and confused to insert here It will suffice to know that these Sovereignties continued till the powerful Family of the Almoravides came into Spain with their King Thesephin which was in the Year of our Lord 1091. Let us turn back now to the affairs of the Christians under the Earl D. Sancho and King Alonso CHAP. IX The last Actions of D. Alonso King of Leon and his Death The Reign of D. Bermudo the Third His Son Sancho Earl of Castile Poisons his Mother His Son Garcia Murdered D. Sancho Earl of Castile desiring to revenge the Death of his Father with the Assistance of the Kingdoms of Navarre and Leon that were his Allies entred the Kingdom of Toledo putting all that stood in his way to Fire and Sword The same havock was made in the Territory of Cordova whither our Forces advanced incouraged with their success In both places a great Booty of Captives and Cattle was taken Tho' the harm was great much more was the Terror this struck into the Infidels who being embroiled in Civil Wars could not oppose the Enemy so that they who not long before kept the Christians in continual fear were now forced to buy a Peace at a dear Sepulveda a Town on the Frontiers also Osma Santistevan de Gormaz and other Towns taken by the Moors in the last War were now recovered From this time some Anthors write the Nobility of Castile were exempted from following the Wars at their own cost only upon the hopes of Booty and it was ordained they should receive pay as was used in all other Countries D. Sancho in a great measure Blemished the Honour gained in this Expedition by the Death he put his Mother to She fell in Love with a Lewd Brawny Moor and durst not Marry him not so much for any Scruple of Conscience as for fear of her Son and therefore resolved to Murder him by that means to make way to her infamous Wedding The Dose was prepared to Poison him but the Earl having intelligence of it forced his Mother by way of respect to Drink first of the Cup she offered him Hence some think sprang the Custom used in some parts of Spain to make the Women Drink before the Men. Other Authors write that a Lady belonging to the Countess having seen her prepare the Dose gave Notice to her Husband whom some call Sancho del Valle de Espinosa and he to the Earl and thereby obtained that Privilege enjoyed to this day by the Family of Monteros de Espinosa of Guarding the King's Person by Night True it is I find no good grounds to believe this Relation but it is so recorded and the People of that Town affirm it as a certain Truth They add that the Earl to atone for this fault and allay the hatred the People had conceived against him built a Monastery for Nuns and in honour of his Mother gave it the Name of On̄a which Monastery Sancho the Greater King of Navarre gave to the Monks of Cluni and in our Days is the chief in that Country D. Sancho by his Wife Da. Vrraca had D. Garcia Da. Nun̄a Da. Teresa and Da. Trigida The two eldest Daughters were marryed to great Men Trigida was Abbess in the Monastery of On̄a About the same time D. Sancho made a New way for Strangers to travel to the Church of St. James the Apostle through Navarre Rioja Briviesca and the Country of Burgos Before this time the Christian Dominions being of a smaller extent the Pilgrims that came out of France used to Travel with much difficulty through Biscay and the Mountains of Asturias where the ways were uncouth and there was a general want of all necessaries King Alonso enjoying a perfect Peace by reason of the Civil Wars among the Moors and the League that was between the Christian Princes gave his Mind wholly to the Civil Government and held an Assembly of the States or Parliament at Oviedo in the Year of our Lord 1020. In this Parliament the Ancient Laws of the Goths were Corrected The King at his own cost and charges rebuilt the City
of Triumph administring Justice and levying Money in order to carry on the War the next Year against those Moors who lived along the Banks of Ebro in great security being grown rich in Cattle they had taken from the Christians That Conquest more properly appertained to the Crowns of Navarre and Aragon but they being at War among themselves had not leisure to think of any other business D. Ramiro had encreased his Dominions with the addition of Sobrarve and Ribagorça which fell to him by the death of his Brother D. Gonzalo Some Authors will have it that D. Gonzalo dy'd before his Father others say he was treacherously killed by one Ramonette of Gascogne who way-laid him near the Bridge of Montelus as he returned from Hunting Certain it is his Body was buryed in the Church of S. Victorianus King Ramiro being thus encreased in strength made War upon him of Navarre who with-held from him part of his Kingdom of Aragon He was inferior in strength but besides being a very expert Soldier he had Succours from France being Married to Gisberga or as others call her Hermesenda Daughter to Bernard Roger Earl of Bigorre by his Wife Garsenda By this Gisberga or Hermesenda the King had D. Ramiro D. Sancho D. Garcia and D. Sancha Married to the Earl of Toulouse and D. Teresa Wife to Beltran Earl of Provence Illegitimate he had a Son called D. Sancho to whom he gave Ayvar Xabier Latres and Ribagorça all which he dying without Issue returned to the Crown of Aragon D. Ramiro's Arms were Azure a Cross Argent afterwards changed by his Successors as shall be told in its place Let us return to King Ferdinand who entring the Country of the Moors took Santistevan de Gormaz Vadoregio Aguilar and Valerancia now called Berlanga then destroyed the Territory of Taraçona and wasted the Country as far as Medina Celi throwing down all the Beacons used by the Moors to raise the People against the Christians Thence he turned back and passing the Mountains entred the Kingdom of Toledo ravaging all about Salamanca Vzeda Guadalajara Alcala and even as far as Madrid Almenon King of Toledo moved by these losses and fearing greater bought a Peace of King Ferdinand for a great Sum of Money The same was done by the Kings of Zaragoça Portugal and Sevil and they promised to pay Tribute yearly to the great Honour of the Christians and Shame of the Moors who were now subject to those they had not long before Lorded it over These were special Blessings of God for the good Lives the Christians then led following the example of their King whereby many Moors were Converted and the Bodies of Saints held even by them in great Veneration CHAP. III. S. Isidorus his Body translated to Leon. Conversion of two Moorish Princesses Garcia King of Navarre kill'd by his Brother Ferdinand Ramiro King of Aragon recovers his Dominions THere was a Church Dedicated to St. John Baptist the ancient burial place of the Kings of Leon much decay'd by reason of the Wars and with Age. D. Sancha the Queen perswaded her Husband to repair it and Order'd himself and Posterity to be there Inter'd The more to increase the Peoples Devotion towards this Church the King thought good to enrich it with the Bodies of some Saints and therefore made War upon the King of Sevil to obtain that of S. Justa which that Prince was willing to give to purchase Peace but the People Mutinying at such time as it should have been carryed away those that were sent for it in place of it took the Body of S. Isidorus formerly Bishop of that City This holy Body was Conducted in great state to Leon and there plac'd in the Church of St. John Baptist which from thence forward lost that name and was call'd of St. Isidorus In the Year 1050. was held a Synod at Coyança now Valencia in the Country of Oviedo at which were present the King Queen Nobility and Nine Bishops About the same time two Daughters of Moorish Kings were Converted and Baptized the one was Casilda Daughter to Almenon King of Toledo the other Zaida Daughter to Benabet of Sevil. The Cause of their Conversion was thus Casilda was very Compassionate and us'd to relieve the Captive Christians which much offended her Father who met her one day carrying meat to them and asking what it was she said They were Roses and uncovering found the Meat Converted into those Flowers This Miracle mov'd her to embrace Christianity and soon after being sick she was advis'd to Bath her self in St. Vincent's Lake which is in the Territory of Briviesca where she soon recover'd her Health was Baptiz'd and continu'd in the same place the rest of her days leading a very holy Life insomuch that she is reckoned in the number of Saints Zaida either by her Example or some other motive was inclin'd to become a Christian and St. Isidorus appear'd to her in a Dream perswading her to put in Execution so good a purpose She acquainted her Father with it and he being unwilling to oppose her yet fearing to displease the People if he consented agreed with D. Alonso King Ferdinand's Son that he should force her away from a place where he would leave her which was accordingly perform'd and she carryed to Leon there instructed and baptiz'd Some say she was call'd Elizabeth others Mary so many affirm she was after Marry'd to D. Alonso when he was King of Castile yet Pelagius Bishop of Oviedo says she was not his Wife but Mistress These contradictions and many other that occur in this History are hard to be reconcil'd In the Year of Grace 1053. D. Garcia King of Navarre was kill'd in the Wars being a Couragious and Wise Prince no less a Souldier than a General Those Seeds of Discord that some Years before had been sow'd between the Brothers now grew up to the ruin of D. Garcia D. Ferdinand pretended a right to the Territory of Briviesca and part of Rioja On the other side D. Garcia complain'd that wrong had been done him in the division of the Kingdom and pleaded right of Inheritance against his Father's Will D. Garcia fell sick at Najara D. Ferdinand coming to visit him he resolv'd to secure him but D. Ferdinand having notice of his design fled D. Garcia to take off the hatred conceiv'd against him for that falshood seem'd much concern'd that his Brother should suspect him and hearing he was sick at Burgos went thither to visit him This satisfy'd not D. Ferdinand for he seiz'd his Brother and sent him with a Guard to the Castle of Ceya He corrupting his Keepers fled to Navarre with a resolution to take revenge Having gather'd all his own and the Forces of the Moors his Confederates he entred Castile and after passing the Mountains Doca committed great havock King Ferdinand was not idle but mov'd with an Army of Experienc'd Souldiers towards his Brother They
came in sight of each other near a Town call'd Atapuerca about four Leagues from Burgos there Incamp'd Intrench'd first and then drew out in order of Battle These two Brothers differ'd much in conditions D. Ferdinand was affable courteous meek and withal the best Souldier of his time D. Garcia was fierce hasty and talkative which made him odious to his Souldiers besides that he had wrongfully depriv'd many of their Estates of which before the Battle he was desir'd to make restitution but he refus'd to give Ear to so reasonable a request Many fear'd God would punish him for this Unjustice and chiefly an antient Man whose name is not known but that he had been his Tutor he made some overtures for an accommodation D. Ferdinand was willing but D. Garcia could not be mov'd by any perswasions or intreaties his Sins making him Deaf to all wholesome advice In fine the Signal being given both Armies met with great fury D. Garcia his Tutor seeing his Party bore down rush'd into the midst of the Enemy and was there kill'd The Navarrois could not withstand the fury of D. Ferdinand's Charge and two Souldiers that had feign'd to desert to them breaking through the Guards kill'd the King with their Spears who being down his Men soon fled King Ferdinand being no less troubled for the Death of his Brother than he was joyful for the Victory order'd the Christians that remain'd to be spared which was perform'd and in the pursuit only the Moors were put to the Sword and made Prisoners The Body of D. Garcia with the consent of the Victor was carry'd by his Souldiers to Najara and there buryed in the Church of S. Mary which he had built from the ground By his Wife D. Stephania a French-Woman he left four Sons and as many Daughters which were D. Sancho who succeeded in the Crown D. Ramiro to whom he gave Calahorra taken from the Moors D. Ferdinand and D. Ramon The Daughters were D. Ximena D. Erriesinda D. Mayor and D. Vrraca this last Marry'd to the Earl D. Garcia of whom we shall have occasion to speak hereafter The King being thus kill'd his Dominions were wasted and divided among them by his Brothers King Ferdinand without any opposition took to himself those places the dispute had been about which were Briviesca Montes Doca and part of Rioja through which runs the River Oja that gives its name to the Country This River has its Springs in the Mountains of Santo Domingo de la Calçada and falls into Ebro near the Town of Haro The other part of Rioja Navarre the Dukedom of Biscay Najara Logron̄o and other places remain'd to D. Sancho the Son of D. Garcia D. Ramiro laying hold of this Opportunity recovered Aragon and was in hopes to make himself Master of Navarre his deceased Brothers Kingdom for it appears by Ancient Records that at this time he called himself King of Aragon Sobrarve Ribagorça and Pamplona Besides he recovered from the Moors who had entred Ribagorça a Town called Benavario At length after much bickering D. Sancho and D. Ramiro concluded a Peace each giving and receiving certain Castles for their security D. Sancho had Ruesta and Pitilla D. Ramiro Sanguessa Lerda and Ondusio Both Unkle and Nephew were jealous of King Ferdinand and feared he might make his advantage of their discord therefore they concluded a League defensive and offensive among themselves CHAP. IV. The manner how Spain became exempted from the Roman Empire The Famous Roderick Diaz de Bivar commonly called Cid His Extraction and first Actions Three Synods held in Spain AT the time that Spain wasted it self with Intestine Wars Henry the Second who translated the Empire out of France into Germany was Emperor The Church was governed by Leo IX and after him by Victor II. This last desiring to reform the Clergy grown very dissolute called a Council to Florence in the Year 1055. Thence he sent Hildebrand a Monk of Cluni who for his Learning and Ability had been created Cardinal to move the Emperor to reduce the Clergy to their Primitive Purity of Life as also to suppress the Heresie of Berengarius then breaking out at Tours in France Our Historians add that at his Councel there were Embassadors from the same Emperor who among other things complained to the Pope and Fathers that Ferdinand King of Castile had not only disowned the Emperors Authority but proceeded so far in his Arrogancy and Pride as to Usurp the Stile and Title of Emperor Whereupon they exhorted the Council to stand up for the honour of the Empire and in return the Emperor would Espouse the cause of the Church otherwise if they refused he should be obliged to take up Arms in defence of the Imperial Honour and Authority The Fathers Answered they would indeavour to give the Emperor content and declared themselves for him asserting the justice of his demands Embassadors were sent to King Ferdinand to warn him in the Name of the Council to submit himself to the Empire and not presume for the future to stile himself Emperor They had Orders in case he refused to Excommunicate him The King having heard their Embassy was perplexed and knew not what Answer to return and therefore resolved to convene his States or Parliament that it might be there debated what was best to be done Opinions there varyed the most Consciencious were for obeying the Pope the bolder were positively against submitting to that heavy Yoke At that time Roderick de Bivar afterwards called Cid was in the Prime of his Years being not above 30 in high Esteem for his great Valour Wisdom and Conduct Not long before he had fought D. Gomez Earl of Gormaz and killed him whereupon he Marryed D. Ximena Daughter and Heiress to the said Earl at her request she having moved it to the King that he should either Marry her or suffer according to Law By the addition of her Estate to that he had as his own he became so rich and powerful that he adventured with his own Forces to make excursions into the Territories of the Infidels and in Battle overthrew Five Moorish Kings who having passed the Mountain Doca infested the Lands of Rioja He recovered the Booty and took them Prisoners but released them upon Condition they should pay him a Yearly Tribute At this time King Ferdinand was busie in rebuilding the City Zamora which had not been repaired since the Moors destroyed it in the Reign of King Ramiro He granted that such as would inhabit there should be governed according to the Ancient Laws of that City which were those of the Goths It hap'ned whilst the King was there the Moors came to pay the Tribute they had agreed upon to Roderick Diaz and called him Cid which in Arabick signifies Lord. All this was done in the presence of the King and his Courtiers whence many took an occasion to envy and hate him Yet the King admiring his
Brother Hiaya Aldirbil much unlike to his Father and Brother He was a Coward and unfit for Government Lewd in his Life and spar'd not the Wives and Daughters of his Subjects whereby he became odious as well to the Moors as Christian Inhabitants of Toledo Upon the death of Hissem D. Alonso was discharged of the Oath he had taken at Toledo to be Friend to the Father and Son Both Moors and Christians weary of the Tyranny of that new Prince solicited King Alonso to free them from that Slavery and possess himself of that City These were the first inducements to undertake the Conquest of that most Noble City the Metropolis of all that Kingdom D. Ramon Earl of Barcelona dy'd in that City and was bury'd in the Cathedral thereof which he had built from the Ground with all suitable Pomp and Grandeur He divided his Dominions betwixt his two Sons D. Berenguel and D. Ramon called Cabeça de Estopa or Flaxen-Head This last according to Mariana the Younger but according to several Testimonies brought in Opposition to him by Peter Mantuanus in his Animadversions on his History the elder Brother Marry'd a Vertuous Lady Daughter to Robert Guiscard a Norman but then very Powerful in Italy as Zurita lib. 1. cap. 1. relates At this time the Normans were possessed of the extreme parts of Italy and Sicily This Lady built two Monasteries one of the Invocation of S. Daniel in the Valley of S. Mary in the Territory of Cabrera the other near Girona where after the death of her Husband she spent the remainder of her Life in much Sanctity Both Monasteries were given to the Nuns of S. Benedict D. Ramon Arnaldo or Berenguel who succeeded his Father in that Earldom was Son to this Lady About the same time Armengaud Earl of Vrgel made War upon the Moors in those Parts and William Jordan Earl of Cerdagne prosecuted the Arian Hereticks who now began again to appear in those parts after having been so long suppressed He Banished them Confiscated their Goods made them Infamous and put the Obstinate to death Thro' the Valour of Armengaud many Towns along the River Segre were taken from the Moors and particularly the City Balaguer the Metropolis of the Earldom of Vrgel Since we have above mentioned the Normans it will not be amiss to add a few Lines in relation to them their Conquests in Italy being parts we shall have much occasion to speak of in this History It has been already said how they being a Northern People possess'd themselves of that part of France before called Neustria and from them Normandy This they did under Rollo their Chief and General The 7th Duke from him was William called the Conqueror for that having defeated and slain Harold he made himself King of England Another Army of Normans went thro' France into Italy which was then divided into several small Principalities and much wasted with intestine Wars Here they first served in the Wars of Lombardy and Tuscany then passing into the Kingdom of Naples where they received Pay of the Prince of Capua and soon after for better Pay went over to him of Salerno who with their assistance obtained the Victory over his Enemy This War being ended thro' the persuasions of Maniacus Governor of Apulia and Calabria for the Grecian Emperor they undertook the Conquests of Sicily then possess'd by the Moors Their success was such that in a short time they drove the Infidels out of the Island then falling at variance with the Greeks expelled them also Thus they laid the Foundations of a mighty Monarchy in Italy and Sicily for at the fame of their success many more resorted to them out of Normandy All that was taken was divided among the Conquerors but the others soon dying all was devolved upon Robert Guiscard and Roger. Robert called himself Duke of Apulia and Calabria Roger was Earl of Sicily Robert by two Wives had these Children Boamundus Roger and one Daughter who if what the Catalonians say be true was Married to D. Ramon Earl of Barcelona as has been above related Roger had a Son also called Roger whâ—â— hanged the Title of Earl for that of King and at last became sole Lord of all that the Normans held both in Italy and Sicily Besides Italy and Greece were Tributary to him This is taken out of Gaufridus the Monk who writ the Actions of the Normans in Italy at the request of the said Earl Roger. But let us leave Italy and return to Spain The Citizens of Toledo ceased not to Sollicite the Christians to undertake the Conquest of that City Exaggerating the Calamities they endured begging relief and protesting if they were not speedily delivered from the Tyranny of their King they must have recourse to other Moors for Assistance King Alonso was perplexed and knew not what to do fearing on the one hand what might be said of him and considering on the other the great advantage of gaining that City Therefore he resolved to put it to the Votes of the Chief Nobility and Persons of most Understanding Opinions as is usual in such cases were various The most bold and daring were for undertaking that War shewing the great advantage that would Accrew to the King and to Christianity in General Others more wary said there could be no reason to attempt such a Conquest it being contrary to Conscience and Honour to break the Peace Established with those Kings where the King had received such Obligations The King having heard all their Opinions at length yielded to the desire he had of Conquering that Noble City and having positively declared his intention to be such the whole Council easily agreed to it and it was unanimously decreed to make War upon the Moors This being resolved the King applyed himself to gather store of Arms Provisions Horses and all other Necessaries He made new Levies and offered rewards to such of the Old Soldiers who were dispersed about the Kingdom as would serve All things were furnished with the more speed because News was brought that the Moors having called the King of Badajoz to their Assistance he was preparing to relieve them Such was their expedition that both Armies arrived together in sight of Toledo but the Moors perceiving King Alonso had a Gallant Army returned without attempting any thing Yet the City could not be taken at that time for that the King of it was well provided against a Siege and the natural strength of the place deterred all Men. The Christians wasted the Country burnt the Corn drove the Cattle and many Prisoners and then returned home This destruction was began in the Year 1079. and continued the next and several Years afters Canales and Olmos two Towns near that City were taken well Garrisoned and thence all the Country continually infested Thus by degrees the City began to be straitned and suffered much want Toledo is for the most part furnished with Provisions brought from
afar because the Country about it is barren being Sandy and Stony there is also much scarcity of Springs and it rains but seldom it being very remote from the Sea and the highest Land in Spain Only along the Meadows through which Tagus runs the Land is Fruitful and Pleasant At the same time the Conquest of Toledo was undertaken Roderick Diaz continued the War in Aragon with great success taking several strong holds from the Moors and wanted nothing to perfect his happiness but to be restored to his Prince's favour which he much desired It fell out very opportunely that in the Year 1080. the Moors of Andaluzia fell at variance for that a Man of note among them had seized the Castle of Grados Adofir the rightful Owner had recourse to King Alonso for Assistance to recover his Castle The King finding it advantageous to himself granted the Moors request sent a Body of Troops before and followed with a greater Force in Person but the Enemy being subtle protracted the War so that the King feared Slipping the Season of going to Toledo This moved him to send for Roderick Diaz who was then in Aragon and to whom he gave that Command having received him with great affection and the more to oblige him ordained that for the future no Gentleman should be obliged to go into Banishment under Thirty days warning whereas before they had but Nine The King marched to Toledo and Roderick Diaz put an end to the War in Andaluzia recovering the Castle of Grados and taking the Moor that had seized it whom he sent to the King Thus much in Andaluzia this Year The next which was 1081. D. Garcia the King's Brother departed this Life having caused his Veins to be opened in the Prison where he was kept so highly did he resent the loss of his Kingdom and Liberty His Body was carryed to the City Leon and there honourably buryed in the Church of St. Isidorus his two Sisters many Bishops and Nobles attending the Solemnity He dyed ten Years after he had been a Prisoner and fifteen after his first Accession to the Crown Roderick Diaz having settled Andaluzia returned to the War in Aragon where in Battle he overthrew the Moorish King of Denia and D. Sancho King of Aragon who assisted him This Victory was so considerable that King Alonso sent for him did him much honour and gave to Him and his Heirs the Three Towns of Briviesca Berlanga and Arcejona Alfagio the Moorish King having recruited his Forces after the defeat entred Castile wasting the Country as far as Consuegra Tho' King Alonso was then busy before Toledo he â—â—eedily marched to oppose the Infidel Both Armies met a great number of Moors was slash and their King escaped by flight to a Castle The joy of this Victory was much allayed by the unfortunate Death of James Rodriguez de Bivar Son to Roderick Diaz a Youth of great hopes who began to follow his Father's Footsteps His Body was buryed in the Monastery of St. Peter de CardenÌ„a where his Tomb is still to be seen Alfagio the Moor tho' twice defeated gave not over but still gathering a fresh Army broke into Castile without stopping till he came to Medina del Campo Alvaryanez Minaya a brave Man related to Roderick Diaz met and defeated him the Third time This hap'ned in the Year of our Lord 1082 at which time D. Ramon Earl of Barcelona was basely Murdered near a Town called Percha betwixt Ostalric and Girond His Brother Berenguel was the contriver of his Death and was therefore so hated by the People that he went away to the holy War and at Jerusalem is said to have lost his Speech and there Dyed His Body was buryed in the Cathedral of Girona His Son D. Ramon Arnaldo succeeded him being not full a Year old but famous for the time he enjoy'd that Principality for the greatness of his Actions inferior to none of his Predecessors and for that he enlarged his Dominions not only by the addition of Besalu and Vrgel which for want of Heirs devolved to him as Feifs of the Earldom of Barcelona but also by Marrying D. Aldonça whom others call Dulcis Daughter and Heiress of Gilbert Earl of Provence with whom he had that large Province in Dower By her he had two Sons D. Ramon and D. Berenguel and three Daughters one called D. Berenguela or Berengaria Marry'd to D. Alonso stiled the Emperor The Names of the others are not known but both were Marry'd in France This Prince was long at variance and held War against Alonso Earl of Toulouse and after much contention they agreed among themselves to adopt one another's Families so that whichsoever was first Extinct the other should Inherit But this hap'ned long after the time we are now writing of Let us return to the War of Toledo CHAP. IX The famous City Toledo closely Besieged and Surrendred Many other Places taken King Alonso stiles himself Emperor THE continual waste the Christians made in the Country about Toledo burning plundering and driving all before them had reduc'd the Moors of that City to great streights The Christian Inhabitants ceased not to press King Alonso to sit down before it promising they would soon open the Gates to him That lasting War had exhausted the Subjects yet the King's resolution overcame all difficulties Great Levies were made and all things provided with a full design never to desist till the City were taken It is naturally strong and so seated that there was a necessity of dividing the Army into several Bodies and consequently a greater Force was requisite It is a matter of great consequence to have the good Will of neighbouring Princes as appeared in this War for besides the King 's own Subjects of Castile Leon Biscay Galicia and Asturias Sancho King of Aragon and Navarre brought a good Body of Men to the Siege Supplies also came from Italy and Germany and the French as being nearer came in greater numbers Because the latter served well in this War and upon other occasions great Privileges were granted to such of them as would stay in Spain whence as I suppose such as are free from Taxes are among us called Franc. Of all these Nations was formed a mighty Army which marched without delay towards Toledo full of hopes of speedy success The Moorish King made all the necessary Preparations to endure a Siege but most of all rely'd on the natural Strength of the Place encompassed with high and craggy Rocks thro' which the River Iagus in a wonderful manner breaks his way and runs almost round the City except on the North side where is a steep and difficult ascent defended by two strong Walls one above the other To Besiege this Place the Army was divided into seven Brigades which took up all the Avenues so that no Relief could be carried in The King with the best of the Army Encamp'd and Entrench'd himself
all the Bishops in Spain should be confirmed by him of Toledo as had till then been done by the King From that time forwards all the other Bishops allowed him precedence and he signed first to the Acts of Councils This was all the Priviledge those Prelates then injoy'd above others When Spain had fallen under the slavery of the Moors for a long time that City had no Bishops At length when it was recovered by the Christians the Archbishops were not only restored to their former Dignity but made Primates of all Spain Pope Vrban the Second was the first that gave them this Prerogative and it was afterwards confirmed by Pasqualis Gelasius Honorius Celestinus Innocent Lucius Eugenius III. Adrian IV. Alexander III. Vrban III. Honorius III. Gregory IX and many others whose Bulls are preserved to this day among the Records of the Cathedral of Toledo Many Archbishops have had their Cross carryed before them throughout all parts of Spain yet at several times have met with some Opposition At present they exercise no Jurisdiction over the other Provinces but only enjoy the Title and have Precedence It was said above that King Alonso had two Wives Agnes and Constance by the latter he had the Princess Vrraca Constance dy'd after the taking of Toledo and at the same time her Sister-in-Law D. Elvira the King's Sister she was bury'd at Leon with her Sister D. Vrrdca After the death of Constance the King Marry'd the Daughter of Benabet the Moorish King of Sevil she being converted and changing her name of Zaida for that of Mary or as others will have it Elizabeth Of her was born D. Sancho a Prince of great hopes had he lived The King after this Marry'd a Fourth Fifth and Sixth time with Berta of Tuscany Elizabeth of France and Beatrix whose Birth is not known By Elizabeth he had two Daughters Sancha Marry'd to Earl Roderick and Elvira Wife to Roger King of Sicily King Alonso had besides by a Mistriss called Ximena two Daughters Elvira Marryed to Raymund Earl of Toulouse and Teresa Wife of Henry of Lorrain D. Vrraca the King's eldest Daughter was Marry'd to Raymund Brother to the Earl of Burgundy they had issue first D. Sancha and then D. Alonso who for the many Kingdoms he United was called the Emperor Thus much is Collected out of very Grave Authors yet Pelagius Bishop of Oviedo who lived about that time and in the very close of his History says King Alonso had but five Wives and that Zaida the Daughter of the Moorish King was his Concubine THE History of SPAIN The Tenth BOOK CHAP. 1. The Moorish Family of the Almoravides comes into Spain King Alonso twice overthrown by them Several Strangers come out of France to serve under him he bestows three of his Daughters on them The holy War in the East AMong the Moors the Family of the Almoravides having got the better of the Alavecines who till then held the Empire of Africk settled their Kingdom at first in that part of Mauritania which stretches along the Ocean and Mediterranean Sea Thence they pass'd over into Spain and spread themselves through a great part of it The occasion of their coming was thus King Alonso had Marry'd the Daughter of the Moorish King of Sevil and therefore at his request sent to invite Joseph Tephin King of the Almoravides out of Africk to assist his Father-in-Law towards the reducing all that the Moors possessed in Spain under his Dominion Joseph would not let slip so fair an opportunity of invading Spain but not being able to go inPerson at that time sent a good Army under the Command of Hali Abenaxa a Famous Commander Hali having join'd the King of Sevil their Friendship was not lasting and their differences increasing they came to a Battle in which the King was defeated and killed by one Abdalla This Victory made Hali Master of all the Dominions of the deceased in the Year 1091. All the other Kings of the Moors were reduced or submitted themselves to him Hali proud with this success rebelled against his Master and called himself Miramamolin of Spain a name denoting Regal Authority among the Moors Now the Kings of the Moors who were Subjects and paid Tribute to King Alonso thinking this a fit opportunity to recover their Liberty cast off their Obedience and refused to acknowledge him Never was Spain in greater danger for those Barbarians grown fierce with so many Victories obtained over their own People turned the course of their Arms against the Christians Their first attempt was against the Kingdom of Toledo where they over ran the Country putting all to Fire and Sword and recovering some Towns given in Dower with his Daughter by him of Sevil which were Cuenca Veles and Huete King Alonso sent an Army to oppose the Moors under the Command of two Earls D. Garcia who had Married his Sister and D. Roderick who coming to a Battle with the Moors were overthrown near Rhoda a Town between the River Guadalquivir and the Ocean This loss having shown the King the error he had committed in calling the Moors out of Africk he made new Levies gathered a mighty Army and was again defeated near Caçalla a Town not far from Badajoz with the loss of a great number of Men. However he no way dismay'd but recruiting his Army broke into the Enemies Country as far as Cordova destroying all that stood in his way Hali mistrusting his own strength fortify'd himself within Cordova where some Skirmishes happen'd Abdalla by Night made a Sally and most of his Men being kill'd was himself taken and the Day following in the sight of the Moors who stood upon the Walls torn to pieces and burnt for the Murder of his Sovereign the King of Sevill Hali weary of the Seige accepted of such conditions as were offer'd him which were to pay down a great summ of Money and a Yearly Tribute Andaluzia being setled the Army march'd into Aragon where they Besieg'd Zaragoça The Besieg'd offer'd to pay Tribute and put themselves under the King's Protection but he hoping to become absolute Master of the City lost both the one and the other For Joseph having gather'd a mighty Army pass'd over out of Africk with a design to punish Hali for revolting and then to invade the Christians This being known in the City and Camp the Besieg'd took heart and the Besiegers for fear of what might happen were forc'd to quit their Enterprize and depart Joseph was so successful he entred Sevill where he Beheaded Hali then Cordova was surrendred to him and soon after all that the Moors held in Spain was brought under his Dominion either by force or their own voluntary submission those that were subject to the Christians revolting from them King Alonso thought not this a time to be idle when the Moors of Africk were joyned with those of Spain and therefore resolved to be before-hand with them To this purpose he made
all necessary Preparations gathering Arms Horses Provisions and Money Not only the Laity but the Clergy were obliged to take up Arms old and now Soldiers raised and Supplies sollicited from abroad Many Strangers moved by the great danger Spain was in and desiring to serve in that War came over especially out of France Among these Raymund Earl of Burgundy and his Kinsman Henry who was Born at Besançon was of the House of Lorrain and in process of time the Founder of the Kingdom of Portugal Besides these there came Raymund Earl of Toulouse With them came a good number of Brave and Experienced French Soldiers D. Sancho King of Aragon was not wanting he tho' very ancient yet had the Vivacity and Courage of Youth and was an excellent Commander having gain'd Experience in the continual Wars he had with the Moors All these Forces made up so great an Army that they resolved to invade the Enemies Country They entred Andaluzia plundring and wasting all where-ever they came It was no time for the Moors to be idle both Armies came in sight of one another near a Town called Alagueto but Joseph finding himself inferior to the Christians shunn'd sighting His retreat was more like to a disorderly Flight for he lost great part of the Baggage King Alonso thought it better to content himself with the Honour gained than to tempt Fortune besides that his Army being composed of so many different Nations could not long hold together Thus he returned home his Army loaded with Spoils and pleased with their Success After this for some time the Almoravides attempted nothing farther for Joseph was forced to repair to Africk to setle his new acquired Kingdom Mean while King Alonso slept not expecting the War would soon break out again Therefore he resolved to strengthen himself with fresh Allies abroad In the first place he gave three of his Daughters in Marriage to those three Lords that came to his assistance out of France Raymund Earl of Toulouse Marry'd D. Elvira Henry of Lorrain D. Teresa both Illigitimate Raymund of Burgundy had D. Vrraca got in Wedlock This Prince is said to have rebuilt Salamanca by the King's Order Moreover Sancha the King's Daughter was Marry'd to Earl Roderick From him some will have the Noble Family of Giron to be descended To Henry was given in Dower all that had been recovered from the Moors in Portugal with the Title of Earl yet as a Subject of Castile to be obliged to come to the Parliament and serve in the Wars This was the Original of the new Kingdom of Portugal which stile it afterwards assumed and continued in the Line of this Prince above 400 Years Raymund of Burgundy had the Government of Galicia with the Title of Earl then usually given to the Governors of Provinces yet the best of his Portion was the hopes of succeeding in the Throne if Sancha the King's Son dy'd The Earl of Toulouse received his Portion in Money and Jewels but no Lands in Spain because he resolved to return to France where he had large Possessions of his own There are Authors who write that the City of Lisbon was taken by King Alonso in the Year 1093. but this is doubtful for it was often taken from the Moors and lost again till some time after this it was gain'd by the Christians and has ever since remained in their hands Much about this time began the Holy-War in the East carried on by most of the Christian Princes for recovery of the Holy-Land Peter a Hermit who Travel'd into Palestine was the first Promoter of it for he making his Observations there discoursed Simon Bishop of Jerusalem about it and having received Letters from him moved the same thing to the Pope Vrban who then sate in S. Peter's-Chair ordered a Council of Bishops to meet at Clermont in France to promote the carrying on of this War and the mean while by his Legates stirred up all the Princes of Christendom to share in so Glorious an Undertaking His Endeavours prov'd so successful that all Countries sounded of nothing but Warlike Preparations most Princes aimed to signalize themselves by showing their Zeal in so Pious a War and Thousands of private Persons voluntarily Enrolled themselves to serve upon their own cost But we must not stray too far into Affairs so Foreign Let us return to what hap'ned in Spain CHAP. II. The great Actions of D. Sancho Ramirez King of Aragon He is killed at the Siege of Huesca his Sons continue the Siege Rout a great Army of Moors and Christians that come to raise it and take the Place IN the Year 1094. was Born D. Alonso Son to Henry of Lorrain and his Wife Teresa who by his Valour made the Name of Portugal famous extended his Dominions and was the first of those Princes that assumed the Title of King which he maintained in opposition to the Kings of Castile The same Year was unhappy for the unfortunate death of D. Sancho I. King of Aragon who merited the esteem of his Subjects not only for having governed and maintained his Kingdom as well as any of his Ancestors but for enlarging and extending its Limits He was the first that came down from the high Mountains where his Predecessors maintained themselves by the natural strength of those Places into the Plains where he took many Cities and Towns He had continual Wars with the Moorish Kings of Balaguer Lerida Monçon Barbastro and Fraga and obliged them to pay him Tribute Then after a long and tedious Siege took Barbastro a Noble City on the Banks of the River Vero in a delightful Country Tho' the strength of the Walls was great yet the King's constancy and indefatigable Labour of his Men overcame all Difficulties so that it was entred by Assault and Plundered From that time Barbastro was annexed to the Bishoprick of Rhoda At this Siege Armengaud Earl of Vrgel was slain and thence called Armengaud of Barbastro He being the King's Father-in-law and Father to his Queen Felicia his death was revenged with great slaughter of the Townsmen Bolea a Town on the Borders of Navarre upon the River Cinga after a long resistance was taken from the Moors So also Monçon a strong Town in that Territory with many other Towns and Castles too tedious to rehearse Estela then a small Town in Navarre now a famous City was built at this time King Sancho having a design upon Zaragoça raised a Castle called Castellar five Leagues beyond that City on the Banks of the River Ebro to bridle the Moors and waste the Country about in which that Garrison was so successful that the City was often reduced to such want as if it had been besieged In that part of the Country where were formerly the Vascetani was built the Town of Luna remarkable for nothing more than for being the Original of the Noble Family of that Name in Aragon The King who was much given
Listed themselves and wore the Cross then the Mark of being engaged in that War Among the rest Bernard Archbishop of Toledo having setled the Government of that Church and Constituted 30 Canons and as many Half-Canons taking up the Cross departed towards the Holy Land No sooner was he gone but the Canons he had appointed met and chose another Archbishop Expelling those that opposed this unlawful Proceeding D. Bernard understanding what had been done returned to Toledo and Expelling all that had a hand in that Disorder put Monks of the Monastery of Sahagun in their places This done he sets forward again and being come to Rome was obliged by the Pope to return home againe as believing his Presence was necessary at Toledo being a place but lately recovered and unsetled He absolved him of the Vow he had made to go to the Holy-Land upon condition he should lay out the Money he had designed for that Expedition in Rebuilding of Tarragona a City then newly taken from the Moors by the Earl of Barcelona In the time of the Romans it was a Noble City and the Seat of their Empire in Spain since reduced to a small number of poor Houses D. Bernard Repaired it and Translated Berengarius Bishop of Vique thither with the Dignity of Archbishop Yet the new Archbishop forgeting this Favour afterwards contended with Bernard about the Right of the Primacy Pope Vrban put an end to the strife assigning the Supremacy of all Spain to Bernard and his Successors Bernard the Archbishop in his way thro' France brought along with him many Learned and Pious Men into Spain who were afterwards promoted to great Dignities Among them also came Burdinus not worthy to be named among them for he afterwards made himself Anti-pope and caused a Schism in the Church as shall be hinted in its place Roderick Diaz Sirnamed Cid or the Lord was not idle all this while but having obtain'd leave of the King who was busie in Andaluzia with a choice Band of his own Forces fell upon the Moors that dwelt upon the Borders of Aragon and Castile All the Moorish Princes strove to gain his Friendship The first he agreed withal was the Lord of Albarrazin Then he went to visit the King of Zaragoça who received him with great signs of Affection hoping with his assistance to make himself Master of Valencia This City is seated where formerly were the Editani near the Sea in a very pleasant Country and has always been a place of great Trade and very Rich. Hiaya he that had been King of Toledo was then in possession of it having inherited it of his Father Almenon to whom it belonged The Lord of Denia Xativa and Tortosa laid close Siege to it The King of Zaragoça thought to raise himself upon the Ruins of others for the Besieged having sent to him for Relief he hoped under that colour to subdue both them and the Besiegers He agreed with Roderick Diaz and both marched thither The Lord of Denja knowing himself inferior to them made Peace with Valencia and raised the Siege Nevertheless the King of Zaragoça would have possessed himself of Valencia had not Roderick Diaz opposed him for that it was under the Protection of the King his Master Hereupon that King returned home Roderick Diaz under colour of assisting the King of Valencia made his own advantage obliging all the Moors thereabouts to pay him Tribute with which and the Booty he maintained the charge of the War King Hiaya before grown odious to his Subjects encreased their hatred by being a Friend to the Christians so that they called in the Almoravides then grown Powerful who killed Hiaya and gave the Sovereignty of the City to Abenaxa the Contriver of that Revolution Roderick Diaz desiring to punish their Treachery and rejoycing that an opportunity was offered him of taking that Noble City resolved to lay Siege to it Valencia was well stored with Provisions Warlike Ammunition a good Garison and a great number of resolute Citizens yet his Constancy overcame all those Difficulties He laid close Siege to it which lasted a long time till the Besieged wanting Provisions and seeing no hopes of relief Surrendred Not so satisfied tho' it seemed a rashness he resolved to maintain that City and in order to it made one Hierome a Companion of the Archbishop of Toledo Bishop of it Moreover he brought thither his Wife and Daughters whom as was said above he had left in the Custody of the Abbot of S. Peter of Carden̄a To the King for that he had favoured his designs he sent a Present of 200 choice Horses with as many Scymiters hanging at the Saddles Such was the posture of Roderick Diaz's Affairs when two young Lords called Earls of Carrion their Names James and Ferdinand Men of great Birth but mean degenerate Souls having obtained the King's Recommendation Marry'd his two Daughters at Valencia It hap'ned soon after that a Lion breaking lose they both hid themselves in an undecent place and at another time in a Skirmish with the Moors they fled These things made them grow contemptible to their Father-in-law who Reproached them and they study'd Revenge Suero their Uncle who ought to have given them better advice heightned their malice Having resolved upon the Villany they were to act they prepared to return home Their Father-in-law having accompanied them part of the way returned to Valencia and they prosecuted their Journey till they came to a Wood on the Frontiers of Castile after they had passed the River Duero There sending away most of their Retinue they took the two Ladies into the Wood and having strip'd them naked whipped them till they lay for dead wallowing in their blood In this manner they were found by Ordonius sent after them by their Father who suspected some ill design He carried them to the next Village where they were dressed and taken care of This Villainous Act brought upon the Husbands the hatred of all Men. Roderick Diaz seeking revenge had recourse to the King at such time as a general Assembly of the States or Parliament was held at Toledo Judges were appointed to determine what was to be done the chief whereof was Raymund of Burgundy the King's Son-in-law After a full hearing it was decreed that those two Lords should restore all that they had received with their Wives and that they and their Uncle Suero should Combat with three others appointed on his part by Roderick Diaz Three Men of note whose Names were Bermudo Antolin and Gustio undertook his Quarrel The young Lords endeavoured to evade the Combat by gaining time so Roderick Diaz went away to Valencia and they to their Estate But the King not satisfied obliged them to fight at Carrion where they were all three overcome Roderick Diaz's two Daughters were Marry'd again D. Elvira to D. Ramiro Son to D. Sancho Garcia King of Navarre who was killed by his Brother Raymund as was said above D.
afterwards Marry'd him to a Lady called Arsenda The Year of our Lord 1104. was unfortunate for the Death of three great Persons Peter Son to the King of Aragon and his Sister Elizabeth dy'd upon the same day and the King himself whither for Grief or thro' some other Distemper is not known departed this Life the Month following He was Bury'd at S. John de la Pena Pope Vrban at the beginning of the War in the Holy-Land granted to this King the Tenths of all Churches that should be new built or taken from the Moors excepting only Cathedrals Alanso Brother to the late King succeeded him in the Throne His Reign was long and his Actions great by which he much extended the Dominions left him by his Ancestors In the second Year of his Reign he Married D. Vrraca Daughter to King Alonso of Castile This Match was made by the King contrary to the desires of all the Nobility who would have had her Marry'd to D. Gomez Earl of Candespina None of them durst open this to the King therefore they charged a Iew who was the King's Doctor upon the first opportunity to acquaint him with their Thoughts This Jew as the King was one day diverting himself broke the business to him It highly offended the King that the Nobles should presume to dispose of his Daughter therefore he for ever forbid the Physician coming into his presence and then hastned the Marriage of his Daughter which was performed with great State at Toledo in the Year 1106. King Alonso somewhat eased with the satisfaction of this Match and desiring to revenge the death of his Son tho' very ancient took the Field again and entring Andaluzia destroyed all the Province with Fire and Sword sparing neither Man nor Beast This done he spent the remainder of his Days in quiet not only forbearing from Martial Affairs but easing himself of the Government as much as could be Yet he took care that Salamanca and Segovia which had been ruined by the Wars should be repaired fortified and embelished Peranzules a Man at that time in great vogue who had been Tutor to the Princess Vrraca in her Minority and was now the King's Favourite had the whole management of publick Affairs and by his Prudence and Vertue seem'd to support the Government The King now quite spent with age for he lived 79 Years grew sickly and was languishing a Year and seven Months yet by the advice of the Physicians he rode out daily but the natural warmth being decay'd at length he dy'd at Toledo on Thursday the first of July 1109. as Pelagius of Oviedo who lived at that time testifies He Reign'd 43 Years was modest in Prosperity and undaunted in Adversity After the Death of King Alonso the Inhabitants of Toledo in a Consternation were about abandoning the City The King's Body was kept there 20 days till this Pannick Fear was over then it was carry'd to the Monastery of Sahagun and there Bury'd with great Pomp the greatest that of the Tears of his Subjects who lamented so great a loss as they had in him These Tears seemed to forbode those Calamities that ensued and the very Stones at Leon presaged this General Lamentation At the foot of the Altar where the Priest uses to stand at Mass in the Church of S. Isidorus in Leon the Stones shed water not where they joyn'd but in the very middle for the space of three days continually which were Thursday Friday and Saturday according to Pelagius who then lived This hap'ned 8 days before the King's death and betokened the Tears of all Spain The Bishops and Clergy hereupon made Processions to appease God's Wrath. In this King's Reign one Lesmes a French-man lived in great opinion of Sanctity at Burgos his chief business was entertaining of Pilgrims His Memory is still Celebrated in that City and his Feast Yearly kept in the Church of his Name Four Leagues from Najara lived another Holy Man a Spaniard or as others say an Italian who used the same Charity and Repaired the Ways thro' which the Pilgrims went to visit the Church of S. James the Apostle and therefore he is commonly called S. Dominick de la Calçada that is of the Cunsey I suppose King Alonso made use of him in building the Bridges that are between Logron̄o and Santiago About the end of the Reign of King Alonso one Moses a learned Jew and a great Linguist was Converted and writ against the Jews and Moors so effectually that many of both Nations were Converted CHAP. V. The Reign of Queen Urraca Her Lewdness She is Divorced from her Husband Deposed from the Government her Son Alonso Proclaimed King of Castile AT the time when King Alonso dy'd his Daughter D. Vrraca Heiress of the Kingdom was absent with her Husband He had no great confidence in the Nobility of Castile who had opposed his Marriage and therefore would not venture among them without a good Body of his own Subjects This kept him back from taking possession of that large Kingdom The Queens Lewdness which was great for a Person of her Rank was concealed and hid Garrisons of Argonians were put into many Cities and Castles to keep the Castilians in subjection Peranzules having great Alliances in both Kingdoms was entrusted with the Government and kept all things in good order His Power lasted not long for the Queen a turbulent Woman being sent before by her Husband instead of Honouring him as became his great Merit treated him ill not only removing him from the Government but seizing upon his Estate All the pretence she had for this rash action was because in his Letters he stiled her Husband King of Castile This is what was given out but in reality she was sorry she was Marry'd because her Husband curb'd her Lewdness and as I am apt to believe that discreet Man reproved her scandalous Life The King was concerned so great a Man should be so ill treated and restored all his Estate He fearing the Queen's displeasure withdrew to the Earldom of Vrgel whereof as was said above he had the charge A new War now broke out in Andaluzia Hali King of the Moors hearing King Alonso was dead broke into the Christian Territories and in sight of Toledo demolished the Castle of Azeca and destroy'd the Monastery of S. Servandus whilst all the Country about was in a flame Not content with this he laid Siege to the City and for the space of 8 days battered it with all sorts of Engines It s own natural strength and a Wall built at the bottom of the City by King Alonso saved it Alvar Fan̄ez a great Man in those days by his Valour contributed much to the safety of the City All hopes of prevailing being lost the Moors raised the Siege and in their way home plundered Madrid and Talavera threw down their Walls and departed with a mighty Booty In Aragon the King was successful
possession of that City restored to him by the Citizens when they had expelled William Morelle who held it for the Earl of Poitiers D. Alonso his Heirs kept that City till the Fourth Generation and were all called Raimunds the last of which left but one Daughter Marry'd to the Earl of Poitiers who had no Issue by her whence it followed that the Earldoms of Poitiers and Toulouze were annexed to the Crown of France the Holy King S. Luis Brother to that Earl being the rightful Heir The Territory of Zaragoça a strong rich and populous City extended to the Borders of the King of Aragon's Dominions From thence the inhabitants used to make frequent incursions into the Lands of the Christians doing all the harm that can be imagined from such a Barbarous People King Alonso notwithstanding the War with Castile was not ended resolved to overcome all difficulties and â—ay Siege to that City Tahuste a Town of note on the Banks of Ebro was now taken by the Valour and Conduct of Bacalla a great Man Borgi on the Borders of Navarre Magalona and other Towns and Castles were also taken The Alniogaraves so they called the Choice old Soldiers were put into Castellar a strong hold on the Eminence above Zaragoça as was said before They were furnished with Provisions and all manner of stores either to infest the Country or endure a long Siege These were preludes to the Conquest of Zaragoça the same whereof brought thither many Persons of note among the rest the Earls Gaston of Bearne Rotron of Perche and Gentulle of Bigorre Thus having gathered a mighty Army they sate before the City in the Year 1118. On the eighth day they gained the Suburb that lies beyond the River Rotron Earl of Perche whilst the Siege went on with a Body of 600 Horse took Tudela a considerable Town in Navarre and kept it as a reward of his Valour The Moors knowing of what Consequence Zaragoça was gathered in great numbers to relieve the Besieg'd Besides Temin a Famous Commander had joyned them with a good number of Barbary Moors he brought out of Africk All these Encamped on an Advantagious Ground on the Banks of the River Guerba above Zaragoca near the Castle of Mary then held by the Moors but perceiving the Christians exceeded them in number and experience they drew back In the City there began to be want of Provisions and what was worst no hope of relief Delay was troublesome to the Besiegers Things being in this Posture advice was brought to the King that a Nephew of Temin others say he was Son to the King of Cordova was Marching with a Resolution to force his Passage into the Town King Alonso knowing if the Moors succeeded he must be obliged to raise the Siege marched out and met him at Cutanda near Daroca A great number of the Moors was killed the rest put to flight and their General taken The Besieged having notice hereof and despairing of any relief surrendred upon Articles on the 18th of September after a Siege of eight Months Our Men were so assured of success that they had beforehand Consecrated Peter Librana Bishop of that City and he Consecrated the Church To the Earls Gaston of Bearne and Rotron of Perche the King gave for their good Service two quarters in that City for them and their Heirs On the Banks of Ebro Nine Leagues from Zaragoça was formerly a Colony of the Romans called Julia Ceisa now a desert place but about a League from it is a Town at present called Xelsa the only remaining Monument of that piece of Antiquity Thither the King marched as soon as the Season would permit wasting all the Country of the Moors about Thence he advanced into the Province formerly called Celtiberia where all things succeeded according to his desires all places submitting to him This season he took Taraçona Alabona Epila Calatayud Ariza and Daroca Beyond this last place the King built a Town to which he gave Name of Monreal in a Convenient place to check the Parties of Valencia that used to ravage that Country At this time the Carthusians and Cistercian Monks newly instituted grew Famous for Sanctity of Life At Jerusalem the Knights Templers and Hospitalers gained fame by their Actions against the Insidels The Templers wore a Red Cross on a White Garment The Hospitalers called also of St. John wore a White Cross on a Black Cloak S. Bernard who lived at that time was Founder of the Cistercians and came into Spain where he perswaded the King to give the new Town of Monreal to the Knights Templers which was done accordingly a Monastery was built and revenues assigned them particularly the Fifths of all Booties were given them for their maintenance that they might infest the Moors on that side This was the first entrance of the Knights Templers into Spain and this the Original of the vast revenues they afterwards possessed which doubtless in the end proved their ruin CHAP. VII A Schism in the Church on account of an Antipope Peace betwixt Castile and Aragon War with the Moors Original of the Kingdom of Portugal IN the Year 1119 Guido a Burgundian Unkle to Alonso King of Castile was Chosen Pope and took the Name of Calixtus II. Henry IV. then Emperor being Excommunicated caused Burdinus Archbishop of Braga by the Name of Gregory VIII to take upon him the Papal Dignity which produced a Schism in the Church that lasted three Years At the end of which the Lawful Pope prevailing Burdinus was taken and shut up in the Monastery of the Trinity of Cava where he dy'd The Promotion of Calixtus to the Papacy was very pleasing to his Nephew the King of Castile and very advantagious to all Spain in general At that time the chief Cities and Castles of that Kingdom were held by Garrisons of Aragonians without any other right than that of Arms. The Castilians either that they were Habituated to obey or for kindnesses received of the Aragonians were not concerned at the loss of their Liberty Tho' Young the King of Castile had a great Spirit and could not put up the wrongs done him by his Father-in-Law Embassadors passed betwixt them he of Aragon neither flatly refused nor yet performed what was required but still delay'd and framed excuses At length it came to the point that Heraulds were sent to demand Restitution of the Places with-held or if refused to declare War These threats made no impression upon the King of Aragon Great Armies were rais'd on both sides but the Aragonian being best furnish'd took the Field first breaking into the Territory of Rioja on the side of Navarre Great Mischiefs were like to ensue whoever had the better therefore several Godly Prelates of both Kingdoms interposed labouring for an Accommodation Their Success was better than had been hoped at first for both Kings suffered themselves to be persuaded and each yielding something they agreed upon these
their Armies meeting a Battle was fought in the Plains of SantivanÌ„ez near Guimaraens a Town seated at the Conflux of the Rivers Avo and Visella D. Alonso got the Day and by that means his Mother and Fernan Paez fell into his Hands His Father-in-law he released upon promise he would depart Portugal his Mother he kept close Prisoner She in a rage for this usage sent to beg the King of Castile's Assistance against her Son promising to resign to him the Earldom of Portugal which her Son had forfeited by his Disobedience King Alonso of Castile condescended to the Intreaties of his Aunt either for that he commiserated her condition or that he desired to possess that Earldom Having gathered an Army he entred Portugal His Cousin met him and they came to a Battle in the Plain of Valdeves betwixt Moncon and Ponte de Lima. The Fight was very bloody and the Castillians being overthrown were forced to fly to Leon. This Victory so puffed up the Portugeses that without considering their own weakness or the variety of Fortune they vaunted they were no longer subject to Castile King Alonso studying Revenge gathered a greater Power than before and returned into Portugal with double Fury The Portugeses not able to withstand him retired into Guimaraens where the Castilians Besieged them with a resolution not to stir till they had revenged their late Affront Egas NunÌ„ez the young Earl's Tutor a Man of singular Prudence by consent of his Master went out to treat with the King and managed his business so well that having pacified him he raised the Siege The Portuges Historians from whom we have taken this Account add that some Years after D. Alonso of Portugal refusing to perform the Articles concluded by his Tutor the said Egas NunÌ„ez went to Toledo and surrendred himself to the King of Castile with a Haulter about his Neck to be punished for the breach of those Articles he had made King Alonso forgave but would not employ him least there might be some design lie hid under that specious pretence CHAP. VIII The War betwixt the King of Castile and the Moors The Death of King Alonso of Aragon and Revolutions of that Kingdom and Navarre The former choses Ramiro a Monk the latter Garcia for their King IN the Year 1126 and much about the same time dy'd Queen Vrraca and Bernard Archshop of Toledo The Queen as has been said departed either in the Castle of SaldanÌ„a or burst at the Church of Leon. Her Body was Honourably Interred at Leon. Bernard the Archbishop dy'd at Toledo of great Age and famous for many memorable Actions He was buried in the Cathedral of that City with an Inscription on his Tomb that begins with these words Bernard was the first Venerable Primate here True it is the Archdeacon of Alcor says he lies in the Monastery of Sahagun near the Tomb of King Alonso VI. He was 40 Years Archbishop Twelve Years before his Death the Annals of Sevil say but eight with Forces maintained at his own Expence he took from the Moors the Town of Alcala seated at that time on a steep Hillock beyond the River Henares The Archbishop incamped on another Hill that Commands it now called Vera Cruz and thence so awed the Moors that they were forced to abandon the Town tho' very strong For this reason from that time the Archbishop had the Temporal as well as Spiritual Jurisdiction thereof After Bernard Raymund from the Bishoprick of Osma was translated to Toledo In his time and in the Year 1129. was held a Council of Bishops at Palencia in which James Gelmirez Archbishop of Compostela presided as Apostolick Legate The King Queen and many of the Nobility were present at it Among others two remarkable Acts passed in this Synod One that no Tyths or offering should be received from Persons Excommunicate The other that Lay-Men should not enjoy Benefices upon any pretence whatsover Soon after Cardinal Humbertus who came into Spain with the Legantine Power assembled another Synod of Bishops at Leon to consider of the Kings Marriage which some pretended was null King Alonso a Year after his Mothers death had Marry'd Berengaria the Daughter of Raimund Berengarius Earl of Barcelona The Nuptials were Celebrated at SaldanÌ„a in November and he had afterwards by her four Children Sancho Ferdinand Elizabeth and Sancha It was well known that the Queen Berengaria was related to her Husband but the point being discussed the Bishops declared it was not within the degrees of Consanquinity which are forbid by the Church Alonso was Great-Grand-son to King Ferdinand of Castile Berengaria third Grandchild to his Brother Ramiro King of Aragon After this the King bent his force against the Moors entred their Territories adjoyning on the Kingdom of Toledo and sate down before Calatrava the Inhabitants of which place used to do great harm in the Neighbouring Country It endured a long Siege but was taken and given by the King to the Archbishop of Toledo At this time the Fame of the Knights Templers was spread through the World for which reason the Archbishop gave the Town to them So say our Authors yet some are of Opinion that those Knights were not the Templers but others who in imitation of them had taken the Cross to make War upon the Moors Now also were taken the Towns of Alarcos Caracuel Mestança Alcudia Almodovar de Campo and Pedroso on the Mountain Sierra Morena What remained thereabouts might easily have been brought under such was the Consternation the Infidels were in but the season of the Year would not permit any further Action Winter being passed the King â—ed his Army through the deserts of Cazlona a part of Sierra Morena into Andaluzia burning and plundering all he came near Jaen was close Besieged all the Winter yet such was the strength of the Walls and Valour of the Inhabitants it could not be carryed Albohali the Son of Hali and Grandson of Joseph was Sovereign of the Almoravides in Africk and Spain his power inferior to his Predecessors by reason of the Civil Wars among the Moors This was therefore a fit opportunity to make War upon him King Alonso's Father-in-Law the Earl of Barcelona dy'd in the Year 1131. He left Bercelona in Spain and Carcassonne and Rodes in France to the eldest Son Raimund To Berengarius his second Son he gave the Earldoms of Provence and Aymillan His Daughter Cecily was Marry'd to Bernard Earl of Faux another whose name is not known to Aimerick Earl of Narbonne The other Daughters were left to the care of the Brother Berengarius and Marry'd to the great Men in France In the following Year there hap'ned nothing remarkable save that King Alonso raised the Siege of Jaen and returned home where he Knighted D. Sancho his Son Arming him at all points and Girting on his Sword with great Ceremony as was usual in those Days By this was signified
that they so Knighted were at Age and it was a means to spur them on to imitate the Virtues of their Forefathers In this manner proceeded the affairs of Castile and Portugal whilst in Aragon all things succeeded with the Christians All that part formerly called Celtiberia was brought under our Dominion Molina which before payed Tribute surrendered To the City Pamplona was added the Suburb of S. Saturninus which the French Peopled and had all the Priviledges of free Citizens granted them and the immunities of Jaca according to which they were constituted a particular Government among themselves The Moors possessed the Sea Coasts about the Mouth of the River Ebro and from thence did much harm in the Neighbouring Country There was need of a Fleet to curb them therefore the King caused a great number of Vessels to be built at Zaragoça and we read that in the time of Vespasian the Emperor that River was Navigable as far as Logrono 65 Leagues from the Sea Mequinencia supposed to be the same Caesar calls Octogesa a strong Town seated where the Rivers Cinga and Segre met was now taken by the King of Aragon All this joyful success was turned into sorrow in this manner Fraga a Town among the Ilergetes by Ptolomey called Gallica Flavia better known by the disaster that now hap'ned than any thing remarkable in it is seated on a rising ground which being washed away by the River Cinga is difficult of access and may be easily defended by a few against a greater number On the back of the Town are Hillocks all filled which lie so close to the place that no Engines can be brought to batter it After taking Mequinencia the King resolving to carry on his Conquests entered the Country that lies up the River Segre which was very well fortified and great numbers of Moors had fled thither for security This concourse made the Kings of Lerida and Fraga grow Powerful The King of Aragon invested Fraga in the Year 1133. his Preparations were greater than the success for Winter coming on and the rains falling he was obliged to put his Army into Quarters resolving to return early in the Spring About February the Siege began and lasted all March and April without any effect the Besieged being furnished with all things necessary to hold out a long time and encouraged with the hopes of relief Abengamia King of Lerida came to raise the Siege with a good Army The Battle was fought near Fraga the Christians were but few in number and those tired many of them were killed Nevertheless this loss did not oblige them to quit the Siege because the loss sustained by the Moors was not inferor to theirs However the King fearing what might follow went away towards the Frontiers of Castile to gather more Forces in the Territory of Soria By the way he wasted the Enemies Country as far as Monçon The King with 300 Horse following the main Body was on a sudden beset by a great number of the Enemy Seeing the danger with few words he encouraged his Men who fell on and fought as could be expected in such a desperate exigency Above all the King signalized himself being well known by his Garment and bright Armour so that all the Moors bending their fury against him he was at length kill'd Having lost their King some of his Men dy'd bravely others escaped by flight This is the truth of that King 's unhappy end tho' several other false rumours have been spread among the ignorant People Some would have it that after this defeat he went to Jerusalem and dy'd there Others write that his Body was bought of the Moors and bury'd at Montaragon My. Opinion is that his Body was not found which gave occasion to invent many Fables about him Certain it is that misfortune hap'ned near the Town of Sarin̄ena on the 7th of September in the Year 1134. This Prince was a Person of singular Valour and Conduct An Ancient Author affirms he fought 29. Battles and was in most of them Victorious He Reigned 30 Years His Will was made three Years before his Death when he Besieg'd Bayonne which our Histories say he took and that at that Siege Peter Earl of Lara fought with Alonso Earl of Toulouze and was by him slain This Will was very remarkable and caused great troubles and confusion By it he left many Towns and Castles to several Churches in Spain and because he had no Children he made the Knights Templers the Hospitalers and those that kept the Sepulcher of Jerusalem Heirs of all his Dominions It concludes with many heavy Curses upon such as shall presume to infringe any part of it Yet the Aragonians and Navarrois assembled at Borgie a place on the Frontiers of Navarre in order to choose a King Peter Atares a Noble Man as some imagine rather than prove of the Blood Royal held that Town by Gift of the deceased King He was a Person of great merit and had doubtless been declar'd King had not his extraordinary Pride prevented it Thus the assembly broke up without coming to any Resolution The Navarrois hated the Government of the Aragonians and thought it was lawful at all times when occasion offer'd to cast off the Yoke that had been violently forced upon them Hereupon they had a meeting apart and at the perswasion of Sancho Rosa Bishop of Pamplona Proclaimed D. Garcia King He was descended of their Ancient Royal Family for he was Son to D. Ramiro and Grandson to D. Sancho who as was said was killed by his Brother Raimund On the other side the Aragonians assembling at Monçon Proclaimed D. Ramiro Brother to the late King notwithstanding he was a Monk Abbot of Sahagun and elect Bishop of Burgos first then of Pamplona and lastly of Roda and Barbastro There is yet extant an Original Instrument dated at Barbastro in October in which he stiles himself King and Priest Nor was this all for tho' he had been above 40. Years a Monk they obliged him to Marry having to that purpose obtained a dispensation of Pope Innocent II. so that he was at once a Monk a Priest a Bishop a Marry'd Man and a King He Marry'd Agnes Sister to William Earl of Poitiers and Guienne who dy'd two Years after at Santiago in Galicia whither he went in Pilgrimage His eldest Daughter Ellenor was Marryed to Luis the Young King of France from whom after having two Daughters she was Divorced by Command of Pope Eugenius III. on account of Consanguinity After that Divorce the King of France Marry'd Elizabeth the Daughter of Alonso VII King of Castile Ellenor was Marry'd to Henry Duke of Normandy and Anjau afterwards King of England by this Match Poitiers and Guienne or Aquitain were annex'd to the Crown of England whence ensu'd Bloody Wars betwixt those two Nations CHAP. IX The King of Castile aspires to the Crowns of Aragon and Navarre Stiles himself Emperor Ramiro King of
Aragon resigns and his Son-in-Law Raimund Earl of Barcelona assumes the Crown THese Elections brought great troubles upon the Kingdoms of Aragon and Navarre and the more for that D. Garcia was weak and D. Ramiro old The King of Castile pretended to have a better right than either of them as being descended from D. Sancho the Greater of Navarre and he had the greatest Power on which King's ground their chiefest right As for the Military Orders appointed by the late King to inherit no Body took notice of them That he might not seem careless in seeking his advantage the King of Castile entred the Territory of Rioja and recover'd all that his Father-in-law King Alonso of Aragon had taken from him by force at first and afterwards upon Capitulation Then he laid Siege to Victoria in Biscay but could not carry it tho' he had all the Towns about Thus the River Ebro came to part the Dominions of Castile and Navarre Many great Men as well as of the Clergy as Laity follow'd and assisted the King who had no sooner regain'd Rioja and Biscay but he bent his Force against Aragon so effectually that by the Month of December he was possess'd of all that part of the Kingdom which lies on this side Ebro King Ramiro being wholly unprovided and not well assur'd of the Affections of his People retir'd to Sobrarve hoping the natural strength of that Country might protect him till Fortune chang'd or some Composition could be made Oldegarius Archbishop of Taragona went betwixt both Parties labouring to bring them to an Accommodation but his endavours seemed Fruitless neither Competitor contenting himself with part as aspiring to the whole Garcia King of Navarre being resolved to condescend to some Agreement upon safe Conduct given him came to Castile where in a General Assembly or Parliament at which were present King Alonso of Castile Berengaria his Queen Sancha his Sister and Garcia King of Navarre besides a great number of Nobles it was resolved that the King of Castile should take the Title of Emperor Accordingly on Whit-Sunday in the Year 1135. as an Author then living writes and it appears by the Acts of that Assembly he was Crowned in the City of Leon by the Hands of the Archbishop of Toledo the King of Navarre standing on his right Hand and the Bishop of Leon on his Left Our Historians say Pope Innocent II. consented to this Act but it is scarce credible he would do that Affront to the Emperor of the Romans After this the new Emperor was again Crowned at Toledo These two Coronations gave occasion to the dispute there is about the place where that Ceremony was performed An Author then living says he was Crown'd three times in imitation of the German Emperors first at Toledo then at Leon and lastly at Compestella with a Crown of Gold The other Kings of Spain before this assum'd the Title only this preserv'd it and is call'd Alonso the Emperor Besides it is manifest that from his time the City Toledo began to use the Arms it still retains which are An Emperor in his Robes on a Throne the Globe in his left Hand and a naked Sword in his Right The Arms of that City before were first two Stars and after that a Lion rampant Hence also it took the stile of the Imperial City As soon as the new Emperor had taken upon him that Title he nam'd his two Sons Kings Sancho the eldest of Castile and Ferdinand the youngest of Leon. The Nobility and Clergy labour'd to compose the differences above-mention'd No good could be wrought upon Aragon therefore the two Kings of Castile and Navarre had another Conference at Paradilla on the River Ebro Here it was agreed that D. Garcia should possess Navarre and all that part of Aragon that had been Conquered but should do Fealty and Homage to the Crown of Castile for the same and also that both Kings should joyn their Forces against him of Aragon Thus the Argonians and Navarrois were intangled in War till some Bishops interposing they appointed three Arbitrators on each side by whom it was decreed That the Bounds of Navarre and Aragon should be the same they had been in the time of D. Sancho the Greater but that the King of Navarre should hold his Dominions of the Crown of Aragon which was the same thing he had promised to Castile So little did they regard Promises To ratifie this Contract the two Kings met at Pamplona but he of Aragon being inform'd the Navarrois design'd to kill him fled and thus the Breach was made wider than at first D. Ramiro for his great Age and Weakness being grown contemptible to the Commonalty as well as the Nobility in revenge call'd together all the great Men to Huesca upon pretence of Consulting with them about weighty Affairs and there put to Death 15 of the chief of them in the Year 1136. Many things are reported of his Insufficiency scarce credible but there is no doubt he was not fit for such a troublesome Government He himself at length growing weary of so many cares and resolving to ease himself of them having now a Daughter call'd Petronilla declar'd his intention at that meeting at Huesca and admonish'd all there present that their chief study ought to be to establish Friendship with D. Alonso the Emperor without thinking of any revenge against the Navarrois Raymund Earl of Barcelona was the chief Instrument in concerting matters betwixt Castile and Aragon as being Ally'd to both those Princes and having some intimation that he should Marry the Princess Petronilla and be declar'd King of Aragon At Alagon a Town three Leagues above Zaragoça on the River Ebro the two Kings met and agreed that Zaragoça should be restored to the Crown of Aragon Calatayud Alagon and the rest on this side Ebro should remain to Castile King Ramiro's Daughter was given as an Hostage for performance of Articles but they could not agree about her Marrying D. Sancho the Emperor's eldest Son for that she was promised to the Earl of Barcelona So far were both Parties from having any regard to their Alliances made with Navarre that they Articl'd to joyn their Forces against that King He having notice of it and being a Man of great Spirit provided to meet that Storm and durst not only make good his own but endeavour'd to enlarge the narrow bounds of his Dominions He Marry'd Margaret Daughter of Rotron Earl of Perche and had the City Tudela with her in Dower The Records of those times mention that he Reign'd over Pamplona Najara Alava Biscay and Guipuscoa He was supported by the French Luis their King looking upon it as a thing Honourble to protect this new Prince The Armies of Castile and Navarre encamp'd near and Towns of Galur and Cortes but came not to a Battle both sides being unwilling to hazard all for this is more likely than that they forbore in respect
to the Feast of Easter The Marriage betwixt the Earl of Barcelona and the Princess Petronilla was agreed upon on the 11th of August that same Year 1137. This done D. Ramiro laying aside the care of the Government withdrew to the Church of St. Peter at Huesea still retaining the Title of King and Power of resuming that Authority when he should think fit All Officers were order'd to take the Oath of Fidelity to the Earl of Barcelona and because the Nobles on account of Service in that time of need had obtain'd Grants of many Towns and Castles from the King all such Grants were made void especially those that passed since the King chose the Earl for his Son-in-law As to Navarre it was ordain'd the Bounds of the Kingdoms should be the same that had been agreed upon at Pamplona and Valdoluengo As soon as Raymund entred upon the Government he had a Conference with the Emperor D. Alonso at Carrion where he obtain'd all the Lands that had been taken from the Crown of Aragon on this side Ebro should be restor'd but only to be held of the Crown of Castile This done he made his Entry into Zaragoça and was receiv'd with great applause having establish'd Peace William Raymund Seneschal or High-Steward of Catalonia had a great hand in all these Affairs and as a Reward had the Town of Moncada given him from him descends the Noble Family of Moncada in that Country CHAP. X. D. Alonso of Portugal takes the Title of King His Wars with the Moors War betwixt Christian Princes and Peace concluded Baeca and Almeria taken by the King of Castile and Lisbon by him of Portugal THese Confusions we have spoken of gave the Portugueses an opportunity of enlarging their Dominions and rendring their Name famous D. Alonso Prince or as some call him Duke of Portugal being a Man no less renowned in Peace than War ceased not enlarging and beutifying his Dominions At Coimbra he built the Monastery of Santacruz a stately Structure which he chose for his place of Burial and endow'd it with the Town of Leyra then taken from the Moors This was but an Introduction to greater Exploits for in the Year 1139. he broke into the Territories of the Infidels with a powerful Army and passing the River Tagus made War upon Ismar the Moorish King in those parts In this Expedition dy'd Egas NunÌ„ez D. Alonso's Tutor by whose wise Councels he had till then been govern'd In the City Porto there is a Monastery of Benedictive Monks founded by D. Egas in which are to be seen his and his Children Tombs That of his Wife D. Teresa is in the Monastery of Gereceda of Cistercians built by her two Leagues from Lamego Ismar understanding of D. Alonso's design gather'd all the Forces he could and four other Moorish Kings joyning him compos'd a Formidable Army The two Bodies had sight of one another in a Plain then call'd Vrichio now Cabeças de Ryes or King's-head a place fit to give Battle That Country is water'd by the River Palma which about Beja where it springs has little water but other Streams falling into it gathers such a Body that near Alcaçar do Sal where it falls into the Sea it is Navigable D. Alonso was surpriz'd to see so great a number of Enemies but Honour prevailing above Fear and the more for that two days before that is on the 25th of July being the Feast of S. James the Apostle his Soldiers had saluted him King he resolv'd to put all to the hazard of a Battle Having in few Words encourag'd his Men he order'd to sound a Charge the Enemy did the same and there ensu'd a most obstinate Battle both Parties fighting for Honour for their Lives and for the Dominion of all Portugal After a sharp dispute the Multitude of Moors gave way to the Valour of the Christians many of them were kill'd and many made Prisoners The Standards of the 5 Kings were taken and from them the Portugue Arms which are Azure five Escutcheons Others will have it that they signifie the five Wounds of our Saviour but I see no Authority for it In the time of Sancho II. King of Portugal there was added to the ancient Arms an Orle of Castles the number not fix'd then now they use seven This is the famous Battle so much and so justly extoll'd by the Portugues Writers after which the strength of Portugal increased in an extraordinary manner All the Glory of the King's Actions was sully'd by the Imprisonment of his Mother which Pope Innocent II. understanding sent the Bishop of Coimbra to treat with him about restoring her to her Liberty But the King was Deaf to all Advice therefore the Bishop leaving the City under an Interdict departed out of Portugal A Cardinal being also sent from Rome upon the same account had no better success but was oblig'd by the King's Threats to take off the Interdict he had laid upon the whole Kingdome King Alonso now Marry'd the Lady Malfada some say she was Daughter to Amalaricus Lord of Molina others to Amadeus Earl of Savoy By her he had D. Sancho D. Vrraca and D. Teresa The last Marry'd afterwards to Philip Earl of Flanders Besides these the King had a Bastard Son call'd Peter After the Nuptial Solemnities the Portugueses applyed themselves again to the War Santaren a Town of note seated on the Banks of Tagus was surprized and the Moors expell'd With the Booty taken in this Action the King founded the Monastery of Alcobaça of the Order of St. Bernard as he had vowed to do if he took that Town There was great strife betwixt Albohali head of the Family of the Almoravides and Abdelmon of the Almohades a New rising Family among the Moors about the Empire of Africk This gave the Christians an opportunity of subduing the Moors in Spain and indeed nothing supported them but the Wars we had among our selves Such was the Peace the Moors injoy'd in some places that they gave themselves to study and several Learned Men flourished among them especially at Cordova In this number some reckon Anicenne tho' others affirm he was never in Spain Averroes now â—â— fit Commentaries on Aristotle and Avenzor was Famous in Mathematicks especially Astrology Thus much of Cordova In Portugal the Christians took by force of Arms the Town of Sintra seated near the Promonrtorâ— by the Ancients called Artabrum and not far from the Mouth of Tagus This was a Convement place to receive Foreign Succours and Fleets arriv'd there from England France and Flanders bringing such considerable supplies that the King resolved to lay Siege to Lisbon the Metropolis of Portugal But before we Treat of that Famous Siege let us look back upon what we left behind Whilst these things hap'ned in Portugal the Aragonians and Navarrois were at War Both strove to bring D. Alonso of Castile to their part but Raymund Earl of Barcelona having
Grace they order'd him to pay a Yearly Acknowledgment to the Popes Eugenius appointed four Pounds of Gold Alexander two Marks Whether the Kings of Portugal then paid it is not known of late Ages that Crown had deem'd it self free from any such Imposition THE History of SPAIN The Eleventh BOOK CHAP. I. The coming into Spain of the Moors called Almohades The Death of D. Garcia King of Navarre by a fall from his Horse his Son Sancho succeeds him King Alonso and his Daughter both Marry'd Many Places taken from the Moors LET us being this Book with another Invasion of Spain made by the cruel and barbarous Family of the Almohades who about this time erected to themselves a new Kingdom in Africk and Spain Great Revolutions ensu'd and great Calamities threatn'd the Christians till the Forces of the Moors were at last crush'd by one of the most famous Victories that has been heard of obtain'd over them Albohali of the Family of the Almoravides was Emperor of the Moors in Africk and Spain at has been said before in his time a learned Man and great Astrologer call'd Tumerto seeing a â—usty proper Youth whose Name was Abdelmon the Son of a Potter he Prognosticated to him that he should be King of his Nation At the same time one Almohades a Mahometan Preacher held by the Multitude for a Saint distracted the Multitude ready to run a mading after every extravagant Novelty with a new Interpretation of their Law To him Tumerto discloses what he had found by his Science and he either believing or seeming to believe it they both consulted how to over-turn the Government of the Kingdom There is nothing so pernicious as the pretence of Religion when us'd to cover Rebellion Almohades making use of the Reputation he had gain'd persuaded his Followers to take up Arms under Abdelmon and destroy the Race of the Almoravides as Usurpers that had wrongfuly possessed the Crown by Extirpating the Alavecines a Family descended from Fatima Mahomet's eldest Daughter Besides that they must cast off the Yoke of the Almoravides to make way for those new Opinions in Religion which they had embrac'd Hereupon the Multitude took up Arms but being unskill'd in the use of them were easily overcome by Albohali Yet assembling in greater numbers they never ceased till they had overthrown the Almoravides and kill'd Albohali the King Abdelmon succeeded in the Throne and then the Followers of Almohades who from him were also call'd Almohades being possess'd of the Government chang'd the ancient Laws and Customs Having setled Africk they began to look towards Spain Tumerto was left to keep Africk under whilst Abdelmon and Almohades with a great Force pass'd over into Spain At first they did no harm hoping to attract the People by kindness and they succeeded therein for all the Moors in Spain easily embrac'd their new Opinions and their former Superstition became no less odious to them than Christianity Being possess'd of all they fell to Persecuting of the small remains of the Christians that liv'd mix'd with the Moors putting 'em to all manner of Torments Many fled to the Christians Dominions others were overcome and yielded to the Infidels so that from thence forward few Christians were left among the Moors The Almohades contenting themselves with the Sovereignty of Africk and so much of Spain as was under the Moors thought not fit at that time to make War upon the Christians who were Powerful both by Sea and Land but return'd into Africk Soon after their Prophet Almohades dy'd and the King caused a Magnificent Sepulchre to be erected for him near Morocco the Metropolis of that Kingdom whither the ignorant Multitude began to go in Pilgrimage The Almohades entred Spain in the Year 1150. Roderick the Archbishop says 6 Years sooner The same Year that Alonso the Emperor took Cordova which I suppose to be after Abdelmon return'd into Africk D. Garcia King of Navarre was kill'd by a fall off his Horse on a Rock as he was Hunting near Lorca a Town in his Dominions His Death was on the 21st of November He was going from Estella to Pamplona to punish that City for their Disobedience but this misfortune prevented his designs He Reign'd 16 Years and left these Children D. Sancho who succeeded him and was Crown'd in the Cathedral of Pamplona where he bury'd his Father Blanch Marry'd to the Emperor Alonso's Son and Marguerite to William King of Sicily call'd the Wicked Besides these he had Alonso Ramirez Lord of Castro Viejo and Sancha Marry'd first to Gaston Viscount of Bearn and afterwards to Gonzalo Earl of Molina The Death of the King of Navarre produc'd new Troubles for Alonso the Emperor and Raymund Earl of Barcelona had an Interview upon this occasion at Tudelin a Town of Navarre near the Baths at which Sancho now declar'd King of Castile by the Emperor his Father was present Here they Articled that all that part of the Dominions of Navarre which had belong'd to Castile should be restor'd to the Emperor and what had appertain'd to Aragon to the Earl That the ancient Kingdom of Navarre should be equally divided betwixt them the Earl to hold his part of the Crown of Castile In regard of the Moors they agreed that when Valencia and all that lies between Tortosa and the River Xucar as also Murcia were taken they should be deliver'd to the Aragonians so as they should do Homage for them to the Crown of Castile Hereupon they shook hands a Ceremony then used to confirm Promises and resolv'd to commence the War against Navarre when the Month of September was over All this League fell to nothing for the new King strengthen'd him self with Supplies from abroad and gain'd the Love of his Subjects which his Father never had done Other Cares diverted the Emperor and Earl so that nothing was done only some Inroads on both sides which were not of moment The Earl went into France against Trencavelle Viscount of Carcassonne with whom he at last agreed that he should do him Homage for the Towns of Carcassonne and Rhodes Alonso the Emperor was taken up in concerting of Marriages for Leuis King of France being Divorc'd from Ellenor Countess of Poitiers after he had two Children by her Marry'd the Emperor's Daughter some call her Elizabeth others Canstance At the same time the Emperor himself Marry'd Rica the Daughter of Vladislaus Duke of Poland Amidst the Nuptial Joys the noise of Arms could not take place Besides Navarre was in League with France which might perhaps appease the Emperor Besides Sancho the King was generally belov'd and the Emperor himself was a Lover of Justice all which motives induced him to forbear from War Of his Justice he gave a most pregnant Testimony in the following Action A Man of Birth that had serv'd in the Wars such as Spain call'd Infanzones living in Gallicia took away by force all that a Farmer had Being
warn'd by the King and Governour to make restitution he did not obey Hereupon the King in disguise for the greater secrecy Travelled from Toledo to the farthest part of Gallicia and seizing that Soldier caused him to be hang'd before his own door This action gained him great reputation In the Year 1152. he lay'd Siege to Jaen and the following to Guadix in Andaluzia but took neither D. Petronila Queen of Aragon was delivered of a Son who during his Father's Life was called Raymund and after his death Alonso It is remarkable that before her Labour this Lady made her Will by which in case she were delivered of a Son she left the Crown of Aragon to him but if it proved a Daughter she bequeath'd it to her Husband All that the Moors possessed along the Rivers Segre and Cinga was now taken from them by the Aragonians Besides that many Castles between Tarragona and Tortosa in places naturally strong and almost inaccessible were recovered also the Town of Miravete on the Banks of the River Ebro which was given to the Knights Templers The King bought the third part of Tortosa which according to contract at the taking of it belonged to the Genoeses for a sum of ready Money These actions made the name of the Earl Raymund Famous not only in Spain but in Foreign Countries yet such was his Modesty tho' he would never take the Title of King tho' he had a Crown in the right of his Wife but stiled himself Prince of Aragon From this time the Arms of Aragon were chang'd for those of Catalonia which are Barry of eight Pieces Or and Gules Sancho who afterwards succeeded his Father Alonso King of Portugal was born on the 11th of November 1154. in the City Coimbra The Birth of this Prince and coming of Lewis King of France into Spain were the most remarkable things happ'ned this Year CHAP. II. King Luis the Younger of France comes into Spain Alonso of Castile and Leon call'd the Emperor Dies His Sons Sancho and Ferdinand inherit the Crowns of Castile and Leon. Original of the Knights of Calatrava LVis King of France call'd the Younger being suspicious that the Empress his Wife was not lawfully begotten resolv'd to come into Spain to be better inform'd but that the design of his coming might not be known pretended to go on Pilgrimage to the Church of S. James the Apostle in Galicia His Father-in-Law the Emperor Alonso with his two Sons and the King of Navarre went as far as Burgos to meet him and thither resorted all the Nobility in their greatest Splendor to shew the riches of Spain to the French In this manner they Travelled to Compostela and having performed their devotions returned to Toledo where a General Assembly of the States or Parliament as well of the Moors Subject to the Emperor as the Christians was by him called the more to manifest his Power and Grandeur Among the rest came Raymund Earl of Barcelona with a very Splendid Retinue King Luis considering the Grandeur of this Assembly confessed he had not seen any to compare to it and Praised God that he had to Wife the Daughter of Alonso the Emperor and Neice to the Prince of Aragon All sorts of Sports were exhibited with great Magnificence and rich presents offered to the Stranger but he would accept of nothing save only a rich Carbuncle and thus he returned home well pleased Raymund of Aragon bore him Company as far as Jaca where they were received with much Grandeur On the 28th of August dy'd the Earl of Vrgel Grandson to Peranzules for distinction sake he was call'd Armengaud of Castile Upon Friday the 11th of November 1155. Blanch Wife to Sancho King of Castile was deliver'd of a Son called Alonso who came to inherit his Father and Grandfather's Dominions It had been proposed in the Treaty of Tudelin to have this Lady divorced as being under Age but Justice the Love her Husband bore her and her own innocence prevailed Hugh Bauce and his Brothers the Sons of Raymund and Grandsons of Gilbert grounding their right on a Priviledge of the Emperors granted to them strove to possess themselves of all Provence but the Earl of Barcelona marching with a powerful Army to protect his Nephew they were soon reduced At the same time Jacintus the Popes Legate settled the affairs of the Church in Spain giving judgment for the Archbishop of Toledo against those of Santiago and Braga who contended for the Primacy Luis King of France at the instance of his Father-in-Law now sent an Arm of S. Eugenius the Martyr spoken of before which was received without the City by the Emperor his Sons and all the Clergy and carry'd on their Shoulders in Procession to the Cathedral in the Year 1156. The rest of the Body was brought to Spain in the time of Philip II. and placed in the same Church Raymund Prince of Aragon could not brook the cutting off the Kingdom of Navarre from that of Aragon Hereupon he Solicited Alonso the Emperor to put in execution the League concluded at Tudelin and with joint Forces to invade Navarre and the more to strengthen this agreement a Match was proposed betwixt Sancha the Emperors Daughter by his Wife Rica and the Son of Raymund but both being Infants nothing more was done but signing the Treaty Sancho and Ferdinand the Emperor's Sons were included in this Alliance Nevertheless the Emperor would rather have been Mediator for Peace with the King of Navarre hoping to Marry his Daughter Beatriz whom he had by his Wife Berengaria to that King This took effect afterwards In the mean while he indeavoured to delay joyning with the Aragonians under Colour of making War upon the Moors before the Empire of the Almahodes was quite setled in Spain For now Abdelmon dying his Son and Successor Jacob or as others call him Joseph a Warlike Man was come over out of Africk with 60000 Horse and much greater number of Foot This perplexed the Emperor who thereupon earnestly intreated the Prince of Aragon now ready to enter Navarre with a powerful Army that he would not commence the War till after the Feast of S. Martin That enterprize was accordingly put off but the Confederacy renewed at Toledo in February 1157. This delay was the more tolerable to Prince Raymund for that he was obliged to repair to Narbonne Hermengada Viscountess of that City was forced thence and obliged to fly to his Protection Berengarius the Archbishop who gave her the advice accompany'd her to Perpignan where all things were setled Alonso the Emperor with a mighty Army broke into Andaluzia burning and destroying all before him He recovered Bacça which had been lately lost took Andujar and Quesada and the heat of the Summer coming on left his Son Sancho the greater part of the Army to secure those Conquests His Son Ferdinand and he returned with the rest of the
Aragon his Issue Alonso his eldest Son succeeds in his Dominions RAymund Prince of Aragon believing the Capitulation in vertue of which he held that part of Aragon which lies on this side Ebro was void by the Death of the Emperor had a Conference with King Sancho at Naxama There the business was debated the Aragonian pretending that Zaragoça Calatayud and other Towns were now exempted from the Jurisdiction of Castile This would not be allow'd yet they agreed that the King of Castile should not be possess'd of any Towns or Castles in that Country but that the Kings of Aragon should do Homage to them for the same and be oblig'd to come to the Cortes or Parliament of Castile when call'd Moreover the League against Navarre was again renew'd but to as little effect as at other times After this Interview the Argoniam commenc'd the War against Navarre but the Forces of Castile could not do their part being prevented by the Death of the King and Queen The Queen dy'd on the 24th of June in the Year 1158. and was bury'd at Najara in the Royal Monastery of S. Mary the Burial Place of the Kings of Navarre On the last of August following the King being busie preparing for the War against the Moors departed this Life at Toledo and was Interr'd in the Cathedral near his Father He Reign'd only 1 Year and 11 Days and had he liv'd longer might have equall'd the Glory of any of his Ancestors Notwithstanding the King's Death his Army in which every Man wore the Cross entred Andaluzia and in Battle overthrew Jacob Miramamolin who was marching towards Sevil. A great slaughter was made of the Moors yet Jacob their King having recruited his Army fell upon such Moorish Kings as refused to submit to him His first attempt was upon the King of Valencia and Marcia but it succeeded not for Raymund Prince of Aragon defended him as being his Ally Then he bent his Force against Alhagius King of Merida whom he subdu'd After this Fadala and Omer two Sons of Alhagius joyning theirs with some of Jacob's entred the Christian Territories as far as Placencia and Avila and bending their course towards Talavera were on their return to Merida with a great Booty But the People of Avila under the command of their Captains Sancho and Gomez overtaking them near Sietevados totally routed them and recover'd all the Prey Four Years after this the same Commanders breaking into Estremadura defeated the Moors that came to oppose them and brought away a rich Booty of Cattle From these Gentlemen are descended the Lords of Villaroro and Marquesses of Velada At the time of his Death King Sancho recommended his Son Alonso then but four years of age to the care of Gutierre Fernandez de Castro who had been his Tutor He order'd the rest of the Nobles should still keep in their Hands those places they were in possession of till the King was 15 years of Age which prov'd very fatal and gave ill Men an opportunity of disturbing the Peace of the Kingdom the Nobility taking it ill that the King and his Authority should be put into the hands of one single Person Among the Nobility of Castile the two most powerful Families at this time were those of Castro and Lara These for a considerable time had the first Vote in the Cortes or Parliament D. Gutierre who had the charge of breeding the young King for his great Age and Experience was highly esteem'd among the Castro's He had no Children His younger Brother Roderick had four viz. Ferdinand Alvaro Peter and Gutierre and a Daughter called Sancha Marry'd to Alvaro de Gusman so that her power was as great as her Brothers The Family of Lara consisted of three Brothers Henry Alvaro and Nun̄o who had great Possessions along the River Duero and were Sons of Earl Peter of Lara kill'd at Bayonne as has been said Their Mother was a Lady call'd Aba who had been first Marry'd to D. Garcia Earl of Cabra by whom she had D. Garcia Acia the Heir of that Estate which added much to the power of the three Brothers They resented that the House of Castro should be preferr'd before them and carry'd it so high in their Discourses it appear'd they would come to blows rather than quit their pretensions D. Gutierre to secure the publick Peace was easily persuaded to put the King into the hands of D. Garcia Acia a modest Man but of too much sincerity for those times In so much that upon pretence of the Expence he was at with the King the Revenues of the Crown being intangl'd he deliver'd him up to D. Manrique de Lara his Brother by the Mother's side which was all he had strugled for D. Gutierre complained this was a breach of Faith and would again have recovered the charge of Educating the King but his Adversaries mock'd at him and thus all things seemed to tend to Confusion and War Ferdinand King of Leon pretending most right to the breeding his Nephew entred Castile with an Army wasting the Lands of the Family of Lara who remov'd the King to Soria from the danger of the War At this time dy'd D. Gutierre de Castro and was bury'd in the Monastery of S. Christopher at Encas D. Manrique de Lara grown more Insolent requir'd the Heirs of the Deceased to resign such Towns and Forts as were in their hands They excus'd themselves pleading the late King's Will by which they were not to resign them till the young King were at Age. Hereupon D. Manrique caused the Body of D. Gutierre to be taken up as if he had been guilty of Treason The case being put to Tryal Judgment was given for D. Gutierre and his Body order'd to be bury'd Mean while King Ferdinand rang'd all the Country there being no Army to make head against him D. Manrique dispairing he should be able to resist was forced to engage himself to King Ferdinand that he would deliver up the King and Government to him to hold for 12 years To this purpose the Cortes or Parliament was summoned to Soria where the young King was Here one Nun̄o Almexar seeing the King carried away to be deliver'd to his Uncle snatch'd him from those that led him and carried him away to Santistevan de Gormaz Thence with consent of the Brothers of Lara he was carried to Atiença and after many removals to Avila There the Townsmen Loyally Defended him till the 11th Year of his Age and were therefore commonly call'd the Faithful King Ferdinand in a rage for being disappointed accused Nun̄o and Manrique de Lara with breach of Faith and thereupon sent to challenge them but they only answer'd That whatsoever others thought their Consciences were satisfy'd they had done their Duty to their King All the Kingdom rejoiced the King was deliver'd from his Uncle but their Joy was not lasting for he wasted all the Country most of the Cities submitted to him
or were taken by force and Toledo it self did not escape for it appears that City submitted to King Ferdinand so that a very small part remain'd to the young King On the other side the King of Navarre thinking this a good opportunity to recover his losses having first made Peace with Aragon broke into the Dominions of Castile and possess'd himself of Logron̄o Entren̄a Briviesca and other Towns Thus all the Country was filled with confusion Whilst Castile was thus rent with intestine Divisions the Moors of Andaluzia enjoy'd perfect Peace Only the Forces of Portugal and Aragon kept them in aw Raymund Prince of Aragon was in great renown for his perpetual good Fortune which was such that Lope the Moorish King of Murcia was subject to him and in France he had taken above 30 Strong-Holds and the Town of Trencataye which he destroy'd from the Family of Beauce who invaded Provence The Emperor Frederick who had favoured his Enemies sought his Friendship and a League was concluded betwixt them Raymund had brought out of Castile Rica the Widow of the Emperor Alonso and his Daughter Sancha contracted to his own Son At the instance of the Emperor Frederick it was agreed that Rica who was his Kinswoman should Marry Raymund Berengarius Earl of Provence who thereupon should possess all the said Earldom of Provence and the City Arles with its Territory To ratifie this Agreement it was resolv'd both Raymunds should meet the Emperor at Turin on the first of August in the Year 1162. On the way thither at S. Dalmacius a Town at the foot of the Alps Raymund Prince of Aragon fell sick and dy'd the 6th day of the same Month. Notwithstanding his Death Raymund Earl of Provence obtained of the Emperor all he desired Prince Raymund's Body was brought to his Country and buried in the Monastery of Ripoli as he had ordered Cortes or a Parliament being held at Huesca Raymund's last Will left by word of Mouth was repeated whereby he declared his Son Raymund his Successor who took possession of his Father's Principality by the name of Alonso To Peter his second Son he left Cerdagne Carcassonne and Narbonne Sancho the youngest was to succeed Peter in case he died without Heirs He made no mention of his Daughter Dulcis who was after Queen of Portugal nor of his Bastard Son Berengarius who was Bishop of Taraçona and Lerida and Abbot of Montaragon The King's Minority he being but 11 years old gave an opportunity to turbulent Spirits to raise Commotions An Impostor now openly affirmed he was King Alonso who as has been said was killed 28 years before at the Battle of Fraga He said he had been till then in Asia serving against the Infidels in the Holy-Land His Age and Features but most of all the Love the Multitude has for Novelties gained him some Reputation Great mischiefs might have ensued had not the Impostor been taken at Zaragoça and put to Death in the very beginning of the Tumult In the Year 1163. the Assembly of States or Parliament of Aragon was held at Barcelona The Queen Petronilla by the advice of the Nobility resigned over the Crown of Aragon to her Son then 13 years of Age. Raymund Earl of Provence who had some time governed Catalonia for his Cousin returned home and died in the Year 1166. King Alonso receiving the News at Girona by advice of the Nobility called himself Marquess of Provence for they pretended by the Emperor's Grant that Country was not only given to the late Earl of Provence but to Raymund Prince of Aragon and his Heirs which occasioned Wars in France CHAP. IV. Alonso the young King of Castile takes upon him the Government recovers most of his Dominions joins in League with the Aragonian and Marries Ellenor Daughter to Henry II. King of England Some Actions of Ferdinand King of Leon. IN Castile the People growing weary of the King of Leon invited their young King Alonso to take upon him the Government promising all would declare for him These invitations and the persuasions of the Nobility prevailed and he resolved to depart from Avila and visit the principal places of the Kingdom This was in the Year 1168. as some write I rather believe two years sooner by the computation of time for when his Father died he was 4 years of age and at this time 11. He was not deceived for many Cities received him with Joy and furnished all Necessaries for him and his Retinue which at first consisted of only a few Nobles and a Guard of 150 Horse furnished by the City Avila This was a small Force to recover so many Places as the King of Leon held with strong Garisons The King encouraged by Success resolved to try Toledo but feared Ferdinand Ruiz de Castro who held it would not be prevailed upon to deliver that City Stephen Illan a Citizen of note had built the Church of S. Romanus in the highest part of the City and adjoyning to it a Tower which served as well for Strength as an Ornament He was an Enemy to Ferdinand de Castro and therefore getting privately out of the City he conveyed the King disguised into the Tower Then setting up the Royal Standard he gave notice the King was there whereupon the Citizens running to Arms Ferdinand de Castro fled to Huete a Town then very strong as lying upon the Frontiers exposed to the Moors The People of Toledo as well those who had been against admitting the King as the most Loyal expressed great Joy and nothing resounded but God save the King Stephen Illan for his good Service was much honoured and made Governour of the City After his death the Citizens caused his Picture on Horse-back to be drawn on the Roof of the Cathedral behind the High Altar where it is still to be seen The King entred Toledo upon Friday the 26th of August On Michaelmass-day following died John Archbishop of Toledo when he had governed that Church with much applause 16 years Cerebrunus or Cenebrunus succeeded him a Man grateful to King Alonso having taught him the first Rudiments of Learning He had been Arch-deacon of Toledo and Bishop of Siguença and it is thought was a Frenchman The King after securing Toledo at the instigation of Manrique Earl of Lara his General marched against Ferdinand de Castro who refused not to meet him being supported by the People of Huete that stood firm to him Two Leagues from that Town at a place called Garcinaharro they came to a Battle Ferdinand de Castro fought in a disguise D. Manrique with all his might charged a Gentleman that was armed like a General and killed him believing it had been Ferdinand but was himself soon after slain by one of the said Ferdinand's Followers The General being killed the King's Forces were put to flight Nun̄o Brother to Manrique understanding the deceit used by Ferdinand de Castro laid Treachery to his charge
The Original of the Knights of Santiago The taking of Cuenca by the Christians Increase of the Knights of Santiago or St. James the Apostle Several places in Navarre taken by the Castilians THE Moors were so pressed by the Aragonians that they had no place of safety Along the River Alga the Towns of Favara Maella Fresneda and others were taken from them On the River Ebro the strong Town of Caspe A great number of them had retired to the Mountain Idubeda thinking the natural strength of the place would secure them but thence also they were driven by the Valour of the Christians So that from this time the Dominion of the Moors extended no farther than the Borders of the Kingdom of Valoncia At the same time Peter de Açagra Son to Roderick de Açagra before spoken of and Lord of Estela for some signal Service done to Lope King of Murcia had the strong Town of Albarazin seated on an uncoth Mountain near the Springs of Tagus given him This place was soon after made a Bishoprick and annexed to the Province of Toledo Both the Kings of Castile and Aragon were offended at Peter de Açagra the latter pretending that City was within the limits of his Conquest whereas Peter would do Homage for it to no Man The other complained he had taken some Castles belonging to him and therefore both agreed with their joint Forces to destroy Albarazin For the more strengthening of this League cautionary Towns were given on both sides the King of Aragon had Agreda Cervera and Aguilar he of Castile Aranda Borgia and Arguedo It was also concluded that Hariza and its Castle should be delivered to the King of Castile in pursuance of the former Capitulation But because Nun̄o Sanchez delivered it without a Special Order the two Kings fell at Variance which yet went no further than Words This discord gave Peter de Açagra time to strengthen himself for neither of the Kings attack'd him He of Aragon despising the Match that had been made by his Father with the Daughter of Castile sent Embassadors to Emanuel Commenus Emperor of Constantinople to desire his Daughter in Marriage Some troubles were at this time in Aragon on occasion that William Aguillon Lord of Tarragona had killed Hugo Bishop of that City for maintaining the Priviledges of his Church The death of Hugo fell on the 22th of April in the Year 1171. which Year was also remarkable for the Death of Thomas Archbishop of Canterbury in England who was Murdered on the same score afterwards Canonized by Pope Alexander III. and soon honoured as a Saint in Spain Lope King of Murcia dy'd in the Year 1172. The King of Aragon thought this a fit opportunity to make his advantage of and entring the Kingdom of Valencia obliged that King to buy a Peace and promise for the future to pay double the Tribute he had payed before Thence the Aragonian pass'd into the Country of Murcia and lay'd Siege to the City Xativa which he was forced to quit when it was upon the point of surrendring being called away to defend his own Country against the Navarrois who made War upon him Hereupon a Truce was concluded with the King of Murcia upon Condition he should pay the same Tribute his Father had agreed to This done the King marched towards Navarre in a rage yet they came not to a Battle but he wasted that Country on the side of Tudela and took the Town of Argueda This hap'ned towards the end of the Year In the beginning of the next being 1173. the War was continued and the Aragonians utterly destroy'd the Town of Milagro betwixt Calahorra and Alfaro from whence much harm had been done in the Lands of Aragon Petronilla Mother to the King of Aragon dy'd on the Third of October the same Year at Barcelona On the 18th of January 1174. the Marriage was at last consumatted at Zaragoça betwixt the King of Aragon and Sancha Sister to him of Castile as had been agreed long before by their Parents the King of Aragon now upon second Thoughts perferring the Alliance of Castile before that of a Foreign and remote Emperor At the same time the Grecian Emperor's Daughter arrived at Montpellier in France where understanding how she was disappointed she Marry'd the Lord of that City About this time the Order of the Knights of Santiago or St. James the Apostle began first to be taken notice of and by degrees from a small beginning are now risen to a Regal Grandeur When the Sepulcher of St. James the Apostle was first discovered the devotion of the place drew many Pilgrims and many were deterred by the badness of the ways and danger of the Moors For taking away these Obstacles the Cannons of St. Eloy built many Hospitals on the road and one to be the Chief of the rest at Leon. This at first mov'd many good People to bestow great Riches upon them Afterwards some that had served in the Wars joined their stocks and lived under certain Rules like Religious Men. These by the industry of Cardinal Jacintus the Popes Legate joyned with the Canons of St. Eloy who had a Convent without the Town of Compostella and sent Commissioners to Rome to Pope Alexander for the obtaining his approbation of their new institution which was to be regulated according to the rule of St. Augustin observed by those Canons Pero Fernandez de Puente Encalada was the chief of these Commissioners who obtained the Pope's Bull approving their design and assigning them Rules to observe The Bull bears date July the 5th 1175 Pero Fernandez himself was Constituted the first great Master of the Order The Badge of the Knights is a White Cloak with a red Cross made in the manner of a Sword The Hospital of St. Mark at Leon was assigned them for their Monastery Their Possessions in Castile were very large among others they had the Towns of Vcles Mora Estriana Almodovar Larunda and Santa Cruz de la Zarça near Ocen̄a in the Year 1176. King Alonso of Castile being of Age and resolving to be revenged on the Kings of Leon and Navarre for the wrongs they had done him in his Minority before he took the Field made his Vows to God in Toledo and gave the Towns of Illescas and Hazan̄a to that Church This done he entred the Territory of Rioja as far as Ebro and having wasted the Borders of Navarre turn'd back and bent his Force against the Kingdom of Leon where he burnt and plundered all the Country the King his Unkle being too weak to withstand him The King of Leon vented his Anger upon the new Knights of St. James supposing they favoured their old Master the King of Castile and therefore drove them out of his Dominions and obliged them to fly to Castile for protection Soon after King Ferdinand repented but it was too late however by the Mediation of Prelates a Truce was
concluded betwixt those two Crowns Thus much concerning the Original of this Order of Knighthood I know some will have King Alonso the Chast and others King Ramiro to be the Founders of it long belong this time but they have no grounds for it In France after much trouble Peace was concluded betwixt the King of Aragon and Earl of Toulouze who was dissatisfied for that the King obstructed the Marriage of his Son with the Daughter of the late Earl of Provence The King gave him 3000 Marks of Silver to quit his pretensions and his Son Married the Sister of Trencavelle Viscount of Carcassonne her name was Beatrix Hugo Great Master of the Templers was very instrumental in making this Accommodation Castile after a long Oppression began now through the Valour of its King D. Alonso to lift up its head At the same time the power of the Moors declined The Almohades wholly taken up with the affairs of Africk had not leasure to mind Spain Besides Aven Jacob Successor to Abdelmon tho' of sufficient Valour yet equalled not his Father in good Fortune The King of Castile being now at Age resolved not to let slip so good an opportunity of inlargeing his Territories Having therefore taken his revenge on Navarre and Leon he consulted with the King of Aragon about carrying on the War against the Moors and it was determined to begin by the Conquest of Cuenca This City was built by the Moors on a high and Craggy Hill shut up on two sides by the Rivers Xucar and Huecar so that it is naturally impregnable The ascent is difficult the Streets narrow so steep that Horses cannot go in many of them In those days it had no Spring nor Wells at present Water has been brought to it from other Hills so that it was easie to keep the Town from Water but not practicable to assault it by reason of the Cragginess of the Ground Great preparations were made in both Kingdoms and many Captains of note and Prelates attended the Kings in this Expedition Among them Peter de Açagrd being now reconciled to the Kings was the first that took his Post before the City The Siege was begun with the Year and there being no Possibility of Battering or Assaulting the Town lasted long the Moors defending themselves in hopes of relief Provisions grew as scarce in the Camp as in the Town and they lived only upon plunder Besides there was no Money to pay the Soldiers and invite Vivandiers These difficulties moved the King of Castile to go to Burgos to raise Money The Cortes or Parliament being Assembled it was proposed that not only the Commonalty but Nobility and Gentry who used to be free from Taxes should pay to the King five Maravedies of Gold a Head for that the populace was before wasted with Taxes This advice was given by D. James de Haro Lord of Biscay whose Sister was Marryed to the King of Leon and brought him two Sons Sancho and Garcia Peter Earl of Lara opposed it and a great number of Nobility joyning him left the Assembly resolving to maintain their Priviledges by force of Arms. The King moved by this danger gave over that Tax It was agreed among the Nobles to make an Annual Feast to Peter of Lara and his Successors in Memory of this Mutinous exploit Whilst these debates were at Burgos the Siege having lasted Nine Months Cuenca was at last taken in the Month of September 1177. This same Year was Fortunate to Navarre in the Birth of Ferdinand of whom the Fruitful Queen Beatrix was delivered after she had brought Sancho Raymund Berengaria Teresa and Blanch. For the greater honour of the City Cuenca it was by consent of the Pope made a Bishoprick the Priviledges of Valera an Episcopal See in the time of the Goths being translated thither To the Citizens was granted the Priviledge of sending Representatives to the Cortes or Parliament In reward of their good Service the Aragonians were freed from the Homage they ow'd to Castile A League was concluded betwixt the two Kings against all Princes except him of Leon who was exempted in respect to his Kindred After Cuenca the War continuing Alarcon a place of no less strength was taken Also the Town of Iniesta better known for its Salt-Pits the Salt whereof is like Transparent Stone than for the goodness of the soil The Knights of St. James that they might be nearer the Moors were Ordered to settle their Monastery at Vcles whence King Ferdinand of Leon repenting what he had done would have had them return to their first Habitation After much debate it was agreed that Four Priests of that Order should be sent to Leon who should still be Subject to the Monastery of Vcles which they afterwards refused and Pope Vrban I. Ordered the Monasteries should be independent of one another only subject to the great Master of the Order Not long after these Knights were admitted to Portugal and had large Possessions given them They for many Years obey'd the Great Master of the Order till King Denis assigning them a Head of their own withdrew them from any dependance on Castile Tho' these things fell out in several Years they are put together to ease the Memory Let us return to the series of the History The King of Castile now built the City Plasencia on the Borders of his Kingdom and made it a Bishoprick The Walls of Toledo were repaired and the Town of Alarcos rebuilt All this hap'ned in the Year of our Lord 1178. At the same time Alonso King of Aragon upon the death of Giraldus Earl of Russillon who dy'd without Issue seized upon that Earldom and from thence forward stiled himself King of Aragon Earl of Barcelona and Russillon and Marquess of Provence On the 20th of March 1179. he set out from Perpignan towards Cazola where he was to have an interview with the King of Castile Here it was agreed that Valencia Xativa Denia and their Dependancies should belong to the Conquest of Aragon All the other Towns in the Kingdom of Murcia were assigned to Castile They also made a League against Sancho King of Navarre to his great loss for the Castillians took from him the Towns of Briviesca Cerezo Logron̄o and all that lies between the Mountains Doca and Calahorra To these Roderick the Archbishop adds Navarrete Thence the Army of Castile marched towards Leon where they plundered and wasted all the Country The King of Leon being too weak to defend himself Sollicited him of Aragon putting him in mind this was a breach of the Confederacy made at Cuenca There only wanted a pretence for the Kingdom of Aragon to break with Castile therefore he sent to demand Restitution of Hariza and its Castle and in case of refusal to declare War Great were the Apprehensions of a Bloody War yet the King of Castile's modesty prevented it for he restored Hariza and forbore carrying on the War
before Santarem King Alonso tho' very Aged and Lame since his hurt at Badajoz in so much that he could not ride having assembled all the Force of his Kingdom marched to Santarem He charged the Moors in the Front and his Son Sallying out of Town upon the rear they were easily put to flight Great Slaughter was made The Moorish King Mortally wounded endeavouring to pass the River Tagus which is there deep and rapid was drown'd This Victory was obtained in the Year 1184. Abenjozeph Brother to Abenjacob succeeded him in the Empire of Africk and Spain CHAP. VII The Death of the Kings of Leon and Portugal Alliances betwixt the Kings of Spain The defeat of the Christians at Alarcos Sancho the Wise King of Navarre dies Sancho the first King of Portugal Alonso the Ninth of Leon. THE Death of Armengaud Earl of Vrgel somewhat abated the joy all Spain conceived for the Victory of the Portugueses over the Moors He was Son of Armengaud of Castile Earl of Barcelona Marryed to a Sister of the King of Aragon and had not only great Dominions in Catalonia and Aragon but was also Lord of Valladolid in Castile as being great Grandson to Peranzules before spoken off This Prince to advance the Christian Cause with his own Forces broke into the Territory of Valencia and after some successful Exploits was killed in an Ambush laid by the Moors near the Town of Requena Others will have it that he was slain by the Castilians but that is not so probable He left a Son of his own Name who inherited his Dominions On the other side the King of Navarre entred Castile plundering all the Country as far as Atapuerca where the Abbot of S. Peter de Carden̄a met him with the Standard of Roderick Diaz Sirnam'd Cid begging he would restore the Booty The King not only condescended to his Request but accompanied that Standard back to the place whence it was brought These things hap'ned in the Year 1185. At the same time the King of Portugal and his Son went to Coimbra and thence to Porto where the Marriage betwixt Teresa the King's Daughter and Philip Earl of Flanders was Celebrated the Flemings call her Maud. After the Solemnity they return'd to Coimbra there the King worn out with Age and Diseases dy'd on the 6th of December being 91 years old His Body as he had ordered was bury'd in a mean Tomb in the Church of Santa Cruz built by him and thence remov'd by King Emanuel to a stately Sepulchre of Marble He was a Man accomplish'd in all manner of Virtue the Founder and Conqueror of the Kingdom of Portugal His Zeal for Religion appears by the many Churches and Monasteries he Founded in Lisbon Ebora and other places His Queen Malfada was not inferior to him in Piety and perform'd many like Acts of Christian Generosity Spain enjoy'd Peace after the late Agreement among the Christian Princes and Death of Abenjacob the Moorish King Peter Ruiz de Açagra Lord of Albarazin was willing to assist the Christian Kings in their Wars but would not be Subject to any of them and therefore stiled himself the Vassal of S. Mary The strength of his City and the Emulation of the Kings each striving to draw him to himself secur'd his Possession In the Year 1186. in January the Kings of Castile and Aragon meeting at Agreda by mutual consent Banish'd out of their Dominions all the Kindred of the said Peter de Açagra that were of his party No more was done at that time At the beginning of the Year following Gaston Viscount of Bearn did Homage to the King of Aragon at Huesca as his Predecessors had done This Year was unfortunate for the taking of Jerusalem Baldwin King of that City and the Great Master of the Templers by Saladin In Castile King Alonso regulated the Order of Calatrava In the Year 1188. dy'd Frederick King of Leon at Benavente having Reign'd 31 Years and was bury'd in the Royal Chappel at Santiago He was judg'd more fit for War than Peace immoderate in the desire of Ruling but brave and generous Martin a Priest of Leon at that time writ many Books and is said to have attain'd all his Learning in a Vision in which S. Isidorus appear'd to him and gave him a Book to eat whereas before he was very Ignorant Sancho succeeded King Alonso of Portugal and Alonso IX his Father Ferdinand in the Kingdom of Leon. Upon the Death of his Father Alonso turn'd back being then on his way to Portugal whither he was going only to shun his Mother-in-law who accounted him a Bastard and could not endure that he should take place of her Children Hence arose continual Disgusts and tho' the new King allowed her the Joynter setled by his Father yet at last she was oblig'd to retire to Najara where she spent the remainder of her Days In the Monastery of S. Mary Royal in that City are the Tombs of that Lady and her Brothers D. Lope Bishop of Segovia and D. Martin de Haro Alonso King of Leon was twice Marry'd first with Teresa Daughter of King Sancho of Portugal by whom he had three Children Sancha Ferdinand who dy'd young and Dulcis then being Divorc'd by reason of Consanguinity he Marry'd Berengaria Daughter to Alonso King of Castile his Cousin-german Sancho the first of the Name King of Portugal call'd the Peopler and the Fat was Marry'd to Aldonça Dulcis Sister to the King of Aragon By her he had many Children which were Alonso the eldest Ferdinand Peter and Henry who dy'd young and 5 Daughters Teresa Malfada Sancha Blanch and Berengaria After the Death of the Queen he had many Children by two Mistresses by the first call'd Johanna he had Vrraca and Martin by the other whose Name was Mary Teresa Egidius Constance and Roderick Teresa was Marry'd to Alonso Tello who Founded the Town of Albuquerque Alonso King of Castile by one Wife had eleven Children whereof Blanch was the happiest for that being Marry'd to Luis VIII King of France she was Mother to S. Luis After Blanch follow'd Berengaria Sancho Vrraca and Ferdinand born in the Year 1189. then Malfada and Constance then two or three Sisters whose Names are not known and lastly Ellenor and Henry the youngest who came to succeed his Father as shall be shown in its place The King of Castile was the greatest Potentate in Spain and consequently terrible to the others which mov'd them to joyn in a League Offensive and Defensive They endeavour'd to draw the King of Leon into this Confederacy but he was more inclinable to his Cousin the King of Castile and therefore as soon as setled in the possession of his Kingdom he went of his own accord to Carrion where the Cortes or Parliament of Castile was held in the Year 1188. There he was Knighted by the King and kissed his Hand a Submission misbecoming the Regal
Authority Conrad Son to the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa who was going a Pilgrimage and Raymund Earl of Toulouze were present at that Assembly and Knighted by the King according to the Custom of Spain A Match was also agreed upon betwixt Conrade and Berengaria the King's Daughter but at last it took no effect The Kings of Aragon and Navarre in the Month of September 1190. had a Conference at Borgia and there concluded a League against Castile Afterwards Leon and Portugal were drawn into the Confederacy at Huesca where the Embassadors of those two Crowns met the King of Aragon There to the former Articles it was added that none of those Princes should make Peace or Truce or declare War without the consent of the others The Treaty was signed in May 1191. This same Year Pope Clement III. departed this Life at Rome and Celestin III. succeeded him Gonzalo Archbishop of Toledo dy'd in August the same Year In his time King Alonso gave the Towns of Talamanca and Esquivias to that Church Martin Lopez for his extraordinary Actions and Generosity call'd the Great succeeded him This same Year the River Tagus was Frozen at Toledo a thing very rare in that Temperate Climate James Lopez de Haro Lord of Biscay the greatest among the Nobility of Castile and Governour of Briviesca Najara and Soria perswaded the King to assemble the Cortes or Parliament at Carrion in the Year 1192. for carrying on the War against the Moors Least the Kings of Leon and Navarre with whom Castile was at Variance should take any advantage while the King was employ'd against the Infidels a Peace was concluded with those Princes Then Martin Archbishop of Toledo was Ordered to Commence the War as a prelude to what follow'd In Aragon the Earl of Vrgel who since his Father's death had been out of the Kingdom upon account of the Enmity betwixt him and Ponce de Cabrera a Powerful Man now at length came and submitted himself to the King Gaston Earl of Bearne Marry'd a Daughter of Bernard Earl of Cominges and with her had in Dower the Lordship of Bigorre in Feof of the King of Aragon Berengarius Bishop of Tarragona was kill'd on the 16th of February 1194. by Michael de Moncada as is reported but the cause of their Enmity is not known On the 17th of June following dy'd at Pamplona Sancho King of Navarre for his more than Ordinary Learning Sirnamed the Wise His Body was bury'd with great Pomp in the Cathedral of that City He Reign'd 43 Years 7 Months and 6 Days By his Wife Sancha Aunt to the King of Castile he left Ferdinand Ramiro Berengaria Teresa Blanch and the eldest of them all that succeeded him was Sancho VIII King of Navarre who for the greatness of his Spirit and Warlike actions obtained the Title of the Strong He was also called The Confin'd for that towards his end he was long shut up in the Castle of Tudela by reason of a Cancer he had and would suffer no Body to see him There remain many Footsteps of his Magnificence and particularly he turned the Channel of the River Erbo to bring it to Tudela and built a Bridge over it He founded two Monasteries of Cistercians called Fitero and Oliva and a Church of the invocation of St. Mary at Roncesvalles for himself and his Successors to be Bury'd His Wife was Clemencia Daughter to Raymund IV. Earl of Toulouze by her he had Ferdinand who dy'd before his Father of a fall he had from his Horse in hunting and was bury'd in the Church of S. Mary at Tudela At the time of D. Sancho's Accession to the Crown all Spain was under the apprehension of a Bloody War Martin Archbishop of Toledo had broke into Andaluzia and made great havock putting all the Country to fire and Sword and no Body attempting to oppose him returned with a rich Booty The Moors incensed at this loss gathered all their Forces and Abenjoseph Mazemute Miramamolin of Africk came into Spain with a vast Multitude of Men for not only the Almohades but the Arabs and Ethiopians follow'd him This Inundation pass'd over Sierra Morena and incamped near Alarcos a Town built not long before by the Christians King Alonso was no ways daunted but having sent to the Kings of Leon and Navarre for aid advanced to Alarcos and pitch'd his Camp near the Enemy whose Multitude fill'd all those Hills and Plains Some advised to wait the coming of the two Kings others more hot would not give them any share in the honour of that Action The worst advice took place both Armies drew out and a Battle was fought near Alarcos upon Wednesday the 19th of June 1195. Great Bravery was shown on both sides but the Multitude of the Enemy prevailed our Army was put to flight great Numbers slain and among them Martin Martinez Great Master of Calatrava Some say Martin Archbishop of Toledo was in this fight James de Haro the Principal Promoter of this War behav'd himself ill and withdrew at the beginnig of the Battle to Alarcos either despairing of success or as some will have it being disgusted with the King for comparing the Gentry of Andaluzia to the Nobility of Castile in Bravery The Moors after the Victory not only took Alarcos but entred the Kingdom of Toledo as far as Yevenes which is Six Leagues from that City and then turned back In our days there remain only some ruins of Alarcos and a Church of Our Lady held in great Veneration it is supposed the Infidels destroyed that place This misfortune was deem'd a judgment of God on the King for that Neglecting his Wife he was fallen in Love with a Jewish Woman whom the Nobility in scorn caused to be killed The King being in a rage for the loss of her an Angel appeared to him in the same form he had one painted and with threats oblig'd him to give over that fondness In the Church of Illescas on the right hand of the High-Altar is a Chapel called the Angel with an Inscription signifying that to be the place where the Angel appear'd to King Alonso the Good so he is stiled The Kings of Leon and Navarre hearing of the disaster befallen at Alarcos drew back their Forces He of Leon visited King Alonso but he of Navarre returned without so much as Saluting him which affront the King of Castile highly resented and resolved to take revenge not only of the Moors but of the Navarrois CHAP. VIII King Alonso of Aragon dies and his Son Peter succeeds him The King of Leon divorc'd Castilians and Aragonians over-run Navarre Alonso King of Castile 's two Daughters Marry'd to the Kings of England and Leon. Plague and Famine in Spain THE following Year being 1196. dyed King Alonso of Aragon the second of the Spanish Kings in Power in Valour inferior to none He breath'd his last at Perpignan at a time his Kingdom enjoy'd Plenty and
in great State to her Husband These things were done in the Year 1201. Much about the same time Berengaria the King of Castile's other Daughter was Marry'd to Alonso King of Leon at Valladolid where the two Kings met to that purpose Her Dower was only those Towns her Father had taken from her Husband Alonso Earl of Provence and William Earl of Focalquer being at variance the King of Aragon took a journey into France and composed their differences Thence he went by Sea to Rome designing to make use of the interest of Pope Innocent III. for obtaining the assistance of the Fleets of Genoa and Pisa towards the Conquest of Majorca The Pope received him with great Magnificence caused him to be anointed and himself put on his Crown ordaining that for the future the Kings of Aragon should be Crown'd by the Archbishop of Tarragona as the Popes Vicar In return the King made his Kingdom Tributary to the Pope which was highly resented by his Subjects CHAP. IX The Marriage of the King of Aragon and Death of some Persons of Note Peace concluded and Alliance between all the Christian Kings of Spain The beginning of the War with the Moors A vast Multitude of Foreigners comes to the assistance of the Christian Kings of Spain KING Peter of Aragon being returned home from Rome incensed the Minds of his Subjects by imposing a Tax called Monetal from which even the Nobility were not exempted Pope Innocent indeavoured to make a match betwixt the King and the Lady Mary Daughter to Elizabeth Queen of Jerusalem by that means to ingage him in the Holy War Conveniency prevailed and he Marryed the Lady Mary Daughter and Heiress to William Lord of Montpellier Vrraca the King of Castile's Youngest Daughter was Marry'd to Alonso the King of Portugal's eldest Son in the Year 1206. This Year there was so great an Eclipse of the Sun that the Darkness lasted Six hours as if it had been the Dead of Night The Floods were so great that the River Tagus swell'd the height of a Man above the Gate of Almofala at Toledo as the Annals of that City inform us It is likely this Gate of Almofala was the same is now call'd of St. Isidorus King Alonso made Martin Archbishop of Toledo High Chancellor of Castile No hopes being left the King of Navarre of recovering his losses he had a Conference with him of Castile at Guadalaxara where a Truce was concluded for five Years and Cautionary Towns given on both sides for security of performance In the Year 1208. dy'd Martin Archbishop of Toledo Roderick Ximenes a Navarrios succeeded him In November departed his Life Sancha Mother to the King of Aragon On the same day as the Archbishop dy'd also Stephen Illan Governour of Toledo who as was said recovered that City for the King Also the Earl of Vrgel leaving one only Daughter who being oppress'd by Gerard de Cabrera Son to Ponce before mentioned surrendred her Earldom to the King of Aragon and put herself under his protection Here ended the Dominion of the Heirs of the great Borello formerly Earls of Barcèlona and Vrgel over that City tho' her Father by Will left the half of his City of Valladolid to Pope Innocent that he might protect his Daughter in the remaining part but I do not find that ever the Pope had possession of this Legacy The Truce with the Moors was near expiring and great danger threatned unless the Christian Princes would unite their Forces for the publick good Alonzo King of Leon disturbed the Peace by seizing upon his Mother-in-law's Joynter-Lands James de Haro her Brother opposing the King drew upon himself the Forces of Leon and Castile and not able to defend his own was forc'd to fly to Navarre Thence he infested the Frontiers of Castile but being defeated by the two Kings retired to Estela a strong Town The four Kings of Castile Leon Aragon and Navarre met at Alfaro and concluded a Peace Hereupon James de Haro forsaken by all fled to Valencia to the Moors Soon after the King of Aragon entring the Kingdom of Valencia had his Horse kill'd under him in fight and must certainly have been taken but that James de Haro mounted him This made him so odious to the Infidels that he was oblig'd to go over to Africk to clear himself before the Miramamolin Afterwards having made his Peace with the Christian Kings he return'd to Castile In the Year 1209. the two Kings of Aragon and Navarre had another meeting in a Plain near a Town call'd Mallen Here all Differences were adjusted and the King of Navarre lent him of Aragon 20000 Daccats for which he was to deliver four Towns in pawn to D. Ximeno de Rada who if the Money was not repaid on the day appointed was to surrender them up to the King of Navarre King Alonso of Castile hop'd to draw Succours out of France but the Wars betwixt the French and English hindred Whereupon he entred Guienne resolving to fall upon either of the two that should refuse to hearken to Peace His labour was lost for the enmity was irreconcileable and the Preparations made by the Moors oblig'd him to return into Spain Whilst the Truce with the Moors lasted an University was Founded at Palencia at the King's charge and by the persuasion of Roderick Archbishop of Toledo and Professors of all Sciences brought out of France upon promise of great Salaries At Huelgas near Burgos the King also built a great Monastery for the burying of Kings and an Hospital adjoyning to it Constance Sister to the King of Aragon and Dowager of Hungary by whom she had a Son call'd Ladislaus by persuasion of Pope Innocent III. Marry'd Frederick King of Sicily The Alliances establish'd betwixt the Christian Princes fill'd all People with hopes and joy Yet at this time the King of Leon by command of Pope Innocent was Divorc'd from his Queen Berengaria upon account of Consanguinity and she sent to her Father Mahomet who had succeeded his Brother Abenjoseph in the Empire of the Moors made great Preparations to invade the Dominions of the Christians who on their part were not idle Peter King of Aragon took Adamuz and other Towns in the Kingdom of Valeneia To the Knights Templers he gave the Town of Tortosa for their good service perform'd in the late Wars Ferdinand Son to the King of Castile entred Andaluzia and plundred all the Country about Baeza Anduxar and Jaen About the same time Mahomet King of the Moors call'd the Green from the colour of his Turbant took Salvatierra part of the Inhabitants were put to the Sword the rest made Slaves It was Besieg'd in June 1210. and taken in September King Alonso was marching to relieve it but at Talavera his Son Ferdinand met and assur'd him there was need of a greater Army to engage the Enemy Prince Ferdinand dying in October the following Year put a stop
some security for their Impartial Administration of the Government but no Bonds can contain Ambitious Spirits As soon as they were put into Power D. Alvaro the eldest of the three Brothers departed from Burgos where this Act of Renunciation was perform'd The first thing he did was to Banish certain Noblemen then he seized upon all publick Revenues and spar'd not those of the Church From lay Patrons who had the right of presenting to Benefices he took that Priviledge upon pretence of restoring the immunities of the Church He did all things by open force without any regard to the Laws or good of the Publick His Extravagancies were such as oblig'd Roderick Dean of Toledo and the Archbishop's Vicar to Excommunicate him This check drew him back a little and he made some reparation of damages yet his Mind was not alter'd He summoned the Cortes or Parliament to Valladolid whether resorted for the most part such as were of his Faction who in the name of the whole Kingdom only study'd to secure him the Government Many of the Nobility were offended that D. Alvaro should thus Usurp all the Power Particularly Lope de Haro Son to James de Haro and D. Gonzalo Ruiz Giron the Lord High-Steward resented this disorderly proceeding and having consulted together had recourse to Queen Berengaria complaining against her for resigning the Government and advising to reassume it before all things were brought to destruction Their words mov'd the Queen yet being a Woman she durst not oppose so great a Power as theirs was who had the Command of all the Forces in the Kingdom Therefore fearing least Violent Councils might produce greater mischiefs she thought it the best expedient to put the Three Brothers of Lara in Mind of the Oath they had taken when they entred upon the Goverment which they had much infringed This Admonition only served the more to provoke D. Alvaro who thereupon not only seiz'd upon the Queen's Lands but Commanded her to depart the Kingdom The Queen to prevent further mischief with her Sister Ellenor retired to the strong Castle of Otella near Palencia Many of the Nobility declar'd for her and continued firm till the Death of the King her Brother All this tended to an open breach and to increase the Division the Office of High-Steward was taken from D. Gonçalo Giron and given to Ferdinand de Lara D. Alvaro's Brother The King tho' young lik'd not these proceedings and studied how to make his escape to his Sister but it was in vain for D. Alvaro kept strict watch upon him Besides the more to gain his Favour he allured him with pleasures and talk'd of Marrying him To this purpose Embassadors were sent to conclude a Match for him with Malfada Sister to King Alonso of Portugal The Nuptials were Celebrated at Palencia Queen Berengaria was much concern'd at it because the King was so Young Therefore she writ to the Pope informing him how near of Kin the Marry'd Couple were The Pope upon this information appointed Tello Bishop of Palencia and Maurice of Burgos Commissioners to examine that affair and in case they found it as the Queen said to disannul the Marriage As soon as the Bishops received the Pope's Bull they examined the affair and finding the Kindred to be as had been said order'd them to be divorc'd Thus the Bride still a Virgin as is believ'd return'd to Portugal where in the Monastery of Rucha built by herself she spent the rest of her Life much afflicted not only for that disgrace but because D. Alvaro had presumed to offer to Marry her himself This in Castile in the Year of Grace 1216. in which dy'd Pope Innocent III. inferior to few of his Predecessors for Piety and Learning Honorius III. a Native of Rome succeeded him in whose time dy'd in that City Mary Queen of Aragon Mother to King Jaime Her Body was bury'd in the Vatican near the Tomb of St. Petronila In her Will she recommended her Son and Kingdom to the Pope as Universal Father That Kingdom being divided into Factions and the King being so Young stood in need of such Protection which that Pope afforded it as long as he liv'd At this time Raymund Earl of Provence being invited by his Subjects made his escape from the Castle of Monçon where he was kept as a Prisoner with the King of Aragon and getting safe into his Country appeased many differences that were among the Nobility for want of a Head every one striving to have a hand in the Government Thomas Earl of Maurienne of the House of Savoy had a Daughter called Beatrix who was Marry'd to this Raymund Earl of Provence By her he had Four Daughters three of them Marry'd to Kings and the fourth to an Emperor Raymund's Escape was the cause the King of Aragon was set at Liberty William Monredon Master of the Templers fear'd the King might in like manner be taken from him and then others would reap the benefit of setting him at Liberty whilst he should undergo the blame of having kept him confin'd He therefore consulted with Peter de Açagra Lord of Albaracin and with Peter Ahones both Men in great Power who joyn'd with themselves Aspargus Archbishop of Tarragona and William of Taraçona These in the Month of September resolved to set the King at Liberty and commit the Government of the Kingdom to him notwithstanding he was but Nine Year of Age and took an Oath to bind themselves to the performance hereof This was not done so privately but that Sancho the King's Unkle who then governed the Kingdom had notice of it and in a rage threatned to wash the way the King was to go with Blood With this resolution he march'd with a good Body of Men to Selga a Town on the road the King was to take This being known affrighted the King so that tho' in that tender Age he put on a Coat of Mail to fight if there were occasion D. Sancho tho' he could not have failed of success there being so small a Number with the King durst not attack them and the King having escap'd that danger went on to Huesca and thence to Zaragoca There and in all places he was received with great Joy all Men hoping his Liberty would put an end to the publick Calamities For the establishing of good Order it was requisite to raise Money the Revenues being wasted in the late troubles This want was supply'd by the Catalonians who raised the Tax called Bovaticum because it is laid on Oxen and other Cattle It is rare that this Tax is laid and notwithstanding King Peter had levy'd it three times yet it was now granted to his Son Jaime in the Year of Grace 1217. By these Means a sufficient Fund of Money was Furnished to supply the King's Wants and raise Forces to quell any Insurrection CHAP. V. Great disorders in Castile raised by the Family of Lara Young King Henry killed by the
charge The King warn'd Mancada to forbear violence and stand to judgment and he refusing invaded his Lands so furiously that he took from him 130 Towers and Castles and the Town of Cervellon near Barcelona The Castle of Moncada being strongly fortified and William himself in it could not be so easily carry'd Thus much in the Year 1223. in which on the 15th of July dy'd Philip King of France at Medun His Son Luis VIII Husband to Blanch of Castile and Father to S. Luis succeeded him The Year following Alonso II. Sirnamed the Fat King of Portugal deceased at Coimbra and was buryed in the Monastery of Alcobaça near his Wife D. Vrraca in a mean Tomb as was used in those days He left Three Sons Sancho Sirnamed Capelo his Successor Alonso who Marry'd Maud Countess of Bologne in France and Ferdinand Lord of Serpa who Marry'd Sancha the Daughter of Ferdinand de Lara He also left one Daughter called Ellenor Marryed to the King of Dacia as the Histories of Portugal say I will not dispute the truth of it CHAP. VII King Ferdinand of Castile his great success against the Moors King Jaime of Aragon seized by some Rebellious Nobles makes his escape and Commences War against the Rebels THE Tumults in Castile being over King Ferdinand granted a general Pardon He chose the Wisest and most Virtuous Persons to commit the Government of the Cities to and was a mortal Enemy to Hereticks for some of the Albigenses had crept into Spain These good qualities had gained him the Love of his Subjects and he to improve it resolved to make War upon the Moors The People of Cuenca Huete Moya and Alarcon understanding his design Assembl'd together and entring the Kingdom of Valencia brought thence a rich Booty On the other side the King marched towards Andaluzia and when he had passed Sierra Morena Embassadors met him from Mahomet King of Baeça offering to surrender the City and furnish Provisions and Money Having signed Articles the Army moved to Quesada a Town of note now in the Government of Caçorla At first the Inhabitants relying on the strength of their Walls defended themselves but the place was taken by Assault all that could bear Arms put to the Sword and the rest to the number of 7000 made Slaves This slaughter was a Terror to others It were tedious to relate the particulars of this expedition In short many Towns were abandoned by the Moors many surrended Of them some were destroyed others Garrisoned D. Lope de Haro and the Masters of the Military Orders attacked a Town called Mivoras and took it notwithstanding it had a Garrison of 1500 Arabs whereof part was slain the rest fled Thus the Summer and Autumn were spent and in November the Season growing bad they returned to Toledo where the Queens waited the coming of the King in the Year of our Lord 1224. Some days were spent in Publick Rejoycing and Thanksgiving after which as soon as the Weather would permit the King Ordered the Army to march towards Cuenca designing to invade the Kingdom of Valenca Zeit the King of that place terrified with his former losses came to Cuenca submitting himself to the Will of King Ferdinand The Aragonians pretending Valencia fell within the Limits of their Conquest sent Embassadors to complain and at the same time to show their resolution made an inroad into Castile by the way of Soria New troubles arising in Aragon they could not then push on that undertaking William of Moncada Peter Ahones and Ferdinand the Kings Unkle had a consultation at Tahuste where it was resolved to seize the King's Person on pretence of removing evil Councellors but in reality to make their own advantage of him Moncada was offended for the Lands he had lost Ferdinand tho' a Monk still aspired to the Crown and Ahones could not bear to be removed from the Government To strengthen their party they resolv'd to gain Nun̄o Son to Prince Sancho Earl of Russillon All things being thus Order'd they went to Aragon where the King was and coming together upon him advised him to go to Zaragoca there to settle the important affairs of the Kingdom The King tho' he saw into their drift was obliged to condescend They conducted him to his Palace at Zaragoça and plac'd Guards upon him that he might converse with nor write to no Body William Boy and Peter Sanchez Martel were Captains of this Guard and for the greater security lay at Night by the King's Bed-side In this manner they kept him 20 days till he condescended to all their demands Particularly he caused all that had been taken from William de Moncada to be restored and promised to pay him 20000 Ducats for Damages Prince Ferdinand still kept the Government in his hands and the King had no hopes of Relief but in God In Castile all things succeeded prosperously In the Year 1225. as soon as Summer came on King Ferdinand having recruited his Army entred Andaluzia The King of Baeça relieved them with Provisions and received them into the City Andujar and Martos were taken the last was given to the Knights of Calatrava Besides the Town of Jodar was gain'd and the Army return'd home loden with Plunder The same was continued the following years The Affairs of Aragon began to mend and the King departed from Zaragoça towards Tortosa a City at the Mouth of Ebro He resolved to rid himself and the Kingdom of that Oppression and therefore privately made his escape to Huerta a Town belonging to the Knights Templers Thence he sent Circular Letters to summon the Nobility to the City Teruel in order to Invade Valencia They look'd upon this as a Childish heat yet some few Aragonians and more Catalonians came at the day appointed With this small Body he broke in on that side where were before the Ilergaones and sate down before Peniscola a strong place on a Rock opposite to Majorca Zeit the King was so terrified that he sent to beg Peace and agreed to pay the fifth part of the Revenues of Valencia and Murcia This done the Aragonians return'd to Tervel and thence to Zaragoça By the way at a Village called Calamocha they met D. Peter de Ahones and his Brother the Bishop leading a Party raised at their own cost to make an Incursion into Valencia The King would not have him proceed because of the Peace he had made with the Moors but Ahones excused himself with the charge he had been at in raising those Men. Whereupon the King endeavouring to have him apprehended he was killed by the Soldiers His death was so grievously resented that except Calatayud which continued Loyal to the King all the other Cities declared for his Uncle Ferdinand Fair means failing the War broke out and was continued in the Year 1226. This same Year Luis King of France made War upon the Albigenses and having taken Avigron from them dismantled it
that they might have no shelter there He dy'd in November following at Montpelier The Dominion of the Moors in Spain was now going to decay and King Ferdinand being sensible of it resolved to push on its ruin Therefore he invaded their Teritories took some small places and Besieged Jaen but could not take it because besides a strong Garison of Infidels Alvaro Perez de Castro having renounced his Country and Allegiance was within with 160 perfidious Christians that followed him This Alvaro was Son to Ferdinand de Castro who dy'd at Morocco Thence the King removed to Priego a Town so strong that the Moors had carried all their Goods thither for security Yet it was taken by Assault and all within put to the Sword except a few who retired to the Castle and Capitulated to march away Next he sate down before Loxa which was also taken by Storm as was the Castle all the Inhabitants slain and the Walls demolished for a terror to other places This had so good effect that the People of Alhambra a strong place not far from Granada abandoned it and fled to that City leaving much Provision and part of their Goods behind ' em These People were assigned the upper part of the City to inhabit and from them it was called Alhambra or as some will have it from the red Earth so named in Arabick Our Forces pursued then to the City destroying all the Gardens and Orchards about it This boldness so terrified the Town that they sent to sue for Peace which was granted them they setting at liberty 1300 Christian Captives D. Alvaro de Castro who was one of their Embassadors was here reconciled to the King This done the King took and raz'd Montejo as not Tenable being too remote We also find Capilla a Town in Estremadura was now taken but it soon after fell again into the hands of the Moors Summer being spent the King returned to Toledo leaving the guard of the Frontiers to the Master of Calatrava and Alvaro Perez de Castro Those Soldiers that remain'd in the Garisons of Andaluzia plundred and burnt all that Country even to the Walls of Sevil. Abuli King of that City marched out with a great Force to oppose them but was routed and 20000 of his Men killed Nevertheless the Moors took the Castle of Garces When King Ferdinand after the Winter was over marched again into Andaluzia the King of Baeça met him with 3000 Horse and a great Body of Foot offering his Service He granted that Christian Garisons should be put into Salvatierra Capilla and Burgalhemar and delivered up the Castle of Baeça to be held by the Master of Calatrava Capilla being a strong Town the Inhabitants would not receive the Garison and therefore King Ferdinand laid Siege to it He had but a small Army and therefore leaving it there went himself to raise more Forces Being in doubt whether to carry on the War in Andaluzia or march into France to the Relief of his Aunt Queen Blanch who was slighted by the Nobility because the King her Son was very young two things happen'd that made him lay aside all thoughts of moving towards France One That his Army had taken Capilla and it was requisite to secure it The other That his own People killed the King of Baeça because he was so great a Friend to the Christians and thereby the Garison in that Castle was in danger All these things were acting in the Year 1227. in which the Foundation of the Cathedral of Toledo was also laid Other Churches may exceed this in Grandeur of Building but none in Christendom can equal it in costly Ornaments and greatness of Revenue On the 18th of July dy'd Pope Honorius III. Gregory IX succeeded him At this time flourished D. Lucas Bishop of Tuy famous for Virtue and Learning He writ a History of Spain the Life of S. Isidorus and a great Book of Miracles in which he also confutes the Errors of the Albigenses He composed these Books as he himself testifies by order of Queen Berengaria a very devout Lady and great favourer of Virtuous and Learned Men. Thus it appears those Hereticks had at that time crept into Spain CHAP. VIII The War with the Moors renewed The Island of Majorca Conquered by the Aragonians The Pope's Legate disanuls the Marriage of King Jayme on account of Consanguinity Raymund Earl of Toulouze a Heretick reduc'd THE Citizens of Baeça Besieged the Castle which as has been said was in the hands of the Christians They tho' few in number being furnished with Provisions held out till King Ferdinand coming with a great Army the Moors not only raised the Siege but abandoning the City retired further into Andaluzia D. Lope de Haro for his good Service was appointed Governour of that City Martos was given in charge to Alvaro Perez de Castro and Tello de Meneses Nothing more of note was done this Campaign After the King's return to Toledo D. Tello with the Forces under his Command made an Incursion as far as Sevil To divert him and at the Sollicitation of the Moors that abandoned Baeça the King of Sevil advanced as far as that City but finding he had not a Force to make head against the Christians he concluded a Peace promising to pay 300000 Maravedis yearly The Moors of Murcia proclaimed one Abenhut of the Blood Royal of Zaragoça and an utter Enemy to the Almohades their King A vast number of People resorted to him he palliating his Ambition with Religion and giving out that all the losses sustained were a punishment for the new Opinions introduc'd by the Almohades This was the posture of Affairs in Spain in the Year 1228. In France this same Year Raymund Earl of Toulouze being hard pressed by King Luis was reconciled to the Church and obtained Peace upon those conditions That he should labour to extirpate the Heresie of the Albigenses That his Daughter should Marry one of the King's Brothers That if he dy'd without Issue the Earldom of Toulouze should be annex'd to the Crown of France That he should maintain at his cost a College for Instruction of his People and that he should serve five years in the Holy-Land For security of performance he deliver'd up to the King five Castles and his Daughter Now dy'd in Spain among other Persons of note D. Ramiro Bishop of Pamplona of the Blood Royal of Navarre Peter Ramirez succeeded him in whose time Pope Gregory IX took that Church and its Prelates under his Protection which was the same as exempting 'em from the Jurisdiction of the Spanish Metropolitans In Aragon the King by Policy reduc'd the factious Nobility His Uncle Ferdinand he again took into favour upon condition he should promise that the Conspirators would quit the Engagements they had made to one another D. Sancho Bishop of Zaragoça press'd to have those Towns that belong'd to his Brother Peter de Ahones and had been seized by the
and other Persons of note were at the Siege A Body of Frenchmen came under the Command of Aymilius Bishop of Narbonne also succours out of England drawn by the Fame of the enterprize In several Skirmishes the Enemies were worsted which made them more cautious how they Sally'd The Christians lodging themselves under the Walls in Three several places lay'd open as much of them as for one Man to pass Mean while the Besieged were not idle Peter Rodriguez de Açagra and Ximeno de Vrrea at the same time took the Town of Cilla on the other side of Valentia Yet the Moors gain'd Courage at the Arrival of the King of Tunez his Fleet consisting of 18 Ships and Gallies This availed them nothing for the Africans understanding a Fleet was furnishing against them at Tortosa sailed away without relieving the City or taking Pen̄iscola on that Coast as they had designed Now the Besieged began to dismay not only for this disappointment but also because Provisions began to grow scarce and they feared greater want On the contary the Christian Camp was full of hopes and had plenty of all things notwithstanding they were so increased that now they amounted to 60000 Foot and 1000 Horse The King gave great demonstrations as well of his Valour as Conduct and acted the part not only of a General but of a Soldier upon occasion insomuch that approaching too near the Wall he was wounded with a dart in the forehead For five days he could not go abroad On the 13th of June this Year 1238. he received Embassadors in the Camp from the Pope and Cities of Lombardy offering to put themselves into his hands if he would assist them against the Emperor Frederick II. By the advice of his Queen Violante who had great power over him and by whom he had a Daughter of the same Name he accepted of their offers but could not perform as to succouring them he being so engag'd in the Wars of Spain besides that the Emperor was reconciled to the Pope tho' but superficially The Besieged having lost all hopes of Relief resolved to surrender Haliabata the King's Favourite and after him Abulhamaler his Nephew were sent out to treat After many Debates both Parties being eager to come to a conclusion the Capitulation was sign'd and the principal Articles were That the Moorish King deliver up the City Valencia and all other Towns and Castles on this side the River Xucar That the Moors be safely conducted to Cullera and Denia That they have liberty to carry along with them as much Gold Silver Jewels or any other Goods as they can without being searched That a Trūce be inviolably observed betwixt the two Kings for the Term of 8 Years Five days were allowed for the performance of Articles but the Moors before the time was expir'd quitted the City to the number of 50000 Men Women and Children They march'd thro' a Lane made of the Christian Army On Michaelmass-Eve the Victors took possession of that City and Kingdom Consecrated the Churches and chose Ferrer de S. Martin some say he was a Dominican the first Bishop People resorted to inhabit there chiefly out of Catalonia from Tarragona Girona and Tortosa The Country about the City was equally divided among the Prelates Gentlemen and Councils of such Cities as were assisting in carrying on the Siege Also the Knights of S. John and the Templers had their Quota To 380 Horse was assign'd a particular share on account that they should defend the Frontiers 100 of 'em doing Duty every four Months Because the City was not naturally strong and the Walls were batter'd the King raised a new Wall larger than the former and square with 12 Gates 3 towards each quarter of the World New Laws were also given to the Inhabitants Thus Zaen the Moorish King lost the Kingdom he had wrongfully Usurped for no Power unjustly acquir'd can be lasting Great was the Joy for this Success throughout all Spain and it was the greater for that scarce any Gentleman of Note was lost in the Expedition Only D. Artal de Alagon who seeing the Moors go down the Wind had return'd to his Allegiance and together with Raymund Folch Viscount of Cardona took Villena in a Skirmish with the Moors near Saix was killed with a Stone This was the conclusion of the Conquest of Valencia Whilst the Aragonians were busie in this War the Navarrois committed not the least Hostility Theobald Earl of Champagne was their King as has been said above This King being ambitious of Honour and zealous of God's Glory and his Kingdom enjoying Peace agreed with the Earls Henry of Bari Peter of Berteigno and Aymerick of Montfort to go over with their Forces to the Holy-Land All things being in a readiness on their part the Genoeses failed sending a Fleet to transport them They took their Journey by Land thro' Germany Hungary and Thracia and passed over the Streight of Constantinople In Cilicia about the Passes of Mount Taurus they were in great danger being attack'd by vast numbers of Turks so that scarce the third part of the Army that set out reach'd the City Antioch and those that did sick and worn out with their long march Their Success in Palestine was answerable to the beginning very few return'd home The French Historians place this Expedition of King Theobald 10 Years later when S. Luis their King went to the Holy-Land But that cannot be because Roderick the Archbishop mentions this Action of Theobald and his History reaches but five Years after the Conquest of Valencia besides that he was dead before S. Luis set out for the Holy-War THE History of SPAIN The Thirteenth BOOK CHAP. I. The taking of many Towns by the Christians The Kingdom of Murcia surrendred to King Ferdinand His Marriage Salamanca made an Vniversity 20000 Moors defeated by the Christians THE two Kings of Spain Jayme and Ferdinand tho' they were before famous for their Valour and other Vertues became now much more Renown'd for the taking of Cordova and Valencia Several Embassies were sent them by Foreign Princes Congratulating their Success and exhorting them to root out the Moors now reduced almost to extremity Nevertheless the War ceased for some time for the King of Aragon had made a Truce and soon after went to Montpelier King Ferdinand was Celebrating his Nuptials at Burgos Queen Berengaria his Mother had concluded a Match for him with the Lady Joanna Daughter of Simon Earl of Poitiers and Adeloyde his Wife Grandchild of Luis King of France and Elizabeth the Daughter of Alonso the Emperor By her the King had Issue Ferdinand Sirnamed Poitiers Luis and Ellenor After the Solemnities were perform'd both King and Queen took a Progress thro' the Kingdoms of Leon and Castile He used to give access to all Men and hear their Business not only in publick Audiences but even in his Closet which gain'd him the affections of all his People Being come
to reduce the Aragonians to submit to the Jurisdiction of the See of Toledo The Prelates of that Country in a Provincial Synod held at Valencia had Decreed that the Archbishop of Toledo should not have his Cross carry'd before him in that Province and Interdicted any Town that should permit him to do it D. Roderick happening to be there continu'd to have his Cross carry'd as usual for which D. Peter de Alvalete the chief Fomenter of that Contention declar'd him Excommunicate They had recourse to Pope Gregory IX who gave Judgment in favour of Toledo Yet the Aragonians not submitting D. Roderick now undertook this Journey to secure his Prerogative He dy'd in France being upon his way home His Body was brought into Spain and bury'd at Huerta a Monastery of Benardine Monks on the Borders of Aragon Near to the High Altar is to be seen his Sepulchre with an Inscription in unpolish'd Latin suitable to that time to this effect Birth Navarre gave Castile me bred and Paris taught Huerta my Bones receiv'd my Soul Heaven sought His Body dy'd but the fame of his Vertue will last for ever John II. of that Name by some called of Medina succeeded him in the Archbishoprick About the same time dy'd Raymund Earl of Provence leaving four Daughters Margaret Marry'd to S. Luis King of France Ellenor to Henry King of England Sancha to Richard the Brother of the said Henry and Beatrix to Charles Earl of Anjou This Earl tho' his Wife was the youngest by the assistance of King Luis and consent of that People inherited the Dominions of his Father-in-law Mean while King Ferdinand staid at Cordova resolving to lay close Siege to Sevil. He sent Raymund Boniface a Native of Burgos and well versed in Maritime Affairs to fit out a Fleet in Biscay that Country being stor'd with Wood and the People good Sea-men Whilst the Fleet was providing the King laid Siege to Carmona in the Year 1246. or thereabouts The Town was well Fortified had a strong Garison and plenty of Provisions for which reasons it could not be entred yet it submitted to pay down a great Sum of Money and a Yearly Tribute for the future Constantina Reyna Lora Cantillana and Guillena were all taken some by Assault others surrendred Reyna was given to the Knights of Santiago Constantina to the Council of the City Cordova and Lora to the Knights of S. John All things succeeded prosperously only it was fear'd lest the King of Aragon should be some hindrance to the Affairs of Castile for that King was displeased with Prince Alonso upon pretence that he did not keep within the Limits assign'd by agreement to the Conquest of each Crown It was fear'd this might come to a Breach and therefore some Persons employ'd to adjust these Matters sought means to reconcile all differences Nothing appear'd more effectual than a Match betwixt Prince Alonso and Violante King Jayme's Daughter which might be advantagious to both Kingdoms This was no sooner proposed than agreed to by both Parties and the Marriage was Celebrated with all Magnificence at Valladolid in the Month of November King Ferdinand was not present at the Solemnity being wholly bent upon the Siege of Sevil for now Raymund Boniface with a Fleet of 13 Sail had Coasted about by Cape Finisterre and lay before the Mouth of the River Guadalquivir where he Vanquisht the Enemies Navy The Moors of Tangier and Ceuta fitted out a Fleet of 20 Ships and Galleys for the Relief of Sevil and meeting with our Squadron there ensu'd a desperate Fight Those Africans were experienced Seamen and being so much superior in number would not give way to the Biscainers who with the lightness of their Vessels had the advantage to shun the Enemy when there was occasion and to lay them Aboard when they found it for their purpose Three Ships of the Moors were taken two sunk one burnt and the rest fled Aragon was now under an Interdict and all the Churches shut up The occasion was that the King in his Youth had familiarity with D. Teresa Vidaura who now challenged him for her Husband before the Pope pleading a Verbal Contract She having no Witness Sentence was given against her After this the Bishop of Girona to whom some say the King had revealed the secret acquainted the Pope with it upon which the Pope was inclinable to call the Cause over again This being known to the King in a rage he sent for the Bishop and caused his Tongue to be cut out If the Bishop revealed a secret told him in Confession he well deserv'd that Punishment As soon as Pope Innocent who then held the Council at Lions as has been said heard what had been done he laid an Interdict on the Kingdom and Excommunicated the King Hereupon the King submitting begg'd Absolution which was granted and the Pennance imposed on him that he should finish the Monastery of Benifacianum begun 20 Years before in the Mountains of Tortosa and assign it Revenues to the yearly value of 200 Marks of Silver also 600 Marks yearly to the Hospital at Valencia and that he should erect a Chapellany in the Cathedral of Girona where Prayers should be perpetually offered up for himself and Successors This account is taken out of the Records of the Monastery Benifacianum and tho' most Authors make no mention of it I would not wholly omit it The Reader may give credit to it as he thinks the thing deserves In the utmost part of Spain towards the West stands the City of Sevil the Metropolis of Andaluzia and for Riches may be reckoned among the Chiefest in Europe It s strength consists not only in the Walls but the number of Inhabitants its beauty in the numerous stately Buildings and splendour of the People Betwixt this City which is on the left hand and a Suburb called Triana on the right runs the River Guadalquivir hem'd in with high Keys and carrying water enough for Ships of great burden which renders it commodious for the Trade of the Ocean and Mediterranean A Bridge of Wood built upon Boats joyns the Suburb to the City In the City is the old Palace inhabited by the ancient Kings in the Suburb facing the East is another stately Royal House Near the River stands a Tower for the excellency of its Workmanship commonly call'd the Golden Tower Near the Cathedral is another Tower of Brick exceeding all the others being 60 Yards in breadth and four times that height upon it another little Tower now White-washed and Painted with sundry Figures wonderfully beauteous It would be too tedious to relate all that is great and extraordinary in this City There were in it at this time 24000 Families divided into 28 Parishes The first and chiefest is S. Mary and is the Cathedral none in Spain compares with it for greatness It is a common saying of the Churches of Spain that of Toledo is Rich that of Salamanca Strong
time they had acknowledged a certain dependance tho' it was only in form To make this Alliance the firmer a match was concluded betwixt Philip the King of France his eldest Son and Elizabeth the King of Aragon's Youngest Daughter he giving her the Towns of Carcassonne and Bezieres for a Portion This Year there hap'ned extraordinary Floods which continued from August till the 26th of December the Rivers swelling beyond their Banks and doing infinite harm Many Bridges were carry'd away and among them that at Toledo called of Alcantara But the following Year it was rebuilt as appears by the Inscription on the first Arch of the Bridge Spain was now somewhat quiet considering how many diffierent Princes ruled it Yet some misfortunes hap'ned D. Violante Queen of Aragon and her Son-in-Law Alonso dy'd The King's extravagancies seem'd to have shortned both thier Lives Prince Alonso was troubled that his Father showed him no affection at present and by dividing his Dominions had lessen'd his Inheritance for the future This was not only grievous to the Prince but to all the Nobility who publickly espous'd his quarrel and the King not long before his Sons Death to pacify them deliver'd up Valencia to him ordaining it should be always annex'd to the Crown of Aragon The Queen was offended that D. Teresa Vidaura after she had been some time laid aside was now again so great with the King that he did nothing without her He was so infatuated that he kept her as well before as after the Queen's Death with all the State due to a Queen She twice Challeng'd the King for promise of Marriage before the Pope By her the King had Peter Lord of Ayerve and Jaime Lord of Exeriça Queen Violante was bury'd at Valbuena in Catalonia Prince Alonso in the Cathedral of Valencia Zurita a Noble Historian of Aragon writes he was interred in the Monastery of Viruela of Cistercians Theobald King of Navarre after the Death of his Mother valiantly maintained the Earldom of Champagne against many Princes of France who sought to make themselves Masters of it This done he Marry'd Elizabeth the Youngest Daughter of Luis King of France The Nuptials were Celebrated at Melun but prov'd not Fortunate in the end by reason of the Queen's Barrenness This King had a Bastard Daughter by D. Marquesa de Rada and marry'd her to Peter the King of Aragon's Bastard Son Maud Countess of Bologne understanding the Death of King Sancho of Portugal went thither by Sea to plead her right of Marriage with Alonso the present King and try whether he could be moved to do her justice She came to Cascaes not far from Lisbon but the King being nothing concern'd at her misfortunes or at a Letter she sent him was forc'd to return without seeing him The King boasted he would Marry again the next Day if he thought it were for the good of his Kingdom Maud went herself to complain of the wrong done her to S. Luis then King of France and sent Embassadors to the Pope That King was too far from Portugal to relieve her The Pope sent to warn King Alonso of the wrong he offered that Lady and how hainous an offence it was to God but he gave no Ear to his advice At length he refusing to obey the Pope excommunicated him and laid an interdict on the whole Kingdom which is said to have lasted 12 Years because that King would not mend nor the succeeding Popes abate any thing of their rigour In other cases King Alonso was of a good Temper and a great Lover of Justice He clear'd the Kingdom of Robbers which were grown Numerous through the ill Government of King Sancho He also establish'd wholesome Laws and carry'd an even hand between the Nobility and Commonalty In War-like Affairs his Government was not inferior to the Civil for he enlarg'd his Dominions taking from the Moors Faro Algezira Albufera and other Towns in the Territory of Silves Castro Estremoz and Portalegre were founded by him and the City Beja ruin'd by the Wars was rebuilt In Lisbon there is a stately Convent of Dominicans built by him and another of poor Clares at Santarem His Liberality towards the poor was such that having exhausted his Treasures he often Pawn'd his Jewels to relieve them At this time the fame of King Alonso of Castile his Learning being spread throughout the World there came to him Embassadors from the Soldan of Aegypt bringing presents of rich Germents Carpets and Tapistry as also several strange Beasts never before seen in Spain This was in the Year 1260. This same Year a Town of Guipuscoa then called Arrasata chang'd its name for that of Mondragon as appears by a Charter of King Alonso the ancientest extant in Spanish for he was the first King of Spain that caused all Publick Acts to be writ in Spanish whereas before they were all in Latin On the 27th of October 1261. dy'd D. Sancho Archbishop of Toledo Pascualis or Pascasius Dean of that Church who had carry'd the Cross before Roderick the Archbishop at the Battle of Nabas de Tolosa succeeded him Doubtless he was very old and dy'd only Elect in June following His Tomb is in the Chapel of St. Lucy in that Cathedral Frederick the Emperor dying his Son Conrade succeeded him who also four Years after ended his days in Sicily either of a natural Death or as some would have it poison'd by his Bastard Brother Manfredus This Manfredus notwithstanding Conrade had appointed a Son then a Child which he left in Germany to succeed in all his Dominions by force of Arms possess'd himself of Sicily and the Kingdom of Naples The Popes whose feof those Countries were admonish'd him to desist but he taking no notice of the Ecclesiastical Censures made War in Tuscany where the Guelphs a Faction that favoured the Pope were very powerful and overthrowing them soon became absolute Master of that Province The Pope us'd all possible means to overturn that new Kingdom Charles Earl of Anjou and Brother to Luis King of France was invited into Italy upon hope given him of being made King of Sicily On the other side Manfredus sought to obtain aid from all parts and therefore had recourse in the first place to Jayme King of Aragon offering his Daughter Constance for Wife to his eldest Son Peter This match was not displeasing to the Aragonians for besides 120000 Ducats that he offer'd down with her she was Heiress to the Kingdom of Sicily Manfredus having no Heirs Male All points being agreed upon he sent F. Raymund de Pen̄afuerte of the Order of S. Dominick Embassador to the Pope to indeavour to compose the differences betwixt him and Manfredus The Pope gave no manner of Ear to F. Raymund but utter'd threatning Speeches against Manfredus accusing him of many Crimes and affirming he would never Treat with him unless he laid down Arms and came submissively to him At the same
Monferrat Spain at present seem'd quiet but a great Storm hung over it The Jealousies between King Alonso and his Son Prince Sancho at length broke out into open War It troubled the King to see himself slighted by reason of his Age and his Subjects gaping after Innovation Therefore to gain Reputation he gather'd Forces and tho weak with Age and Troubles Ravag'd all the Country of the Moors Nothing perplex'd him so much as want of Mony To redress this he Coin'd a new sort not so Weighty nor Pure as what was in use This increas'd the hatred of the People who gave out that he had no regard to Justice and that many had their Estates Confiscated upon forg'd Crimes Fredulus Bishop of Oviedo a French Man by Birth was now sent by the King Embassador into France the pretence was to Visit King Philip and by his means obtain of the Pope the Croisade for all such as would serve against the Moors at their own Cost But the real design was to treat about setting the King's Grandsons at Liberty Prince Sancho was not ignorant of this practice and therefore to secure himself went away to Cordova and made a League with the Moorish King of Granada remitting him two Thirds of the Tribute he paid the more to gain his good will Besides the Nobility of Spain before disgusted with the King for his great severity declar'd for the Prince These things were in hand about the beginning of the year 1282. The same year in August the Marriage between King Denis of Portugal and Elizabeth eldest Daughter to the King of Aragon was solemnized at the Town of Trancoso This is that Queen Elizabeth who for her great Virtue is enrolled among the Saints and her Feast celebrated in that Kingdom King Denis without respect to his Uncle openly made a League with Prince Sancho King Alonso to the end he might quiet his Son and the Nobility without Bloodshed summon'd the Cortes or Parliament to Toledo and to prevent disorders provided sufficiently for his own Safety Prince Sancho on the other side summons them to Valladolid and thither the greatest number resorted Here he marry'd Mary the Daughter of Alonso Lord of Molina his Third Cousin and by her had Ferdinand the eldest and other Children Every thing was done in that Assembly that the Nobility desir'd for Prince Sancho to oblige them refus'd nothing but promis'd much more New Employments were constituted and new Laws enacted By these means not only the Nobles but the Commonalty were drawn into Rebellion and some in that Confusion saluted Prince Sancho King calling him Father of his Country and all other Names given to Sovereigns He positively refus'd that Title whilst his Father liv'd and nevertheless the Heat was such that Prince Emanuel D. Sancho's Uncle in the Name of all the Nobility publickly in open Assembly depos'd King Alonso from the Government This was a just Judgment of Providence for his presumption in daring to find fault with the Works of God as has been deliver'd to us by Tradition He is also said to have foreseen by his Skill in Astrology this Misfortune and that this foresight made him Cruel which hasten'd what he apprehended King Alonso thus forsaken by his Subjects apply'd himself to the King of Morocco for Supplies of Men and Mony sending him his Crown which was of great Value in Pawn Alonzo de Guzman Lord of Sanlucar was at that time in Morocco and much in Favour with that Prince to him King Alonso writ a very submissive Letter desiring he would intercede with the Moorish King to grant his Request That King hoping to make his Advantage of the discord among the Christians did more than was ask'd of him He came over to Algezira and had a Meeting with King Alonso at Zahara Great Compliments passed between them and King Alonso had the Upper Hand given him not only as a Stranger but because he was descended from Kings whereas the Moor had gain'd his Kingdom as he himself urg'd Here they consulted how to carry on the War since there were no hopes of Peace Sevil held for King Alonso Cordova for Prince Sancho his Son This City the Moors undertook to Besiege and King Alonso joyn'd them with what Forces he had but the Place being well provided with all Necessaries after 20 Days spent before it they rais'd the Siege Thence at the instance of King Alonso the Moors pass'd Sierra Morena advanc'd as far as Montiel and having plunder'd all the Country return'd with their Booty to Ezija Thither King Alonso came but went away privately being inform'd the Moor designed to secure him whether true or false is not known Certain it is that King highly resented his Honour should be brought in question and so went over into Africk Yet he left King Alonso 1000 Horse that had long serv'd him Hernan Ponce Commanded this Body and 't is said of them that meeting 10000 of the Enemies Horse near Cordova they charg'd so furiously that they broke and put them to Flight Such was their extraordinary Valour At Sevil King Alonso in a solemn Assembly disinherited his Son Sancho and pour'd out many Curses upon him That Prince regarded not his Fathers Curses but renew'd the League with the King of Granada and made all manner of Preparations about Cordova putting the Army into Winter Quarters in that Neighbourhood CHAP. IV. The Conspiracy of John Prochita in Sicily against the French and Slaughter of them call'd the Sicilian Vespers Kings of France and Aragon at War about Sicily Castile and Aragon under an Interdict at the same time THis Year was Memorable not only for the Wrongs done to King Alonso but also for the famous Conspiracy of John Prochita He had been Lord of the Island Prochita on the Coast of Sicily a Man of great Parts much a Friend to King Manfredus and since his Overthrow fearing the French fled to Aragon There he was honourably entertain'd by the Two Kings Jayme and his Son Peter and had large Revenues given him The Gibellines at that time oppress'd by the French had cast their Eyes on the King of Aragon for Protection Charles King of Sicily and Naples kept all Italy and even the City of Rome in Subjection and refus'd to release Beatrix the Daghter of Manfredus and Sister to Constance Queen of Aragon John Prochita laid hold of these Disgusts between those Princes and Great Men and hoped to improve them to the recovering of his Estate In order to it he went in disguise to Constantinople and inform'd the Emperor Paleologus how Charles King of Sicily with the Power of the French intended to deprive him of the Empire and restore Baldwin whose Daughter he had Marry'd The Emperor tho convinc'd that what Prachita told him was true would not openly declare himself but promis'd under-hand to assist the King of Aragon in his Pretensions with a great Sum of Mony This done Prochita returns into
should be Marry'd to D. John de Lara's Son Her Portion was the Lordship of Molina her Father having no Issue-male The Marriage was solemniz'd at Cuenca thence the King Queen and D. John went to Toledo the latter took up his Lodging in the Monastery of S. Paul of Dominicans without the City on the Banks of Tagus Being at Dice late at Night with a rich Jew on a sudden a Servant of his call'd Nun̄o Churuchao advis'd him to make his Escape for there was a Design to kill him and in order to it Arms had been carry'd into the Court He credited the Intelligence but could not get away for that the City Gates were shut and his Servants and Horses within He spent the Night in Fear and having call'd his Servants at break of Day they perswaded him not to stir for that there was not the least ground for any Suspicion The King was much concerned that he should be Suspected and the more he endeavour'd to satisfy D. John the more Jealous he was At this time the League with the King of Granada was renew'd upon Condition he should pay the usual Tribute for that King was before wavering Hernan Ponce de Leon who commanded upon the Frontiers was the chief Instrument of continuing this good Understanding betwixt the two Kings From Toledo the King and Queen went to Burgos and thence to Palencia where was held a general Chapter of the Order of S. Dominick D. John de Lara could not be oblig'd by any Favours but endeavour'd to stir up the Nobles to revolt To oppose him Prince John the King's Brother who was belov'd by all Men was taken out of Prison and took the Oath of Fidelity to the King and his Son Ferdinand as Heir apparent kissing his Hand according to the Custom of Castile By his means many were reduc'd to the King's Service The King also going to Santiago of Galicia under colour of Devotion perswaded D. John Alonso de Albuquerque a Man of great Power who at the Instigation of D. John de Lara had revolted to lay down his Arms. These Things happen'd in Castile in the Year of our Lord 1291 when in the Month of February the Pope's Legates in France at Tarascon compos'd the Differences betwixt the Kings of France and Aragon Charles King of Naples was present with the Embassadors of the other two Kings Peace was concluded upon the following Conditions That the King of Aragon send Embassadors to Rome humbly to beg Pardon of his past Contumacy and Disobedience That he pay the yearly Tribute of 70 Ounces of Gold to the Church as was promis'd by his Grandfather That he go with a powerful Fleet to the Service of the Holy Land That at his return he advise his Mother and Brother to quit Sicily That he publish an Edict commanding all Aragonians under severe Penalties to depart that Island That Charles of Valois resign his Claim to the Crown of Aragon on Account of the Gift of the Pope That his Holiness shall receive the Aragonian into Favour and send a Prelate to take off the Interdict from his Kingdom to whom the King shall deliver the Hostages he has from the King of Naplas At the concluding of these Articles the Embassadors of Sicily were not present by the Contrivance of the King of Aragon knowing they would break all these Measures at which King Jayme and all the Sicilians were highly offended They complain'd he who ought to have Protected had deceiv'd and forsaken them yet resolv'd rather to dye than return under the Dominion of the French and they obtain'd their Ends. The French were disappointed of recovering Sicily and the King of Aragon's Voyage to the Holy Land was prevented the City Ptolemays the last that remain'd in the Hands of the Christians being taken and utterly subverted by the Infidels The Kings of Aragon and Naples met a second time at Junquera in order to establish a lasting Peace both of them being weary of the War Therefore as soon as they parted King Charles marry'd his Eldest Daughter Clemencia to Charles of Valois giving her in Dower the Earldom of Anjou and Province of Main upon Condition he should quit all Pretensions to the Crown of Aragon The King of Aragon was resolv'd to fullfil all that had been agreed upon when Death cut him off at Barcelona in the midst of his Preparations to receive the Princess Ellenor his Bride He dy'd in the Flower of his Youth being but 27 Years of Age and on the 18th Day of June His Body was bury'd in the Monastery of S. Francis in that City with the Habit of that Order Upon the News of the King of Aragon's Death his Brother Jayme presently came over from Sicily to take Possession of that Crown which appertain'd to him as next of Blood his Brother dying without Issue and having in his Will appointed him his Successor He was receiv'd without any Opposition and Crown'd at Zaragoça with the usual Solemnity on the 24th of September He would not allow of that Clause in his Brother's Will which appointed Prince Frederick his younger Brother King of Sicily but resolv'd to keep and maintain that Kingdom Alonso de la Cerda who had only the Title and Right to the Crown of Castile and was then present and King Sancho who was in Possession of the Kingdom both strove for his Friendship The Aragonian was more inclinable to the Fortune of King Sancho than the Justice of D. Alonso whose Strength decay'd especially since the Queen politickly drew away D. John Nun̄ez de Lara from his Party Besides King Sancho to strengthen himself had made a League with the King of Portugal and concluded a Match betwxit his Son and Heir Prince Ferdinand and Constance that King's Daughter giving some Towns in Castile to secure the Performance The Kings of Castile and Aragon at length concluded a Peace and for the Ratification of it agreed to meet at Montagudo a Town on the Borders of the two Kingdoms There on the 20th of November they made a League Defensive and Offensive and articled that neither should protect the others Rebels but deliver them up Moreover for that the King of Morocco notwithstanding the Truce had lay'd Siege to Beja the Aragonian oblig'd himself if it were requir'd to send 20 Galleys to relieve it To make this Agreement the sirmer it was resolv'd the Aragonian should marry Elizabeth the Daughter of the King of Castile tho' but 9 Years of Age hoping the Pope would dispense with the Consanguinity and accordingly they were Contracted at Soria on the first of December The Child was deliver'd to her Husband and then the two Kings went to Calatayud where there were great Entertainments of all sorts The Nobility of Aragon for some Years had been very Mutinous and in the Reign of King Alonso they endeavour'd to Retrench the King's Houshold and still labour'd to alter the Laws and erect a new Form of Government
this Condition he resolv'd to have recourse to Foreigners The King of Portugal was a declar'd Enemy of Castile therefore he resolv'd to try whether the King of Aragon would relieve him To this purpose he wrote to him begging his Assistance and pondering how great a Service it was to Christendom and how much Honour would redound to him by so Noble an Action The King of Aragon answer'd extolling his Loyalty but as to Relief said he could send none for that he had but just before concluded a Peace with the Moors and could not in Honour break his word Another War broke out at the same time from Portugal That King march'd with his Army as far as Salamanca Prince John King Ferdinand's Uncle and D. John NunÌ„ez de Lara joyn'd him after the Aragonian Army return'd home Having consulted what was best to be done it was thought expedient to Besiege Valladolid where King Ferdinand was With this Resolution they advanc'd to Simancas within Two Leagues of that City There many Gentlemen deserted the Portuguese Camp looking upon it as a shameful thing that a King should be Besieg'd by his Subjects The King of Portugal fearing lest the rest should do the same and securing the Passes he might find it difficult to return home besides Winter drawing on march'd hastily to Medina del Campo and thence to Portugal dismissing his Army The Forces the Queen had prepared for this War went by her Order to Besiege the Town of Paredes Nothing was done there for that Prince Henry with the Forces he had gather'd in Castile and the Kingdom of Toledo prevented their Design He pretended it was not proper to disturb the Cortes or Parliament then Sitting by bringing the War so near to them but in truth he was disgusted with the King and favour'd his Enemies The Queen dissembled and endeavour'd to gain him by Favours giving him at that same time the Towns of Santislevaâ— de Gormaz and 〈…〉 By the same means she drew to her D. John NunÌ„ez de Lara tho' no Confidence â—ould be reposed in him for he would have gone over to the Aragonians had they given him the Town of Albarazin The Cortes were held at Valladolid in the beginning of the year 1297. and there being great scarcity of Mony all Places promis'd to furnish a great Sum which they afterwards perform'd At the same time by the Valour of John Alonso de Haro the Navarrois were put to Flight who had surpriz'd part of the Town of Najara designing to recover those Parts they had old Pretensions to and particularly the Territory of Rioja D. Jayme King of Aragon at Rome whither he was call'd by the Pope was Proclaim'd King of Sardinia and Corsica Thither went from Sicily Constance his Mother Violante his Sister Roger Lauria the Admiral and John Prochita A Match was concluded betwixt the Lady Violante and Robert Duke of Calabria Heir to the Kingdom of Naples The Nuptials were perform'd with great State Pope Boniface himself officiating King Frederick prepar'd to defend the Kingdom which had been given him by so general a Consent of the People War was declar'd against him as the disturber of the Peace of Christendom and his Brother the King of Aragon appointed Generalissimo All things being thus order'd the King of Aragon return'd home to prepare for the War Rogor Lauria was sent to Naples to serve that King Queen Constance and John Prochita weary of so many Troubles and pitying the unfortunate State of Sicily stay'd at Rome Some say they both dy'd there but most Authors agree she ended her days Five Years after at Barcelona and was buried in the Monastery of St. Francis where there is a Tomb to this day with an Inscription and her Name CHAP. II. Peace betwixt Castile and Portugal setled by the means of double Allyances betwixt those Princes The Progress of the Wars in Sicily The Jubilee first instituted Bilbao Built and Prince John reconcil'd to the King THE King of Aragon being return'd home the Towns of Lerida Vlia Filera and Salvatierra were restored to the Crown of Navarre in pursuance of the Articles made at Agnani not fulfill'd till then Alonso Ronco a Frenchman was Viceroy of Navarre in the year 1298. The City Albarazin was taken from the King of Aragon's Bastard Brother and restor'd to D. John de Lara on pretence of doing him Justice but indeed to draw over that powerful Man D. John took the Oath of Fidelity to the King at Valencia on the 7th day of April This the King of Aragon did to strengthen himself to invade at once Castile and Sicily Attempts too great for his Power The King of Sicily forsaken on all sides was most exposed to Ruin He of Castile was reconcil'd to the King of Portugal by the means of two Matches that were concluded The one was betwixt King Ferdinand and Constance the Daughter of King Denis tho' she was under Age. They were Contracted with great Solemnity at Alcaniz a Town on the Borders of Portugal and the Publick Joy was the greater for that Blanch King Ferdinand's Sister was Marry'd to Prince Alonso Son and Heir to King Denis tho' but eight years Old which was the other Match The Bride was deliver'd to her Father-in-Law and carry'd to Portugal So eager were the Castilians upon securing of Peace that tho' nothing was given in Dower by the Portuguesse with his Daughter King Ferdinand with his Sister gave the Towns of Olivença Conguela and Campo de Moya which was no small disgrace to Castile but the necessity of the Times excus'd it All the King of Portugal did was to send 300 chosen Horse under the Command of D. John de Albuquerque to serve the King of Castile against Prince John his Uncle who stil'd himself King of Leon but all this came to nothing and those Horse return'd to Portugal as they came D. Alonso de la Cerda on the other side had taken Almazan and other Towns upon the Frontiers of Aragon and Garrison'd them Siguença was Attack'd by D. John de Lura but defended by the Valour of the Citizens The Conspirators wanted Mony and therefore lest Provisions and the Souldiers Pay should fail they Coin'd Some but of base Allay Denis King of Portugal at the Request of his Son-in-law brought a good Body of Men to his Assistance by the way of Cuidad Rodrigo but being more inclinable to Peace than that Time would bear he return'd to Portugal dissatisfy'd The reason of his disgust was that he would have the Province of Galicia given to Prince John who call'd himself King and to his Heirs and that he should keep the City Leon during his Life The Queen and Nobility of Castile would not consent to those Conditions as dishonourable and prejudicial Upon the King of Portugal's Return some Nobles of Castile whom Fear before aw'd began to Revolt But the great Wisdom of the Queen pacify'd them giving every one as much as
Affairs in Castile in the Year 1305. On the 17th of January dy'd Roger Lauria the famous Admiral of Aragon who gain'd Sicily for King Peter perform'd many brave Exploits by himself and those Kings did none without him His Body was bury'd in the Monastery of Santa Cruz near unto the Tomâ— of King Peter On the 6th of April dy'd Joanna Queen of Navarre at Paris and was bury'd in the Monastery of S. Francis Luis call'd Huttin succeeded his Mother in the Kingdom of Navarre and afterwards his Father in that of France The Queen left two other Sons Philip the Long and Charles the Fair who all came to be Kings of France and Navarre She left also two Daughters one dy'd Young the other call'd Elizabeth was marry'd to Edward King of England and was the beautifullest Lady of her Time Benedict sat in the Papal Chair but 8 Months and 6 Days And he dying it was vacant 10 Months and 28 Days After long Debates betwixt the French and Italian Cardinals Clement the Vth. was chosen and proclaim'd on the 5th of June He was before Arch-Bishop of Bourdeaux and is said to have promis'd many scandalous Things to the King of France before he would permit him to pass towards Rome He was Crown'd on the 11th of November at which time a Wall falling as the Procession was going did much mischief and struck the Tyara off his Head out of which a great Carbuncle was lost which Things were look'd upon as ill Omens and the rest of his life was not unlike to this beginning but those Things do not belong to this History At the same time troubles began again to break out in Spain D. John NunÌ„ez de Lara declin'd in the King's Favour who took from him the Office of Lord Steward and confer'd it on D. Lope Son to D. James de Haro on pretence that D. John de Lara being General of the Frontiers could not serve both places but in reality to oblige the Family of Haro and divide it from that of Lara Those Families understanding the Design knit their Interests the closer together and seem'd to threaten a Rebellion Alonso Perez de Guzman and the Queen interpoâ—'d and restoring each of those Gentlemen their Honours pacify'd them Besides the dispute betwixt Prince John and the House of Haro was reconcil'd upon these Conditions That D. James de Haro during his Life should possess the Lordship of Biscay and after his Death it should fall to Prince John That Orduna and Balmaseda should be Intail'd â—â—on D. John D. James his Son and his Heirs and in lieu of what he was to lose Miranda de Ebro and Villalva de Losa were given him All Men rejoyc'd to see these Differences compos'd except D. John de Lara who in a rage that he had not been consulted in the Affair of D. James de Haro and studying to make his Advantage of the publick Calamities renouncing his Oath of Fidelity withdrew with his Followers to Tordehumos a strong Pâ—ace where he hoped to be able to withstand the King whom he had hainously offended The King's Forces laid Siege to that Place but many favouring D. John it was protracted to a long time Some Overtures of Accommodation were made and because the King would not harken to them his Army broke up of it self and disbanded Among others Prince John favour'd D. John de Lara and the Business was carry'd to such a beight that the King was forc'd to Pardon him only taking from him the Towns of Moya and Canete the Gift of King Sancho Nor was the Peace lasting for both those Gentlemen imagining the King had a Design to take away their Lives openly rebell'd again Prince John was soon appeas'd but it was not so easy to reduce D. John de Lara D. Alonso de la Cerda forsaken of all Men and seeing no Hopes of obtaining the Crown sent Martin Ruiz to take possession of the Towns assign'd him by the Arbitrators and was ever after call'd D. Alonso the Disinherited The Moors of Granada about this time began to Mutiny for that their King was blind and his Brother-in-Law the Lord of Malaga govern'd the State with the same Grandeur as if he had been another King The Nobility were not wanting to incense the Commons Among them Aborrabes a Gentleman descended from the Kings of Morocco seiz'd Almeria and call'd himself King of that place Most of the People favour'd Mahomet Azar the King's Brother and were for putting the Crown upon his Head Aborrabes was expell'd Almeria by the contrary Faction and he designing to seize upon Ceuta a City on the Coast of Africk belonging to the Kingdom of Granada thought to obtain Aid of the Christians This seem'd a good opportunity to drive the Moors quite out of Spain and in order to it the Two Kings of Castile and Aragon met at the Monastery of Huerta upon the Borders of both Kingdoms at the beginning of the Year 1309. There and at Monreal whither they remov'd it was agreed First to pacify D. Alonso de la Cerda somewhat mollifying the Decree of the Arbitrators lest whilst they were busie in the War with the Moors he should raise Tumults in Castile Next to make War upon the Moors with two Armies and at once besiege Almeria and Algezira Besides it was resolv'd Prince Jayme the King of Aragon's Son should Marry Ellenor the Sister of King Ferdinand her Dower to be the sixth part of what was gain'd in War and particularly the City Almeria After the Interview broke up great preparations were made King Ferdinand went away to Toledo to see the Body of his Father King Sancho translated to a stately Tomb built by the Queen This King was naturally meer and merciful and of Body comely and well shap'd He advis'd a Gentleman to whom he had given the Government of Galicia not to put to death some Men of Note that had rais'd Rebellion in that Country but to send them to him which prov'd very advantagious for they to blot out the shame of their Crimes did extraordinary Service against the Moors The Army march'd into Andaluzia and the Castilians laid Siege to Algezira on the 27th of June About the middle of the next Month the King of Aragon set down before Almeria Gilbert Viscoune Castelnovo with part of the Aragonian-Fleet sail'd to Ceuta in Africk and took it The Plunder was given to the Souldiers the City to Aborrabe as had been agreed The Moors of Granada with all their Forces march'd to relieve Almeria but were so bravely receiv'd by the Aragonians that after a sharp Dispute they fled and a great Slaughter was made tho the Woods which were near sav'd many Whilst the Aragonians were busy in the Pursuit the Besieged fallying entred their Works but the Christians returning Victorious soon drove them back into the City On the 15th of October 40000 Moors again assauited the Aragonians in their Works and met with the
same success they had done before No'less Valour and Industry was us'd by the Castilians at Algezira but the place being strong and well Garrison'd they advanc'd but little Because the Siege seem'd tedious the Arch-Bishop of Sevil and D. John NunÌ„ez de Lara were sent with some Forces to attack Gibraltar Alonso Perez de Gusman so much spoken of was kill'd by the way in a Skirmish with the Moors to the great grief of all the Kingdom Gibraltar surrender'd to King Ferdinand who came thither to that purpose The Moors were permitted to go over into Africk and carry their Goods with them Winter and other hardships made the Souldiers before Algezira steal away from the Camp and many Men of Note went off as well as the meaner sort and among them Prince John and D. John Manuel and D. James Lopez de Haro dy'd before the Town and by his Death the Lorship of Biscay as had been agree'd fell to the Lady Mary Wife to Prince John In fine the Siege was rais'd the Moors delivering up the Towns of Quesada and Bedmar The Aragonians did the same at Almeria only upon having the captive Christians restor'd to them This was all the Fruit of that mighty Expedition CHAP. V. The King of Granada depos'd The King of Castile's Sister marry'd to the Duke of Britany The extirpation of the Knights Templers The Death of Ferdinand the IVth King of Castile DUring the late War the Blind King of Granada was depos'd by his Brother Azar kept sometime Prisoner at Almunecar thence carry'd back to Granada and there murder'd D. John NunÌ„ez de Lara had been sent Embassador into France and having dispatch'd the Business he went about return'd to the King then at Sevil. His Embassy was to the Pope to obtain of him a Grant of the Tenth of Ecclesiastical Revenues which was done and to advise him not to lay any blemish on the Memory of his Predecessor Pope Boniface at the instance of the King of France In Guipuscoa the Town of Azptitia was now Founded From Sevil the King went to Burgos to assist at the Marriage of his Sister Elizabeth that had been contracted to the King of Aragon and was now given to John Duke of Britany D. John Manuel was made Lord Steward of the Houshold Prince Peter from whom that Employment was taken shewing no discontent D. John was also General of the Frontiers in Murcia and Peter Lopez de Ayala executed that Command as his Lieutenant All this was done to oblige that Gentleman who was a Man of great Interest and so fortunate that Constance his Daughter by the first Wife was Queen of Portugal and Joanna whom he had by Blanch the Daughter of Ferdinand de la Corda Queen of Castile The King in his way to Burgos pass'd through Toledo at the time when D. Gençalo the Arch-Bishop dy'd D. Gutierre the IId then Archdeacon of that Church succeeded him Thence the King went to Burgos where the Marriage was solemniz'd with all Imaginable Grandeur There was no confidence to be repos'd in Prince John the King's Uncle and therefore there was a design of making away with him at Burgos whither he went to the Wedding D. John NunÌ„ez de Lara understanding the Design indeavour'd to disswade it and the Prince getting some intelligence stole away and many Men of Note without respect to the King follow'd him The Queen Mother made up all these Breaches and reconcil'd the Prince to the King her Son At Palencia a violent Sickness put the King's Life in danger but he remov'd to Valladolid and recover'd Blanch Queen of Aragon dy'd at Barcelona on the 14th of October She was a Lady endu'd with all Virtues and left a numerous Offspring viz. the Princes James Alonso John Peter and Raymund Berengarius Her Daughters were Mary Constance Elizabeth Blanch and Violante Blanch was Abbess of Xixena the others were marry'd to several Princes The Queens Body was bury'd with Pomp in the Monastery of Santa Cruz in Catalonia A General Councel was now assembl'd by Pope Clement at Vienne in Dauphine Among other Things intended to be brought before the Council was the Case of the Knights Templers who were accus'd of most hainous and unhear'd of Crimes And indeed such were the Articles said to have been preferr'd against them as by their Absurdity seem to prove the Innocency of those Gentlemen and to convince the whole Matter was an Imposture for it is beyond all belief that so many Men of Quality Parts and Honour throughout the whole World should be entangled in such Follies and Enormities To shew somewhat of the haniousness of the Crimes imputed to them we will set down the Heads of the Articles exhibited against them which were That when first they were admitted into the Order they recounc'd Christ the Blessed Virgin and all the Saints That they deny'd Salvation through Câ—â—st and his Divinity That they said he suffer'd on the Cross for his own Sins That they spit upon trampl'd and defil'd the Cross and Image of Christ and that particularly in the Holy Week when Christiens celebrate the Memory of his Passion That they deny'd the real Presence in the Eucharist and rejected that and the other Sacraments of the Church That the Priests of that Order did not pronounce the Words of Consecration in the Mass as reputing them meer Inventions of Men. That they held the Great Master and all who presided in any House or Convent of their Order tho no Priests had the Power of remitting Sins That a Cat us'd to come to their Assemblies which they reverenc'd as coming from Heaven That they had an Idol sometimes with three and sometimes with one Head and othertimes a dead Man's Skul and cover'd with the Skin of a Man of whom they acknowledg'd all Benefits receiv'd That they touch'd certain Cords to this Idol which they wore Superstitiously about them That they committed the Sin of Sodom and many other Things most horrid to relate The Reader may Judge whether these do not sound more like Imposture than true Crimes Villaneus S. Antonine and others vindicate the Knights tho the generality condemns them Their vast Riches were doubtless the cause of their Ruin thence proceeded the hatred of the People towards them and Princes laid hold of the Opportunity to seize upon their Estates and Treasure Sixty two Knights of the Order are said to have been examin'd before the Pope and owning their Crimes to have beg'd Pardon Their first Accusers were two of the Order to wit the Prior of Montfalcon in the Territory of Toulouze and Nofus an out-Law of Florence Witnesses scarce allowable in a Matter of such Moment Others came in to them and among the rest the Pope's Chamberlain who took that Habit at eleven Years of Age. The Heads of these Accusations were sent to the King of France then at Poitiers with the Pope By their order all the Knights throughout the Kingdom were apprehended on the 13th
of October 1306. They were all put to the Rack where some through excess of Pain said any thing they would have them yet many dy'd with Resolution The Great Master of the Order James de Mola as he was led to be Burnt being proms'd his Life if he would confess openly protested the Innocency of his Order declaring he had falsly charged them with those Crimes at the instigation of the Pope and King of France for which he beg'd Forgiveness of God Many others did the like The following Year Pope Clement by his Bulls appointed the Arch-Bishop of Toledo and Santiago with other Prelates Judges over the Knights Templers in Castile the Bishops of Valencia and Zaragoça for Aragon and so in all other parts of Spain and throughout Christendom They had all Orders after examining the Case to give Sentence in the Provincal Synods In Aragon those Knights stood upon their Defence in several strong Places but particularly at Monçon yet the King's Forces coming upon them they were all taken In Castile the King summon'd them to appear before the Arch-Bishop of Toledo and at the same time caus'd them to be apprehended and their Estates to be put into the Hands of the Bishops till such time as they were try'd A Synod met at Salamanca where after a full Hearing the Templers were acquitted Yet the final Determination was referred to the Pope whose Decree superseded the Opinions of all those Prelates and the whole Order was abolish'd By virtue of this Decree King Ferdinand seiz'd upon all they possess'd as well in Lands as Goods In Galicia they had the Towns of Ponferrada and Faro In Lean Balduerna Tavara Almansa Alcanizes In Estremadura Valencia Alconita Xeres de Badajoz Fregenal Nertobriga Capilla and Caracuel In Andaluzia Palma In old Castile Villalpando In the Territory of Murcia Caravaca and Alconchel In the Kingdom of Toledo Montalvan Besides S. Pedro de la Zarça Burguillos and many other Towns and Houses too tedious to repeat They are said to have had Twelve Monasteries in Spain They were summon'd before the Arch-Bishop of Toledo in the Year 1310. In a Synod held at Munster in Germany the Templers were declared innocent At last the Council of Vienne was open'd upon the 16th of October 1311. Here it was decreed that Pope Boniface should not be condemn'd Some Discourse there was about renewing the War in the Holy Land but to no effect As to the Knights Templers it was ordain'd their Order should be totally abolish'd their Goods to be given to the Knights of S. John who had then taken the Island of Rhodes Only Spain allow'd not of that Decree by reason of the War with the Moors which it was thought would prove dangerous All the World was astonish'd at the Ruin of the Templers Castile was full of Joy for the Birth of Prince Alonso of whom the Queen was delivered on the 3d of August and he soon after succeeded his Father Ferdinand The Joy was the greater because the Queen had never before been with Child and was thought to be Barren A Match was agreed betwixt Prince Peter King Ferdinand's Brother and Mary Daughter to the King of Aragon The two Kings met at Calatayud with a great Court and there the Marriage was celebrated with extraordinary Pomp. Ellenor the Sister of King Ferdinand before contracted to Prince Jayme the King of Aragon's Son was now marry'd and deliver'd to her Father in Law Some Discourse there was about carrying on the War against the Moors in the Spring There was a Difference betwixt the Kings of Castile and Portugal about the Towns of Mora and Serpa near Cape S. Vincent which had been deliver'd to the Portugues contrary to Equity during King Ferdinand's Minority The King of Aragon was chosen Umpire in this Difference This done Prince John the King of Aragon's Brother was sent into Portugal about that Affair King Ferdinand went to Valladolid where he assembl'd the Cortes or Parliament and demanded Mony for carrying on the War which was readily granted in hopes of driving the Infidels quite out of Spain Prince Peter the King's Brother being made General in the Spring of the Year 1312. march'd and lay'd Siege to Alcaudete which as was before said the Moors had taken The King follow'd to Martos there a very strange Accident happen'd Two Brothers Peter and John Carvajal were apprehended for the Murder of a Gentleman of the Family of Benavides kill'd at Palencia Many had been troubled for this Fact but it could not be prov'd upon any Body Lastly these two Gentlemen were condemn'd for it without being sufficiently Convicted or Confessing They were adjudg'd to be cast headlong off from a Rock and no Intercession could mitigate the King for he was inexorable As they were led to Execution they call'd God to witness their Innocency and appeal'd to his Tribunal before which they summon'd the King to appear within 30 Days These Words at first look'd upon as Vain were afterwards much Reflected on The King little regarding them went away to the Camp before Alcaudete there a violent Sickness forc'd him to return to Jaen not withstanding the Moors were upon surrendring His Disease increas'd so that he could not attend any Business and one day being somewhat Joyful with the News brought him that the Moors had surrendred he retir'd after Dinner to Sleep and was found Dead His Death was upon a Thursday the 7th of September He was taken off in the Flower of his Youth at the Age of 24 Years and 9 Months when he began to know somewhat of Happiness He Reign'd 17 Years 4 Months and 19 Days and was the Fourth of the Name Some said excessive Eating and Drinking caus'd his Death others that it was a Judgment for that he dy'd exactly the 30th Day after he was Summon'd For this reason he was call'd King Ferdinand the Summon'd His Body was deposited at Cordova because by reason of the great Heat of the Weather it could not then be carry'd to Sevil or Toledo the Burial Places of the King It was the more confidently believ'd he dy'd in pursuance of the Summons because the same happen'd at the same time to the Pope and King of France who were also cited by several Knights Templers as they were led to Execution What the King of Aragon decreed as to the Difference betwixt Castile and Portugal is not known but it was visible he favour'd the Portugues and King Ferdinand dying he still kept those Towns which remain to that Kingdom to this Day CHAP. VI. The beginning of the Reign of Alonso the XIth King of Castile The many Confusions in that Kingdom by reason of his Infancy The Moors of Granada expel their King The Turks their Original and Growth GReat Troubles ensu'd upon the Death of King Ferdinand because the new King was but a Year and 26 Days old As soon as the King dy'd Prince Alonso his Son was proclaim'd by the
Severity D. Frederick his Bastard Brother met him at Ellerena and was receiv'd with exterior Tokens of Affection but it appear'd afterwards they were Counterfeit At the same time he order'd D. Alonso de Olmedo to put to Death the Lady Ellenor de Guzman then a Prisoner at Talavera in the Kingdom of Toledo This Town being part of the Queen's Dower was from that time call'd Talavera de la Râ—yna Garcilasso de la Vega was kill'd in the Palace at Burgos his chief Crime was the Affection he bore to D. John de Lara Garcilasso was Lieutenant of Castile Garci Manrique succeeded him in that Post It was consulted how the King might get the young Child D. Nuno de Lara Lord of Biscay into his Power But D. Mencia who had the Care of him fled with him into Biscay hoping that People would defend him The King pursu'd and they narrowly escap'd but the Child soon dying he easily subdu'd all that Lordship and annex'd Biscay Lerma and Lara with other Places to the Crown having before secur'd Joanna and Elizabeth Sisters to the Child deceas'd These things were acted in the year of Grace 1351. Great rejoycing was 〈◊〉 in Aragon for the Birth of Prince John which put an end to the strife there had been about the Succession Bernard de Cabrâ—ra was appointed his Tutor and the young Prince was created Duke of Girona From this time forward the eldest Son to the King of Aragon was always Duke of Girona Both the Kings of Castile and Aragon endeavour'd to make a 〈◊〉 with Charles King of Navarre who the year before was Crown'd at Pamplona This King thought it convenient to entertain both those Kings with fair promises Yet at the request of the Castilian he came to Burgos where they both labour'd to out-do one another in Civility and Gallantry Being almost of the same Age and Natural Inclinations they became great Friends This King Charles was by some call'd the Wicked by others the Cruel because 〈◊〉 punish'd with severity a Mutiny that was rais'd at his first Accession to the Crown After some days spent in Mirth at Burgos the King of Castile went away to hold the â—â—rtes or Parliament at Burgos and King Charles returned to â—amplona Thence desiring to be gone into France his Native Country he first went to Moblanco in Aragon to meet that King There two Marriages were propos'd one for King Charles with the Sister to the King of Sicily and the other with Blanch Widow of Philip King of France but nothing was concluded because he hop'd to Marry Joanna the King of France's Daughter CHAP. VIII Embassadors sent by King 〈◊〉 of Castile into France to obtain for his Wife Blanch Daughter to the Duke of Bourbon who is brought into Spain and Marry'd to the King but he being before in â—ove with the Lady Mary de Padilla slights and forsakes his Queen SOme Towns in Old Castile had an antient inmemorial Privilege of chusing their Lords and were therefore call'd Behâ—trias from the Greek word Hetera signifying a Company D. Alonso de Albuquerque in the Cortes labour'd that it should be establish'd for the future the King should appoint those Lords but it could not be obtain'd The next thing propos'd was to Marry the King and to that purpose John de Roelaâ— Bishop of Burgos and Alvor Garcia de Albâ—rnoz a Gentleman of Cuenca were sent Embassadors into France to ask one of the six Daughters of the Duke of Bourbon the most powerful Prince of the Blood Royal in France which they should most approve of for the King The Duke having shew'd them his Daughters they made choice of the Lady Blanch and she was Contracted to the King by Proxy This Lady was bless'd with all Perfections of Soul and Body but unfortunate in her Marriage which ought to have been the Complement of all her Felicity Henry Earl of Trastamara after the Death of his Mother and Gareilasso fled out of Asturias to Portugal fearing the King whom he was not able to oppose The King of Portugal taking compassion on the Earl and fearing leâ—t any misfortune might befall his Grandson the King of Castile his People being incens'd against him met him at Câ—idad Rodrigo There he perswaded him to pardon Count Henry In the beginning of the year 1352. Discontents began to break out in Andaluzia Asturias and Murcia D. Alonso Fernandez Coronel a powerful Man in Andaluzia was possess'd of Aguilar by the King's Gift and had long been at 〈◊〉 with Bernaâ—â—de Cabrera about that Town He was â—ealous of the King for that during his sickness at Seviâ— he had let fall some words signifying that D. John de Lara ought to succeed him which the King heinously resented This Gentleman confiding in the Strength of Aguilar stor'd his other Towns and made an Alliance with other mutinous Nobles He rais'd Men and ask'd Aid of Foreign Princes Particularly he sent D. John de la Cerda Son to Lewis and his Son in Law to the Moors Neither the King of Granada nor the Africanâ— would give him any Succour but it is said he serv'd Albohacen in a Battel in which he overthrew his Father Albohacen Thence he return'd to Portugal and there continu'd in Banishment His Wife the Lady Mary Coronel not able to endure the absence of her Husband or resist her unchast desires rather than yield to them is said to have put burning Coals into that Part which molested her The King of Castile having taken several Towns in Andaluzia prepar'd to Besiege Aguilar when News was brought him that Count Henry had Rebell'd at Gijon in Asturias and his Brother D. Tello committed many Outrages making Incursions from Montagudo on the Frontiers of Aragon This oblig'd him to March to Asturias where Gijon surrender'd upon promise of Pardon for themselves and Count Henry who lurk'd in the Mountains In this march it was that the King fell in Love with Da. Maria de Padilla a young Maid that was bred in the House of D. Alonso de Albuquerque Their familiarity began at Sahagun which prov'd Fatal to the King and Kingdom John de Hinestrola the Ladies Uncle was the manager of the unhappy Bargain The King march'd to Montagudo and took it with several other Towns for D. Tello had abandon'd it and was fled to Aragon The two Kings of Aragon being so near one another set onfoot a Treaty of Peace they met not themselves but their Embassadors D. Alonso de Albuquerque and Bernard de Gabrera concluded a Peace at Taraçona A League offensive and defensive was establish'd and they agreed the one should pardon D. Tello and the other D. Ferdinand de Aragon Then â—ing Peter return'd into Andaluzia and after a Siege of four Months took Aguilar in February 1853. D. Alonso Coronel being taken was Executed as a Traytor with Five of his Companions The Town was dismantled and the King pardon'd the multitude On the 25th of the same
month dy'd D. Gonçalo Archbishop of Toledo D. Vasco or Blas then Bishop of Palâ—ncia succeeded him From Aguilar the King went to Cordova at such time as Dâ— Maria de Padilla was brought to Bed of â— Daughter call'd Beatrix Thence he return'd into the Kingdom of Toledo At Torrijos five Leagues from Toledo in a Turnament made for Joy of his Success and Birth of his Daughter the King receiv'd a Wound in his Hand which had like to have cost him his Life foâ— that the Surgeons could find no means to stop the Blood To this Town came D. Alonso â—â— Albuquerque who had been on an Embassy in Portugâ—â— and brought with him D. John de la 〈◊〉 whom the King receiv'd into Favour with demonstrations of Affection but could never â—â— prevail'd upon to restore him his Father in Laws Lands for he now began to be positive About this time the Lady Blanch of Borbon came to Valladolid accompany'd by the Viscount of Narbonnâ— and D. Frederick the Master of Santiago who went out to meet her D. Alonso de Albuquerque was for having the Marriage solemniz'd immediately He then was so absolute that at times he spoke disrespectful Words to the King and hastned his Marriage lest Da. Maria de Padilla's Relations should work him out of Favour and so it fell out Yet the Marriagew as solemniz'd on the 3d. of June At the same time in France another more fortunate Marriage was consummated betwixt Charles King of Navarre and the Lady Joanna eldest Daughter to the King of France A Match I say more happy for the 〈◊〉 they always had to one another and their Issue They had three Sons â—â—arles 〈◊〉 and Peter the second dyed young and three Daughters Mary Blaâ—ch and Joâ—â—n◠〈◊〉 liv'd 〈…〉 Years the other two were Match'd to great Princes Before he was Marry'd King Charlâ—s had a Bastard-Son called Leo of whom are descended the Marqueses of Cortes in Navarre The Marqueses of Falces in that Kingdom say they are descended from Peter the Kings lawful Son Scarce was King Peter married when he began to slight the Bride being wholly devoted to Da. Maria de Padilla Two Days after he prepar'd to go to the Castle of Montalvan on the Banks of Tagus where he had left his Minion The Queen his Mother and his Aunt Queen Ellenor conjur'd him not to forsake his Queen and give himself up to his Lust but he nothing mov'd said He did not design any such thing yet immediately took Horse and rode away without speaking to any body Count Henry D. Tello and the Princes of Aragon went with him for now the Nobility study'd to please and flatter him Only D. Giles de Albornos the Cardinal who had been Arch-Bishop of Toledo ceas'd not to reprove him till he became hateful to him Then with leave he retir'd to Cuença and thence went into France to Pope Innocent who had succeeded Pope Clement the last Year The King and Lady Mary Padilla from Montalvan went to Toledo At Valladolid it was consulted how to bring him back by force which he understanding was so offended at D. Alonso de Albuquerque the first mover of that Design that he was forc'd to appease him to deliver up his Son Giles as an Hostage At length through much intreaty of the Nobility he was perswaded to return to Valladolid to see the Queen but stay'd with her only two Days It was given out he was bewithc'd by a Jew with a Ribben so charm'd that it appear'd to the King like a Snake Some believ'd the King did not so suddenly quit his â—â—een without cause but because he discover'd Treachery in his Brother Frederick which I suppose is ment in regard to her Honour But all these are Surmises for there needs no stronger Witchcraft nor other Offence to draw a Man away than Love From Valladolid the King went away to Olmedo a Town in that Neighbourhood Thither by his Order came the Lady Mary de Padilla from Toledo and he never more had Compassion or so much as thought of the Queen his unfortunate Wife CHAP. IX King Peter of Castile removes his Officers punishes some Rebels and reduces several Towns The War of Sardinia where Diseases raging in the Aragonian Army that King clapâ— up a dishonourable Peace and returns to Aragon D. Alonso de Albuquerque being in disgrace spent some time upon his own Estate and then fearing the King would pursue him fled to Portugal D. Frederick Master of Santiâ—go had been discontented ever since the King caus'd his Mother to be put to death but being now reconcil'd came to Cuellar where the Court resided D. Tello his Brother at Segovia Marry'd Joanna Daughter to D. John de Lara and had with her the Lordship of Biscay The Kindred of Da. Maria de Padilla promoted this Match to oblige the King's Brothers who were Enemies to D. Alonso de Albuquerque Queen Blanch resided at Medina del Campo with the Queen her Mother-in-Law living like a Widow and spending her time in modest Recreations Thence she was by the King's Order remov'd to Arevalo and forbid conversing with her Mother-in-Law or any of the Nobility Peter Gudiel Bishop of Segovia and Tello Palomeque a Gentleman of Toledo were appointed to guard her The King chang'd the Officers of his Houshold and made James Garâ—â—a â—â— Padilla Brother to his Mistress Lord Chamberlain Alvaro â—â— Albornâ—z Cup-bearer and Peter Gonzalez Mendoça Taster These changes were made in hatred to D. Alonso de Albuquerque who had before many of his Creatures at Court. In Autumn the King went to Andaluzia and displac'd many great Men preferr'd by Alonso de Albuquerque The King was wholly govern'd by Dâ— Maria de Padilla and her Kindred and 〈…〉 Nobility even his Brothers made their Court to her This Winter the great Rains caus'd mighty Floods especially at Sevil where they made up all the Gates of the City lest it should break in At the beginning of the year 1354. D. John NunÌ„ez de Prado Master of Calâ—â—râ—â—a who had fled to Aragon came to Almagro the chief Town of that Order being invited by the King 's kind Letters There D. John de la Cerda who was in Favour made him Prisoâ—â— His greatest Crime was being a Friend to D. Alonso de Albuquerque and having perswaded the King to return to the Queen D. James de Padilla was immediately chosen Master and John Nunez put to Death at Maqueda The King seem'd sorâ—y for hiâ—â—â—ath but no body being question'd it was concluded to be done by his Comâ—â—â—d Nâ—â—â—â—he King invaded the Inheritance of D. Alonso de Albuquerque in which were manâ—â—â—rong â—â—aces Medeâ—â—â—n was besieg'd and the Governour not able to defend it surrender'd having first obtain'd his Master's Consent The Town of Albuquerque tho' besieg'd held out and D. Frederick and Count Henry were left at Badajoz to Blockade it The King went to Câ—cerâ—s and thence sent Embassadors to Alonso King of
Portugal who at that time was at Ebora celâ—â—ratinâ— the Marriage of 〈◊〉 his Grandchild with Ferdinand Prince of Aragâ—â—â— â—â—eâ—e the Embassadoâ—â—â—eâ—an◠〈…〉 D. Alonso de Albuquerque should be deliver'd up 〈…〉 â—ccoâ—nt of the 〈…〉 had thâ— management of D. Alonso answer'd hâ—â—as ready to account in 〈…〉 and â—â—â—lleng'd any body that should lay any Disloyalty to his Chargâ—â— Thâ—s 〈…〉 were dismist The King's Bastard Brothers made an Association with D. Aloâ—â—â— dâ—â—â—â—â—querque aâ—d otheâ—â—obles and would have drawn in the Prince oâ— Portugal 〈◊〉 him the Crowâ—â—â— Castile but the King of Portugal was offended at the 〈◊〉 and so the design â—eâ—â— â—ow the King oâ— Castile committed a Crime not excusabâ—â— if the rest of his Life â—â—â—re such Dâ— â—oanna de Castro Widow to the late D. James de 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 with 〈…〉 The King fell in Love with her and knowing he 〈…〉 â—â—â—ain her 〈…〉 â—â—fer'd to Marry her To this purpose he undertook to prove he 〈…〉 beâ—â—re and putting it to the Judgment of the Bishops of Avila and Salaâ—â—â—â—â— they declar'd he was no â—ays ty'd to the first Marriage As soon as this was declar'd 〈…〉 â—hâ—râ— the King was the â—â—â—â—tials were perform'd in hast Having obtain'd his desires he wâ—â— soon weary â—t is â—â—â—â—rted he stay'd with her but one Night and then left her upon pretence that the Nobâ—â—â—ty Revolted and he must put a stop to their Proceedings Dâ— Joâ—nna de Castro withdrew to Dâ—â—â—as where she cover'd her Disgrace with the Title of Queen and had a Son call'd D. â—â—hn at present her Comfort and afterwards the Scorn of 〈…〉 Whilst the Rebellion was contâ—â—â—ing at Castroxeriz in Old Castile Elizabeth second Dâ—â—â—â—â—er â—â— D. John NunÌ„ez de Lara was marry'd to D. John Prince of Aragon and had with her the Lordship of Biscay taken from D. Tello the King's Bastard Brother who had it in Râ—â—ht of his Wife being â—â—e eldest Sister and lost it for Conspiring against the King Da. Maria 〈…〉 was now dellyer'd of a Daughter call'd Constance afterwards marry'd in Englaâ—â— â—â—â—he Dukâ— of Lancaster Still other Nobles joyn'd in the Association particularly D. Ferâ—â—â—â— de Castâ—â—â— to revenge the Affront put upon his Sister by the King The same was done by the Cities of Toledo Cordova Jaen Cuencâ—â— and Talavera and lastly the Princes of Aragon Queen Mary and Queen Ellenor favour'd the Rebels and thus way was made to a bloody Civil War which long harassed Spain Let us leave the Troubles of Castile a while to speak of the other Provinces of Spain Joseph Bulhagix King of Granada having Reign'd 21 years was murder'd this year by his Subjects Mahomet Lagus Uncle to Joseph and chief Contriver of the Treason usurp'd the Kingdom and held it as long as he liv'd tho' incumber'd with many Contentions and Broils This same year the King of Aragon founded an University at Huesca This was done at such a time as all that Kingdom resounded with Warlike Preparations for the Island of Sardinia The Aragâ—nians as was said in its place had conquer'd that Island but the People were given to change The Family of the Orias of Genoa were possess'd of some Towns in Sardinia These relying on the Affections of the People and the Assistance of Genoa attempted to expel the Aragonians The pretence they made use of was that the Aragonians had taken from them Sacer and Caller two strong Towns War being declar'd they took Alguer and laid Siege to Sacer but could not enter it for the Townsmen bravely defended it till the King of Aragon sent his Fleet to their Relief which for some time supported the War with various event The Venetians always Enemies to the Genoeses made a League with the King of Aragon against them Three years before this we now write of the Fleets of Aragon and Venice near Peâ—a which is a League from Constantinople and was then subject to the State of Genoa fought the Genoese Fleet tho' the Sea was at that time rough and took 23 of their Galleys many were also drove ashore Twelve Galleys of Aragon and their General Ponce de Santapan were also lost Yet both Parties pretended to the Victory The Popes Clement Innocent labour'd to reconcile these Nations but all in vain Marianus Judge of Arborea an antient Prince of Sardinia and a Powerful Man sided with the Genoeses and joyn'd Mathew Doria their chief Thus they soon possess'd themselves of all the Island except the two Towns of Sacer and Caller which always continu'd firm to the Aragonians The dangerous Posture of their Affairs being known in Aragon a Fleet was fitted out consisting of a 100 Sail among which 55 were Galleys In it were 1000 Men at Arms 500 light Horse and about 12000 Foot all of known bravery Great stores of Provisions were also laid up and many Souldiers and Persons or Note came to serve the King of Aragon out of England Germany and Navarre All the Nobility of Aragon strove to go upon this Expedition and Bernard de Gabrera was Admiral of the Fleet which Rendezvous'd at Roses and set sail thence about the middle of June Prince Peter the King's Uncle was left to govern the Kingdom They had a good Voyage in 8 Days arriv'd at Sardinia anker'd within three Miles of Alguer and landed the Army Presently the Army March'd towards the City and Bernard de Cabrera follow'd with the Fleet. The â—ing at the Head of his Men and shun'd no Danger to encourage them About Forty Genoese Galleys appear'd in the Sea rather to shew their Swiftness than Valour The Lord of Arborea incamped in sight of the Aragonians with 2000 Horse and 15000 Foot but durst not give Battle because they were raw undisciplin'd Men. Whilst the Aragonians batter'd the Town the Weather being had and the Country unhealthy the Aragonian Army sicken'd and the King himself was diseas'd wherepon a Treaty was set afoot Peace was concluded upon dishonourable Conditions for the King of Aragon which were that the Judge of Arborea and Mathew Doria should be pardon'd and keep what they had Besides the King 〈◊〉 the former several Towns in Gallura a Province of that Island Thus 〈…〉 stead of Punishment the Enemies grew more fierce Alguer was deliver 〈◊〉 the 〈◊〉 the Inhabitants had leave to depart and many old Catalonian Souldiers setled there The Queen who was there present being earnest to return Home and several Noble Men dying caus'd this Treaty to be hastily concluded in November Yet the King stay'd Seven Months longer in Sardinia settl'd the Island punish'd some Offenders reducing the Judge of Arborea and Mathew Doria who again were about to revolt Olfo Prochita being left Viceroy there the Fleet return'd to Aragon having perform'd little for so great Preparations CHAP. X. The Nobility of Castile and particularly the King's Bastard Brothers in Rebellion they treat with the King without success the Queen Mother joyns them the King gets the better and
the King of Navarre then a Prisoner in France was solicited by both Parties but he would declare for neither tho he rather inclin'd to the Aragonian Incursions were made three several ways into the Kingdom of Valencia Prince Ferdinand of Aragon hoping that Kingdom would rebel but he was deceiv'd for they were terrify'd with Punishment Thus the War was carry'd on at the end of August with great Desolation of the Country Near the same time was the memorable Battle of Poitiers in France in which the whole power of that Kingdom was discomfited by a small Number of English the King of France and his younger Son Philip taken and a great number of Nobility slain That famous Battel was fought on the 19th of September 1356. Upon occasion of this defeat the King of Navarre broke Prison and getting to Paris headed the People against the Dauphin There in a great Assembly he complain'd of the Wrongs done him and pleaded his right to the Crown as Grand-Son to King Luis Hutin whereas the King of England was Son to the Lady Elizabeth that King's Sister This had been a ground of new Confusions but that the King of Navarre wanted Power However he prevail'd so far as to have all that was his own restor'd to him with an addition of the Lordships of Mascon and Bigorre Yet he could not obtain the Earldoms of Champagne Brie and Burgundy to which he pretended to have right Heny Earl of Trastamara escaping from that Fight fled to the King of Aragon being invited by him This was the first step he rose towards obtaining the Crown of Castile It was agree'd betwixt the King of Aragon and him That Count Henry should renounce his Country and take an Oath of Fidelity to the Aragonian and that the King should give him pay for 600 Horse and as many Foot who were to serve under him At the beginning of the Year 1357 the War went on with various Success on the Frontiers of Castile and Aragon The Arigonians took Alicant the Castilians Embite and Bordalva Chief Commanders for the King of Aragon were Count Henry D. Peter de Exerica and Count Lope Ferdnandez de Luna For the King of Castile D. Frederick Master of Santiago the two Princes of Aragon and D. John de la Cerda Those of Aragon serv'd their Master with greater Fidelity than those Castile who at last were all drawn over by the Enemy D. John de la Cerda and Alvar Perez de Gusman were the first that deserted the King of Castile remembring the death of D. Alonso Coronel whose Daughters they had marry'd and who was kill'd by the King's Order as also fearing the King had a Mind to Da. Aldonça Wife to Alvar Perez They fled to Andaluzia hoping to raise a Rebellion there At this time the King of Castile laid Siege to a Castle on the Borders of Castile and Aragon call'd Tebat or as others write Silamo there he receiv'd the News that those Gentlemen were fled into Andaluzia He pursu'd them a while but finding it impossible to overtake them return'd to the War with more fury than before He took some Towns of small Note and with the same Violence enter'd Taraçona a noble City near Navarre on the 9th of March. The Citizens seeing the upper part of the Town lost surrender'd upon promise of Life and Goods and were suffer'd to depart to Tudela It was said this City was lost through the Cowardise of the Governour Michael de Guerrea who not knowing how to answer it withdrew with his Family to Navarre The King peopled the Town with Castillian Souldiers dividing the Houses and Lands among them This City being lost the King of Aragon thought not himself safe in Zaragoça especially for that at the same time D. John de la Cerda was defeated and kill'd by the Forces of the Council of Sevil commanded by D. John Ponce de Leon Lord of Marchena and Gilos Bocanegra the Admiral From France came the Earl of Faux with many Gentlemen of Note to serve the King of Aragon His Enemy the Lord La Brie came with a number of Lances to King Peter Pope Innocent's Legate the Cardinal of Bolonia sent to that purpose labour'd much to bring them to Peace and at last obtained a Truce for 15 Months Mean while Bernard de Cabrera and John Fernandez de Hinestrosa were appointed Commissioners the first for Aragon the other for Castile to treat All Places taken on both sides were deliver'd in Trust to the Cardinal Legate who excommunicated him that should offer to break the Truce This Agreement was made on the 18th of May. This Month dy'd Alonso the IIId King of Portugal Aged 77 Years and a Half He reign'd 31 Years 5 Months and 20 Days and was buried by his Queen Beatrix in the Cathedral of that City His Son Peter call'd the Cruel succeeded him About a Month before he had a Son born to him of Da. Teresa Gallego whom he kept after his Father caus'd the Lady Agnes de Castro to be put to death She was graceful but had no other good quality her Son was call'd John to whom Heaven had reserv'd the Crown of Portugal as shall appear in its Place The Truce concluded betwixt the Crowns of Castile and Aragon the Aragonian deliver'd up to the Legate the Places he had taken being but few but King Peter could never be induc'd to draw the Souldiers out of Taraçona to whom he had given Houses there He went away to Sevil to settle Andaluzia and set out a Fleet to infest the Coast of Aragon for he neither expected nor desir'd Peace At Sevil he was so taken with the Lady Aldonça Coronel that he made no account of Da. Maria de Padilla The Legate offended at his course of Life excommunicated him and laid an Interdict upon all Castile This was an extravagant Action of the Legate therefore the Pope call'd him out of Spain All was contriv'd by the King of Aragon to make King Peter odious Another Displeasure befel him The Lady Joanna Wife to Count Henry was convey'd into Aragon to her Husband by Peter Carillo a Servant of his which cut off all hope of Peace The other Brothers Frederick and Tello were willing to rebel but fear'd they could have nothing in Aragon equivalent to the Estates they must leave in Castile Prince Ferdinand of Aragon kept the Town of Jumilla taken from the Aragonians he dealing underhand with Bernard de Cabrera went over to the King of Aragon upon conditition to be made Vicar of the Kingdom and have all his Estate restor'd The Revolt of Count Henry and Prince Ferdinand as it was the Life of Aragon so it prov'd fatal to their Brothers as shall be seen here after Mathew Doria dying in Sardinia advanc'd the King of Aragons Interest for tho Marianus of Arborea was not quiet his Power alone was inconsiderable Luis of Naples was possess'd of the greatest part of Sicily Frederick
vain Thence he sail'd to Barcelona where he found 12 Galleys of Aragon which he twice attempted to carry off but could not because they lay near the Shore and were bravely defended by the Catalonians Thus disappointed he sail'd for the opposite Islands He landed at Yviça and tho he assaulted the Town of that Name could not take it Mean while the King of Aragon having gather'd 40 Galleys sail'd over to Majorca designing to Fight the Castilian Fleet. The King at the Request of his People stay'd in the Island and sent the Fleet under the command of Bernard de Cabrera his Admiral and the Viscount to find out the Enemy who leaving Yviça were come to Calpe with the same Resolution The Aragonian Fleet lay at the Mouth of the River that falls into the Sea neat Denia both Parties seem'd desirous to Ingage yet both were cautious so all this threaten'd Storm vanish'd The Aragonians put into Barcelona and the King of Castile from Cartagena sent his Fleet to Sevil and went by Land himself to Tordesillas to see Da. Maria de Padilla who was there deliver'd of a Son call'd Alonso The King's Joy for his Birth was not lasting for he dy'd soon after In the Fields of Araviana at the foot of the Mountain Moncayo Count Henry and his Brother D. Tello with 700 Aragonian Horse charg'd a Party of Castile and overthrew them killing about 300 and taking many Men of Note Among the rest was killed John Fernandez de Hinestrosa the Commander in Chief The King of Castile in a rage caus'd two Bastard Brothers he kept Prisoners to be put to Death which were John and Peter It is likely they were convicted of keeping Correspondence with the Rebels yet this Action terrify'd the whole Kingdom All the great Ones trembled but doubtless it was their Guilt made them do so for many Men of Quality not thinking themselves secure in Castile fled into Aragon The King was charg'd with Cruelty but the Subject consider'd not how many frequent Rebellions oblig'd him to make Examples of Justice Having Intelligence that 12 Venetian Galleys were ready to pass out of the Streights the King sent 20 to Intercept them but a Storm disappointed the Design This is represented as a hainous Crime without reflecting that is was say'd before the Venetians were in League with Aragon and might therefore be justly looked upon as Enemies to Castile But it was the Misfortune of this King to have all his Actions misrepresented and to have those things call'd Cruelty in him which were but just Punishment of Rebels Yet because a Bastard prevail'd against him that Bastard was applauded as lawful King and the true King stiled a Tyrant Such is the Judgment of the World that Misfortunes make the best King a Tyrant and success Crowns the vilest Vsurper with the Name of a Lawful Prince The Cardinal Legate took much pains to set on Foot a Treaty of Peace which he compass'd at the beginning of the Year 1360. Embassadors were sent on both sides with full Power and the King was near a Conclusion Yet neither at Tudela nor at Sadua where the Treaty was renew'd and continu'd could any thing be brought to Perfection for the Aragonians were incourag'd with their late Success and the King of Castile after so many Disappointments would not yield the least Point Yet finding so much Falshood among his People he knew not who to trust and therefore every Day chang'd the Officers of his Household and Army This was the unhappy condition of King Peter CHAP. III. The Death of Queen Blanch and Da. Maria de Padilla Peace betwixt Castile and Aragon The War with the Moors and Death of their King The King of Aragon 's Daughter marry'd to the King of Sicily THE Treaty of Peace was so carry'd on that still fresh Preparations for War were made on both Sides The King of Castile went from Sevil towards Leon in speed to apprehend Peter Nun̄ez de Guzman Lieutenant of that Kingdom but he having Notice of the King's approach fled to Portugal a sign he was not Innocent Peter Alvarez Osorio being at Dinner with D. James Garcia de Padilla Master of Calatrava was put to Death by two of the King's Guards From Leon the King went to Burgos where he put to Death James Arias Maldonado the Archdeacon for keeping a Correspondence with Count Henry Many others sav'd their Lives by the sudden Irruptions of the Aragonians under Count Henry D. Tello and the Count de Osona into the Territory of Rioja where they took the Town of Haro and City Najara killing a great Number of Jews and making great Slaughter and Destructions In this heat they advanc'd as for as Pancorvo Gonzalo Gonzalez de Lucio Governour of Taraçona for the King of Castile deliver'd it up to the Aragonians The King of Castile march'd towards the Enemy then at Najara and encamp'd near a small Town call'd Azofra Here a Priest came to tell him he had a Revelution that his Bastard Brother Count Henry would kill him unless he mended his Life but the King for his Intelligence caus'd him to be publickly Burnt in the Camp From Azofra the King march'd towards Najara and there totally routed the Aragonians who fled to the City which might have been taken but the King could not be perswaded to besiege it Within two or three Days the Aragonians abandon'd Haro and Najara and the King put Garrisons into them Having secur'd the Frontires he return'd to Sevil and there agreed with the King of Portugal that each should deliver up the Out-laws that fled from the other The King of Portugal put to Death one Peter Coello and another because they had murder'd the Lady Agnes de Castro James Lopez Pacheco who had a Hand in her Death fled to Count Henry who afterwards for his good Service gave him an Estate in Castile and he was the Founder of the Noble Family of Pacheco Others were deliver'd to the King of Castile who put them to Death at Sevil. One of these was Peter Nun̄ez de Guzman the Lieutenant of Leon. Another was Gomez Carillo beheaded in a Galley as he was going by the King's Order from Sevil to Algozira upon pretence of being Governor of that Place Gutierre Fernandez de Toledo was put to Death at Alfaro for favouring the Party of Count Henry Gutierre Gomez and Toledo and James Gomez Brother to the deceas'd understanding he was Executed fled to Aragon D. Vasco Arch-bishop of Toledo was banish'd the Kingdom without allowing him time to change his Cloaths He went to Coimbra where in a Monastery of Dominicans he ended his Days holily Some Years after his Body was Translated to the Cathedral of Toledo Many call this Archbishop Blase It is suppos'd D. Vasco resign'd the Archbishoprick as soon as he was Banish'd for the same Year we find D. Gomez Manrique succeeded him Whilst these things happen'd in Castile the King of Aragon sent 4 Galleys well
equipp'd to the Assistance of the King of Tremecen his Ally They met 5 Galleys of Castile which took and carry'd them to Sevil there many of them with their Commander Mathew Merzero were put to Death by the King's Order Samuel Levi a Jew was the King's Treasurer and had the diposal of all the Revenue whereby he gather'd great Riches which now prov'd his Ruin He was accus'd of many Frauds and being put to the Wrack dy'd upon it The King seiz'd upon his Estate valu'd at 400000 Ducats others say more besides Moveables and Jewels At the end of this Year Mahomet Lagus was expell'd his Kingdom by his own Subjects Mahomet Aben Alhamar was set up in his Place and from the Colour of his Hair and Beard call'd the Red. They said the Crowa appertain'd to him as being descended of the Antient Kings of Granada Hence ensu'd new Wars for the King of Castile was a Friend to him that was depos'd who fled to Ronda a Town belonging to the King of Morocco The King of Castile resolv'd to stand by his old Friend On the other side the new King to strengthen himself sought the Friendship of the Aragonian which and calling King Abohanen out of Africk cost him his Life At the end of this Year the Lady Constance Daughter to the King of Aragon was sent into Sicily to be marry'd to King Frederick Olfo Prochita Governour of the Island Sardinia commanded the Fleet that carry'd her The Marriage was celebrated on the 11th of April 1361 at Catanea From that time the Affairs of the Island began to be more Successful the Neopolitans being vanquish'd and expell'd the Kingdom Of this Queen was born the Lady Mary who was afterwards Queen of Aragon and had in Dower the Kingdom of Sicily At length by the Industry of the Cardinal Legate Peace was concluded in Castile yet so that none thought it would be lasting The Articles were That all Places taken on both Sides should be restor'd and that the Out-laws of Castile should be expell'd Aragon provided the King pardon'd them On the 18th of May the Peace was Proclaim'd at Deza where the King of Castile was then encamp'd This Peace was forwarded by the fear of the War the King of Granada then made upon Castile For the greater security it was agreed that cautionary Towns on both sides should be put into the Hands of King Charles of Navarre who was then coming out of France into Spain very Joyful for that his Queen had brought him a Son call'd Charles Mean while his Brother Prince Luis Govern'd the Kingdom Peace concluded the King of Aragon went away to Zaragoça and he of Castile to Sevil Count Henry and his Brothers into France hoping to renew the War Many Nobles of Castile were ready to take up Arms upon pretence of protecting Queen Blanch which heightned the King's hatred towards her It was said he caus'd her to be Poison'd in the Prison where he kept her She was doubtless the most unfortunate Queen of Spain There is a report that the King being a Hunting near Medina Sidonia there met him a Shepherd of a terrible Aspect threatning him if he had not Compassion of Queen Blanch and that the King sending presently to see whether it was not some body employ'd by her she was found at Prayers and closely Guarded The Shepherd being releas'd out of Prison was never after seen Doubtless were this a Vision he had never been put into Prison The Lady Elizabeth de Lara Daughter to D. John de Lara was also Poison'd in Prison at Xerez An Historian who stiles himself head Caterer to Queen Ellenor of Castile in certain Commentaries he writ upon what happen'd in his Time says Queen Blanch dy'd at Vren̄a near the City Toro in old Castile This uncertainty as to the Place of her Death makes it appear the manner of it is not so certain tho the Malice of Authors who all humour'd the Success of Henry the Bastard caus'd all Crimes to be laid to his Predecessor Peter because he was Unfortunate The publick Grief for so many Calamities was somewhat asswag'd by the Death of Da. Maria de Padilla who ended her Days at Sevil in July A Woman laying aside her Incontinency in all other Respects worthy to be a Queen Her Funeral-Rites were perform'd throughout the Kingdom with the same Magnificence as if she had been Queen She was bury'd in the Monastery of S. Mary de Estudilla which she built in old Castile The Body of Queen Blanch was deposited in the Cathedral of Tudela by some French Gentlemen who came to the Assistance of Count Henry in order to carry it into France In the Monastery of Dominican Nuns at Toledo there are 3 Tombs one of the Lady Teresa by whom King Peter had a Daughter called Mary who was many Years Prioress in that Monastery and lies in the 2d Tomb. In the 3d are D. Sancho and D. James Sons of King Peter by the Lady Elizabeth At this time the King of Portugal solemnly declar'd in Lisbon that the Children he had by the Lady Agnez de Castro were born in lawful Wedlock and as such capable of inheriting the Crown and as Witnesses of his Marriage he produc'd Giles Bishop of Guardia and Stephen Lovata his Master of the Robes The King and Witnesses made Oath of the Truth of their Assertion in the Presence of all the Nobility and of John Alonso Tello the year before created Earl of Barcelos and was the first that obtain'd that Honour in Portugal Mean while the War of Granada was carry'd on with great Heat The Forces of Castile ravag'd the Territories of the Moors and laid Siege to Antequera formerly call'd Syngilia a strong and well Garrison'd Town whence they were Repuls'd Having wasted the Plain of Granada they return'd Home without performing any memorable Action Soon after 600 Moorish Horse and 2000 Foot broke into the Lieutenancy of Caçorla and took a great Booty of Cattle The Gentry of Jaen and the Neighbouring Places assembling recovered the Prey killing many of the Enemy and putting the rest to Flight A more dangerous War was expected from France which the Cardinal Legate endeavour'd to prevent and to that effect spent the Summer at Pamplona He labour'd to perswade King Peter to pardon the Out-laws of Castile and reverse their Attainder of Treason The King would not hear of it therefore the Cardinal at the Solicitation of the King of Aragon took upon him to declare their Attainder Void This provok'd the King of Castile who resolv'd to take Revenge as soon as he had put an end to the War with the Moors On the 18th of February 1362 the Moors obtain'd a notable Victory over the Christians near Guadix D. James Garcia de Padillu Master of Calatrava and Henry Enriquez Lieutenant of the Frontiers of Jaen with other Gentlemen entred the Moorish Territories with 1000 Horse and 2000 Foot designing to
Attack Guadix A great Number of Men was put into that Place unknown to the Christians who sent some Troops to Plunder the Fields call'd Val de Alhama The Moors perceiving they were divided fell upon those with great Fury that remain'd behind The Fight lasted all Day but the Number of Moors prevailing many of our Men were kill'd many taken and among them the Master of Calatrava who was carry'd to Granada and that King being desirous to appease King Peter sent him away without any Ransom King Peter believing this Courtesy proceeded from fear assembling his Forces enter'd the Kingdom of Granada took several Towns and return'd to Sevil with a rich Booty To this Misfortune of the Moorish Kings another was added which was that many Men of Note forsook him and favour'd his Adversary Mahomet Lagus who was in Banishment The King fearing he should be expelled the Kingdom consulted with his Friends what was best to be done and by the advice of one Edriz a constant follower of his Fortunes having obtain'd a Pass came away to Sevil with 400 Horse and 200 Foot to put himself under the Protection of the King of Castile The King receiv'd him Honourably in the Palace of Sevil and having heard him promis'd all should be well Then he was sent to Sup with D. Garcia de Toledo the Master of Santiago whilst they were at Supper the Moorish King was apprehended and a few Days after being Cloath'd in his Royal Robes which were Scarlet was carry'd out upon an Ass with 37 of his Gentlemen to the publick Place of Execution which is near the City and is call'd Tablada There they were all put to Death It was given out their Riches were the Cause of their Death and some Authors say King Peter himself slew the Moorish King with a Spear His Body was sent to his Competitor Mahomet Lagus who immediately recover'd his Kingdom and sent away all the Christians taken at the Fight of Guadix without Ransom CHAP. IV. Castile and Navarre joyn in League The War is carry'd on Successfully against Aragon by King Peter of Castile who declares the Lady Mary de Padilla to have been his lawful Wife The Death of John King of France and Constance Queen of Aragon THE War with the Moors being ended the King of Castile bent his Thoughts against Aragon but gave out that the Preparations he made were to defend himself against France He resolv'd to make a League with England fearing the King of France would take Revenge for the Wrongs done his Neece Queen Blanch. At Soria he had a Meeting with the King of Navarre and they made a League against Aragon the Navarrois pretending to take Revenge for that the Aragonian being his Brother in Law and Ally had not assisted him when he was Prisoner in France Having therefore assembl'd all the Force of his Kingdom he lay'd Siege to the Town of Sos in Aragon and took it after a vigorous Resistance made At the same time the King of Castile with an Army of 10000 Horse and 30000 Foot entred Aragon resolving to besiege Calatayud By the way he took Hariza Ateca Cetina and Alhama and in June sat down before the strong City of Calatayud within it was a numerous and resolute Garrison The King of Aragon considering the Danger the Besieg'd were in sent the Count de Osona Son to Bernard Cabrera D. Peter de Luna his Brother D. Artal and other Gentlemen to attempt getting into the Town that they might encourage the Besieg'd till he could send them Relief They being come to Miedes a Town near Calatayud King Peter who had notice of it surpriz'd the Place and carry'd them away Prisoners to the Camp The King of Aragon being unprovided sent to desire Aid in France and to call Count Henry and his Brother D. Tello to his Assistance Relief was long a coming and the City no longer able to hold out was surrendred upon the 29th of August upon Condition the Inhabitants should remain free in their Persons and Estates as they had been under the Crown of Aragon This City being taken and a good Garrison put into it under the command of the Master of Santiago the King return'd to Sevil. Here before he went to Calatayud he had held the Cortes or Parliament in which he publickly declar'd and vouched that Da. Maria de Padilla had been his lawful Wife he being privately Marry'd to her long before Queen Blanch came into Spain which made his Marriage with that Lady void That he had not discover'd it before fearing the Malice of the Nobility but thought himself now oblig'd in Conscience to do it as also for the sake of the Children he had by her He order'd she should for the future be call'd Queen and bury'd among the Kings On the 17th of October following dy'd his Son Alonso whom he design'd his Heir On the 18th of November the King made his Will in which he orders himself to be bury'd with the Habit of S. Francis betwixt Da. Maria de Padilla and his Son Alonso It appears he was not so remote from godly Thoughts as his Enemies represent him tho his violent Nature often transported him By this Will he appoints his Daughters by Da. Maria de Padilla successively his Heiresses and after them his Son John by the Lady Joanna de Castro The Witnesses of the Marriage produc'd were of undoubted Reputation such as D. Garcia de Padilla Master of Calatrava John Fernandez de Hinestrosa one John Alsonso de Mayorga and John Perez a Priest who all made Oath upon that Matter In one Article of his Will he forbid his Daughters on pain of incurring his Curse and forfeiting the Crown marrying of Prince Ferdinand of Aragon or Count Henry or D. Tello his Bastard Brothers but order'd Beatrix the Elder to marry Ferdinand Prince of Portugal and that the Crown of Castile should be her Dower D. Garci Alvarez de Toledo Master of Santiago was appointed her Tutor He also ordain'd that D. James de Padilla Master of Calatrava and D. Suero Martinez Master of Alcantara should be supported in their Estates Honours and Dignities Having setl'd all things in the dead of Winter being the beginning of the Year 1363 the War was carry'd on with great Vigour Levies were made throughout the Kingdom and a League with the King of England Malvenda Aranda and Borgia with other Towns of less Note were taken and Taraçona besieg'd On the other side the King of Navarre made an Incursion into Aragon and destroy'd all the Country wherever he came Luis Brother to the King of Navarre Giles Fernandez Carvallo Master of Santiago in Portugal with 300 Horse and some French Gentlemen came to serve the King of Castile The King of Aragon courted him of Granada to make War in Andaluzia but he refus'd acknowledging the Favour lately receiv'd He also solicited the African Moors and excus'd himself for so doing by the Example of the King
at variance and in lieu thereof should have the Lordship of Montpelier These things were done later in the Year 1375 therefore let us return to Castile King Henry's Joy for his Success was somewhat abated by the many Enemies he had yet to deal with for still King Peter's Party was not extinct The Portugueses had a strong Garrison in Cuida Rodrigo and thence infested all the neighbouring Country This place King Henry laid Siege to at the beginning of the Year 1370 but the Portugueses defended it so bravely that he was forc'd to quit that Design for the present and march away to Medina del Campos Here he held the Cortes or Parliament The chief Thing done at this Meeting was the granting of an extraordinary Subsidy towards the War There was due to Bertran Claquin 120000 Doubles promis'd him for betraying of King Peter at Montiel this was a vast Summ in those Days Jayme King of Naples was deliver'd to him as payment of 60000 the Queen his Wife offering so much for him the rest was paid down in Gold Besides the King gave him the Towns of Soria Almaçan Aciença Montagudo Molina and Seron This done he return'd into France where he was made Constable and serv'd well against the English In July the Aragonians and Navarrois concluded a League only defensive as was given out but in reality design'd against Henry of Castile Then the Towns of Salvatierra and La Real formerly belonging to Aragon were restor'd to that Crown by the Queen of Navarre In Castile Peter Manrique Lieutenant of that Kingdom and Peter Ruiz Sarmiento Lieutenant of Galicia were order'd with some Forces to defend Galicia where the Portugueses had taken Compostella Tuy and the Port of Corun̄a D. Tello King Henry's Brother was also commanded thither This done King Henry went away to Sevil with the best of his Army for there was the greatest need of it because the Moors made War on that side Carmona still held out and the Portuguese Fleet kept the Mouth of the River Gaudalquivir Henry was much pleas'd that the Masters of Santiago and Calatrava concluded a Truce with the King of Granada for he could not have withstood so many Enemies at once The Portuguese fleet consisted of 16 Galleys and 24 Ships King Henry order'd 20 Galleys to be lanch'd but they could not all be fitted because King Peter had laid up the Tackling at Carmona therefore a Fleet was order'd to come from Biscay which the Portuguese understanding durst not stay to give them Battel but return'd to Portugal having lost three Galleys and two Ships The Portuguese Fleet was at that time weaken'd having sent some Galleys to Barcelona to carry the Embassadors who went to make a League with the King of Aragon They concluded the Confederacy upon these Terms That the Kingdom of Murcia and City of Cuenca with all its Dependencies should belong to the Crown of Aragon all the other Dominions of Castile should fall to the King of Portugal who already called himself King of Castile That the King of Portugal should marry the Lady Ellenor Daughter to the Aragonian her Dower to be 100000 Florins This Contract came to nothing for the King of Portugal fell in love with and marry'd the Lady Ellenor Tellez de Meneses Daughter to Alonso Tello Count of Barceols and the Aragonian taken up with the War of Sardinia had no leisure to attend that of Castile On the 15th of October dy'd D. Tello King Henry's Brother Lord of Biscay Some say he was poison'd others deny it The King gave the Lordship of Biscay and Lara belonging D. Tello to his own Son John and ever since they have been annex'd to the Crown of Castile The Body of D. Tello was bury'd with great Pomp in the Monastery of S. Francis at Palencia CHAP. IX The Siege of Carmona The King of Portugal marries the Lady Ellenor de Meneses Peace betwixt Castile Portugal and Nevarre KIng Heny eas'd of two great Troubles by the Truce made with the Moor and the removal of the Portuguese Fleet laid Siege to Carmona the only Refuge of King Peter's Friends in the Spring of the Year 1371. This Siege lasted long and many notable Exploits were perform'd by the Besieged who kept their Gates always open making continual Salleys One Day just at Noon the Heat being very great the besieged observ'd the Enemy to keep very close in their Tents and thereupon sallying furiously enter'd their Trenches and went directly to the King's Tent resolving by his death to put an end to the War He was in extream Danger but that some Gentlemen came to his rescue and stop'd the Fury of the besieged till the Army gathering they were repuls'd with considerable Loss After this King Henry attempted by Night to scale the Walls about 40 Men at Armes got up and secur'd a Tower but the Townsmen taking the Alarm fell on them with such Bravery that the Ladders not able to bear them going down broke and those that were in the Tower were left behind Martin Lopez de Cordeva the Governour who was out of the Town that Night returning caus'd them all to be put to Death Provision failing the Governour was at last forc'd to Surrender upon Articles which were basely broken and the brave Governour Martin Lopez de Cordova publickly put to Death or rather murder'd at Sevil by the King's Command The Treasure and Innocent Children of King Peter fell into the Hands of King Henry who kept those guiltless Persons in perpetual Imprisonment This done King Henry caus'd the Bones of his Father King Alonso to be translated to the Royal Chappel of the Cathedral of Cordova At the Siege of Carmona he receiv'd the News that Peter Fernandez de Velasco had taken the City Zamora from the Portugeses and his Liuetenant Peter Manrique and Peter Ruiz Sarmiento pacify'd Galicia having defeated D. Ferdinand de Castro the chief Man that favour'd the Portugeses who having lost the Battle fled to Portugal King Ferdinand of Portugal discourag'd at these Losses gave ear to Peace propos'd to him on the behalf of King Henry by Alonso Perez de Gusman chief Alguazil of Sevil. The Treaty was concluded on the 1st Day of March upon these Articles That the King of Castile restore the Towns taken during the War That the King of Portugal marry Ellenor Daughter to him of Castile whose Dower was to be Cuidad Rodrigo Valencia de Alcantara in Estremadura and Monreal in Galicia The Love the Portuguese bore the Lady Ellenor de Meneses as has been said before prevented this Match and he sent an Embassy to excuse himself and deliver'd up all the Places he had belonging to Castile His Excuses were easily allow'd and he publickly marry'd the Lady Elenor de Meneses which prov'd an unhappy Match and produc'd Wars betwixt Castile and Portugal Before the King was marry'd his Design being known at Lisbon the People mutiny'd to prevent it but the
stay to besiege it resolving to advance towards his Enemy who was incamp'd at Santaren The King of Portugal being too weak for his Enemy kept himself within the Walls and King Henry march'd away to Lisbon At his first coming he enter'd and burnt the Suburbs but the City being strong and well defended could not be taken However some Ships were burnt in the River and others taken by the Fleet of Castile a great Number of Prisoners and a rich Booty was carry'd away Mean while the Legate ceas'd not to labour for Peace and at last brought the two Kings together into a Boat upon the River Tagus on the 28th of March and they agreed to these Conditions That the King of Portugal by a certain Day should banish his Kingdom the Gentlemen that fled from Castile who were about 500 in Number That all Places taken during that War should be restor'd on both Sides That Beatrix Sister to the King of Portugal should be marry'd to D. Sancho Brother to King Henry and Earl of Albuquerque and Elizabeth Bastard Daughter to the King of Portugal to Alonso the Bastard of King Henry King Ferdinand gave Hostages for Security of Performance D. Sancho and the Lady Beatrix were presently marry'd at Santaren The Lady Elizabeth being but 8 Years of Age was delivered to King Henry and then the two Kings parted King Henry march'd directly against Navarre but the Pope's Legate reconcil'd those two Kings also The Navarrois restor'd the Towns of Victoria and Logron̄o Charles his Son was contracted to Ellenor Daughter to the King of Castile her Portion 120000 Crowns of Gold The Kings met at Briones a Town on the Frontiers where the Princes were marry'd and the King of Navarre gave his younger Son Peter to him of Castile as a Hostage When the King of Navarre return'd out of France he found that Bernard Bishop of Pamplona and Cruzate Dean of Tudela whom he had joyn'd in Commission with the Queen had not discharg'd their Trust faithfully They understanding the King's Displeasure fled the Bishop got to Avignon but the Dean was kill'd by the way as was suspected by the King's order The Bishop went on to Rome where he dy'd CHAP. X. Peace concluded betwixt Castile and Aragon Several Matches of Princes French and Spaniards besiege Bayonne in vain The Papal Chair restor'd to Rome Death of Frederick King of Sicily FRom Briones the King of Castile return'd to the Kingdom of Toledo he of Navarre to his Court whence he sent the Queen into France to appease that King who was highly offended suspecting the Navarrois had employ'd People to Poison him Then the King of Navarre went in Person to Madrid to perswade King Henry to forsake the French and side with the English Offering if he would pay the Arrears due to the Prince of Wales and his Army from King Peter that the English would quit their Claim to the Crown of Castile and lay down all other Animosities King Henry answer'd he would never depart from the Interest of France where he had found Relief in his Distress but that if the English would make Peace with France he would join in it and pay them as much as should be adjudg'd by impartial Judges Thus nothing was concluded and the Navarrois return'd to Pamplona the Castilian to Andaluzia The Lady Mary Daughter to D. Ferdinand de la Cerda marry'd in France to the Earl of Alençon sent to demand of King Henry the Lordships of Biscay and Lara as of right appertaining to her He reply'd if she would send two of her Sons to reside at his Court they should be put into Possession but having better Estates in France they never came In October Balthasar Spinola a Genoese came into Aragon as Embassador from the English to conclude a League against Castile They offer'd him if the Kingdom were conquer'd the Cities of Murcia Cuenca and Soria with all their Dependencies but the King of Aragon could not be prevail'd upon In February happen'd a great Earthquake in the Earldom of Ribagorça in which many Towns were wholly swallow'd up Luis Duke of Anjou came to Carcassonne to endeavour to settle a Peace betwixt Castile and Aragon fearing lest the English the mortal Enemies of France should become Masters of Castile After much debating it was resolv'd to referr the Dicision of their Differences to Guido Cardinal of Bolonia the Pope's Legate On the 15th of October Pope Gregory the XIth confirm'd the Order of the Fryers of S. Hierome first invented by certain Italian Hermits near the City Toledo Some Years after the Order of the Isidorians was taken from this same In December tho Peace could not be concluded a Truce was agreed upon till the Feast of Pentecost In the Year 1374 John Duke of Lancaster landed with an Army at Calis and being join'd by the Duke of Britany march'd across the Country to Bourdeaux with a Design to conquer Castile He sent Embassadors to the Kings of Aragon and Navarre to ask Supplies but they thought it safest to look on as Neuters King Henry fearing this Storm went to Burgos where he made all possible Preparations to withstand it D. Sancho his Brother endeavouring to appease a Sedition among the Souldiers was wounded in the Face with a Spear and dy'd The Lady Beatrix his Wife left with Child was deliver'd of a Daughter called Ellenor who was marry'd to Prince Ferdinand afterwards King of Aragon King Henry near Ban̄ares made a review of his Forces and found 1200 Horse and 5000 Foot a small Number but good Men. The English Forces consum'd by their long March when they came to Bourdeaux were not above 6000 strong and therefore had lay'd aside the Design of entring Spain Luis Duke of Anjou thinking this a good Opportunity to expel them France advis'd King Henry to joyn his Forces with him and besiege Bayonne King Henry took his Advice and besieg'd the Place but was forc'd by the Rains and want of Provisions to quit it Beltran de Guevara Lord of On̄ate did good Service in this Expedition for which the King at his return gave him the Valley of Leniz In August the Prince of Majorca enter'd the Country of Russillon with a powerful Army yet did nothing considerable On the other side the Lord of Bearne and Godfrey Recco a Breton made an Incursion into the Territory of Borgia and destroy'd all they came near The King of Aragon sent Francis de Perellas Viscount Roda to conclude a League with the Duke of Lancaster A violent Storm cast him upon the Coast of Granada where he was made Prisoner by that King in revenge for certain Vessels of his taken by the Aragonians and to please the King of Castile A new Embassy was sent by King Henry to Barcelona to establish Peace with the Aragonian On the 3d of November dy'd in Normandy Joanna Queen of Navarre at whose Request her Brother the King of France often pardon'd her Husband
She now dy'd of Grief because he refus'd her Her Body was bury'd among the Kings at S. Denis The King her Husband made himself odious by persecuting the Kindred of those who had been against him Aragon besides the Wars this Year suffer'd by Famine which was somewhat abated by bringing Corn from Africk and did some good by forcing the Enemy to depart the Kingdom Jayme King of Naples who marched into Castile with his Army to look for Provisions dy'd there at the beginning of the Year 1375. His Sister Elizabeth who was with him led the Army back into France there she resign'd all her Claims against the House of Aragon to Luis the King of France his Brother which caus'd new Troubles Now the Peace betwixt Castile and Aragon was concluded on the 12th of April the Conditions were That the Lady Ellenor before promis'd to Prince John should be marry'd to him her Dower 200000 Florins lent by the Araganian to King Henry at the beginning of the Civil Wars That Molina should be restored to Castile and That the Aragonian should pay 12000 Florins towards the Charge of the War This Agreement was celebrated with great Joy in both Kingdoms This Year was Fortunate to all Christendom as well as Spain because Pope Gregory the XIth return'd to Rome after the Popes his Predecessors had resided 70 Years at Avignon Bertran Claquin having for his good Service got the Earldom of Longueville in France ◠sold his Lands in Spain to King Henry for 260000 Doubles At Soria on the 27th of May Prince Charles of Navarre marry'd Ellenor King Henry's Daughter and on the 19th of June Prince John his Son took to Wife Ellenor Daughter to the King of Aragon News was now brought that D. Ferdinand de Castro who the last Year fled to Portugal was dead in England Also that Ferdinand de Tovar Admiral of Castile had done much harm along the Coasts of that Island From Soria King Henry went to Burgos He design'd to assist the French with all his Power against the English His Son Alonso Earl of Gijon to avoid marrying Elizabeth Daughter to the King of Portugal fled into France but was soon brought back by his Father At the end of this Year dy'd D. Gomez Manrique Arch-bishop of Toledo The Chapter having chosen two to succeed him the Decision of the Controversy was left to the Pope who allow'd of neither of them but gave that Dignity to Peter Tenorio then Bishop of Coimbra About this time dy'd some Men of Note of Navarre Particularly D. Roderick Vrriz a Man of a great Estate and Interest was by the King's Command apprehended and Beheaded in Pamplona at the latter end of March 1376. Some private Correspondence he held with the King of Castile was the cause of his Death It was Reported he intended to betray the Castles of Tudela and Caparroso but it is not likely they should so soon design to disturb the Peace D. Bernard Folcaut Bishop of Pamplona dy'd on the 7th of July in Banishment at Agnani in Italy D. Martin Calva a most learned Man was chosen to succeed him Frederick King of Sicily departed this Life at Messina on the 26th of July His Daughter the Lady Mary was left sole Heiress of that Kingdom and the Dutchies of Athens and Neopatria which produc'd Differences betwixt several Princes aspiring to marry her This also administred to the Aragonians a fair Opportunity of enlarging their Dominions The End of the Seventeenth Book THE History of SPAIN The Eighteenth BOOK CHAP. I. The Wars of Navarre Matches of some of King Henry's Children The Schism in the Church caus'd by the Election of the Two Popes Urban and Clement The death of King Henry of Castile and of Mahomet the Moorish King of Granada SPAIN now enjoy'd a perfect Peace all its Kings being Ally'd by Marriages and grown weary of the long Wars With the Moors there was a Truce The Duke of Lancaster ingag'd in the Wars of France could not apply himself to the Conquest of Castile King Henry having thus put an End to all the Wars apply'd himself to the Civil Government and reformation of many Abuses crept in by the liberty of the Times Only Aragon was under the Apprehensions of a War for Luis Duke of Anjou to whom Jayme Prince of Majorca had made over his Title to that Kingdom began now to set up his Pretensions The King of Aragon assembled the Cortes at Monçon where new Impositions were laid upon the Jews and Moors only for none would be allow'd upon the Christians yet they offer'd to defend the Country at their own Charge Great Preparations were made for that War It is reported that 40 Galleys were fitted out on the Coast of France and 4000 Men at Arms gather'd and it was fear'd in Aragon that peace being concluded with the English as was expected the Pope interposing all the Power of France would fall upon that Kingdom Besides a Matter of small Moment had like to have produc'd another War D. John Ramirez de Arellano returning from Rome through Aragon at Barcelona was challeng'd and call'd Traitor in the King's presence by the Viscount de Rota for that he had entic'd D. Jayme Prince of Majorca to invade Aragon The Challenge was accepted and the time fix'd for fighting 90 Days after King Henry labour'd to prevent the Combat but the King of Aragon favouring the Viscount they could not agree The King of Castile hereupon said They should Fight but he would send 3000 Horse to see Justice done which was as good as declaring War This mov'd the Aragonian to desist A Treaty of Peace was set afoot at Bruges in Flanders first and in the Year 1377 at Bologne in Picardy betwixt the English and French the Embassadors of Castile being present in Order to have their King Comprehended but nothing was concluded The Death of the Prince of Wales and his Father King Edward the IIId broke all their Measures Richard the King's Grandchild and Son to the Black Prince succeeded King Edward The Duke of Burgundy after the Treaty broke up came into Spain to pay a Vow he had made to visit the Body of the Apostle S. James in Galicia In his return Home he was nobly entertain'd by King Henry at Segovia The rest of the Summer the King spent at Leon and the Winter at Sevil. All the Warlike Preparations made in France fell upon the King of Navarre's Dominions Charles Peter and Mary Princes of Navarre were in France With Charles went Baldwin who was Governour of several strong holds in Normandy and Jaques de la Rue his Favourite who had Orders to propose to the English that the King would make War upon France if they would give him the Dutchy of Guienne to be held in Feof of them The French having intelligence of this Design secur'd Rue put him to the rack and he confessing was executed at Paris Baldwin was commanded to deliver up
all the Towns in Normandy he held for his King Charles the Heir of Navarre was confin'd to the Court and his Brethren Peter and Mary were imprison'd at Bretol All the Dominions of the Navarrois in France were taken from him except two Towns and Cherbourg which was pawn'd to the English Not content with this the French labour'd to induce the King of Castile to invade Navarre and he wanted not the Will only look'd for some specious pretence to declare War It happen'd opportunely that the King of Navarre complain'd that the Mony agreed to be paid him in Gold was paid partly in Silver Coin which had much Allay and was under Value To revenge this Wrong he dealt underhand with Peter Manrique Lieutenant of Castile and Governour of Logron̄o to deliver up that City to him The Governour gave his King an account of it who order'd him to carry on the Plot and secure the King of Navarre He did so and that King coming with 400 Horse sent part of them to the City suspecting some Treachery and therefore would not go himself Those sent being admitted into the Place were most of them taken and stript only a few escaping Among these Martin Enriquez the King's Standard-bearer defended himself with only his Sword against a great Number and at last sav'd himself and the Standard leaping off the Bridge into the River Ebro This was the beginning of the War King Henry gave the Command of his Army to his Son Prince John who enter'd Navarre plunder'd the Country took Guardia and Viana and burn't 〈◊〉 and Artaxond Thus Navarra was wasted by two powerful Kings neither of whome alone it was able to withstand This in the Year 1378. The King of Castile resided at Burgos where the marriage of his Bashard Son D. Alonso Earl of Gijon with Elizabeth the bastard-Bastard-Daughter to the King of Portugal was solemniz'd He also contracted two bastard-Bastard-Daughters to the two Sons of D. Alonso de Aragon Earl of Denis and Marquis of Villena Peter the younger Son presently marry'd Joanna the eldest and had by her Henry and Alonso Ellenor the youngest was contracted to D. Alonso who was then as a Hostage in the Hands of the English for his Father's Ransom yet afterwards the Match broke off Another Match was concluded betwixt Beatrix Legitimate Daughter to the King of Portugal and Frederick Bastard to King Henry Pope Gregory the XIth dy'd at Rome on the 27th of March. The conclave Meeting to elect a new Pope after many intreaties and Threats of the People and Senators of Rome chose Bartholomew-Butillius a Neapolitan Arch-bishop of Bari who took the Name of Vrban the VIth This done some of the Cardinals withdrew to the Castle of ◠Angelo others fled yet they all assisted at the Coronation Nevertheless they met afterwards at Fundi and elected another Pope who was Robert Cardinal of Geneva and took the Name of Clement the VIIth This was the beginning of the Schism that follow'd Pope Vrban in one day created 29 Cardinals all Men of Note Clement went away to Avignon and all Christendom was divided not knowing the true Pope The English Italians and Germans follow'd Vrban the French and Scotch supported Clement The Spaniards at first stood Neuters tho courted by both Whilst the Church was thus divided Portugal enjoy'd perfect Peace yet as it is usual the People was discontented for that the Queen manag'd all things and bestow'd all Honours upon her own Friends and Relations besides she was suspected of entertaining a scandalous Familiarity with D. John Fernandez de Andeyro Earl of Dren Denis and John the King's Brothers being disgussed fled to Castile John their Bastard-Brother and Master of Avis was cast into Prison but submitted to the Queen and appeas'd her The lower part of the City Lisbon towards the Sea was wall'd in because that side had receiv'd most Harm in the last Siege Both the Popes sent their Legates to court the Kings of Spain to declare for them The Aragonians resolv'd to stand Neuter tho offended at Vrban who went about to take Sicily and Sardinia from him yet he would not suffer the Edicts of Clement to be read in his Kingdom but order'd all the Ecclessastical Revenues appertaining to the Pope to be deposited in a third Hand Pope Vrban's Legates found King Henry at Cordova and press'd him to declare against Clement but he would not give any Answer till the Case was debated by learned Men at Toledo Prince John being return'd from the War in Navarre was in that City as also the French Embassadors who came to sollicit for Clement An Assembly of Bishops and Learned Men was held who declar'd it was not their Part to judge of that Controversy but would stand by him that should be own'd Pope by the Church and that till it were decided the Ecclesiastical Revenues should be deposited for the true Pope This was the Answer given to the Embassadors in the Year 1379 Hence King Henry went away to Burgos to prepare for the War with Navarre and there met him Embassadors from that King to treat of Peace which was concluded upon these Conditions That the English Soldiers should depart Navarre That 20 strong places and among them Estela Tudela and Viana should admit Castilian Garrisons for 10 Years That the King of Castile should lend the Navarrois 20000 Ducats as soon as the Peace was ratify'd This done the two Kings met at Santo Domingo de la Calcada with great Retinues and strove to outdo one another in Grandeur and Courtesy The King of Granada having always favour'd King Peter fear'd King Henry now at leisure would take Revenge Not finding himself able to withstand his Power he employ'd a Moor to Murder him This Moor endeavour'd to gain King Henry's Favour by continual Attendance and many Presents Among other Things he gave him a pair of Moorish Buskins as Grave Authors affirm they were poison'd but this is a fabulous Conceit taken up because he fell Sick the Day he put them on and dy'd ten Days after in the City of Santo Domingo His death happen'd on the 29th of May. Good Writers affirm he dy'd of the Gout He liv'd 46 Years and 5 Months and Reign'd after he was call'd King at Calahorra 13 Years and 2 Months His Body was carry'd to Burgos his Son John now King accompanying it and was deposited in the Cathedral Thence he was translated to Valladolid and lastly to Toledo He order'd himself to be buried in the Habit of S. Dominick for the particular Devotion he had to that Saint of whose Order the Kings us'd to choose their Confessor About the same time dy'd the King of Granada Mahomet call'd of Gaudix for his Curiosity in beautifying that City He may be esteem'd more fortunate than all his Predicessors having had no civil Broils during his whole Reign The King of Aragon tho very antient took to Wife Sybila Fortia a Widow Lady
other his Contrivances CHAP. VIII John King of Aragon upon Complaint of his Subjects complies with their Demands Irruptions of the French into Aragon Henry the IIId proclaim'd King of Castile The form of Government appointed there during his Minority JOHN the first the new King of Aragon acted nothing like his Father who was an active Man warlike and ambitious of enlarging his Dominions King John was meek and affable unless provok'd more inclin'd to his Ease than warlike Affairs He lov'd Hawking Hunting Musick and Poetry and all things that represent Grandeur so that the Revenue was too small for his Expence The Queen was in all things like her Husband so that the Court was full of Foosting Balls and Pleasure Great Rewards were given to Poets and so fond was the King of them that he sent an Embassy into France only to have some choice ones sent him The Nobility of Aragon offended at the King's Extravagancy met at Calasanz at the same time the Cortes sat at Monçon They sent their Complaints in Writing to the Cortes which where chiefly the extraordinary Expences the Lewdness of the Court and that the Kingdom was govern'd by a Woman This was meant of Da. Carroça de Villaragur Favourite to the Queen who entirely rul'd the King Messages pass'd to and fro and at length the King being of an easy Nature comply'd with their Demands retrench'd his Expences set out Proclamations for restraining the Disorders of the People banish'd that Lady and for bid the Queen intermedling in the Government Thus those Discontents were lay'd when at the same time a War seem'd to threaten from France Bernard de Armugnac broke into Catalonia with a Body of Bretons yet made more Noise than he did harm Soon after he was follow'd by his Brother the Earl of Armagnac with greater Forces Tomich a Catalonian Historian writes he had 18000 Horse a falshood which yet shews their Number was great There was no cause to make War but the desire of Robbing They burnt some Towns and Farms and carry'd away a great Number of Prisoners and Cattle This mischief fell heaviest upon the Territories of Ampurias and Girona The Forces of Aragon assembl'd and had several Rancounters with them In one Bernard de Cabrera overthrew 8 Companies of French near Navarre In another Raymund Bages near Cavan̄as defeated a good Body of them and took their Commander call'd Martin The King set out from Girona to oppose them but they return'd into France by the way of Russillon where they did much harm The King of Aragon had stir'd up Arigotte of Auvergne to make War upon the Lands of Armagnac which mov'd the Earl to return to defend his own Luis the Son of Luis Duke of Anjou who dy'd in the Conquest of Naples and stil'd himself King of Hierusalem and Sicily marry'd Violante the Daughter of the King of Aragon at Barcelona The end of this Match was that the Aragonian should assist his Son in Law in the Conquest of Naples D. Martin Lord of Exerica the King of Aragon's Nephew as being the Son of his Brother Martin with the King's Consent marry'd Mary Queen of Sicily the Pope also agreeing to it because that Kingdom is a Feofe of the Church Sardinia was again in an uproar for that Brancaleon Doria not regarding the late Settlement and the Pardon he had receiv'd took up Arms again at the beginning of the Year 1391 on pretence of asserting the Peoples Liberties With this specious pretence he drew to his side the Genoeses and many of the Islanders so that he took Sacer the Capital City of the Island and many other Towns and Forts To crush this Rebellion the King rais'd Men and set forth a Proclamation commanding all that had Lands in the Island to go over to defend it At this same time Pope Clement created Martin Bishop of Pamplona Cardinal who was the first of those Prelates that obtained that Honour When King John of Castile fell with his Horse as has been said the Arch-bishop of Toledo who was by caus'd a Tent to be set up in that Place and guarded with trusty Persons concealing the King's Death and sending out several Messages in his Name But this Fiction could not hold long The first that resorted to behold this miserable Spectacle was Queen Beatrix before despoil'd of her Father's Kingdom and now of her Husband being left without any Children to be a Comfort in her Widowhood Prince Henry surpriz'd at his Father's Death set out from Talavera and stopp'd at Madrid with his Brother Ferdinand There the Arch-bishop caus'd him to be proclaim'd King he was the third of the Name and commonly call'd the Sickly for his want of Health All the great Men of the Kingdom flock'd to kiss his Hand and offer their Persons and Estates D. Alonso de Aragon Marques de Villena dissatisfy'd with the late King was withdrawn into Aragon He offer'd to return to Castile provided he might be restor'd to the Office of Constable The King and Queen condescended to his Request and yet he came not being detain'd for certain Reasons in Aragon The Ceremony of proclaiming the King being perform'd he went to Toledo to bury his Father in the Royal Chappel as he had ordain'd Next the Cortes assembl'd at Madrid and took in hand to settle the Government the King being but 11 years of Age. Ellenor the only Daughter to the Earl of Albuquerque for her great Fortune commonly call'd the Rich Female was then at Court Many courted her and among them her Cousin the Duke of Benavente but Prince Ferdinand was preferred before him and they were Contracted yet so that the Match should not go forwards till the King was 14 Years of Age. This was that in case the King dy'd before that Age the Prince might marry Queen Catherine the Duke of Lancaster's Daughter as had been agreed The Bride swore to the Contract being 16 Years of Age but the Prince was too young to swear When the Cortes were about setling the Government they understood by Peter Lopez de Ayala that the late King had made a Will This Will being found and read rais'd variety of Opinions They were chiefly offended at one Clause which appointed for the young King's Tutors till he was 15 Years of Age D. Alonso de Aragon the Constable the Arch-bishops of Toledo and Santiago the Master of Calatrava the Earl of Niebla and Peter de Mendoça the Lord Steward and with them 6 Citizens one of each of the Cities of Burgos Toledo Leon Sevil Cordova and Murcia to be chosen by the Counsels of those Places Every one that was not of the Number was offended The Affair was long debated Some few were for fulfilling the Will but the greatest Number were for cancelling it The Arch-Bisop of Toledo would not suffer it to be burnt because there were certain Legacies nam'd in it for his Church which he would have valid tho the rest were not The Will
believing he was displeas'd on some private Account but this Emâ—â—ssy avail'd nothing A great number of French enter'd Aragon by the way of Russâ—â—â—â— to rob and plunder the Country Queen Violante who by reason of her Husband's Carelesness govern'd the Kingdom sent an Embassador to complain to the King of France and her Uncles 〈◊〉 Dukes of Burgâ—ndy Beri and Orâ—â—ans whereupon the French return'd home at such time as King John of Aragon was taken away suddenly He went a Hunting on the Mountain of Foxa near the Castle of Mongriu and Vrriols in the fâ—â—thest part of 〈◊〉 He rous'd a she Wolf of a prodigious size or whether he only imagin'd it for with the Surprize he fell down and gave up the Ghost on the 19th of May. He was more remarkable for his lazy Life than for any Virtue His Body was bury'd at Pâ—bletâ— the common Place of Burial of those Kings He left no Issue-male but two Daughters by two Wiâ—es call'd Joâ—â—â—na and Violante The first was marry'd to Mathew Earl of Fâ—â—x the latter contracted to 〈◊〉 Duke of Anjoâ— In his Will he appointed his Brother Martin Duke of 〈◊〉 his Successor which was approv'd of â—â— all the Kingdom to avoid falling under a 〈◊〉 if the Daughters inherited Martin was busy subduing of Sicily Mary his Wife supply'd his Place taking the Title of Queen and â—â—acing Guards to look to Queen Violante who say'd she was with Child to prevent any Frand The Earl of 〈◊〉 pretended to the Crown in right of his Wife because the Females had always been allow'd to inherit Yet notwithstanding his just â—laim the Cortes which met in July at Zaragoça unaâ—â—mously adjudg'd the Crown to Martin then absent They also treated of the Preparations it was requisite to make to repulse the War which was expected from France CHAP. III. The Queen of 〈◊〉 â—â—turns to her â—â—â—band The Earl of Faux invades Aragon The War betâ—â—â—◠〈◊〉 and Portugal renewed Joseph King of Granada dies Mahomet his 2d Son usurps The Turks come over into Europe THE Kingdom of Aragon labour'd under the Apprehensions of a War and all the Country was full of Martial Preparations Castile was at Peace the Nobility being reduc'd the Earl of Gijâ—n gone to France as had been agreed The Queen of Navarre tho against her Will was at 〈…〉 to return to her Husband To make her easy he made Oath he would treat her 〈◊〉 a Queen and the Daughter of Kings and the King of Castile bore her Company to 〈◊〉 a Town on the Boders of Navarre Her Husband receiv'd her at Tudelâ— with all possible Expressions of Affection and there was publick Thanksgiving in all Places for her Return John Huâ—tad◠〈◊〉 Mendoça the Lord 〈◊〉 was much in the King of Castile's Favour who for his good Service gave 〈…〉 of Agreda Ciria and Boravia This Bounty of the King's 〈◊〉 Envy in the 〈◊〉 and those of Agreda would not admit him as their Lord but 〈…〉 to stand upon their Defence The King went thither and being receiv'd into 〈◊〉 Town was prevail'd upon not to alienate that Place from the Crown and in lieu of it gave D. John the Towns of Almaçan and Santistevan de Gormaz King 〈◊〉 Embassadors into France 〈◊〉 the Earl of Gijon and they came to Paris at the time appointed but the Earl appear'd not yet as they were upâ—â— returning they understood he was arriv'd at Rochel in the Provinâ—◠〈◊〉 They impeach'd him before the King and after a full hearing he was declar'd 〈…〉 and commanded to submit himself to the King of whom he might hope for Pardon â—o obtain which the King of France offer'd his Intercession In case he refus'd to put himself upon his King's Mercy he was given to understand he must expect no shelter or assistance in France Orders were sent to Britany and all other â—rates dependant on the Crown of France not to give him any Sâ—ccour or Relief The 〈◊〉 of Castile knowing what Judgment had been given demanded the Town of Gijon should 〈◊〉 surrender'd to him but the Earl's Wife who was in it refus'd Whereupon he laid â—lege to it and having taken it cast down not only the Walls but the Houses Her Son Henry was delivered to the Countess upon Condition she should depart the Land This done the King return'd to Madrid intending to visit Andâ—luzia and in order to it went to Talaverâ— where in November he receiv'd the Embassadors who came from the King of Granada to renew the Truce They were order'd to follow the King to Sevil where he was receiv'd with the usual Joy He caus'd the Archdeacon of Ezija to be apprehended as a mutineer and promoter of all the harm done to the Jews The Truce was renew'd with the Moors and thus the whole Kingdom was restor'd to Peace Great hopes were conceiv'd of King Henry but all vanish'd away for he became sickly which continu'd all his Life time and his Judgment fail'd so that nothing hardly remarkable is recorded during the rest of his Reign Some attribute this to the defect of our Histories and others say the profound Peace he enjoy'd gave him no Opportunity of acting any thing worthy of Note The Duke of Benavenâ—e was kept Prisoner at Monterrey in custody of the Master of Santiago and thence remov'd to Almâ—dâ—var This offended the Arch-bishop of Santiago upon whose Word he came 〈◊〉 Court. Besides that Prelate would not own the Popes of Avignon on these Distates he withdrew into Portugâ—â— There he was first chosen Bishop of Coimbra and afterwards Archbishop of Braga 〈◊〉 this time John de Castro was Bishop of Palencia more famous for his Loyalty to King Peter than any other thing This Prelate fled into France and was restor'd when Queen Constance came to the Crown He is 〈◊〉 to have writ the beâ—â— and truest Chronicle of the Life of King Peter but it is not Extant doubtless suppress'd by the prevailing Enemies of that unfortunate King In Aragon the People were indifferent peaceable tho where a Prince's right is disputable it commonly causes Troubles D. John Earl of Ampuriaâ— was secur'd for favouring the Earl of Faux his claim A War threaten'd from France On the 2d of October the Cortes met at St. Francis in Zaragoça in a very full Assembly it was there resolv'd to raise an Army and give the Command of it to Peter Earl of Vrgel It was not without Cause they made these Preparations for the Earl of Faux having pass'd the Pyrâ—nean Hills with a mighty Army wasted all the Country along the River Sâ—gre and at last in November lay'd Siege to the City Barbastro with 4000 Horse and a great number of Foot In the Camp he caus'd himself and his Wife to be proclaim'd King and Queen of Aragon About the middle of December there was an Earthquake at Valâ—ncia which threw down many Buildings and shook others This the Commonalty look'd upon as an ill Omen foreboding
his Nephew Pâ—tâ—r de Luna but the King not approving of him the Bishop of Siguença Vicar of the Archbishoprick had charge of it for some Years till the Popes election took place The Joy and Devotion of the great Year of Jubilee 1400 was much lessen'd by the Schism in the Church tho the Christian Princes us'd all possible Means to put an end to it To this purpose for the humbling the Obduracy of Pope Benedict the King of Castile at the perswasions of D. Peter Hernandez de 〈◊〉 Cardinal of Spain publickly disown'd him Yet the King of Aragon interposing three Years after he submitted to him again From Lagâ—â—doc and Cataloâ—â—a the Plague spread over all Spain with such a mighty Mortality that it oblig'd the King of Castile to give leave to Widows to marry the same Year their Husbands dy'd which before was forbidden The King generally resided at Sevil that being a Pleasant and Healthy place and he very â—ickly In July the first Clock was fixing in the Steeple of the Cathedral for there were no such Clocks before in Spain and a great Bell to it the King Nobleâ— and a Multitude of People being present when on a sudden a Storm rising a flash of Lightning kill'd several Men. This being taken as an ill Omen Processions were made to appease God's Wrâ—th Near the Town of Niebâ—â— 5 Leagues from Segovia an Image of our Blessed Lady was 〈◊〉 and many People devoutly resorting thither to visit it Queen Cathâ—rine built there a Church for it with a Monastery of Dominicanâ— adjoyning to it which drew many 〈◊〉 and settle there so that in our Days it is grown up to be a pretty considerable 〈◊〉 â—â—â—P V. The Death of the 〈…〉 Sicily Of Tamerlan and Bajazet Pope Benedict again received in Castile The King of Castile has a Son born Pope Boniface dies Innocent the VIIâ—â— chosen at Roâ—â— THE Lady Violante Daughter to John King of Aragon was during her Father's Life contracted to Luis 〈◊〉 Anjoâ— as was said before Her Marriage was delay'd because she 〈◊〉 under Age and 〈◊〉 Year it â—â—s concluded upon She was to have 160000 Florins Portion and he to sweâ—â— never to lay any claim to the Crown of Aragon in her Right This done she was nobly Conducted into France to her Husband In the Month of March 1401 the King of Castile assembled the Cortes at Tordesillas where many good Laws were enacted particularly to restrain the Avarice of the Farmers of the Revenue and Officers of Justice In the Month of May Mary Queen of Sicily dy'd at Cataneâ— as was thought of Grief for the Death of her Son who ended his Days at 〈◊〉 Age of 7 Years Both the Mother and Son were bury'd in that City However her 〈◊〉 next of Blood remain'd King and all the Nobility aim'd to marry their Daughters 〈◊〉 to him He marryed Blanch third Daughter to the King of Navarre who afterwards inherited her Father's Kingdom The Kings of Aragon and Navaâ—â—â— met upon this Account on the Frontiers there the 〈◊〉 deliver'd his Daughter to the 〈◊〉 in Law who sent her from Valencia to Sicily in a â—â—eet commanded by D. Bernard de Cabrera but her Departure and Marriage was in the Year 1402. In November the same Year the Queen of Castile was deliver'd of a Daughter call'd Mary who was afterwards marry'd to her Cousin German Alonso King of Aragon and Naples but they had no Issue for she prov'd Barren After the Defeat of the French and Hungarians at Nicopolis Bajazet Emperor of the Turks lay'd Siege to Constantinople At the same time Tamerlan the Tartar with an incredible Army as is reported of 40000 Horse and 600000 Foot overran all the East His Custom was when he sat down before a City the first Day to put up white Colours in token of Mercy the second Day they were red to denote he would shed the Blood of the Inhabitants and the third black which signify'd the utter Desolation of the Place It happen'd the City Berytus did not surrender before the second Day and then sent out their Women and Children cloath'd in White with Boughs in their Hands to appease him but he nothing mov'd caus'd his Horse to trample them to Death A Genoese who follow'd his Camp took the Boldness upon this Occasion to put him in mind he was a Man and he with a furious Countenance answer'd Dost thou think I am a Man I am no such I am the Scourge of God and Plague of Mankind Bajâ—zet seeing all Asia was in danger of being lost rais'd the Siege of Constantinople and pass'd over into Asia On that part of Mount Taurus call'd Stella they came to a Battle and after a moâ—â— Bloody Dispute 200000 Men being slain Bajazet was overthrown and taken Him Tamerlan put into a Cage and in that manner carry'd him about Asia treading on his Shoulder every time he mounted a Horse-back and feeding him like a Dog with bits thrown from his Table King Henry of Castile though sickly attended the Affairs of the Government and sent Embassies to all parts and particularly to the Levant he sent Pelayo de Sotomayâ—â— and â—â—â—dinand de Palaçuelos who were present at that famous Battle between the Turks and Tartars Tamerlan treated them courteously and at their return to Spain sent along with them an Embassador of his own to settle Peace and Unity with the King of Spain He having concluded his Negociation return'd home accompanied by three Spanish Embassadors who writ a Journal of that Embassy which is still Extant Tamerlâ—n's Glory was not lasting At his return home he built a beautiful City which he called Mercanti He left two Sons who differing about the Inheritance tore in 〈◊〉 the Empire purchas'd by their Father This Year was unhappy to the Portugueses and Navarrois for the Heirs of both Kingdoms dy'd D. Alonso eldest Son to the King of Portugal was but 12 Years of Age. He was bury'd in the Cathâ—â—ral of Braga This Loss was the more tolerable for that there were several Brothers besides as the Princes Edward Peter Henry John and Ferdinand and two Sisters Blanch and Elizabeth At Painplona dy'd the Princes Charles 5 Years and Lâ—â—ys but 6 Months 〈…〉 were bury'd in that Cathedral The Grief of the Navarrois was the more inconsolable for that there remain'd never an Heir-male and the Crown must of course fall to the Female This Wiâ—â—er at the end of the present Year and beginning of that of our Lord 1403 the Rains were so great in Spain that most Rivers overflow'd doing great harm Particularly Guadalquivir swell'd above the Waâ—â—s of Sevil and came as far as the Church of St. Michael Alonso Perez then Governour by his Industry prevented much Mischief that might have been done The See of Toledo was vacant since the Death of the late Archbishop D. Peter Tâ—â—orio This was caus'd by the Discord betwixt the Popes for Castile had
after the Death of the King her Husband retir'd into Castile and there spent the time of her Widowhood with her Children A motion was made that the King of Castile should marry her Daughter the Princess Mary Queen Catherine approv'd not of that Match To prevent it she pleaded the King was too young whereas in reality she was rather inclin'd to Match him in Portugal with the Princess Ellenor who was her Neece and not only she but most of the Court thought that Match would unite the two Kingdoms in a lasting knot of Amity Death prevented those Designs which suddenly took away Queen Catherine at Valladolid upon Thursday the 2d of June in the Year 1418 at the age of 50. Of Body she was large and gross somewhat free in drinking as is the Custom of her Country open hearted and bountiful which Virtues some made use of to advance their Interest and slander others Most of her Counsellors and Ministers were mean Persons which is very dangerous for Princes She was bury'd in the Royal Chappel of Toledo in a particular Tomb where she had given a Revenue for 15 Chaplains to pray for the Souls of her and her Husband The Queen's Death produc'd great Alterations The King notwithstanding his tender Age came out of that profound Ignorance in which his Mother had kept him and began in some Measure to govern the Kingdom assisted with the advice of some Persons about him Among them the chiefest was the Arch-bishop of Toledo who being of a haughty Spirit ambitious of Honour and a busy Man seiz'd the Government into his own Hands so that under the Shadow of the King's Name he turn'd all things which way he pleased Two Embassadors came from France to sue for some Succours in that time of need They were put off with an excuse grounded on the King's Minority the late Troubles and new ones that were fear'd It was again propos'd to marry the King The Archbishop ow'd all his Preferment to the Crown of Aragon and therefore prevail'd the Match with Aragon should be preferr'd before that of Portugal On the 21st of October the King and Princess were contracted at Medina del Campo with great Pomp. One of the Articles of Marriage was that the Princess Catherine younger Sister to King John should be marry'd to one of the Princes of Aragon None was particularly nam'd because Prince John the eldest was unresolv'd where he should take a Wife First he was contracted to Elizabeth Daughter to the King of Navarre and broke off in hopes of marrying Joanna Queen of Naples as was said before He spent some time governing Sicily instead of Queen Blanch whom her Father the King of Navarre caus'd to return home she being the eldest Sister and Heiress of that Crown Many Princes made suit to her for her great Fortune but her Father preferr'd before them all this Prince John for his good Qualities and because he hoped Aragon and Navarre might come to be united King Alonso his Brother having no Issue Her Dower for the present was 420000 Florins It was also articl'd That in case Queen Blanch should die without Issue her Husband after the Decease of his Father and Mother in Law should during his Life stile himself and be actually King of Navarre They were marry'd by Proxy at Olite The Prince's Commissioner was James Gomez de Sandoval Nephew to the Archbishop of Toledo Lieutenant of Castile and Steward to the Prince with whom he afterwards was in the highest Favour and at last was cast down as shall be shewn in its place This Contract was made in the Year 1419. This same Year the Admiral Vincent Ferrerius of the Order of S. Dominick chang'd this Life for a better at Vannes in Britany and was afterwards for his Virtue and the Miracles he wrought put into the number of the Saints His Body was bury'd in the Cathedral of that City Let us return to King John of Castile Castile began to be disturb'd the Nobility being at Variance The King was too young and weak to curb them Many envy'd the Arch-bishop of Toledo and were offended that a Priest should have more Power than all the Nobility The King was advis'd to take upon him the Government since he was 14 Years of Age. To this purpose the Cortes met at Madrid to which all Persons of Note resorted On the 7th of March all that Assembly being together in the Palace of that Town the Archbishop made a study'd Speech declaring to them how the King intended to take the Government upon himself and lay aside his Tutors D. Alonso Enriquez the Admiral in the Name of all there present approv'd of his Resolution and they altogether applauded it It was requisite the King 's tender Years should have some support therefore he admitted to his Council all those who had been of it in his Father's time and during his Nonage The Arch-bishop of Toledo the Admiral the Constable Peter Manrique Lieutenant of Leon and John Hurtado de Mendoça the Lord Steward were appointed Commissioners to consider of all Grants and bestow Preferments Gutierre Gomez de Toledo Arch-deacon of Guadalajara was appointed to draw up and register all Orders This the Arch-bishop took ill pretending it belong'd to him as Chancellor of Castile Among others the Princes of Aragon John and Henry Master of the Order of Santiago were then at Court them the Arch-bishop endeavour'd by all means to draw to his Party that they might support him against his Enemies and he continue fixt in the Government From Madrid the King went to Segovia where a Dispute happening betwixt the Courtiers and Townsmen they were very near coming to blows The Princes of Aragon did not agree among themselves both aspiring to possess themselves of the King and Government and admitting of no Competitor The Nobility was divided D. Ruy Lopez Davalos the Constable and Peter Manrique favour'd Prince Henry Ferdinand Earl of Trastamara and the Arch-bishop of Toledo sided with Prince John The King was young and changeable soon angry and as soon pleas'd His Stature was large considering his Age his Complexion clear but withal he was weakly and had no good Face yet of Temper was mild and tractable He delighted in Hunting Justs and Turneaments lov'd Learning and could himself make indifferent Spanish Verses These Virtues which shew'd themselves in his Childhood in his riper Years spread more and grew to Perfection Yet all this was defac'd by his love of Ease and neglect of the Government He gave little attention to Business and that always in hast in short he was not fit to rule a Kingdom This it was that put his Courtiers in the way of obtaining great Preferments especially Alvaro de Luna who began already to be more in his Favour than any other Queen Mother some Years before to obstruct his unreasonable Advance in the King's Esteem had prudently forbid him the Court ordering him to return to Aragon
banish'd This Resolution appear'd very hard on his side to the King of Castile but it was natural for Prince John to favour his Brother besides that the King of Aragon would hear of no Conditions without the Prisoner were releas'd which made the King of Castile and his Nobles to condescend CHAP. IX The Death of King Charles of Navarre King John proclaim'd D. Alvaro de Luna banish'd the Court of Castile Villanous Practices of the Nobility The King of Granada deposed UPon Saturday the 8th of September being the Feast of the Nativity of our Blessed Lady dy'd Charles the Noble King of Navarre at Olite of a sudden fit that seiz'd him and no remedy could be found for it His Body was bury'd with great Pomp in the Cathedral of Pamplona His Daughter Blanch was with him at his Death and had been not long before deliver'd of a Daughter called also Blanch who prov'd very Unfortunate As soon as her Father was dead she sent her Husband the Royal Standard in token of his Accession to the Crown and he was proclaim'd King of Navarre in the Camp Some blamed this Action as Precipitate and said they ought first to have taken the usual Oath of preserving the Liberties of the People The News of Prince Henry's being set at Liberty reach'd his Brothers in a day and half it being so order'd that the Beacons should be fir'd whereof there is a great number in Castile Hereupon the Forces of Aragon return'd to Taraçona and in November following were dismiss'd Prince John went as far as Agreda to meet his Brother Henry and conduct him to the King of Aragon It was a joyful Day for the three Brothers not only for the Liberty Prince Henry had obtain'd but because it was a sort of Victory to have reduc'd Castile to Complyance About the same time at Valencia on the 29th of November dy'd D. Alonso the younger Duke of Gandia without Issue His Dominion of Ribagorca was given to Prince John at this time King of Navarre D. Henry de Guzman Earl of Niebla after many Disputes was parted from his Wife the Lady Violante Daughter to Martin King of Sicily to the great Regret of her Bastard Brother D. Frederick Earl of Luna It griev'd him to see his Sister so wrong'd without any fault committed on her Side only for the extravagant Amours of her Husband and therefore endeavour'd to gain the Affections of the Nobility of Castile hoping that way to secure his Revenge Prince Henry's Liberty reduc'd the Affairs of Castile to a worse Condition than they were in before Till this time the Kingdom was divided into three Factions that of D. Alvaro de Luna and those of the two Princes John and Henry of Aragon The rest of the Nobility according to every Man's Inclination adher'd to some one of these Parties Now the two Princes being reconcil'd the three Factions were reduc'd to two Most of the Nobility conspir'd against D. Alvaro It griev'd them to see him and a few Creatures of his ingross all the King's Favour and Envy push'd them on to contrive his Ruin But he relying on his Prince's Favour with whom he had been Familiar from his tender Years despis'd them all insomuch that it was given out and great Men affirm'd he had the Boldness to make Love to the Queen but this could never be prov'd and it is to be believ'd that many things were wrongfully lay'd to his Charge through the Envy of his Adversaries This Conspiracy was first begun against him at Taraçona when the three Brothers of Aragon met It was brought to Perfection the following Year 1426. The King of Castile kept his Christmas and new Year at Segovia and John the New King of Navarre at Medina del Campo with his Mother having not long before met the King of Castile at Roa Prince Henry was gone to Ocan̄a being forbid coming to Court or intermedling with the Government The King of Aragon resided at Valencia at such time as the Lady Constance Daughter to the Constable Ruy Lopez Davalos was marry'd to Luis Massa a noble and rich Youth the King paying the greatest part of her Portion This Prince was so generous he not only supported the Father but afterwards when he recover'd Naples gave great Possesseions to his Son D. In̄igo Davalos and to his Grandson call'd D. In̄igo de Guevara The Queen Dowager of Aragon with her Daughter the Princess Ellenor went to Valencia at the Request of the King her Son but soon return'd to Medina del Campo She was unwilling by her long Absence to offend the King of Castile who had now sent the Earl of Vrgel from Castrotaraf whither he had been remov'd from the Castle of Madrid into the Kingdom of Valencia supposing he might be useful in Aragon by reason of the Troubles that threaten'd Castile He was put into the Castle of Xativa where he ended his Days and tedious Imprisonment At Toro the Cortes met where it was propos'd to Retrench the King's Expences because they exceeded the Revenue Therefore the Guards that consisted of 1000 Horse were reduc'd to 100 and D. Alvaro de Luna made their Captain which increas'd his Power and the Envy conceiv'd against him At this same time dy'd John de Mendoça Steward of the Houshould and Alonso Enriguez the Admiral fell sick of a Disease that carry'd him off three Years after their Employments were given to their Sons The great Men by Letter that their Meeting might not cause Suspition associated themselves The chief of them were the Masters of the Orders of Calatrava and Alcantara Peter Velasco Lord Chamberlain the King of Navarre and his Brother Prince Henry They took a solemn Oath to stand by one another and with regard to the King's Majesty use all means that the Publick might not suffer by evil Counsellors This Association was concluded about the beginning of November at the Hermitage of Orçilla in the Territory of Medina del Campo From Toro the King of Castile went to Zamora at the beginning of the Year 1427. Prince Henry of Aragon tho forbid the Court mov'd from Ocan̄a towards Old Castile with a great Retinue well Arm'd The King was gone to Simancas and the Princes of Aragon with the Competitors stay'd at Valladolid Such of the Nobility as were not in the Association stood Neuters His People being divided the King was Weak and Naked besides his natural inclination to Ease A Petition was presented by the Conspirators representing what they found fault with in the King's Family and the Crimes of D. Alvaro de Luna Having consider'd this Affair Judges were appointed to regulate it most of them were in the Association viz. the Admiral the Master of Calatrava Peter Manrique and Ferdinand de Robles who tho of mean Extraction was very Rich and High Treasurer These were Commission'd to examine into the Crimes imputed to D. Alvaro de Luna and to them was joyn'd the Abbot of St. Benedict
Naples In May the King of Castile came to Cordova and from thence sent D. Alvaro de Luna before him with a good Body of Men who wasted all the Country and destroy'd the very Orchards in sight of Granada without sparing a beautiful Palace that King had there Yet neither this Damage nor the Challenges sent by D. Alvaro could draw the Moors out to fight A Council of War being held at Cordova some advis'd only to pillage and wast the Country others to undertake some considerable Siege At length it was resolv'd to march to Granada and try the Fortune of a compleat Battle as one Gilairo advis'd who having been taken by the Moors young had renounc'd the Faith but not from his Heart and was therefore now return'd to Cordova He assur'd that as soon as they should appear before the City Joseph Benelmao the Grandson of Mahomet the Red who was kill'd at Sevil would come over with a good Body of Men. This being resolv'd the Queen who till then accompany'd the King departed for Carmona and the Army march'd on The King halted at Alvendin till all the Forces were joyn'd 80000 Men randezvouzed there and among them many of Note James Ribera and John de Guzman had the 〈◊〉 of Major Generals which before was executed by the Marshals Advancing thence of the 2d day they came into the Country of the Moors marching in order as if the Enemy were in sight D. Alvaro de Luna led the Van in which were 2500 Men at Arms. In the main Body was the King with many Nobles In the Rear came the Courtiers and a great Number of Church-men The Flanks were secur'd by several great Men. The two Major Generals march'd before with a Forlorn of 1500 light Horse These began the Battle which was fought on the 29th of June in this manner The Moors march'd out of Granada with mighty shouts but the Christians were the first that gain'd a rising Ground which began the fight Great was the Number of the Infidels who were still relieved by fresh of â—oops from the City Our Forces also advanc'd Peter Velasco gave such a Charge as made the Moors give way Yet they retir'd orderly to the City so that for that day none turn'd his Back The Moors being retir'd the King encamp'd and intrench'd himself at the foot of the Mount Elvira Of the Moors there were 5000 Horse and about 200000 Foot part quarter'd in the Town the rest under the Walls On Sunday following the Infidels drew out to fight The Master of Calatrava was with a Number of Pioniers levelling the Ground which was all enclos'd Upon him and his Pioniers fell the first fury of the Moors Henry Earl of Niebla and James de ZunÌ„iga who were nearest came to his Relief The heat of the fight and on the Day increas'd for it was now about Noon The King in a Passion because he design'd not to have fought that day sent D. Alvaro de Luna to command the Men to retire but they were so far ingag'd it was impossible This being told the King he drew out all his Army and having encourag'd them gave the sign to fall on They were vigorously receiv'd by the Moor â—â— and great cries rais'd on both sides For some time the Battle stood firm so that no Advantage appear'd on either side The King was among the foremost Ranks which greatly encourag'd his Men and made them charge with fresh fury Then the Moors gave way some retur'd to the City others fled to the Mountains our Men pursuing till the darkness of the Night parted them It is not exactly known what Number was kill'd but it was suppos'd to be about 10000. D. John de Cereçuela Bishop of Osma gain'd the Enemy's Camp which was among the Vineyards and Olive Gardens the other Church-men went out with their Crosses to meet the King as he return'd to the Camp There the Army continu'd ten Days No proposals of Peace were made by the Moors tho they durst not so much as come out to their Vineyards All the Country about was wasted without any Opposition This done the King return'd The command of the Frontiers was given to the Master of Calatrava and the Lieutenant James de Ribera Benalmao was left with them and had the Title of King given him that if his Party prevail'd it might be a means to take Granada This was the Success of this Expedition and of the famous Battle called De la Higuera or of the Fig Tree because one stood in the Place where they fought Few Christians were kill'd in this Expedition and of those none of Note which made the Joy of the Victory the more compleat D. Nuno Alvarez Pereyra Constable of Portugal and Earl of Barcelos and Oren who had long liv'd retir'd in the Monastery of Carmelites built by himself in Lisbon dy'd now in the 71 year of his Age and 46 of his Constableship He also founded two other Monasteries one of St. George at Aljubarrota and another of St. Mary at Villaviciosa The King honour'd his Funeral with his Presence at the said Church of the Carmelites He left one only Daughter called Beatrix who was marry'd to D. Alonso Duke of Bragança Bastard Son to the King of Portugal All his Estate he divided among his Grandchildren born before his Death The King of Portugal warn'd by the Death of his Friend who was of the same Age with him that he had not long to live resolv'd to use all his endeavours to conclude a Peace with Castile King John had departed out of the Kingdom of Granada very hastily whereby many said a good Opportunity of gaining some Advantage was lost It was reported that D. Alvaro was brib'd to give this Advice by a great sum of Gold sent him in a Present of dry Figs and this was the more easily credited because all things were done by his Advice From Cordova they went to Toledo and thence to Medina del Campo whither the Cortes were summon'd In them nothing remarkable was done except the changing the Truce with Portugal into a perpetual Peace which was proclaim'd on the 30th of October at Medina and Lisbon The Earl of Castro was attainted of high Treason The Towns belonging to the Master of Alcantara were confiscated and garrison'd by the King Peter Fernandez de Velasco Earl of Haro Ferdinand Alvarez de Toledo and D. Gutierre de Toledo Bishop of Palencia were apprehended their Charge was favouring the Princes of Aragon and contriving to kill D. Alvaro These things much incensed the Nobility some of whom resolv'd to take up Arms. Particularly YnÌ„igo Lopez de Mendoça fortify'd and garrison'd the Town of Hita Mony was rais'd for carrying on the War against the Moors which was now well advanc'd the Lieutenant and Master of Calatrava having taken Meros Ronda Cambil Illoro Archidona Setenil and other Places of less Note and also the City Loxa tho very strong was gain'd Our Forces besieged the
Duke of Bourbon had broke into Aragon by the way of Russillon The Q. of Aragon and K. of Navarre were much alarm'd but this Storm soon vanish'd for the Weather drove the French another way without doing any considerable harm This year was unfortunate to Portugal not only for their Loss in Africk but for the Plague which rag'd throughout the Kingdom and destroy'd great Numbers of People Also King Edward dy'd of a Fever at the Convent of Tomar whither he withdrew for fear of the Plague His Reign was short for it lasted but Five Years and Thirty Seven Days He writ a Book of the Government of a Kingdom and ordain'd that for the future the King 's Eldest Son should be call'd Prince as was the Custom in Castile He had Issue Alonso who succeeded him and was the First that had the Title of Prince in Portugal Ferdinand Duke of Viseo Master of the Orders of Christ and Santiago Constable of Portugal who was Father of Ellenor Queen of Portugal Elizabeth Dutchess of Bragança James Kill'd by his Brother-in-Law King John and Emanuel that came at length to be King of Portugal Ellenor the Empress Wife to Frederick the III. and Mother to Maximilian was also Daughter to King Edward Besides he had Catherine Contracted to several Princes yet never Marry'd and Joanna Wife to Henry IV. King of Castile The late King order'd the Queen should Govern during the Minority of his Son but the Nobility mutiny'd and chose Peter Duke of Coimbra the New King's Uncle The Queen complain'd of the Wrong done her but to no purpose In August Peter Manrique the Lieutenant with his Wife and Two Daughters let themselves down by Ropes out of the Castle of Fuentiduen̄as where he was Prisoner and escap'd by the Assistance of some Servants of the Governour Gomez Carrillo and this occasion'd New Troubles Many Noblemen associated themselves with him in order to pull down D. Alvaro de Luna which was a difficult Task his Power being very great At Medina de Ruysico they made all manner of Warlike Preparations In February 1439. the King went from Madrigal to Roa to prevent their Designs carrying along with him his Son Prince Henry D. Alvaro de Luna and several other Nobles and Prelates The Conspirators sent a Letter to the King full of submissive Language protesting they were ready to Obey him or his Son and that they had taken up Arms to defend themselves against the Favourite The King return'd no Answer Roderick de Villandrando was then come from France bringing with him 4000 Horse to serve the King upon promise of being Created Earl of Ribadeo Prince Henry of Aragon and his Brother the King of Navarre entred Castile with 500 Horse hoping during those Tumults to recover the Lands that had been taken from them Both Parties sent to Court them neither knowing what they design'd They agreed among themselves that the King of Navarre should go to Cuellar where the King of Castile then was and Prince Henry to Pen̄afiel a Town which had been his Their design was to look on till they found which side was likeliest to restore them to their Estates Mean while In̄igo de Zuniga Brother to the Earl of Ledesma with a Party of 500 Horse secur'd Valladolid a Large Rich and plentiful Town Immediately a great Number of the Conspirators repair'd thither The King of Castile fearing these Beginnings might produce greater Mischiefs went to Olmedo to be the nearer in order to appease those Commotions and to bring Prince Henry over to his Party They had several Conferences to this purpose but all without success for the Prince after amusing both Parties for some time at last joyn'd with the Rebels This was suppos'd to be done with the Advice of the King of Navarre that he might have a sure Stake whoever was uppermost The whole Kingdom was under great Apprehensions of a New War Therefore some Religious Pious and Learned Persons interpos'd They spoke to those Rebellious Noblemen and represented to them the Miseries of a Civil War advising to compose Differences before any Blood was spilt They labour'd so much that they perswaded both Parties to meet at Castro Nun̄o there to treat of some amicable Accommodation CHAP. IX The King of Castile and the Rebels agree The Rebellion breaks out again The King taken Prisoner Blanch Queen of Navarre dyes Her Son Charles succeeds The Council at Basil Deposes Pope Eugenius and chooses Felix ON the 24th of August Castelnovo in Naples having endured a tedious Siege notwithstanding the King of Aragon was preparing to Relieve it was deliver'd up to the Enemy Yet the King of Aragon made amends for this Loss by recovering the City Salerno and several other Places At Castro Nun̄o the King of Castile and his Nobles at last agreed upon these Articles That D. Alvaro de Luna be Six Months from Court without being allow'd to write to the King That their Estates be restor'd to the King of Navarre and Prince of Aragon or in lieu of them such a Revenue as shall be adjudged by Arbitrators That all Forces be dismissed That the Conspirators withdraw their Garrisons out of the Towns they have seized That no Man be punish'd for having formerly sided with Aragon and now with the Conspirators Hereupon the Mastership of Santiago was restor'd to Prince Henry and the Town of Cuellar to the King of Navarre D. Alvaro de Luna in lieu of it had Sepulveda This done the King went to Toro There he receiv'd the News that the Lady Cathorine Wife to Prince Henry of Aragon dy'd at Zaragoça without Issue on the 19th of October D. Alvaro de Luna in pursuance of the late Capitulation on the 29th of October went away to Sepulveda so highly offended he could not concea◠it With him went Jonntile Silva chief Standard-Bearer to the King Peter de Acun̄a Gomez Carrillo and many other Men of Quality who were beholding to him or hoped to be so The Council of Basil at last deposed Pope Eugenius and in his Place chose Amadec on the Fifth of November by the Name of Felix V. He had been Forty Years Earl and Duke of Savoy and then Abdioating his Dukedom and Renouncing the Pleasures of the Court liv'd a solitary Life aiming at Perfection accompany'd only by six antient Men of Quality It was happy for Pope Engenius that the Christian Princes made no account of that Election not even the King of Aragon and Duke of Millan tho Enemies to Eugenius and higher offended at him The Authority of the Fathers at Basil declin'd yet they broke not up till the year 47 of this Century at which time they dissolv'd and return'd home being terrify'd by Luis Dauphin of France who was marching to break up their Assembly by a Decree of Frederick the Emperor Felix the New Pope upon better Advice soon after said aside the Pontifical Robes and was by Pope Nicholas Succeslor to Engenius made Cardinal and
come the King's Forces offer'd Battle but the Aragonians were too weak to fight and too ill provided to endure a Siege Therefore they sent Commissioners to inform the King they were ready to submit to him provided D. Alvaro were remov'd The King only answer'd he would consider of it Whilst they were treating of Peace they came accidentally to a Battle upon Wedensday the 19th of May. Henry Prince of Castile being a hot Youth advanc'd with 50 Horse to draw out the Enemy to Skirmish A like number came out of the Town but back'd by Men at Arms. Those with the Prince seeing a great Number fled the Aragonians pursuing them up to their very Trenches Upon this the Royalists drew out D. Alvaro led the Van the Bishop of Siguença Peter de Acun̄a In̄igo Lopez de Mendoça and the Earl of Alva commanded the Men at Arms upon the Flanks In the main Body was Prince Henry with 550 Men at Arms under the Command of the Master of Alcantara The King the Archbishop of Toledo and other noble Men brought up the Rear In this Order they stood most part of the Day no Body coming out of the Town Two hours before Sun set Orders were given to return to the Camp Then the Aragonians sally'd out with great shouts thinking the Night would shrowd them if worsted and could be no hindrance to them if Victorious because they knew the Country The light Horse gave the first Charge and then all the rest fell on The Body commanded by Prince Henry of Aragon charg'd D. Alvaro that which the King of Navarre led attack'd Henry Prince of Castile Both sides fought resolutely but the Aragonians were inferior in Number and began to give way Night drew on and the Princes of Aragon having done all that could be expected from brave Commanders seeing their Men fly retir'd to Olmedo The Admiral and Earl of Benavente took another way The Earl of Castro Henry Brother to the Admiral and Ferdinand de Quin̄ones were taken with 200 more Only 37 were kill'd in fight but many wounded The Princes of Aragon the same Night fled towards that Kingdom the King of Navarre unhurt Prince Henry dy'd soon after at Calatayud of a Wound he receiv'd in his left Hand a Gangrene striking into his Arm. He was a Man of a great Spirit but restless His Body was bury'd in that City He left one Son of his own Name by his second Wife who in time to come prov'd as Turbulent as his Father After the Victory the King sent Expresses to all parts to give Notice of it and built a Chappel in the Place where the Battle was fought CHAP. II. The Marriage of Ferdinand Bastard Son to the King of Aragon and appointed Heir to the Kingdom of Naples Mahomet King of Granada depos'd D. Alvaro de Luna chosen Master of the Order of Santiago Continual Success attended the Armies of Aragon in Italy King Alonso in favour of the Pope had recovered Marca Ancona from Francis Sforcia Yet his Party ceased not to raise Commotions whereupon the King of Aragon at the Pope's Instance returned thither and being come to Fontana del Populo a Town not far from the City Teano summoned the Nobles to attend him there Among the rest came Antony Centellas Marques of Girachi with 300 Horse he had done good Service during the late War and sold part of his Estate to pay his Men. The King desired to marry Enricosa Rufa Daughter and Heiress to the Marques de Croton to In̄igo Davalos as a Reward for his good Service and recommended this Affair to Antony Centellas He liking her Fortune marries her himself by which his Power was increased and consequently his Boldness At first this was connived at but soon after he payed for all He was charged with contriving the Death of a certain Favourite of the King 's whereupon he fled from the Camp to Catançaro a Town of his own The King moved at this returned to Naples and sent Messengers to reduce Centellas by fair means but he would not give ear to them Therefore the King himself marches into Calabria and having taken several Towns came before Cataniçaro Centellas seeing no hope of Relief surrendred upon promise of Pardon He was ordered to deliver up that City and the Castle of Turpia and he with his Wife and Children was sent to Naples Great rejoycing was throughout the Kingdom as well for restoring of Peace to it as on account that Ferdinand the King's Son was on the 30th of May married to Elizabeth de Claramonte to whom he was before contracted This was contrived to oblige the Prince of Taranto whose Neece she was In the midst of all his Joy came the sad News of the Death of the two Queens the King's Sisters and his Brother Prince Henry and the King of Navarre's being expelled Castile That King's Embassador pressed King Alonso to return into Spain He answered when the Wars of Marca Ancona were ended he would go that the mean while the King of Navarre should govern Aragon and raise Forces in both Kingdoms for the War with Castile and also that a Truce should be made with the Moors of Granada for a Year That City about this time changed its King Mahomet the left-handed during the Rebellion in Castile enjoy'd Peace which caused him Troubles at home The Moorish King had two Cousin Germans one of them called Ismael being fearful of his Uncle fled to the King of Castile The other called Mahomet the Lame because he was so associated himself with some Moors of Quality at Almeria With their Assistance he seized the Castle of Granada called Alhambra took the King and cast him into Prison This done he usurped the Title of King On this occasion the Moors were divided into Factions Andilbar Governour of Granada seized the strong Castle of Montefrio near Alcala Real and having no hopes of restoring the Old King offered the Crown to Ismael He having received Supplies of Men and Mony from the King of Castile hasted to possess himself of a Kingdom These things happen'd at the end of this Year let us return to what is behind After the Battle of Olmedo a Council was held in D. Alvaro de Luna's Tent he being wounded in the left Leg. There it was resolved that all the Rebels Estates should be Confiscated Cuellar was taken and Simancas besieged Prince Henry was for pardoning the Admiral the others opposed it Therefore the Prince went away to Segovia and the King his Father fearing fresh Tumults left Peter Sarmiento to reduce the other Towns and went himself to Nuestro Sen̄ora de Nieva to reduce his Son Before he would submit he demanded Jaen Logrono and Caceres for himself Barcarroto Salvatierra and Salvaleon Towns on the Borders of Portugal for John Pacheco The King condescended and thus they received a Reward whereas they deserved Punishment Moreover at Medina de Rioseco the Admiral was pardoned provided he came in
within 4 Months and that the mean while his Daughter Joanna Queen of Portugal should remain in Castile as a Hostage This done the Castle of that Town which held for the Admiral surrendred as did all the Towns of the Rebels in Old Castile At the beginning of the War by the advice of D. Alvaro tho contrary to the Opinion of the Earl of Haro and other Noblemen the King of Castile sent to Portugal for Supplies Peter Duke of Coimbra the Governour sent 2000 Foot and 1600 Horse under the command of his Son Peter who tho but 16 Years of Age upon the Death of his Uncle Prince John was constituted Constable of Portugal They came to the King at Mayorga at such time as the War was ended However all the Officers were splendidly entertained and presented D. Alvaro underhand and without the King's Knowledge as was said made up a Match for him with the Lady Elizabeth Daughter to D. John Master of Santiago in Portugal with whom he had special Friendship The Portugueses being dismissed the Court went to Burgos There contrary to expectation the Earls of Benavente and Castro were pardoned conditionally that the latter should not in two years go out of Lobaton nor the other out of Benavente Other Noblemen were highly Rewarded and even above their Deserts D. Inigo Lopez de Mendoça was created Marques of Santillana and Earl of Mançanares John Pacheco was made Marques of Villena D. Alvaro de Luna at Avila was by the Knights of that Order chosen Master of Santiago D. Peter Giron in favour to his Brother John Pacheco for he had been of the Aragonian Party was chosen Master of Calatrava D. Alonso de Aragon being deposed on account that he followed his Father in the late Wars Some Men would not allow those two Elections to be Legal whereupon ensued much strife D. Roderick Manrique supported by the Prince opposed D. Alvaro D. John Ramirez de Guzman the chief Commendary who pretended some right on account of his former Election and had now some Votes for him stood up against D. Peter Giron Albuquerque still held out for the Aragonians but the King going thither in Person it was delivered up by the Governour Ferdinand Davalos Thence the King went back to Toledo and at the suit of the Citizens took that Government from Peter Lopez de Ayala giving it to Peter Sarmiento which proved afterwards of ill Consequence and at present offended the Prince who favoured Ayala At the end of this Year and on the 4th of December dyed D. Gutierre Archbishop of Toledo at Talavera His Body was certainly bury'd in the Cathedral There is a Dispute whether it was afterwards removed or not But it matters nothing D. Alonso Carrillo then Bishop of Siguença was preferred to the See of Toledo at the beginning of the Year 1446. He was a Man of a haughty and restless Spirit as appeared by the Disorders he afterwards caused in the Kingdom Only Atiença and Torija held out for the King of Navarre but they were well garrisoned and provided Besides it was reported that the King of Navarre was preparing to return to Castile The Moorish King also at the Instigation of the Aragonians entring the Frontiers of Andaluzia took Benamaruel and Bençalema two strong Towns It was not practicable to oppose both Enemies at once therefore the King's Forces marched against the Aragonians in May and having besieged Atiença three Months they began to treat of surrendring It was agreed that Town and Torija should be put into the Hands of Queen Mary of Aragon to hold them in trust till such Judges as should by Consent of both Parties be appointed decreed to whom they should be delivered This done the King was received into the Town on the 12th of August He caused part of the Walls to be cast down and some Buildings to be fired The Townsmen looking upon this as a breach of Articles refused to admit him into the Castle which oblig'd him to return to Valladolid without doing any thing to the purpose CHAP. III. Disorders continue in Spain The Florentine War Pope Eugenius dies Nicholas the V. succeeds him The Breach betwixt Castile and Aragon continu'd Several Noblemen of Castile apprehended Others fly AT his Departure from Atiença the King left the Archbishop of Toledo and D. Charles de Arellan̄o to observe the Aragonians and seize upon that Town and Torija if an Occasion offered From those Towns the Aragonians sent out Parties as far as Guadalajara where the Archbishop and Arellan̄o resided Some ill affected Persons sowed Sedition through all those Parts which the King of Navarre had more Confidence in than in his Strength Besides D. Alvaro and D. John Pacheco to advance their own Interest put the King and Prince at Variance to such a degree that both Parties raised Men. In a treaty betwixt the King and his Son I find the King pardons the Earl of Castro and his Children and orders them to be restored to their Estates D. Roderick Manrique without any other right than what he grounded on these Confusions called himself Master of Santiago at the Instigation of Pope Eugenius and the King of Aragon without any consent of the Knights By this means he hoped to seize the Towns belonging to that Order but D. Alvaro opposed him and there ensued much Mischief Mean while the Moors at the beginning of the Year 1447 having wasted all the Country took the Towns of Arenas Huescar Velez el Blanco and Velez el Roxo in the Kingdom of Murcia these Places being ill provided It will not be amiss briefly to give some Account of the Florentine War Blanch Daughter to Philip Duke of Milan was married to Francis Sforcia Her Portion 60000 Crowns for which Cremona a rich Town in that Dutchy was Mortgaged to him and he tho his Father in Law tendred the Mony refused to restore it hoping to secure the Succession to the Dukedom by the help of the Venetians Florentines and Genoeses with whom he was in League Duke Philip sent the Bishop of Novara to perswade King Alonso to make War on the Florentines whilst he recovered Cremona from his Son in Law whom the Venetians favoured Pope Eugenius being an Enemy to the Venetians stirred up King Alonso but it was needless his own Obligations moved him to do more than was asked He sent Raymund Buil an excellent Commander to Milan and went himself to Tibur near Rome where whilst the Florentines made Overtures of Peace the Venetians possess'd themselves of a great part of the Dutchy of Milan which obliged the Duke to be reconciled to his Son in Law King Alonso at his suit did the same and lent the Duke Mony This was the posture of Affairs when on a sudden the Duke changing his Mind sent for King Alonso to resign that Dukedom over to him The King refused and Messages past to and fro The mean while Pope Eugenius dyed at Rome on the 22d of February
Humility and Modesty About the same time dyed D. Alonso de Cartagena Bishop of Burgos who composed some Books among them a short History of the Kings of Spain in Latin called Anacephaleosis his other Works are all mentioned in the History called Valeriana D. Luis de Acuna succeeded him in the Bishoprick CHAP. X. The new War at Naples upon the Death of King Alonso and Succession of his Bastard Son Ferdinand Pope Calixtus dies Pius the II. succeeds him Alcazar on the Coast of Africk taken by the King of Portugal Prodigies in Spain KING Alonso's Death put an end to the Peace of Italy and the Kingdom of Naple which seemed to be setled was again perplexed with new Troubles A new War broke out there in such manner that it rather seemed conquered anew than preserved Ferdinand King of Naples had good Natural Parts improved with Learning and no less Experience of Military Affairs He was inferior to none in all sorts of Many Exercises and Inured to suffer Hardships In his Conversation courteous and affable All these good Qualities could not gain him the Affections of the Nobility who bore him perfect hatred Charles Prince of Viana was perswaded to pretend to that Crown as appertaining to him of Right He was willing to harken to these Insinuations and rather wanted Strength than Will to attempt it Some offered to stand by him but he durst not rely on them knowing how much easier it is to promise than to perform It was impossible these Contrivances could be kept private therefore the Prince fearing the new King sailed over into Sicily there to wait the Event of those Affairs Whilst he lived there in Banishment he had by a mean Woman called Capa two Sons Philip and John and by Mary Armendaria the Wife that had been of Francis Barhastre a Daughter called Ann afterwards married to D. Luis de la Cerda first Duke of Medina Celi Notwithstanding all his Practices King Ferdinand payed him a Pension of 12000 Ducats a Year left him by his Father Prince Charles his Departure into Sicily did not discourage the Nobility of Naples The Prince of Taranto and Marques of Cotron sent to invite King John of Aragon to come and accept of that Kingdom but he content with what he had secure made no account of their offer He set out from Tudela and having received the News of his Brother's Death came to Zaragoça where he took possession of the Kingdom of Aragon not as Lieutenant as he was before but as Proprietor The storm raised by Pope Calixtus from whom it had been least expected was great He said that Kingdom which was a Feof of the Church ought not to have been given to a Bastard and therefore pretended it was again forfeited to the See Apostolick This was believed to be only a Colour and that his Aim was to secure that Kingdom for Peter Borgia whom he had created Duke of Spoleto a City in Vmbria An extravagant Ambition much misbecoming his Age and the high Dignity God had raised him to This was supposed would prove the cause of a new War and every Body feared the late Calamities would again be renewed King Ferdinand desiring to reconcile and appease the Pope wrote a very submissive Letter to him aâ—cesting his respect to the Church and particularly to his Person putting him in mind that he had been bred under him as his Scholar and came over into Italy with him and therefore prayed to be looked upon as a Son and treated as such promising on his part to act accordingly This Letter had no effect upon the Pope who began to sollicit all the Princes and Cities of Italy to take Arms but all his Contrivances were disappointed by Death He departed this Life upon the 6th of August happily and in good Season for the Kingdom of Naples In his Place was elected Aeneas Silvius a Native of Siona of the Family of Picolomini who in all Respects acted suitable to the Name he took which was Pius the II. for he restored Peace to Italy and used his utmost endeavours to renew the War with the Turks He confirmed the Kingdom of Naples to Ferdinand only adding this Provisu that it should not be found to be done in wrong of any other He summoned a General Council to meet at Mantra in order to treat in it of the Expedition against the Turk The Neapolitans once having began to raise Commotions could not be so easily quelled The Calabrians took Arms and John Duke of Lorrain being invited from Genoa where he then was arrived on the Coast of Naples with a Fleet of 23 Galleys The chief cause of these Tumults was Abtony Centellas Marques of Girachi and Croten who to revenge the wrong he pretended done his Father by King Alonso doubted not to prefer the Dominion of the French before that of the Spaniards tho descended himself from Spain These Troubles were very great and lasted long therefore it would be too tedious to relate all the Particulars of them it will be properer for our History to return to Spain In Castile King Henry raised mean Persons to high Posts and Dignities He made Michael Lucas de Trançu born at Belmonte a Town in the Country of la Mancha Constable of Castile and gave him the Town of Agreda and Castle of Veraton and Bormediano Gomez de Solis who took the Name of Gaâ—ereâ— from his Country and was Steward of the Houshold was by the Knights of Alcantara to please the King chosen Master of that Order in the Place of D. Gutierre de Sotomayor To the Brothers of these two the King gave plentiful Estates To John de Valençuela the grand Priorship of S. John These Men he designed should stand by him against the Nobility who were disgusted His ordinary Residence was at Madrid where he wholly gave himself up to Pleasure without applying himself to the Government This extraordinary Negligence drew him into great Inconveniences and no less could be expected since he used to sign all Orders or Grants without reading or knowing what was contained in them The Revenue could not answer the vast Expence of his Houshold and other Prodigalities James Arias his Treasurer finding a fit Opportunity gave him to understand as much advising him to Retrench the number of his Servants since many of them only wasted the Revenue with their Salaries and were of no manner of use This advice did not please the King who presently answered Were I Peter Arias I should have more regard to Mony than to Generosity You speak like your self and I will do as becomes a King without fear of coming to Poverty or having occasion to raise new Tares It is the Duty of Kings to give and to measure their Power not by themselves but by the publick Good which is the true fruit of Riches To some we give because they are Serviceable to others that they may not be Wicked Words well becoming a great Prince had his Actions
and tho very aged and blind of both Eyes had still a great Spirit In that City on the 22th of January 1468 Ellenor his Bastard Daughter was Married to D. Luis de Biamonte Earl of Lerin Her Portion was 15000 Florins and the Design to secure that Family so Powerful in Navarre The Queen held the Cortes of Aragon at Zaragoça for the King her Husband There she died on the 13th of February to the great Grief of the King who lamented it the more because he was so aged himself and his Son to whom she might have been a great support so young Not long before she met her Daughter in Law the Countess of Faux at Exea on the Borders of Aragon and there they concluded a League Offensive and Defensive Her Body was Buried at Poblete Only one Crime was laid to her Charge which was the Death of her Son in Law Prince Charles and this they say troubled her Conscience at the hour of her Death The News of the Troubles in Castile was come to Rome King Henry sollicited the Pope to Depose the Bishops that were in Rebellion and to Excommunicate the Nobility if they would not submit Antony Venerio Bishop of Leon was therefore sent Nuncio into Spain First he waited upon the King at Medina del Campo Then endeavouring to Treat with the Rebels was by them twice put off with Reproachful Language and he threatning to Excommunicate them they answered The Pope had nothing to do with the Affairs of the Crown and that they would Appeal to the next General Councel Another Misfortune befell the King which was that D. John Arias Bishop of Segovia in revenge that his Brother Peter Arias had been wrongfully imprisoned tho now set at liberty resolved to deliver up that City to the Lords The Place is strong being seated on the Mountains that part Old and New Castile The Queen and Dutchess of Albuquerque who were there were so surprized at the coming of the Rebels that they could scarce have time to get into the Castle nor were they easily admitted Peter Munsares the Governor being of Intelligence with the Rebels The Princess Elizaheth who knew of the Design stayed in the Palace and then went to her Brother Alonso designing to take part with him This News was soon carried to Medina del Campo where King Henry was which troubled him more than any other Loss because he loved that City kept his Treasure there and it was the place where he Diverted himself From this time forward he seemed disturbed in his Brain trusted no Body was suspicious of all Men and unsettled sometimes for Peace and sometimes for War but Peace was more suitable to his Nature He appointed to meet the Marquess de Villena at Coca notwithstanding all his Friends opposed it which made many forsake him Nothing was done at Coca therefore they agreed to meet again in the Castle of Segovia There they agreed upon these Articles which were no better observed than others had been That the Castle of Segovia be delivered to Prince Alonso That the King have Liberty to take out his Treasures which shall be kept in the Castle of Madrid by Peter Muncares That the Queen be left with the Archhishop of Sevil as an Hostage for Performance hereof That these things performed the Nobles within 6 months Restore the King to the Government and submit to him These were hard Conditions for the King But the worst was that the Queen in the Castle of Alabejos whither the Bishop sent her took a Liking to a young Man and proved with Child by him which confirmed all the former Suspicions of her Dishonesty and made for the Rebels The King distracted with these Misfortunes went from place to place almost like a Private Man forsaken of most Men only 10 attending him He resolved at last to try the Earl of Plasencia and put himself into his Power He was there well received and lived about 4 months in the Castle of that City The Pope sent a new Nuncio to persuade the Lords to submit to the King but they persisting Obstinate he Excommunicated them This did not correct tho it troubled them so much that they sent Deputies to Rome who were not suffered to come within the Walls of that City till they had taken an Oath not to give the Title of King to Prince Alonso The Pope severely Reproved them in the Consistory assuring them God would punish their Disloyalty and that it was to be feared the young Prince would come to an untimely Death for the Sins of others This Saying of his proved Prophetick and his Severity did some kidness to King Henry At the same time the City Toledo was restored to the King Peter Lopez de Ayala was Governor of that City F. Peter de Silva of the Order of S. Dominick and Bishop of Badajoz his Brother in Law Treated with his Sister the Governors Wife about delivering up the City to the King They sent to him he came from Plasencia in two days and entring the City by night was lodged in the Dominican Monastery His coming being known a Bell was Rung and the People took the Alarm Peter Lopez advised the King should not shew himself because the People would not pay him any respect Therefore about midnight he left the City with him went Perafan de Ribera and the two Sons of Peter Lopez de Ayala Peter and Alonso At the Gate the King found his Horse was tired having travelled 18 Leagues that Day He asked one of the Company to give him his Horse which he refused but the two Sons of Peter Lopez immediately alighted and on their knees begg'd of the King to accept of theirs one for himself and the other for his Squire of the Body The King did so those Gentleman followed him a Foot Being come to Olias the King gave Peter Lopez de Ayala and his Sons for ever an Estate of 70000 Mervidies a Year The Bishop also was forc'd to leave the City yet within Four days the Governors Wives tears prevail'd with him to call the King again He came and found all things better dispos'd than he expected and at the suit of the People confirm'd their Charter granting them new Privileges But Peter Lopez de Ayala was created Earl of Fuensalida and continued Governor of the City then the King went away to Madrid there he secur'd the Governor of that Place Peter Muçares but soon after dismiss'd him The loss of Toledo so nearly touched the Rebels that they immediately Marched from Arevalo where their Forces were to Besiege that City In their March near Carden̄osa Prince Alonso fell sick and died on the 5th of July which put a stop to their proceedings His Body was Buried in the Church of St. Francis at Arevalo thence afterwards translated to the Carthusian Monastery of Miraflores at Burgos Some said he died of the Plague which then raged in those parts others that he was poisoned Alonso de Palencia who
he perswaded him to send for his Sister This done he sent Beatrix de Babadilla his Wife in a Disguise like a Country Woman to Aranda where she advised the Princess to go away with speed to Segovia assuring her of her Brothers Kindness and that at worst she could be safe in the Castle Having agreed upon it the Lady Beatrix returned to her Husband and the Princess soon followed and came into the Castle of Segovia on the 28th of December preceding the beginning of the year 1474. Her coming surprized the Town and Court and the Marquiss of Villena suspecting some Design against him withdrew to Ayllon a Town not far from thence King Henry received the News in the Forest of Balsain where he was Hunting He immediately returned to Segovia and visited his Sister Both testified much Joy at their Meeting and spent a long time in private At parting the Princess recommended her Affairs to the King who answered he would consider of it Next night they supped together in the Castle and the 3d day the Princess appeared a Horseback in the Streets the King himself holding her Bridle This was a Joyful day to Spain none doubting but it would put an end to so many Troubles To add to the Publick Satisfaction King Ferdinand by the Advice of his Wife came to Segovia On the day of the Epiphany the Two Kings and Queen appeared together in publick and afterwards Dined together in the Bishops House where Andrew de Cabrera Treated them Magnificently James Enriquez del Castillo writes that D. Roderick de Villandro Earl of Ribadeo Dined with them by virtue of a Priviledge granted to his Father as was said in its place of Dining with the King upon New-Years-Day After the Dinner there was a Ball and then a Collation But all this Joy was allayed by the King's Indisposition who being taken with a violent Pain in his Side was carried away to his Palace It was suspected by the People he was Poisoned and their Opinion gained Credit because he never after had his Health and died within a year But these were only Surmises publick Prayers were made for his Health and he was somewhat eased As soon as the King recovered Articles were proposed between him and his Sister The Princess demanded to be Sworn Heiress of the Crown and promised if that were done to be always Obedient to him as also to deliver up her Daughter as a Hostage to be kept by Andrew de Cabrera On the other side the Earl of Benavente required the Princess Joanna should be Married to D. Henry of Aragon and threatned if it were not Granted to break off any Agreement designed betwixt the King and his Sister All the other Nobles and Courtiers were divided as their Interest led them The Family of Mendoça both Numerous and Powerful began to incline to the Princess Elizabeth For that very Reason the Archbishop of Toledo was for siding with the Princess Joanna King Henry was irresolute D. John Pacheco the Master of Santiago advised him by Night to secure the City and apprehend his Sister and her Husband promising to Assist him in it This design was discovered and King Ferdinand immediately withdrew to Turuegano The Princess Elizabeth resolved to keep Possession of the Castle of Segovia where all the Royal Treasure lay After their parting the two Kings Henry and Ferdinand met again accidentally The Earl of Benavente had some time before the Town of Carrion given him by King Henry which he Fortified The Marquess de Santillana was offended at it and perswaded the Earl of Trevin̄o to Surprize it He did so and the Marquess Marched from Guadalajara with Forces to Support him The Earl of Benavente moved from Segovia to take Revenge of them both and many of the Nobility flocked with Forces to favour the Party they inclined to King Ferdinand Marched with some Troops to Assist the Marquess de Santillana and King Henry planted himself between the two Armies to perswade them to an Accommodation which he effected The Earl of Benavente wholly referred himself to the King and consented to Raze the Castle of Carrion and resign the Town to the Crown the Archbishop of Toledo giving him the Town of Magan in lieu of it After this the Marquess saw the Princess Elizabeth at Segovia whence he returned to Guadalajara with a resolution to change Parties King Henry having been at Valladolid and Segovia went to Madrid at the perswasion of D. John Pacheco He perswaded the King to go to the Borders of Portugal to make a Match for the Princess Joanna with the King of Portugal but his main design was to take Possession of Truxillo which was given him by the King Gracian de Sesse Governor of the Castle refused to deliver it up till what he had laid out upon it was Refunded and his Accounts passed King Henry finding his indisposition increase upon him returned to Madrid The Master of Santiago being also taken ill was carried on Mens Shoulders to Truxillo He designed to perswade the Governor to Surrender the Castle but died suddenly of a swelling in his Cheek whence so much Blood gushed that it Choaked him It is said the last Words he spoke were only to ask whether the Castle were Surrendred His death was kept private till the Castle was delivered up In lieu of it the Governor had the Town of S. Felix in Galicia given to him and his Heirs an unfortunate Gift to him for in a Mutiny the People of that Town stoned him to death The Aragonians and French were at variance about Rusillon and Cerdagne the former endeavouring to Recover those Counties and the latter pleading their Rights to them by way of Mortgage Thus both Parties prepared to renew the War after the expiration of the Truce Nevertheless John Folch Earl of Cardona and Hugo de Rocaberti Castellan of Amposta were sent Ambassadors to France with a splendid Retinue to endeavour the composing this Affair amicably They pretended the Money was not lent in time and that contrary to the Agreement John Duke of Lorrain had been supported out of France As the Ambassadors returned without concluding any thing they were detained at Lyons contrary to all Law and Equity Those Lords being detained in France the Aragonians durst not attempt any thing Yet the beginning of the Summer 500 French Horse Commanded by John Alonso Lord of Aluda entred Rusillon and joyning with the French Garrisons sat down before Elna the lower part thereof as being weak the Citizens abandoned The King of Aragon then held the Cortes of Catalonia at Barcelona and prepared for War tho' Aged and sick of a Quartan Ague He had no great Force and therefore sought to get Supplies from abroad King Ferdinand of Naples sent him 500 Horse by Sea Ferdinand his Son in June possessed himself of Tordesillas a good Town in Old Castile being invited thither by the Townsmen to oppose Peter Mendavia Governor of Castro Nun̄o who
as they could The King being at Almazan the Earl of Medina Celi sent to acquaint him That the Kingdom of Navarre appertained to the Lady Anne his Wife as Lawful Daughter to Charles Prince of Viana He said if King Ferdinand would not assist him in recovering his Right he should not want Aid elsewhere meaning from France Having sent away the Messenger without any Answer the King went on to Turuegano where he stayed till the City Segovia was provided for his Reception He made his Entry into that City on the 2d of January 1475. and was received with great Pomp. All the Three Estates did Homage to him and kissed his Hand Some Debate arose about the manner of Government The Queen's Servants contended King Ferdinand ought not to intermeddle in the Government nor so much as call himself King of Castile to which purpose they brought Examples of Queens of Naples On the other side the Aragonians pleaded That King Henry having left no Heirs Male the Crown was devolved upon King John of Aragon as Head of the Family But this was easily answered by Examples of many Women that had inherited the Crown of Castile At length the King and Queen agreed the Matter between themselves upon these Conditions That in all Charters Patents and upon the Coin King Ferdinand should be named before Queen Elizabeth That the Arms of Castile should be on the right of those of Aragon That all Garrisons should be held in the Queen's Name and all Officers of the Revenue take their Oath to her That Grants of Benefices should be in the Name of both but only in the Disposal of the Queen That when they were together both should have equal Authority in the Administration of Justice and when in different places each in that part That the Affairs of other Provinces should be determined by him or her who was nearest to the Council which should be observed in the Choice of Civil Governours King Ferdinand was concerned that his Subjects should prescribe Laws to him but thought fit to wink at it for the present And the Queen is said to have mollified him promising that the whole disposal of all things should be in him This done King Ferdinand applied himself to the Care of Settling the Kingdom which was much distracted by the late Broils The Marquess de Villena at the same time held Correspondence with King Ferdinand and King Alonso of Portugal He was no less Politick than his Father and it was not doubted but he would incline to that side where he expected the greatest advantage Of King Ferdinand he demanded that his Two Competitors to the Mastership should be declared illegally chosen and he secured in that Dignity This Request seemed to the King somewhat harsh not thinking it safe to add so great a Revenue to one so Powerful and in whom he could repose but little Confidence however he gave him a favourable Answer for the present which was to promise he would favour him in obtaining his Desires provided he would deliver up the Princess Joanna to a Third Person He replied he would not do it nor should ever be prevailed upon to break his Word to King Henry having ingaged to him to take care of his Daughter At the same time he sent Persons in whom he confided to perswade the King of Portugal to take upon him the Protection of his Neece since it appertained to him as the next of Kin and as such he ought to take upon him the Government of Castile He blamed his fearfulness and conjured him since he was so powerful a King not to forsake that Innocent Lady assuring he would find many in Castile that would appear for him as soon as they had a Head to whom they might have recourse The King of Portugal was at Estremoz on the borders of his Kingdom when King Henry died He immediately called a Council and laid before them what was proposed by the Marquess de Villena Opinions as is usual in such cases varied Most were for declaring War and invading Castile without delay pleading they had great store of Treasure heaped up having long enjoyed Peace great numbers of Horse and Foot and a powerful Fleet at Sea John Prince of Portugal was the chief Promoter of this unfortunate War Only Ferdinand Duke of Bragança whom Age made more Cautious and Circumspect was against ingaging in that Affair which some attributed to Fear and others to Affection to Queen Elizabeth who was his Brothers Grandaughter He urged the Marquess de Villena and his Party were the same who not long since proclaimed Prince Alonso King and declared the Princess Joanna a Bastard That they offered no strong Holds for security of performing what they promised and That it was hard to perswade a Prejudiced People that the Princess Joanna was Legitimate These Precautions were approved of by the Wiser sort yet the plurality of Voices prevailed the common Misfortune of Councils where Number takes place of Weight However before they positively declared Lope de Albuquerque was sent into Castile to Examine into the Posture of Affairs and at his return brought an Ingagement signed by many Noblemen wherein they promised That if the King of Portugal would Marry the Princess Joanna they would when it was time appear for him It fell out very opportunely to advance this Design that the Archbishop of Toledo being disgusted withdrew from Segovia the 20th of February pretending to retire for his Ease having lived long at Court This was the pretence but in reality he was displeased He complained he was kept in Hand with Specious Promises without receiving any Reward for his great Services or in Recompence of spending his Paternal Estate to bestow the Crown upon those ungrateful Princes Above all it grieved him to see the Cardinal so much in favour that nothing was done without him Means were used to appease him but all in vain He threatned to make it appear how dangerous a thing it was to provoke the Archbishop of Toledo Neither were the Prayers mixed with Threats of his Brother the Earl of Buendia of any force For he being Proud and lavish of his Tongue grew worse when good Advice was given him Besides one Ferdinand de Alarcon who being of the same Temper was his great Favourite still was buzzing in his Ears and inflamed his Passion CHAP. III. The King of Portugal calls himself King of Castile and is assisted by many of the Nobility being Contracted to Joanna the Rightful Heiress He takes several Places in Castile The French make Peace with England and ingage to assist Portugal against Ferdinand THE Disgust of the Archbishop of Toledo did not a little perplex the King and Queen fearing he might cause great Revolutions being Rich and Powerful This made them careful to gain what Friends they could and to appease the Nobility The first reduced was Henry of Aragon which was done by restoring to him his Patrimony of Segorve and
Months to appoint Arbitrators who were to decide all Controversies This much offended the Lady Magdalen Wife that was to the late Gaston Earl of Faux fearing it was a contrivance to exclude her Children their Fathers Inheritance Berengarius de Sos Dean of Barcelona was sent Ambassador to appease that Lady and advise her not to mistrust the Kings of Castile and Aragon nor join with France She was then at Pau a Town in Bearne and answered she thanked them and would always endeavour rather to promote Peace than War On the 5th of October the Articles of Marriage betwixt Ferdinand King of Naples and Joanna Daughter to the King of Aragon were Sign'd at Tudela The Lady was Contracted at Cervera a Town in Catalonia and from thence forward she was called Queen of Naples Beatrix Daughter to the King of Naples was at the same time Married to Mathias King of Hungary She was a virtuous Lady but Barren and consequently had no Issue by him nor by King Ladislaus his Sucessor whom she afterwards Married Mean while the City Toro in Castile was surprized in the Night by D. Alonso de Fonseca Bishop of Avila and D. Frederic Son to D. Roderick Manrique Earl of Parades A Shepherd called Bartholomew shewed them how it might be scaled on that side which was least regarded by reason of a Morass that lay before it Having entred the Town they Besieged the Castle and Queen Elizabeth hearing the news repaired thither with speed from Segovia where she had been appeasing the late Tumult Mary Wife to John de Ulloa surrendred that Fortress on the 19th of October Her Son in Law the Earl of Marialva who Commanded in those parts quitted another Fort called Villalfonso near Toro and retired into Portugal There remained Castronun̄o from which Place Peter de Mendoza an able Soldier did great harm to the neighbouring Country For this reason the Kings Forces after the taking of Toro laid Siege to that Place and planted their Artillery which was carried thither with much labour Great application was made at the same time to reduce the Marquess de Villena and Archbishop of Toledo The Marquess seemed most inclinable to Submit but demanded the restitution of Villena and above 20 Towns taken from him in that Neighbourhood The Archbishop was more obstinate tho the King of Aragon ceased not to advise to compound with him at any rate But that Business was not yet ripe They began by the Marquess de Villena and promised to restore to him his whole Estate provided he surrendred the Castles of Madrid and Truxillo which still held for him The same offer was made to the Archbishop of Toledo D. Lope de Acun̄a his Nephew delivered up the City Huete which had been given him with the Title of a Duke in the time of his troubles by King Henry At the same time were killed two powerful Princes Charles the Bold Duke of Burgundy and Galeazzo Duke of Milan Murdered in the Church whilst he was at Mass CHAP. VI. King Ferdinand possesses himself of the Mastership of Santiago in Trust which has ever since continued in the King 's of Spain War with the Moores of Andaluzia The King of Portugal after having Abdicated his Crown returns home and is restored by his Son QUeen Elizabeth wisely put an end to a Debate that arose about the Mastership of Santiago D. Roderick Manrique Earl of Paredes who called himself Master of Santiago and was famous for taking the Town of Huescar from the Moores died in November at Vcles His Son George Manrique wrote a learned Elegy upon his death D. Alonso de Cardenas his Competitor being dead resolved to go to Vcles with armed Men and force the Electors to chuse him Many other great Men aimed at that Dignity The King and Queen consulted at Toro what was best to be done in that Case and resolved rather to make use of Cunning than Force The King staied at Toro but the Queen made such haste to Vcles that as Ferdinand del Pulgar writes she came to that Place in three Days from Valladolid She perswaded the Knights to go with her to Ocan̄a which being a bigger Town and strong they might with more Security proceed upon their Election There by the means of D. Alonso de Fonseca Bishop of Avila and her Secretary Ferdinand Alvarez de Toledo she prevailed upon them that to avoid Contention they should for some time Create King Ferdinand her Husband Administrator of that Dignity This was it that first weakened the power of that Order and soon after those of Calatrava and Alcantara followed their example Yet it was not long before the King and Queen conserred that Honour upon D. Alonso de Cardenas only obliging him to pay a certain Pension towards carrying on the War with the Moores which highly offended the other Nobles who thought they had as well deserved as he King Ferdinand having settled the affairs of Old Castile and concluded a Truce with the Enemy went away to Ocana at the beginning of the Year 1477. Then he again pardoned and received into his favour the Earl of Uren̄a who now seemed perfectly reconciled From Ocan̄a he went with the Queen to Toledo where in pursuance of a Vow made if they overcame the King of Portugal she ordered to be Built the famous Monastery of Franciscans still to be seen in that City and called St. Juan de los Reyes Thence they removed to Madrid and there received Advice that the Portugueses infested the Country about Badajor and Cuidad Rodrigo D. Gomer de Figueroa Earl of Feria was sent before to oppose them and the Queen followed soon after towards the Frontiers of Portugal King Ferdinand staied at Madrid in hopes to reduce the Archbishop of Toledo but he was so obstinate he would not see the King Therefore on the 24th of March the King set out for Old Castile to endeavour to pacifie Navarre which again laboured under the former Factions the Agramonteses having taken Estela and the Princess Elenor labouring to recover it with her own and the Forces of Castile At the same time the King and Queen were surprized with the News that Albohacen King of Granada notwithstanding the Truce which had lasted several Years had broke into the Kingdom of Murcia with 4000 Horse and 30000 Foot This attempt terrified the Christians who were wholly unprovided and the more for that on the 6th of April he took a little Town called Ciesa by Storm which he burnt and put all the Inhabitants to the Sword Besides he took a great booty of Cattle and returned home without any loss tho Peter Faxardo Lieuteannt of Murcia endeavoured to oppose him The harm done was not so great but that Castile not being yet pacified there was no hopes of taking revenge Cantalapiedra and Castronun̄o two Castles that held for the Portugueses were again besiged and forced to surrender The People were so incensed against Castronun̄o for the harm had been done
own Order that is the Dominicans It had been began in the time of King Alonso the Wise The Church was doubtless built lately by the Cardinal John de Torquemada who had his Education in that House At this time the holy Tribunal of the Inquisition was first erected in Castile There were before certain Inquisitors of this nature but they had not the power nor the method that was now introduced The principal promoter and founder of this Court was the Cardinal of Spain moved to it by the great corruption caused by the mixture of Christians Jews and Moores Many Jews who had been Converted relapsed to their former Error and particularly the number was great at Sevil where the Inquisition first executed its Authority If their Crimes were hainous they were burnt if of a lesser hue their Goods were Confiscate their Persons condemned to perpetual Imprisonment or obliged to wear what they call a Sanbenito that is piece of yellow Baise hanging on the Breast and Back with a red Cross upon it which was a mighty Infamy It was thought too much severity that the Children should suffer for the Crimes of their Parents that the accuser should not be known nor confront the party accused as had ever been used in all Courts and lastly that Sins of this nature should be punished with death Some wholly condemned this severity yet others approved of and defended it The event has made it appear this Court has been very necessary and advantageous to the Kingdom Many wholesome Laws were at first Enacted and have since been enlarged to restrain the power of the Judges and keep them within the bounds of moderation that they may not be debauched by Avarice But the greatest security consists in that these Imployments are always bestowed on Persons of great learning and known integrity and piety The first Inquisitor General was F. Thomas de Torquemada of the Order of St. Dominick Confessor to the King and Queen and Prior of the Monastery at Segovia His Authority at first extended only to the Kingdom of Castile Four years after it comprehended all Aragon At first the Inquisitor General used to send his Commissioners to all parts as occasion required without having any fixed Tribunals Since it is established that the Inquisitor General with Five of the supream Councill determines all the most weighty Affairs of Religion at the Court where the other Tribunals are All smaller Affairs are committed to 2 or 3 Inquisitors who keep their Courts in several Cities The places where now the Inquisitors reside are Toledo Cuenca Murcia Valladolid Santiago Logron̄o Sevil Cordova Granada Elerena and in the Kingdom of Aragon Valencia Zaragoça and Barcelona An Edict was published by the Inquisitor General offering a free pardon to all guilty Persons who should come in and submit themselves 17000 as well Men as Women of all sorts are said to have presented themselves 2000 were burnt and a greater number fled From this beginning it has rose to be the most dreaded Tribunal in the World A proper remedy against the Calamities that soon after ensued and confounded many other Kingdoms Before the King and Queen of Castile went from Sevil they ordered that neither the Duke of Medina Sidonia nor the Marquess of Cadiz should be admitted into that City so the heats of the Factions being taken away all was in Peace On the Frontiers of Portugal Lope Vasco a Portugues Governor of the Castle of Mora secured that place for King Ferdinand and sent him advice of it that he might be relieved King Ferdinand was very desirous to make War upon Portugal in Person thinking it would redound to his Honour not only to defend his own but to invade another Neither his Father nor any of the wiser sort approved of his design as dangerous and unprofitable Therefore he sent D. Alonso de Cardenas Master of Santiago with 1500 Horse and 15000 Foot Nothing of Moment was done for John Prince of Portugal recovered the Castle of Mora which disappointed all their designs It was more requisite to secure Truxillo thither the King and Queen went taking Cordova in their way Mean while at Land a Town in the Territory of Cahors in France a Match was agreed betwixt Frederick second Son to the King of Naples and Anne Daughter of Amadee Duke of Savoy The King of France promised the Bride who was his Sisters Daughter a great Estate in France and offered to deliver up Russillon and Cerdaigne till such time as he performed or the King of Aragon paid the Money about which they were at variance This highly offended the Two Kings of Spain Father and Son who resented that the King of Naples without regard to their kindred should prefer the friendship of France before that of Spain and accept of those Places for which they were Engaged in War The Truce was near expiring and there was danger the War would again break out at a very improper time for both Nations The King of France was busie in the Conquest of Flanders In Castile all was not settled for the King of Portugal prepared to renew the War and the Countess of Medellin a Masculine Woman with Alonso de Monroy Deputy to the Master of Calatrava were revolted For these reasons John de Gamboa Governor of Fuenterabia and the Archdeacon of Almaçan by Order of King Ferdinand began to treat of an acommodation with the French Ambassadors who were at Bayonne They managed this Affair so well that the Truce was changed into a Peace upon the old Conditions that had been betwixt those Two Crowns and the King of Aragon was included which was only imposing upon him since the Lands in dispute were not restored to him However it was agreed Judges should be appointed to decide that Difference The joy conceived in Castile on account of this Peace was increased by some concurring Causes One was that the Earl of Alva Liste the Kings Unckle came to Truxillo having been à Prisoner ever since the Battle of Toro Another that the Archbishop of Toledo drove by necessity all his Revenues being Seized submitted to King Ferdinando and delivered up his strong Holds to be held by the King It was given out he held Correspondence with the King of Portugal still nevertheless he was pardoned Moreover Pope Sixtus revoked the dispensation he had given the King of Portugal for Marrying his Neece the Princess Joanna which many thought was too great a Compliance with the King of Naples at whose Suit it was done and misbecoming the Papal Authority In order to settle all their Affairs and particularly the Peace with France the Two Kings Father and Son designed to meet at Molina and Daroca When on a sudden the King of Aragon fell sick at Barcelona and died on the 19th of January 1479. His Body was buried at Poblete and he was so Poor that to defray the Charge of his Funeral his Houshold Goods were Pawned He lived 81 Years 7 Months and
easily reconciled to the Church if Ambassadors were sent and Peace and Commerce settled with them But most of these things hapned some Years later It is time to return to Castile CHAP. VII Tumults in Aragon the Cities Associate there The War with the Moores renewed and several Places taken from them which they with the same facility recover Maximilian King of the Romans aimes to Marry the Princess Elizabeth of Castile AFter the taking of Malaga when King Ferdinand thought to have gone on in his Conquest the troubles in Aragon oblged him to go thither to put a stop to the Murders and Robberies committed there At Valencia D. Philip de Aragon Master of the Order of Montesa killed John de Valterra a noble Youth and his Rival for both Courted the Lady Ellenor Marchioness of Cotron and Daughter of Anthony Centellas which occasioned great Tumults in that City To obviate these harms King Ferdinand set out from Cordova and arrived at Zaragoça on the 19th of November The manner of choosing Magistrates in that City was altered The Council and Commons used before to have the Election of them and now because that produced Disputes and Mutinies they desired for the Future the Nomination of them should be in the King Besides the Towns associated after the manner of Castile each engaging to contribute to the Maintenance of 150 Horse who were to Travel about and punish all Malefactors It was Ordained that the King should have the choosing of the Captain of this Association or Brotherhood out of 3 Citizens of Zaragoça named by the Council of that City Laws were also Enacted to prevent their abusing the Power given them This was concluded at the beginning of the Year 1488. At the same time came Leonard Tocco a Grecian and of the Family of the Grecian Emperors whom the Turks had drove out of his Dominions and obliged to fly into Italy Ambassador from the King of Naples to conclude the Match before proposed betwixt the Grandson of that King and the Princess Elizabeth Daughter to King Ferdinand This Affair took not Effect because the King designed to Marry his Daughter to the King of France or else to the Prince of Portugal hoping that would be a secure Band of friendship with either of those Nations Instead of her he offered his other Daughter the Princess Mary From Zaragoça the King and Queen went to Valencia thither came to them Alan Father to John d' Albret King of Navarre He came to ask Succour against the King of France who had Conquered part of that Kingdom and the Navarrois themselves who were in Rebellion particularly the Biamonteses were possessed of great part of Navarre and kept the King out notwithstanding but three Years before all things had been agreed and the Earl of Lerin with his whole Family and followers had been restored to their Possessions and others given them that they might rest contented It was also proposed that the King should Protect Francis Duke of Britany whose Daughter Ann many Princes sought to have to Wife because he had no Heir Male. Charles the 8th King of France made War on him on this account Monsieur d' Albret and the Duke of Orleans favoured that Duke Maximilian then King of the Romans was assaulted by the People of Bruges in Flanders and kept Prisoner All these things troubled the King because Maximilian was a friend to Spain and d' Albret who gave the Intelligence his Confederate In fine a League was concluded betwixt the King and Alan against all Princes except the King of France whom it was not convenient for Alan or his Son to disoblige because their Dominions were either in his Power or at least lay exposed to him yet all this was Counterfeit for the real design was to make use of the Forces of Spain against France It was agreed among other things that a Fleet should be fittedout on the Coast of Biscay and Men raised to be sent to Britany under the Command of Michael John de Gralla a Catalonian All this Affair was Concluded and Signed on the 21th of March. The Cortes of Valencia were opened in that City and broke up at Origuela to settle that Country which done King Ferdinand made hast through the Kingdom of Murcia that borders on the Moorish Territories Great preparations were made for carrying on the War and subduing that Country where Albohardil with much difficulty supported the Title of a King tho' still stronger than his Nephew as being possessed of Guadix Almeria and Baça with all the Mountain Country of Granada which was as far as the Sea whence he gathered a greater Revenue because the Mountain was untouched besides the great advantage made of the silken Manufacture which is the best of all Spain The Natives hated Boabdil looking upon him as a Coward and Friend to the Christians and Albohardil had gained Reputation by taking a great Booty about Alcalà Real John de Benavides who Commanded there soon revenged this Loss burning all the Territory of Almeria The Warlike preparations were not carried on with that Vigour the King could have wished because Andalvzia had suffered this Year and the last by the Plague The King Ordered the Rendezvouz to be at Murcia where he was resolving to Attack Vera a Town upon the Sea-coast No resistance was made but it surrendred on the 10th of June Muxacra Velez el Blanco and Velez el Rubio with several other Towns and Castles that were not well Fortified did the same The King was desirous to lay Siege to Almeria a City in that Neighbourhood An impregnable Castle called Taberna stood in the way and the old Moorish King came in Person with 1000 Horse and 20000 Foot to put a Garrison into it resolving to lie in the Woods and cut off our Parties and avoid coming to a Battle because his Men were raw and undisciplined The Enemy refusing to Fight our Forces had the more liberty to wast the Country Most harm was done about Almeria and Baça which is a fruitful Country because watered The Channels that convey the Water were the occasion that many of our Men were cut off and among them D. Philip de Aragon Master of the Order of Montesa a forward and brave Youth King Ferdinand his Forces being weak and he called away upon other Affairs having Garrisoned the Frontiers went away towards Castile No sooner was he gone but the Moorish King recovered all the Towns had been taken from him Mean while the Inhabitants of Guasin a very strong Town near Ronda conspiring put all the Garrison to the Sword It was not long before they received the reward of that Action for the neighbouring Moores to shew they had no hand in that Slaughter and fearing least they should suffer for it assembled and laid Siege to Guasin The Marquess of Cadiz and Earl of Cifuentes came with Forces from Sevil to their Assistance and having taken the Town in Revenge either put
Riches and Prosperity he shall be very Devout of a virtuous Inclination and a great Defender of Christianity Amidst so many Virtues considering human Frailty there could not be wanting some Allay of Vice Avarice which is laid to his Charge may be well excused with the lowness of the Revenue The Wickedness of those Times was the cause of the Severity and Rigour he is blamed for Foreign Writers accuse him of a wicked Craft and that he valued not his Word where it was for his Advantage to break it I will not dispute how true this is He contracted Affinity with the Greatest Princes in all Christendom as the Kings of England and Portugal and the Dukes of Austria Several other Princes were near of Kin to him for he was Unkle to Anne Dutchess of Britany as Brother to her Grandmother by the Mother's side He was Cousin German to Ferdinand King of Naples and great Unkle to Catherine Queen of Navarre as brother to her Grandmother This particularly is laid to his Charge That without any regard of Kindred only thro' Ambition of enlarging his Dominions he thrust this Lady and her Husband out of their Kingdom and obliged them to retire to France Others excuse him upon pretence of Religion and the Pope's Command but that is a weak Defence Great Troubles ensued hereupon Henry d' Albret Son to that Queen endeavoured to recover his Kingdom with more Valour than good Fortune He had by the Lady Margaret Sister to Francis King of France one Daughter and Heiress called Joanna who married Anthony of Bourbon Duke of Vendosme and was Mother to that Henry who married Margaret the Sister of Three Kings of France viz. Francis II. Charles and Henry who all dying without Issue he inherited that Crown as next of the Male Line Notwithstanding the People of France pretended he could not inherit because he had embraced the then new-broached Heresies that spread abroad in France But let us leave this to put an end to the Affair of Granada King Ferdinand and Queen Elizabeth having taken possession of that City by the special Providence of God the Moors remaining in that part of Spain were for ever after brought under the Dominion and Government of the Christians This solemn Entry was upon Friday the 6th of January 1492. and according to the Arabian Account the Year 897 of the Hegira on the 8th of the Month which they call Rahib Haraba Which Day as it is a Feast of great Solemnity throughout the Christian World as being the Epiphany of our Lord so was it particularly Joyful and Fortunate to all Spain and no less unhappy to the Moors For by their Extirpation the Honour of Spain was restored and a great Province added to the Christian Dominions All other Provinces of Christendom were made Partakers of this Joy and particularly Pope Innocent had a large account given him of the Reduction of all Spain to its former Obedience to the Church In all Parts there were Bonfires and Sports celebrated in token of Joy and Men Women and Children went in Procession to the Churches to give Thanks to Almighty God for so signal a Mercy Rome was rejoycing for the Peace concluded betwixt the Pope and King of Naples when John de Estrada King Fedinand's Ambassador brought this happy News In token of their great Satisfaction the Pope Cardinals and People of Rome went in Procession to the Spanish Church of Santiago there the Divine Office was performed with great Solemnity and a Sermon suitable to the Occasion preached in which the Preacher highly extolled the King and Queen and magnified the Valour of and Victories obtained by the Spanish Nation The End of the 25th BOOK The History of SPAIN BOOK XXVI CHAP. I. The Affairs in Britany The Jews expelled Spain Pope Innocent VIII dies Alexander VI. succeeds him Navarre pacified AFter putting so Honourable an end to the War of Granada and totally subverting the Kingdom of the Moores in Spain King Ferdinand and Queen Elizabeth bent their thoughts upon greater and more glorious Undertakings Lest the great number they had of brave and expert Soldiers should be debauched with Luxury and Ease since nothing remained to Conquer at home they sent them to subdue Kingdoms abroad Thus the Dominion and Name of the Spaniards till then confined within the bounds of their own Country was not only spread abroad through France Italy and Barbary but extended to the utmost bounds of the Earth I am sensible the Work that lies before me is too great for my weak Capacity and might startle the greatest Wits For this Reason in the Preface to my Latin History I said I would conclude with the War of Granada but several Learned People have perswaded me this Work would be imperfect ending there that the Actions since performed are so glorious they will be an Ornament to all the rest and that every one is more delighed with Modern History than with that which its Antiquity makes dubious I have therefore resolved to continue this History some years longer in which the Spaniards performed the most glorious Actions that were ever done not only by them but by any People in the whole World Before we enter upon those mighty Exploits it will not be amiss to put the Reader in mind of some things we have hinted before Francis Duke of Britany Married Margaret Daughter to Ellenor Queen of Navarre and Niece to King Ferdinand They had no Issue Male but only two Daughters Ann and Elizabeth Many Princes were ambitious to Marry those Ladies and especially the Eldest Among the rest Charles VIII King of France was he that stood fairest notwithstanding he was before Contracted to Margaret Daughter to Maximilian King of the Romans who being now a Widdower Treated of Marrying the same Lady Ann. The King of France sought to gain by force what he feared not to compass by fair means and therefore upon pretence that the Duke of Orlcans was protected against him in Britany he made War upon that Country The Duke applied himself for Succour to the English Germans and Spaniards To this purpose as has been said Alan d' Albret Father to the King of Navarre hoping to Marry the Lady Ann came to King Ferdinand then at Valencia and prevailed with him to send a Fleet and Land Forces under the Command of John Gralla into Britany These Forces and the Dukes were defeated by the French in the Month of August 1488. After this the King of France and Duke of Britany were reconciled the Duke promising not to Marry his Daughters without that King's Consent which he performed for he died the following year leaving them both Maids He appointed the Mareschal of Britany Tutor to his Daughter and Governour of the Province who favoured the Pretentions of Monsieur d' Albert but the Earl of Dunois and the Chancellor opposed and the Prince of Orange who was her near Kinsman seized upon the Dutchess and her Sister The Mareschal obtained Succours
the Two distressed Kings Alonso and Ferdinand and Joanna the Queen-Dowager Gonçalo Fernandez de Cordova was stopped some Days with his Men at Majorca and Sardinia but arrived at Meçina on the 24th of May. King Ferdinand of Naples had already possessed himself of Rijoles and other neighbouring Places in Calabria in which Province Everard Stuart Lord of Aubeni a renowned Commander was left Governour by the King of France Rijoles Cotron Amantia and some other Places were delivered to Gonçalo Fernandez to hold them for the King his Master till he should be paid the Charges of that War as also to secure Sicily Some difference arose betwixt the new King and Gonçalo Fernandez because the King was positive for marching with all his Forces directly to Naples the Citizens inviting him even before the King of France was gone thence Gonçalo Fernandez would not abandon Calabria where he had those Strong-holds and doubted not but the rest of the Country would declare for the King of Spain for whom they testified a singular Affection It was agreed to relieve Semanera which was distressed by the French The Lord Aubeni lay in the way with whom the King came to a Battel was defeated and had been killed or taken his Horse falling dead under him had not a Gentleman called John Andrew d' Altavila mounted him on his own Horse so the King escaped and the Gentleman was killed which was an extraordinary Demonstration of Loyalty in those corrupt Times This Battel was fought on June 21. Our Forces retired to Semanera thence the King went over to Sicily resolving to return again to Naples before the News of that Misfortune could come thither Gonçalo Fernandez went away to the other part of Calabria where he soon took several Places and at last subdued the whole Province The King with 60 Sail he found at Meçina without any Land-men passed over to Naples where he was received with great Joy The People rose and plundered the Houses of the Princes of Salerno and Basignano The Duke of Monpensier and Prince of Salerno retired to Castelnovo Capua and all Apulia followed the example of Naples Besides upon the News of the Battel of Tarro the Colonels forsook the French and agreed with the King of Naples On the other side the Ursini joined with the French Still the Castles of Naples held for the French but were close blocked up A Moor who was in the Monastery of Santa Cruz still held by the French advertised the Marquess de Pescara he would give him admittance into it The Marquess coming thither at night that Fellow gave him a mortal Wound This Nobleman was the King's General he left a Son called Ferdinand who was afterwards a famous Commander Prosper Colonna succeeded him in his Command The Castles were at length surrendered the Duke of Monpensier and Prince of Salerno being before gone to the City Salerno by Sea During this War of Naples was first discovered a new Disease contagious only by way of carnal Copulation The Italians called it the French Disease and the French the Neapolitan Disease the Africans the Spanish-Disease It is most likely it came from the Indies and was carried to Naples by the Spaniards Tenerif one of the Canary Islands was this Year brought under the Dominion of Spain by Forces sent thither by the King The King of that Island being brought to Spain was sent as a Present to the Republick of Venice Alonso de Lugo for his good Service in the Conquest of this Island and that of Palma was made Lieutenant of the Canaries Thus all those Islands were brought under the Dominion of Spain CHAP. VI. The Death of John II. King of Portugal The French quite expelled the Kingdom of Naples Ferdinand King of Spain Honoured by the Pope with the Title of Catholick King The Posture of Affairs in Portugal under Emanuel the New King THE Catholick King laboured to draw the Kings of England and Portugal into the League against France He of Portugal excused himself upon account of his ancient Friendship with France and his Dissatisfaction against the Pope who refused to Legitimate his Son George whom he had by a Lady of Quality and designed to make his Heir having to that purpose sollicited the Emperor to renounce any Claim he might lay to that Crown To the King of England it was not only proposed he should enter into the Confederacy but also marry his Heir to one of the Princesses of Castile Both things succeeded but it was after some time The King of Portugal being troubled with a Dropsie went to the Baths of Algarve which are the best in those Parts This Remedy failed and he died on the 14th of September at Alvor In his Will he appointed Emanuel his Cousin Son to his Unkle Ferdinand to succeed him In case he died withour Issue he substituted his Bastard-Son George to whom for the present he gave the Mastership of the Order of Christ and the Dukedom of Coimbra From him are descended the Dukes of Aviero This Prince had a mixture of Good and Evil He encouraged Brave and Virtuous Men was a Lover of Justice had a piercing Judgment and Noble Inclinations The Blood he spilt made him hateful to his Subjects and his Device was a Pelican that feeds its young with its own Blood His Body was first buried in the Cathedral of Silves and thence translated to the Monastery of Batalla among his Ancestors After his death Emanuel was by the General Consent of all Men proclaimed King notwithstanding Maximilian the Emperor had a better Title as being the Eldest of the late King's Cousin-Germans but this availed him not D. Henry Enriquez Earl of Liste who Commanded on the Frontiers of Russillon made an Incursion into the Frontiers of Narbonne D. Peter Manrique did the same by the way of Guipuzcoa They did nothing considerable but were the cause that the King of France who stayed at Aste till the end of Autumn made haste to conclude a Treaty with the Duke of Milan The principal Articles agreed upon were That Novaro should be restored to the Duke That the Castellet of Genoua should be put into the hands of the Duke of Ferrara and free Passage and Assistance given the French to recover Naples And That the Duke of Milan should pay down 50000 Ducats to him of Orleans This done the King of France returned to his Country The King of Naples complained of this Agreement and the Duke made Necessity his Excuse The Neapolitan the more to oblige the King of Castile to protect him proposed to marry one of his Daughters This being delayed at last by the Advice of the Queen Dowager he resolved to marry the Lady Joanna her Daughter and his own Aunt being Sister to his Father He demanded Aid of the Venetians and they sent him some Forces Commanded by the Marquess of Mantua and 15000 Ducats in Money For this Aid the King put into their hands as a Pawn the Cities Brindez
that vast Ocean to refresh the Seamen with its Fruit Fish and Flesh tho' scarce Inhabited being but Four Leagues in length and so far from any Land Thence by the way of the Islands Terceras the Ships generally return to Lisbon in August or September The End of the 26th BOOK The History of SPAIN BOOK XXVII CHAP. I. The Death of the Prince of Castile Of Charles VIII King of France Matches of Two Daughters of Spain The Prince of Salerno expelled Naples France and Spain agree Hierome Savonarola burnt at Florence THE Affairs of Spain at one and the same time prospered in Italy and within Spain had a mixture of Felicity and Adversity Two Matches for as many of King Ferdinand's Daughters were concluded that is of the Princess Catherine with Arthur Prince of Wales and Heir to Henry VII King of England and of the Princess Elizabeth with Emanuel King of Portugal These Marriages were of great Importance because together with those of the House of Austria they bound such Mighty Princes to the Interest of Spain The Match with England was fully concluded upon the 15 of August 1497. To forward the Marriage with Portugal D. John Manuel that King's Foster-Brother came to Castile It was agreed that King Ferdinand and Queen Elizabeth should carry the Princess their Daughter to the Borders of Portugal where King Emanuel should meet them to consummate the Marriage upon the last Day of September Ceclamin was at first the Place appointed to meet but that Town wanting Conveniencies they spent three Days together at Valencia de Alcantara Their Joy was much abated by the News of the Indisposition of Prince John who died the 13 day after he was taken ill at Salamanca on the 4th of October to the great Loss and Grief of the whole Kingdom He left the Princess with Child but that availed little for in a short time after she miscarried The Prince's Body was carried to Avila to be buried in the famous Dominican Monastery of S. Thomas This dismal News came to Alcantara whilst yet the Rejoycing for the Wedding lasted but after King Ferdinand was gone King Emanuel begged of the Queen his Mother-in-Law not to let the Queen his Wife know any thing of it and so went away with her to Ebora There she was at last acquainted with the Death of the Prince her Brother She resented it as became a loving Sister but his Parents bore their Loss with great Magnanimity The Kingdom of Naples was not yet peaceable because the Prince of Salerno and his Party mistrusting the King fortified their Towns and Castles The first Demonstration that Prince gave of his Ill-will was That tho' he appeared when King Frederick was Proclaimed at Naples yet he would not be present at his Coronation under colour of Poverty However the Prince of Basiniano came to Court the day following to excuse himself and intercede for him of Salerno No means of Peace prevailed and the King was forced to march with his Army and besiege him in his strong Town of Diano Gonçalo Fernandez was now about returning to Spain as reckoning the War of Naples at an end To this purpose he had gone into Calabria thence to Sicily and now came to Naples to take his Leave of the King and Queen They pressed him to aid them in that Siege because the Defendants were numerous and the King's Party favoured them The Great Captain gathered 500 Spaniards and the King furnishing him 500 Germans he so straitned the Besieged tho' with much danger of his Person that the Prince was forced to surrender It was agreed That the Prince with all such as would follow him might safely depart the Kingdom with their Goods That all the Towns and Forts belonging to the Prince should be delivered up to the King he paying for the Cannon and Provisions in them Thus Diano was surrendered upon the 28th of December and the Prince put himself into the hands of the Duke of Melfi to be conducted to Sangalla a City in Marca de Ancona which sided with the King of France The Earls of Conça and Lauria his Confederates bore him Company He of Capacho being very old put himself upon the King's Mercy This same Year in Autumn D. John de Gusman Duke of Medina Sidonia sent a Fleet over to Africk to People Melilla which is opposite to Almeria and had been abandoned by the Moors In recompence for the Charge he had been at that Town was given to the Duke and his Heirs for ever The Xeque or Lord of Gelves who was in Rebellion aginst the King of Tunez his Sovereign to secure himself under the Christian Protection delivered up that Island and Port to the Catholick King and in his Name to John de Lanuça then Viceroy of Sicily Captain Margarit was left with the Spanish Forces to secure that Island A solemn Embassie from France now met the King at Alcala de Henares The Proposals made were That the Two Kings with their joint Forces should invade Italy That as to the Kingdom of Naples the Catholick King should possess Calabria till such time as the French King in exchange should give him the Kingdom of Navarre and 30000 Ducats yearly for what it was worth above that Kingdom That the States of Milan and Genoa should belong to the French and all the rest of Italy be equally divided betwixt them The Catholick King was not averse from the Business of Naples but as for the rest of Italy would not be concerned without advertising the Empire who had so great a Right to it At last it was resolved King Ferdinand should send Ambassadors to France to prosecute this Treaty At this time all the Monasteries of Castile were reduced to the strict Observance of their Orders which the Dominicans Augustins and Carmelites easily condescended to The Franciscans at first made some resistance According to Agreement the King sent Ferdinand Duke of Estrada and Two others his Ambassadors to conclude a Peace with France At the same time it was believed the French King resolved to invade Roussillon but Death prevented his Designs He departed this Life at Amboise on the 17th of April 1498. The Duke of Orleans called Luis XII succeeded him At Blois where the New King was and afterwards at Orleans the Treaty of Peace was carried on that King always giving good Words and fair Promises only to gain time till he was settled in the Kingdom and could be divorced from his present Wife Sister to the late King in order to marry the Dutchess of Britany who since the death of the late King her Husband was for returning into her own Country He at last compassed his ends and had by that Dutchess two Daughters only the Eldest of which was married to Francis the Heir of that Crown Before the death of King Charles it was proposed that Caesar Borgia should resign his Cardinal's Cap to which purpose that King promised him an Estate in
France and to marry him to the Lady Charlotte Daughter to the King of Naples Her Father would not consent because they demanded the Principality of Taranto with her as Dower and this was suspected to be in order to seize the whole Kingdom of Naples The Duke of Milan and Cardinal Ascanius his Brother pressed the King to consent lest the Pope should bring the French upon him again which would prove his utter Ruin as it did K. Ferdinand did not approve of this Contrivance tho' he was offered the disposal of the Churches of Pamplona and Valencia then in the hands of Caesar Borgia These Practices scandalized all Christendom to see that a Cardinal in Holy Orders should have leave given him to marry The Wickedness of the Court of Rome gave all the World enough to talk therefore Hierome Savonarola a Dominican who of late Years had a great hand in the Government of Florence Preaching with extraordinary Freedom against the Extravagancies of the Pope was by his Order publickly burnt with two of his Companions in the Market place of that City upon Palm-Sunday Many in Florence to this day account him a Martyr others condemned his Boldness But this hapned not only at Florence for Garcilasso the Catholick King 's Ambassador reproved the Pope to his face and required him in his King's Name to redress those Disorders The Pope was angry at this Liberty but mended not his Faults Soon after Caesar Borgia publickly protested he took Orders against his Will and desired a Dispensation to quit all his Benefices and resign the Cardinal's Cap. Many of the Cardinals were of Opinion he deserved for his wicked Life to be degraded and not suffered to resign but none durst speak for fear of the Pope In fine he resigned and the New King of France created him Duke of Valence Being disappointed of the Daughter of Frederick King of Naples he married the Daughter of the Lord d' Albret and Sister to the King of Navarre By her he had a Daughter who her Father dying was left to the Care of her Unkle the King of Navarre This same Year the Great Captain having gathered a Fleet at Naples sailed for Spain He was the Honour of our Nation for the many Victories he obtained and subduing that Kingdom after such great Disorders CHAP. II. The King of Portugal sworn Heir to the Crown of Castile Elizabeth his Queen delivered of a Son dies The Duke of Milan expelled his Dominions University of Alcala founded Rebellion of the Mountain-Moors AS soon as Prince John died the King and Queen began to be sollicitous about the Succession of the Crown but waited to see what the Princess Margaret would bring forth Their Grief was increased when at Alcala de Henares she miscarried of a Daughter Hereupon they advertised the King of Portugal of his Title to the Crown and advised him to come to Castile and be Sworn according to Custom The Archduke and his Dutchess who at that time took the Stile of Princes of Spain were warned to forbear it The King and Queen of Portugal entred Castile by the way of Badajoz where they were received by the Dukes of Medina Sidonia and Alva with many other Great Men. Thence they went to spend the Holy Week at Guadalupe and on the 26th of April came to Toledo where the Catholick King and Queen expected them and according to Custom on the Sunday following Homage was done to them and they were Sworn Heirs of Castile The Business of Aragon was not so easie because Henry Duke of Segorve was alive and pretended no Woman could Inherit that Crown and therefore it appertained to him and his Son Alonso as descended of the Male Line of King Ferdinand of Aragon To make all things the easier the Kings of Castile and Portugal went to Zaragoça and there on the 14th of July proposed to the Nobility to Swear to the King and Queen of Portugal as Heirs of the Crown There arose a great Debate some affirming no Woman could Inherit that Crown and others maintaining the contrary To end this Dispute it pleased God that the Queen of Portugal on the 23d of August was delivered of a Son whom they called Michael She died within an Hour after The King her Husband returned immediately to his Kingdom The Queen's Body was deposited in the Church of S. Francis and thence translated to the Monastery of Nuns of S. Elizabeth built by her Father at Toledo On the 22d of September all Difficulties being removed the young Prince was by general Consent Sworn Heir to the Crown of Aragon and soon after the same was done in Castile Before King Ferdinand went to Zaragoça he had sent D. Alonso de Sylva his Ambassador to France to Compliment the New King upon his Accession to the Crown and at the same time to press the Conclusion of the Peace He with the other Ambassadors there before soon brought it to a Period The same was done on his part by the Archduke without consulting his Father or Father-in-Law Luis d' Amboise Archbishop of Roan by his Interest with the King of France much forwarded this Agreement In September the Pope made him a Cardidal at the suit of the French King who was intent upon passing into Italy upon account of the Right he pretended to have to the Dutchy of Milan and Kingdom of Naples From Zaragoça King Ferdinand sent D. Yn̄igo de Cordova Brother to the Earl of Cabra and Dr. Philip Ponce to require the Pope to restore the City Benevento to the Church and to reform the Abuses of his Court and Leudness of his Family The King of Portugal by the Advice of his Father-in-Law sent D. Roderick de Castro and D. Henry Coutin̄o to Rome with the same Embassie They all admonished the Pope and made their Protestation Garcilasso de la Vega performing the Office of Notary Apostolick The Pope was highly offended and threatned to punish them for their Presumption yet at last be answered That Benevento was not nor should not be alienated As to the Reforming his House he answered harshly Within few days the Prince of Esquilache his Wife his Sister Lucrecia and her Husband whose Leudness as well as Caesar Borgia's incensed the People all departed Rome Such was the Hatred the Pope conceived on this account against Garcilasso de la Vega that he was forced to leave that City and the Portugues Ambassadors soon followed at the beginning of the Year 1499. Those of the Catholick King stayed some time longer till the coming of Lorenço Suarez de Figueroa who was appointed to succeed his Brother Garcilasso after he had been Ambassador at Venice where he gained great Reputation Many heavy Cares at the same time lay upon the Catholick King Italy was in danger by reason of the French King's Pretensions The Pope egged him on in hopes to be revenged on King Frederick and to raise Duke Valentine The Venetians also offended with the Duke
Christendom flocked to Rome to obtain the Indulgence and Remission of their Sins Nothing could be more depraved than the People of that City but especially the Clergy for which God seemed in some measure to threaten his Judgments by an Accident that befel the Pope On the day of S. Peter and Paul about Four in the afternoon hapned a violent storm of Rain and Hail with so furious a Hurricane that it beat down the Stack of Chimneys over the Room where the Pope was under that where Duke Valentin Lodged The fall of it beat down the Floors of the Dukes Room killing Two and wounding a Third Florentine who were waiting there to receive some Money Many Bricks and Planks fell before the Pope who was much saved by the Canopy under which he Sate However he was found Senseless with a Wound on his Head another on his Hand The Cardinal of Capua and Mosen Po who were with him saved themselves within the Arches of the Windows The Pope was 70 Years of Age and his wounds dangerous which made People look upon him as a dead Man and Duke Valentin was gathering Forces to have a Pope of his own chusing It pleased God he recovered and so all that Confusion Ceased At this time the Great Captain set Sail from Malaga with a Fleet of 27 Ships 25 Caravels some Gallies and other small Craft in which were 4000 Foot and 300 Men at Arms. With him went many Men of Note They touched at Majorca and Sardinia and at last arrived at Mecina in Sicily on the 18th of July Thither repaired to him the Spanish Soldiers that were in Italy all choice Men and he gathered some other Vessels The Turks laid Siege to Modon a City of the Venetians in the Morea and these pressed the Great Captain to join them yet he could not set forward till the 27th of September when Modon was lost The Xeque of Gelves desired the Great Captain to send him some Succours because the People of the Island were incensed against the Soldiers of Margarit for their Insolencies and all Barbary against the Xeque for having called the Christians No Relief was sent but Orders given him to apprehend Margarit and all his Men whom he afterwards released and possessed himself of the Castle and Island of Gelves On the 2d of October the Spanish Fleet arrived at Gorfu an Island of the Venetians Hereupon the Turks altered their Resolution of invading that Island and marched to Napoli de Romania Now the Peace betwixt France and Spain was concluded upon honourable Conditions As to the Kingdom of Naples it was agreed it should be taken from King Frederick that Apulia and Calabria should be given to the Catholick King Abruzzo and Campania to the French and that all the Revenue of the Kingdom should be equally divided This Agreement was not like to be lasting Besides their pretensions of Right to that Crown they had another colour which was to make War upon the Turks with whom King Frederick was in League At first this contract was kept very private afterwards discovered to the Pope who was well pleased and gave each of the Kings an Investiture of his Part to the King of France with the Title of King of Naples and Hierusalem and to the Catholick King that of Duke of Apulia From Corfu the Spanish Fleet sailed to Zant where it arrived the 5th of October There the Venetian Fleet joined it Two French Carracks came thither with 800 Men that King having promised to assist the Venetians when they delivered up Cardinal Ascanius to him The Turks who had distressed Napoli de Romania raised their Siege and their Fleet drew into the Channel of Negropont on the farther side of the Morea At Zant there were various Opinions about what was best to be done The Great Captain was for attacking Modon It was resolved to Conquer the Island Cefalonia which is large and has one of the best Ports in the World on the West side It lies between Corfu and Zant opposite to the Gulph of Lepanto The French being gone upon pretence they were not paid the rest laid Siege to the chief Town of the Island called S. George In it were 300 Turks chosen Men who defended themselves well and the Christians were repulsed in an assault they gave the first day By reason of the Bad Weather the Siege lasted some Weeks but upon Christmas-Eve the Town was carried by storm 170 Turks were killed and 50 that retired to a strong Tower surrendred upon discretion Captain Martin Gomez was the first that entred the Town That Island had belonged to Leonard Torus a Greek from whose Brother the Venetians took and gave it to the Turks Now it was again given to the Venetians This done the Great Captain returned to Sicily and arrived at Siracusa where all his Fleet met having been dispersed in a Storm For his good Service done to that State the Venetians sent the Great Captain the Title of Nobleman of Venice and with it a present of Plate and rich Silks All the present he sent to the King contenting himself with the honour gained At this time Duke Valentin after having murdered his Brother in Law D. Alonso de Aragon Duke of Viseli had renewed the War in Romania and taken Pesera and Arimino without any Resistance Faença held out long This Year also the Pope allowed of the Divorce betwixt Ladislaus King of Hungary and Beatrix of Aragon who had been Wife to Mathias his Predecessor Daughter to Ferdinand King of Naples and Niece to the Catholick King Ladislaus Married Ann Daughter to Gaston de Faux Lord of Candale Niece to the Catholick King and Grandchild to Queen Ellenor of Navarre CHAP. IV. King Ferdinand 's Double-dealing The Princess Mary of Castile married to the King of Portugal The French and Spaniards jointly subdue the Kingdom of Naples Actions of the Great Captain OF Four Daughters the Catholick King and Queen had the Princess Mary was still unmarried King Ferdinand of Naples was desirous to have her for his Son the Duke of Calabria hoping by that means to secure his Crown The King of Portugal also sollicited to have her tho' he had been married to her Sister This was thought the better Match but the Dispensation was hard to be obtained because the Affinity was in the First Degree The Pope tho' in other things free enough was very backward in this pretending that the King of France pressed him not to grant it He said he would not consent to it unless the Catholick King would secure him against any harm that might threaten him upon that account Much time was spent in debating this Point King Ferdinand would have the Duke of Calabria marry his Neice Queen Joanna Widow of Ferdinand II. King of Naples who was still in that Kingdom her Father having left her 400000 Ducats King Frederick approved of the Match to save the Payment of that vast Sum but would have the King of Spain
take him into his Protection This the Catholick King would not agree to because of the Treaty he had in hand with France which being at last concluded tho' King Frederick was willing the Match should go on the Catholick King would not consent King Frederick to secure himself against the French and divert them from their Pretensions to his Kingdom made large Offers to them The King of France proposed That to secure the Performance of what they should agree upon he should deliver up to him the Castle of Gaeta and that Frederick's Son should reside in his Court and marry Germana Daughter to the Earl of Narbonne or the Sister of Monsieur d' Angoulesme Besides he demanded a Million in ready Money and 25000 Ducats of yearly Tribute All heavy Conditions which that King could not condeâ—cend to tho' he was willing to give the Million demanded In fine none of these Matches was concluded At length the Pope dispenced with the King of Portugal and he was contracted by Proxy at Granada in August D. Alvaro de Portugal performing that Ceremony for him There was no manner of Solemnity or Publick Rejoycing In that City on the 12th of September the King passed a Grant to the Marquesses of Moya by virtue whereof the Cup that the King drinks out of on S. Luis's Day every Year belongs to them This was done in memory that upon that Day D. Andrew de Cabrara first Marquess of Moya delivered up to King Ferdinand all the Treasure of King Henry that was in his custody in the Castle of Segovia which was a great means to establish him in the Kingdom With the Princess as far as the Borders of Portugal went D. James Hurtado de Mendoça Archbishop of Sevil Patriarch of Alexandria and now made Cardinal of Spain as his Unkle had been he was also Brother to the Earl of Tendilla Also the Marquess of Villena and many other Lords bore her Company On the Borders of Portugal she was received by the Duke of Bragança tho' at that time he was disgusted because the King so highly favoured D. George de Portugal whom he had created Duke of Coimbra and given him to Wife Beatrix de Melo Daughter to D. Alvaro de Portugal and the Lady Philippa de Melo his Wife With the Duke of Bragança were many other Nobles She entred into that Kingdom upon the 20th of October and on the 30th of the same Month was married with great Solemnity at Alcaçar do Sal where the King waited her coming This Marriage was very fruitful for they had many Children as shall be declared in its place Soon after the Princess Margaret was married to Philibert Duke of Savoy but she was unfortunate in Husbands for he also died soon after The Soldan of Babylâ—â— signified some Discontent against the Catholick King because he made War against the Moors of Granada It was feared he might molest the Christians that lived in his Dominions and hinder the Pilgrimages to the Holy City Hierusalem For this reason the King resolved to send a solemn Embassie to give him Satisfaction Peter Martyr of Angleria a Milanese the King's Chaplain was chose for this Employment He did his Message discreetly and obtained of the Soldan all he desired He was out a Year and at his return was made Dean of Granada where he afterwards died and ordered himself to be buried sitting on a Chair with a Casula or Vestment made of a rich Silk the Soldan gave him He wrote Decades of the War of Granada of his Embassie and the Discovery of the West-Indies in which is to be seen more of Truth than Elegancy All Europe was in suspence waiting the Event of the War of Naples undertaken by the joint Forces of France and Spain for the Ruin of King Frederick and deprive him of that Rich and Noble Kingdom The Catholick King sent advice of his Resolution from Granada to the Great Captain on the 1st of March 1501. ordering him at the same time to leave the War against the Turk and return immediately with his Fleet to the Port of Meçina Soon after he sent him the Title of his Lieutenant in the Dukedoms of Apulia and Calabria To oppose the Turk he prevailed with the King of Portugal to send a Fleet to those Parts which he did under the Command of D. John de Meneses Earl of Taroça who by the way attempted the Port of Maçalquivir near Oran and being repulsed sailed on to the Island of Corfu whence he returned to Portugal without doing any thing It was also proposed to the King of France to send his Fleet against the Turks That King made choice of Luis d' Armagnac Duke of Nemours Earl of Armagnac and Guise to Command his Forces that were to invade Naples He would not give this Command to Luis de Luxembourg Earl of Ligni who sued for it lest he should cause some disorder by the Right he pretended to the Principality of Altamura The Duke of Nemours made some stay in France therefore the Lord of Aubeni who was made Lord High Constable of Naples moved with the French Forces out of Lombardy towards Naples and with him the Earl of Gayace a Man of great Quality who had fled from Naples At this time Francis de Rojas a very able Man was sent to succeed Laurence Suarez as Ambassador at Rome At the Emperor's Court had resided for some Years with that Character D. John Emanuel a Man of great Note but Turbulent In the Court of France John Michael Gralla was still resident and John Claver at Naples The Great Captain in pursuance of the Orders he had received repaired to Meçina with his Fleet thence he went to Palermo to order the Viceroy John de Lanuça to gather what Money and Forces he could for the Enterprize in hand Some Misunderstanding there hapned betwixt them as is usual where each arrogates to himself a Superiority but at last they agreed in what concerned the King's Service and the Great Captain having gathered what Force he could returned to Meçina where was the General Rendezvous The Great Captain was possessed in Calabria of the Dukedom of Monte de Santangelo given him by King Frederick when the late War was concluded Before he entred upon that Conquest he sent Captain Gençalo de Foces to excuse him to that King to restore to him that Dukedom and renounce the Oath of Allegiance he had taken to him for the same The King absolved him of his Oath yet gave him the Dukedom again wishing it were better for his sake upon condition he should not infest his Subjects from the Castles belonging to it This and the Intelligence his Ambassadors sent from Spain fully convinced King Frederick how near and certain his Ruin was He turned himself about and found no Loyalty in his Subjects no Strength in his Kingdom nor no Support from abroad He sent his Son Ferdinend to Taranto a strong City in the farthest part of Apulia and of all
Italy It was reported he sent him to Vallona to obtain Succours of the Turk He gathered all the Forces he could which amounted to 800 Men at Arms and 4000 Foot fortified Capua where he left Fabricius Colona and Hugh de Cardona with 200 Men at Arms and 1600 Foot The Great Captain being a Man of a vast Reach easily perceived that Agreement betwixt the Two Kings could not be lasting as well for the natural Haughtiness of the French as by reason of the Difficulties that must of necessity arise in dividing of the Country besides that Sovereignty admits of no Rival Therefore he thought it requisite to anticipate the French that they might not obstruct his Conquest He sent the greatest part of the Fleet under the Command of James de Mendoça to the Coast of Apulia to hinder the Turks from coming over thither The Fleet of Portugal came not in time He sent Inigo Lopez d' Ayala with the rest of the Fleet to Naples with Orders to transport Joanna the Queen Dowager of Naples into Sicily King Frederick suffered her to depart tho' he had before detained her in hopes through her means to move King Ferdinand her Unkle to assist him The Great Captain passed the Streight of Meçina with his Forces which consisted of 300 Men at Arms the same Number of Light-Horse and 3000 Foot The Spanish Ambassador at Rome sent him 600 Spaniards who had served under Duke Valentine Orders were left in Sicily for sending after him 400 chosen Horsemen With this Force in a few days he subdued all Calabria except the strong Towns of Girachi and S. Agatha all other Places declaring for Spain The Spaniards passed over to Calabria on the 5th of July and on the 8th the French entred the Kingdom of Naples by the way of Rome All Places submitted to them without resistance till they came to Capua to which they laid siege All Abruzzo submitted to the French in like manner Capua could have held out long but that the Earl of Palena betrayed it to them They plundered the City and took Fabricius Colona Hugh de Cordona and all the other Commanders that were in it This News brought to the Great Captain at Nicastro on the 29th of July made him hasten to take the Castle of Cosenza He appointed Luis Mudarra Governor of that Town and the Earl of Ayelo of all Calabria marching himself speedily to Apulia that he might have done with that Province before the French at Naples All Places yielded to him at last he sate down before Taranto where the Duke of Calabria was at such time as the French were possessed of Naples Duke Valentine having taken Faença and Poimbin came now to serve the French King Frederick and the French General agreed in Italy That he should deliver up Naples and Gaeta with the Castles and pay 60000 Ducats for their Expence and they were to suffer him to depart with his Treasure and Servants to Ischia where he had 6 Months allowed him to consider whither he would remove The King with his Wife and Children the Queen of Hungary and Dutchess of Milan went over to that Island Thither repaired to them Prosper and Fabricius Colona being Ransomed So that the French were now possessed of all their Dividend of that Kingdom but soon they began to cast their eye upon the rest In Castile at this time there arose a great Controversie betwixt the Lady Mary Pacheco Countess of Benevento and her Son D. Alonso Pimentel about the Guardianship and Marrying of the Marchioness of Villafranca the Countess's Grandchild The Dukes del Infantado and Alva asked her for their Sons and the Earl of Benevento her Unkle for himself At length it was agreed That the Lady Beatrix Daughter to the Countess should be married to D. Garcia de Toledo Eldest Son to the Duke of Alva and the Marchioness to D. Peter Brother to Garcia CHAP. V. The French and Spaniards fall at Variancc about dividing their Conquest The Description of the Kingdom of Naples Frederick King of Naples puts himself into the French King's hands French perish by Pestilence and Stress of Weather The coming of the Archduke into Spain NO sooner were the French possessed of Naples but there arose Debates betwixt them and the Spaniards about some Parts of that Kingdom which were not mentioned in the Division agreed upon by them These were Capitanata Basilicata and the Hither and Farther Principality The French were so forward that they sent a Son of the Earl of Capacho to cause that part of Basilicata to declare for France They also agreed with the Prince of Melfi about that Principality which is in the same Province and the King of France had already given it to John James Trivulcio Some Noblemen were released who had been imprisoned by the King of Naples and among them John Baptista Morçano after he had been almost 40 Years in custody He boldly attempted to possess himself of the Principality of Rosano which had been his Father's and is in Calabria Also Luis d' Arsi being empowered by the Lord of Ligni raised the Principality of Altamura in Apulia for the French These were Heart-burnings at present and seemed to tend to a Breach Methods of reconciling these Differences were first proposed to the Lord of Aubeni and then to the Duke of Nemours who came after the Surrender of Naples It was agreed that neither Party should intrude into those Provinces which were out of Dispute and that those that stood dubious which side they belonged to should remain in common to both till such time as the Controversie was decided Matters of the Government and Revenue were also adjusted but nothing observed For the better understanding this Dispute and the clearing which side had the most Right it will be convenient to give a short Description of the Kingdom of Naples and of all its Parts The Kingdom of Naples contains all that Country which extends from Taracina or Fundi on the Mediterranean and the River Truento that falls into the Gulp of Venice to the utmost Point of Italy Mount Apenine which joins with the Alpes cuts this Kingdom and all the rest of Italy into two Parts At the first entrance into the Kingdom on the Right-hand of that Mountain upon the Mediterranean lies the Principal-part of it called Campania or Terra de Labor of the ancient Liborii who dwelt there In this Province are Gaeta Nola Capua and Naples the Metropolis of the whole Kingdom Formerly all the Country from the River Tiber to Naples was called Campania now that which lies betwixt Rome and the Borders of that Kingdom goes by the Name of Campagna di Roma On the Left-hand lies Abrazzo containing many of the ancient Provinces namely the Sabines where is Ascoli the Marrucini where is Theate the Peligni and Vestini in which are the Cities of Aquila and Sulmona the Marsi where is the Lake Ficinus and the Dutchy of Tagliacoço and part of the Samnites famous
Enemy to the French D. Alonso the famous Marquess of Pescara was Son to this Marquess and Inherited that Title of his Cousin Ferdinand who died without Issue The Marquess declared for Spain in Ischia upon Easter-day About the same time the Commendary Aguilera landed at Cotron 300 Men sent by the Spanish Ambassador at Rome The Commendary Gomez de Solis relieved the Castle of Cosenza and entred the City by force driving out the Earl of Melito who was in it with Four times his Number A dispute arose betwixt the French and Spaniards about the Prisoners taken at Rubo It was agreed that Horsemen taken Prisoners should lose their Horse and Arms and be Ransomed for a Quarters pay The French had taken Theodorus Bolala Captain of the Albaneses James de Vera who had the Command of the Artillery and Escalada a Spanish Captain of Foot with about 30 others They released all as had been agreed except those Three pleading that being Officers they were not within the benefit of the Cartel Yet now they would have all the Prisoners taken at Rubo Ransomed like private Men without considering that many of them were Gentlemen and Commanders The Great Captain was informed that according to the Custom of Naples in relation to the Cartel for Horsemen to be Ransomed for their Quarters pay it did not extend to such as were taken in pitched Battle or a Town taken by Storm All the old Soldiers being of this Opinion he answered the French accordingly and the Prisoners were reserved to Ransom themselves according to their ability or as they could agree with those that took them But the main design was to detain them that they might not be serviceable to the Duke of Nemours in the Battle which as things then stood it was believed must soon be fought CHAP. IX The Peace Concluded by the Archduke with France It takes no effect Succours from Spain arrive at Naples The Lord Aubigni defeated and taken AT such time as the Archduke was departing from Madrid he pressed the King his Father in-Law to let him understand his ultimate Resolution as to a Peace with France and give him Commission to Treat in case that King could be brought to any reasonable Terms At first the Catholick King would not consent suspecting the Archduke and his followers to be too well affected to the French and fearing to discourage his Friends in Italy if they heard he was upon Treating with France Nevertheless such Instance was made by the Archduke that he gave him a Commission with a very limited Instruction which he promised not to exceed and afterwards by F. Bernard Boil Abbot of S. Michael de la Cuxa sent him new Instructions and a larger Commission yet so that he should let no body know he carried that Commission but the Archduke who should swear not to reveal it and if he followed not the Instruction he should not give him the Commission till farther Orders The Archduke came to Lions at such time as the War was carried on in Apulia and Calabria as has been said and the Princess at Alcalà de Henares was delivered of a Son called Ferdinand being Baptized by the Archbishop of Toledo and the Duke of Najara and Marquess of Villena being Godfathers At Lions was the King the Pope's Legate and the Cardinal of Roan They began to Treat but not according to the Instructions The Abbot put the Archduke in mind they ought to proceed no farther without acquainting the King He was not allowed to send an Express but on the contrary was put to such a Nonplus being in the power of the French and his own People advising him not to regard the Instructions that he consented to what they pleased It was believed the French had bribed his followers The substance of the Agreement was that one of these Two Methods should be taken either the Catholick King should resign up his Part to his Grandson Prince Charles and the King of France his to his Daughter Claudia these Two young Princes being Contracted and that till such time as they were Married the Catholick Kings Part should be put into the Hands of the Archduke and the other to remain in the power of the French Or else that both French and Spaniards should possess each their own Part and Capitanata about which was the strife should be delivered in Trust to a Third Person These Conditions were extravagant for by the first the Spaniards were to lose what they held and the French were left in possession and the latter left the whole Dispute still undecided Mean while the Catholick King returned to Zaragoça to break up the Cortes that Sate still They agreed to furnish 200 Men at Arms and 300 light Horse at their own charge for Three Years both the Men and Officers to be Natives of the Kingdom These Men were soon raised and ordered to march to Russillon to oppose the French if they should attempt any thing on that side because the Marschal of Britany Captain General of France the Sieur de Dunois and the Grand Escuyer were marching with Forces towards Carcassonne Hereupon the King ordered his Forces to draw near to Figueras and D. Sanch de Castilla General of Russillon put all Places there in a Posture of Defence The King intending to be near the Frontiers came to Poblete where he had Intelligence from the Abbot Boil how the Archduke was pressed to come to Agreement contrary to his Instructions Orders were sent him by the King how to proceed All this availed nothing for the Peace was Proclaimed and the Archduke sent John Edin his Harbinger and the King of France Edward Bollotte of his Bedchamber to give notice of it to the Great Captain and Duke of Nemours that all Hostilities might Cease This done the Archduke departed towards Savoy to see his Sister the Lady Margaret with whom and the Duke of Savoy he stayed the Easter-Holidays John Edin and Edward Bollotte speeded on their Journey through Rome giving out the Peace was concluded They came to Barleta at such time as both Parties were preparing to come to a Battle particularly the Great Captain after 2500 Germans whom he had long expected came down the Gulph of Venice and joined him John Edin gave him the Archduke's Letter requiring him to cease from any farther Acts of Hostility but he was already advertized by the King of the Archdukes going into France and Commanded not to obey any Order of his unless Confirmed by his Majesty Therefore he answered those Orders could not be regarded till the King were acquainted with them and that Policy should not avail the French for he knew his Duty and would himself carry the Answer to the Duke of Nemours He was as good as his Word The Catholick King would not agree to this Peace but to satisfie the World proposed the restoring of King Frederick The King of France would not hear the Ambassador sent to this effect but turned him away with
to build Ships after our manner and a great quantity of Mettal to be sent forward to Calicut the chief Mart of the East for Spice to the intent that King might drive the Portugueses out of those Seas They also proposed to the Catholick King to be Mediator betwixt them and the Portugueses for adjusting those Differences which he refused it being a matter not easily to be reconciled the Interest of both Parties being so deeply concerned None of the Princes we have spoken of enjoyed any great Satisfaction The Emperor was poor and at variance with his Son The Princess Wife to the Archduke was not in her right Senses Queen Elizabeth laboured under a foul tedious and incurable Disease which it was said would soon make an end of her It was feared her Death would produce Troubles and change of Government What Satisfaction could the King of France have seeing himself despoiled of a Kingdom he looked upon as his own King Frederick ceased not to contrive ways how he might be restored Seeing himself forsaken on all sides Discontent cast him into an Ague with which he returned from Blois to Tours his ordinary Residence It grieved him to see there was no way left to reconcile the Kings of France and Spain but above all that his Son the Duke of Calabria was not a Man of those Parts as to wade through such Difficulties Hereupon towards his latter days he wrote a Letter to him full of Fatherly Advice Fortune so persecuted this unhappy King that one night the House where he lay took fire and he had much ado to escape naked with his Wife and Children This Accident increased his Sickness of which he died in that City on the 9th of November He left by his First Wife one Daughter married in France and by the Second five Children Elizabeth Julia Alonso Caesar and the Eldest of them all Ferdinand Duke of Calabria who received the News of his Father's death at Medina del Campo where the Court of Spain then was Prosper Colona was sent by the King to give him the News and comfort him The King himself was then much afflicted on account of the Queen's Sickness she being then in great danger She pressed to have the Archduke and his Wife come into Spain but the Archduke excused himself on account of the War he was engaged in against the Duke of Guelders The truth was he had no mind to come and seemed not to value the Inheritance of such large Dominions At length the Queen died on the 26th of November She ordered her Body to be buried at Granada where because the Chapel designed for that Use was not finished she was deposited in the Alhambra By her Will she vacated some Grants prejudicial to the Crown made at the beginning of her Reign She declared the Marquisate of Moya had been given to D. Bernard de Conbera by her Consent for his good Service She also appointed the Princess Joanna and her Husband the Archduke her Heirs but in case the Princess by reason of her Indisposition or for any other Cause should not take upon her the Government then as had been before resolved in the Cortes or Assembly of the Three Estates King Ferdinand was to Govern till Prince Charles were 20 Years of Age. Besides the Administration of the Masterships of the Three Military Orders granted by the Pope to King Ferdinand she left him half the Profits of the Islands and Continent newly discovered and 10 Millions of Maravedics yearly out of the Revenue arising in the Lands of the Three Masterships Her Executors were the King the Archbishop of Toledo the Bishop of Palencia Antony Fonseca and John Velasquez her Comptrollers and John Lopez de Lezarraga her Secretary Notwithstanding the Queen's Will there wanted not some who advised the King to enter upon the Government as Heir to the Crown he being descended of the Male Line of the Kings of Castile affirming this was his safest way and that easing the People of some Burdens he would be received with General Applause However the King tho' offended at his Son-in-Law and knowing the Incapacity of his Daughter yet that very Afternoon appeared publickly on a Scaffold and caused his Daughter Joanna to be proclaimed Queen of Castile and the Archduke Philip King as being her Husband In all other Places only Queen Joanna was proclaimed without making mention of the Archduke on pretence that he ought first to swear he would preserve their Privileges and not put Strangers into Publick Employments which Queen Elizabeth had ordered in her Will. This Winter the Rains were so violent that all the Corn was destroyed and there ensued a great Famine Upon the death of Queen Elizabeth there arose Differences and Contention King Ferdidand in pursuance to her Will pretended to Govern Castile Queen Joanna's Distraction being so notorious that she was shut up in Flanders Two things he did to secure himself one was That he writ to the Archduke to acquaint him he would not be admitted into Castile unless he brought his Wife with him to satisfie the People whether her Brain was really distempered or not The other That he assembled the Cortes at Toro There on the 11th of January 1505. Garcilasso de la Vega Chief Commendary of Leon who presided in the Assembly of the Three Estates having seen that Clause in the Queen's Will which related to the Succession and Government solemnly swore Joanna Rightful Queen of Castile and the Archduke her Husband King in her Right and the Catholick King as Governour thereof Soon after the Queen's Distemper being made known they made application to King Ferdinand to take upon him the Government Letters were also sent into Flanders to the Archduke pursuant to this Address However there ensued great Contention about the Government Many of the Nobility being disgusted by the Catholick King desired a Change The chief of these were D. Peter Manrique Duke of Najara and D. James Lopez Pacheco Marquess of Villena who openly opposed the Catholick King others tho' of the same Opinion temporized Only D. Frederick de Toledo Duke of Alva stood firm to King Ferdinand The New King and his Council protested against these Proceedings of the Catholick King saying It was preposterous either to take the Title of King or come into the Kingdom if he was not to have the Power and Prerogative of a King D. John Manuel a Gentleman of a little Body but sharp Wit heightned these Discontents The Catholick King to remove him from the Archduke commanded him to return to the Emperor's Court but the Archduke would never consent and rather valued him the more making him privy to all his Secrets This Project failing the Catholick King endeavoured to gain him by large Promises made to his Wife the Lady Catherine de Castilla but he made more account of the present Bounty of a Young Prince than the Promises of a crafty Old King Nor was this all the King
to take share in the plunder of the Houses The King hearing of this Tumult sent James de Almeyda and James Lopez to take cognisance of the matter The Two Friars that were the Ringleaders were put to death and burnt and many others punished The Strangers hoisting Sails got away with a rich Booty In Castile on the one side was expected the coming of the new King and Queen and on the other was great rejoicing for the Marriage of King Ferdinand and the Lady Germana From Salamanca went the Archbishop of Zaragoça with other Men and Ladies of Quality to Fuenterabia to attend the Bride King Ferdinand the Two Queens of Naples Mother and Daughter the Duke of Calabria and many more Lords went to Valladolid and thence to Duen̄as There on the 18th of March they were Married The Queen was great Niece to the Catholick King and Grandaughter to his Sister Ellenor Queen of Navarre The Popes dispensation was obtained with much difficulty the Emperor and his Son opposing it With the Queen came Luis d' Amboise Bishop of Albi Hector Pignatelo and Peter de Santandrea the King of France his Ambassadors There came also the Princes of Salerno and Melfi and other Barons of the Faction of Anjou to settle their Affairs Next day after the Marriage the King and Queen with all their Train set out towards Valladolid In that City the King took a solemn Oath in the presence of many Prelates and Noblemen to oblige himself and his Successors to the performance of all the Articles of the League with France A few days after the Neapolitan Barons did Homage to the King and Queen as rightful Sovereigns of the Kingdom of Naples for themselves and those that were absent This Solemnity being over the King set out for Burgos to meet the new King and Queen who he expected would Land at Laredo or some other Port of that Coast with whom went the Archbishops of Toledo and Sevil the Duke of Alva the Admiral the Constable and the Earl of Cifuentes All these seemed inclined to see all that was ordained by the Will of Queen Elizabeth performed At Torquemada the Catholick King received advice that his Son and Daughter were Landed at Corun̄a on the 28th of April The cause of their coming so late was the stay they made with the King of England and their being detained at Plymouth by the Weather They Landed at Corun̄a King Philip being perswaded it was best for him to be the farthest he could from his Father-in-Law to have time to find how the Nobility and Commonality stood affected towards him to behave himself accordingly being resolved not to stand to the late Agreement unless he were forced to it This was the Advice of D. John Manuel who had great influence over him and would have carried him to land in Andalucia if the Weather had permitted About this time Gonçalo Marin̄o de Ribera Commander of Melilla for the Duke of Medina Sidonia had the Town of Caçaça delivered to him by Composition It is in the Kingdom of Fez 5 Leagues from Melilla and has a good Port and remained in Propriety to the Duke of Medina Sidonia The coming of King Philip which ought to have produced Peace and a general Satisfaction might have caused an absolute Breach had not the Catholick King prudently quenched the spreading flame of Discontent which began to appear in all Places The Humours and Designs of the Two Kings were opposite in all respects As soon as King Philip Landed he sent to require the Earls of Benavente and Lemos as also the other Nobility of Galicia and Castile to Declare for him which was the way to raise Tumults rather than settle Peace Finding this contrivance answered his expectation and that many freely declared for him he presently professed he would not stand to the late Treaty concluded at Salamanca He also began to discountenance his Father-in-Laws Servants and one day speaking to D. Peter de Ayala told him that tho' he had in Flanders and England winked at his Proceedings in opposition to his Service he would no longer bear with it and since he was his Subject he should take care how he behaved himself He turned away the Alcaides and Alguaziles de Corte sent by King Ferdinand to attend upon him thinking his Father-in-Law designed to choose his Family He was well instructed not to allow of any Tutor or Overseer as D. John Manuel called it His followers exclaimed against the Catholick King especially for his Marriage and the Articles of it which gave away the Kingdom of Naples from his Daughter and Grandson In this particular no doubt they had reason but the King did it to gain the King of France On the other Side the Catholick King as soon as he heard of his Son-in-law and Daughters Landing sent D. Raimund de Cardona and Ferdinand de Vega to visit them and went himself towards Leon in order to meet them but stopped at Astorga till he knew their Will He ordered the Marquess of Villena who was come to Burgos with a great Train and the Duke of Najara who was raising his kindred and followers to go to Corun̄a in Warlike manner to forbear proceeding after that manner and to go thither with their usual Retinue He pressed his Son-in-Law to dismiss 2000 Germans he brought with him fearing that might give some cause of Discontent to the People He also sent Almaçan his Secretary to join with his Ambassadors D. Raimund D. Ferdinand de Vega D. Peter de Ayala and Gutierre Gomez de Fuensalida that they might agree upon the Place where he should meet his Son and Daughter which he desired might be very speedily and King Philip's followers laboured to delay as much as might be First Sarria then Ponferrada were the Places proposed for the interview but none pleased his People and particularly D. John Manuel who managed all and feared that if the Two Kings met the one being very subtle and the other open besides the respect due to a Father they would easily agree which was what he chiefly laboured to prevent To this purpose he told D. Peter de Ayala that the Catholick King might be perswaded three things whereon he much relied should never come to pass First that at the Interview there should be no manner of Discourse of Business Secondly that the meeting should be in the Field and not with equal Retinues but that King Philip should have much the greater Thirdly that the Catholick King should not Confide in the Favour of the Queen his Daughter for it would not avail him Great Offers were again made to D. John Manuel for himself and his Children to bring him over to King Ferdinand but he had a Spirit above all that At this time died at Valladolid Christopher Columbus Admiral of the West-Indies the first Discoverer of the New World Now also the Marquess of Villena the Earl of Benavente and the Duke of Najara were come to Corun̄a and
Majesty and joining with the Duke of Najara and Marguess de Villena the Heads of the contrary Faction at the Archbishop of Toledo's Lodging they agreed that all Debates arising should be absolutely decided by the Arch-Bishop and 6 others chosen out of both Parties and that their Determination should be binding Thus on the First of October Articles of Agreement were Concluded upon among the Nobles and they all Swore to stand by them and they to continue in Force all the Month of December Among other things it was Decreed that none should presume to levy Forces That none should Infest or Invade the Lands Castles and Towns of another That none should Seize upon the Person of the Queen who was of Burgos or of Prince Ferdinand who was at Simancas Peter Nunez de Guzman his Governor to prevent any surprize had Recourse to the President and Council of Valladolid and they went to Simancas and brought away the Prince Placeing him in Safety in the College of S. Gregory Built by D. Alonso de Burgos Bishop of Palencia and given to the Dominicans The same day the Nobility Concluded their Agreement at Burgos the Catholick King arrived at Genoa His Voyage was tedious contrary Winds forcing him to touch at Palamos and Toulon and then to Coast along by Savona and Genoa Before he came to that City he was met by the Great Captain with the Gallies of Naples The King received him with great Affection being then convinced of his Fidelity notwithstanding all Aspersions cast upon him and spoke very much in his Commendation both before him and in his Absence Most Men but particularly the Italians could hardly be perswaded that so Wise a Man as the Great Captain would put himself into the Power of so jealous a King The City sent the King many Presents tho' he would not Land only advised them to preserve Peace among themselves for he would be always ready to Assist his Brother the King of France This made them quiet for the present tho' soon after they obliged the King of France to come into Italy to pacifie them Putting to Sea again from Genoa contrary Winds forced him into Portoso there on the 5th of October he received the News of the death of King Philip. The Archbishop of Toledo and others of his Party desired him to return with all speeed to Castile as did also D. Alvaro Osirio who was with him with the Character of Ambassador from King Philip. Yet he resolved to prosecute his Voyage He writ to the Prelates and Nobility expressing his Grief for the death of King Philip and Recommending to them to continue Loyal to the Queen promising to be with them as soon as he had settled the Affairs of Naples From Portosi he went on to Gaeta where at Puzol he spent some days to give the Neapolitans time to prepare for his Reception for they had never believed he would come especially after the death of King Philip. From Puzol he went to Castel del Ovo there on the First of November 20 Galleys came out of the Port and the King went aboard the Admiral The Cannon of the Galleys was fired first and then that of the Castles and the Ships in the Harbour This done the Galleys laid along the side of the Mole The King and Queen landed by a wooden Bridge built for that purpose The Great Captain and all the Nobility came out to meet them Being come to the last Arch of the Bridge the Great Captain leading the Queen there the King swore to preserve the Privileges of that City After which they took Horse under a Canopy carried by the Elects of the People Fabricius Colona carried the Royal Standard given him by the King himself with the Honour of Standard-bearer Next him went the Kings at Arms then the Great Captain and on his Right-hand Prosper Colona After them the other Nobility and Ambassadors But the pleasantest Sight of all was the Prisoners then set at Liberty Next behind the Canopy were the Two Cardinals of Borgia and Sorento In this manner they were conducted through the Principal Streets and Lanes of Gentlemen and Ladies richly clad and great Companies of Vocal and Instrumental Musick Being come to the Great Church they were received by the Clergy and Religious Orders in Procession At Castelnovo where the Cavalcade ended they were received by the Two Queens of Naples and the Queen of Hungary Nextday the King rode about the City accompanied by the Barons and to Honour the Great Captain alighted at his House He entred upon Business and went about to restore Ten Barons who had Forfeited their Estates A Parliament was held where they took the Oath of Fidelity to the King to his Daughter Queen Joanna and their Heirs without mentioning Queen Germana contrary to the Agreement made with France The Pretence was that she was indisposed and had already been Sworn Queen of Naples at Valladolid Mean while Castile was full of private Dissention yet nothing broke out in publick The Queen neither would nor could attend the Government only such as would obeyed the Orders of the Council Some would have the Cortes assembled to appoint Governours This was chiefly urged by the Archbishop of Toledo the Constable and the Admiral They could never persuade the Queen to sign the Writs and therefore the Council issued them The Duke of Alva tho' not at Court then opposed it saying only the King could assemble the Cortes For this reason tho' some of the Commons met nothing was done All was in confusion the Nobility at variance but yet the most agreed that King Ferdinand ought to Govern The chief of these were the Archbishop of Toledo the Constable the Admiral and the Dukes of Albuquerque and Bejar Some of these would not allow him to Govern unless he were present others said he might tho' absent Of these was the Archbishop who sollicited the King and Queen to give him as ample Commission as when he Treated with King Philip. The Duke of Najara D. Alonso Tellez Brother to the Marquess of Villena and D. John Manuel were of Opinion that no account ought to be made of the Queen no more than if she were dead by reason of her Weakness and therefore her Son Charles ought to succeed But neither could they agree in this Point for the Duke would have him brought to Spain that such as the Kingdom made choice of might Govern in his Name D. Alonso said the Protectorship belonged to the Emperor as Grandfather by the Father's side This Opinion prevailed above the Duke's and the Emperour was desirous to take upon him the Government proposing to come himself into Spain Some there were that would commit the Government to the King of Portugal and marry Prince Ferdinand to his Daughter Elizabeth proclaiming him King being utterly averse to Strangers Others were for marrying the Daughter of King Philip to the Prince of Viana and so putting the Kingdom under the King
that held out for the French The Garrison of the Castle agreed to surrender upon the same Articles if not relieved in 21 days This same day being the 25th of October the Spanish Army mustered at Castanerola near Bressa It was found above 8000 Foot strong Commendary Solis was left in that City with 1000 Men the rest of the Army marched to besiege the Castle of Bergamo the City being already surrendered Admiral Villamarin sailed from Naples with 7 Galleys to join those of the Pope at Civita Vecchia in order to besiege the Castle of the Lantern at Genoa which held out for the French They found there 3 Galleys of Venice sent to the same effect Four other Galleys the Duke of Genoa had furnished but ill equipped The Siege went on slowly At Marseilles the French had but 6 Galleys and one Galleon The Schismatick Cardinals continued their Council at Lions and made large Offers to several Princes D. Hugo de Moncada Viceroy of Sicily sailed over to Tripoli to give Orders for fortifying that Place The Duke of Urbin lay between Ravenna and Bologna with 500 Men at Arms and 1000 Swiss His Italians who were more numerous daily ravaged the Country but did nothing considerable Maximilian Sforcia stayed at Trent till the French were quite expelled the Dukedom of Milan and the Milaneses had satisfied the Swiss who as they stood firm to his Interest so they would have their share in the Booty The Milaneses agreed to give them 150000 Ducats in hand and 40000 yearly for ever and offered Three Strong-holds in that Dukedom for their Security The Emperor coveted that Dukedom for one of his Grandsons but the Princes of Italy were against it In fine to put an end to all Disorders Maximilian Sforcia entred that City upon the 29th of December immediately preceding the Year 1513. He was received with the Pomp and Joy usually expressed to the former Dukes The Swiss Ambassadors presented him the Keys with much Ceremony Next care was to reduce those Places still held by the French The Marquess of Padula with the Spanish Infantry soon took the strong Castle Trezo on the Banks of the River Abdua That of Novara was surrendered to the Duke's Forces In order to conclude a Peace betwixt the Emperour and the Venetians the Truce which was expired in January was continued till the end of March The Cardinal of Gurse would have the same Conditions the Pope promised the Year before to the Emperour but the Venetians would hear of nothing unless Verona were restored to them It was thought convenient to make War upon them with the Forces of the Emperour Spain and Milan without making mention of the Swiss who it was believed would soon agree with the French through the Negociation of Monsieur de la Trimouille sent to that purpose which was the beginning of new Troubles The Viceroy to secure Milan where the French had still footing and Trivulcio had gathered 5000 Foot more Supplies daily resorting to them placed Prosper Colona at Aste with a good Body of Men to secure that Pass The Catholick King thought it convenient to make use of the Power of England against the French and because the English were not willing to mix with other Men he perswaded that King by the way of Calais to invade Normandy while at the same time he undertook to conquer Guienne and deliver it up to him King Henry fitted out 50 Sail to transport 9000 Foot all choice Men and well Armed and and at the same time sollicited the Catholick King to send him 50 Ships more It was not easie to answer in so many places at once for besides all other things in hand King Ferdinand was sick and Andaluzia in an uproar The occasion of his Sickness was a certain extravagant Potion the Queen made him drink at Medina del Campo in hopes of conceiving so Dr. Carvajal and Peter Martyr relate it as a thing allowed by all Men. The effect of it was such that the King grew very weak and delighted in nothing but being in the Woods His Disease daily encreased he had fainting Fits and Signs of a Dropsie Andaluzia mutinied upon the death of Henry Duke of Medina Sidonia He had a Sister by the same Father and Mother called Mencia and married to D. Peter Giron and also a Brother only by the Father's side called D. Alonso Perez de Guzman In his Will he appointed his Sister to Inherit affirmming the Second Marriage of his Father was invalid Upon this account D. Peter Giron thought to possess himself of that Estate and secure◠Medina and Sidonia The Lady Ellenor de Zun̄iga Stepmother to D. Mencia and the late Duke stood up for her Son who had the true Title and the King favoured his Cause intending he should marry the Lady Anne of Aragon Daughter to the Archbishop of Zaragoça This Dispute was like to be decided by force of Arms both Parties having powerful Supports Justice prevailed and the Brother of the Duke carried the Estate Gonçalo Marin̄o commanded at Bugia and Martin Argote at Oran as Lieutenant to the Marquess of Comares Some Skirmishes hapned with the Moors but nothing remarkable only that Muley Abdalla with some Forces came up to Bugia and burnt the Suburbs No part was left standing but one Tower where the Jews saved themselves Gon\l = c \alo Marin̄o breaking the Articles concluded with the Moors was the cause of this Misfortune for which he was removed from that Post and D. Raymund Carroz sent in his Place CHAP. VI. Pope Julius dies Leo X. Succeeds him The Truce betwixt Spain and France The War in Navarre and Revolutions at Genoa POpe Julius being sick and his Recovery despaired of Advice was sent to Milan Florence Siena and Luca to secure the Roads that the Schismatick Cardinals might not come to the Conclave At length the Pope died on the 20th of February The People mutinied at Rome and there was great Contention betwixt the Coloneses and the Ursini The Monastery of S. Paul of Benedictine Monks was plundered and other disorders committed Hierome Vic the Spanish Ambassador contributed much to pacifie the Multitude On the 4th of March the Cardinals entred the Conclave having first discharged the Son of the Duke of Mantua kept as a Hostage till then and on the 11th by Votes of almost all of them Cardinal John de Medicis was chosen Pope and took the Name of Leo X. That very day he declared he would continue in the League and bring the Emperor and King of England into it The Cardinals Carvajal and Sanseverino who were at Lions but in no great Esteem designed to go into Italy and get into the Conclave Prosper Colona favoured them and designed himself to go to Rome and have a Pope of his own creating But the Viceroy would not suffer him to go lest he should raise some Mutiny and put a restraint upon the Conclave The Cardinals came in a Galeon to Leghorn but
under the Crown of Castile The King of France highly offended at this Disappointment to revenge it sent a new Army into Biscay under the Command of the Admiral of France who took Fuenterabia a strong Town upon the Frontiers Several Rencounters happened betwixt our Forces and those of the Enemy but at length the Town was recovered Beatrix youngest Daughter to the King of Portugal contracted to Charles Duke of Savoy was carried to her Husband in a Fleet fitted out for that purpose The Publick Joy for this Marriage was not lasting for that the King of Portugal died in December His Body was buried in the Monastery of Bethlem built by himself near Lisbon and appointed the burial Place of Kings King John the Third of the Name his Son succeeded him On the 2d of December died at Rome Pope Leo whose Memory was Reverenced for that he had restored the Peace of Italy favoured Learning and much restored the University of Rome by bringing to it Professors of all Sciences from other Parts with great Expence Nevertheless he is blamed as having been given to his Pleasures more than became his high Dignity and for immoderately extolling his Kindred first his Brother Julian and after his Death Laurence his Nephew Son to Peter his other Brother To raise them he designed to deprive the Duke of Vrbin of his Dominions but the Death of both the Brother and the Nephew prevented the execution of his Designs Pope Leo was of the House of Medicis whose Genealogy â—s this which follows The Great Cosmo de Mediois who lived in Florence 100 Years before this had a Son called Peter and by him two Grandsons Laurence and Julian Laurence had three Sons Peter John the present Pope Leo and Julian Julian had a natural Son born after his Father's Death and called Julius who came to be Pope and was called Clement the Seventh Peter Brother to Pope Leo had a Son called Laurence the Younger who was General of his Unkle the Pope's Forces He by a Mistriss had Alexander afterwards Duke of Florence by his Wife Magdalen of Bolonia left Catharine who came to be Queen of France whereby the House of Medicis is related to many Royal Families The second Julian Brother to Pope Leo had a Son called Hypolito who was afterwards a Cardinal his Unkle Pope Clement giving him the Cap. Anno 1522. On the 10th of January Cardinal Adrian tho a Fleming and at that time absent was by the Conclave chosen Pope At that time he was employed in the Government of Spain The News of his promotion was brought to him at Vitoria where he then was to give Orders for carrying on the War against France and recovering of Fuenterabia Immediately he hasted away in order to pass over into Italy yet he came not to Rome till the Summer was well advanced His Papacy was short as not exceeding twenty Months but his Learning Wisdom and Virtue were very great He changed not his Name but was called Adrian the 6th By him St. Antony Archbishop of Florence and Benon Bishop of Misna were Canonised On the 3d of February the Royalists under the Conduct of the Archbishop of Bari overcame the Rebels who were possessed of the City Toledo and so those Tumults ended Charles the Emperor leaving his Brother Ferdinand in January with the Title of Vicar of the Empire set out for Spain to settle the Kingdom and put an end to the Troubles of it He arrived with his Fleet at Santaren on the 16th of July Christiern King of Denmark had married Elizabeth Sister to the new Emperor His Uncle Frederick usurped the Kingdom whereby he was obliged to retire into Flanders where he continued in Banishment the space of 10 Years which was as long as he lived He left two Daughters lawfully begotten which were Elizabeth and Christiern the first was married to Alonso Duke of Lorrain the other to Francis Sforcia Duke of Milan Anno 1523. Pope Adrian granted to the Emperor Charles and his Successors Kings of Spain the full Authority of electing and presenting the Bishops within their Dominions His Bull was passed on the 6th of September He also for ever granted them to hold the Administration of the three military Orders which other Popes had only granted for a time The Pope died at Rome on the 12th of the same Month oppressed with Care and Grief for that the Turks had the Year before possessed themselves of the Island of Rhodes after it had endured a Siege of Eight Months During the vacancy of the Papal Chair died at Rome Cardinal Bernardin de Carvajal who had been Bishop first of Astorga then of Badajoz of Carthagena of Siguença and lastly of Plansencia D. Gutierre de Carvajal Bishop of Plasencia was Nephew to the Cardinal who resigned that See up to him This Year also died F. James Deza Master to Prince John successively Bishop of Salamanca Jaen and Sevil Inquisitor General and Elect of Toledo On the 20th of December Cardinal Julius de Medicis Cousin-German to Pope Leo the Tenth was chosen Pope in the place of Adrian deceased and took the Name of Clement the Seventh He governed the Church ten Years 10 Months and 7 Days He confirmed the Order of the Theatins calling it the Congregation of Divine-Love It was instituted by Peter Garrafa Bishop of Theatinum and other pious Persons Their Habit differs not from that of the other Clergy their Life is retired free from worldly Business and employed in singing the Canonical Hours Anno 1524. The French who had entred the Dutchy of Milan and made themselves Masters of a great part of it were this Year almost enclosed by the Imperial Army under the Command of the Duke of Bourbon who took most of the Places from whence the Army was supplied and by that means brought them into great Distress for want of Provisions This obliged the Admiral of France General of those Forces to endeavour to make a retreat but the Imperialists were so close upon him that he was forced to fight his Army was wholly overthrown and only a small part of it returned home by the way of Turin This Victory encouraged the Duke of Bourbon and Marquis of Pescara to lay Siege to Marseilles where when they had lain six Weeks hearing that the French King was coming with a powerful Army they sent away their heavy Cannon by Sea and retired with great precipitation The King not to lose this Advantage hastned to pass the Mountains and soon possessed himself of the Cities of Milan and other Places and then laid Siege to Pavia Anno 1525. King John of Portugal married Charlotte Sister to Charles the Emperor The Nuptial Solemnities were performed with much Majesty at Estremoz on the 5th of February This Lady had many Children which were Alonso Mary Catharine Beatrix Emanuel Philip John and Antony Of all these only Prince John and the Princess Mary lived to be marriagable and even
afterwards they lost their Liberty King Henry of England hearing what had happened declared for the Pope and the League before spoken of The King of France also upon the same News sent his General Odet de Lautrec with Forces into Italy who joining with the Venetians took Alexandria and Pavia two considerable Cities in the State of Milan Margaret Sister to the French King was Married to Henry d' Albret King of Navarre and had Issue Joanna who for want of Heirs Male inherited her Father's Dominions This Lady most obstinately persisted in Heresie as I suppose because the Pope had given away the Kingdom of Navarre from her Forefathers Anno 1528. At Madrid the Three Estates swore the young Prince Philip Heir to his Father's Kingdoms The Emperor complained that the French King did not keep his Word or perform what he had so solemnly promised when he was Prisoner in Spain The French King sent a Herauld to challenge him to fight him Hand to Hand This Affair was advised about with the Nobility On the 24th of June the Emperor sent his Answer by Letter accepting the Challenge and appointing the Place of Combate But the King of France was so cautious he would neither open the Letters nor give Audience to the Herauld sent from Spain upon that Errand Mean while Lautrec having wintered at Bolonia marched towards Naples laid Siege to that City hoping soon to possess himself of all the Kingdom On a sudden the Plague began to rage so violently in his Army that great part of it Perished and he among the rest Others were made Prisoners and among them Count Peter Navarro who spent the rest of his Days under severe Confinement This Disaster moved Andrea Doria a Genoese but Admiral of the French Fleet to go over to the Emperor and afterwards he restored his Country to its Liberty having defeated and expelled the Family of Fregosa for which and his great Virtues he gained immortal Renown Anno 1529. Charles the Emperor earnestly desired to go over into Italy by Sea there to receive the Imperial Crown at the Hand of the Pope To this purpose he was reconciled with him after so many Discontents and Affronts and promised to give his Bastard Daughter Margaret in Marriage to Alexander de Medicis as also to restore that Family to its Country At the same time he renewed the League with the King of France the Embassadors of both Princes meeting to that purpose at Cambray on the Frontiers of France and Flanders He sent home that Kings two Sons ransomed for Two Millions of Gold and with them sent his Sister Ellenor who was to be Married to that King From this time forward the Low Countries were wholly exempted from the Jurisdiction of France and on the other side Burgundy was entirely made over to that Crown It remained now to agree the Differences with Portugal about the Molucco Islands It was concluded that the King of Portugal should lend the Emperor 350000 Ducats upon Condition that till such time as that Sum was repayed the Castillians should forbear Trading in those Islands or laying any Claim to them This done the Emperor went over by Sea into Italy Solyman the Great Turk at the Instigation of John the Vayvod of Transilvania laid Siege to Vienna which was bravely defended by Philip the Count Palatin who was in it with a strong Garison Anno 1530. At Rome the Citizens were disgusted and impoverished by the late Disorders and Sacking of the City wherefore it was agreed the Coronation should be performed at Bolonia The Concourse of People was incredible the publick Demonstration of Joy extraordinary and the Majesty of the Ceremony such as passed belief On the Day of S. Mathias which was His Majesty's Birth-day he was saluted Augustus and Crowned by the Pope His Holiness and the Venetians interceded for Francis Sforcia that the Dukedom of Milan might be restored to him which was done accordingly he taking to Wife Christiern Daughter to the King of Denmark and the Emperor's Neice He was ordered to pay 900000 Duccats and the City of Como and Castle of Milan were to remain in the Emperor's Hands till that were performed The Marquis of Mantua had the Title of Duke conferred upon him The Pope and Duke of Ferrara were at Variance about the Cities of Modena and Reggio and the Emperor as Umpire betwixt them adjudged them to the Duke After this he set out for Germany where he had Summoned the Dyet to meet at Ausburg on the 8th of April The principal aim was to reduce the Hereticks as had been intended at other Diets Little was done in this Affair only that the Hereticks presented in Writing a Confession of their Faith which of that City was called the Ausburg Confession He that composed it was named Philip Melancton a Learned Man The Imperial Forces having long besieged Florence reduced the City to such streights that they were forced not only to admit the Family of the Medicis but to receive Alexander de Medicis for their Duke and so lost their ancient Liberty Philibert Prince of Orange and Alonso Davalos Marquis del Gasto and of Pescara since the Death of his Cousin Ferdinand were the Generals that commanded at this Siege Margaret the Emperor's Aunt died at Mecklin in Brabant on the 1st Day of December She was Governess of those Provinces and Mary Queen Dowager of Hungary succeeded her in that Charge which she held for the Emperor her Brother many Years Anno 1531. By the Emperor's Order the Archbishop of Mentz whose Place it is Summoned the Electors of the Empire to meet at Cologn to chuse a King of the Romans Upon the day appointed by the unanimous Consent of them all but one Ferdinand Archduke of Austria King of Hungary and Bohemia was elected Only Frederick Duke of Saxony protested against their Proceedings but the Year after he agreed with the rest at the Diet of Ratisbon having obtained Liberty in Matters of Religion Many Earthquakes happened and in the Low-Countries the Dikes being shaken the Sea broke in and whole Towns were drowned and some of the Steeples are yet to be seen above Water Lisbon suffered extreamly insomuch that the King fearing his Palace should fall upon him for several Days lay in Tents in the Field The Waters separating in the Channel of Tagus left a sort of an Island in the middle for some time In England the Antient Catholick Religion was now subverted on this Occasion King Henry indulging his Appetite had cast an Amorous Eye upon Anne Bullen To satisfy his desire he put from him Queen Catharine upon pretence that she had been Married to his Brother Arthur and took Anne Bullen to Wife notwithstanding he had a Daughter called Mary by his Lawful Wife The Pope opposed this Proceeding and could not be brought to approve of it Hereupon the King commanded all his Subjects to disown the Supremacy of the Pope
the Pope who was there present and therefore the Reflection upon him was the greater The Diet at Ratisbon being broke up the Emperor went into Italy and conferred with the Pope at Luca in September The chief Subject of their Conference was about Assembling a General Council Leaving the Pope he went to Genoa where Andrew Doria had a great Fleet in readiness to go over to Argiers on the Coast of Africk The Season was then too far advanced therefore the Pope and others laboured to disswade the Emperor from that Enterprize but he was not to be moved Being come upon the Coast of Africk about the end of October and having lost great part of his Fleet in a terrible Storm he was forced to retire to Bugia whence he passed over much afflicted to Carthagena having done nothing and sustained great loss Ferdinand Cortes who accompanied the Emperor in this Expedition his Galley sinking was obliged to swim for his Life and lost two Cups made of Emraulds which he had tyed about him in a cloath and were worth 300000 Duccats Anno 1542. The bloody Wars betwixt Christian Princes disappointed the Pope's design the last year of assembling a General Council but now he published a new Edict Summoning all the Bishops to meet at the City Trent He appointed the Cardinals Parisius Moron and Poole to preside in his Name but this design was also put off because the French King made War upon the Emperor The cause of this War was that the King sent two Embassadors to the Turk one a Genoese called Fregoso the other a Spaniard whose name was Antony Rincon Alonso Davalos Marquis del Gasto was then Governour of Milan Certain Spanish Soldiers discovered these Embassadors sailing down the River Po tho they were disguised like Pilgrims they seized and drowned them in the River This happened the last year and so incensed the French King that he immediately had recourse to Arms and with a mighty Army invaded Flanders Besides Henry the Dauphin by his Fathers order laid Siege to Perpignan on the borders of Spain The Garison defended themselves with such bravery that sallying they nailed his great Guns and Succours coming from all Parts he was forced to raise the Siege and retire John de Vega Lord of Valverde was at this time Viceroy of Navarre whence he went Embassador to Rome then Governed Sicily several Years and lastly returning into Spain was President of the Royal Council of Castile which Office he discharged with great Reputation He was a Man of great Integrity Wisdom and Piety At the beginning of December dyed James the Fifth King of Scotland leaving only one Daughter called Mary born not long before his Death of Mary his Queen Sister to the Duke of Guise Such multitudes of Locusts were in Germany Italy and Spain that they darkned the Sun as they flew In Sicily a great Earthquake did much harm in several Cities and Towns but the most mischief was done at the City Siracusa Anno 1543. The Emperor having appointed his Son Philip Governour of Spain sailed over to Genoa being in care for Italy and Germany At Busseto between Placencia and Cremona he met the Pope there they conferred about the General Council the Pope's Legates being already at Trent waiting the coming of the Bishops It was also proposed to make Peace between France and Spain but the time was not yet come Cosmo de Medicis Duke of Florence was allowed to buy out the Castles of Florence and Leghorn then held by the Emperor for 200000 Duccats The Pope had given the Cities of Placencia and Parma to Peter Luis his Son and would have had the Emperor confirm his Gift those Cities belonging to the State of Milan but could not prevail The King of France Invaded the Low Countries by the way of S. Quintin On the other side the great Pyrate Barbarussa having sacked and burnt the city Rijoles not far from the Streight of Messina ran along the Coast of Italy and put into the Port of Toulon There joyning the Duke d' Enguien they together attacked the City Nice near the State of Genoa and tho they took it could not reduce the Fortress yet they spent the best part of the Summer before it For this reason and because it was reported that Andrew Doria was coming to the Relief of the Besieged they returned to Winter at Toulon Anno 1544. On the 4th of January this year happened a wonderful Eclipse of the Sun which lasted some hours and not long after followed 3 Eclipses of the Moon which is said never to have happened since the time of Charlemagne The success of the Wars was various for Barbarussa in his return towards the Levant in several places ravaged the Coasts of Naples The fear was greater than the harm tho he took and plundered the City and Island of Lipari On the Coast of Sicily he took plundered and burnt the City Pati Many thousand Souls were carried by him into Captivity The Duke d' Anguien with a great Army entred Milan the Marquis del Gasto marched to oppose him They met near a Town called Carigno and the Battel was fought on the 14th of April which was very bloody but the French obtained the Victory and yet could not possess themselves of the Dukedom of Milan The Emperor and King of England had made a League against France The Emperor broke into France by the way of Flanders Took several Towns and came near to Paris So great was the terror he spread that many of the wealthy Citizens abandoned that City This Consternation was the greater for that at the same time the King of England possessed himself of the City of Boulogne Under these Circumstances a Treaty of Peace was set a foot The Embassadors of these Princes met at Soissons where they concluded a Peace upon the following Conditions That all things taken on either side since the Truce concluded at Nice should be restored That they should joyn their Forces in defence of the Catholick Religion against the Turks and Hereticks That the King of France shall renounce all his Pretensions in Flanders Aragon or Naples That the Emperor should give to Charles Duke of Orleans the King of France his younger Son one of his Daughters in Marriage or else one of those of his Brother Ferdinand In case he gave his own Daughter he should give her in Dower the Low Countries with the Title of King to her Husband But if it were his Brother's Daughter that the Dukedom of Milan should be her Dower The Agreement was made on the 24th of September but it took no effect Charles Duke of Orleans soon after dying Anno 1545. Prince Philip of Spain was before contracted to Mary Daughter to the King of Portugal last Year they were Married at Salamanca with great Solemnity The Duke of Medina Sidonia went to the Borders of Portugal to conduct the Bride who soon after proved with Child and was
There he died two Years after more glorious and great in despising than in obtaining the Empire This Year died Henry d' Albret King of Navarre His Daughter Joanna an abstinate Heretick succeeded him Anno 1556. On the 5th of February a Truce was concluded for Five Years betwixt France and Spain It was hoped that this Cessation might end in a lasting Peace both Parties being worn out with tedious Wars but all fell to nothing by reason of the War the Pope unseasonably raised At the beginning of this Year he began to persecute the Noblemen of the House of Colonna some of them fled others were taken all whose Estates he presently seized The Catholick King ordered the Duke of Alva not to suffer any wrong to be done to them On the other side the king of France having entred into a League with the Pope sent a powerful Army into Italy under the Conduct of the Duke of Guise These Forces marched through Lombardy to Rome where they stayed some time and then marched to the Kingdom of Naples They did nothing remarkable but the greatest part of them died of Sickness and the rest returned to France Mean while the Duke of Alva having possessed himself of most of the Pope's Dominions near Rome marched with his Army and incamp'd before that City He could easily have sacked it again but he had such respect for the Place that he forbore and made Peace with the Pope upon very reasonable terms But this was about the end of the ensuing Year At the beginning of this War Cosmo Duke of Florence prevailed with the Catholick King to deliver to him the City Siena To obtain his desire he alledged the Charge he had been at in the War with that City and that some promise had been made of delivering it to him The King yeilded to Necessity and put the City into his hands upon his paying a Sum of Money down and obliging himself to hold it of the Crown of Spain Anno 1557. The War betwixt France and Spain was not thus at an end but broke out in several Parts Success was so various that neither side had any great advantage to boast of Cardinal John Sicileus died the last day of May in his place succeeded as Archbishop of Toledo F. Bartholomew de Miranda of the Order of S. Dominick He arose so high to have a greater fall On the 13th of June departed this Life at Lisbon John the Third King of Portugal a very Religious and Renowned Prince His body was buried in the Monastery of Bethlehem King Sebastian his Grandson succeeded him In the time of King John the Inquisition was first brought into Portugal for the punishment of Hereticks and Jews He founded the University of Coimbra and endued it with great Revenues bringing to it learned Professors from all Parts and assigning them plentiful Salaries Cardinal Henry the Kings Brother following his Example some time after Founded the University of Ebora which was wholly delivered up to the Care of the Jesuits a heavy burden but very profitable The Catholick King had laid Siege to S. Quintin a strong Town on the Frontiers of Flanders seated near the River Some The French came to relieve the Place but were overthrown by Philibert Duke of Savoy the Spanish General with great slaughter and many French-men of Note made Prisoners The Catholick King came thither afterwards which so terrified the Besieged and encouraged our Men that the 4th Day after they took the Town by Assault Many Prisoners were taken within it and among them Gasper Coligni the French Admiral who governed the Town and was soon after the grand Incendiary in the Civil Wars of France There happened this Year mighty Floods particularly in Italy in the Month of September the River Arnus overflowed its Banks and did great harm at Florence and all the Country about The Tiber swelled to such a degree that it drowned most part of the City On the 14th of September being the day after was concluded the Peace with the Pope At Palermo in Sicily the great Floods overthrew many Houses and drowned a multitude of Men and Women It is reported 4000 Houses were thrown down All Spain suffered this Year extream scarcity of Bread Anno 1558. This Year many Thousands died of the Plague The Contagion broke out at Murcia and thence spread to Valencia and so at last to Burgos It lasted some Years before it was quite allay'd The King of France after the defeat of S. Quintin caused the Duke of Guise to leave Milan and return into France in January The Duke having gathered a mighty Army took Calis the only Town the English possessed in France The same Month died Queen Ellenor Charles the Emperor's Sister at Valladolid In her Will she left certain Towns she possessed in Burgundy to her Daughter Mary whom she had by Emanuel King of Portugal On the 18th of April Francis the Dauphin of France Married Mary Stuard Queen of Scotland afterwards a most Unfortunate Princess The Infection of Heresie spread in both the Kingdoms of France and Scotland and many of the Nobility were taâ—nted The War continued very hot in Flanders Among all other Actions the Battel of Graveling was remarkable There the French were defeated and sustained so great loss that they presently began to treat of Peace On the 21th of September the great Emperor Charles the Fifth departed this Life at the place of his Retirement His Body was deposited in that Monastery whence some Years after by Order of the Catholick King his Son it was translated to the Royal Monastery of the Escurial In England Queen Mary and Cardinal Reginald Poole died both at the same time and with them fell the Catholick Religion in that Kingdom Anno 1559. Her Sister Queen Elizabeth being declar'd Queen repealed all the Laws made in Defence of the Catholick Religion and restor'd the Reformation began in the time of King Edward The Pope on the 23th of January banish'd out of Rome his Nephews the Sons of his Brother John Alonso These were John Garrafa Duke of Paliano the Marquis Antony and Cardinal Charles Garrafa The Crimes laid to their Charge were very heinous and one of the greatest that they suffer'd none to have access to the Pope but such as pleased them and kept Spies to observe what every one spoke On the 5th of February Charles Duke of Lorrain Married Claudia the King of France his younger Daughter for her Father design'd Elizabeth the eldest should be Married to the King of Spain The Embassadors of both Crowns met at Cambray where they handled the Business so effectually that a Peace was concluded upon these Conditions That the Duke of Savoy should be restor'd to all his Dominions which was perform'd and he had also the City Aste given him tho it was the Portion of Valentina Daughter to John Galeazzo Duke of Milan That all Places taken during the War
Prince of Orange who had entred that Province with his Forces and made him retire taking several Towns and Castles and putting many Hereticks to the Sword At the same time the Morisco's that is those descended of the Moores rebelled in the Kingdom of Granada These People were never Loyal and were then incensed for that certain Proclamations were publish'd against them Many of them perish'd in the space of two Years that those Tumults lasted The Marquis of Mondejar overthrew them seven times tho with some considerable loss caused by the Disorderliness of his Men. Lastly D. John of Austria being General they were fully subdu'd The Punishment given to those Rebels has taken from them the power of rising again by dispersing them throughout Castile Almost at the same time died first Charles Prince of Spain in Prison where his Father kept him and then Queen Elizabeth his Mother-in-Law She died of a Miscarriage leaving only two Daughters Elizabeth and Katherine and never a Son which was the reason the King her Husband married again a fourth time His too much forwardness was the cause of the Prince's Death many things were reported concerning the cause of his Imprisonment and his Father's Displeasure But there is no doubt but he was Poison'd by his Father's Command The Prince of Orange was again this Year without any Bloodshed drove out of the Low Countries and forced to retire into France where he assisted the Rebels Anno 1569. Henry de Valois Duke of Anjou and General of the King of France his Army twice in Battel overthrew the Hereticks The first was on the 13th of March at Bassac a Village in the Province of Poitiers where the Prince of Conde was killed and the Admiral escap'd by flight his Brother d' Andelot died some time after of his Wounds The second Engagement was at Montcontour on the 3d. of October the success was the same only that of the Rebels the slaughter was greater 16000 being kill'd Two thousand Horse and 4000 Foot sent by the Pope did good Service here besides the Succours from Spain which behaved themselves well upon all occasions These Forces after obtaining the Victory return'd to Italy perishing with Cold Hunger and Sickness Pope Pius this Year publish'd his Bull wherein he gave the Kingdom of England to any that would conquer it excommunicated Queen Elizabeth and absolved her Subjects of their Allegiance At this time the War continuing hot in the Low Countries many Gentlemen signaliz'd themselves and gained Honour there such were Julian Romero Sancho Davila D. Alvaro de Sandi Collonel Mondragon Collonel Francis de Verdugo and D. Lope de Figueroa Anno 1570. Forty Jesuits going to Brasill with F. Ignatius de Azevedo were murder'd at Sea by Jaques de Soria a French Pyrate and perverse Heretick After the departure of the Prince of Orange the Low Countries were more at Peace In France a Peace was concluded with the Hereticks upon no very advantageous Terms so great was the desire all Men had conceived to see that War at an end At Rome Cosmo de Medicis obtained of the Pope the Title of Great Duke of Tuscany to the Dissatisfaction of other Princes who thought his Advancement was a lessening of them Nevertheless Maximilian the Emperor confirmed that Title to Francis de Medicis his Brother-in-law and the Son of Cosmo Ann Daughter to the Emperor Maximilian came by Sea from Flanders into Spain to be married to her Uncle King Philip. This Solemnity was performed the 12th of November at Segovia With the Queen came her two young Brothers Albertus and Wenceslaus About the end of this Year hapned so terrible an Earthquake at Ferrara that the Inhabitants were forced for some days to live in the Fields in Tents many Houses were overthrown and many much damaged But this Year was for nothing so remarkable as for the War in Cyprus which produced a Holy League among the Christian Princes After the Venetians had enjoyed Peace with the Turks the space of 30 years Selymus the Great Turk having made Peace with the Persians sent his Embassadors to require the Venetians to deliver up to him the Island of Cyprus which lyes near the Province of Cilicia in the lesser Asia and in case they refused to declare War against them This Demand being so unreasonable a War necessarily ensued and the Turks landing in Cyprus about the beginning of July under the Command of Mustapha on the 9th of September took Nicosia one of the two principal Cities of that Island Famagusta formerly called Salamis held out longer The Venetian Fleet sent to the Relief of the Besieged arrived at Candia where it was joined by 60 Gallies sent by the Catholick Kings under the Command of Andrew Doria Prince of Melfi but in October the Season being too far advanced they all returned to winter in their Ports without doing any thing Only Marius Quirinus a Venetian with 12 Gallies was ordered to put Supplies of Men Ammunition and Provision into Famagusta which he accordingly performed At the same time through the earnest Sollicitation of Pope Pius the 5th a League was concluded against the Turks betwixt his Holiness his Catholick Majesty and the Venetians They agreed to fit out 200 Gallies and furnish 50000 Foot and 4000 Horse the Charge to be defrayed in this manner The Pope was to pay the 6th part the Venetians one 3d and the King of Spain one half of the Expence Marc Antony Colonna was appointed to command the Pope's Gallies Sebastian Venerius those of Venice and D. John of Austria by common Consent of all Parties was constituted Admiral and Generalissimo of the Fleet and Land Forces Anno 1571. All things being ordered in this manner Venerius and Colonna arrived first at Messina in Sicily and after them in August came D. John of Austria On the 9th of which Month the City Famagusta in Cyprus having held out almost a year's Siege was forced to surrender upon Conditions which were not perform'd by the Barbarous Enemy but contrary to their Faith given they committed great Cruelties upon the unfortunate Christians The Confederate Fleet sailed from Sicily on the 16th of September They steered directly for the Islands Echinades now called Cuçolares opposite to the Gulph of Lepanto where they had Advice the Turkish Fleet lay Both Officers and Soldiers were eager to fight and prepared themselves with great Alacrity The Venetian Gallies were on the left Prince John Andrew Doria on the right and D. John of Austria with the Spanish Gallies in the Center and with him Marc Antony Colonna and the Venetian Admiral The chief Commendary of Castile and D. Alvaro Baçan Marquis of Sancta Cruz with 30 Gallies were left as a Reserve to send Relief where the greatest Danger appeared The Enemy came out of the Mouth of the Gulph and ranged their Fleet as is their Custom in the form of a Half-Moon Six Galeasses made the Forelorn of our Fleet which
firing their Cannon disordered the Enemy Next to them D. John of Austria the first boarded the Turkish Admiral and after a doubtful Fight took her In her was killed Hali Bassa Admiral of the Fleet and two Sons of his were taken and presently Victory began to incline to the Christians Vchali the Pyrat did great harm upon the right taking 10 of our Gallies but seeing the rest of the Fleet overthrown he stood out to Sea and escaped with several of his Gallies It was a terrible Spectacle all resounded with various Cries and nothing was to be seen but killing pursuing battering and sinking of Vessels The Sea was covered with Blood and dead Bodies and the Air darkned with the Smoke 200 Turkish Gallies were either taken or sunk 25000 Turks were killed and 20000 Christian Captives set at liberty Of the Christians many were killed and among them no small number of Persons of note In short this was one of the greatest Victories that had been obtained in many years and there was great rejoycing for it in all parts of Christendom tho it was not pleasing to the Hereticks This Battel was fought on the 7th of October on which day the Memory of it is yearly celebrated as a Festival at Toledo Anno 1572. Pope Pius the 5th desiring to carry on this good Work the last Summer sent his Nephew Cardinal of Alexandria Michael Gislerius his Legate into France and Portugal to perswade those Kings to enter into this League With him went F. Francis Borgia a holy Man at that time General of the Jesuits in the place of F. James Lainez These Endeavours were fruitless as well for other Causes that occur'd as because the Pope died not long after on the 1st of Mary very unfortunately for the Affairs of Christendom Immediately after on the 10th of May Cardinal Hugo Bocompanus born at Bolongna was substituted in his Place and took the Name of Gregory the 13th He behaved himself so well that the Grief conceived for the loss of his Predecessor was much allayed for following his Footsteps he confirmed the League with the Venetians and with incredible Diligence furnished Men and Money for carrying on the War He held S. Peter's Chair 13 Years wanting one Month. At the beginning of Spring Charles the 9th King of France married Elizaleth Daughter to the Emperor Maximilian a Lady of great Vertue and extraordinary Beauty It was proposed to marry Margaret the French King's Sister to Henry of Bourbon Prince of Navarre by that means to allay the Tumults in France Pope Pius laboured to hinder that Match and offered King Sebastian of Portugal should take her to Wife which he consented to and even to accept of her without a Portion provided the French King would enter into the League against the Turks However the Prince of Navarre was preferred His Mother Joanna Queen of Navarre died at Paris the 10th of June and nevertheless the Marriage was solemnized towards the end of the Summer with a great Concourse of Nobility as well of the Hereticks as Catholicks In this Concourse Admiral Coligni was shot from a Window by the Contrivance of the Duke of Guise the Consequence whereof was a general Massacre of all the Hereticks in the City of Paris to the number of 10000. The Heads of them were put to Death by the King's Order having discovered a Conspiracy among them for assassinating of him the rest were outragiously murdered by the Rabble In Flanders the last Year towards defraying the Charge of the War a Tax was layed being the 10th Penny of all things sold This Imposition was so heavy to those Provinces which depend chiefly upon Trade that many Cities rebelled and were soon supported by Forces that came to their Assistance out of England Germany and France Zeland and Holland two inaccessible Provinces lying on the Sea and encompassed with Water were the first that rebelled Mons a strong City in Hainault followed their example D. Frederick Son to the Duke of Alva layed siege to it and leaving a sufficient Force to secure his Works marched to meet 4000 French who were coming to relieve the Place He overthrew them killing a great number taking Genlis their Commander Prisoner who died afterwards in the Castle of Antwerp The Prince of Orange came also with Forces out of Germany but the Duke of Alva had so secured all things he was forced to retire without making any attempt These Troubles besides the other Harms they did were the cause the League against the Turks was dissolved For D. John of Austria having gathered a mightier Fleet at Messina than the Year before stayed there a great while being in care for the Affairs of the Low-Countries and the more for that it was reported the French would make War on that side Thus the Season fit for Service being passed he set out of that Port at the end of September to join the Venetians and try the Fortune of another Battel But the Enemies Fleet kept close about Modon Coron and Navarrino in the Morea refusing to come to a Battel The Christian Fleet having lost all hopes of Fighting and the Weather growing unseasonable went to winter in several Ports Anno 1573. The Venetians either in consideration of the little Advantage gained by this great Fleet or because they had lost the rich Trade of the East without regard to the Confederate Princes made a shameful Peace with the Turks yielding up to them not only the Island of Cyprus but several Towns they held in Sclavonia and paying to them 300000 Ducats In May Henry Duke of Anjou the French King's Brother was elected King of Poland It was reported the French Gold bought the Votes but certain it is that as soon as the Duke heard of his Election he raised the Siege he had layed to Rochel and went to take Possession of his Kingdom D. John of Austria in October with the Fleet he had prepared against the Turks sailed over to Tunez and restored that Kingdom to Muleasse Grandson to that Muleasse who we said was expelled his Kingdom and his Eyes put out by his Son Muley Hamet the King now deposed was sent to Sicily whither soon after D. John of Austria having settled the Government and left a Garison in the City followed Thence he went over to Naples designing for Spain This Winter appeared a Comet which was only like a great shining Star without any Tail near the North-Pole What all the Astrologers admir'd in it was that it had no Parallaxis but from all places appeared to be near the same Stars and consequently must be supposed to be as high as the Stars themselves Anno 1574. The Duke of Alva having leave to return home D. Luis de Requesens chief Commendary of Castile was made Governor of the Low-Countries He came from Milan to Flanders at the beginning of the Year and it was hoped his mild Disposition and Wisdom would remedy all the Disorders
this Year was happy in the Birth of this Prince so it was unfortunate to Portugal and all Spain For King Sebastian carried away by the Heat of Youth and ambitious to extend the Christian Name in Africk took into his Protection King Muley Hamet He gathered Forces out of Germany Italy and Castile to join with his own He fitted out a great Fleet in which he shipped all his Forces and sailing in July arrived at Arzila a City in Africk subject to the Portugueses His first Design was to attack the Castle of Alarache which is at the Mouth of the River Lucus The Portugueses began to march up the Country and Moluco met them with a far greater number of Men. The Battel was fought on the 4th of August and the Portugueses overthrown The Slaughter was great and the number of Prisoners incredible among which were many of note No Battel in many years was so unfortunate for three Kings died there Moluco of Sickness which had long stuck by him he left his Brother Hamet his Heir The King of Portugal was killed in the Battel and Muley drowned in passing a River as he fled D. John of Austria to pacify the Flemmings consented that the Spaniards should be drawn out of those Provinces and Garisons of the Natives put into their Strong-holds which proved fatal For scarce were the Spaniards gone when the Hereticks conspired to seize D. John He having notice of their Design fled to Namur began to assemble Forces recalled the Spaniards who were marching towards Italy and had some Skirmishes with the Enemy from whom he took some places But Death taking him off in October and in the Flower of his Age put a stop to all his Designs He died a natural Death in the Field Alexander Farnesius Prince of Parma succeeded him in the Government of these Provinces The Provinces being dissatisfied with the Archduke Mathias called Francis Duke of Alenson to their assistance against D. John of Austria who having accepted of the Offer and being come to Mons in Hainault they gave him the Title of Protector of Flanders In Portugal died the Princess Mary Daughter to Emanuel by his last Wife Ellenor This Lady when she died was well in years and a Maid for tho several Matches were proposed never any took effect Anno 1579. As soon as the dismal News of the Death of King Sebastian was brought to Lisbon Cardinal Henry his Great Uncle Brother to his Grandfather was proclaimed King tho then very old and unhealthy The Nobility to secure the Succession would have him marry but it being unlikely he should have any Children there were many Pretenders to that Crown King Philip in Right of his Mother Elizabeth the Empress Philibert Duke of Savoy as Son to the Lady Beatrix both which were Daughters to King Emanuel The Prince of Parma in the Right of his Wife the Princess Mary then dead but had left two Sons Ranucius and Edward And the Duke of Bragança in the Right of Catherine his Wife These two Ladies were Grand-children to King Emanuel and Daughters to Prince Edward Mary was the eldest but was dead and Catherine was living Antony Prior of Ocrato put in his Claim as Son to Prince Luis and Grandson to King Emanuel He to cover his being a Bastard pretended his Father had been married to his Mother but no proof appeared Catherine Queen-Mother of France claimed that Kingdom as descended from Matildis Countess of Bologn Wife to Alonso the 3d King of Portugal affirming they had Issue The Portugueses urged that the Countess left no Child either by her first or second Husband and proved that when she died Robert her Nephew Son to her Sister Alicia inherited her Dominions from whom that Queen was descended by the Mother's side None of these Princesses wanted the Pens of Learned Men to vindicate their Titles but King Philip had the Power which never fails to bear down all that the Learned can say in behalf of their Cause In Sicily this Year a vast quantity of Liquid Fire gushed out of Mount Etna which did much harm in the Neighbouring Country Anno 1580. King Philip prepared for the War with Portugal and to that purpose caused several Troops of Italians Germans and Spaniards to march towards the Frontiers of that Kingdom To prevent Disorders King Philip labour'd to prevail with the new King his Unkle to declare him his Heir but at the same time whilst this was in hand King Henry departed this Life at Almeirin on the last of January It appear'd a War must of necessity ensue for that the Portugueses it could not be expected would submit to the Spaniards There wanted a General The Duke of Alva was then Prisoner at Vzeda because he had obliged his Son Frederick to Marry the Daughter of D. Garcia de Toledo Marquis of Villa Franca without regard to another Lady belonging to the Queen to whom the said Frederick had before promised Marriage and the King had commanded him not to dispose of himself till that Affair was decided It was now thought fit to release and send him to Portugal The King himself to be the nearer at hand went first to Merida and then to Badajoz a City on the Frontiers of that Kingdom His Forces were not great being scarce 12000 Foot and 1500 Horse but they were the Flower of the Spanish Army old Soldiers of great Experience With this strength and the good Conduct of the Duke of Alva Antony the Bastard who with the Favour of the People called himself King was overthrown first at Lisbon and soon after near Porto by Sancho Davila Camp-Master-General in that Expedition Thus he being expelled the Country all that Kingdom was brought under Mean while King Philip lay at Burgos so sick that the Physicians had given him over Scarce was he recover'd when the Queen his Wife who was with him died on the 26th of October He had by her four Sons Ferdinand and Charles both dead before James who lived not long after and Philip then a Child and sickly but afterwards grew healthy and lived long He had also a Daughter called Mary that was but short lived About this time died Hierome Osorio a Portugues Bishop of Silves a great Orator but not in his History as appears by the Books he wrote His Contemporary was Andrew Resendius of the same Nation a great Antiquary and imitator of Horace in the Learned Verses he composed Emanuel Duke of Savoy also departed this Life and his Son Charles succeeded him In Flanders after the death of D. John of Austria the War continued hot and most of the Country was in Rebellion Mathias the Archduke left the Country and returned into Germany Those Provinces having once revolted would not return to their duty and tho they all combin'd together yet of themselves they were not strong enough to oppose the King which made them send for Francis Duke of Alençon the French King's
soon after gave it the Title and Priviledge of a City Dr. Bartholomew de la Plaça was the first Bishop About the end of this Year the Floods were very great and the River at Sevill breaking into the City did much harm at the Custom-House The King of France being entirely reconciled to the Church was at last absolved by the Pope and immediately all his Kingdom submitted to him D Peter de Toledo Marquis of Villafranca on the 23th of September took and plunder'd the City Patras in the Morca having gone from Messina with 20 Galleys upon that design Anno 1596. Sir Francis Drake landed Men at Nombre de Dios in America designing to march over that narrow Neck of Land and plunder Panama The Spaniards taking the Alarm charged and forced him to retire to his Ships about the beginning of January He often did much harm along those Coasts but at last died at Portobelo and his Fleet was driven out of the West Indies by D. Bernardin de Avellaneda Albertus the Archduke on the 17th of April took Calais from the French but not long after it was restor'd upon composition At this time the King lay at Azeca near Toledo so dangerously sick that he was given over for dead He removed to Toledo where News was brought that the English Fleet on the 1st of July took and plundered the Island and City of Cadiz and burnt the Fleet that lay there bound for Mexico which was so great a loss that many Merchants throughout the Kingdom suffered much and some broke Anno 1597. Ferdinand Tello Governor of Dourlans for the Spaniards having Intelligence with the People of Amiens the chief City of Picardy suprized and made himself Master of it The King of France considering the great Importance of that Place came thither in Person and laid siege to it Albertus the Archduke marched with about 20000 Men out of Artois designing to relieve the City but finding the King too well posted and having suffered somewhat by his Artillery and in some small Skirmishes he retired upon which the City was surrendred the Garison marching out with the usual Honourable Formalities Sigismund Bator Prince of Transilvania who at this time with much Bravery maintained War against the Turks and Hereticks went to Vienna to attend the Emperor who supplied him with Money as did the Pope and Catholick King But the hopes conceived of his Proceedings vanished for he was taken sick some said he was bewitched whereupon he forsook the War and left his Wife the Daughter of Charles the Archduke and resigning up his Dominions to the Emperor lived a private Life at Prague where he died some years after Anno 1598. This Year on the 6th of May the King gave up all the Low-Countries to his eldest Daughter Elizabeth in order to marry her as was afterwards done to her Cousin the Archduke Albertus who to that purpose resigned up his Cardinal's Cap and the Archbishoprick of Toledo which was given to Garcia de Loaysa Prince Philip's Tutor Yet this Donation was in such manner that those Countries were to be held of the Crown of Spain to which also was reserved the Order of the Golden Fleece and the Prerogative of placing Governors in certain Castles such as Antwerp Ghent and Cambray Soon after a Peace was concluded with France in bringing the which to effect the Pope laboured very earnestly The King's Distemper still increasing upon him he died at the Escurial the 13th of September and was there buried A Prince remarkable for some Vertues as Liberality Resolution Vigilancy Abstemiousness in eating and drinking But no less for many Vices as Lust Cruelty Pride Perfidiousness and several others He lived 71 Years 3 Months and some Days and reigned in Castile 42 Years 7 Months and 28 Days Prince Philip his Son succeeded him Anno 1599. On the 22d of February died at Alcala de Henares Garcia de Loaysa Archbishop of Toledo and with him the great hopes conceived of his Vertue and Ability He was buried in that Town in the Chapel of the Martyrs without any Tomb. D. Bernardin de Rojas y Sandoval at that time Bishop of Jaen succeeded him and not long after had the Cardinal's Cap brought him to Toledo the King being present at that Ceremony The new King was before contracted to Margaret the Daughter to Charles the Archduke who came to him by the way of Milan with her Mother and Albertus the Archduke The Pope was at that time in Ferrara which City after the Death of the last Duke who left no Heir fell to the Church whereof it was a Feofe Thither the Queen and Archduke repaired and the Ceremony of the two Marriages was performed by the Pope with extraordinary Magnificence tho the King and Princess were not there They departed thence and on the 25th of March arrived at Alfaques de Tortosa thence they went to Valencia where the King was married The King went forward to Barcelona to bear the Archduke company who with the Princess his Wife imbarked for Flanders on the 7th of June After which the King and Queen returned to Valencia and thence to Madrid Anno 1600. This Year was very remarkable for the Jubilee at Rome to which a great number of People resorted The Winter was so extraordinary rainy that the Tiber overflowing Rome was 3 days full of Water and great harm done Among 13 Cardinals promoted by the Pope one was Robert Bellarmine of the Society of Jesus Nephew to Pope Marcellus a Man of a good Life and extraordinary Learning as appears by the many notable Books he published The new King of France with the Approbation of the Pope put away Queen Margaret his first Wife and presently after married Mary de Medicis Daughter to Francis Duke of Florence Anno 1601. About March or April the Court of Castile removed from Madrid to Valladolid in favour of that Country which was very poor but many Inconveniences being found there some years after it returned to the same place The famous Bell of Vililla in Aragon is reported to have rung it self several times which is accounted to portend some extraordinary Revolutions or other great matters like to happen but no such strange effects appear'd for many years after At Rome on the 29th of April S. Raymundus Pen̄afort of the Order of S. Dominick was Canonized On the 25th of August Prince Doria the great Admiral sailed to Argiers with a great Fleet came before that City in the night unperceived but was drove off again by contrary Winds On the 22d of September was born at Valladolid the Princess Ann afterwards married to Luis the 13th King of France and conducted to the Frontiers by the Archbishop of Toledo Anno 1602. The Marquis de Fuentes having corrupted the Lanskeneghts that were in Garison at Final made himself Master of that place as he did also of Milesino without any Provocation or just cause given
too obstinate The Duke of Feria entring Alsace with a powerful Army raised the Siege of Constance recover'd Valdutz took Laufenburg and Rhinfelt and reliev'd Brisac a place of great importance to the House of Austria for securing the Communication between Flanders and Italy He passed the Alps with his Army in December an Action surprising and even astonishing at that Season of the Year All this Year the success of the War continued dubious Victory sometimes inclining to the one side and sometimes to the other Mary of Austria Queen of Hungary was deliver'd of a Prince call'd Ferdinand Francis The Archduke Ferdinand Charles Earl of Tyrol stood Godfather for his Catholick Majesty At Madrid on the 5th of July died the most serene Princess Sister Margaret of the Cross in the Monastery of the Poor Clares where she had lived many Years with singular Piety and Virtue F. John de Parma her Confessor writ her Life Anno 1634. This Year began Unfortunate to the Emperor and Catholick King a presage of their Losses was the death of the Duke de Feria which happen'd the 11th of January at Munich the Court of Bavaria Immediately upon the death of the Duke the command of his Army was given to Count John Cervellon by the most Serene Cardinal Prince of Spain Ferdinand of Austria who then resided at Milan Superintendent and Vicar-General of Italy This Army consisted of 10000 Foot and 2000 Horse most of them Spaniards This Year the Emperor was inform'd by some of his chief Officers that Albertus Wallestein Duke of Fridland his Generalissimo had conspir'd to debauch the Army and rise in Rebellion against him The principal Men that made this Discovery were Count Picolomini Galassius Aldringerius and Coloredius Upon their private Information the Emperor call'd his Cabinet Council where it was resolv'd that Orders should be sent to the most Loyal Commanders in the Army to apprehend the Duke of Fridland or in case they could not to kill him before the design was reveal'd Accordingly he was invited to a Supper and there put to death by the Officers of the Irish Regiments then in the Emperor's Service The two Ferdinands the King of Hungary and the Cardinal joining their Forces laid Siege to Nordlingen and the Enemy under the command of Count Gustavus Horn coming to the relief of that City overthrew them with a great slaughter after an obstinate Fight which lasted six hours At Tortosa March the 6th Mary Ortego Wife to John Xinto both Inhabitants of Almun̄ia in Aragon was deliver'd in the Hospital of a Female Child with two Heads both very beautiful 3 hands and 3 feet and 8 fingers and toes upon one of the hands and feet This Creature lived half an hour and was Baptized Anno. 1635. The most Christian King this Year declar'd War against Spain and the House of Austria publishing his Manifesto containing his Reasons for this Breach His Forces joining with the Hollanders took Tirlemont Besides he possessed himself of several Places among the Grisons to cut off the Communication between Italy and Germany Pignerol also he seized by corrupting the Governour and so open'd to himself a Passage to Susa These and other the like Hostilities oblig'd his Catholick Majesty to declare War upon the 27th of June The Renown'd Marquis of Aytona died in Flanders August the 10th The Dunkirk Privateers took this Year many Prizes of the Hollanders The Emperor 's good Fortune was much forwarded by the Peace he concluded with the Elector of Saxony with exclusion to all other Sects except the Professors of the Ausburg Confession Soon after the Archdutchess Mary-Ann of Austria the Emperor's eldest Daughter was with great Solemnity at Vienna Married to Maximilian Elector of Bavaria her Unkle The most renown'd Spanish Poet Lope Felix de Vega Carpio died at Madrid where he was born upon the 28th day of August He was the greatest Poet of his Time writ more and better than any before him and must be allow'd the Honour of his Country having merited so much Fame abroad Anno 1636. The French King having as was said in the last Year broke the Peace with Spain many learned-Pens writ in Vindication of the Catholick King 's Proceedings referring the Judgment of his Cause to the Pope which Writings were at Paris burnt by the hands of the common Hangman The Emperor made the greatest force he could to join with that of Spain in the Low Countries and both together enter'd into Picardy under the command of the most Serene Prince Cardinal Ferdinand with whom were Prince Thomas Francis of Savoy Charles Duke of Lorrain John Count Nassau and Octavius Picolomini They took la Chapelle Chates Vervins and Noyon obliging the French for the Security of the Country to break down all the Bridges upon the Rivers Oyse and Aysne as far as S. Clou. They had also Corbie deliver'd to them by the Count de Soyecourt This Success of the Spanish Forces obliged the French to call the Prince of Conde the Cardinal de la Valette and Duke of Weymar out of Alsace leaving that Country exposed to the King of Hungary and Count Galassius At the same time the Marquis of Grana so pressed the Landtgrave of Hesse that he was forced to retire to take Protection of the Hollanders Mean while the Forces of Spain by the way of Guipuzcoa broke into the Province of Guienne where they possessed themselves of Andaye Orugne Siboure and S. Jean de Luz as also of the Port and Fortress of Zocoa D. John Alonso Enriquez de Cabrera Admiral of Castile and Captain-General of the Provinces of Old Castile and D. Francis de Irracaval Marquis of Valparaiso and Viceroy of Navarre in his Majesty's Name publish'd a Manifesto containing the Reasons that mov'd him to make these Incursions The Cardinal Richlieu had perswaded the King and People that the Forces of Spain and the Empire were so inconsiderable the War would be kept out of the Kingdom and always upon the Enemies Country Now they found much the contrary being forc'd to quit Milan and the Valley of Valtelina and still retiring every where to leave a great part of their Kingdom exposed to their Enemies Several Princes who were under the Protection of France having had their Countries wasted to prevent their utter Destruction have been forced to declare against that Crown A Report being spread that Count Galassius was entring the Province of Bassigni with 25000 Men and that 14000 were marching from Silesia besides 12000 Polish Horse had-passed the Rhine the Nobility not thinking themselves safe at Paris removed the best of their Goods to Havre de Grace Seeing all things fall out far otherwise than he had expected the Cardinal laid the blame upon the Governours of the Places that had been lost declaring them Traytors and accusing F. Joseph of Paris a Capucin his great confident of feeding him with false Intelligence from the Turks Moores and Protestants The News of the Election
himself Master of both those places which done he possessed all the Posts about Orbitello where Charles de la Gata a Spaniard commanded and laid close Siege to it He raised several Batteries which play'd furiously upon the Town making large breaches in the Walls and still carried on his Works with great Labour But the Governour was no less industrious and vigilant still making up what the Enemies Cannon had ruin'd and with often sallies firing and destroying their Works At length the Fleet of Naples came to the Relief of the Besieged and in some Encounters with the Enemy had always the best The Spanish Forces also of Naples and Milan being joined and approaching to the assistance of the Besieged Prince Thomas finding his Army much diminish'd not only by the Assaults he had given but much more by Sickness caused by the excessive heat of the Weather retir'd back with his Army into Piedmont Thus after a Siege of 60 days Orbitello was deliver'd from danger whereas most Men judged it could not have held out above 20. It was not long before the French retrieved this Disgrace for their Fleet being soon refitted returned under the Command of the Mareschal Meleraie who possessing himself of Porto Longone in the Island Ilva opposite to the City Plombin with the same ease brought that City also to Subjection The War with Partugal was not this Year carried on with any great vigour nor any notable Action done on that side Several Incursions were made by our Parties with good success defeating those of the Enemy and bringing away great Booties of Cattel At last the Enemy with a powerful Army took the Field designing to besiege Badajoz and threatning the whole Province of Estremadura All this Preparation fell to nothing for they compassed not the razing the Fort of Telena as they intended but retired from before it with much precipitation upon the approach of the Spanish Army leaving the Fort as they found it In the Low Countries the Duke of Anguien with an Army of 40000 Men took Courtray and Winoxberg and recover'd Mardike before surprized by the Spaniards This done they laid Siege to Dunkirk which had been his principal design this place being of great importance as the chief Port the Spaniards then resorted to was bravely defended by the Marquis de Lede with a Garison of 4000 Men. But the Duke having a numerous Army which he no way spared and the Hollanders with their Fleet lying before the Harbour so that no Relief could be put into the Place it was at last surrendred upon honourable Conditions King Philip having made choice of D. John Enriquez de Cabrera Great Admiral of Castile and late Viceroy of Naples for the Embassy to Rome to yield Obedience to Pope Innocent the X. he performed that Ceremony on the 28th of April with the greatest Pomp and Magnificence that had been seen in Rome for many Years Balthasar Charles Prince of Spain and then the only Heir of the Crown having lain sick but 3 days died the 9th of October in the flower of his Age to the unspeakable Grief of all these Kingdoms Also Mary the Empress departed this Life at Lintz in Austria leaving 3 Children This Year the wonderful Bell of Vililla in Aragon rung of it self three times in one day which was Monday the 30th of April the first time it gave 11 strokes the second 8 and the third 7. Anno 1647. D. John of Austria living retir'd at Ocan̄a was this Year called thence to take the command of Generalissimo by Sea He set sail from Cadiz with a mighty Fleet and entring the Streights took a rich French Ship which carried Presents of great value to the Queen of Portugal At Tarragona he landed 4000 Men for the Service of Catalonia and sail'd thence to Naples A Deputy sent by the City Valencia to complain of certain Grievances came to the Court of Madrid and was received by the King with all possible Demonstrations of Honour all the Grandees and Noblemen of the Court attending him and his House was allow'd the same Priviledges as those of Foreign Ministers After the defeat of Monsieur de Harcour at Lerida the Prince of Conde was constituted General of the French Forces in Catalonia and coming Post to Barcelona took possession of that Command the 15th of April On the 12th of May he laid Siege to Lerida taking the same Posts that Harcour had done the Year before and batter'd it furiously D. Gregory de Brito that famous Portugues was then Governor of that City who defended it with much bravery making several sallies in which he kill'd many of the Enemy and took several Prisoners On the 18th of June the Prince of Conde by night raised his Siege and march'd over the River Noguera to a place called Las Horcas de Lerida Next day a supply of 1000 Foot with Ammunition and Provisions was put into the City The Marquis de Aytona march'd with an Army of 12000 Foot and 3500 Horse against the Prince of Conde who being too weak to oppose him dispers'd his Forces into the strong Garisons expecting new supplies from France The Constable of Castile Governour of Milan took Niza de la Palla Alva and other places in Montferrat ravaging the Country and driving the French into their Places of strength The Duke of Arcos Viceroy of Naples sent him 2500 Men in 12 Galleys commanded by Janetin Doria He landed these Forces at Final and in his return to Naples discovering the French Fleet consisting of 25 Men of War 8 Fireships and 13 Galleys he retired into Savona a Port of the Genoeses whether the French Fleet pursued threatning to burn all our Galleys unless they surrendred The Governour of Savona sent to the French Admiral to let him know if he fired a Shot he would answer with all the Guns of the City which made the French lie still till hearing that the Spanish Fleet was coming they retir'd to Toulon In the Low Countries nothing considerable was done this Year the French appear'd about Antwerp and thence moved to Oudenard without attempting any thing of moment A Truce was concluded with the Hollanders and proclaim'd at the Hague so that a free Trade was re-establish'd between them and the Spanish Provinces After the Archduke Leopold had taken upon him the Government of the Low Countries he assembled all his Forces and took from the French Armentiers Landresi and several other Places of less Note In June the Articles of Marriage betwixt King Philip and the Archdutchess Mary Anne Eldest Daughter to the Emperor Ferdinand the III. were brought to Madrid and receiv'd with great Joy and Satisfaction of the whole Court We will end this Year with the Relation of the most wonderful Rebellion that hapned at Naples After that City and Kingdom became subject to the Kings of Spain it was for some time govern'd with great Moderation and had very ample Priviledges granted to it especially by
being a Stranger had many Enemies at Court by Reason of his too great Authority and Power Particularly D. John of Austria by Letter ceased not to press the Queen to remove him from Court and She to give satisfaction to all that were discontented upon his Account complyed giving him a most honourable Discharge in such manner as if it had been granted at his own Suit and the Choice of being Ambassador either at Vienna or Rome He departed the Court on the 26th Day of February to the great Joy of many Had he made this Retreat voluntarily and of his free Choice he had gone off with Honour but staying to be thrust out went away hated and in disgrace The Translation of S. Isidorus the Patron of Madrid to a Rich Chappel built for that purpose was performed with all Pomp and Magnificence The Feast of the Canonization of S. Peter de Alcantara the Reformer of the Franciscans was celebrated by that Order during the space of 16 Days With him was also Canonized S. Magdalen of Pazzis a Carmelite Nun born at Florence This Year at the Sollicitation of the Pope a League was concluded among several Christian Princes for the Defence of Candia against the Turks Also another in Flanders betwixt the English Swedes and Hollanders for the Defence of the low Countreys The Count de Oropesa President of the Council of Orders was preferred to that of Italy The Duke of Ossuna was appointed Governour of Milan and the Duke of Sessa of Catalonia D. Ambrosio Spinola Archbishop of Santiago was Translated to the Archbishoprick of Sevil. The Count de Medellin was made President of Orders and his Place of Master of the Horse was given to the Marquess de Caslel Rodrigo Three new Counsellors of State were created which were the Constable of Castile who then governed the Low Countreys the Marquess de Astorga Ambassador at Rome and the Admiral of Castile The most sumptuous Palace begun at Barcelona by the Marquess de Castel Rodrigo one of the most Beautiful Structures in all Europe was this Year finished by the Duke of Ossuna He also raised the Citadel at Palamos a most important Sea-Port on the Coast of Catalonia and a great Inlet into that Principality FINIS THE INDEX TO Mariana's History of Spain A. ABdalasis Son to Muza his Actions Pag. 100 He marries the Widow of King Roderick 101 Abdalla dies Abderhaman succeeds him 116 Abderhaman first Moorish King in Spain 107 His Death 113 Abderhaman calls himself King of Murcia 132 Abderhaman inthron'd by the Abenhumeyas 133 Abides his Birth Education and Reign 9 Accommodation betwixt Castile and Leon. 151 Accord betwixt Castile Portugal and Aragon and Portugal 254 Betwixt Castile and Aragon 346 Betwixt France and Spain 480 Betwixt the two Kings Ferdinand and Philip 514 Betwixt the Emperor and King Ferdinand 536 Actions on the Frontiers of Castile and Portugal 433 In Navarre 554 Acts of the Cortes of Castile 305 At Madrid 254 Act of Justice 173 Adrian the Emperor reigns 21 years 56 Aelius reigns 22 years 56 Aemilianus reigns 4 months 58 Affairs of the Infidels 106 and 107 Of Aragon 202 Of Navarre 240 Of Aragon and Sardinia 288 Of Aragon unsuccessful at Naples 345 Of Naples 371 Of Portugal 375 Of Britany in France 460 Of Naples settled 527 Afranius 45 Agila reigns is kill'd having reign'd 5 years and 3 months 76 Agreement betwixt King John of Castile and his Rebels 365 Betwixt the Duke of Milan and French King 470 Betwixt King Ferdinand and the King of England 541 Alans and Vandals call'd in by Stilico 67 Alans who they were 67 They come into Spain 68 Their Progress 69 They and the Silingi subdu'd by the Goths 69 Alaricus proclaim'd King 74 Albarazin taken by the King of Aragon 226 Alcala de Henares made an University 234 Alcazar in Africk taken by the Portugueses 385 Alexander Severus reigns 13 years 57 Alexandet the 5th chosen Pope 328 Dies 330 Alexander the 6th Pope 332 Algezira besieg'd 263 Siege continu'd 264 Surrender'd 264 Alhaca the Moor dies Abderhaman the 2d succeeds him 111 Alhama taken by the Christians 440 In vain besieg'd by the Moors 441 Aljubarrota famous Battel Pag. 303 Alliance betwixt Portugal and Aragon 289 All Spain in Peace except Castile 418 Almenon the Moorish King of Toledo and Ramon Earl of Barcelona die 148 Almeria taken 171 Almohades a Family of Moors invade Spain 172 Almoravides the Moorish ruling Family come into Spain 153 Alonso the first King of Oviedo takes many Towns 106 His Death 106 Alonso the 2d King of Oviedo 108 Is expell'd by Mauregatus 108 Is restor'd His Sister debauch'd by a Count. 109 Alonso the 3d call'd the Great 114 Expell'd and recovers his Kingdome 114 His publick words His Son rebels He resigns the Crown His Death 116 Alonso the 4th calls himself King of Leon. 121 Becomes a Monk and leaves the Crown to his Brother Ramiro 122 Alonso the 5th King of Leon under the Tuition of the Earl of Galicia and his Wife 131 His Actions Is kill'd at the Siege of Viseo 134 Alonso the 6th King of Leon flies to the Moors 144 Returns from among the Moors and resumes the Crown Imprisons his Brother Garcia Takes an Oath for the Crown of Castile Aids the Moorish King of Toledo 146 Stiles himself Emperour 151 His Wife and Issue 153 His Forces overthrown by the Moors and a second time Marries his 3 Daughters to Strangers 154 His Works of Piety 158 His Death 159 Alonso the 7th proclaim'd King of Castile 162 Aspires to the Crowns of Aragon and Navarre 167 Invades them Stiles himself Emperour 168 He and his Daughter both married 173 Breaks into Andaluzia and dies 175 Alonso the 8th the young King of Castile secur'd by some Nobles 177 Receiv'd as King by his People 178 Toledo declares for him 178 Is overthrown by the Rebels 178 Assembles the Cortes or Parliament 179 Meets the King of Aragon 179 Concludes a League with him 179 Marries Ellenor the Daughter of King Henry the 2d of England 179 Invades Leon. 181 Overthrown by the Infidels 185 His two Daughters marry'd to the Kings of France and Leon. 187 His Death 195 Alonso the 9th Is divorced 186 Overthrows the Moors and takes Merida and Badajoz Fol. 205. p. 2 His Death Ibid Alonso the 10th 212 Chosen Emperour by part of the Electors and Richard Duke of Cornwal by the rest Fol. 212 p. 2 His Qualities 213 Aspires to the Empire 216 His Progress Meets the Pope in France Returns home Fol. 216 p. 2 Curses and disinherits his Son Sancho 222 Dies 225 Alonso the 11th his Birth 245 Is proclaim'd King being under 13 Months old Is kept by the Citizens of Avila 246 Enters upon the Government 251 Dies 268 Alonso the 1st King of Aragon 159 Is belov'd of all Men. 160 Is kill'd by the Moors 167 Leaves his Dominions to the Templers and other Knights 167 Alonso the 2d King of Aragon 178
and given to their Order 175 Caligula succeeds Tiberius and reigns 3 Years 10 Months and 8 Days 52 Calixtus Chosen Pope 383 Calpurnius Pilo 32 Canary Islands 266 Conquer'd 339 Cantabri who they were 49 They are routed 49 Cape of Good Hope discover'd 380 Caracalla reigns 6 Years and 2 Months 57 Carcastonne lost and recover'd by the Earl of Barcelona 162 Cardinals fall off from the Pope 540 Carmona Besieg'd and other Towns taken Fol. 210 p. 2 Carmona surrendred to the Christians 211 Besieg'd by the Usurper 289 Carthaginians their Undertakings 10 Their first coming into Spain 12 They make War on the Phoenicians 13 Discover a new Island 16 Routed Forced from the Siege of Iliturgum Their Army again Defeated 24 Attack the Roman Camp and are repuls'd 26 Carthusian and Cestercian Monks 163 Castile its Earls Executed 820 Invaded by the Infidels 123 It s Earl reconciled to the King of Leon. 124 It s Earl imprison'd in Leon escapes by the Contrivance of his Wife 125 In League with Aragon against Navarre 170 Again 173 Commences War with the Moors 185 Reconcil'd to Portugal 238 In League with Aragon against the Moors 243 At War with the Moors 253 In League with Aragon 267 In League with Navarre 281 In League with England 281 Divided 283 At variance with Navarre 294 Makes Peace with Aragon 362 Still at variance 373 Divided betwixt the Rightful Princess and Elizabeth the Usurper 422 Castilian Fleet ravages the Coast of Britany 296 Ravages the Coasts of Portugal 301 Castilians vanquish the Moors 124 Gain another Victory 124 And Aragonians make War upon the Moors Fol. 206 p. 2 Overthrow the Portugueses at Sea 259 Overthrow the Aragonians and Navarrois 258 Defeated 302 Catalonia reduced 416 Catalonians their Actions in Asia and Greece They overthrow the Turks Their General put to Death They defeat the Greeks 249 Cathedral of Burgos built by an English Man 201 Catherine Queen of Castile dies 739 Cato the first Consul in Spain 30 Kills 40000 Spaniards Returns to Rome and Triumphs 31 Cause of the Wars betwixt Castile and Aragon Cefalonia taken by the Turks 485 Caelestin the 5th Pope Abdicates 235 Celts People of France come into Spain 10 Ceuta taken 243 Taken by the Portugueses 337 Challenge betwixt the Kings of France and Aragon 223 Charlemain in Spain 110 Charles Brother to the King of France Crowned King of Sicily and Naples 215 Dies Ibid. Charles Prince of Salerno made King of Apulia and Sicily 228 Charles the V. of France Dies 250 Charles VI. succeeds 296 Charles Inherits the Crown of Navarre 304 Dies 347 Charles II. King of Navarre 367 Charles Duke of Durazzo Crowned King of Naples 297 Charles Prince of Viana Dies 403 Charles King of Naples Dies 226 Charles VII King of France Dies 481 Charles V. Emperor his Birth 484 Chindasuinthus Usurps with the assistance of the Army 89 Chintila Ascends the Throne by Election 88 Christ our Lord Born 752 Years after the Building of Rome and in the 42th Year of the Reign of Augustus 51 Christian Princes united defeat the Infidels 130 Christian Dominions in Spain united under one Head 135 Christian Army advances against the Infidels 189 Christian Nobles perswade the Infidels to Revolt F. 215. p. 2 Christian Kings of Spain at variance 258 Christian Fleet destroyed by the Moors 261 Christians overthrown 99 Defeated 117 Suffer under the Moors 128 Spoil the Territories of the Moors 133 Join with Infidels to raise the Siege of Huesca 156 Succesful F. 209. p. 2 Defeated 447 Christopher Columbus Dies 517 Cimbri enter Spain Return with the Germans and are again Repulsed 41 Civil Wars betwixt Caesar and Pompey 45 Of Rome 48 In Aragon 200 In Navarre 403 Claudius Centho 32 Claudius Caesar Reigns almost 14 Years 52 Clement V. chosen Pope 242 Clement Pope owned in Castile 297 Clement the Pope Dies 316 Coimbra taken from the Moors 137 Combat betwixt 13 French and as many Italians 494 Commotions among the Spaniards 23 In Castile 201 In Catalonia 220 Competitors for the Kingdom of Naples 342 Conditions of Peace betwixt the Kings of Leon and Navarre 135 Confederacy against Castile 236 282 Against the Aragonians 362 Conference of the Kings of France and Castile 404 Of the French and Spanish Generals 491 Confusion of Tongues 1 Confusions in Africk 267 In Aragon 333 In Castile 408 In Biscay 413 Upon the Death of King Philip. 522 Conquest of Majorca resolved upon by the King of Aragon 204 Conspiracy detected and punished 115 Against the French in Sicily 222 Against D. Alvaro de Luna Of the Nobles 347 To Destroy D. Alvaro de Luna 365 Against K. Henry IV. of Castile 383 In Castile discovered 532 Conspirators apprehended others fly 374 Constance the King of Aragon's Daughter Married to the King of Sicily 279 Dies 282 Constans Murdered 62 Constantine the Great Reigns 32 Years 9 Months and 27 Days 60 His Death 61 Constantine Constantius and Constans Reign 62 Constantine Murdered 62 Constantius Reigns 1 Year and 10 Months 59 Constantius sole Monarch 62 His Death 62 Constantinople taken by the Turks 379 Contests about the Imperial Crown F. 212. p. 2 Controversies betwixt Castile and Portugal about their Discoveries 462 Conversion of Two Moorish Princes 140 Cordova taken by the Christians and Revolts 171 Part of it taken by a handful of Men. F. 206. p. 2 Described Besieged Surrendred 207 Cortes of Castile raise Money 237 Cortes of Castile Summoned by the King and his Son follow the latter 222 Settle the Government of Castile 247 Held at Alcalâ 267 Settle the Government of Castile 309 Meet at Madrid 313 Held in Castile 323 Grant Supplies for War with the Moors 327 Held at Burgos by K. Ferdmand Cortes meet in the Kingdom of Aragon 224 Held at Moncon 538 Held by the Queen Council of Constantinople General 64 Of Nice General 61 Of Toledo the first 66 Of Chalcedon General 67 Of Tarragona 75 Of Toledo the Second 75 Of Constantinople the 5th General 77 Of Braga the First 77 Of Braga the Second 78 Of Toledo the Third 84 Of Toledo the Fourth 86 Of Sevil. 87 Of Toledo the Fifth 88 89 Of Toledo the Sixth 89 Of Toledo the Seventh 89 Of Toledo the 8th 9th and 10th 90 Of Toledo the 11th 94 Of Toledo the 12 13th and 14th 15th 16th 17th and last 95 Of Constantinople VI. of the General 95 Of Florence General 141 Of Valencia 116 Of Rheimes General 172 Lateran General 197 Of Lions General 210 Of Vienne in Dauphinê General 244 Of Constance General 336 Of Basil General 358 Of Mantua General 401 Of Pamplona 136 Of Compostella Jaca and S. John de la Pena 142 Of Burgos 147 Of Tarragona 183 350 Of Toledo 240 Of Valladolid 251 Of Barcelona 261 Of Coyenca 140 Of Leon. 152 Of Aranda 419 Countess of Medellin a Turbulent Woman 434 Country of the Moors wasted Cruel Action of the Earles of Carrion They are overcome in Combat 157 Cruel Murder 135
Cruzadoe's first Coined in Portugal 380 Cuenca its Conquest resolved upon It s Description The Siege taken 181 Cuidad Real Built F. 214. p. 2 Cuidad Rodrigo Built 179 Customs of the Spaniards 5 D. Davalo's Family Pag. 349 Deacon zealous against Hereticks 192 Death of the Kings of Portugal and France 202 Of the Queen and Prince of Aragon 213 Of Four Popes 218 Of 3 Kings 304 Of the Princes of Castile Peter and John 250 Of the Queen of Castile 298 Decay of the Moorish Kingdom 130 Of the Power of the Kings of Navatre 377 Decius Reigns 2 Years 58 Defeat of the Moors 444 203 Of the Christians 209 Of the Portugueses 426 Of the French 504 505 Of the Infidels at Sea 263 Of the Spaniards in Africk 450 Of the Confederates 511 Denis succeeds to the Crown of Portugal 220 Marries Q. Elizabeth 222 His Issue 230 As Arbitrator Reconciles Castile and Aragon 242 Dies 252 Dep orable State of Spain 101 Description of Spain 1 Of India 476 Of the Kingdom of Naples 488 Of Granada 456 Of Africk 256 Of the City Albis 191 Of Majorca 205 Of Spain vid. Spain Differences betwixt Castile and Aragon Composed 357 213 Betwixt the Knights of Alcantara and their Master 413 About the Government of Castile 510 Digitius 31 Dioclelian and Maximilian Reign 20 Years 59 Disagreement betwixt French and Spaniards 488 About the Division of Naples 491 Discontents among the Nobility of Castile 314 Discord betwixt the King of Leon and Earl of Castile 128 In Aragon and Catalonia F. 209 p. Among the Aragonians F. 211 p. 2 Among the Moors 243 Continues in Castile 310 Discoveries by Henry Infante of Portugal 341 Of the Portugueses 451 And Conquests in the West-Indies 461 Disorders caus'd by Hereticks in the City Leon 192 In Sicily and Sardinia 431 In Aragon F. 216 p. 2. Dispute concerning the Crown of Aragon 329 Dissention among the Moors 132 Among the Knights of Calatrava 266 Division of Spain 56 Divisions among the Infidels 113 Among the Moors 127 Among the Moors and Christians 170 Among the Moors F. 206 p. 2 Among the Infidels 448 In Portugal about the Succession of the Crown 299 Domitian Reigns 15 Years and 5 Months Is Murdered 55 Domitius Aurclianus Reigns 4 Years 11 Months and 7 Days 59 Domitius Calvinus Triumphs over the Ceretani 48 Drawn Battle 69 Dukes and Counts their Original 85 Duke of Anjou in Naples 364 Of Gandia Murdered 473 Of Milan Expelled his Dukedom 482 E. Earl of Tonlouze Routed by him of Poitiers 162 Earl of Gijon declared Traitor 317 Earl of Faux Invades Aragon 317 Earl of Urger's pretensions to the Crown of Aragon 333 Surrenders himself Dies 363 Earl of Luna his end 358 Earl of Benavente escapes and raises new Troubles 374 Earthquakes and Famine 261 Earthquakes 17 Earthquakes and Floods 179 201 Earthquake at Lisbon 265 Ecclesiastical Affairs under the Popes Lucius Stephen and Sixtus 315 Eclipse of the Sun 122 Eclipse of the Sun and Floods Edward King of Portugal 240 Dies 305 Egica anointed King 95 His Death 96 Elizabeth Princess of Castile married to Alonso Prince of Portugal 454 Elizabeth Sister to the King of Castile her Traiterous Practices 419 Her counterfeit Reconciliation to the King her Brother She openly Aspires to the Crown 42 Her Character 458 Her Death 510 Ellenor Queen of Castile her Death and of others 195 Ellenor Queen of Navarre Returns to her Husband Emanuel King of Portugal settles the Government 417 Ambassador from Ethiopia arrives in Portugal 558 Embassy to Alexander the Great 17 To the King of Castile from the Soldan of Egypt F. 213 p. 2 From Tartary 216 Betwixt Tamerlan and the King of Castile 321 To the King of Aragon for Aid against the Turks 377 To King Ferdinand at Naples 524 Sent to the Pope with Presents by the King of Portugal Emperor of Morocco called into Spain 217 Emperor disgusted with King Ferdinand 529 Proceeds against Milan 530 Cannot be separated from France 541 Besieges Leghorne in vain 472 Joins in League with the Archduke and King of France 509 He and King Philip of Castile Ratifie the Peace with France 511 Empress of Constantinople in Spain F. 215 p. 2 Empurias built by a Colony sent from Marseilles 17 Endeavours for an Accommodation betwixt France and Aragon 234 To Pacifie Navarre England enters into a League against France 317 472 English and French in the Holy-Land Expedition 216 English pass the Pyreneans in Defence of King Peter 285 Join with Portugal against Castile 297 Enmity betwixt King Alonso of Castile and his Son Sancho increases 224 Era Caesaris 48 Abolished 277 Ermenegildus Son to King Leuvigildus converted Messages betwixt his Father and him 79 Beginning of the War betwixt them 79 His Death 80 Ervigius usurps the Crown Governs well 94 Estates of the Princes of Aragon Confiscated 353 Eugenius a Schoolmaster stiles himself Emperor 66 Eugenius IV. Pope 354 Expelied Rome by the People 359 Eugenius the V. Pope deposed by the Council of Basil 366 Evil practices of a Legate 417 Euricus King after Theodorick 73 Expedition against Sardinia 271 Of King Peter by Sea 277 F. Fabius Buteo 32 Fabius Maximus overthrows Viriatus 36 Fabius Servilius the Consul streightens Viriatus 37 Fabulous Kings of Spain 6 Fabulous Story applied to several Persons 165 Factions among the Moors 171 Of the two Houses of Castro and Lara 177 In Castile 347 In Navarre 428 Continue in Navarre 434 Fames Calagurritana whence the Proverb 44 Famine and Earthquakes 14 Famine and Plague 23 68 186 Famine looked upon as a Judgment for the Imprisonment of a Bishop 130 Famine among the Moors 132 Famous Men in Spain 369. Famous War with the Moors of Granada 440 Fatal overthrow of the Portugueses in Africk 363 Javila succeeds Pelayus is killed by a Bear 105 Favourers of the Albigenses 193 Felix V. chosen Pope 210 Ferdinand the first King of Leon. The most Powerful King of Spain overthrows the Moors and takes several Towns 138 His Progress 139 His Death Leaves by Will to each of his three Sons a Kingdom and Towns to his Daughters 143 Ferdinand the II. King of Leon. Enters Castile 177 Ferdinand III. of Castile 199 Marries Beatrix Daughter to the Emperor Philip. 201 His Issue 201 He makes War upon the Moors 202 Hastes to secure the Conquest of Cordova F. 206. p. 2 His 2d Marriage F. 208 p. 2 Prepares to Besiege Sevil. 210 Takes many Places His Death His good Ordinances 212 Ferdinand IV of Castile Born 226 Comes to the Crown 235 His Marriage His Death 245 Ferdinand King of Aragon his Birth 297 His wonderful Modesty in refusing the Crown of Castile 324 His Government of that Kingdom 325 Marches against the Infidels 329 Is declared King of Aragon by the Judges 333 Proclaimed at Zaragoca Settles the Affairs of Aragon His Actions 334 He and Pope Benedict meet He Besieges the Earl of Urgel in Balaguer 335 Is Crowned at at Zaragoca
Confers with Pope Benedict 336 Dies 338 Ferdinand King of Portugal 285 Marries the Lady Ellenor de Meneses 290 Dies 299 Ferdinand King of Sicily marries Elizabeth Sister to the King of Castile 414 Received as King of Castile and IV. of the Name 422 Labours to gain the Nobility of Castile 424 Goes into Aragon 435 His Son Sworn Heir of Castile Aragon and Catalonia 436 Takes Mallaga and other Places 450 Builds a Town to lie in during the Siege of Granada 457 His Character 458 Called Catholick King by the Pope 471 Two of his Daughters matched 480 Perplexity he is in 482 His double dealing 486 Becomes Odious to the People 511 Agrees with the French King 512 Little Faith in him 515 Marries Queen Germana 516 Forces raised by him 517 Many forsake him Is forced to quit Castile 518 He and his Queen at Zaragoca 520 In Italy 522 Comes to Naples 522 Returns to Castile 529 Desires Peace with Venice 437 Assists the Pope 540 Dies 562 Ferdinand King of Naples Dies 465 Ferdinand King of Naples succesful against the French 469 Dies 472 Ferdinand Prince of Castile Dies 218 188 Ferdinand Infante of Portugal left a Hostage with the Moors 363 Fernan Gonzalez Earl of Castile 121 His Death 126 Fidelity of a Servant 349 Fifty thousand Infidels Slain 107 Fight in which 70000 Infidels were Slain 109 Betwixt the Portugues and Castilian Armies 426 Fire rises out of the Sea and does great harm 125 First Roman and Carthaginian War 17 Flaminius 31 Flavius Claudius Reigns one Year 10 Months and 15 Days 59 Flemmings and Spaniards disagree 517 Floods 17 Florence Siena and Luca join with the Confederates 550 Florentine War 373 Florianus Reigns 3 Months 59 Fonteyus Balbus 32 Forces of Castile Routed by the Aragonians And a Second time 161 Form of Government in Castile during the Kings Minority 308 Form of the Rebels Association 252 Forreigners come to serve Count Henry 283 Forreigners did King Alonso the First of Portugal 172 Four Kings in Spain meet to conclude Peace 188 Fraga besieged and quitted 166 Again Besieged 167 France and Navarre join with Castile 303 France and Aragon make Peace 235 Franciscan Friars Preach to the Moors of Granada 319 Francis Phebus Crowned King of Navarre 437 Francs Invade Spain 76 Defeated by the Goths 83 Overthrown in Italy 81 Frederick King of Sicily beaten at Sea 239 Dies 259 Frederick II. King of Sicily Dies 293 Frederick King of Naples puts himself into the Hands of the French 488 Dies 510 French Army enters Catalonia Invade Aragon 37 Expelled Aragon 320 Support Henry the Bastard 286 And Spaniards besiege Bayonne 292 Invade Navarre 294 And Portugues Forces Invade Castile 425 And Aragonians at variance 421 Invade Naples 465 Possess themselves of the D. of Milan 484 Perish by Pestilence and stress of Weather 489 In Rousillon 502 Advance towards the Confederates 547 Decline in Italy 550 And Spaniards Conquer Naples 486 French Army enters Catalonia 226 French Army marches through Italy 503 French King at Rome 466 Returns Home 468 In Italy 528 Fresh Troubles in Castile quieted 315 Friar stirs up the People of Navarre to Rebellion 403 Friars Preachers and others oppose Hereticks 192 Froyla or Fruela succeeds King Alonso I. 106 Is murdered 107 Fruela II King of Leon. 107 Fulvius Nobilior 31 Fulvius Flaccus 32 Fulvius Nobilior comes into Spain 33 Is repulsed at Axena 34 Furius Philo. 32 Furius Philo the Consul governs Hispania Citerior 39 Further Actions of the Christians 190 G. Gaeta Besieged 501 Surrendred to the Great Captain 505 Galba the Pretor's barbarous Treachery 35 Galba governs Spain Is Proclaimed Emperor Reigns 7 Months and is slain 53 Galicians destroyed 47 Galienus Reigns 15 Years 58 Gallerius raised to the Empire 59 Garcia Earl of Castile 134 Garcia King of Navarre Imprisoned by his Brother Ferdinand Makes his escape Is overthrown and killed by King Ferdinand of Leon. 140 His Issue 141 Garcia the II. King of Navarre 167 Killed by a fall from his Horse 173 Garcia King of Galicia bleeds to death in Prison 140 Garcia de Toledo sent with Forces into Africk 539 Garci Fernandez Earl of Castile his Son Rebels against him Is killed by the Moors 131 Garci Lopez de Padilla Master of Calatrava deposed 240 Garci Sanchez King of Pamplona and Najara 122 Garci Sanches Earl of Castile 128 Garci Sanches King of Navarre 129 Gargoris or Mellicola Reigns 9 Gaston Heir of Navarre Born 343 Genealogy of the Kings of Spain 85 General Peace in Spain 249 Generosity of the Duke of Milan 361 Geneoses join the Catalonians 162 Rebell and join with Pope Eugenius and the Duke of Anjou 362 Gensericus succeeds Gundericus Passes over into Africk 70 Gesaleycus advanced to the Throne His Death 74 Gerion the First known King 6 Girona besieged by the French and taken 227 Gibraltar taken 243 Besieged 267 Gneius Fulvius 32 Gnosticks their Heresie 56 Goa in India taken by the Portugueses 537 Godigisius King of the Vandals makes Peace with the Romans 69 Goths who they were 67 68 Their Religion 68 Two great overthrows given them by the Franks They overthrow the Franks and kill 20000 of them 82 Their Conversion 82 Thrice defeated 95 Government of Castile divided betwixt the Queen Mother and Prince Ferdinand 325 Of Toledo altered And of Pamplona 343 Settled for the present 522 Gracian and Valentinian Emperors 64 Gracian the Emperor murdered when he had Reigned 7 Years 9 Months and 9 Days 65 Granada City surrendred to King Ferdinand 458 Grants made by King Henry of Castile Vacated by the Cortes 436 Great Captains Actions at Naples 490 Subdues almost all Naples 498 His Reception at Naples 499 Contrary to his Faith Given sends Duke Valentine into Spain 507 Is ill Represented to the King 508 Jealousies raised against him 520 Forbid to Pass into Italy 550 Ordered to be Apprehended 561 Dies 562 Great Preparations for the Holy War 156 Victory obtained by the Christians 117 189 Fleet of Saracens destroyed by the Goths 94 Overthrow of the Moors 113 123 Slaughter of Infidels 115 Earthquakes 115 296 355 Overthrow of the Infidels 125 Faith 192 Plague 76 Famine and Plague 194 Floods 296 321 360 Famine and Earthquakes 507 Booty taken by the Spaniards 494 Year of Jubilee 484 Disorders throughout Castile 426 Eclipse and Floods 187 Gregory XI Pope returns to Rome after the Papal Chair had been 70 Years at Avignon 293 Gregory XII chosen Pope at Rome 323 Gregory the Great Pope 84 Several Letters from him 85 His Books sent for to Rome Grounds of the War in Navarre 548 Of new Troubles in Castile 387 Gundemarus his Reign His Death 86 Gundericus King of the Vandals aspires to the Sovereignty of all Spain 70 H. Hali sent to assist the King of Sevil overthrows and kills him 153 Hali the Moor ravages the Country and lais Siege to Toledo 160 Hamilcar sent to Conquer Spain 17 Hannibal the Elder sent to govern Spain
Aragon 219 Peter the 4 th King of Aragon 266 Dies Peter Prince of Portugal Marries the Lady Agnes de Castro and She is murder'd 273 Is Proclaim'd King 276 Executes the Murderers of the Lady Agnes de Castro 279 Declares his Children by her Legitimate 280 Dies 285 Peter Insante of Portugal a great Traveller 349 His Death 408 Petreius 45 Phanatick Moor. 467 Phoenicians build Towns and settle in Spain 10 Are driven into the Island of Cadiz 12 Crave Aid of the Carthaginians 13 Philip the Emperor Reigns above 5 Years 58 Philip the Fair King of France dies 226 Philip the 1 st King of Spain in England 515 Lands in Spain Declares against the Treaty with King Ferdinand 516 Dies 521 Piso succeeds Furius and isworsted 39 Pious Gifts of the King of Castile 306 Pius the 3 d elected Pope 502 Places that send Representatives to the Cortes or Parliament 267 Plague and Famine in Portugal 186 Plague at Madrid 314 In Spain and France with great Floods In Spain 320 In Portugal 365 Plain of Granada wasted 455 Plaucius twice defeated by Viriatus 36 Plot to rescue King John of Castile 370 Pompey the Great in Spain 37 Treats with the People of Numantia frauaulently 38 Comes again into Spain 42 His Sons in Spain 46 Pompey Cn. His Death 47 Pompey Sext renews the War in Spain Defeats Pollio 48 Pope Invades the Land of the Ursini 473 Returns to Rome 290 Seizes the Lands of the Duke of Ferrara 538 Press'd to call a General Council 541 In vain labours for an Accommodation with France 543 Popes Legate his unjust Proceedings 152 Pope's Legate in Aragon 205 Pope's Legate a fronted by the Rebels 409 Popilius the Pretor sent into Spain 36 Popilius the Censaâ— defeated by the Numantians 38 Portugal Original of that Kingdome 134 164 Descrivd 164 Under on Inâ—crdict 169 213 Made Independant of Castile Fol. 216 p. 2 Portugueses overthrow the Castilians 165 That favour'd the King of Castile 300 Sustain loss at Azamor but relieve Arzila 631 4000 of them stain in Africk 560 Posthumius Alomus 32 Posture of Affairs in Spain 137 Potter's Son set up King of the Moors 173 Practices against the Earl of Castile 125 Of the Spaniards 501 Of the Emperour 525 Preaching among the Tartars 216 Prefect of Rome submits to Spain 506 Preparations for War 260 For War with the Moors 441 For the Lateran Council 548 Of the Turks against Italy 557 For War in Aragon 349 Presumption of a Legate 280 Pretenders to the Crown of Aragon 329 Prince Henry in open Rebellion Imprison'd 342 Prince of Viana flies to Naples 384 Prince of Salerno expell'd Naples 480 Prince of Segorve come into Castile 418 Princes of Aragon join with the Rebels of Castile 365 Priscilian's Heresie He and his Adherents Condemn'd to Death His Errours 65 Proceedings of the Catholikes against the Albigenses 193 Of the Rebels in Catalonia 406 Prodigies 21 22 341 388 411 Progress of the Rebellion in Castile 272 366 Of the Christians against the Moors 262 Of the War in Naples 368 Of the Aragonians at Naples 360 Of the Affairs of Italy 470 Of Portugues Discoveries 474 Of the Siege of Saulses 502 Proposals concerning the Kingdom of Naples 473 Proscription 48 Prosperous Expedition 202 Publius Manlius 32 Punishment of Mutineers 531 Q. Queen of Portugal delivered of a Son Dies 482 Queen of France Dies 556 Queen of Navavre accused of Adultery by her own Sons is defended by a Bastard 136. Queen Mother of Castile joyns the Rebels 273 Queens of Castile and Portugal Dies 370 Quintilianus Reigns 17 Days 59 Quintius Crispinus 32 Quintius defeats and is again worsted by Viriatus 37 Quintus Caecilius overthrown by the Vacei 45 Quintus Fontlius 32 Race of Earles of Barcelona extinct 330 Raymund or Ramon Earl of Barcelona 131 Dies 137 Raymund Earl of Barcelona Son in Law to King Ramiro II. upon his resignation Governs that Kingdom 169 Makes War in France 170 Successful against the French and Moors His Death 177 Raymund III. Earl of Barcelona murdered and his Son Raymund succeeds him 149 Raymund or Ramon IV. Earl of Barcelona Raymund Earl of Toulouze a Heretick reduced 204 Ramundus Lullus 240 Ramiro I. King of Leon. 111 His Death 112 Ramiro II. King of Leon his Religious Works He resigns the Crown and Dies 123 Ramiro III. King of Leon under the Tuition of his Mother and Aunt 126 Ramiro King of Aragon Wars on his Brother of Navarre 139 Recovers his Dominions 141 Ramiro II. King of Aragon 167 Puts to Death 15 Noblemen 168 Resigns the Government 169 Ratification of the Peace betwixt Castile and Portugal 438 Ravenna surrendred to the French Rebellion in Gallia Gothica 91 Among the Moors 115 In Auiturias 122 Against the King of Leon. 127 Suppressed 298 111 Of Castro and Albuquerque in Castile 259 In Navarre 205 445 In Old Castile 315 In Catalonia 402 In Naples 447 In Castile 224 236 In Biscay 368 Of the Bastards of Castile Rebellious Moors defeated 412 Rebels every wheee worsted by Wamba 92 Of Castile hardened 259 Suppressed in Castile 258 Of Castile associate are Punished 252 Punished 277 Defeat the Royalists 278 Of Castile join with the King of Aragon 405 Disband 408 In Catalonia choose the Duke of Anjou for their King 408 Excommunicated 410 Reduced 412 Recaredus King of Spain makes War in France 81 His Reign and Troubles on account of his Conversion 82 Reslores the Church Possessions Overtbrows the Francs Hereticks Conspire against him He Punishes the Conspirators His General Claudius overthrows the Francs 83 He Marries Clodosinda Sister to Childebert King of Lorrain His Death 85 Recaredus II. Reigns but 3 Months 87 Recaredus and Alonso the First Kings of Spain had the Title of Catholick 105 Reception of a Legate in Castile 417 Recesuinthus advanced to the Crown by his Father His Actions and Death 90 Rendevouz of the French at Aste 555 Revolutions at Genoa 554 Rhodians their coming into Spain 10 Rightful Princes of Castile Prisoners 227 Released 231 Robert King of Naples Dies 264 Roderick King of Spain ravishes Count Julian's Daughter 97 Roderick Diaz de Bivar called Cid who he was Many Fables concerning him 141 His Opinion touching the subjection of Spain to the Empire The whole Relation suspected to be Fabulous His Original 142 Ravages the Dominions of the Moors Is Banished 147 His further Actions 148 Takes Valencia Marries his Daughters to the Earls of Carrion 157 His Death 158 Roderick Archbishop of Toledo invades the Moors 206 Rodulphus of Ausburg chosen Emperor 216 Roger Lauria the great Aamiral Dies 242. Roman Army mutinies 46 Roman Missaâ— ana Broviary introduced 152 Romans declare War the 2d time against Carthage 21 Successful in Spain 22 Overthrown 25 Defeated 85 Quite expelled Spain 88 Romantick Relation about Spain being exemptea from the Roman Empire 141 Rome taken by Alarick King of the Goths in the Year 410. 67 Ronda taken 446 Rousillon and Cerdagne Restored
22 Years 51 His Death 52 Titinius Curvus 32 Titus Reigns 2 Years 2 Months and 20 Days Is call'd Decus Deliciae Generis humani 54 Toledo and other Towns whence so call'd 12 Toledo a new Wall about it 94 Taken 99 It s Conquest resolv'd upon The Country about it wasted 149 Closely besieg'd The manner of inclosing it It s Surrender 150 An Archbishop Chosen 151 It s Cathedral taken forcibly from the Moors contrary to Articles 152 How its Archbishops came to be Primates of Spain 152 174 Torismund succeeds Theodoredus 71 Is murder'd 72 Toro taken by King Peter 273 Surpriz'd by the Castilians 429 Tortosa Lerida and Fraga taken 171 Towns taken by the Christians 203 In Andaluzia taken 213 Recover'd by the Christians 214 Taken on both sides 276 Taken by the Moors 373 Trajan Reigns 19 Years and a half Persecution under him His Death 55 Treachery rewarded 289 Traytors punish'd in Portugal 437 Treaty betwixt the Emperour and King Ferdinand 527 Betwixt the King of Castile and his Rebels 272 Trebonianus Gallus Reigns 18 Months 58 Trojans come into Spain 9 Troubles in Castile and Aragon upon the occasion of two Children Henry and Jayme or James to those Crowns 195 Of Castile break into open War 198 In Aragon 170 265 214 In Navarre 219 In Portugal 395 Among the Moors 310 In Naples 343 In Castile and in the Church 363 Increase in Castile 407 In Aragon Sardinia and Navarre 414 In Galicia 443 In Aragon stop the Progress of the War in Granada 452 Truce for 3 Years 115 Betwixt Aragon and Navarre 171 With the Moors 186 With Portugal 305 With the Moors of Granada 306 With Portugal for 15 Years 311 With Portugal Renew'd 319 Betwixt Castile and Portugal 343 For 5 Years 354 For 3 Years betwixt France and Spain 506 Betwixt France and Spain 553 Betwixt Spain and France prolong'd 557 True Heirs of Castile Imprison'd 220 Truxillo recover'd by a strange contrivance 353 Tryal by Ordeal 75 Tubal the first that Peopl'd Spain 1 Tulga made King 89 Tumults in Aragon and Catalonia 448 In Aragon 322 Turbulent State of Christendom 332 Turks their Original and Growth 247 Pass over into Europe 318 Take Otranto in Italy 420 Two Engagements 34 Christian Ks. make War upon the Moors 164 Archbishops Murdered 180 Holy Men. 160 Synods 161 Uncles strive to Vsurp the Crown of Aragon 195 Ecclipses F. 208 p. 2 Moorish Kings at Granada destroy one another 444 Several Rebellions quelled 201 Extraordinary accidents 246 Factions in Navarre 377 Defeats of the Moors 377 V. Valencia where Seated Besieged and Relieved 157 Abandoned by the Christians 158 It s Siege resolved on It s Description Besieged F. 207 p. 2 Delivered up to the Christians 208 Valens Emperor of the East Persecutes the Catholicks 63 His Superstitious Practices 64 Valentine Duke slain 526 Valentinian the Emperor Reigns 11 Years 8 Months and 22 Days His Death 63 Valerianus Reigns 7 Years 58 Vandals who they were 67 They come into Spain 68 Various Accidents 278 Varro 45 Vasco de Gama Discovers India 474 At Calicut 476 Returns to Portugal 477 Account of his Navigation 478 Vascones subdued 85 Vast Multitude of Infidels comes into Spain 185 217 Army of Foreigners comes into Spain to the Assistance of the Christians 188 Venetians overthrown by the French 468 546 Set upon on all Sides 535 Their Army Routed 535 Overthrown by the Viceroy of Naples 558 Venice Cannonaded 556 Vespanan chosen Emperor Reigns 10 Years 54 Victory of the French and Spaniards at Sea over the English 291 Of the English at Poitiers 275 Of the Christians by Sea 326 Obtained by the Queen of Naples 346 Of the Moors over the Christians 280 Vmcenza taken by the Imperalists 538 Violante Queen of Castile proves with Child and prevents being divorced from the King F. 212 p. 2 Flies to Aragon with her Grandchildren 219 Violante Daughter to the King af Aragon Married to Luis Duke of Anjou 321 Violent Winter 368 Viriatus his Original and Life 35 His Actions 36 Defeats the Romans and makes Peoce with them His Death 37 Vitellius his Army routed and he slain 36 Vitellius the Emperor enters Rome Reigns 9 Months 54 Vitoria City Built 183 Uncertain Government of Castile 523 Unimanus vanquished and slain by Viriatus 3 Union of the Crowns of Castile and Leon. F. 205 p. 2 Universal Plague 15 266 University of Alcalâ founded 483 Ufracâ Queen of Castile a dissolute Woman 160 Her Death 165 W. Walia Ring of the Goths agrees with the Romans 69 Wamba his accession to the Crown 91 Marches against the Rebels Recovers very many Towns Takes Narbonne Reduces other Places Enters Nismes by assault 92 Returns to Spain His publick Works 93 Is deposed Reigned 8 Years 1 Month ana 14 Days 94 War in Sicily 16 Among the Moors 109 Betwixt the Kings of Castile and Leon. 138 Of Majorca and Zaragoca 162 Betwixt Navarre and Aragon 170 180 Betwixt Castile and Navarre 175 With the Moors 194 204 245 354 257 and 456 In Italy 215 382 and 544 Betwixt Castile and Aragon 231 275 In Sicily 238 In Navarre 284 Betwixt Castile and Portugal 291 309 Betwixt Castile Aragon and Navarre 351 At Naples betwixt the Aragonians and House of Anjou 401 Breaks out inseveral Parts of Castile With the Infidels put off for some time 442 Betwixt the French and Spaniards at Naples 492 Wicked contrivance of Sons against their Mother 136 Witericus the Murderer of Liuva Usurps the Crown Is killed and dragg'd about the Streets 86 Witiza made his Fathers Companion in the Throne His Reign He Murders Favila His Death 96 Wonderful Dearth 9 Providence 128 Defeat of of Hereticks 194 Judgment 245 Works of Peter Tenorio Archbishop of Toledo 320 X. Xeres Besieged by the Moors and the Siege raised 227 Z. Zahara surprized by the Moors 440 Zama governs Spain 104 Zamora made a Bishoprick and Compostela an Archbishoprick 164 Zanelus the Pope's Nuncio in Spain 117 Zaragoca Besieged in vain 116 Besieged by the Christians Taken 163 THE INDEX TO THE SUPPLEMENT A. ACeord betwixt Spain and France Pag. 5 Actions in Portugal 48 Adrian Cardinal 2 Chosen Pope 4 Agreement with Portugal 7 Alarache in vain attempted by the Moors 92 Taken 32 Albertus the Archduke governs the Netherlands 29 Alcaraz Castle Surprized 58 Alenzon Duke in the Low Countries 24 Heads the Rebels there 25 Returns into France 26 Alexander VII chosen Pope 72 Dies 93 Alonso King of Portugal imprisoned by his Brother 94 Sent to the Island Tercera 94 Alva Duke Governor of the Low-Countreys 20 Reduces Portugal 25 Amiens taken by the Spaniards 30 Ann Princess her Birth 31 Antony Perez his Sufferings 28 Antony the Bastard of Portugal vanquished 26 With the English Fleet in Portugal 28 Antwerp Plundered 24 Archbishop of Toledo Condemned 23 B. Badajoz Besieged by the Portugueses 78 Relieved 79 Baltazar Prince Born 38 Dies 46 Barbarossa Ravages the Coast of Italy 11 Battle of S. Quintin
16 Of Gravelling 17 Of Lepanto 21 Bell Rings of it self 89 Berga in Catalonia recovered 72 Brasil recovered 37 Breda taken 37 Bulls for Portugues Bishops refused by the Pope 68 C. Cadiz Plundered by Drake 29 Calais taken 17 Calvin and Beza 19 Caracena Marquess General against Portugal 90. Catalonia Rebels Portugal follows the Example 43 Catherine Queen of Portugal Dies 24 Cazal Besieged 37 Taken 63 Ceremony of Contracting the Spanish Princess to the King of France 90 Cessation of Arms betwixt France and Spain 80 Chaldeans their Conversion 38 Change of Religion in England 7 Charles I. in Spain 2 His Sister Married to Emanuel King of Portugal Is chosen Emperor Crowned 3 Returns into Spain 4 Marries the Sister of the King of Portugal 6 Crowned Emperor 7 Arms against the Turks 8 In France 9 Abdicates 16 Charles II. King of Spain Proclaimed 98 Charles Prince of Wales in Spain 36 Christian League against the Turk 21 Christiern King of Denmark expelled 4 Civil Wars in Swisserland 8 Clement Pope Dies 8 31 Clement IX chosen Pope 93 Collation of great Offices 95 Comet 22 24 Commotions in Portugal 42 Composition betwixt France and Spain 7 Concessions for Reducing Hereticks 13 Condê Prince in Catalonia 46 Conferences for Peace 80 Conspiracy against the French King 27 Conti Prince takes Ville-Franche 68 Conversion of Ethiopia 56 Cortes of Aragon 37 Of Castile 44 Of Aragon and Valencia 44 Cosmo Created Great Duks of Tuscany 21 Council of Trent 11 Openea 12 Breaks up 13 Sunnnoned again 14 Opened again 18 Court at Valladolid 30 D. Dauphin of France Marries the Queen of Scots 17 Death of 2 Kings and a Queen 13 Of 2 Popes 28 Of the Princess Governess of Flanders 39 Defeat of the French in Sardinia 41 Of the French at Valenciennes 73 Diet at Ausburg 7 At Worms 9 Discovery of Cathay and Tibet 36 Disputes about Religion in Germany 10 Betwixt Catholicks and Hereticks 12 About Religion in France 18 Diu Besieged by the Turks 9 Downfall of the Sultans of Egypt 2 Drake attempts Cadiz 27 Plunders the Coast of America 29 Dukes of Savoy and Mantua Die 41 Dunkirk gained 64 Taken by the French and English 76 Dutch and Turks Defeated 36 Dutch in Brazil 36 Routed 42 E. Earthquake 21 32 42 Ebora made an Archbishoprick 10 Edward King of England Dies 15 Elizabeth Queen of England 17 Excommunicated 20 Elizabeth Queen of Spain Dies 44 Emanucl King of Portugal Dies 4 Embassy into England 31 From a Black King 76 Emperor and King of England in League against France 11 Empress Dies 10 Empress in Spain 25 Enterprizes on the Frontiers of Portugal 83 English Fleet Invades Hispaniola 71 Escurial finished 28 Etna Mount 25 Exploits of Mallorquines 75 F. Ferdinand King of Spain Dies 1 Ferdinand chosen King of the Romans 7 Ferdinand Prince Archbishop of Toledo 34 Feria Duke in Alsace 39 Final betrayed 31 Floods 37 Francis King of France taken by the Imperalists 5 Released 6 French King in Italy 1 French King and Emperor meat 9 French King's Sister Married to the Prince of Navarre 22 French King takes Towns in Flanders 93 French and Turks take Nice 11 French in Biscay 4 Invade Savoy 9 In Lorrain 38 Overthrown 42 Join with the Rebels 43 In Italy 46 Decline in Catalonia 58 In Catalonia with the Rebels 65 Pass the Pyreneans 67 Join with the English 74 Obliged to quit the Siege of Alexandria 74 Begin the War in Flanders 93 Galeons destroyed 71 General defection of the Low-Countries 24 Great Eclipse 11 Great Flooas 16 43 and 76 Great Jubilee 30 Great Tax 31 Gregorian Account 25 Gregory Pope Dies 26 Gregory XV. Pope 35 Dies 36 Guize Duke Murdered by the Huguenots 18 Guize Duke put to death 27 Guize Duke set at Liberty 69 Gustavus Adolphus 38 Killed 39 H. Hard Winter 44 Henry King of Navarre 2 Henry the Cardinal King of Portugal 24 Dies 25 Henry III. King of France Murdered by Clement 28 Henry IV. King of France Murdered by Ravillac 32 Heresie of Martin Luther 2 Hereticks at the Council of Trent 14 Huguenot Rebels twice overthrown 20 James Prince of Spain Dies 26 Jesuits Confirmed by the Pope 10 Jesuits Murdered 20 Innocent X. Pope Dies 69 Innundations in Flanders 7 John III. King of Portugal Marries the Emperors-Sister 5 Dies 16 D. John of Austria at Tunez 22 Made Vicar of Italy 23 In the Low-Countries 24 D. John of Austria at Sea 46 At the Siege of Barcelona 53 Takes Solsona 72 Sent for Flanders 73 Takes S. Gillain 73 Commands against Portugal 87 83 Takes Aronches and other Places 83 Enters Portugal Takes Borba and Iurumenha 86 Takes Ebora and is Routed 95 Is Lord Lieutenant and Captain General of Aragon 94 Jubilee Year at Rome 37 57 Julius III. Elected Pope 14 Dies 15 K. King of France Dies 23 L. Landresi taken by the French 41 League against the Turks 9 Dissolved 22 Leganez Marquess in Savoy 41 Leganez Marqess destroys many Moors about Oran 15 Leo IX Pope Dies 4 Leo X. chosen Pope 5 Leo XI shosen Pope 31 Leopold the Archduke in Champagne 57 Lerida Recovered 44 Lerma Duke leaves the Government 33 Low-Countries Conspire against Spain 23 M. Malta Besieged by the Turks 19 Mamora taken 32 Marcellus chosen Pope and Dies 15 Margaret King Philip IV. Daughter Married to the Emperor 95 Marriages of Princes 32 Marriage of the Princess of Spain to the Fr. King 90 Martin Luther's Death 12 Martyrdoms in Japan 36 Mary Queen of Portugal Dies 2 Mary Queen of England Marries Philip Prince of Spain 15 Dies 17 Mary Queen of Scots imprisoned 19 Murdered 27 Mary Princess Born 31 Maximilian the Emperor Dies 3 Maximilian Governour of Spain 13 Medices expelled Florence 6 Restored 7 Monserrat Invaded by the Spaniards 47 Monstrous Birth 39 Montmidi Surrendred to the French 74 Moriscoes Rebell in Spain 20 Banished 32 Mortara Marquess attacks the French and is repulsed 76 Mortality 28 Murder Commited by a Woman 92 Mutiniers Punished 28 N. Naples Besieged 6 Navarre Pacified 1 Over-run by the French 3 Netherlands given to the Princess Elizabeth 22 New Governour in the Low-Countries 22 New Passage into the South Sea 33 F. Nitard sent from Court 94 O. Olivenca taken from the Portugues 44 Orange Prince Heads the Rebels in Holland 20 Wounded 25 Killed 26 Ormuz taken by the Persians 36 Ossuna Duke makes an Irruption into Portugal 77 His Actions there 84 Again in Portugal 95 Overthrow of the French 5 45 Of the Saxons 13 Overtures of Peace betwixt Spain and Portugale 91 P. Pantheon finished 67 Parma Prince successful against the Rebels in the Low-Countries 26 Paul III. Pope Dies 14 Paul IV. Pope 15 Paul V. Pope Dies 37 Peace betwixt France and Spain 17 Betwixt Spain and England 31 With Oliver Cromwell 70 Concluded 89 Concluded with Portugal 94 Penol in Africk taken 19 Perfidious Act of Portugueses 70 Pemambuco taken by the Dutch 38 Perpignan taken by the French 43
Jaca and S. Jokn de la Penna 1060. The Moors rise against Ferdinand and are suppressed 1065. Ferdinand Dies Death of Queen Sancha Ferdinand by Will leaves to each of his three Sons a Kingdom and Towns to his Daughters 1067. 1068. Perpignan Built The Kings alike in the manner of their Death King Sancho Wars upon his Brothers 1071. King Alonso flies to the Moors K. Sancho expels his Brother Garcia K. Sancho Besieges Zamora K. Sancho treacherously Murder'd before Zamora A single Combat upon the King's death K. Alonso returns from among the Moors and receives the Crown He imprisons his Brother Garcia Takes an Oath for the Crown of Castile 1073. 1074. K. Alonso aids the Moorish K. of Toledo 1076. A Synod at Burgos Roderick de Bivar ravages the Dominions of the Moors He is Banished 1076. Sancho K. of Navarre 1077. Almenon the Moorish King of Toledo and Ramon Earl of Barcelona dye Succession of the Moors Succession of the Earls of Barcelona Actions of the Normans in Italy Norman Earls and Kings The Conquest oâ— Toledo resolved upon Country about Toledo wasted 1079. Roderick Diaz deBivar his further Actions 1080. 1081. D. Garcia the King's Brother Bleeds to Death in Prison An overthrow given the Infidels Ramon Earl of Barcelona Murdred his Son Ramon succeeds him 1082. Toledo closely Besieged The manner of enclosing the City Articles of surrender Toledo surrendered Many Towns taken K. Alonso stiles himself Emperor 1086. An Archbishop of Toledo chosen Bernard first Archbishop The great Church taken forcibly from the Moors contrary to Articles The Moors beg for the Queen and Archbishop The Popes Legate his unjust proceedings 1088. Archbishop of Toledo made Primate of all spain Roman Missal and Breviary introduced 1091. Synod at Leon. How the Archbishops of Toledo came to be to be Primates of all Spain K. Alonso his Wives and Issue The Moorish Family of the Almoravides comes into Spain Hali sent to assist the King of Sevil overthrows and kills him 1091. King Alonso's Forces overthrown by the Moors A second defeat of the Christians Joseph the Miramamolin comes out of Africk Several Strangers come to serve against the Moors King Alonso Marries 3 Daughters to Strangers Original of the Kingdom of Portugal 1093. The Holy-War in the East 1094. Birth of Alonso I. King of Portugal Sancho I. King of Aragon His actions against the Moors Town of Luna built Monks cast off subjection to the Bishop K. Sancho killed His Son Peter succeeds him Christians and Infidels joyn to raise the Siege The Moors routed by the Christians Huesca surrendred Great Preparations for the Holy-War Bernard Archbishop of Toledo sets out for the Holy-land Is sent back by the Pope Valencia where seated besieged and relieved Roderick de Bivar takes Valencia Marries his Daughters to the Earls of Carrion Cruel Action of those Earls Valencia abandoned by the Christians Roderick de Bivar's Death 1093. K. Alonso's Works of Piety 1099. Jerusalem taken by the Christians 1100. Death of Joseph the Moorish Monarch Sancho Prince of Castile killed by the Moors The Infidels victorious Moorish King 's of Zaragoza 1102. 1104. The King of Aragon his Son Daughter all die Alonso succeeds to the Crown of Aragon 1106. 1109. The death of Alonso King of Castile Strange Prodigy Two holy Men. Vrraca Queen of Castile a dissolute Woman Hali the Moor ravages the Country and lays Siege to Toledo 1110. 1111. King Alonso of Aragon beloved of all Men. Two Synods Anointing of Kings first used in Spain The forces of Castile routed by the Aragonians Another defeat of the Castilians Alomso VII Proclaimed King of Castile The Wars of Majorca and Zaragoca Genoeses joyn the Catalonians 1115. Carcassone lost and recovered by the Earl of Barcelona Earl of Toulouze routed by him of Poitiers 1116. Zaragoca besieged by the Christians Tahuste other places taken 1118. Zaragoca taken Carthusian and Cistercians Monks Knights and Templers Hospitalers 1119. A Schism in the Church Peace concluded betwixt Castile and Aragon Conditions of the Peace 1122. The two Christian Kings make War upon the Moors Success of the Aragonians 1123. Of the Castillians Zamora made a Bishoprick and Compostella an Archbishoprick 1124. The Original of the Kingdom of Portugal Portugal describ'd Henry Earl of Portugal dies Teresa the Countess Dowager governs Alonso governs as Earl of Portugal Portugeses overthrows the Castillians This fabulous Story is apply'd to other Persons as well as this 1126. Death of Queen Vrraca and Bernard Archbishop of Toledo 1129. A Council of Palencia Calatrava taken and given to the Knights Templers Several other Towns Conquer'd 1131. Raimund Earl of Barcelona Success of the Aragonians against the Moors Fraga bebesieged and quitted 1133. Fraga again besiege The King of Aragon slain 1134. The King leave his Dominions to the Templers and other Knights The Navarrois choose Garcia for their King The Aragons choose Ramiro a Monk The King of Castile aspires to the Crowns of Aragon and Navarre He invades ' em 1135. The King of Castile stiles himself Emperor Arms of Toledo The King of Aragon puts to death 15 Noblemen 1136. Peace betwixt Castile and Aragon 1137. The King of Aragon quits the government and Raymund Earl of Barcelona his Son-in-law enters upon it Alonso of Portugal's Actions 1139. A great Overthrow given the Moors by the new Portuges King Portugal under an Interdict Alonso K. of Portugal Marries Divisions among Moors and Christians Sintra taken from the Moors War betwixt Navarre and Aragon 1140. Castile and Aragon in League against Navarre Troubles in Aragon 1141. 1143. Earl of Barcelona makes War in France 1144. Factions among the Moors 1146 A Truce betwixt Aragon Navarre Cordova taken by the Christians and revolts Baeca taken The City Almeria taken 1147. Tortosa taken as also Lerida and Fraga Lisbon Besieged and taken by the new King of Portugal Foreigners and K. Alonso of Portugal King Alonso of Portugal's further Success 1148. A General Council at Rheimes 1149. Bloody Rain 1150. The Title of King confirm'd upon Alonso I. of Portugal Another Invasion of Spain by the Moors called Almohades A Potter's Son set up King of the Moors Persecution under the Moors 1150. Garcia K. of Navarre kill'd by a fall from his Horse Sancho Crown'd King of Navarre Castile and Aragon joyn in League against Navarre Alonso of Castile and his Daughter both Marry'd An Act of Justice 1152. Many places taken by the Aragonians from the Moors Arms of Aragon 1154. Luis the Younger King of France comes into Spain His Entertainment 1155. Toledo declared Metropoiis of all Spain 1156. League betwixt Castile and Aragon renewed 1157. Alonso called the Emperor breaks into Andaluzia His Death Sancho has the Crown of Castile and Ferdinand that of Leon. War betwixt Castile and Navarre The Navarrois twice defeated Calatrava defended by two Monks given to their Order 1158. Original of the Knights of Calatrava League betwixt Castile and Aragon renew'd Sancho K. of
Castile dies 1158. Infidels twice defeated Faction of the two great Houses of Castro and Lara Ferdinand of Leon enters Castile Alonso the young K. of Castile secured by some Nobles Raymund Prince of Aragon successful against the French and Moors 1162. His Death Alonso succeeds Raymund his Father in the Dominion of Aragon 1163. 1166. Alonso received as King of Castile 1168. Toledo declares for him He is overthrown by the Rebels Siege of the Castle Zurita Just Reward of of Treachery Earthquake and Floods Cuidad Rodrigo built 1170. K Alonso assembles the Cortes or Parliament Meets the King of Aragon Concludes a League with him Marries Ellenor Daughter of Henry II. King of England Aragonians success against the Moors League against Peter Ruiz de Azagra Two Archbishops Murder'd 1171. 1172. War betwixt Aragon and Navarre 1173. 1174. The Order of Knighthood of Santiago or St. James the Apostle 1175. 1176. Alonso of Castile invades Leon. The Conquest of Cuenca resolv'd upon It s description The Siege The Town taken 1177. Increase of the Knights of Santiago 1178. 1179. Several Towns of Navarre taken by the Castillians The Kingdom of Leon Rebels Sancho Son to Alonso King of Portugal sent to Besiege Cuidad Rodrigo defeated Alonso King of 1180. Victoria City built Synod at Tarragona 1181. Alonso of Portugal Besieged by the Moors and delivered by the King of Leon. 1181. A Legate makes Peace among Christians 1183. Alonso King of Portugal vanquisheth the Moors 1184. Armengaud Earl of Vrgel slain King of Navarre breaks into Castile 1185. Alonso the first King of Portugal dies 1186. 1187. Jerusalem lost 1188. Sancho the first succeeds to the Crown of Portugal Alonso 9th to that of Leon. 1189. A League against Castile 1188. 1190. 1191. 1192. Castile Commences War with the Moors 1194. Sancho the Wise King of Navarre dies A vast Multitude of Infidels come into Spain King Alonso overthrown by the Infidels 1195. 1196. King Alonso of Aragon dies his Son Peter II. succeeds him Famine Plague 1197. 1198. A Truce with the Moors 1199. Plague Famine in Portugal 1200. King of Leon divorced Navarre over-run by them Alonso K. of Castile's two Daughters Marry'd to the Kings of France and Leon. 1201. Marriages 1206. A great Eclipse of the Sun Floods 1208. Four Kings of Spain meet and conclude a Peace 1209. Several Exploits against the Moors 1210. Prince Ferdinand of Castile's Death A vast Army of Foreigners comes into Spain to the assistance of the Christians 1212. Sancho K. of Portugal dies his Son Alonso II. succeeds him A mighty Army of Christians in Castile The Christian Army advances against the Infidels A great Victory obtain'd by the Christians 200000 Infidels said to be kill'd in this Battle Arms of Navarre Further actions of the Christian Army This called the Battle of Navas de Tolosa and why 1213. Cause of the War betwixt France Aragon Heresie of the Albigenses its Original Description of the City Albis Disorders raised by the Hereticks in the City of Leon. Fryars Preachers others oppose the Hereticks A Deacon Zealous in this affair Great Faith Hereticks expell'd Favourers of the Albigenses S. Dominick Preaches against the Hereticks Proceedings of the Catholicks against the Albigenses Simon Earl of Montfort General of the Catholicks 1213. A wonderful defeat of Hereticks the King of Aragon slain Jayme or James succeeds to the Crown of Aragon A great Famine and Plague Archbishops of Toledo Chancellors of Castile War with the Moors Original of the Knights of Alcantara Alonso II. King of Portugal at War with his Sisters Alonso the VIII K. of Castile dies 1214. Also Ellenor his Queen others Troubles in Castile and Aragon upon the Accession of two Children Henry and Jayme or James to those Crowns Two Uncles strive to usurp the Crown of Aragon Jayme the young K. comes into Spain Sancho K. of Navarre decrepid 1215. Henry I. King of Castile 11 years of age The House of Lara conspires against the young K. of Castile Lateran General Council Honours done the Archbishop of Toledo Simon of Montfort killed The Family of Lara seizes the Government of Castile into their hands Oath the Archbishop obliges 'em to take Alvaro the elder Brother ex-communicated He seizes upon the Queens Lands and Banishes her Young K. Henry Married Is parted from his Wife on account of Consanguinity 1216. The King of Aragon escapes from his Keepers 1217. Troubles of Castile They break out into open War 1217. Henry I. the young King of Castile's Death 60000 Moors killed Blanch and Berengaria Sisters to K. Henry of Castile Berengaria Heiress to the Crown of Castile resigns her Right to her Son Ferdinand Ferdinand King of Castile The King of Leon makes war upon his Son the K. of Castile D. Alvaro de Lara taken by the King and set at liberty D. Alvaro D. Ferdinand de Lara their Death 1218. The Order of S. Dominick and la Marced for Redemption of Captives instituted S. Francis of Assis 1219. Civil Broils in Aragon 1220. Ferdinand of Castile Marries Beatrix Daughter to the Emperor Philip. His Issue Jaime K. of Aragon Marries Ellenor of Castile 1221. Earthquakes Floods and Storms Commotions in Castile Two several Rebellons quel'd 1222. Cathedral of Burgos built by an Englishman Other structures Affairs of Aragon 1223. Death of the Kings of France and Portugal Ferdinand of Castile makes War upon the Moors A Prosperous Expedition 1224. A Conspiracy against Jaime K. of Aragon The King seized 1225. Success of the Castilians The King of Aragon escapes and invades Valencia Kills the Rebel Peter Ahones 1226. Towns taken by the Castilians Defeat of the Moors 1227. D. Lucas Bishop of Tuy a famous Writer War renew'd with the Moors by King Ferdinand of Castile Raymund Eael of Toulouze a Hetick reduced Pacification in Aragon 1229. The Conquest Majorca resolved upon by the King of Aragon Insolency of a Moor. Pope's Legate in Aragon Majorca described King Jayme lands on it The Aragonians rout the Majorcans Majorca taken by Storm 1230. Alonso King of Leon overthrows the Moors and takes Merida and Badajoz The death of Alonso I. King of Leon. Union of the Crowns of Castile and Leon. Rebellion in Navarre Interview of the Kings of Aragon and Navarre Roderick the Archbishop invades the Moors John King of Jerusalem comes into Spain 1232. The Islands Minorca and Yuisa conquered 1234. Sancho King of Navarre dies Theobald I. King of Navarre King of Castile and Arragon meet Castilians and Aragonians make War upon the Moors Division among the Moors Many places taken by the Christians Part of the City Cordova taken by a handful of Men. 1235. King Ferdinand hasts to secure the Conquest of Cordova Description of Cordova The Siege 1236. City surrendred A Moorish King Baptised Siege of Valencia resolved 1237. The King of Aragon in Danger Description of Valencia Valencia Besieged The King Wounded at the Siege 1238. Valencia deliver'd up to the Christians Theobald King
the XIth succeeds Mighty Divisions throughout Spain 1304. K. Denis of Portugal as Arbitrator reconciles Oustile and Aragon 1305. Roger Lauria the great Admiral Clement the Vth. chosen Pope Houses of Haro and Lara reconcil'd Discord among the Moors 1309 Castile and Aragon in League against the Moors Ceuta taken The Infidels twice overthrown Gibraltar taken The Moorish K. of Granada depos'd Queen Blanch of Aragon dies A general Council held at Vienne in Dauphine The Knights Templers destroy'd Possessions of the Templers in Spain 1310 1311 Prince Alonso of Castile has Birth 1312. War with the Moors A wonderful Judgment Ferdinand the IVth King of Castile dies Alonso not 13 Months old declar'd King of Castile â—rago dies The young King kept by the Citizens of Avila 1313. The Moors of Granada expel their new King 1314. The Cortes settle the Government of Castile Turks their Original Growth Ottoman Founder of the Empire of that Name Actions of the Catalonians in Greece They overthrow the Turbs Thier General put to Death They defeat the Greeks They fall out among themselves 1315 Luis King of France dyes and Philip succeeds 1316 John the XXth chosen Pope Infidels defeated by Prince Peter of Castile 1316 1317 Knights of Montesa in Aragon and of Christ in Portugal 1318 1319 Two extraordinary Accidents The death of the Princes of Castile Peter John Jayme heir of Aragon abdicates Several places taken by the Moors Several Governors chosen in the Provinces of Castile 1320 1321 Biscainers and Navarrois at War 1322 A Spanish Synod held at Valladolid King of Granada murder'd King Alonso of Castile enters upon the Government The Rebels associate The form of Association Sardinia conquered by the Aragonians 1324 1325 Denis K. of Portugal dies St. Elizabeth Queen of Portugal Alonso K. of Portugal Rebels of Castile punished 1327. Jayme the IId King of Aragon dies Alonso the IVth succeeds 1328. Occasion of Wars betwixt France and England Castile at War with the Moors Several Places in Castile Rebel 1329 Accord betwixt Aragon Castile and Portugal Affairs of Navarre Acts of the Cortes at Madrid 1330. Overthrow of the Moors Several Places taken from them Description of Africk Mahomet K. of Granada in Africk Alonso de la Cerda rightful K. of Castile submits to Alonso 1332 Order of the Belt instituted 1333 War with the Moors Mahomet King of Granada murder'd 1334 Rebels suppress'd in Castile 1335 Christian Kings of Spain at variance Castilans overthrow the Aragonians and Navarrois 1336. Alonso the IVth K. of Aragon dyes Rebellion of Castro and Albuquerque in Castile Rebels of Castile harden'd 1337. Castilians overthrow the Portuguses at Sea 1337. Frederick King of Sicily dies 1338. Preparations for War Peace betwixt Castile and Aragon Territories of the Moors ravaged 10000 Moors slain with their King Synod at Barcelona 470000 Moors invade Spain The Christian Fleet destroy'd by the Moors Tarifa besieg'd by the Moors The Battle of Salado 200000 Infidels slain Particulars of the successes The Kings after the Victory return to Sevil. Progress of the Christians against the Moors 1341 1342 The defeats of the Infidels at Sea Algezira besieg'd Attempts of the Infidels to Murder the King of Castile 1343. Algezira Siege continu'd Succours from England and other Parts Robert K. of Naples dies 1344. Algezira surrender'd Majorca subdued by the Aragonians 1344. The K. of Majorca delivers himself to him of Aragon Earthquake at Lisbon 1345. Troubles in Aragon 1346. 1347 K. Peter the IV. of Aragon marry'd 1348 Universal Plague Dissention among the Knights of Calatrava Canary Islands 1349 Confusions in Africk Cortes held at Alcalà Places that sent representatives to the Cortes oâ— Parliament Gibraltar besieg'd Castile and Aragon joyn in a League 1350. K. Alonso of Castile dies Peter declared K. of Castile K. Peter Sick and recovers Biscay united â—o the Crown of Castile 1351 Interviews of Kings Blanch Daughter to the Duke of Bourborn contracted to K. Peter of Castile 1352 Seditions arise in the Dominions of Castile Da. Marâ— de Padilla Mistress to King Petir 1353 King Peter marries K. Peter forsakes his Queen for Da. Moria de Padilla K. Peter changeth his Officers 1354 He punishes Rebels K. Peter marries another and forsakes her his first Wife still living Moorish K. of Granada murdered Expedition against Sardinia K. of Aragon makes Peace in Sardinia Progress of the rebellion in Castile Treaty betwixt the K. and his Rebels Queen Mother joyns the Rebels 1355 K. of Navarre murders the Constable of France Pr. Peter of Portugal marries the Lady Agnes de Castro She is murder'd K. Peter punishes Rebels Toro taken by K. Peter Infamous Life and Death of the Queen Mother of Castile War betwixt Castile and Aragon The Causes of the War Victory of the English at Poitiers 1356 1357 Towns taken on both sides Alonso the IIId K. of Portugal dies Peter King of Portugal Rebellion of the Bastards of Castile Moors called by the Christians to their assistance 1358 Rebels punished Era of Cesar abolished 1359 Expedition of King Peter by Sea The Rebels defeat the Royalists 1360 Various accidents Peter K. of Portugal executes the Murderers of the Lady Agnes de Castro Constance the K. of Aragon's Daughter marry'd to the K. of Sicily 1361. Peace betwixt Castile and Aragon Blanch Q. of Castile dies Da. Maria de Padilla dies Peter of Portugal declares his Children Legitimate Presumption of a Legate 1362. Victory of the Moors over the Christians The Moorish K. of Granada wrongfully put to Death Castile and Navarre join in League Da. Maria de Padilla declared by King Peter his lawful Wife 1363. Castile in League with England John K. of France dies Charles the Vth succeeds Constance Qu. of Sicily dies 1364 Confederation against Castile Bernard de Cabrera cruelly put to death 1365 Foreigners come to serve Count Henry 1366 Henry the Bastard proclaims himself K. of Castile Castile divided King Peter expelled the Kingdom King Peter flies to the English War of Navarre Articles betwixt K. Peter and the Prince of Wales 1367. Peter King of Portugal dies Ferdinand K. of Protugal The English pass the Perineans in defence of K. Peter The Battle of Najara Henry routed K. Peter restored Sixteen put to Death for Treason K. Peter excommunicated and absolved The French support Henry the Bastard Henry returns into Spain 1368 K. Peter provides for his defence K. Peter overthrown 1369 Betrayed and Murdred by his Bastard Brother Several pretenders to Castile Martin Lopez faithful to K. Peter Affairs of Aragon Sardinia Of Navarre Henry the Usurper finds many Enemies 1370 Treachery rewarded Allyance betwixt Portugal and Aragon Carmona besieged by the Usurper 1371 Henry the Bastard takes Carmona and breaks the Articles Peace betwixt Castile and Portugal Ferdinand of Portugal marries the Lady Ellmor de Meneses The Pope returns to Rome Victory at Sea of the Spaniards and French over the English War betwixt Castile and Portugal 1373. Peace betwixt
the two Crowns A great Earthquake Orders of St. Hierome and St. Isidort 1374. French Spaniards besiege Bayonne 1375. Pope Gregory the XIth returns to Rome after the Papal Chair had been 70 Years at Avignon 1376. Frederick the IId of Sicily dies A general Peace in Spain 1377 The French invade Navarre Castile at variance with Navarre 1378 Marriages of K. Henry's Bastards Schism in the Church Troubles in Portugal 1379 Navarre and Castile make Peace Death of K. Henry Mahomet K. of Granada dies John succeeds to the Crown of Castile Castilian Fleet ravages the Coasts of Britany 1380. Great Floods Charles K. of France dies Charles the VIth succeeds Leo K. of Armenia in Spain A Schlsm Pr. Ferdinand born in Castile 1381. Pope Clement own'd in Castile Charles Duke of Durrazzo crown'd K. of Naples English joyn with Portugal against Castile 1382. Rebellion suppress'd Articles betwixt Castile and Portugal Death of the Qu. of Castile 1383. Marriage of the K. of Castile with the Princess of Portugal Ferdinand King of Portugal dies Divisions in Portugal about the Succession of the Crown King John of Castile proclaimed K. at Lisbon Portugueses that favour'd the K. of Castile The Master of 〈◊〉 a Bastard aspires to the C own of Portugal Lisbon besieged The Siege raised 1385. John the Bastard proclaim'd K. of Portugal Castilian Fleet ravages the Coast of Portugal K. John of Castile makes his Will Famous Battel of Aljubarota Castilians defeated All Portugal submits to John the Usurper Another verthrow of the Castilians France and Navarre joyn with Castile The Duke of Lancaster lands at Corunna Death of 3 Kings Of Peter K. of Aragon Charles Inherlts the Crown of Navarre John crown'd K. of Aragon Peace establish'd betwixt the English and Castilians 1388. Kings of Castile and Navarre meet Heir of Castile made Prince of Austurias Truce with Portugal 1390. Acts of the Cortes of Castile Truce with the Moors of Granada Pious Gifts of the K. of Castile K. John of Castile kill'd by fall from his Horse Qualities of King John of Aragon French invade Aragon 1391. Henry the IIId proclaimed K. of Castile K. John of Castile his last Will. Form of Government of Castile during the Kings Minority Strife among the Nobility of Castile They raise Forces They agree The Cortes settle the Government 1392. A Mutiny at Sevil. The War with Portugal breaks out again Troubles among the Moors K. John of Portugal his Issue Discord continues in Castile 1393. Truce with Portugal for 15 Years Arch bishop of Toledo arrested by the King Nobility of Castile reconcil'd Sicily reduc'd under the Dominion of Aragon K. Henry takes upon him the Government Biscainers invade the Canary Islands Cortes meet at Madrid 1394. The Plague at Madrid Discontents among the Nobility of Castile The Master of Alcantara cut off by the Moors Rebellion in Old Castile Mutinous Lords submit Fresh Troubled in Castile quleted Pope Clement dies the Schism continues Benedict the XIIIth chosen Pope 1395. Strange Death of K. John of Aragâ—â— Martin K. of Aragon â— Elleâ—â—â— of Navarre returns to her Husband Earl of Gijon declar'd Traytor The Archbishop of Santiago flies to Portugal The Earl of Faux invades Aragon 1396. Turks pass over into Europe Joseph K. of Granada his strange Death Mahâ—met Usurps Badajoz taken by the Portugueses 1397. Franciscan Fryars preach to the Moors of Granada 1398. Truce with Portugal renew'd Paul de Cartagenâ— famous for Learning Plague in Spain and France and great Floods French expell'd Aragon 1399. Works of Peter Tenâ—rio Archbishop of Toledo 1400. Plague in Spain Violante Daughter to the K. of Aragon marryed to Luis Duke of Anjoâ— 1401. Mary Q. of Sicily dies 1402. Tamerlan the Tatrar his exploits Embassies betwixt Tamerlan and the K. of Castile 1403. Great Floods The King of Navarre uses means to recover his Possessions in France 1404. Boniface the Pope dies and Innocent the VIIth is chosen at Rome Jews and Moors distinguish'd in Castile 1406. The Battle of Collejarts Cortes held in Castile Innocent the Pope dies at Roâ—◠〈◊〉 Gregory the XIIth is chosen Henry K. of Castile dies A notable Action of K. Henry 1407. K. Henry's Will Wonderful modesty of Prince Ferdinand who refuses the Crown being offer'd to him John the IId an Infant proclaim'd K. of Castile Aragon left without Heirs Government of Prince Ferdinand of Castile Government divided betwixt the Queen and Prince Victory of the Christians by Sea Luis Duke of Orleans murder'd 1408. Cortes of Castile grant suplies for War with the Moors D. Alvaro de Luna who he was Pope Benedict forsaken 1046. Alexander the Vth chosen Pope Animosities against Prince Ferdinand of Castile Martin K. of Sicily dies Martin K. of Aragon marries Pretenders to the Crown of Aragon Dispute concerning the Crown of Aragon Prince Ferdinand marches against the Infidels 1410. Moors overthrown Pope Alexander dies John the XXIIId is chosen Martin K. of Aragon dies Race of the Earls of Barcelona extinct Several Towns taken by the Christians A Love Adventure AnteqÌ„ueraÌ„ taken by Storm The Castle surrendred Turbulent State of Christendom Aragon divided about the Succession 1411. K. John of Portugal his Government Confusions in Aragon Judges appointed to decide the Right to the Crown of Aragon Earl of Vrgel's Pretensions Ferdinand declared King of Aragon by the Judges He is proclaim'd at â—aragoca Settles the Affairs of Aragon Archimbaud Earl of Faux his Death and Issue The new King's Actions K. Ferdinand and Pope Benedict meer 1413. He besieges the Earl of Vrgel in Balaguer The Earl surrenders himself Application for uniting the Church Ferdinand crown'd at Zaragoca King Ferdinand confers with Pope Benedict Council of Constance Jews converted 1415. Pope John forced to quit the Papacy Marriage of the Prince of Aragon with the Princess of Castile Ceuta taken by the Portugueses Interview of Princes at Perpignan Pope Benedict disown'd in Aragon 1416. Ferdinand of Aragon dies New Troubles in Castile 1417. John Hus and Hierome of Prague burnt Martin the Vth. chosen Pope The Canaries conquered Henry the Vth of England invades France Catherine Queen of Castile dies John King of Castile govern'd by the Archbishop of Toledo Marriages of Princes 1419. Nobility of Castile raise Tumults King John's Character D. Alvaro de Luna the great Favourite 1420. K. John of Castile under restraint Prodigles Discoveries by Henry Infante of Portugal Alonso K. of Aragon adopted Heir of Naples K. John of Castile makes his escape 1421. Prince Henry in open Rebellion Competitors for the Kingdom of Naples 1422. Prince Henry imprison'd Alvaro de Luna made an Earl Government of Toledo altered Also at Pamplona Gaston Heir of Navarre born 1423. Truce betwixt Castile and Portugal Troubles of Naples K. Alonso of Aragon besieges the Queen of Naples in her Palace Luis Duke of Anjou adopted Heir of Naples Joseph K. of Granada dies Benedict the pretended Pope dies Alonso K. of Aragon supports an Antipope Marseilles taken
Spain Siena given to the Duke of Florence War renewed betwixt France and Spain John III. King of Portugal dies Battel of S. Quintin Great Floods Plague Calis taken Dauphin of France Marries the Queen of Scots Battel of Graveling Mary Qu. of England dies Elizabeth Queen of England Peace betwixt Fra. and Spain K. Philip Marries his third Wife Philip returns into Spain Pius IV. chosen Pope Spaniards worsted by the Turks Rebellion in France Disputes about Religion in France Council of Trent again opened 22 Gallies cast away Duke of Guise murder'd by the Hugonots Spaniards at the Council of Trent Calvin and Beza Penol in Africk taken Malta besieged by the Turks Synods in Spain Pius V. chosen Pope Solyman dies before Sigeth Rebellion of the Low Countries Queen of Scots Imprison'd Duke of Alva Governor of the Low-Countries Rebels in France besiege Paris Prince of Orange heads the Rebels in Holland Morisco's Rebel in Spain Hugonots twice over thrown Qu. Elizabeth Excommunicated Jesuits murder'd Cosmo created D. of Tuscany Earthquake Christian League against the Turk Battel of Lepanto Pope Pius dies French K's Sister married to the Prince of Navarre Several Places in the Low-Countries revolt League against the Turk dissolved Venetians make Peace with the Turk D. John of Austria at Tunez A Comet A new Governor in the Low-Countries King of France dies D. John made Vicar of Italy Archb. of Toledo condemned The Low-Countries conspire against Spain Antwerp plunder'd D. John in the Low Countries Catherine Q. of Portugal dies A Comet Birth of P. Philip. Sebastian K. of Portugal slain with all his Army in Africk General Defection of the Low Countries D. of Alenson in the Low Countries Cardinal Henry K. of Portugal Mount Etna Henry K. of Portugal dies Duke of Alva reduces Portugal Queen of Spain dies Alenson Heads the Rebels in the Low Countries Prince of Orange wounded Synod at Toledo Gregorian Account The Empress in Spain Antony the Bastard of Portugal vanquished Pr. James of Spain dies Alençon returns into France Prince of Orange killed Pr. Philip sworn Heir of Spain Duke of Savoy in Spain Pope Gregory dies Sixtus V. chosen Prince of Parma successful against the Rebels in the Low-Countries Conspiracy against the French King Q. of Scots murder'd Sr F. Drake attempts Cadiz 30000 Germans in France Spanish Armada against England destroyed Duke of Guise put to Death Henry III. King of France murder'd by Clement Antony the Bastard with the English Fleet at Portugal Escuriall finish'd Death of two Popes Mortality Antony Perez his Sufferings Mutiniers punish'd Tumults in Aragon appeas'd K. Philip aspires to the Crown of France Quiroga Archbishop of Toledo Archduke Albertus governs the Netherlands Valladolid made a Bishoprick Sir Francis Drake plunders the Coasts of America Cadiz plundred by Drake Amiens taken by the Spaniards Netherlands given to the Princess Elizabeth K. Philip the 2d dies Marriage of K. Philip the 3d. Great Jubilee The Court at Valladolid Birth of the Princess Ann. Final betrayed Embassy into England Peace betwixt Spain and England concluded Pope Clement dies Leo the 11. succeeds Birth of P. Philip. Princess Mary born A great Tax P. Philip sworn heir of Spain Truce with the Dutch Rebels St. Ignatius beatified Henry IV. King of France murder'd Alarache in Africk taken Morisco's banish'd Queen of Spain dies Marriages of Princes An Earthquake Mamora taken War of Savoy and Mantua Pr. Philip Marries the French K's Sister New Passage into the South-Sea Victory over the Hollanders Duke of Lerma leaves the Government K. Philip in Portugal Pr. Ferdinand Archbishop of Toledo Philip III. dies Pope Paul dies Gregory 15th succeeds Philip the 3d dies Philip 4th succeeds Two Sea Fights Rod. Chalderon beheaded Martyrdoms in Japan P. Gregory dies Vrban the 8th chosen Charles P. of Wales in Spain Ormuz taken by the Persians Discovery of Cathay and Tibet Conversion of Ethiopia Dutch in Brasil Dutch and Turks defeated Jubilee at Rome Breda taken Brasil recovered Cortes of Aragon Floods Persecution in Japan Cazal besieged Birth of P. Balthasar Theatines in Spain War in Italy Gustavus Adolphus French in Lorain Pernambuco taken by the Dutch Conversion of Chaldeans A Fire at Madrid Gustavus Adolphus kill'd Death of the Princess Governess of Flanders Duke of Feria in Alsace Wallestein Executed Monstrous Birth War betwixt Fra. and Spain Spaniards take Towns in Picardy Places in Guienne taken Storm of Wind and Rain Defeat of the French in Sardinia Ships taken Landresi taken by the French Marquis de Leganez in Savoy Dukes of Savoy and Mantua die Commotions in Portugal Dutch routed French twice over thrown An Earthquake Roussillon invaded by the French Catalonia rebels Portugal follows the Example The French join with the Rebels Perpignan taken by the French Great Floods Lerida recovered Elizabeth Q. of Spain dies Cortes of Aragon Valencia A hard Winter Cortes of Castile Olivença taken from the Portugueses Spaniards overthrown in Catalonia Castle of Termes taken Overthrow of the French French in Italy Places in the Low-Countries taken by the French Pr. Balthasar dies D. John of Austria at Sea Prince of Conde in Catalonia Montferrat invaded by the Spaniards Truce with Holland Rebellion of Naples Troubles of France Actions in Portugal Courtray taken Ipres delivered to the French Cambray relieved Charles K. of England murder'd Cromwel's Embassador in Spain killed Portolongone taken English Fleet before Lisbon Catalonians return to their Duty Tortosa taken Leopold the Archduke in Champagne Year of Jubilee Castle of Alcaraz surprzed Spanish Ambassador received by the Rebels in England French decline in Catalonia Queen of Spain delivered of a Daughter D. John of Austria at the Siege of Barcelona Feast of S. Rosalia Barcelona recovered Portugueses worsted Cazal taken Taking of Gravelin Dunkirk also gained Turenne overthrown by Conde Succours sent the French Rebels by the Spaniards French invade Catalonia with the Rebels Small Encounters in Portugal Repulfe of the French Pantheon finished French pass the Pyreneans Bulls for Portugues Bishops refused by the Pope Prince of Conti takes Ville Franche Duke of Lorrain apprehended Portugues Ambassador's Brother in England beheaded Pope Innocent X. dies Duke of Guise set at liberty Turks before Candia Perfidious Act of the Portugueses Peece with Oliver Cromwell English invade Hispaniola Ships taken Galleons destroyed Berga in Catalonia recovered D. John of Austria takes Solfona Pope Alexander VII chosen D John of Austria sent for Flaudert Defeat of the French at Valenciennes D. John takes S. Gillain French and English join Montmidy surrendred to the French Plague at Naples French obliged to quit the Siege of Alexandria Exploits of Mallorquins Spanish West India Fleet burnt by Blake Dunkirk taken by the French and English Great Floods Embassie from a Black King Marquess of Mortara attacks the French and is repulsed Duke of Ossuna makes an Irruption into Portugal Badajoz besieged by the Portugueses Badajoz relieved Posture of Affairs in Flanders Cessation of Arms betwixt France and Spain Conferences for Peace Peace Concluded A Bell Rings of it self K. Philip goes with the Princess his Daughter to the Frontiers Ceremony of Contracting the Princess The marriage of the Princess D. John of Austria commands against Portugal He takes Aronches and other Places Enterprizes on the Frontiers of Portugal Duke of Ossima his Actions in Portugal Prince Philip dies A terrible Storm Riches of the Spanish Fleet. Marquess de Leganez destroys many Moors about Oran War betwixt the Venetians and Tarks Turks enter Transilvania A Prodigy D. John of Austria enters Portugal He takes Borba and Juramenha D. John takes Evora and i◠afterwards routed Duke of Ossuna again in Portugal The K.'s Daughter Margaret married to the Emperor War betwixt the Emperor and the Turk Slaughter of the English Garison at Tangier Marques de Caracena General against Portugal K. Phil IV. dies K. Charles II of Spain proclaimed Overtures of Peace betwixt Spain and Portugal Queen Regent of Portugal dies Alarache in vain attempted by the Moors A murder committed by a Woman Turkish Fleet beaten The French begin the War in Flanders French Kingtakes Towns in Flanders Pope Alexander the 7th dies Clement the 9th chosen Rogusa destroyed by an Earthquake Peace concluded with Portugal Alonso K. of Portugal imprisoned by his Brother K. Alonso of Portugal sent to the Island Tercera D John of Austria Ld. Lieutenant and Capt. General of Aragon F. Nitard sent from Court Collation rf great Officers
Sol to D. Peter Son to the King of Aragon of the same Name both which sent to demand them in Marriage D. Ramiro had by D. Elvira Garci Ramirez who was afterwards King of Navarre D. Peter dy'd before his Father and left no Issue Two several times King Bucar who came out of Africk was overthrown in sight of Valencia by Roderick Diaz and his Forces who kept that City as long as he lived which was five Years after the taking of it He was near his Death when the same Bucar came again before the City and perceiving it could not be maintained after his Death ordered in his Will that they should all in a Body quit the place and return to Castile The Moors believing it was a powerful Army that designed to give them Battle drew off Those Christians marched without ceasing till they came to Castile and Valencia being left without any Garison fell again into the hands of the Moors They that came from Valencia brought with them the Body of Roderick Diaz which was Bury'd with great Magnificence in the Monastery of S. Peter of Carden̄a near Burgos K. Alonso and Roderick Diaz's two Sons-in-law being present Many look upon most of this Relation as Fabulous and I write more than I believe because I would not wholly omit what others affirm In the Church of S. Peter of Carden̄a are to be seen five Tombs that of Roderick Diaz that of his Wife and those of his Son and Daughters Perhaps they are only empty Monuments such as are called Cenotaphia erected in Honour of such People The Death of Roderick Diaz de Bivar was a great loss to the Christians for his extraordinary Valour Conduct and Prosperity Authors do not agree about the Year in which it hap'ned the most likely Opinion is that it was in the Year of our Lord 1093. About this time Pope Vrban translated the Bishoprick of Iria to Compostella at the request of Dalmachius who was the first Bishop of that City and made it independant of the See of Braga King Alonso tho' very ancient never neglected the Affairs of War but made several Incursions into Andaluzia which was the more easie to be done for that Joseph the Moor was returned into Africk This gave the Christians some time of breathing which the King made use of to encrease the Religious Worship He built a Monastery of Benedictines at Toledo of the Invocation of S. Servandus and S. German others say he only repaired it Besides he erected two Monasteries of Nuns the one Dedicated to S. Peter the other to S. Dominick of Silos At Burgos without the Walls he Founded another Convent now called S. John of Burgos The Year following which was 1099. was remarkable for the Death of Pope Vrban and the taking of Jerusalem by the Christians Cardinal Raynerius who had been Legate in Spain a Person of great Worth and Experience succeeded Vrban by the Name of Pasqualis II. He in the time of his Papacy granted a Privilege to the Church of S James the Apostle that after the manner of the Church of Rome it might have seven Canons Cardinals and that the Bishops of that See might use the Pall an Ornament betokening greater Authority than that of common Bishops The next ensuing Year which was 1100. proved no less pleasing to the Christians by reason of the Death of Joseph who was Sovereign of all the Moors in Spain during the space of 12 Years and of those in Africk about 32 than it was at last unfortunate for the untimely end of D. Sancho Prince of Castile which will be seen in the next Chapter CHAP. IV. The Death of Sancho Prince of Castile and of the two Kings Peter the first of Aragon and Alonso VI. of Castile The Moorish King of Zaragoza Of two Holy Men. D. Garcia Earl of Cabra was Tutor to D. Sancho King Alonso's Son and the Heir Apparent of the Crown but Death snatched him away and with him the great hopes had been conceived of his Virtues Hali Successor to Joseph desiring to Commence his Reign with some memorable Action passed over into Spain with a powerful Army and having encreased it there entred the Kingdom of Toledo wasting all the Country till he came in sight of the City King Alonso by reason of his great Age and Sickness could not go out in Person to oppose him He gave the command of his Army to the Earl D. Garcia and for the greater Honour sent his Son D. Sancho tho' very young with him Near Veles the two Armies met and engaged In the heat of the Fight the Prince was struck down D. Garcia covered him with his Shield and with his Sword kept off the Moors that assailed him on all sides Long he kept them at a distance till being weakned by many wounds he fell down dead upon him he defended This disaster made the Infidels Victorious It is needless to relate how grievous this loss was to the King he asked what might be the reason of being so often overthrown by the Moors and a wise Man answered That the Soldiers were debauched with Ease and Luxury which made them unfit for Service Hereupon the King ordered all incentives of Luxury to be taken away and among the rest caused the Baths then much used in Spain after the manner of the Moors to be destroy'd Some hope remained in D. Alonso the King's Grandchild by D. Vrraca his Daughter but he was very Young and a Womans Government seem'd not seasonable The continual good Fortune of the King of Aragon diminished the Joy of the Moors for their success in Castile Of late the Infidels went down the wind in Aragon for the Christians had taken from them the Castle of Calasanz the Town of Pertusa on the River Canadre and the City Barbastro whither the Bishoprick of Rhoda was Translated Now the Aragonians bent all their Strength against the City Zaragoça which the Almoravides had possessed themselves of having expelled the ancient Kings These that follow were the Kings that had Reigned in that City The first was Mudir then Hiaya next Almudafar after him began another Race in Zulema to whom succeeded Hamas then Joseph then Almazazin then Abdelmelich and then Hamas Sirnamed Almuçacayto whom the Almoravides deprived of the Kingdom At this time in France Atho who after the Death of Raymund Earl of Barcelona Father of Arnaldus had Usurped the Sovereignty of the City Carcassonne where he had been Governour was expelled the place by the Inhabitants and it restored to its Lawful Prince in the Year 1102. This same Year Armengaud Earl of Vrgel was slain by the Moors in the Island of Majorca whither he went to show his Valour and was therefore called Balearicus Armengaud was Marry'd to a Daughter of Peranzules a great Man in Castile and Lord of Valladolid By her he left a young Son during whose Minority the Grandfather governed and
the Country want of Provisions and the Resolution of that People Some Hopes there had been of gaining D. James de Haro Brother to D. Lope by the means of Ruy Perez Ponce Master of Calatrava and the Lord-ship of Biscay was partly offer'd him but he chose rather to retire into Aragon resolving to stand by his Nephew All things were disposed for a Rupture when D. James de Haro Son to D. Lope dy'd very fortunately for King Sancho His Death caus'd the Affections of his Followers to cool and all Biscay which till then held out to submit to the Valour of James Lopez de Salzedo a Man in great esteem to whom that Affair was committed King Sancho having settled Biscay and put off the Interview with the King of France left his Brother Prince John Prisoner in the Castle of Burgos whence he was remov'd to Curiel and he himself being perplexed in Mind about the War with Aragon went to Sabugal a Town on the Frontiers of Portugal There he concluded a League with that King against the Aragonians and the out-Laws of Castile who prepar'd for War under Colour of restoring D. Alonso de la Cerda who stil'd himself King of Castile to his Grand-father's Kingdom These Things concluded King Sancho March'd with all the Forces he could gather to meet the Aragonians at Almaçan The Two Armies met in the Month of April 1289 but nothing remarkable was done Only Moron was taken by the Aragonians and Almaçan Besieg'd On the other side King Sancho entring the Frontiers of Aragon destroy'd all the open Country and burnt many Towns D. James Lopez de Haro in the same manner wasted all the Territory of Cuenca and Huete and defeated a Party of the Enemy near Pajaron killing Redorick de Sotomayor Commander of the Castilians D. James sent the Colours taken to the City Tiruel One Misfortune still follow'd upon the Neck of another and the Innocent People suffer'd for these Quarrels of the great Ones Most Cities sided with King Sancho but at Badajoz there happen'd a great Tumult That City of old was divided into Two Factions the Bejarani and the Portugueses The Bejarani being expell'd the City by their Enemies apply'd themselves to the King for Redress he order'd they should be restor'd but the Portugueses obey'd not Hereupon the Bejarani having gather'd a good Force kill'd many of their Adversaries and forc'd the rest to quit the Place This done they fortify'd themselves in the upper Part of the City and proclaim'd D. Alonso de la Cerda King King Sancho highly offended hereat laid Siege to the Town which presently surrender'd having Articled only for Life Contrary to Agreement 4000 Men and Women were put to the Sword The same happen'd to Talavera a considerable Town in the Kingdom of Toldo upon the same Account 400 of the principal Inhabitants were publickly Quarter'd at the Gate which for that Reason was ever since call'd the Gate of Quarters This the Inhabitants have by Tradition tho no Author makes mention of it These Two Towns serv'd for an Example to all others The following Year 1290 it was again agreed the Kings of France and Castile should meet They both accordingly came on the Day appointed to Bayonne The chief Points agreed upon at this Interview were That the King of France should desist giving any farther Protection to the two Princes of Castile That he should renounce all Claim and Title to that Crown as Great Grandson to Queen Blanch. And that both Kings should make War upon Aragon At the same time Tolosa Segura and Villafranca which began to be Rebuilt in Biscay in the time of King Alonso were now finish'd by King Sancho as appears by publick Instruments sign'd at Vitoria and Valladolid whither the King went from Bayonne The King of Aragon finding himself too weak to make Head against France Castile and Italy inclin'd to Peace notwithstanding Charles King of Naples did not perform his Promise at which the King of England who had procur'd his Liberty was highly offended All Parties had recourse to the Pope laying their Case before him He answer'd he would send Legates who having heard them all should endeavour to reconcile these Differences Benedict Colona and Gerard de Parma two Cardinals were sent into France to this Purpose Mean while Charles King of Naples and the King of Aragon upon Security given on both Sides met at Junquera a Town in Catalonia There they concluded a Truce for some Months whilst the Cardinals could settle a Peace which both earnestly desir'd King Charles that he might recover Sicily and the Aragonian to take off that long Interdict under which his Kingdom lay and put an end to the War with France that he might be at Leisure to bend his Force against Castile CHAP. IX The revolt of D. John Nunnez de Lara The Death of the King of Aragon His Brother Jâ—â—me succeeds him Matches betwixt the three Kings of Spain Defeat of the Moors at Sea Original of the Dukes of Medina Sidonia D. John NunÌ„ez de Lara began again to incline to take part with the Aragonians either out of his natural Inconstancy or because some Overtures were made of restoring Albarazin to him King Sancho understanding of what Consequence his stay or departure might be did all he could to oblige him and therefore made him General of the Frontiers of Aragon and bestow'd other Favours upon him All prov'd ineffectual and the more for that at Burgos where the Court then was Letters were brought him intimating some Design against his Person whether true or false is not known D. John who was naturally jealous gave Credit to those Letters and withdrawing from Court went away nastily through Navarre to Aragon notwithstanding the Queen us'd means to stop him and the King himself went after him as far as Valladolid As soon as D. John had joyn'd the other Conspirators he enter'd Castile and did all the harm he could as far as Cuenca and Alarcon A Body of King Sancho's Forces coming to oppose him was defeated and many Colours taken after which he forc'd the Town of Moya and return'd to Valencia with a great Number of Prisoners and Cattle From thence the King of Aragon D. James de Haro and D. John de Lara made an Incursion by the way of Molina Signença Berlanga and Almaçan and destroy'd all the Country without meeting any Opposition King Sancho endeavour'd to put a stop to this Mischief but an Ague kept him in such a Condition he could neither Act nor give the necessary Orders insomuch that he was given over by the Doctors The Queen who was lately deliver'd of a Prince call'd Peter tho' not perfectly recover'd set out to see the King Her Presence was comfortable to him and produc'd good Effect She reduc'd D. John de Lara who now repented his Change being disappointed of recovering Albarazin It was agreed that Elizabeth Daughter to the Lady Blanch and the Queen's Brother