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be_v send_v a_o free_a authority_n to_o punish_v they_o for_o so_o do_v great_a not_o only_o these_o excessive_a privilege_n make_v the_o polish_v gentry_n powerful_a and_o great_a but_o likewise_o the_o vast_a territory_n which_o a_o great_a number_n of_o they_o enjoy_v with_o a_o despotic_a power_n over_o their_o subject_n for_o some_o possess_v five_o some_o ten_o some_o fifteen_o some_o twenty_o nay_o some_o thirty_o league_n of_o land_n out_o right_a whereon_o they_o have_v always_o their_o several_a pod-starostas_a or_o gentlemen-steward_n reside_v who_o be_v to_o take_v account_n of_o their_o revenue_n to_o sell_v some_o thing_n and_o to_o send_v the_o rest_n to_o their_o master_n house_n to_o defray_v the_o exigency_n of_o the_o family_n some_o also_o be_v hereditary_a sovereign_n of_o city_n which_o the_o king_n have_v nothing_o to_o do_v with_o and_o one_o of_o the_o prince_n lubomirski_n possess_v above_o four_o thousand_o city_n town_n and_o village_n moreover_o some_o 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diet_n with_o above_o ten_o thousand_o men._n they_o esteem_v themselves_o not_o only_o equal_a but_o also_o above_o the_o prince_n of_o germany_n especial_o such_o among_o they_o as_o be_v senator_n it_o be_v certain_a they_o want_v nothing_o to_o be_v as_o so_o many_o sovereign_a prince_n except_o the_o liberty_n of_o coin_v money_n which_o the_o republic_n have_v reserve_v whole_o to_o itself_o the_o doctor_n say_v he_o have_v no_o where_o see_v subject_n live_v with_o such_o excessive_a grandeur_n and_o splendour_n for_o these_o great_a man_n when_o they_o go_v to_o dinner_n or_o supper_n have_v always_o their_o trumpet_n sound_v and_o a_o great_a number_n of_o gentry_n to_o wait_v on_o they_o at_o table_n some_o whereof_o carve_v some_o give_v to_o drink_v other_o reach_v plate_n and_o all_o serve_v with_o extraordinary_a respect_n and_o submission_n for_o though_o all_o the_o gentry_n in_o poland_n be_v equal_a and_o have_v all_o their_o free_a vote_n in_o the_o diet_n yet_o
frederic_n augustus_n the_o present_a king_n of_o poland_n the_o history_n of_o poland_n in_o several_a letter_n to_o person_n of_o quality_n give_v a_o account_n of_o the_o present_a state_n of_o that_o kingdom_n viz._n historical_a political_n physical_a and_o ecclesiastical_a the_o form_n of_o government_n the_o king_n power_n court_n and_o revenue_n the_o senate_n senators_z and_o other_o officer_n the_o religion_n diet_n and_o little_a diet_n with_o other_o assembly_n and_o court_n of_o justice_n the_o inter-regnum_fw-la election_n and_o coronation_n of_o a_o king_n and_o queen_n with_o all_o the_o ceremony_n the_o present_a condition_n of_o the_o gentry_n and_o commonalty_n as_o likewise_o the_o genius_n character_n language_n custom_n manner_n military_a affair_n trade_n and_o riches_n of_o the_o pole_n together_o with_o a_o account_n of_o the_o city_n of_o dantzic_n the_o origin_n progress_n and_o present_a state_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n and_o the_o succession_n of_o all_o its_o great_a master_n likewise_o the_o present_a state_n of_o learning_n natural_a knowledge_n practice_n of_o physic_n and_o diseale_v in_o poland_n and_o last_o a_o succinct_a description_n of_o the_o duchy_n of_o curland_n and_o the_o livonian_a order_n with_o a_o series_n of_o the_o several_a duke_n and_o provincial_a master_n to_o this_o be_v also_o add_v a_o table_n for_o each_o volume_n and_o a_o sculpture_n of_o the_o diet_n in_o session_n with_o some_o memoirs_fw-fr from_o baron_fw-fr blomberg_n vol._n ii_o by_o bernard_n connor_n m._n d._n fellow_n of_o the_o royal_a society_n and_o member_n of_o the_o college_n of_o physician_n who_o in_o his_o travel_n in_o that_o country_n collect_v these_o memoir_n from_o the_o best_a author_n and_o his_o own_o observation_n compose_v and_o publish_a by_o â—ir_n savage_a london_n print_v for_o daâ—_n brown_a without_o templ-bar_n '_o and_o a._n roper_n and_o t._n leigh_n both_o in_o il_fw-fr et-street_n 1698._o d_o r._n connor_n '_o saint_n preface_n in_o my_o preface_n to_o the_o first_o volume_n of_o this_o historical_a relation_n of_o poland_n i_o have_v mention_v my_o incapacity_n for_o matter_n of_o this_o nature_n both_o because_o i_o be_v only_o twelve_o month_n in_o that_o kingdom_n and_o because_o i_o have_v no_o talon_n or_o genius_n for_o history_n i_o think_v write_v it_o by_o way_n of_o letter_n in_o imitation_n of_o some_o of_o our_o neighbour_n will_v be_v more_o easy_a to_o myself_o and_o more_o acceptable_a to_o the_o public_a i_o be_o proud_a to_o have_v this_o happy_a occasion_n of_o give_v the_o honourable_a person_n i_o write_v to_o so_o public_a a_o testimony_n of_o my_o respect_n i_o be_o sorry_a in_o the_o same_o time_n i_o can_v have_v leisure_n to_o honour_v myself_o in_o write_v to_o the_o noble_a person_n mention_v in_o the_o second_o volume_n as_o i_o have_v have_v in_o the_o first_o i_o follow_v a_o profession_n so_o remote_a from_o history_n particular_o a_o polish_v one_o that_o it_o neither_o allow_v i_o time_n nor_o leave_v i_o any_o inclination_n to_o attend_v any_o other_o business_n i_o hope_v notwithstanding_o the_o person_n i_o promise_v to_o write_v to_o will_v be_v please_v to_o excuse_v i_o for_o not_o be_v able_a to_o keep_v my_o word_n to_o they_o as_o i_o flatter_v myself_o i_o can_v since_o the_o ingenious_a gentleman_n i_o desire_v to_o undertake_v this_o work_n will_v give_v they_o the_o same_o satisfaction_n he_o have_v already_o assist_v i_o in_o my_o first_o volume_n and_o have_v have_v all_o my_o memoirs_fw-fr for_o this_o second_o the_o ancient_n and_o present_a state_n of_o poland_n part_n ii_o the_o present_a state_n letter_n i._n to_o his_o grace_n thomas_n lord_n archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n of_o the_o form_n of_o the_o government_n in_o poland_n and_o of_o the_o king_n power_n court_n and_o revenue_n my_o lord_n that_o high_a station_n wherewith_o the_o king_n have_v recompense_v your_o merit_n and_o the_o great_a trust_v his_o majesty_n have_v repose_v in_o your_o grace_n during_o his_o absence_n show_v his_o confidence_n in_o your_o ability_n as_o well_o to_o govern_v the_o state_n as_o the_o church_n since_o therefore_o be_v late_o invest_v with_o a_o share_n of_o the_o regal_a authority_n you_o have_v occasion_n to_o know_v more_o intimate_o our_o king_n power_n and_o prerogatives_n i_o think_v myself_o oblige_v to_o give_v your_o grace_n a_o account_n of_o those_o of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n to_o the_o end_n that_o compare_v both_o together_o you_o may_v more_o sensible_o perceive_v the_o excellency_n of_o our_o own_o constitution_n which_o make_v the_o greatness_n of_o the_o king_n inseparable_a from_o the_o interest_n of_o the_o people_n for_o when_o the_o executive_a power_n be_v as_o vigilant_a to_o see_v our_o law_n obey_v as_o the_o legislative_a have_v be_v provident_a in_o make_v they_o england_n can_v just_o boast_v of_o a_o much_o great_a happiness_n than_o either_o poland_n or_o any_o other_o kingdom_n of_o europe_n 1698._o have_v my_o lord_n not_o be_v a_o full_a twelve_o month_n at_o the_o late_a king_n of_o poland_n court_n i_o can_v pretend_v to_o be_v thorough_o acquaint_v with_o that_o kingdom_n yet_o i_o find_v that_o like_o most_o other_o country_n it_o have_v undergo_v several_a change_n in_o its_o constitution_n since_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o vith_o century_n at_o which_o time_n it_o begin_v to_o be_v a_o distinct_a nation_n during_o the_o reign_n of_o the_o two_o great_a house_n of_o piastus_n and_o jagello_n poland_n ever_o since_o the_o time_n of_o lechus_n its_o founder_n the_o king_n thereof_o have_v be_v elect_v to_o the_o crown_n after_o a_o hereditary_a manner_n though_o not_o by_o a_o hereditary_a title_n they_o have_v real_o be_v absolute_a and_o their_o will_n go_v for_o a_o law_n for_o than_o they_o make_v peace_n and_o war_n when_o they_o please_v levy_v as_o many_o troop_n as_o they_o think_v fit_a punish_v or_o pardon_v at_o pleasure_n and_o reward_v where_o they_o see_v convenient_a and_o all_o the_o administration_n either_o of_o public_a or_o private_a affair_n be_v so_o whole_o lodge_v in_o the_o king_n hand_n that_o i_o have_v hear_v the_o pole_n themselves_o say_v that_o sigismond_n ii_o 1574._o the_o last_o king_n of_o the_o jagellonic_a family_n be_v to_o the_o full_a as_o absolute_a as_o either_o the_o king_n of_o france_n or_o denmark_n be_v now_o whilst_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n thus_o maintain_v thereby_o a_o supreme_a power_n over_o their_o subject_n they_o exceed_o enlarge_v their_o dominion_n be_v both_o fear_v abroad_o and_o belove_v at_o home_n command_v potent_a and_o numerous_a army_n into_o the_o field_n execute_v most_o erterprise_n speedy_o and_o be_v almost_o always_o sure_o of_o success_n and_o this_o because_o they_o do_v not_o then_o as_o now_o depend_v upon_o the_o linger_a determination_n and_o tedious_a conclusion_n of_o a_o turbulent_a diet._n but_o the_o family_n of_o jagello_n be_v once_o extinct_a by_o the_o death_n of_o sigismond_n ii_o who_o have_v resign_v his_o kingdom_n to_o the_o senate_n and_o polish_v gentry_n and_o give_v they_o full_a power_n and_o authority_n to_o dispose_v thereof_o as_o they_o think_v fit_a the_o crown_n of_o poland_n be_v anew_o declare_v elective_a to_o the_o end_n that_o all_o the_o prince_n of_o christendom_n who_o have_v due_a merit_n and_o qualification_n may_v have_v a_o right_a to_o aspire_v thereunto_o gentry_n this_o give_v occasion_n to_o most_o of_o the_o prince_n of_o europe_n ever_o since_o to_o court_v the_o polish_v nobility_n after_o their_o king_n death_n and_o that_o either_o to_o get_v the_o succeed_a election_n determine_v in_o their_o own_o favour_n or_o else_o to_o have_v some_o of_o their_o friend_n advance_v to_o that_o great_a dignity_n but_o this_o most_o common_o rather_o with_o regard_n to_o their_o own_o private_a interest_n than_o out_o of_o any_o respect_n to_o the_o person_n they_o desire_v to_o promote_v as_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n and_o bourbon_n have_v always_o practise_v thereupon_o the_o gentry_n of_o poland_n therefore_o observe_v that_o several_a prince_n at_o a_o time_n always_o aspire_v to_o their_o crown_n and_o consider_v that_o not_o one_o of_o they_o have_v more_o right_o than_o the_o rest_n as_o likewise_o that_o it_o lay_v altogether_o in_o their_o power_n to_o choose_v who_o they_o please_v resolve_v unanimous_o to_o elect_n none_o but_o such_o as_o shall_v condescend_v nay_o swear_v to_o observe_v the_o term_n and_o condition_n they_o propose_v prince_n hereby_o the_o pole_n by_o degree_n have_v clip_v and_o limit_v the_o ancient_a power_n of_o their_o king_n and_o have_v reduce_v they_o to_o the_o bound_n we_o now_o find_v they_o to_o have_v that_o be_v bare_o to_o a_o three_o part_n of_o the_o grand_a diet_n for_o the_o pole_n know_v very_o well_o that_o no_o prince_n will_v be_v so_o imprudent_a as_o to_o scruple_n submit_v to_o
the_o clergy_n first_o by_o oblige_v the_o bishop_n because_o they_o bear_v great_a sway_n in_o the_o diet_n and_o next_o the_o priest_n and_o friar_n they_o have_v no_o less_o influence_n and_o authority_n over_o the_o people_n but_o however_o present_n be_v not_o to_o be_v make_v they_o in_o gross_a but_o by_o little_a and_o little_a lest_o they_o fly_v off_o when_o they_o expect_v no_o far_a recompense_n for_o the_o pole_n general_o think_v themselves_o oblige_v to_o serve_v you_o not_o for_o what_o they_o have_v already_o receive_v but_o because_o they_o be_v still_o in_o hope_n of_o receive_v more_o they_o be_v all_o likewise_o apt_a to_o neglect_v your_o interest_n and_o will_v sometime_o take_v money_n from_o another_o prince_n or_o his_o ambassador_n to_o vote_n against_o you_o the_o late_a king_n be_v accuse_v of_o take_v money_n of_o the_o emperor_n the_o duke_n of_o lorraine_n and_o of_o the_o duke_n of_o newbourg_n to_o employ_v it_o in_o their_o several_a interest_n in_o the_o election_n but_o however_o he_o do_v more_o wise_o to_o make_v use_n of_o it_o himself_o to_o get_v to_o be_v elect_v in_o which_o we_o find_v he_o have_v good_a success_n election_n after_o the_o ambassador_n have_v thus_o have_v audience_n and_o that_o all_o other_o matter_n be_v settle_v in_o the_o republic_n they_o proceed_v to_o the_o election_n of_o a_o king_n but_o first_o they_o implore_v the_o assistance_n of_o the_o holy_a ghost_n by_o sing_v the_o veni_fw-la creator_n then_o they_o proceed_v to_o give_v their_o vote_n and_o communicate_v they_o to_o each_o other_o when_o if_o they_o be_v unanimous_a for_o one_o candidate_n the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n or_o bishop_n that_o preside_v in_o his_o place_n demand_v thrice_o if_o the_o grievance_n and_o exorbitancy_n be_v redress_v which_o be_v answer_v in_o the_o affirmative_a he_o immediate_o proclaim_v the_o king_n elect_v which_o be_v likewise_o do_v at_o the_o same_o time_n by_o the_o marshal_n of_o the_o crown_n 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and_o partly_o by_o promise_n to_o bring_v the_o elector_n to_o be_v unanimous_a for_o till_o than_o no_o king_n can_v be_v lawful_o proclaim_v yet_o when_o there_o be_v a_o division_n in_o the_o diet_n as_o most_o common_o it_o happen_v the_o strong_a party_n still_o carry_v it_o as_o it_o appear_v in_o stephen_n batori_n cafe_z and_o that_o of_o sigismond_n iii_o which_o last_o come_v soon_o into_o poland_n be_v crown_v king_n at_o cracow_n notwithstanding_o that_o maximilian_n be_v proclaim_v at_o warsaw_n by_o cardinal_n radzvil_n it_o may_v be_v observe_v that_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n have_v be_v put_v by_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n no_o less_o than_o thrice_o first_o in_o the_o person_n of_o ernest_n by_o the_o election_n of_o henry_n of_o valois_n and_o second_o and_o three_o by_o the_o exclusion_n of_o this_o maximilian_n and_o this_o because_o the_o pole_n have_v a_o maxim_n never_o to_o elect_a any_o powerful_a neighbour_a prince_n for_o fear_n of_o be_v subdue_v and_o bring_v under_o a_o arbitrary_a power_n the_o day_n after_o the_o election_n all_o the_o senator_n and_o deputy_n meet_v either_o in_o the_o rota_n equestris_n or_o the_o castle_n of_o warsaw_n and_o draw_v up_o the_o decree_n of_o election_n subscribe_v it_o with_o their_o several_a hand_n which_o be_v immediate_o afterward_o send_v to_o the_o press_n to_o be_v print_v they_o to_o the_o election_n of_o a_o king_n of_o poland_n not_o only_o all_o the_o gentry_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o great_a duchy_n but_o likewise_o a_o great_a number_n of_o stranger_n from_o all_o adjacent_a country_n come_v yet_o notwithstanding_o that_o people_z come_v from_o all_o part_n of_o poland_n the_o senator_n and_o deputy_n only_o have_v a_o lawful_a vote_n in_o the_o election_n nevertheless_o the_o other_o gentry_n interest_n themselves_o either_o in_o favour_v the_o senator_n or_o the_o faction_n of_o the_o deputy_n and_o sometime_o fall_v out_o among_o themselves_o about_o it_o so_o that_o it_o be_v the_o absolute_a interest_n of_o the_o candidate_n to_o treat_v and_o present_v not_o only_o the_o individual_a member_n of_o the_o diet_n but_o also_o these_o noble_n although_o they_o have_v no_o actual_a voice_n in_o the_o election_n for_o their_o great_a number_n can_v easy_o favour_v and_o carry_v on_o a_o faction_n by_o threaten_v the_o senator_n and_o deputy_n in_o case_n they_o do_v not_o elect_v such_o a_o prince_n as_o they_o propose_v this_o be_v confirm_v in_o the_o election_n of_o michael_n wiesnowiski_n where_o none_o of_o the_o elector_n think_v of_o choose_v a_o piasto_n and_o much_o less_o such_o a_o weak_a poor_a unexperienced_a prince_n as_o this_o duke_n be_v yet_o the_o turbulent_a mob_n of_o polish_v gentry_n soon_o force_v they_o to_o elect_v and_o proclaim_v he_o king_n notwithstanding_o this_o be_v no_o free_a election_n they_o never_o pay_v he_o any_o great_a deference_n but_o undervalue_v and_o be_v so_o displease_v with_o he_o that_o some_o say_v after_o four_o year_n reign_v he_o be_v poison_v by_o the_o contrivance_n of_o the_o great_a men._n thus_o it_o be_v palpable_o more_o safe_a and_o creditable_a for_o a_o candidate_n to_o purchase_v himself_o a_o strong_a party_n in_o the_o diet_n and_o to_o support_v and_o back_v they_o by_o procure_v the_o affection_n and_o good_a will_n of_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o gentry_n than_o to_o rely_v bare_o on_o the_o inconstant_a and_o tumultuous_a suffrage_n of_o a_o senseless_a turbulent_a mob_n as_o the_o late_a king_n sufficient_o experience_v before_o his_o election_n candidate_n there_o be_v several_a condition_n require_v in_o a_o candidate_n that_o aspire_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n which_o be_v now_o past_a as_o constitution_n of_o the_o kingdom_n for_o he_o must_v not_o be_v a_o native_a which_o 312._o hartknoch_n say_v he_o may_v and_o which_o he_o prove_v by_o a_o great_a many_o person_n nor_o marry_v nor_o 431._o present_v at_o the_o election_n but_o must_v be_v rich_a and_o no_o absolute_a or_o neighbour_a prince_n and_o as_o for_o his_o religion_n he_o must_v either_o actual_o be_v or_o promise_v to_o become_v a_o roman_n catholic_n before_o he_o can_v be_v crown_v all_o this_o after_o the_o death_n of_o king_n michael_n the_o late_a elector_n of_o brandenburg_n and_o duke_n ernest_n of_o brunswick_n promise_v be_v not_o willing_a it_o seem_v to_o lose_v a_o crown_n for_o a_o exterior_a show_n of_o a_o piece_n of_o religious_a ceremony_n election_n the_o gentry_n of_o poland_n think_v themselves_o so_o great_a and_o so_o equal_a in_o respect_n to_o each_o other_o that_o they_o do_v not_o willing_o consent_v to_o elect_v a_o piasto_n or_o native_a to_o a_o crown_n which_o their_o birth_n give_v they_o a_o parallel_n right_o to_o they_o beside_o think_v it_o a_o great_a advantage_n to_o their_o nation_n to_o choose_v a_o foreign_a and_o rich_a prince_n that_o they_o may_v make_v more_o alliance_n abroad_o and_o oblige_v such_o king_n to_o bring_v all_o their_o effect_n with_o they_o to_o enrich_v the_o kingdom_n they_o be_v for_o a_o unmarried_a prince_n that_o they_o may_v have_v the_o opportunity_n of_o match_v he_o and_o so_o to_o strengthen_v their_o alliance_n that_o way_n they_o care_v not_o to_o elect_v a_o neighbour_a prince_n for_o fear_v he_o shall_v become_v absolute_a by_o his_o adjoin_a force_n but_o however_o these_o like_o their_o other_o constitution_n have_v not_o be_v always_o observe_v for_o the_o only_a maxim_n they_o have_v hitherto_o keep_v inviolable_a be_v not_o to_o elect_v any_o prince_n but_o a_o roman_n catholic_n for_o the_o late_a king_n be_v both_o a_o piasto_n and_o marry_v before_o he_o be_v elect_v it_o be_v true_a they_o will_v have_v have_v his_o queen_n divorce_v from_o he_o that_o they_o may_v have_v marry_v he_o to_o king_n michael_n queen_n dowager_n eleonora_n at_o present_a duchess_n dowager_n of_o lorraine_n but_o the_o affection_n
peace_n strike_v up_o between_o they_o this_o person_n have_v no_o war_n during_o his_o regency_n and_o at_o last_o die_v of_o grief_n on_o account_n of_o his_o brother_n perverseness_n he_o be_v bury_v at_o marienburg_n 1450._o the_o twenty_o eighth_z great_a master_n be_v lewis_n ab_fw-la herlingshausen_n elect_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o emperor_n frederic_n iii_o during_o his_o administration_n a_o far_a part_n of_o prussia_n revolt_v to_o the_o aforesaid_a casimir_n to_o who_o also_o the_o garrison_n of_o marienburg_n sell_v that_o city_n for_o 476000_o florin_n together_o with_o several_a other_o city_n and_o castle_n afterward_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n enter_v again_o into_o a_o peace_n with_o this_o order_n by_o which_o mean_n he_o obtain_v pomerania_n for_o which_o the_o pole_n have_v contest_v with_o these_o knight_n for_o upward_o of_o 150_o year_n this_o great_a master_n die_v and_o be_v bury_v at_o koningsberg_n 1467._o the_o twenty_o nine_o adhere_v master_n of_o this_o order_n be_v henry_n rhew_v count_n of_o plaven_n elect_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o emperor_n frederic_n iii_o he_o only_o govern_v eleven_o week_n and_o then_o die_v and_o be_v bury_v at_o koningsberg_n 1468._o the_o thirty_o great_a master_n be_v henry_n count_n of_o richtenberg_n elect_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o emperor_n frederic_n iii_o and_o of_o pope_n sixtus_n iu._n he_o be_v a_o man_n of_o a_o very_a turbulent_a and_o inexorable_a temper_n for_o he_o throw_v theodore_n a_o prussian_a bishop_n into_o chain_n and_o suffer_v he_o to_o die_v with_o hunger_n he_o govern_v this_o order_n twelve_o year_n and_o then_o die_v at_o koningsberg_n and_o be_v bury_v there_o 1480._o the_o thirty_o first_o great_a master_n be_v martin_n truchse_v of_o uveczhausen_n elect_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o emperor_n frederic_n iii_o and_o of_o pope_n sixtus_n iu._n he_o pay_v homage_n and_o obedience_n to_o casimir_n king_n of_o poland_n die_v at_o koningsberg_n and_o be_v bury_v there_o 1489._o the_o thirty_o second_v great_a master_n be_v john_n de_fw-fr tiefen_n a_o swiss_n elect_v when_o maximilian_n i._o be_v emperor_n and_o julius_n pope_n the_o first_o year_n he_o swear_v allegiance_n to_o albert_n king_n of_o poland_n and_o in_o the_o next_o assist_v that_o king_n against_o the_o valachian_n but_o by_o who_o he_o be_v defeat_v and_o kill_v he_o be_v bury_v at_o koningsberg_n 1498._o the_o thirty_o third_n great_a master_n be_v frederic_n duke_n of_o saxony_n and_o marquis_n of_o thuringen_n this_o person_n refuse_v to_o do_v homage_n to_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n and_o therefore_o his_o dominion_n be_v very_o much_o ravage_v by_o the_o pole_n for_o 12_o year_n together_o and_o he_o exclude_v his_o country_n at_o what_o time_n he_o die_v 1512._o the_o thirty_o four_o and_o last_o great_a master_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n in_o prussia_n be_v albert_n marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n nephew_n to_o sigismond_n i._o king_n of_o poland_n he_o be_v elect_v in_o the_o time_n of_o maximilian_n the_o emperor_n and_o pope_n julius_n the_o chapter_n of_o this_o order_n choose_v he_o in_o hope_n that_o be_v so_o near_o a_o kinsman_n he_o may_v prevail_v upon_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n his_o uncle_n to_o restore_v to_o they_o what_o have_v be_v take_v from_o they_o by_o the_o pole_n but_o this_o great_a master_n be_v so_o far_o from_o answer_v their_o expectation_n that_o he_o likewise_o refuse_v to_o swear_v allegiance_n to_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n and_o fortify_v all_o his_o city_n for_o his_o defence_n whence_o it_o follow_v that_o he_o draw_v a_o bloody_a war_n upon_o himself_o wherein_o great_a number_n be_v frequent_o slay_v and_o take_v on_o both_o side_n the_o particular_n of_o the_o chief_a of_o his_o action_n i_o think_v may_v not_o be_v unacceptable_a to_o your_o lordship_n and_o which_o be_v as_o follow_v albert._n in_o the_o year_n 1519_o the_o war_n break_v out_o between_o he_o and_o his_o uncle_n and_o some_o few_o place_n be_v lose_v and_o take_v on_o both_o side_n but_o in_o 1529_o wolfang_n duke_n of_o schonemburg_n general_n of_o the_o teutonic_n army_n which_o consist_v of_o about_o 10000_o foot_n and_o 4000_o horse_n sit_v down_o before_o dantzick_n and_o from_o the_o bishop_n hill_n vulgar_o so_o call_v throw_v away_o near_o 4000_o bomb_n into_o the_o town_n to_o little_a or_o no_o purpose_n whilst_o the_o besieger_n be_v not_o a_o little_a incommoded_a by_o the_o town-cannon_n for_o scarce_o a_o man_n dare_v show_v his_o head_n but_o he_o have_v 40_o shot_n at_o he_o this_o so_o discourage_v the_o besieger_n that_o the_o major_a part_n of_o they_o soon_o discover_v their_o inclination_n to_o be_v go_v and_o for_o that_o purpose_n begin_v to_o mutiny_n against_o their_o officer_n whilst_o they_o be_v thus_o waver_v in_o their_o resolution_n and_o scarce_o do_v any_o duty_n but_o by_o compulsion_n the_o polish_v army_n appear_v be_v 12000_o horse_n send_v by_o the_o king_n to_o raise_v the_o siege_n it_o be_v now_o high_a time_n for_o the_o besieger_n pole_n to_o scamper_v which_o they_o immediate_o set_v about_o with_o such_o precipitation_n that_o the_o pole_n find_v it_o no_o difficult_a matter_n to_o overtake_v even_o their_o foot_n yet_o however_o they_o kill_v some_o and_o take_v other_o prisoner_n after_o this_o the_o king_n army_n take_v in_o dirschow_n stargardie_n and_o the_o strong_a castle_n of_o choinicz_n and_o afterward_o proceed_v on_o with_o so_o great_a vigour_n and_o diligence_n that_o most_o of_o the_o city_n and_o castle_n of_o the_o order_n surrender'd_n themselves_o by_o these_o mean_v the_o teutonic_n knight_n be_v total_o expel_v prussia_n which_o their_o great_a master_n albert_n perceive_v as_o likewise_o that_o he_o be_v no_o long_o able_a to_o contend_v with_o so_o powerful_a a_o monarch_n as_o he_o of_o poland_n though_o his_o ancestor_n have_v former_o do_v it_o for_o many_o year_n yet_o than_o they_o be_v in_o a_o better_a condition_n than_o he_o at_o present_a be_v in_o resolve_v to_o submit_v himself_o and_o his_o order_n to_o his_o uncle_n mercy_n which_o he_o not_o long_o afterward_o do_v in_o the_o public_a marketplace_n of_o cracow_n sigismond_n for_o this_o purpose_n a_o throne_n be_v erect_v for_o the_o king_n much_o after_o the_o same_o nature_n with_o that_o wherein_o he_o be_v wont_a to_o take_v the_o homage_n and_o oath_n of_o his_o subject_n after_o his_o coronation_n as_o your_o lordship_n may_v observe_v in_o the_o letter_n to_o my_o lord_n marlborough_n then_o the_o marquis_n deliver_v up_o the_o ensign_n of_o his_o order_n to_o the_o king_n and_o swear_v all_o manner_n of_o allegiance_n to_o he_o his_o majesty_n return_v he_o the_o ensign_n of_o prussia_n quarter_v with_o the_o polish_v and_o at_o the_o same_o time_n create_v he_o a_o duke_n of_o part_n of_o that_o country_n which_o from_o thence_o forward_o have_v have_v the_o name_n of_o ducal_z prussia_n and_o continue_v all_o along_o in_o his_o family_n to_o this_o day_n germany_n the_o teutonic_n order_n be_v thus_o expel_v prussia_n they_o transfer_v their_o chapter_n to_o mergentheim_n or_o as_o some_o say_v to_o marienthall_n in_o franconia_n where_o they_o choose_v 1531._o walter_n de_fw-fr cronberg_n for_o their_o thirty_o five_o great_a master_n and_o administrator_n of_o prussia_n this_o great_a master_n appeal_v to_o the_o emperor_n concern_v the_o wrong_n do_v to_o his_o order_n by_o albert_n as_o likewise_o get_v albert_n excommunicate_v by_o the_o pope_n he_o afterward_o take_v his_o seat_n in_o the_o general_n diet_n of_o the_o empire_n equal_a with_o the_o archbishop_n as_o be_v great_a master_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n he_o die_v after_o 18_o year_n administration_n of_o this_o office_n and_o be_v bury_v at_o mergentheim_n 1543._o the_o thirty_o six_z great_a master_n be_v wolfang_n schutzbar_n otherwise_o call_v milchling_n elect_v in_o the_o chapter_n at_o spire_n the_o 16_o of_o april_n he_o have_v be_v provincial_a commander_n of_o the_o country_n of_o hesse_n and_o be_v one_o of_o the_o first_o that_o go_v to_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o emperor_n charles_n v._o in_o his_o war_n about_o religion_n he_o recover_v the_o seat_n of_o this_o order_n at_o marpurg_n which_o have_v be_v usurp_v by_o the_o landtgrave_n of_o hesse_n after_o several_a more_o famous_a action_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1566._o 1566._o the_o thirty_o seven_o great_a master_n be_v george_n hundt_n de_fw-fr menckheim_n governor_n of_o the_o circle_n of_o franconia_n he_o die_v after_o 6_o year_n regency_n at_o mergentheim_n and_o be_v bury_v there_o in_o the_o year_n 1572._o 1572._o the_o thirty_o eighth_z great_a master_n be_v henry_n de_fw-fr bobenhausen_n elect_v at_o the_o general_n assembly_n of_o the_o knight_n at_o ulm_n upon_o the_o danube_n this_o great_a master_n upon_o george_n frederic_n marque_v of_o brandenburg_n possess_v himself_o of_o
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diocese_n with_o a_o ecclesiastical_a jurisdiction_n when_o any_o one_o be_v name_v a_o bishop_n palatin_n castellan_n or_o any_o of_o the_o ten_o officer_n of_o the_o crown_n he_o be_v immediate_o a_o senator_n without_o more_o ado_n office_n their_o business_n be_v to_o serve_v faithful_o the_o king_n and_o republic_n in_o the_o senate_n at_o home_o to_o administer_v justice_n by_o commission_n or_o otherwise_o and_o abroad_o with_o consent_n of_o the_o diet_n to_o exercise_v foreign_a ministry_n etc._n etc._n dignity_n these_o senator_n of_o poland_n value_v their_o dignity_n so_o high_o that_o they_o despise_v almost_o all_o other_o title_n of_o honour_n whatever_o and_o therefore_o when_o sigismond_n i._o go_v to_o vienna_n and_o the_o emperor_n offer_v the_o title_n of_o prince_n of_o the_o empire_n to_o the_o several_a senator_n that_o come_v along_o with_o he_o they_o absolute_o refuse_v they_o give_v for_o reason_n that_o be_v bear_v gentleman_n of_o poland_n and_o thereby_o 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ready_a that_o will_v beg_v their_o title_n mere_o to_o have_v the_o honour_n to_o sit_v as_o senator_n the_o several_a diocese_n belong_v to_o all_o poland_n these_o bishopric_n be_v archiepiscopal_a of_o gnesna_n and_o leopol_n episcopal_a of_o cracow_n cujavia_n and_o pomerania_n vilna_n posnan_n plocksko_n or_o plosko_fw-mi varmia_n luceoria_n or_o lucko_n premislia_n or_o premislaw_n samegitia_n culm_n chelm_fw-ge kiovia_n caminiec_n and_o smolensko_n subject_a to_o the_o two_o archbishop_n be_v the_o other_o bishop_n and_o first_o to_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n be_v the_o several_a bishop_n of_o cracow_n vladislaw_n archbishop_n posnan_n plosko_fw-mi vilna_n varmia_n samogitia_n and_o culm_n and_o next_o to_o the_o archbishop_n of_o leopol_n be_v the_o bishop_n of_o chelm_fw-ge caminiec_fw-la luceoria_fw-la premislia_n and_o kiovia_n the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n be_v not_o only_o state_n chief_a of_o the_o bishop_n but_o also_o of_o all_o the_o other_o senator_n of_o poland_n he_o be_v
priest_n former_o poland_n be_v overrun_v with_o hussites_n picard_n anabaptist_n arrian_n tritheist_n photian_n ebionite_n nestorian_n and_o socinian_o but_o the_o former_a of_o these_o have_v be_v 1658._o some_o time_n since_o extirpated_a and_o the_o socinian_o be_v first_o eject_v by_o john_n casimir_n oblige_v they_o by_o his_o edict_n to_o quit_v the_o kingdom_n immediate_o and_o allow_v they_o three_o year_n to_o dispose_v of_o their_o effect_n these_o three_o year_n be_v afterward_o reduce_v to_o two_o by_o a_o follow_a edict_n but_o notwithstanding_o these_o positive_a law_n several_a of_o this_o sect_n lurk_v about_o in_o the_o kingdom_n from_o time_n to_o time_n and_o some_o be_v protect_v by_o the_o favour_n of_o the_o gentry_n the_o late_a king_n john_n sobieski_n publish_v a_o new_a 1673._o edict_n more_o severe_a than_o either_o of_o the_o former_a whereby_o the_o socinian_o be_v forthwith_o drive_v out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n calvinist_n i_o must_v not_o omit_v to_o acquaint_v your_o grace_n that_o there_o be_v abundance_n of_o lutheran_n and_o calvinist_n in_o this_o kingdom_n and_o that_o chief_o in_o the_o province_n of_o regal_a prussia_n who_o have_v all_o liberty_n of_o conscience_n allow_v they_o and_o who_o the_o king_n be_v oblige_v to_o tolerate_v and_o protect_v by_o his_o coronation-oath_n the_o lutheran_n be_v call_v by_o the_o pole_n sassowiez_n saxon_n because_o luther_n live_v and_o teach_v in_o saxony_n and_o the_o calvinist_n zborocoi_fw-fr conventicler_n from_o the_o polish_v word_n zbor_n signify_v a_o unlawful_a meeting_n i_o shall_v have_v observe_v that_o the_o prussian_n become_v christian_n after_o the_o pole_n the_o reason_n of_o the_o prussian_n so_o ready_o embrace_v the_o lutheran_n doctrine_n cromerus_n attribute_n to_o their_o be_v chief_o germane_a or_o to_o their_o read_v the_o book_n of_o that_o nation_n the_o first_o polish_v nobleman_n convert_v to_o calvinism_n be_v nicholas_n radzivil_n under_o the_o reign_n of_o sigismundus_n augustus_n who_o receive_v all_o that_o sect_n into_o his_o protection_n at_o his_o house_n at_o viena_n where_o they_o have_v their_o service_n in_o the_o polish_v language_n but_o this_o family_n be_v at_o present_a extinct_a the_o last_o person_n of_o it_o be_v a_o daughter_n and_o marry_v to_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburgh_n son_n yet_o nevertheless_o many_o of_o this_o sect_n still_o remain_v in_o poland_n poland_n there_o be_v beside_o armenian_n jew_n and_o tartar_n in_o this_o kingdom_n who_o all_o enjoy_v their_o different_a persuasion_n and_o ceremony_n as_o for_o the_o armenian_n they_o inhabit_v chief_o in_o certain_a town_n of_o russia_n and_o podolia_n and_o have_v their_o peculiar_a prelate_n abbot_n and_o priest_n their_o service_n be_v always_o exercise_v in_o their_o own_o language_n these_o as_o in_o other_o country_n acknowledge_v the_o supremacy_n of_o the_o see_v of_o rome_n the_o jew_n be_v every_o where_o to_o be_v find_v in_o poland_n and_o enjoy_v their_o religion_n and_o other_o privilege_n without_o interruption_n only_o they_o be_v restrain_v from_o trade_v within_o twelve_o league_n of_o warsaw_n by_o the_o constitution_n their_o number_n be_v so_o great_a that_o mr._n patric_n ogleby_n who_o have_v travel_v all_o over_o these_o country_n affirm_v that_o there_o be_v above_o two_o million_o of_o they_o in_o this_o kingdom_n and_o that_o they_o be_v so_o privilege_v that_o all_o this_o vast_a body_n pay_v not_o above_o a_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o thousand_o tinfe_v or_o florence_o a_o year_n to_o the_o state_n which_o amount_v to_o no_o more_o than_o twenty_o thousand_o dollar_n in_o the_o great_a duchy_n of_o listhuania_n there_o be_v moreover_o about_o thirty_o thousand_o tartar_n with_o liberty_n of_o the_o turkish_a religion_n they_o have_v be_v there_o near_o six_o hundred_o year_n and_o for_o the_o continuance_n of_o their_o privilege_n they_o be_v oblige_v to_o send_v twelve_o hundred_o man_n yearly_o to_o the_o war_n against_o the_o turk_n and_o tartar_n there_o be_v likewise_o a_o great_a many_o idolater_n on_o the_o frontier_n of_o this_o kingdom_n who_o still_o retain_v their_o ancient_a superstition_n whereof_o one_o be_v that_o whenever_o any_o one_o die_v and_o though_o it_o be_v a_o year_n or_o more_o afterward_o that_o another_o die_v likewise_o they_o present_o go_v and_o dig_v up_o the_o first_o body_n and_o cut_v off_o its_o head_n thereby_o to_o prevent_v as_o they_o say_v the_o death_n of_o any_o more_o of_o their_o family_n prevail_v notwithstanding_o poland_n admit_v of_o all_o these_o religion_n yet_o that_o which_o prevail_v most_o be_v the_o roman_n catholic_n which_o the_o pole_n have_v continue_v steadfast_a in_o for_o above_o 700._o year_n they_o be_v so_o zealous_a in_o the_o maintain_n of_o this_o faith_n that_o they_o have_v a_o custom_n to_o draw_v their_o sword_n at_o the_o read_n of_o the_o gospel_n at_o mass_n and_o this_o to_o testify_v their_o readiness_n to_o defend_v it_o also_o they_o be_v so_o bigoted_a to_o their_o persuasion_n that_o they_o former_o will_v not_o intermarry_a with_o heretic_n as_o they_o call_v they_o contract_v any_o alliance_n with_o they_o accept_v of_o their_o assistance_n in_o war_n nor_o receive_v any_o of_o their_o sceptre_n offer_v they_o a_o example_n of_o which_o last_o we_o have_v in_o the_o person_n of_o jugello_n or_o vladislaus_n v._n who_o reject_v the_o crown_n of_o bohemia_n mere_o because_o the_o hussites_n have_v then_o overrun_v that_o kingdom_n also_o in_o john_n casimir_n reign_n the_o swede_n be_v altogether_o eject_v poland_n on_o account_n of_o their_o be_v lutheran_n prefer_v the_o pole_n be_v thus_o zealous_a for_o the_o roman_n catholic_n religion_n they_o will_v admit_v none_o into_o their_o senate_n diet_n or_o court_n of_o judicature_n except_o in_o those_o of_o prussia_n but_o of_o that_o persuasion_n also_o bishop_n always_o preside_v in_o the_o assembly_n of_o the_o state_n to_o the_o end_n that_o nothing_o may_v be_v transact_v there_o in_o prejudice_n of_o that_o faith_n the_o lesser_a clergy_n likewise_o select_v out_o of_o the_o several_a college_n and_o chapter_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v appoint_v to_o have_v seat_n in_o the_o tribunal_n and_o other_o court_n of_o justice_n for_o the_o same_o reason_n in_o like_a manner_n the_o great_a officer_n of_o the_o crown_n be_v oftentimes_o bishop_n and_o the_o great_a secretary_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n have_v always_o be_v a_o ecclesiastic_a clergy_n the_o regular_a clergy_n in_o poland_n be_v general_o more_o esteem_v than_o the_o secular_a for_o they_o can_v perform_v all_o the_o office_n of_o parish_n priest_n without_o have_v permission_n from_o the_o bishop_n and_o friar_n mendicant_n be_v allow_v to_o enter_v the_o most_o private_a part_n of_o any_o house_n without_o so_o much_o as_o knock_n at_o the_o door_n there_o be_v all_o sort_n of_o religious_a order_n in_o poland_n except_o those_o of_o carthusian_n and_o minim_n life_n these_o regular_a clergy_n be_v general_o very_o rich_a but_o not_o less_o dissolute_a and_o immodest_a for_o they_o frequent_o go_v into_o the_o cellar_n to_o drink_v be_v the_o tipple_a place_n of_o this_o country_n and_o sometime_o you_o shall_v see_v many_o of_o they_o so_o drink_v in_o the_o street_n that_o they_o be_v scarce_o able_a to_o go_v upon_o their_o leg_n and_o this_o without_o either_o their_o superior_n or_o the_o people_n take_v any_o notice_n of_o they_o poland_n on_o fast-day_n these_o religious_a person_n and_o all_o other_o of_o the_o pole_n abstain_v from_o milk-meat_n egg_n flesh_n and_o boil_a fish_n a-nights_n only_a for_o provide_v they_o keep_v to_o these_o rule_n at_o that_o time_n they_o may_v eat_v and_o drink_v what_o they_o please_v all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o day_n only_a fryday_n and_o saturday_n they_o forbear_v butter_n cheese_n milk_n and_o egg_n all_o the_o day_n long_o they_o can_v be_v incline_v to_o eat_v butter_n or_o cheese_n on_o fast-day_n though_o they_o have_v permission_n from_o the_o church_n for_o when_o cardinal_n radziouski_n once_o obtain_v they_o that_o liberty_n from_o the_o see_v of_o rome_n they_o absolute_o refuse_v it_o say_v that_o his_o holiness_n be_v a_o heretic_n this_o rigid_a custom_n they_o have_v observe_v ever_o since_o the_o pope_n make_v they_o once_o fast_o for_o a_o hundred_o year_n together_o for_o some_o enormous_a crime_n and_o which_o it_o may_v be_v they_o do_v not_o think_v yet_o sufficient_o expiate_v they_o also_o be_v so_o obstinate_a in_o their_o abstain_v from_o flesh_n that_o they_o will_v not_o eat_v any_o though_o they_o be_v sick_a and_o advise_v thereto_o by_o their_o doctor_n and_o permit_v by_o their_o priest_n clergy_n as_o for_o the_o secular_a inferior_a clergy_n they_o be_v either_o collegiate_n or_o parochial_a and_o both_o be_v much_o after_o the_o same_o nature_n as_o with_o we_o the_o canon_n be_v never_o almost_o present_a at_o the_o office_n for_o they_o
can_v have_v any_o force_n it_o must_v be_v review_v by_o the_o great_a marshal_n and_o two_o deputy_n or_o by_o three_o senator_n and_o six_o deputy_n have_v be_v thus_o review_v it_o be_v read_v out_o in_o the_o diet_n by_o the_o nuncio_n marshal_n after_o which_o the_o chancellor_n demand_n with_o a_o low_a voice_n if_o the_o king_n senate_n and_o deputy_n consent_v to_o apply_v the_o seal_n which_o be_v answer_v in_o the_o affirmative_a it_o be_v present_o seal_v and_o enroll_v among_o the_o act_n in_o the_o register_n of_o warsaw_n and_o this_o by_o the_o care_n of_o the_o deputy_n marshal_n who_o be_v to_o see_v it_o do_v soon_o after_o the_o conclusion_n of_o the_o session_n after_o this_o one_o of_o the_o king_n secretary_n be_v to_o get_v it_o print_v and_o disperse_v among_o the_o several_a little_a diet_n and_o tribunal_n all_o over_o the_o kingdom_n print_v it_o must_v be_v observe_v that_o where_o the_o diet_n have_v be_v dissolve_v through_o the_o obstinacy_n of_o any_o particular_a member_n no_o law_n or_o constitution_n can_v be_v commit_v to_o the_o press_n whereupon_o in_o the_o year_n 1665._o the_o nuncios_fw-la severe_o reprove_v their_o marshal_n for_o but_o suffer_v they_o to_o be_v transcribe_v where_o the_o session_n have_v be_v adjourn_v the_o same_o law_n be_v to_o be_v observe_v in_o all_o decree_n of_o the_o diet_n for_o immediate_o after_o the_o publish_n of_o they_o by_o the_o referendary_a they_o be_v to_o be_v transcribe_v sign_v seal_v and_o print_v those_o decree_n that_o concern_v the_o treasury_n be_v to_o be_v sign_v only_o by_o a_o prothonotary_n appoint_v for_o that_o purpose_n limit_v by_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o kingdom_n the_o diet_n ought_v never_o to_o sit_v above_o six_o week_n and_o the_o gentry_n be_v so_o very_o exact_a in_o observe_v this_o privilege_n that_o as_o soon_o as_o ever_o that_o time_n be_v expire_v they_o send_v their_o marshal_n to_o take_v leave_v of_o the_o king_n in_o their_o name_n and_o moreover_o to_o acquaint_v he_o that_o they_o intend_v to_o wait_v on_o he_o to_o kiss_v his_o hand_n which_o they_o be_v admit_v to_o do_v soon_o after_o they_o be_v so_o obstinate_o bend_v upon_o defend_v this_o custom_n that_o though_o the_o urgency_n of_o state_n require_v never_o so_o short_a a_o continuance_n of_o the_o diet_n after_o the_o time_n prescribe_v yet_o they_o always_o vigorous_o oppose_v it_o as_o they_o do_v in_o the_o year_n 1649._o when_o the_o tartar_n and_o cosacks_n have_v almost_o overrun_v the_o kingdom_n wherefore_o the_o reason_n i_o suppose_v why_o the_o member_n of_o the_o diet_n be_v so_o punctual_a in_o observe_v this_o constitution_n above_o any_o other_o be_v because_o by_o that_o time_n their_o money_n general_o be_v spend_v and_o other_o provision_n which_o they_o bring_v in_o wagon_n from_o home_n as_o beer_n wine_n meat_n fowl_n etc._n etc._n consume_v by_o the_o great_a train_n of_o guard_n and_o other_o domestic_n which_o they_o have_v with_o they_o diet_n the_o affair_n general_o treat_v of_o in_o the_o grand_a diet_n be_v either_o a_o king_n election_n or_o his_o marriage_n send_v ambassador_n to_o foreign_a prince_n declare_v war_n or_o make_v peace_n impose_v tax_n to_o carry_v on_o a_o war_n make_v alliance_n with_o other_o prince_n and_o all_o other_o state_n affair_n likewise_o all_o suit_n of_o law_n between_o private_a person_n have_v their_o last_o appeal_n from_o the_o tribunal_n to_o the_o diet_n as_o may_v appear_v by_o the_o difference_n adjust_v by_o they_o between_o the_o order_n of_o malta_n and_o prince_n demetrius_n wiesnowiski_n who_o withhold_v possession_n of_o what_o be_v give_v by_o his_o brother-in-law_n the_o duke_n of_o ostrog_n to_o this_o order_n also_o in_o criminal_a case_n they_o judge_v and_o condemn_v as_o they_o do_v those_o who_o assassinate_v gonczeski_n lieutenant_n general_n of_o lithuania_n who_o have_v all_o their_o head_n cut_v off_o by_o proceed_n in_o this_o court_n treason_n in_o case_n of_o high-treason_n the_o pole_n say_v their_o king_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v present_a at_o the_o trial_n of_o any_o traitor_n and_o therefore_o the_o marshal_n lubomirski_n complain_v of_o john_n casimir'_v condemn_v he_o in_o the_o diet_n for_o contumacy_n also_o they_o do_v not_o general_o admit_v the_o nuncios_fw-la at_o that_o time_n though_o stephen_n batori_fw-la at_o a_o diet_n hold_v at_o warsaw_n in_o the_o year_n 1582._o cause_v they_o to_o be_v present_a at_o the_o trial_n of_o shorowski_n for_o treason_n to_o the_o end_n that_o they_o may_v all_o be_v witness_n of_o the_o injustice_n do_v he_o poland_n it_o be_v likewise_o in_o the_o diet_n that_o stranger_n be_v naturalize_v and_o native_n of_o the_o country_n who_o be_v not_o freeborn_a be_v make_v gentleman_n former_o no_o person_n be_v capable_a of_o this_o honour_n but_o such_o only_a as_o have_v serve_v in_o the_o war_n for_o a_o considerable_a time_n or_o else_o who_o have_v do_v some_o other_o good_a service_n to_o the_o state_n but_o now_o there_o need_v no_o other_o merit_n or_o good_a quality_n than_o to_o be_v rich_a enough_o to_o purchase_v the_o favour_n of_o the_o court_n or_o the_o protection_n of_o some_o great_a man._n they_o that_o pretend_v to_o the_o indigenat_n that_o be_v to_o be_v make_v noble_a have_v no_o more_o to_o do_v than_o to_o apply_v themselves_o to_o the_o nuncio-marshal_n who_o have_v the_o power_n to_o put_v their_o name_n into_o the_o roll_n of_o those_o that_o desire_v to_o be_v make_v polish_v gentleman_n after_o which_o they_o be_v to_o give_v in_o a_o note_n of_o their_o genealogy_n name_n surname_n family_n and_o service_n and_o to_o put_v their_o arm_n in_o the_o middle_a when_o they_o have_v be_v receive_v and_o accept_v by_o the_o diet_n and_o have_v get_v their_o patent_n sign_v they_o be_v to_o take_v a_o oath_n before_o the_o same_o marshal_n to_o be_v true_a and_o faithful_a to_o their_o king_n and_o country_n and_o whereof_o the_o marshal_n afterward_o give_v they_o a_o certificate_n stand_v nevertheless_o though_o the_o candidate_n be_v declare_v noble_a by_o the_o unanimous_a consent_n of_o the_o three_o order_n yet_o be_v he_o capable_a only_o of_o mean_a employment_n and_o to_o have_v a_o vote_n among_o the_o gentry_n it_o not_o be_v in_o the_o power_n of_o the_o king_n to_o bestow_v either_o on_o he_o or_o his_o child_n any_o important_a preferment_n till_o the_o three_o generation_n be_v past_a and_o the_o republic_n be_v thereby_o satisfy_v of_o their_o fidelity_n loyalty_n and_o affection_n for_o their_o country_n diet._n though_o no_o other_o person_n but_o the_o king_n senate_n and_o nuncios_fw-la can_v have_v any_o business_n or_o vote_n in_o the_o diet_n yet_o vast_a number_n of_o other_o people_n still_o flock_v thither_o also_o most_o common_o foreign_a prince_n choose_v then_o to_o send_v their_o ambassador_n according_a to_o the_o interest_n they_o have_v to_o maintain_v in_o the_o diet._n at_o 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almost_o bring_v his_o necessary_n along_o with_o he_o nay_o the_o great_a part_n send_v their_o fuel_n and_o provender_n for_o their_o horse_n by_o the_o river_n vistula_n to_o warsaw_n when_o they_o come_v from_o that_o side_n of_o the_o country_n there_o be_v likewise_o several_a gentleman_n that_o always_o come_v from_o germany_n sweden_n and_o other_o adjacent_a country_n to_o see_v this_o general_a meeting_n which_o be_v a_o fine_a sight_n and_o the_o only_a thing_n that_o be_v worth_a observe_v in_o poland_n night_n at_o this_o time_n there_o be_v always_o such_o a_o crowd_n of_o soldier_n heyduke_n and_o footman_n in_o the_o street_n that_o it_o be_v not_o safe_a to_o be_v abroad_o after_o day_n shut_v in_o for_o fear_n of_o be_v robe_v or_o stripe_v naked_a as_o happen_v almost_o every_o night_n for_o the_o polish_v gentry_n give_v so_o very_o short_a allowance_n to_o their_o guard_n and_o servant_n
jurisdiction_n of_o poland_n be_v whole_o in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o king_n or_o his_o general_n although_o the_o palatine_n and_o castellan_n who_o general_o accompany_v his_o majesty_n to_o the_o war_n retain_v their_o authority_n over_o their_o respective_a inferior_n but_o where_o those_o be_v refractory_a a_o court-marshal_n adju_v the_o debate_n law_n as_o for_o the_o law_n of_o poland_n it_o be_v on_o all_o hand_n agree_v that_o it_o have_v none_o till_o the_o time_n of_o casimir_n the_o great_a and_o then_o but_o very_o few_o make_v by_o he_o although_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o the_o pole_n hadlong_o before_o be_v christian_n and_o be_v well_o enough_o verse_v in_o the_o human-learning_n yet_o be_v there_o never_o any_o law_n or_o statute_n of_o any_o prince_n commit_v to_o write_v but_o that_o people_n be_v content_v to_o be_v govern_v by_o the_o custom_n and_o manner_n of_o their_o ancestor_n hand_v down_o to_o they_o from_o father_n to_o son_n casimir_n iii_o therefore_o call_v the_o great_a from_o his_o prudent_a administration_n observe_v the_o disadvantage_n his_o kingdom_n labour_v under_o by_o the_o german_n who_o then_o frequent_o come_v into_o poland_n on_o account_n of_o trade_n receive_v the_o saxon_a law_n now_o call_v magdeburg-law_n from_o the_o city_n of_o saxony_n whence_o they_o be_v take_v by_o which_o poland_n be_v at_o this_o day_n principal_o govern_v although_o the_o gentry_n have_v many_o peculiar_a custom_n and_o some_o statute_n which_o have_v be_v since_o make_v and_o which_o in_o the_o time_n of_o sigismundus_n augustus_n be_v compile_v into_o one_o volume_n by_o learned_a man_n be_v entitle_v the_o statute_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o since_o some_o have_v be_v approve_v and_o augment_v and_o other_o change_v and_o alter_v in_o several_a diet_n have_v obtain_v the_o name_n of_o constitution_n of_o poland_n to_o which_o nevertheless_o all_o that_o kingdom_n be_v not_o subject_a lithuania_n and_o volhynia_n observe_v its_o own_o law_n prussia_n likewise_o both_o regal_a and_o ducal_z have_v a_o municipal_a law_n of_o its_o own_o common_o style_v the_o law_n of_o culm_n from_o which_o notwithstanding_o three_o city_n be_v exempt_a viz._n elbing_n bransberg_n and_o fraumberg_n all_o which_o make_v use_v of_o the_o law_n of_o lansberg_n poland_n the_o punishment_n in_o poland_n be_v various_a and_o differ_v only_o according_a to_o the_o quality_n of_o the_o crime_n and_o not_o of_o the_o person_n for_o a_o thief_n be_v to_o be_v hang_v of_o what_o degree_n soever_o he_o be_v and_o capital_a offender_n of_o all_o other_o kind_n and_o quality_n be_v to_o be_v behead_v except_o in_o notorious_a villainy_n where_o the_o offender_n be_v common_o break_v on_o the_o wheel_n or_o else_o torture_v by_o cut_v off_o two_o thong_n or_o long_a piece_n out_o of_o the_o skin_n of_o his_o back_n a_o nobleman_n be_v sometime_o punish_v by_o forfeit_v half_o his_o estate_n to_o the_o king_n and_o the_o rest_n to_o a_o informer_n and_o sometime_o by_o imprisonment_n only_o servant_n master_n also_o have_v a_o power_n of_o chastise_v their_o servant_n which_o they_o do_v after_o this_o manner_n if_o the_o servant_n they_o be_v about_o to_o punish_v be_v a_o polish_v gentleman_n than_o they_o make_v he_o lie_v down_o on_o his_o belly_n on_o a_o carpet_n spread_v on_o the_o ground_n or_o upon_o a_o stool_n when_o another_o gentleman-servant_n lay_v he_o on_o unmerciful_o on_o the_o back_n with_o a_o rope_n or_o stick_n give_v he_o as_o many_o blow_v and_o lash_n as_o the_o master_n who_o be_v then_o present_a order_n after_o which_o he_o that_o be_v beat_v embrace_n the_o knee_n of_o he_o that_o have_v command_v he_o to_o be_v beat_v and_o salute_v he_o with_o the_o good-natured_a title_n of_o benefactor_n this_o discipline_n seem_v a_o little_a too_o severe_a but_o however_o the_o temper_n of_o these_o people_n make_v it_o necessary_a the_o peasant-servant_n be_v punish_v after_o the_o same_o manner_n only_o with_o this_o difference_n that_o they_o have_v no_o carpet_n spread_v under_o they_o some_o of_o the_o former_a sort_n think_v it_o a_o honour_n to_o be_v so_o lash_v which_o honour_n they_o always_o receive_v liberal_o as_o often_o as_o they_o deserve_v it_o beat_v this_o custom_n of_o the_o pole_n in_o punish_v their_o gentlemen-servant_n so_o rigid_o ought_v not_o much_o to_o be_v wonder_v at_o if_o it_o be_v consider_v that_o they_o may_v serve_v in_o the_o mean_a office_n without_o derogate_a from_o the_o nobility_n of_o their_o birth_n or_o incapacitate_v themselves_o for_o the_o high_a preferment_n for_o say_v hauteville_n i_o have_v know_v some_o who_o from_o be_v footboy_n to_o great_a lord_n and_o drummer_n in_o a_o company_n of_o dragoon_n have_v be_v advance_v to_o the_o dignity_n of_o senator_n also_o in_o general_n nothing_o debase_v nobility_n in_o this_o country_n but_o a_o handicraft_n or_o mechanic_n employment_n this_o sir_n be_v all_o that_o i_o can_v meet_v with_o by_o various_a read_n relate_v to_o the_o legislative_a and_o executive_a justice_n in_o poland_n and_o which_o though_o not_o capable_a to_o pass_v your_o censure_n with_o the_o name_n of_o a_o regular_a composition_n i_o hope_v may_v obtain_v effect_n of_o your_o candour_n under_o the_o regret_v title_n of_o a_o hasty_a compilation_n i_o be_o sir_n with_o all_o humility_n your_o most_o obedient_a servant_n j._n s._n letter_n iu._n to_o the_o right_n honourable_a john_n earl_n of_o marlborough_n governor_n to_o his_o highness_n the_o duke_n of_o gloucester_n of_o the_o election_n and_o coronation_n of_o a_o king_n of_o poland_n with_o the_o proceed_n in_o the_o inter-regnum_fw-la and_o all_o other_o ceremony_n as_o likewise_o a_o short_a account_n of_o the_o coronation_n of_o the_o queen_n my_o lord_n to_o who_o can_v this_o letter_n which_o treat_v of_o the_o election_n of_o a_o king_n more_o proper_o address_v itself_o than_o to_o your_o lordship_n who_o have_v late_o be_v pitch_v upon_o by_o the_o wise_a of_o monarch_n to_o be_v governor_n to_o the_o presumptive_a heir_n of_o his_o crown_n no_o doubt_v his_o majesty_n see_v those_o unite_a qualification_n in_o you_o which_o be_v but_o to_o be_v single_o meet_v with_o in_o all_o other_o and_o which_o moreover_o can_v not_o but_o be_v require_v to_o copy_v a_o successor_n from_o so_o great_a a_o original_a as_o himself_o these_o consideration_n my_o lord_n have_v embolden_v i_o to_o present_v your_o lordship_n with_o this_o imperfect_a account_n but_o which_o i_o hope_v in_o regard_n it_o have_v be_v extract_v from_o so_o many_o volume_n may_v favourable_o pass_v your_o discern_a censure_n though_o it_o must_v not_o in_o the_o least_o pretend_v to_o deserve_v your_o approbation_n my_o lord_n way_n the_o crown_n of_o poland_n may_v be_v vacant_a four_o way_n for_o either_o the_o king_n abdicate_v voluntary_o and_o public_o like_o john_n casimir_n be_v depose_v for_o his_o vice_n as_o locticus_n be_v run_v out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n as_o henry_n iii_o of_o france_n do_v or_o die_v which_o be_v the_o ordinary_a cause_n of_o a_o inter-regnum_fw-la summon_v when_o the_o crown_n be_v once_o become_v vacant_a the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n be_v the_o first_o senator_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v the_o prime_a minister_n and_o have_v the_o same_o authority_n as_o the_o king_n have_v most_o of_o the_o crown_n revenue_n be_v invest_v likewise_o in_o he_o during_o the_o interregnum_fw-la after_o the_o king_n death_n he_o issue_v out_o circular_a letter_n to_o all_o the_o province_n to_o acquaint_v they_o therewith_o and_o to_o command_v their_o several_a officer_n to_o make_v publication_n of_o the_o inter-regnum_fw-la as_o likewise_o to_o summon_v a_o general_a convocation_n of_o the_o gentry_n to_o meet_v at_o warsaw_n at_o a_o time_n prefix_v session_n before_o this_o general_a meeting_n they_o meet_v at_o the_o little_a diet_n where_o care_n be_v take_v to_o secure_v the_o road_n from_o thief_n and_o to_o set_v strong_a guard_n every_o where_o on_o the_o frontier_n to_o oppose_v a_o invade_a enemy_n next_o spy_n be_v send_v into_o all_o neighbour_a kingdom_n to_o have_v intelligence_n of_o what_o they_o design_n or_o do_v then_o all_o person_n be_v prohibit_v either_o to_o go_v out_o or_o come_v into_o the_o kingdom_n during_o the_o interregnum_fw-la as_o likewise_o to_o carry_v any_o horse_n out_o of_o it_o all_o foreign_a letter_n direct_v to_o any_o member_n of_o the_o senate_n be_v intercept_v all_o the_o highway_n be_v block_v up_o with_o tree_n fell_v down_o and_o ambuscadoe_n be_v place_v about_o they_o none_o of_o the_o senate_n nor_o no_o foreigner_n be_v permit_v to_o write_v to_o the_o army_n all_o the_o gentry_n be_v command_v to_o have_v every_o thing_n in_o readiness_n for_o public_a defence_n the_o common_a use_n of_o gun_n be_v forbid_v tavern_n be_v shut_v up_o and_o concert_n of_o music_n silence_v
then_o they_o proceed_v to_o institute_v the_o court_n call_v kaptur_n treat_v of_o before_o interregnum_fw-la this_o diet_n consist_v of_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n who_o represent_v the_o king_n person_n and_o the_o other_o senator_n together_o with_o the_o deputy_n of_o the_o province_n 275._o in_o case_n there_o be_v no_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n when_o the_o king_n die_v the_o office_n of_o inter-rex_a come_v to_o the_o bishop_n of_o cujavia_n and_o next_o to_o the_o bishop_n of_o posnan_n and_o so_o to_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o bishop_n of_o lower_n poland_n which_o in_o this_o respect_n be_v prefer_v to_o the_o high_a though_o in_o nothing_o else_o yet_o however_o they_o may_v grant_v away_o their_o power_n as_o they_o do_v in_o the_o inter-regnum_n before_o the_o election_n of_o the_o late_a king_n when_o the_o bishop_n of_o cracow_n officiate_v during_o the_o whole_a interregnum_fw-la by_o a_o common_a consent_n of_o those_o bishop_n proceed_n 291._o some_o of_o the_o senator_n and_o deputy_n be_v dispatch_v to_o the_o general_n of_o the_o army_n to_o remain_v with_o they_o and_o to_o be_v assist_v to_o they_o with_o their_o counsel_n in_o the_o affair_n of_o the_o war._n some_o senator_n and_o deputy_n likewise_o be_v appoint_v to_o inspect_v the_o crown-treasure_n deposit_v in_o the_o castle_n of_o cracow_n and_o to_o take_v a_o inventory_n thereof_o which_o they_o be_v afterward_o to_o report_v to_o the_o diet._n this_o treasure_n be_v common_o commit_v to_o the_o custody_n of_o eight_o senator_n who_o be_v the_o castellan_n of_o cracow_n the_o palatine_n of_o cracovia_n posnania_n vilna_n sendomir_n kalisch_n and_o troki_n together_o with_o the_o treasurer_n of_o the_o kingdom_n each_o have_v his_o particular_a seal_n and_o key_n and_o therefore_o none_o to_o act_v without_o the_o unanimous_a consent_n of_o all_o also_o commissioner_n be_v send_v to_o inform_v themselves_o of_o the_o king_n crown-revenue_n which_o they_o be_v likewise_o to_o make_v their_o report_n of_o during_o this_o session_n and_o till_o a_o new_a king_n be_v proclaim_v the_o republic_n 306._o claim_v the_o title_n of_o most_o serene_a from_o all_o sovereign_a prince_n and_o crown_v head_n although_o hautaville_n say_v he_o have_v observe_v that_o the_o king_n of_o france_n write_v to_o this_o diet_n of_o election_n have_v not_o falute_v they_o with_o that_o title_n but_o only_o express_v himself_o in_o these_o term_n to_o our_o dear_a and_o well_o belove_a friend_n and_o ally_n the_o state_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n and_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n two_o whilst_o this_o diet_n sit_v which_o by_o the_o law_n be_v not_o to_o be_v above_o a_o fortnight_n without_o prorogation_n and_o from_o the_o time_n of_o the_o circular_a letter_n to_o the_o conclusion_n of_o the_o diet_n of_o election_n all_o court_n of_o justice_n cease_v except_o only_o that_o of_o the_o marshal_n which_o continue_v as_o before_o and_o a_o court_n establish_v to_o prevent_v disorder_n in_o the_o diet._n as_o for_o all_o private_a affair_n and_o suit_n of_o law_n they_o be_v delay_v till_o after_o the_o new_a king_n coronation_n the_o proceed_n in_o this_o diet_n be_v much_o of_o the_o same_o nature_n with_o those_o in_o other_o diet_n occasion_n most_o crown_v head_n and_o other_o christian_a prince_n send_v ambassador_n to_o this_o election_n and_o more_o especial_o the_o emperor_n and_o king_n of_o france_n the_o pope_n also_o always_o send_v his_o nuncio_n to_o take_v care_n that_o the_o election_n shall_v fall_v upon_o a_o profess_a catholic_n and_o one_o that_o be_v in_o the_o interest_n of_o the_o see_v of_o rome_n the_o emperor_n and_o french_a king_n always_o raise_v great_a faction_n to_o promote_v their_o several_a interest_n receive_v before_o any_o ambassador_n arrive_v they_o be_v to_o send_v notice_n of_o their_o come_n to_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n who_o be_v to_o appoint_v they_o lodging_n at_o a_o distance_n from_o the_o city_n and_o to_o assign_v they_o a_o polish_v gentleman_n who_o business_n be_v rather_o to_o observe_v their_o conduct_n and_o to_o acquaint_v the_o diet_n therewith_o than_o to_o do_v they_o either_o any_o service_n or_o honour_n but_o however_o these_o rule_n be_v but_o seldom_o observe_v for_o prince_n ambassador_n now_o general_o live_v public_o at_o warsaw_n a_o gentleman_n it_o be_v true_a be_v still_o appoint_v to_o be_v always_o with_o they_o who_o chief_a business_n be_v to_o prevent_v their_o corrupt_v any_o with_o money_n but_o this_o precaution_n be_v notwithstanding_o now_o become_v useless_a since_o avarice_n bear_v so_o great_a a_o sway_n in_o poland_n that_o even_o the_o fidelity_n which_o a_o polish_v gentleman_n owe_v his_o country_n can_v withstand_v the_o charm_n of_o a_o thousand_o crown_n republic_n ambassador_n be_v not_o only_o receive_v from_o foreign_a prince_n and_o their_o master_n letter_n public_o read_v but_o also_o polish_v minister_n be_v send_v at_o this_o time_n from_o the_o republic_n to_o all_o neighbour_a state_n to_o answer_v their_o embassy_n and_o to_o request_v their_o amity_n here_o it_o may_v be_v observe_v that_o all_o ambassador_n or_o envoy_n who_o have_v have_v audience_n of_o leave_n before_o the_o late_a king_n death_n be_v desire_v to_o depart_v within_o eight_o day_n minister_n ambassador_n from_o foreign_a court_n must_v take_v especial_a care_n to_o secure_v the_o diet_n in_o general_n since_o the_o bare_a disoblige_v of_o one_o particular_a member_n may_v render_v they_o for_o ever_o incapable_a of_o bring_v their_o design_n about_o as_o it_o happen_v in_o the_o election_n of_o michael_n wiesnowiski_n where_o the_o true_a reason_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o newburg_n be_v exclude_v be_v the_o quarrel_n with_o the_o chancellor_n patz_n nevertheless_o it_o must_v be_v acknowledge_v that_o that_o election_n be_v tumultuary_a the_o nobility_n have_v not_o their_o free_a vote_n and_o that_o they_o be_v in_o a_o manner_n hurry_v away_o by_o the_o violence_n of_o the_o multitude_n which_o be_v so_o great_a that_o prasmowski_n than_o primate_n be_v force_v to_o proclaim_v he_o though_o he_o know_v that_o the_o republic_n at_o that_o juncture_n have_v need_n of_o both_o a_o rich_a and_o valiant_a king_n neither_o of_o which_o that_o prince_n can_v in_o the_o least_o pretend_v to_o be_v he_o be_v no_o soon_o proclaim_v but_o the_o chancellor_n begin_v to_o insinuate_v that_o he_o owe_v his_o crown_n to_o he_o nor_o be_v it_o a_o difficult_a task_n for_o he_o to_o impose_v on_o a_o prince_n who_o be_v easy_o govern_v and_o who_o have_v always_o show_v more_o good_a nature_n than_o judgement_n diet_n after_o the_o diet_n of_o convocation_n end_v the_o nuncios_fw-la and_o deputy_n retire_v to_o their_o several_a country_n where_o they_o acquaint_v the_o gentry_n be_v a_o second_o time_n assemble_v in_o their_o little_a diet_n of_o the_o proceed_n in_o this_o general_a convocation_n and_o particular_o 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place_n be_v 295._o szopa_n signify_v a_o cover_a room_n against_o the_o injury_n of_o wether_n it_o have_v but_o three_o door_n to_o go_v in_o at_o and_o they_o fortify_v it_o round_o with_o a_o broad_a and_o deep_a ditch_n when_o this_o place_n be_v thus_o finish_v by_o the_o care_n of_o the_o aforesaid_a officer_n and_o the_o day_n fix_v for_o the_o diet_n convening_n be_v arrive_v the_o senator_n and_o nobility_n go_v in_o great_a order_n to_o st._n john_n church_n at_o warsaw_n where_o they_o pray_v god_n to_o assist_v they_o in_o the_o election_n of_o a_o king_n who_o may_v have_v all_o the_o quality_n necessary_a to_o defend_v the_o church_n and_o protect_v the_o republic_n then_o they_o go_v to_o wait_v on_o the_o queen_n dowager_n to_o condole_v the_o death_n of_o the_o decease_a king_n her_o husband_n the_o primate_n speak_v for_o the_o senate_n and_o the_o last_o nuncio-marshal_n for_o the_o deputy_n who_o be_v then_o answer_v in_o the_o queen_n
hearth_n have_v no_o chimney_n and_o the_o smoke_n have_v only_o a_o little_a hole_n to_o get_v out_o at_o the_o top_n of_o the_o house_n in_o poland_n it_o be_v impossible_a to_o subsist_v a_o night_n without_o these_o hearth_n and_o therefore_o not_o only_o the_o peasant_n but_o gentry_n likewise_o be_v oblige_v to_o have_v they_o though_o the_o last_o be_v of_o different_a make_n and_o material_n from_o the_o former_a go_v the_o peasant_n child_n especial_o in_o russia_n go_v naked_a till_o they_o be_v four_o or_o five_o year_n old_a they_o be_v not_o teach_v to_o go_v till_o they_o be_v indifferent_a strong_a and_o then_o their_o mother_n set_v they_o against_o the_o threshold_n of_o the_o door_n where_o they_o first_o begin_v to_o essay_n their_o strength_n after_o they_o have_v roll_v about_o till_o they_o be_v sufficient_o dirty_a she_o take_v they_o and_o wash_v they_o in_o cold_a water_n as_o i_o observe_v before_o so_o that_o this_o be_v first_o consider_v it_o need_v not_o 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short_n those_o in_o russia_n go_v general_o in_o summer_n in_o their_o smock_n with_o a_o apron_n before_o they_o that_o reach_v low_a than_o ordinary_a poland_n now_o i_o shall_v proceed_v to_o inform_v your_o lordship_n how_o nobility_n be_v acquire_v in_o poland_n which_o be_v first_o by_o birth_n where_o both_o the_o parent_n be_v noble_a nevertheless_o now_o a-days_o by_o a_o long_a tract_n of_o custom_n not_o only_o such_o be_v repute_v noble_a but_o likewise_o those_o who_o mother_n be_v plebeians_z for_o nothing_o be_v at_o present_v more_o practise_v in_o poland_n than_o for_o the_o gentry_n to_o match_v with_o the_o commonalty_n especial_o with_o those_o that_o be_v rich_a second_o nobility_n be_v acquire_v by_o creation_n which_o former_o be_v whole_o at_o the_o king_n be_v pleasure_n but_o of_o latter_a day_n be_v only_o at_o the_o disposal_n of_o the_o senate_n or_o diet._n gentleman_n the_o manner_n of_o make_v a_o gentleman_n be_v this_o the_o king_n not_o be_v sole_a 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which_o be_v by_o serve_v as_o magistrate_n in_o some_o privilege_v city_n particular_o in_o cracow_n and_o vilna_n where_o the_o consul_n or_o senator_n be_v qualify_v to_o transmit_v their_o privilege_n to_o their_o posterity_n it_o also_o as_o nobility_n be_v to_o be_v gain_v so_o likewise_o it_o may_v be_v forfeit_v three_o way_n first_o by_o some_o heinous_a crime_n for_o example_n where_o a_o nobleman_n permit_v one_o that_o be_v ignoble_a to_o usurp_v his_o coat_n of_o arms._n second_o by_o exercise_v any_o trade_n or_o merchandize_v or_o any_o sordid_a call_v in_o any_o city_n or_o town_n whereby_o he_o immediate_o forfeit_v his_o privilege_n and_o quality_n and_o three_o by_o be_v a_o magistrate_n in_o any_o city_n not_o privilege_v restore_v however_o though_o nobility_n may_v by_o these_o mean_n be_v lose_v and_o forfeit_v yet_o many_o have_v be_v know_v to_o be_v restore_v where_o their_o parent_n have_v quit_v their_o quality_n through_o poverty_n the_o pole_n just_o consider_v the_o force_n of_o that_o condition_n which_o be_v able_a to_o drive_v man_n to_o the_o most_o ignoble_a action_n pole_n to_o give_v your_o lordship_n a_o character_n of_o the_o pole_n i_o may_v affirm_v that_o they_o exceed_v all_o the_o nation_n of_o europe_n in_o vivacity_n of_o spirit_n strength_n of_o body_n and_o live_v long_o which_o can_v be_v occasion_v by_o their_o climate_n because_o the_o swede_n moscovite_n and_o german_n live_v all_o under_o the_o same_o parallel_n and_o yet_o enjoy_v not_o the_o like_a vigour_n and_o health_n and_o therefore_o must_v proceed_v first_o from_o their_o diet_n which_o as_o to_o meat_n be_v general_o fresh_a roast_a flesh_n for_o they_o scarce_o ever_o eat_v any_o boil_a or_o salt_n and_o fowl_n which_o increase_v the_o volatile_a and_o fix_a salt_n and_o thence_o come_v their_o vigour_n and_o vivacity_n second_o from_o their_o drink_n which_o be_v spirituous_a and_o strong_a be_v chief_a hungarian_a wine_n burn_v or_o aniseed_n water_n both_o which_o they_o guzzle_v down_o in_o great_a quantity_n almost_o all_o the_o day_n long_o the_o poor_a sort_n have_v a_o liquor_n distil_v from_o wheat_n oat_n or_o barley_n which_o the_o gentry_n rectify_v with_o anniseed_n or_o aromatics_n three_o from_o their_o live_n hardy_o for_o they_o hate_v effeminacy_n and_o a_o poor_a country_n cottage_n please_v they_o as_o well_o as_o a_o palace_n and_o they_o frequent_o weave_v tapestry_n and_o arras_n as_o they_o travel_v along_o upon_o the_o road_n nay_o many_o of_o they_o will_v sleep_v in_o time_n of_o frost_n and_o snow_n without_o any_o bed_n or_o other_o conveniency_n and_o the_o little_a child_n two_o month_n after_o they_o be_v bear_v have_v be_v see_v carry_v about_o stark_o naked_a four_o from_o hunt_v which_o be_v very_o much_o in_o use_n among_o they_o and_o particular_o of_o a_o wild_a beast_n which_o they_o call_v zubra_n have_v no_o cleave_v foot_n they_o eat_v these_o animal_n which_o they_o find_v only_o in_o lithuania_n the_o pole_n be_v extreme_o addict_v to_o and_o expert_a in_o horsemanship_n which_o may_v probable_o occasion_v the_o arm_n of_o lithuania_n five_o from_o other_o exercise_n for_o the_o pole_n be_v very_o much_o incline_v to_o dance_a leap_v vault_a jump_v etc._n etc._n as_o likewise_o exceed_o give_v to_o talk_v and_o conversation_n wherein_o they_o agree_v with_o the_o french_a six_o their_o bed_n fast_v and_o temperance_n in_o eat_v very_o much_o contribute_v towards_o their_o live_n long_o for_o hard_a bed_n knit_v their_o bone_n and_o temperance_n refine_v their_o spirit_n the_o slave_n among_o they_o have_v no_o bed_n and_o the_o master_n seldom_o use_v any_o but_o quilt_n and_o the_o like_a and_o seventh_o their_o health_n vigour_n and_o vivacity_n may_v reasonable_o be_v augment_v by_o their_o great_a freedom_n and_o privilege_n for_o where_o slavery_n hebetates_fw-la and_o blunt_v the_o mind_n and_o consequent_o enervate_v the_o body_n liberty_n exhilarate_v the_o one_o and_o by_o that_o mean_n strengthen_v the_o other_o etc._n the_o complexion_n of_o the_o pole_n be_v general_o incline_v to_o fair_a as_o likewise_o their_o hair_n to_o a_o pale_a yellowish_a colour_n their_o stature_n be_v common_o of_o the_o middle_a sort_n though_o a_o little_a tend_v to_o the_o tall_a their_o constitution_n be_v general_o good_a and_o their_o body_n gross_a yet_o the_o woman_n of_o quality_n make_v it_o their_o chief_a study_n to_o make_v themselves_o lean_a and_o slim_v but_o paint_v and_o wash_v to_o meliorate_v their_o complexion_n they_o abhor_v neither_o have_v they_o any_o occasion_n for_o they_o men._n the_o polish_v man_n cut_v their_o hair_n about_o their_o ear_n like_o monk_n as_o i_o observe_v in_o the_o first_o volume_n of_o this_o history_n they_o raze_v away_o all_o the_o hair_n from_o their_o face_n leave_v only_o one_o large_a whisker_n they_o walk_v grave_o
with_o a_o pole-axe_n in_o their_o hand_n and_o a_o sabre_n by_o their_o side_n which_o they_o never_o put_v off_o but_o when_o they_o go_v to_o bed_n this_o sabre_n hang_v by_o a_o strap_n of_o leather_n to_o which_o be_v also_o fasten_v a_o hankercheif_n a_o knife_n and_o sheath_n and_o a_o small_a stone_n set_v in_o silver_n to_o whet_v their_o knife_n upon_o they_o wash_v their_o face_n and_o neck_n every_o morning_n in_o cold-water_n and_o the_o father_n be_v accustom_a to_o make_v their_o child_n to_o wash_v themselves_o as_o soon_o as_o they_o be_v stir_v even_o in_o the_o sharp_a wether_n character_n the_o pole_n be_v general_o open-hearted_n and_o honest_a as_o boterus_n observe_v in_o his_o relation_n more_o apt_a to_o be_v deceive_v than_o to_o deceive_v and_o not_o so_o easy_o provoke_v as_o appease_v they_o be_v likewise_o for_o the_o most_o part_n very_o dutiful_a to_o their_o magistrate_n and_o courteous_a and_o hospitable_a to_o stranger_n which_o last_o they_o will_v not_o only_o invite_v to_o their_o house_n and_o free_o converse_v with_o but_o also_o endeavour_v to_o imitate_v i_o have_v know_v some_o say_v hauteville_n that_o have_v entertain_v french_a man_n italian_n and_o german_n who_o they_o do_v not_o know_v mere_o because_o they_o be_v out_o of_o employment_n learning_n from_o their_o green_a year_n they_o apply_v themselves_o to_o letter_n yet_o which_o general_o speak_v seldom_o extend_v much_o beyond_o a_o perfect_a knowledge_n of_o the_o latin_a and_o their_o own_o language_n although_o they_o have_v not_o however_o all_o along_o want_v for_o famous_a mathematician_n historian_n orator_n philosopher_n and_o poet_n as_o likewise_o for_o learned_a physician_n lawyer_n and_o divine_n some_o of_o which_o have_v illustrate_v both_o the_o church_n and_o their_o native_a country_n with_o their_o write_n and_o doubtless_o the_o learned_a will_v have_v be_v oblige_v to_o more_o of_o their_o nation_n have_v not_o their_o work_n perish_v for_o want_n of_o print_v which_o art_n have_v be_v but_o late_o receive_v among_o they_o your_o lordship_n will_v find_v no_o people_n with_o who_o you_o may_v more_o general_o converse_v in_o latin_a and_o where_o all_o record_n be_v write_v in_o that_o language_n the_o woman_n also_o learn_v latin_a in_o the_o nunnery_n themselves_o the_o adult_n among_o the_o plebeian_n general_o addict_v themselves_o the_o man_n to_o trade_n or_o agriculture_n and_o the_o woman_n to_o good_a housewifry_n the_o gentry_n also_o apply_v themselves_o to_o serve_v the_o church_n or_o state_n yet_o both_o gentry_n and_o commonalty_n be_v often_o give_v to_o travel_v and_o easy_o imbibe_n the_o idiom_n of_o foreign_a nation_n their_o part_n be_v sprightly_a and_o active_a yet_o nevertheless_o more_o apt_a for_o imitation_n than_o invention_n former_o the_o pole_n be_v not_o much_o give_v to_o traffic_n but_o now_o by_o the_o example_n of_o their_o neighbour_n who_o come_v to_o trade_n among_o they_o they_o strive_v to_o outvie_v each_o other_o in_o riches_n and_o covetousness_n yet_o for_o the_o most_o part_n they_o love_v to_o make_v a_o show_n and_o will_v appear_v very_o splendid_a upon_o the_o least_o occasion_n character_n for_o the_o worst_a part_n of_o their_o character_n we_o must_v observe_v with_o barclay_n that_o they_o run_v mad_a after_o liberty_n and_o rather_o drive_v than_o invite_v their_o king_n to_o observe_v their_o law_n they_o not_o only_o hate_v the_o name_n of_o slavery_n but_o likewise_o abhor_v a_o just_a and_o hereditary_a monarchy_n the_o gentry_n claim_v prerogative_n that_o will_v scarce_o give_v they_o leave_v to_o be_v guilty_a of_o any_o crime_n and_o whenever_o they_o happen_v to_o acknowledge_v any_o such_o the_o prince_n have_v seldom_o a_o power_n to_o punish_v it_o they_o be_v not_o only_o licentious_a in_o their_o moral_n and_o a_o civil_a life_n but_o likewise_o in_o religion_n and_o sacred_a observance_n for_o without_o fear_n of_o ecclesiastical_a censure_n they_o will_v both_o talk_v and_o act_n as_o they_o please_v against_o that_o function_n affirm_v themselves_o self-sufficient_a to_o be_v their_o own_o guide_n in_o those_o matter_n incline_v their_o genius_n incline_v they_o general_o to_o arm_n though_o they_o fall_v far_o short_a of_o their_o ancient_a glory_n by_o reason_n there_o be_v now_o so_o few_o public_a spirit_a person_n among_o they_o each_o have_v great_a regard_n to_o his_o own_o private_a interest_n and_o gain_n than_o either_o the_o honour_n or_o safety_n of_o his_o country_n nevertheless_o not_o all_o have_v be_v of_o this_o character_n for_o several_a of_o latter_a day_n have_v approve_v themselves_o worthy_a patriot_n and_o courageous_a defender_n of_o the_o republic_n and_o for_o the_o most_o part_n they_o be_v still_o good_a soldier_n provide_v there_o appear_v any_o money_n or_o other_o reward_n to_o push_v they_o on_o hardship_n it_o be_v probable_a they_o will_v be_v almost_o 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servant_n and_o great_a store_n of_o horse_n and_o arm_n for_o that_o purpose_n but_o more_o especial_o they_o affect_v to_o go_v splendid_o clothe_v yet_o still_o rather_o according_a to_o their_o several_a condition_n than_o quality_n they_o have_v former_o delight_v much_o in_o foreign_a modes_n and_o their_o soldier_n have_v be_v the_o first_o introducer_n of_o their_o fashion_n for_o example_n when_o they_o have_v war_n with_o the_o moscovite_n according_a to_o the_o mode_n of_o that_o country_n they_o wear_v large_a long_a gown_n line_v throughout_o with_o rich_a fur_n as_o likewise_o very_o broad-brimed_a and_o high-crowned_a hat_n afterward_o when_o they_o be_v engage_v against_o the_o turk_n in_o valachia_n they_o change_v their_o fashion_n to_o the_o turkish_a and_o tartarian_a habit_n and_o after_o that_o to_o the_o suedish_n and_o german_a modes_n when_o they_o be_v in_o war_n with_o the_o suede_n in_o prussia_n fashion_n their_o present_a fashion_n be_v a_o vest_n that_o reach_v down_o to_o the_o middle_n of_o their_o leg_n with_o a_o long_a robe_n not_o unlike_o our_o morning_n gown_n line_v with_o furr_n and_o tie_v about_o their_o waste_v with_o a_o sash_n little_a boot_n with_o iron_n heel_n on_o their_o leg_n and_o fur_v cap_n upon_o their_o head_n with_o a_o sabre_n or_o cutlace_n gird_v about_o their_o loin_n when_o they_o appear_v on_o horseback_n which_o be_v one_o of_o their_o chief_a delight_n they_o wear_v beside_o all_o that_o have_v be_v mention_v a_o short_a cloak_n that_o hang_v over_o their_o shoulder_n much_o like_o a_o irish_a mantle_n which_o be_v most_o common_o fur_v within_o and_o without_o use_v the_o better_a that_o be_v the_o rich_a sort_v make_v use_n of_o the_o fur_n of_o sable_n which_o be_v bring_v from_o moscovy_n when_o the_o other_o content_v themselves_o with_o the_o skin_n of_o tiger_n leopard_n panther_n and_o a_o kind_n of_o grey_a fur_n some_o of_o the_o fine_a of_o these_o fur_n cost_v above_o a_o thousand_o
large_a black_a velvet_n pall_v throw_v over_o it_o with_o a_o cross_n of_o red_a satin_n in_o the_o middle_a and_o six_o long_a black_a silk_n tassel_n hang_v down_o from_o it_o which_o be_v bear_v up_o by_o as_o many_o of_o the_o decease_a person_n be_v domestic_n all_o in_o close_o mourn_v before_o the_o chariot_n march_v several_a priest_n monk_n and_o a_o great_a number_n of_o people_n each_o of_o which_o carry_v a_o white_a wax_n torch_n light_v in_o his_o hand_n next_o to_o who_o and_o immediate_o before_o the_o hearse_n come_v three_o man_n on_o horseback_n who_o carry_v the_o arm_n of_o the_o decease_a one_o his_o sword_n another_o his_o lance_n and_o the_o three_o his_o dart._n proceed_n the_o procession_n thus_o set_v out_o march_v very_o slow_o in_o a_o manner_n that_o they_o usual_o come_v late_o to_o the_o church_n after_o the_o burial-service_n be_v over_o those_o that_o carry_v the_o armour_n enter_v the_o church_n on_o horseback_n and_o furious_o ride_v up_o to_o the_o 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young_a and_o handsome_a it_o may_v here_o be_v observe_v that_o the_o senator_n deputy_n and_o all_o other_o that_o have_v a_o mind_n to_o appear_v at_o the_o diet_n of_o election_n must_v be_v in_o black_a though_o the_o fashion_n of_o the_o several_a country_n of_o foreigner_n be_v not_o require_v in_o like_a manner_n to_o be_v alter_v pole_n for_o the_o other_o custom_n of_o eat_v and_o drink_v among_o the_o pole_n both_o at_o feast_n and_o elsewhere_o they_o be_v various_a but_o first_o i_o must_v give_v some_o account_n of_o the_o edible_n and_o potable_n their_o ordinary_a meat_n be_v beef_n and_o veal_n for_o mutton_n they_o do_v not_o value_v and_o general_o give_v it_o to_o their_o servant_n they_o have_v great_a store_n of_o grey_a but_o no_o red_a partridge_n a_o great_a many_o hare_n but_o no_o rabit_n for_o they_o will_v soon_o eat_v a_o cat_n than_o these_o last_o they_o have_v it_o be_v true_a some_o white_a rabbit_n which_o they_o breed_v tame_a for_o the_o sake_n of_o their_o fur_n in_o poland_n there_o be_v a_o great_a many_o roe-buck_n but_o few_o stag_n abundance_n of_o wild_a boar_n hog_n poultry_n pigeon_n and_o the_o like_a but_o as_o for_o wild-foul_a they_o have_v great_a store_n indeed_o in_o summer_n but_o none_o in_o winter_n as_o in_o other_o country_n when_o they_o be_v best_a they_o have_v a_o great_a many_o wild_a ox_n which_o when_o moderate_o salt_v be_v great_a dainty_n with_o they_o oxen._n the_o manner_n of_o hunt_v these_o wild_a ox_n it_o may_v not_o be_v improper_a here_o to_o give_v some_o short_a account_n of_o when_o they_o have_v surround_v the_o beast_n with_o a_o great_a number_n of_o horseman_n each_o of_o they_o ride_v up_o to_o he_o and_o dart_n he_o with_o a_o arrow_n when_o the_o beast_n feel_v himselfwounded_a eager_o pursue_v its_o enemy_n while_o another_o person_n dart_v he_o from_o behind_o he_o turn_v in_o great_a rage_n after_o that_o person_n and_o then_o another_o dart_v he_o as_o likewise_o many_o other_o 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though_o they_o be_v of_o the_o large_a size_n when_o they_o have_v hamper_v one_o all_o the_o hunter_n ride_v in_o great_a number_n about_o he_o and_o have_v pin_v down_o his_o head_n and_o foot_n with_o great_a wooden_a fork_n they_o bind_v he_o every_o way_n about_o with_o strong_a hempen_a cord_n that_o he_o be_v not_o able_a to_o stir_v than_o they_o roll_n he_o into_o a_o great_a wooden_a cage_n but_o it_o must_v be_v understand_v that_o the_o knot_n of_o the_o cord_n be_v so_o contrive_v that_o with_o one_o artful_a pull_v they_o may_v be_v unloose_v after_o which_o the_o bear_n be_v keep_v so_o shut_v up_o till_o they_o have_v a_o mind_n to_o let_v he_o forth_o by_o lift_v up_o a_o trap_n door_n to_o be_v hunt_v fowl_n in_o poland_n likewise_o they_o have_v a_o great_a many_o heath-cock_n most_o of_o which_o be_v of_o the_o bigness_n of_o a_o capon_n there_o be_v also_o abundance_n of_o pheasant_n in_o lithuania_n and_o of_o bustard_n in_o prussia_n they_o have_v moreover_o 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into_o a_o tub_n between_o lay_n of_o salt_n than_o they_o press_v it_o very_o hard_a and_o after_o pour_v warm_a water_n upon_o it_o which_o make_v it_o ferment_n and_o serve_v for_o pickle_n thus_o they_o preserve_v it_o all_o winter_n and_o sometime_o for_o a_o whole_a twelvemonth_n though_o this_o dainty_a of_o they_o smell_v very_o strong_a at_o a_o distance_n yet_o do_v they_o nevertheless_o think_v it_o good_a meat_n potable_n their_o potable_n be_v of_o different_a kind_n but_o their_o usual_a drink_n be_v beer_n which_o in_o prussia_n be_v make_v only_o of_o malt_n but_o in_o the_o rest_n of_o poland_n with_o wheat_n ground_n small_a and_o boil_v with_o hops_n sometime_o they_o mix_v spell_v a_o kind_a of_o wheat_n in_o italy_n and_o flanders_n and_o oat_n along_o with_o it_o quality_n their_o beer_n be_v general_o of_o a_o amber_n colour_n and_o of_o a_o brisk_a and_o poignant_a sweetness_n especial_o that_o of_o varka_o or_o that_o which_o the_o gentry_n make_v for_o their_o private_a use_n which_o be_v strong_a and_o better_a than_o the_o brewer_n fall_v mead._n in_o lithuania_n russia_n and_o vkrania_n they_o have_v two_o sort_n of_o liquor_n make_v with_o honey_n which_o be_v red_a and_o white_a both_o which_o they_o call_v mead_n tho'we_o give_v that_o name_n only_o to_o the_o latter_a the_o former_a with_o we_o be_v metheglin_n prussia_n and_o masovia_n also_o have_v some_o honey_n though_o at_o warsaw_n it_o be_v make_v after_o a_o peculiar_a manner_n by_o mix_v juice_n of_o cherry_n and_o blackberry_n as_o likewise_o aromatics_n along_o with_o it_o and_o thence_o have_v the_o several_a differ_a name_n of_o kerstrang_a malinicz_n and_o troinicz_n wine_n beside_o beer_n and_o mead_n both_o the_o pole_n and_o lithuanian_n have_v several_a sort_n of_o wine_n bring_v from_o hungary_n italy_n france_n and_o germany_n that_o of_o hungary_n excel_v the_o spanish_a in_o strength_n and_o be_v bring_v to_o cracow_n over_o the_o carpathian_n mountain_n in_o large_a cask_n draw_v by_o oxen._n the_o best_a be_v sell_v at_o twenty_o shilling_n a_o polish_v pot_n which_o amount_v to_o no_o more_o than_o three_o of_o our_o quart_n so_o that_o we_o may_v reasonable_o believe_v that_o the_o poor_a sort_n be_v oblige_v to_o obstain_v from_o so_o costly_a a_o liquor_n the_o italian_a wine_n be_v bring_v likewise_o over-land_n but_o not_o drink_v so_o much_o as_o the_o other_o by_o reason_n of_o its_o lushiousness_n and_o price_n be_v bring_v much_o far_o the_o french_a and_o rhenish_a wine_n come_v by_o way_n of_o the_o baltic_a to_o dantzic_n these_o as_o they_o be_v natural_o weak_a than_o the_o former_a so_o they_o lose_v much_o of_o their_o strength_n by_o come_v by_o sea_n as_o to_o the_o rhenish_a wine_n that_o seldom_o go_v much_o beyond_o dantzic_n although_o some_o be_v sell_v in_o other_o part_n of_o prussia_n yet_o which_o they_o always_o drink_v with_o sugar_n by_o reason_n of_o its_o sharpness_n water_n strong_a water_n in_o poland_n be_v general_o spirit_n draw_v from_o wheat_n barley_n oat_n cider_n etc._n etc._n and_o mix_v with_o water_n but_o these_o be_v only_o drink_v by_o the_o common_a people_n unless_o in_o winter_n when_o the_o gentry_n likewise_o drink_v they_o but_o they_o then_o be_v rectify_v with_o aniseed_n and_o other_o aromatics_n drink_v for_o their_o custom_n in_o eat_v and_o drink_v it_o must_v be_v observe_v that_o they_o seldom_o or_o never_o eat_v any_o breakfast_n and_o do_v not_o care_n for_o cold_a meat_n in_o the_o morning_n both_o man_n and_o woman_n general_o drink_v ginger_n yolk_n of_o egg_n and_o sugar_n boil_v in_o beer_n they_o be_v immoderate_a lover_n of_o pig_n roast_v though_o their_o sauce_n have_v common_o a_o odd_a taste_n the_o great_a man_n seldom_o dine_v without_o a_o dish_n of_o pea_n and_o yellow_a rusty_a bacon_n slice_v which_o it_o seem_v they_o prefer_v they_o eat_v all_o manner_n of_o mushroom_n not_o except_v those_o that_o cleave_v to_o the_o tree_n which_o they_o gather_v and_o dry_v to_o preserve_v they_o those_o of_o above_o a_o night_n growth_n we_o common_o esteem_v poison_n and_o which_o perhaps_o may_v be_v so_o here_o and_o not_o there_o no_o more_o than_o poppy_n seeds_n which_o they_o likewise_o eat_v in_o great_a quantity_n for_o they_o drink_v the_o milk_n of_o they_o as_o also_o make_v it_o into_o several_a sauce_n or_o dish_n by_o itself_o they_o also_o make_v abundance_n of_o oil_n of_o this_o seed_n as_o likewise_o of_o hemp_n and_o flax_n seeds_n etc._n etc._n which_o they_o eat_v on_o fast_v day_n sauce_n they_o seldom_o eat_v any_o pottage_n unless_o what_o the_o french_a cook_n make_v which_o they_o will_v feast_v on_o with_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o pleasure_n they_o do_v not_o boil_v their_o meat_n over_o much_o and_o that_o give_v it_o the_o better_a relish_n their_o sauce_n also_o differ_v extreme_o from_o we_o some_o whereof_o be_v yellow_a and_o make_v with_o saffron_n other_o white_z consist_v chief_o of_o cream_n a_o three_o sort_v grey_a be_v of_o onion_n and_o a_o four_o black_a be_v make_v with_o the_o juice_n of_o plum_n into_o these_o sauce_n they_o put_v a_o great_a quantity_n of_o sugar_n or_o sometime_o pepper_n cinnamon_n and_o sometime_o ginger_n cloves_n nutmeg_n olive_n caper_n kernel_n of_o pine_n apple_n and_o prune_n their_o fish_n sauce_n excel_v both_o we_o and_o the_o french_a the_o pole_n use_v spice_n to_o that_o degree_n that_o some_o great_a man_n have_v be_v find_v to_o spend_v above_o fifty_o thousand_o livre_n ayear_n in_o that_o single_a commodity_n they_o do_v not_o want_v for_o all_o sort_n of_o choice_a potherb_n and_o some_o that_o be_v not_o to_o be_v find_v elsewhere_o they_o have_v also_o sweetmeat_n of_o various_a kind_n and_o all_o manner_n of_o desert_n especial_o pistacho_fw-it nut_n bread_n the_o pole_n general_o eat_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o meat_n to_o a_o very_a little_a bread_n although_o they_o have_v such_o plenty_n of_o corn_n in_o poland_n especial_o rye_n which_o be_v much_o better_a than_o in_o other_o country_n they_o be_v great_a admirer_n of_o root_n which_o they_o dress_v different_a way_n and_o very_o palatable_o make_v they_o have_v a_o sort_v of_o dish_n which_o they_o call_v crachat_n and_o which_o be_v make_v of_o the_o coarse_a meal_n of_o wheat_n barley_n millet_n or_o oat_n or_o sometime_o of_o a_o small_a grain_n call_v by_o they_o manna_n this_o crachat_n be_v very_o good_a when_o well_o dress_v on_o flesh_n day_n they_o eat_v it_o with_o milk_n and_o butter_n and_o on_o fast_v day_n only_o with_o oil_n but_o notwithstanding_o there_o be_v some_o who_o dispense_v with_o this_o rule_n especial_o on_o saturday_n the_o common_a people_n for_o want_v of_o wheat_n or_o the_o like_a be_v accustom_a to_o make_v bread_n of_o acorn_n dry_v and_o ground_n
feast_n when_o the_o pole_n make_v a_o feast_n they_o never_o serve_v at_o table_n either_o spoon_n knife_n or_o fork_n but_o the_o guest_n be_v to_o bring_v those_o along_o with_o they_o or_o their_o servant_n for_o they_o they_o also_o have_v a_o broad_a piece_n of_o starch_a linen_n to_o serve_v for_o napkin_n sow_v round_o the_o table_n cloth_n for_o fear_v it_o shall_v be_v steal_v away_o the_o guest_n be_v set_v down_o at_o table_n immediate_o the_o gate_n of_o the_o house_n be_v shut_v and_o be_v not_o open_v till_o all_o the_o company_n be_v rise_v and_o the_o plate_n take_v account_n of_o and_o lock_v up_o for_o shall_v it_o be_v otherwise_o the_o footman_n be_v general_o so_o light-fingered_a that_o they_o will_v infallible_o nim_n some_o of_o it_o and_o this_o be_v the_o reason_n also_o why_o they_o do_v not_o lay_v spoon_n knife_n and_o fork_n on_o the_o table_n hall_n every_o person_n of_o any_o fashion_n have_v his_o banquet_a hall_n in_o his_o house_n peculiar_o set_v a_o part_n for_o feast_n and_o entertainment_n here_o there_o be_v a_o place_n make_v up_o with_o ballaster_n for_o the_o side-board_n table_n from_o which_o the_o cloth_n be_v never_o take_v till_o it_o be_v very_o dirty_a be_v always_o load_v with_o a_o great_a quantity_n of_o plate_n over_o this_o place_n there_o be_v a_o gallery_n for_o music_n usual_o consist_v of_o violin_n and_o organ_n servant_n those_o that_o be_v invite_v always_o bring_v their_o footman_n along_o with_o they_o to_o who_o as_o soon_o as_o they_o be_v seat_v they_o cut_v half_a their_o bread_n and_o as_o much_o meat_n and_o give_v it_o over_o their_o shoulder_n this_o servant_n be_v thus_o provide_v stand_v and_o eat_v what_o be_v give_v he_o behind_o his_o master_n if_o the_o master_n ask_v twice_o for_o wine_n the_o servant_n bring_v he_o as_o much_o again_o and_o after_o his_o master_n drinks_z out_o of_o the_o same_o glass_n without_o rince_v although_o there_o be_v great_a quantity_n of_o victual_n bring_v from_o the_o kitchen_n yet_o do_v they_o rare_o carry_v any_o back_n for_o the_o servant_n immediate_o seize_v on_o what_o be_v leave_v and_o their_o lady_n make_v they_o carry_v each_o of_o they_o a_o napkin_n to_o prog_n for_o dry_a sweetmeat_n or_o fruit._n table_n after_o the_o cloth_n be_v take_v away_o the_o pole_n be_v accustom_a to_o sit_v a_o good_a while_n drink_v the_o genteele_v part_n of_o they_o at_o least_o have_v a_o very_a decent_a way_n of_o eat_v they_o never_o once_o touch_v the_o meat_n with_o their_o hand_n but_o carve_v with_o so_o great_a address_n that_o they_o dexterous_o cut_v a_o partridge_n into_o six_o part_n in_o a_o trice_n hold_v it_o on_o the_o end_n of_o a_o fork_n while_o they_o be_v eat_v they_o mind_v nothing_o else_o and_o though_o any_o body_n send_v in_o for_o they_o they_o never_o stir_v from_o table_n till_o they_o have_v do_v after_o their_o meal_n they_o general_o take_v a_o pipe_n of_o tobacco_n as_o the_o custom_n be_v with_o we_o and_o other_o country_n the_o manner_n whereof_o may_v not_o be_v unpleasant_a to_o be_v relate_v tobacco_n they_o general_o smoke_n tobacco_n without_o injure_v either_o their_o head_n or_o stomach_n and_o that_o by_o these_o mean_n they_o have_v a_o pipe_n stick_v through_o a_o little_a round_a box_n into_o which_o they_o have_v before_o put_v sponge_n that_o have_v be_v soak_v in_o distil_a vinegar_n this_o sponge_n by_o mean_n of_o a_o few_o little_a holes_n through_o the_o pipe_n communicate_v its_o mildness_n to_o the_o smoke_n and_o beside_o suck_v away_o all_o the_o oil_n of_o the_o tobacco_n whereby_o the_o heat_n be_v exceed_o lenify_v and_o the_o pleasure_n of_o smoke_v consequent_o improve_v when_o they_o will_v render_v smoke_v tobacco_n yet_o more_o agreeable_a over_o and_o above_o this_o lenify_v the_o heat_n they_o have_v a_o way_n of_o persume_v the_o smoke_n by_o place_v another_o box_n of_o a_o lesser_a size_n than_o the_o former_a near_o to_o the_o bowl_n of_o the_o pipe_n wherein_o they_o be_v wont_n to_o put_v cotton_n dip_v into_o some_o sort_n of_o essence_n which_o by_o mean_n of_o the_o like_a holes_n make_v as_o before_o within_o that_o box_n and_o through_o the_o pipe_n transmits_n its_o odoriferous_a quality_n to_o the_o smoke_n they_o general_o place_v this_o box_n five_o inch_n from_o the_o bowl_n of_o the_o pipe_n and_o the_o other_o as_o many_o more_o turn_n these_o feast_n be_v make_v alternative_o by_o every_o friend_n and_o relation_n that_o be_v neighbour_n whether_o man_n or_o woman_n for_o it_o must_v be_v understand_v that_o the_o pole_n converse_v free_o with_o the_o female_a sex_n without_o occasion_v they_o any_o scandal_n and_o especial_o where_o the_o woman_n be_v young_a if_o they_o have_v but_o their_o parent_n or_o near_a relation_n along_o with_o they_o by_o these_o mean_n match_n be_v frequent_o promote_v and_o friendship_n propagate_v or_o continue_v nevertheless_o sometime_o by_o immoderate_a tipple_a intestine_a jar_n arise_v and_o bloody_a broil_n ensue_v yet_o that_o master_n of_o a_o feast_n will_v always_o be_v esteem_v a_o unreasonable_a niggard_n that_o do_v not_o allow_v his_o guest_n wherewithal_o to_o work_v they_o up_o to_o such_o a_o pitch_n practise_v those_o we_o call_v brimmer_n be_v very_o much_o in_o request_n among_o the_o pole_n for_o they_o will_v scarce_o ever_o excuse_v a_o man_n unless_o he_o pledge_v they_o super-naculum_a this_o vice_n reign_v equal_o in_o feast_n and_o tavern_n and_o saint_n day_n be_v not_o except_v out_o of_o their_o drunkards-calendar_n which_o be_v notwithstanding_o wink_v at_o and_o tolerate_v on_o account_n of_o the_o great_a revenue_n and_o excise_n it_o bring_v to_o the_o state_n however_o now_o a-days_o this_o custom_n be_v not_o so_o much_o in_o practice_n among_o the_o better_a sort_n of_o gentry_n as_o former_o yet_o they_o all_o still_o retain_v their_o ancient_a luxury_n of_o other_o kind_n travel_v the_o custom_n and_o manner_n of_o travel_v in_o poland_n with_o other_o circumstance_n come_v next_o to_o be_v inspect_v it_o must_v first_o be_v understand_v that_o there_o be_v scarce_o any_o inn_n in_o this_o country_n except_o those_o the_o native_n call_v karczma_n where_o traveller_n be_v oblige_v to_o lodge_v with_o the_o cattle_n inns._n those_o inn_n or_o rather_o long_a stable_n be_v all_o build_v up_o with_o board_n and_o cover_v with_o straw_n within_o there_o be_v no_o furniture_n neither_o be_v there_o any_o window_n but_o all_o the_o light_n come_v in_o either_o at_o holes_n make_v by_o the_o wether_n or_o the_o crevice_n of_o ill_n join_v board_n it_o be_v true_a at_o the_o further_a end_v they_o have_v a_o little_a chamber_n with_o a_o firehearth_n but_o then_o there_o be_v no_o lodging_n in_o it_o because_o of_o the_o fly_n flea_n bug_n and_o especial_o the_o noisome_a smell_v that_o incommode_v it_o for_o if_o they_o happen_v to_o have_v a_o little_a window_n there_o yet_o do_v they_o never_o open_v it_o though_o the_o wether_n be_v never_o so_o hot_a so_o that_o stranger_n choose_v rather_o to_o lie_v in_o the_o aforesaid_a stable_a where_o the_o gospodarz_n or_o innkeeper_n lodge_v himself_o with_o his_o whole_a family_n than_o to_o be_v suffocate_v by_o the_o stink_n and_o smell_v of_o so_o close_a and_o small_a a_o room_n in_o the_o long_a room_n likewise_o there_o be_v a_o intolerable_a smell_n occasion_v by_o a_o parcel_n of_o rot_a cabbage_n which_o those_o people_n always_o keep_v by_o they_o and_o this_o though_o it_o may_v be_v agreeable_a enough_o to_o the_o native_n who_o be_v use_v to_o it_o yet_o to_o stranger_n it_o must_v needs_o be_v very_o offensive_a conveniency_n in_o these_o inn_n or_o stable_n there_o be_v no_o table_n or_o bed_n except_o one_o of_o the_o last_o in_o the_o little_a room_n before_o mention_v but_o however_o scarce_o any_o body_n care_v to_o lie_v in_o it_o because_o they_o can_v have_v no_o sheet_n but_o what_o be_v very_a coarse_a and_o have_v be_v often_o lie_v in_o before_o neither_o be_v the_o straw_n in_o the_o stable_a much_o better_o because_o even_o of_o that_o every_o company_n can_v have_v fresh_a for_o the_o gospodar_n after_o his_o guest_n be_v go_v general_o gather_v it_o up_o and_o preserve_v it_o for_o newcomer_n yet_o it_o be_v still_o preferable_a to_o the_o bed_n by_o reason_n that_o he_o most_o common_o air_n it_o after_o it_o have_v be_v use_v all_o along_o this_o karczma_n or_o inn_n there_o be_v great_a number_n of_o wooden_a pin_n fix_v for_o traveller_n to_o hang_v up_o their_o clothes_n portmanteau_n etc._n etc._n this_o sort_n of_o bad_a accommodation_n many_o avoid_v by_o lie_v in_o barn_n where_o they_o get_v fresh_a straw_n etc._n by_o reason_n of_o this_o ill_a entertainment_n on_o the_o road_n all_o traveller_n in_o this_o country_n be_v
oblige_v to_o have_v a_o calash_n with_o two_o horse_n wherein_o they_o must_v carry_v all_o their_o necessary_n and_o provision_n their_o bed_n quilt_n bolster_n sheet_n and_o the_o like_a be_v general_o put_v into_o a_o large_a serge_n bag_n which_o afterward_o serve_v they_o instead_o of_o a_o seat_n in_o the_o calash_n also_o they_o must_v provide_v a_o case_n for_o bottle_n of_o what_o drink_v they_o please_v and_o a_o basket_n with_o a_o lid_n for_o their_o meat_n bread_n etc._n etc._n they_o must_v moreover_o furnish_v themselves_o with_o every_o individual_a thing_n that_o they_o may_v have_v occasion_n for_o and_o take_v care_n to_o renew_v what_o they_o have_v exhaust_v whenever_o they_o have_v the_o first_o opportunity_n for_o there_o be_v scarce_o any_o thing_n to_o be_v have_v in_o these_o karczma_n but_o that_o indifferent_a lodging_n i_o mention_v respect_n thus_o your_o lordship_n may_v perceive_v that_o one_o that_o travel_v in_o poland_n must_v as_o it_o be_v carry_v his_o whole_a house_n along_o with_o he_o and_o beside_o undergo_v not_o a_o few_o incommodity_n to_o boot_v however_o when_o a_o man_n be_v thus_o provide_v he_o may_v travel_v at_o a_o very_a inconsiderable_a expense_n for_o lodging_n as_o indeed_o it_o ought_v not_o cost_v but_o very_o little_a and_o there_o be_v nothing_o to_o pay_v for_o any_o thing_n else_o because_o it_o can_v be_v get_v the_o reason_n i_o suppose_v be_v that_o the_o gentry_n of_o the_o country_n never_o offer_v to_o pay_v for_o what_o they_o call_v for_o and_o there_o be_v no_o way_n to_o force_v they_o to_o it_o so_o that_o where_o they_o ask_v for_o any_o thing_n the_o gospodar_n always_o put_v they_o off_o with_o a_o nie_n masz_n that_o be_v i_o have_v nothing_o yet_o nevertheless_o when_o they_o have_v any_o thing_n to_o spare_v they_o will_v free_o give_v part_n of_o it_o to_o stranger_n though_o general_o there_o be_v but_o few_o traveller_n in_o that_o country_n they_o provide_v only_o for_o their_o own_o family_n when_o foreigner_n happen_v to_o want_v for_o provision_n they_o usual_o apply_v themselves_o to_o the_o dvour_n or_o lord_n of_o the_o village_n who_o forthwith_o supply_v they_o gratis_o travel_v poland_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n a_o champagne_n country_n a_o galash_n and_o two_o horse_n will_v rid_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o ground_n there_o in_o a_o day_n some_o of_o the_o pole_n be_v so_o provident_a as_o to_o drive_v their_o own_o calash_n themselves_o but_o of_o these_o there_o be_v but_o few_o when_o they_o come_v to_o the_o inn_n they_o common_o put_v their_o horse_n to_o grass_n because_o the_o gospodarz_n will_v not_o be_v easy_o induce_v to_o trust_v they_o for_o hay_o there_o be_v some_o likewise_o that_o travel_n on_o horseback_n with_o a_o quilt_n for_o their_o bed_n about_o a_o foot_n and_o half_a broad_a lay_v under_o their_o saddle_n they_o common_o employ_v the_o gospodarz_n to_o fetch_v they_o in_o beer_n bread_n and_o whatever_o else_o they_o have_v occasion_n for_o and_o which_o service_n they_o must_v not_o refuse_v to_o do_v for_o they_o at_o their_o peril_n travel_v be_v here_o so_o easy_a to_o the_o gentry_n that_o it_o cost_v they_o little_a or_o nothing_o remedy_v a_o traveller_n will_v do_v well_o to_o take_v more_o than_o ordinary_a care_n in_o pass_v over_o bridge_n in_o this_o country_n because_o they_o be_v general_o very_o bad_a and_o seldom_o repair_v in_o winter_n there_o be_v no_o travel_v without_o a_o case_n for_o one_o foot_n the_o air_n be_v excessive_a sharp_a and_o keen_a this_o case_n be_v general_o a_o fur_a sack_n though_o horseman_n content_v themselves_o with_o thick_a boot_n have_v some_o straw_n in_o they_o to_o keep_v their_o foot_n warm_a they_o also_o take_v a_o good_a large_a sip_n of_o strong_a water_n before_o they_o mount_v in_o pass_v over_o the_o ice_n especial_o when_o there_o be_v snow_n upon_o it_o one_o must_v take_v care_n to_o procure_v a_o sledge_n to_o put_v the_o calash_n or_o coach_n in_o which_o be_v always_o draw_v by_o horse_n boor_n in_o winter_n likewise_o one_o shall_v find_v it_o a_o hard_a matter_n to_o rest_v a-nights_o especial_o on_o holiday_n because_o then_o all_o the_o peasant_n of_o the_o village_n be_v gather_v together_o to_o carouse_n and_o make_v merry_a in_o that_o room_n where_o you_o be_v oblige_v to_o lodge_v for_o want_v of_o a_o fire_n elsewhere_o for_o at_o that_o time_n there_o be_v no_o sleep_v without_o nay_o as_o i_o say_v before_o scarce_o with_o it_o though_o a_o man_n be_v common_o very_o weary_a when_o he_o come_v off_o a_o journey_n these_o drunkard_n make_v such_o a_o contain_v din_n in_o your_o ear_n with_o their_o excessive_a sing_n and_o dance_v about_o the_o room_n nose_n i_o shall_v have_v observe_v to_o your_o lordship_n that_o sometime_o in_o winter_n traveller_n nose_n be_v freeze_v with_o the_o extreme_a cold_a when_o they_o must_v take_v immediate_a care_n to_o apply_v snow_n to_o they_o for_o shall_v they_o sudden_o enter_v into_o a_o warm_a room_n without_o so_o do_v they_o may_v for_o aught_o i_o know_v endanger_v lose_v they_o country_n before_o i_o conclude_v this_o account_n of_o the_o custom_n and_o manner_n of_o the_o pole_n i_o may_v reasonable_o inform_v your_o lordship_n of_o the_o manner_n both_o ancient_a and_o modern_a of_o the_o lithuanian_n samogitian_n prussian_n etc._n etc._n especial_o where_o they_o differ_v from_o those_o of_o the_o other_o part_n of_o poland_n lithuania_n that_o we_o be_v descend_v from_o the_o ancient_a roman_n say_v michalon_n a_o lithuanian_a author_n be_v past_a doubt_n since_o our_o language_n be_v almost_o half_a latin_a and_o we_o not_o long_o since_o have_v the_o same_o custom_n and_o ceremony_n as_o burn_v the_o dead_a divine_v by_o augur_n and_o such_o like_a superstition_n nay_o which_o we_o still_o retain_v continue_v he_o in_o many_o part_n of_o this_o country_n especial_o by_o worship_v the_o god_n esculapius_n under_o the_o form_n of_o a_o serpent_n this_o author_n reckon_v up_o a_o great_a many_o word_n which_o have_v the_o same_o signification_n at_o present_a in_o lithuania_n as_o they_o have_v former_o in_o rome_n he_o think_v likewise_o the_o roman_n expedition_n into_o this_o country_n be_v under_o julius_n caesar_n and_o vouch_v florus_n for_o a_o proof_n he_o also_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o the_o cause_n of_o this_o country_n be_v call_v the_o great_a duchy_n proceed_v from_o the_o great_a number_n of_o duke_n inhabit_v therein_o there_o as_o to_o what_o relate_v to_o the_o court_n of_o justice_n in_o lithuania_n the_o ten_o part_n of_o the_o thing_n adjudge_v in_o all_o real_a action_n go_v always_o to_o the_o judge_n box_n thence_o call_v peressud_v a_o close_a chest_n which_o be_v immediate_o to_o be_v pay_v down_o in_o court_n but_o in_o personal_a action_n he_o claim_v half_o the_o damage_n give_v to_o the_o plaintiff_n murder_n etc._n etc._n be_v punish_v by_o mulct_n only_o in_o like_a manner_n as_o in_o poland_n if_o the_o murderer_n fly_v it_o be_v usual_a to_o preserve_v the_o dead_a carcase_n for_o that_o he_o can_v be_v condemn_v till_o he_o have_v be_v show_v the_o body_n of_o the_o person_n he_o have_v slay_v also_o a_o judge_n here_o have_v all_o steal_v good_n wherever_o find_v judge_n these_o judge_n be_v now_o appoint_v to_o be_v the_o same_o as_o they_o be_v in_o poland_n though_o there_o be_v former_o but_o two_o in_o all_o lithuania_n both_o palatine_n and_o who_o have_v no_o peculiar_a place_n of_o residence_n assign_v so_o that_o all_o that_o have_v business_n with_o they_o be_v oblige_v to_o follow_v they_o though_o never_o so_o far_o distant_a but_o these_o palatine_n have_v their_o deputy_n who_o be_v accustom_a to_o sit_v and_o adjudge_v difference_n at_o public_a fea_z 〈…〉_z but_o who_o nevertheless_o have_v always_o great_a regard_n to_o the_o fill_n of_o their_o peressud_v than_o either_o to_o the_o justice_n or_o innocence_n of_o the_o person_n offend_v or_o offend_a other_o particular_n relate_v to_o these_o matter_n i_o have_v omit_v for_o brevity_n sake_n although_o for_o the_o most_o part_n they_o differ_v from_o the_o law_n of_o other_o country_n presume_v they_o may_v not_o probable_o be_v acceptable_a to_o your_o lordship_n and_o the_o public_a but_o i_o must_v take_v notice_n of_o the_o gentry_n and_o citizen_n of_o lithuania_n etc._n etc._n and_o so_o shall_v proceed_v to_o the_o rustic_n citizen_n first_o than_o it_o must_v be_v understand_v that_o the_o lithuanian_a gentry_n be_v chief_o owe_v for_o their_o privilege_n to_o jagello_n king_n of_o poland_n and_o to_o alexander_n his_o successor_n in_o lithuania_n both_o which_o prince_n that_o they_o may_v the_o better_o bring_v the_o native_n to_o embrace_v the_o christian_a faith_n bestow_v on_o their_o nobility_n the_o same_o liberty_n and_o privilege_n as_o
the_o polish_v gentry_n enjoy_v russia_n also_o and_o podolia_n have_v the_o same_o privilege_n grant_v they_o at_o the_o same_o time_n and_o prussia_n likewise_o have_v great_a immunity_n add_v to_o its_o ancient_a privilege_n by_o castmir_n iv._o who_o assistance_n it_o have_v implore_v against_o the_o teutonic_n knight_n as_o for_o the_o citizen_n of_o lithuania_n samogitia_n and_o russia_n they_o be_v much_o on_o the_o same_o foot_n with_o the_o other_o part_n of_o poland_n only_o those_o of_o prussia_n be_v prefer_v in_o many_o case_n as_o have_v be_v obsreve_v before_o condition_n the_o country_n people_n in_o lithuania_n etc._n etc._n be_v rather_o more_o miserable_a than_o in_o poland_n for_o a_o gentleman_n there_o attend_v by_o a_o troop_n of_o servant_n will_v common_o go_v into_o a_o country-man_n house_n and_o take_v all_o he_o have_v from_o he_o misuse_v and_o beat_v he_o shameful_o into_o the_o bargain_n in_o which_o or_o any_o other_o case_n if_o the_o rustic_a apply_v himself_o to_o his_o lord_n for_o redress_n he_o must_v not_o come_v empty_a hand_v and_o though_o he_o do_v not_o yet_o all_o the_o favour_n he_o shall_v obtain_v will_v be_v to_o have_v his_o case_n recommend_v to_o the_o starostas_n and_o other_o officer_n where_o he_o must_v fee_v again_o so_o that_o he_o be_v general_o unable_a to_o go_v through_o with_o the_o great_a charge_n of_o get_v himself_o revenge_v sunday_n whereas_o these_o poor_a wretch_n work_v but_o three_o or_o four_o day_n in_o a_o week_n for_o their_o lord_n in_o poland_n in_o lithuania_n etc._n etc._n they_o common_o work_v five_o or_o six_o mondays_n only_o be_v allow_v to_o themselves_o and_o in_o case_n they_o have_v occasion_n for_o they_o that_o day_n than_o they_o work_v on_o sunday_n for_o themselves_o for_o these_o boor_n observe_v no_o manner_n of_o holiday_n yet_o this_o custom_n be_v more_o peculiar_a to_o russia_n for_o if_o one_o shall_v ask_v a_o slave_n there_o why_o he_o work_v on_o sunday_n he_o will_v answer_v by_o a_o question_n if_o he_o must_v not_o eat_v on_o sunday_n etc._n these_o poor_a wretch_n out_o of_o their_o scanty_a get_n general_o pay_v rigid_a duty_n three_o or_o four_o time_n a_o year_n to_o the_o state_n beside_o be_v oblige_v to_o satisfy_v the_o frequent_a and_o arbitrary_a imposition_n of_o their_o lord_n if_o a_o slave_n happen_v to_o be_v condemn_v to_o death_n by_o his_o lord_n for_o any_o crime_n he_o must_v be_v his_o own_o executioner_n or_o will_v be_v force_v to_o it_o by_o threat_n of_o a_o worse_a punishment_n than_o hang_v corn._n the_o bread_n they_o usual_o live_v upon_o be_v a_o coarse_a black_a sort_n make_v of_o rye_n sooty_a wheat_n and_o barley_n ear_n all_o ground_n together_o their_o meat_n be_v both_o flesh_n fish_n and_o fowl_n and_o what_o cattle_n or_o poultry_n they_o foresee_v they_o shall_v not_o be_v able_a to_o keep_v in_o winter_n they_o usual_o kill_v in_o autumn_n and_o preserve_v with_o salt_n they_o be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n good_a marks-man_n and_o maintain_v their_o family_n in_o a_o great_a measure_n that_o way_n to_o grind_v their_o corn_n they_o have_v in_o every_o house_n in_o the_o country_n four_o or_o five_o hand-mill_n while_o they_o be_v at_o work_n they_o sing_v continual_o and_o often_o repeat_v the_o word_n melior_fw-la which_o in_o their_o language_n signify_v the_o same_o as_o in_o latin_a thereby_o imply_v as_o i_o suppose_v that_o their_o condition_n be_v still_o better_o than_o a_o worse_a they_o have_v also_o a_o sort_n of_o very_o long_o wooden_a pipe_n which_o when_o they_o find_v they_o always_o make_v the_o standard_n by_o deaf_a and_o usual_o so_o grate_v their_o ear_n that_o they_o do_v not_o recover_v their_o hear_v in_o a_o good_a while_n habit_n the_o rustic_n of_o lithuania_n samogitia_n etc._n etc._n wear_v general_o a_o coarse_a ash-coloured_a habit_n insomuch_o that_o scarce_o one_o in_o a_o hundred_o be_v to_o be_v see_v otherwise_o clothe_v for_o their_o leg_n they_o have_v a_o kind_n of_o bark-buskin_n as_o i_o have_v observe_v before_o make_v these_o peasant_n have_v a_o sort_v of_o chariot_n or_o wagon_n all_o of_o wood_n and_o very_a light_n which_o they_o make_v by_o raddle_a or_o interweave_v bough_n with_o one_o another_o they_o have_v common_o a_o cover_v of_o the_o same_o fashion_n but_o the_o wheel_n of_o this_o machine_n be_v of_o one_o flat_a and_o entire_a piece_n of_o wood_n turn_v round_o in_o a_o word_n they_o be_v not_o much_o unlike_o our_o collier_n or_o limeburners_a cart_n that_o may_v be_v frequent_o see_v in_o the_o country_n when_o any_o number_n of_o these_o chariot_n be_v go_v together_o they_o make_v a_o intolerable_a squeak_a noise_n by_o reason_n that_o their_o axel_n tree_n be_v never_o grease_v these_o sort_n of_o chariot_n be_v much_o in_o use_n also_o among_o the_o russian_n as_o may_v be_v learn_v from_o the_o poet._n neque_fw-la linunt_fw-la ruteni_n querulos_fw-la pinguedine_fw-la currus_fw-la haud_fw-la picis_fw-la auxilium_fw-la stridulus_fw-la axis_n habet_fw-la auditur_fw-la veniens_fw-la long_o crepitare_fw-la colassa_n sic_fw-la fragiles_fw-la currus_fw-la russee_n vocare_fw-la sole_n num_fw-la faciunt_fw-la habiles_fw-la vno_fw-la vectore_fw-la quadrigas_fw-la invectas_fw-la ruteni_n quas_fw-la equus_n unus_fw-la agit_fw-fr nec_fw-la facile_fw-la inuenies_fw-la ferrato_fw-la haerentia_fw-la clavus_fw-la plaustra_fw-la facit_fw-la ligni_fw-la cuncta_fw-la ministerium_fw-la et_fw-la sine_fw-la ferri_fw-la usu_fw-la pangunt_fw-la sua_fw-la plaustra_fw-la terebris_fw-la et_fw-la lignum_fw-la ligno_fw-la consolidare_fw-la solent_fw-la house_n the_o house_n these_o peasant_n inhabit_v in_o be_v build_v round_o and_o thence_o call_v by_o they_o tower_n they_o be_v narrow_a and_o open_a at_o top_n that_o the_o smoke_n and_o stink_n may_v go_v out_o and_o they_o be_v general_o cover_v with_o board_n straw_n or_o bark_n of_o tree_n here_o man_n with_o their_o family_n and_o cattle_n live_v together_o by_o which_o mean_v it_o often_o happen_v that_o both_o be_v alternative_o mischieve_v door_n the_o employment_n these_o people_n busy_a themselves_o in_o be_v various_a whereof_o one_o belong_v to_o the_o man_n in_o winter_n be_v to_o help_v to_o stuff_n feather_n bed_n make_v of_o chopped_a feather_n and_o stalk_n that_o grow_v in_o the_o marsh_n these_o bed_n must_v needs_o make_v the_o most_o drowsy_a not_o a_o little_a vigilant_a part_v of_o the_o woman_n business_n within_o door_n be_v to_o weave_v coarse_a cloth_n both_o their_o employment_n without_o belong_v either_o to_o husbandry_n or_o housewifry_n as_o in_o other_o country_n here_o the_o reason_n why_o they_o have_v general_o little_a horse_n guagnini_n think_v be_v because_o of_o the_o excessive_a cold_a that_o reign_v there_o yet_o say_v he_o they_o be_v not_o a_o little_a strong_a for_o one_o of_o they_o carry_v i_o above_o a_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o polish_v miles_n in_o four_o day_n marriage_n among_o these_o people_n a_o maid_n never_o marry_v till_o she_o be_v twenty_o four_o or_o thirty_o year_n of_o age_n when_o she_o must_v also_o have_v wrought_v with_o she_o own_o hand_n several_a basket_n full_a of_o clothes_n of_o different_a kind_n which_o at_o the_o time_n of_o her_o espousal_n she_o be_v to_o distribute_v among_o the_o guest_n that_o her_o husband_n bring_v along_o with_o he_o she_o likewise_o must_v have_v serve_v her_o mother_n in_o all_o domestic_a affair_n for_o a_o certain_a time_n the_o same_o rule_n hold_v in_o respect_n of_o a_o son_n another_o observation_n may_v not_o be_v omit_v that_o those_o who_o be_v employ_v to_o make_v the_o match_n always_o inquire_v more_o strict_o into_o the_o manner_n and_o behaviour_n of_o the_o person_n than_o after_o the_o cattle_n and_o corn_n that_o they_o enjoy_v rustic_n the_o character_n of_o these_o people_n be_v that_o they_o be_v good_a nature_a honest_a and_o exceed_v chaste_a for_o rare_o any_o quarrel_n robbery_n rape_n or_o incest_n be_v to_o be_v meet_v with_o among_o they_o the_o young_a wench_n be_v so_o extreme_o reserve_v that_o they_o will_v draw_v a_o knife_n at_o a_o man_n that_o but_o offer_v to_o kiss_v they_o and_o beside_o their_o mother_n have_v a_o very_a watchful_a eye_n over_o they_o for_o they_o make_v they_o wear_v little_a bell_n before_o and_o behind_o to_o give_v they_o notice_n where_o they_o be_v and_o what_o they_o be_v do_v lithuania_n the_o samogitian_n peasant_n differ_v but_o little_a from_o the_o lithuanian_a however_o some_o peculiar_o there_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v first_o the_o rustic_n of_o samogitia_n be_v not_o so_o laborious_a as_o those_o of_o lithuania_n and_o consequent_o have_v not_o that_o plenty_n of_o provision_n etc._n etc._n therefore_o instead_o of_o bread_n they_o be_v accustom_a to_o eat_v a_o sort_n of_o great_a turnip_n as_o big_a as_o one_o head_n which_o grow_v of_o themselves_o without_o sow_v next_o they_o have_v a_o peculiar_a way_n of_o make_v
literae_fw-la restium_fw-la by_o some_o and_o by_o other_o wici_n signify_v in_o polish_v a_o staff_n and_o carry_v alo_v to_o every_o one_o of_o the_o chief_a nobleman_n of_o the_o district_n thrice_o in_o a_o month_n and_o proclaim_v as_o often_o in_o all_o city_n and_o to_n all_o court_n of_o justice_n cease_v at_o the_o three_o read_v of_o these_o letter_n unless_o it_o be_v those_o of_o the_o vice_n starosta_n who_o exercise_n their_o jurisdiction_n as_o before_o after_o the_o last_o read_v of_o these_o letter_n a_o place_n be_v appoint_v by_o several_a private_a assembly_n of_o the_o nobility_n in_o every_o district_n for_o particular_a muster_n and_o afterward_o for_o the_o general_n muster_v of_o every_o palatinate_n here_o the_o palatine_n and_o castellan_n take_v a_o exact_a account_n of_o the_o man_n horse_n arm_n etc._n etc._n neither_o of_o which_o can_v be_v change_v after_o that_o muster_n at_o the_o same_o time_n also_o the_o palatin_n divide_v the_o district_n among_o the_o several_a castellan_n and_o order_n they_o their_o several_a post_n in_o those_o palatinate_v where_o there_o be_v but_o one_o castellan_n there_o part_n of_o his_o duty_n be_v perform_v by_o a_o vice-chamberlain_n etc._n etc._n and_o in_o lithuania_n by_o a_o marshal_n of_o every_o district_n this_o particular_a muster_n be_v over_o the_o castellan_n of_o every_o district_n lead_v the_o gentry_n under_o his_o command_n to_o the_o place_n of_o general_a muster_n for_o the_o palatinate_n where_o the_o palatin_a muster_n they_o again_o and_o take_v a_o account_n of_o the_o defaulter_n before_o the_o castellan_n come_v to_o the_o palatine_n justice_n be_v absolute_o in_o their_o hand_n but_o afterward_o they_o must_v resign_v it_o to_o the_o palatin_n though_o capital_a crime_n be_v always_o reserve_v for_o the_o determination_n of_o the_o general_n or_o rather_o of_o the_o king_n who_o of_o late_a day_n have_v have_v a_o council_n of_o war_n assign_v he_o for_o that_o purpose_n i_o may_v here_o observe_v that_o the_o gentry_n be_v always_o muster_v and_o register_v annual_o by_o their_o respective_a officer_n starovolscius_fw-la reasonable_o cavalry_n require_v two_o necessary_a quality_n in_o the_o polish_v horse_n which_o they_o seldom_o or_o never_o have_v and_o those_o be_v expedition_n and_o obedience_n as_o to_o the_o former_a he_o say_v they_o be_v always_o unwilling_a to_o leave_v their_o wife_n and_o child_n and_o therefore_o never_o care_v for_o appear_v before_o they_o be_v force_v by_o the_o three_o summons_n and_o as_o for_o the_o latter_a when_o they_o be_v get_v together_o he_o say_v think_v themselves_o powerful_a they_o be_v always_o plot_v and_o ready_a to_o rebel_n against_o their_o superior_n and_o the_o reason_n be_v that_o although_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n abound_v with_o all_o manner_n of_o plenty_n yet_o in_o every_o expedition_n almost_o the_o soldier_n be_v ready_a to_o starve_v which_o be_v occasion_v by_o a_o shameful_a neglect_n of_o the_o chief_a officer_n to_o furnish_v the_o army_n with_o requisite_a provision_n whence_o it_o often_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o though_o matter_n be_v bring_v to_o the_o near_a issue_n yet_o they_o be_v general_o forsake_v before_o they_o be_v accomplish_v the_o soldier_n head_n run_v after_o nothing_o but_o forage_v and_o plunder_n which_o they_o take_v wherever_o it_o come_v in_o their_o way_n whereby_o the_o country_n be_v general_o injure_v instead_o of_o be_v right_v and_o defend_v there_o be_v other_o cause_n of_o this_o confusion_n and_o disorder_n in_o the_o army_n which_o i_o shall_v speak_v of_o hereafter_o rendezvous_n when_o the_o gentry_n have_v be_v thus_o muster_v by_o the_o palatine_n they_o be_v next_o to_o be_v lead_v by_o their_o officer_n to_o the_o place_n of_o general_a rendezvous_n where_o every_o palatin_n deliver_v up_o his_o charge_n to_o the_o supremacy_n of_o the_o great_a general_n in_o their_o march_n they_o be_v not_o to_o be_v quarter_v upon_o any_o of_o the_o king_n be_v or_o gentry_n estate_n but_o be_v to_o encamp_v in_o the_o open_a field_n that_o they_o may_v make_v no_o disturbance_n in_o the_o city_n at_o this_o day_n the_o general_n power_n be_v very_o much_o limit_v in_o respect_n of_o what_o it_o be_v former_o for_o then_o a_o general_n be_v altogether_o absolute_a and_o his_o will_n alone_o go_v for_o a_o law_n but_o now_o he_o can_v do_v little_a without_o the_o consent_n of_o such_o as_o the_o republic_n have_v assign_v he_o beside_o the_o great_a general_n and_o field-marshal_n the_o king_n by_o the_o law_n be_v oblige_v to_o be_v in_o the_o army_n in_o person_n this_o appear_v by_o the_o example_n of_o king_n alexander_n who_o by_o reason_n the_o gentry_n demand_v his_o presence_n among_o they_o though_o sick_a be_v force_v to_o be_v carry_v in_o a_o litter_n into_o the_o camp_n this_o be_v think_v to_o have_v be_v plot_v by_o the_o contrivance_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o glinski_n who_o hope_v thereby_o that_o the_o king_n will_v catch_v his_o death_n horse_n before_o i_o proceed_v any_o far_a i_o ought_v to_o give_v your_o grace_n a_o division_n of_o the_o polish_v army_n and_o therein_o observe_v that_o it_o be_v compose_v of_o different_a kind_n of_o soldier_n as_o first_o of_o the_o pospolite_n or_o militia_n 2._o of_o hire_a soldier_n 3._o of_o auxiliary_n 4._o of_o quartarian_a hireling_n and_o 5_o of_o volunteer_n and_o again_o it_o consist_v both_o of_o horse_n and_o foot_n and_o those_o native_n and_o foreigner_n the_o native_n be_v for_o the_o great_a part_n horse_n or_o cavalry_n and_o may_v be_v divide_v into_o four_o sort_n which_o may_v also_o be_v consider_v in_o two_o manner_n as_o first_o heavy-armed_a and_o second_o light-horse_n the_o former_a be_v 1._o the_o hussartz_n which_o with_o their_o horse_n be_v both_o in_o close_a armour_n and_o 2_o the_o tovarzysz_n which_o have_v only_o a_o breastplate_n helmet_n and_o gorget_n these_o be_v both_o choice_a man_n and_o the_o latter_a be_v so_o name_v from_o a_o word_n in_o polish_v which_o signify_v companion_n arm_v the_o first_o of_o these_o be_v arm_v with_o short_a lance_n sabres_fw-es and_o pistol_n and_o the_o second_o with_o carabine_n bow_n and_o arrow_n etc._n etc._n these_o short_a lance_n be_v call_v by_o the_o pole_n kopye_n whence_o also_o the_o body_n of_o man_n that_o use_v they_o be_v term_v kopiynick_n these_o kopiie_n be_v about_o 6_o foot_n long_o and_o tie_v to_o the_o horsmen_n wrist_n with_o string_n of_o silk_n when_o they_o come_v near_o their_o enemy_n they_o dart_v their_o lance_n with_o all_o their_o force_n against_o they_o and_o if_o they_o miss_v their_o body_n they_o sudden_o snatch_v back_o the_o lance_n by_o help_n of_o the_o silken_a string_n but_o where_o they_o have_v mortal_o wound_v any_o than_o they_o slip_v the_o silk_n and_o leave_v the_o lance_n in_o their_o body_n till_o such_o time_n as_o they_o can_v ride_v up_o to_o they_o to_o cut_v of_o their_o head_n with_o a_o broad_a well_o temper_v sabre_n which_o always_o hang_v by_o their_o saddle_n both_o the_o hussartz_n and_o tovarzysz_n with_o their_o horse_n look_v frightful_o be_v stick_v all_o over_o with_o wing_n of_o stork_n crane_n turkey-cock_n etc._n etc._n and_o clothe_v over_o their_o armour_n with_o skin_n of_o leopard_n tiger_n bear_n lion_n etc._n etc._n all_o which_o they_o do_v to_o make_v themselves_o the_o more_o terrible_a to_o their_o enemy_n these_o cavalry_n for_o the_o most_o part_n set_v themselves_o also_o off_o wilh_v various_a partycoloured_a mantle_n which_o oftentimes_o shine_v with_o jewel_n gold_n and_o silver_n of_o the_o hussartz_n there_o be_v but_o 5_o company_n in_o poland_n every_o company_n consist_v of_o about_o 300_o man_n all_o arm_a cap-a-pe_n they_o have_v but_o one_o lieutenant_n in_o each_o company_n which_o they_o call_v poruczknik_n and_o one_o korazy_a or_o trumpeter_n with_o a_o particular_a sort_n of_o trumpet_n which_o they_o call_v koronzy_n one_o of_o these_o the_o present_a king_n of_o france_n cause_v to_o be_v bring_v into_o his_o kingdom_n with_o design_n to_o have_v the_o like_v make_v but_o be_v extreme_o costly_a and_o not_o like_a to_o be_v of_o any_o great_a use_n among_o the_o cannon_n he_o lay_v his_o intention_n aside_o horse_n the_o light_a horse_n be_v also_o of_o two_o sort_n and_o be_v either_o with_o armour_n or_o without_o the_o first_o sort_n wear_v coat_n of_o mail_n and_o differ_v in_o name_n as_o they_o do_v in_o country_n the_o pole_n call_v they_o pancerznicy_n koragwy_n and_o the_o lithuanian_n petihorsky_n koragwy_n which_o last_o differ_v something_o in_o their_o dress_n from_o the_o former_a the_o number_n of_o these_o far_o exceed_v that_o either_o of_o the_o hussartz_n or_o tovarzysz_n they_o be_v both_o separate_a company_n and_o be_v incorporate_v into_o no_o regiment_n they_o be_v in_o all_o about_o 6_o or_o 7000_o
the_o diet_n be_v to_o march_v against_o they_o so_o the_o turk_n once_o come_n towards_o poland_n with_o 600000_o man_n the_o king_n do_v not_o care_n to_o trust_v even_o to_o 70000_o hire_a foreigner_n but_o convoke_v the_o gentry_n together_o at_o leopol_n with_o who_o if_o he_o have_v set_v forward_o as_o speedy_o as_o he_o be_v advise_v he_o may_v have_v total_o extirpate_v the_o infidel_n for_o aught_o i_o know_v out_o of_o europe_n the_o gentry_n be_v oblige_v to_o be_v in_o arm_n as_o long_o as_o the_o king_n or_o state_n have_v occasion_n for_o they_o they_o all_o serve_v on_o horseback_n not_o only_o for_o honour_n sake_n but_o likewise_o that_o they_o may_v the_o more_o speedy_o intercept_v and_o oppose_v the_o enemy_n before_o they_o reach_v their_o frontier_n when_o the_o war_n be_v over_o the_o nobility_n be_v not_o ipso_fw-la facto_fw-la discharged_n but_o must_v wait_v till_o they_o be_v methodical_o dismiss_v the_o roll_n or_o register_n by_o the_o palatine_n the_o reason_n of_o which_o be_v for_o fear_v they_o may_v otherwise_o misuse_v the_o citizen_n and_o boor_n in_o a_o tumultuous_a return_n hire_v of_o the_o hire_a soldier_n i_o have_v speak_v something_o before_o all_o that_o i_o think_v proper_a to_o add_v be_v that_o the_o hungarian_a foot_n which_o the_o pole_n call_v wegerska_n piechota_n be_v first_o institute_v by_o stephen_n batori_n in_o his_o war_n against_o the_o muscovite_n to_o the_o maintain_n of_o which_o almost_o every_o diet_n contribute_v something_o yet_o which_o seldom_o or_o never_o suffice_v they_o former_o the_o hire_a foot_n consist_v as_o well_o of_o native_n as_o stranger_n what_o the_o auxiliary_a differ_v from_o the_o hire_a force_n in_o regard_n that_o the_o former_a be_v such_o as_o have_v be_v agree_v to_o be_v furnish_v the_o pole_n by_o foreign_a prince_n in_o a_o treaty_n of_o peace_n and_o the_o latter_a be_v such_o as_o have_v be_v levy_v in_o other_o country_n by_o permission_n example_n of_o this_o first_o sort_n be_v a_o certain_a number_n allow_v boleslaus_n crivoustus_n by_o the_o russian_n and_o to_o casimir_n iv._o by_o the_o tartar_n against_o the_o prussia_n which_o be_v to_o have_v some_o reward_n from_o the_o pole_n these_o reward_v the_o tartar_n afterward_o require_v yearly_a as_o a_o tribute_n nay_o though_o they_o do_v no_o manner_n of_o service_n for_o they_o whereupon_o king_n stephen_n repel_v their_o importunacy_n with_o a_o absolute_a refusal_n as_o i_o have_v observe_v before_o in_o that_o king_n life_n which_o occasion_v great_a heat_n and_o disturbance_n but_o at_o length_n a_o peace_n be_v conclude_v between_o these_o two_o nation_n under_o the_o reign_n of_o john_n casimir_n whereby_o the_o pole_n be_v oblige_v to_o pay_v a_o certain_a stipend_n to_o the_o cham_n and_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n the_o cham_n be_v to_o be_v assist_v to_o the_o pole_n whenever_o they_o have_v occasion_n but_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o the_o latter_a break_v his_o promise_n which_o induce_v a_o non-performance_n in_o the_o former_a there_o be_v other_o example_n of_o these_o kind_n of_o soldier_n and_o at_o present_a some_o ally_n be_v still_o oblige_v by_o such_o contract_n these_o soldier_n be_v both_o horse_n and_o foot_n as_o the_o agreement_n be_v make_v call_v this_o breach_n of_o alliance_n by_o the_o tartar_n occasion_v the_o pole_n a_o new_a sort_n of_o soldier_n for_o sigismundus_n augustus_n to_o prevent_v their_o incursion_n into_o his_o kingdom_n allot_v a_o four_o part_n of_o his_o crown-revenue_n to_o maintain_v a_o guard_n on_o the_o frontier_n towards_o tartary_n this_o four_o part_n be_v sometime_o augment_v and_o that_o as_o often_o as_o exigencys_n require_v it_o be_v to_o be_v supervise_v by_o two_o senator_n and_o two_o of_o the_o gentry_n in_o conjunction_n with_o the_o high-treasurer_n of_o poland_n the_o starosta_n of_o rava_n have_v the_o custody_n of_o it_o and_o be_v to_o give_v in_o his_o yearly_a account_n how_o he_o have_v distribute_v it_o from_o hence_o these_o soldier_n have_v the_o name_n of_o quartarians_n before_o this_o time_n the_o like_a institution_n have_v be_v attempt_v at_o a_o diet_n hold_v at_o vilna_n to_o guard_v the_o frontier_n of_o lithuania_n against_o the_o muscovite_n but_o this_o meet_v with_o opposition_n and_o consequent_o be_v lay_v aside_o these_o force_n general_o consist_v of_o foot_n and_o be_v always_o keep_v in_o garrison_n poland_n beside_o all_o these_o soldier_n beforementioned_a some_o of_o the_o rich_a gentry_n in_o poland_n have_v all_o along_o be_v accustom_a at_o their_o sole_a cost_n and_o charge_n to_o raise_v several_a troop_n of_o horse_n for_o the_o public_a service_n some_o few_o example_n of_o the_o power_n of_o which_o it_o may_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o insert_v example_n by_o the_o help_n of_o these_o zamoski_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o sigismond_n iii_o worsted_n carambeius_n the_o scythian_a with_o 3000_o man_n only_o who_o with_o 70000_o come_v to_o invade_v poland_n but_o with_o the_o loss_n of_o many_o thousand_o of_o his_o tartar_n be_v quick_o force_v to_o return_v home_o and_o in_o the_o same_o reign_n zolkievi_n with_o only_o 3000_o horse_n set_v upon_o 80000_o muscovite_n unawares_o and_o rout_v they_o entire_o bring_v away_o three_o german_a regiment_n that_o serve_v among_o they_o also_o in_o the_o late_a reign_n andrew_n trzebicki_n who_o afterward_o be_v make_v primate_n when_o but_o bishop_n of_o cracow_n and_o duke_n of_o severia_n raise_v a_o considerable_a number_n of_o force_n at_o his_o own_o proper_a expense_n to_o be_v send_v against_o the_o turk_n and_o which_o perform_v wonder_n under_o the_o then_o general_n john_n sobieski_n i_o omit_v many_o other_o that_o have_v do_v the_o same_o thing_n gentry_n these_o soldier_n have_v be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n select_v out_o of_o the_o nobility_n which_o have_v be_v the_o occasion_n of_o their_o so_o frequent_a success_n in_o but_o small_a number_n in_o respect_n to_o those_o of_o their_o enemy_n from_o this_o voluntary_a raise_n of_o these_o soldier_n they_o have_v have_v the_o name_n give_v they_o of_o volunteer_n though_o in_o other_o country_n that_o title_n be_v appropriate_v to_o such_o as_o serve_v of_o their_o own_o accord_n and_o without_o pay_n force_n notwithstanding_o the_o great_a number_n and_o warlike_a disposition_n of_o all_o these_o several_a kind_n of_o soldier_n yet_o their_o power_n be_v very_o much_o abate_v by_o their_o want_n of_o discipline_n and_o the_o neglect_n of_o the_o state_n and_o their_o officer_n in_o the_o due_a administration_n of_o affair_n for_o first_o as_o to_o the_o state_n the_o diet_n consist_v of_o so_o many_o person_n of_o differ_v sentiment_n be_v so_o exceed_v tardy_a in_o fit_v matter_n for_o action_n that_o like_o a_o clock_n make_v up_o of_o many_o contrary_a motion_n its_o progress_n must_v consequent_o be_v very_o slow_a and_o likewise_o before_o the_o senator_n and_o gentry_n can_v meet_v together_o there_o be_v so_o many_o ceremony_n to_o be_v past_a which_o they_o scarce_o ever_o abridge_v in_o the_o great_a extremity_n that_o a_o potent_a enemy_n may_v overrun_v the_o kingdom_n before_o the_o pospolite_n can_v well_o be_v get_v ready_a to_o oppose_v they_o this_o be_v experience_v when_o the_o czar_n of_o muscovy_n take_v polocz_n and_o smolensko_n from_o sigismundus_n augustus_n who_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o disagreement_n at_o that_o time_n in_o the_o diet_n be_v never_o afterward_o able_a to_o revenge_v it_o the_o same_o czar_n likewise_o invade_v livonia_n without_o opposition_n through_o the_o like_a defect_n which_o he_o can_v never_o have_v effect_v with_o so_o good_a success_n have_v the_o pole_n be_v in_o a_o readiness_n to_o have_v march_v against_o he_o but_o they_o be_v general_o so_o long_o in_o fit_v out_o and_o so_o unwilling_a to_o part_v with_o their_o belove_a luxury_n at_o the_o diet_n that_o they_o can_v easy_o change_v to_o the_o rough_a exercise_n of_o war._n state_n boterus_n in_o his_o description_n of_o poland_n say_v that_o four_o thing_n be_v indispensible_o requisite_a to_o the_o defence_n of_o a_o state_n and_o they_o be_v 1._o native_a force_n 2._o numerous_n 3._o potent_a and_o 4._o expeditious_a first_o their_o force_n ought_v to_o be_v native_a that_o they_o may_v not_o be_v betray_v by_o trust_v it_o in_o the_o hand_n of_o stranger_n who_o have_v not_o so_o great_a interest_n in_o the_o success_n as_o themselves_o second_o numerous_n that_o they_o may_v always_o be_v able_a to_o bring_v on_o fresh_a supply_n in_o case_n of_o extremity_n three_o potent_a because_o number_n without_o courage_n will_v rather_o contribute_v towards_o their_o defeat_n than_o victory_n and_o four_a expeditious_a and_o active_a that_o they_o may_v be_v qualify_v for_o hasty_a march_n and_o to_o rally_v upon_o the_o great_a rout._n now_o though_o the_o pole_n have_v a_o sort_n of_o claim_n to_o the_o three_o
the_o late_a war_n have_v be_v thereby_o able_a to_o contribute_v so_o large_o towards_o the_o oppose_a a_o potent_a monarch_n who_o otherwise_o may_v have_v be_v so_o far_o from_o afford_v such_o wonderful_a concession_n as_o we_o have_v obtain_v by_o the_o late_a happy_a peace_n that_o he_o may_v rather_o in_o all_o probability_n have_v overrun_v the_o great_a part_n of_o europe_n why_o as_o for_o the_o trade_n of_o poland_n my_o lord_n the_o pole_n be_v but_o little_o addict_v to_o industry_n of_o that_o kind_n the_o gentry_n be_v absolute_o forbid_v it_o on_o the_o forfeiture_n of_o their_o honour_n and_o the_o commonalty_n for_o the_o most_o part_n want_v fund_n sufficient_a to_o promote_v it_o therefore_o what_o trade_n they_o have_v be_v chief_o follow_v by_o foreign_a merchant_n beside_o those_o of_o the_o pole_n who_o have_v the_o best_a fortune_n general_o spend_v too_o much_o of_o their_o revenue_n in_o costly_a habit_n and_o luxury_n to_o be_v able_a to_o undergo_v any_o considerable_a matter_n in_o traffic_n also_o this_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n be_v not_o in_o the_o least_o commodious_a for_o such_o a_o undertake_n it_o not_o have_v any_o considerable_a port_n that_o of_o dantzic_n only_o except_v which_o will_v suffice_v for_o the_o exotic_a trade_n of_o so_o vast_a a_o country_n hence_o it_o follow_v that_o what_o commodity_n be_v transport_v into_o foreign_a country_n be_v so_o very_o inconsiderable_a that_o though_o they_o be_v of_o several_a sort_n and_o of_o general_a use_n yet_o be_v counterpoise_v by_o the_o incredible_a quantity_n and_o rich_a variety_n of_o foreign_a merchandise_n they_o scarce_o suffice_v for_o balance_n to_o the_o cloth_n silk_n jewel_n tapestry_n fruit_n spice_n saltfish_n wine_n tin_n steel_n etc._n etc._n import_v from_o england_n flanders_n portugal_n spain_n etc._n etc._n import_v starovolscius_fw-la enumerate_v the_o divers_a particular_n export_v and_o import_v wherein_o it_o may_v not_o be_v improper_a to_o follow_v he_o he_o say_v that_o over_o and_o above_o those_o already_o mention_v there_o be_v likewise_o rich_a fur_n gold_n and_o silver_n both_o wrought_v and_o unwrought_a and_o great_a variety_n of_o kickshaw_n and_o delicacy_n import_v and_o as_o for_o what_o be_v export_v they_o be_v wheat_n barley_n oat_n rye_n millet_n and_o all_o sort_n of_o grain_n and_o pulse_n wool_n hemp_n flax_n hops_n a_o sort_n of_o herb_n for_o die_v hides_n tallow_n tan_a leather_n fur_n bring_v out_o of_o musaovy_n but_o dress_v here_o and_o transport_v from_o hence_o likewise_o polish_v fur_n honey_n wax_n amber_n pitch_n pot-ash_n mast_n plank_n and_o several_a material_n both_o for_o shipwright_n and_o other_o builder_n poland_n also_o export_v salt_n beer_n opium_n vitriol_n nitre_n lapis_fw-la lazuli_fw-la vermillion_n brass_n lead_v iron_n copper_n pit-coal_n glass_n and_o earthen_a ware_n moreover_o it_o supply_v the_o neighbour_a country_n with_o horse_n very_o much_o covet_v for_o their_o swiftness_n hardiness_n and_o easy_a pace_n it_o also_o furnish_v other_o nation_n with_o vast_a number_n of_o ox_n sheep_n hog_n etc._n etc._n with_o which_o it_o great_o abound_v why_o notwithstanding_o all_o these_o exportation_n yet_o as_o i_o say_v before_o the_o trade_n of_o poland_n be_v overbalanced_a by_o foreign_a commodity_n whence_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o there_o be_v but_o little_a money_n to_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o that_o kingdom_n what_o small_a matter_n the_o merchant_n receive_v for_o their_o good_n at_o dantzic_n they_o general_o give_v to_o the_o hungarian_n etc._n etc._n for_o wine_n nevertheless_o they_o have_v some_o foreign_a coin_n and_o some_o of_o their_o own_o stir_v among_o they_o poland_n that_o which_o be_v most_o current_a in_o the_o kingdom_n be_v either_o all_o of_o copper_n or_o copper_n mix_v with_o silver_n though_o they_o have_v likewise_o some_o few_o silver_n and_o gold_n coin_n of_o their_o own_o the_o two_o first_o of_o these_o sort_n be_v the_o most_o common_a and_o which_o be_v always_o coin_v in_o such_o small_a piece_n that_o it_o be_v very_o troublesome_a either_o receive_n or_o pay_v out_o any_o sum._n of_o the_o first_o kind_n be_v their_o chelons_n be_v of_o copper_n silver_v over_o whereof_o three_o make_v a_o polish_v gross_a the_o gross_v of_o dantzic_n be_v of_o great_a value_n and_o three_o gross_v the_o value_n of_o two_o penny_n of_o their_o money_n though_o hauteville_n say_v these_o nine_o chelons_n be_v not_o worth_a above_o a_o french_a sous_fw-fr poverty_n this_o base_a polish_v coin_n contribute_v very_o much_o towards_o the_o poverty_n of_o this_o kingdom_n it_o be_v introduce_v on_o account_n of_o necessity_n when_o the_o pole_n have_v no_o money_n to_o pay_v their_o army_n which_o begin_v to_o confederate_a and_o join_v in_o a_o rokosz_n for_o want_v of_o it_o it_o be_v not_o likewise_o of_o late_a day_n that_o this_o coin_n have_v be_v introduce_v for_o the_o officer_n of_o casimir_n iii_o be_v say_v to_o have_v coin_v it_o and_o which_o be_v afterward_o grievous_o exclaim_v against_o at_o the_o diet_n hold_v at_o petrikow_n in_o the_o year_n 1459_o under_o the_o reign_n of_o casimir_n the_o great_a in_o those_o day_n it_o seem_v the_o king_n have_v a_o power_n to_o coin_v money_n and_o the_o first_o that_o resign_v his_o right_n to_o the_o republic_n be_v sigismond_n iii_o in_o the_o year_n 1632._o coin_n the_o next_o of_o their_o coin_n be_v call_v choustack_n be_v small_a piece_n of_o silver_n of_o base_a alloy_n whereof_o three_o make_v a_o tinfe_fw-mi which_o be_v also_o a_o sort_n of_o silver_n money_n of_o base_a alloy_n this_o be_v first_o coin_v to_o satisfy_v the_o mutinous_a army_n in_o the_o year_n 1663._o of_o the_o value_n of_o about_o 15_o d._n these_o coin_n be_v not_o the_o same_o in_o prussia_n and_o dantzic_n as_o shall_v be_v show_v hereafter_o the_o polish_v silver_n coin_n of_o good_a alloy_n be_v the_o attine_n or_o four_o penny_n halfpenny_n and_o the_o trigross_v and_o segross_v the_o former_a of_o which_o two_o last_n be_v three_o and_o the_o latter_a six_o time_n the_o value_n of_o a_o gross_a yet_o of_o these_o three_o there_o be_v at_o this_o day_n but_o very_a few_o remain_v as_o for_o gold_n coin_n casimir_n the_o great_a be_v the_o first_o that_o cause_v any_o to_o be_v stamp_v in_o poland_n but_o of_o which_o either_o coin_v by_o that_o king_n or_o his_o successor_n there_o be_v few_o now_o make_v use_n of_o the_o silver_n and_o gold_n coin_n that_o have_v any_o currency_n in_o the_o kingdom_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n foreign_a those_o of_o gold_n be_v ducat_n which_o be_v worth_a two_o french_a crown_n or_o two_o german_a rixdollar_n those_o of_o silver_n be_v general_o of_o the_o german_a coin_n why_o though_o it_o may_v hereby_o appear_v that_o the_o polish_v wealth_n be_v not_o over_o considerable_a yet_o say_v starovolscius_fw-la it_o have_v always_o be_v sufficient_a to_o defray_v the_o expense_n of_o the_o kingdom_n without_o the_o help_n of_o any_o neighbour_n though_o the_o same_o author_n afterward_o give_v this_o character_n of_o his_o countryman_n that_o they_o be_v not_o over_o rich_a by_o reason_n of_o their_o send_v the_o great_a part_n of_o their_o commodity_n abroad_o and_o general_o receive_v nothing_o in_o return_n but_o such_o as_o serve_v to_o support_v luxury_n and_o encourage_v vice_n hauteville_n give_v another_o reason_n why_o the_o pole_n may_v not_o be_v so_o rich_a as_o former_o which_o be_v because_o of_o the_o many_o and_o frequent_a incursion_n of_o the_o muscovite_n turk_n cosacks_n and_o tartar_n into_o this_o kingdom_n who_o be_v accustom_v to_o carry_v off_o great_a number_n into_o slavery_n and_o thereby_o to_o dis-people_n the_o country_n also_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o many_o bloody_a war_n and_o sweep_a pestilency_n which_o this_o country_n have_v undergo_v trade_n have_v already_o speak_v of_o the_o trade_n of_o poland_n in_o general_a it_o may_v not_o be_v here_o amiss_o to_o entertain_v your_o excellency_n with_o some_o particular_n relate_v thereunto_o and_o first_o i_o shall_v observe_v something_o of_o salt_n which_o be_v omit_v in_o the_o first_o volume_n of_o this_o undertake_n salt_n the_o space_n or_o ally_n which_o i_o there_o take_v notice_n of_o be_v form_v by_o row_n of_o large_a pillar_n cut_v out_o of_o the_o salt_n to_o keep_v the_o earth_n from_o fal_v in_o and_o which_o by_o reflection_n of_o the_o light_n make_v a_o very_a agreeable_a prospect_n seem_v so_o many_o row_v of_o sparkle_a crystal_n the_o salt_n be_v take_v out_o of_o these_o mine_n in_o huge_a mass_n and_o lay_v in_o heap_n all_o about_o the_o entrance_n whence_o it_o be_v transport_v in_o carriage_n throughout_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n except_o prussia_n only_o where_o french_a salt_n be_v alone_o make_v use_n of_o this_o salt_n be_v ground_n in_o mill_n like_o corn._n the_o gentry_n of_o this_o
kingdom_n have_v a_o right_n to_o any_o of_o these_o mine_n as_o likewise_o to_o those_o of_o any_o metal_n find_v upon_o their_o land_n there_o be_v by_o the_o constitution_n no_o royal_a mine_n in_o poland_n except_o those_o of_o white_a salt_n only_o which_o belong_v peculiar_o to_o the_o king_n papermill_n throughout_o all_o poland_n and_o lithuania_n there_o be_v a_o great_a many_o corn_n and_o cachat-mill_n but_o scarce_o any_o for_o full_v or_o paper_n yet_o which_o they_o may_v very_o well_o have_v by_o reason_n of_o their_o great_a number_n of_o rapid_a stream_n in_o this_o and_o in_o other_o respect_n the_o pole_n be_v very_o negligent_a of_o their_o own_o interest_n be_v content_a to_o pay_v great_a rate_n for_o cloth_n and_o paper_n when_o they_o may_v easy_o have_v both_o of_o their_o own_o manufacture_n fish_n as_o for_o leather_n though_o no_o people_n use_v it_o more_o have_v almost_o all_o boot_n and_o chariot_n which_o they_o call_v ridevans_n yet_o do_v they_o not_o care_n to_o take_v the_o trouble_n of_o dress_v it_o themselves_o but_o suffer_v foreigner_n to_o do_v it_o for_o they_o and_o which_o common_o they_o pay_v very_o dear_a for_o when_o do_v the_o pole_n trade_n very_o much_o in_o fresh_a fish_n among_o themselves_o and_o the_o manner_n of_o their_o fish_n i_o imagine_v may_v not_o be_v unacceptable_a to_o your_o excellency_n have_v something_o peculiar_a in_o it_o fish_v their_o lake_n and_o fishpond_n in_o poland_n and_o lithuania_n be_v general_o so_o large_a that_o it_o will_v be_v almost_o impossible_a ever_o to_o drain_v they_o they_o usual_o choose_v to_o fish_v they_o in_o winter_n when_o they_o be_v all_o freeze_a up_o they_o first_o make_v a_o great_a hole_n in_o the_o ice_n to_o let_v down_o their_o net_n and_o afterward_o several_a little_a one_o from_o place_n to_o place_n that_o they_o may_v draw_v they_o along_o from_o hole_n to_o hole_n with_o a_o rope_n fasten_v to_o a_o long_a pole_n till_o they_o bring_v they_o back_o 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it_o seem_v they_o find_v something_o in_o the_o fir-tree_n whereof_o there_o be_v great_a number_n in_o every_o wood_n that_o supply_v the_o place_n of_o flower_n which_o they_o suck_v their_o material_n from_o in_o other_o country_n prussia_n before_o i_o proceed_v to_o give_v your_o excellency_n a_o description_n of_o the_o famous_a city_n of_o dantzic_n i_o must_v take_v some_o cursory_a notice_n of_o the_o former_a trade_n of_o prussia_n before_o its_o inhabitant_n come_v to_o have_v the_o use_n of_o money_n in_o the_o xiiith_o century_n the_o teutonic_n knight_n come_v out_o of_o germany_n into_o prussia_n bring_v along_o with_o they_o the_o coin_n of_o their_o country_n for_o before_o that_o time_n the_o prussian_n only_o barter_v commodity_n with_o their_o neighbour_n their_o chief_a trade_n than_o lie_v in_o electrum_n or_o amber_n of_o the_o nature_n of_o which_o hartman_n a_o late_a german_a author_n give_v this_o account_n he_o say_v that_o since_o it_o can_v neither_o be_v melt_v down_o nor_o be_v malleable_a it_o be_v impossible_a it_o shall_v be_v metal_n and_o because_o it_o be_v too_o solid_a a_o body_n to_o come_v under_o the_o species_n of_o sulphur_n or_o bitumen_n it_o must_v necessary_o be_v rank_v among_o the_o precious_a stone_n this_o amber_n be_v of_o divers_a colour_n and_o notwithstanding_o hartman_n insinuate_v it_o to_o be_v always_o solid_a yet_o be_v it_o certain_a that_o sometime_o it_o be_v as_o liquid_a as_o oil_n there_o be_v a_o black_a sort_n of_o it_o which_o be_v no_o other_o than_o what_o we_o call_v jet_n a_o description_n of_o the_o city_n of_o dantzic_n siâ—ate_a to_o come_v to_o the_o description_n of_o dantzic_n in_o latin_a dantiscum_n or_o gedanum_n your_o excellency_n may_v be_v please_v to_o understand_v that_o it_o be_v the_o capital_a and_o largest_n city_n in_o royal_a prussia_n and_o lie_v in_o 41_o degree_n and_o 30_o minute_n of_o longitude_n and_o in_o 54_o degree_n and_o 20_o minute_n of_o latitude_n it_o be_v situate_a in_o one_o of_o the_o three_o island_n of_o which_o regal_a prussia_n consist_v call_v by_o the_o germane_a der_fw-mi dantzicher_n werder_n the_o other_o two_o have_v the_o name_n of_o der_fw-mi marienbursche_n werder_n and_o der_fw-mi elbingsâ—her_n werder_n this_o name_n der_fw-mi werder_n imply_v proper_o so_o many_o piece_n of_o solid_a ground_n encompass_v by_o fen_n and_o bog_n call_v by_o who_o this_o city_n be_v first_o build_v remain_v as_o yet_o undetermined_a becanus_n will_v have_v the_o dane_n to_o have_v be_v the_o founder_n of_o it_o and_o from_o they_o to_o have_v be_v call_v danes-wick_n i._n e._n danes-town_n but_o this_o derivation_n seem_v to_o have_v too_o much_o dutch_a in_o it_o therefore_o it_o be_v more_o probable_a that_o to_o the_o word_n dan_fw-mi cdan_n or_o gdan_n be_v add_v the_o sclavonian_a term_n scke_n signify_v a_o town_n which_o make_v it_o danscke_o cdanscke_n or_o gdanscke_n and_o which_o may_v very_o reasonable_o be_v suppose_v afterward_o for_o better_a pronunciation_n sake_n to_o be_v change_v into_o dantzig_n or_o dantzic_n place_n it_o be_v distant_a about_o 80_o polish_v miles_n from_o cracow_n 40_o from_o posnan_n 50_o from_o warsaw_n 30_o from_o gnesna_n 22_o from_o throne_n 24_o from_o koningsberg_n 8_o from_o elbing_n 6_o from_o marienburg_n and_o near_o 4_o english_a mile_n from_o the_o baltic_a sea_n and_o be_v build_v on_o the_o border_n of_o the_o vistula_n on_o the_o north-west_n side_n of_o the_o aforesaid_a island_n strength_n the_o town_n itself_o be_v water_v by_o the_o river_n rodawn_n and_o motlaw_n and_o divide_v by_o the_o former_a into_o two_o part_n the_o old_a and_o the_o new_a on_o the_o southern_a and_o western_a side_n it_o be_v surround_v with_o high_a mountain_n and_o be_v well_o fortify_v with_o bulwark_n against_o the_o incursion_n of_o the_o swede_n in_o the_o year_n 1656._o it_o have_v a_o large_a and_o high_a wall_n so_o broad_a that_o coach_n easy_o go_v round_a the_o rampart_n and_o so_o large_a in_o compass_n that_o it_o be_v three_o hour_n journey_n round_o which_o i_o may_v very_o well_o compute_v at_o six_o english_a mile_n at_o the_o entrance_n of_o the_o rodawn_n on_o the_o other_o side_n it_o have_v a_o strong_a fort_n wherein_o there_o be_v common_o keep_v a_o garrison_n of_o 1000_o soldier_n it_o be_v impossible_a this_o city_n shall_v be_v bombard_v from_o the_o sea_n by_o reason_n of_o its_o distance_n from_o it_o but_o from_o the_o neighbour_a hill_n it_o may_v and_o therefore_o some_o work_n be_v raise_v there_o and_o always_o a_o certain_a number_n of_o soldier_n with_o store_n of_o cannon_n and_o ammunition_n place_v in_o they_o for_o its_o great_a security_n town_n this_o city_n be_v at_o present_a a_o famous_a mart_n and_o one_o of_o the_o principal_a of_o the_o hanse-town_n be_v altogether_o govern_v by_o its_o own_o law_n though_o under_o protection_n of_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n from_o which_o it_o have_v a_o castellan_n appoint_v over_o it_o half_a of_o the_o suburb_n belong_v to_o that_o crown_n and_o the_o other_o half_a to_o the_o city_n for_o in_o some_o part_n the_o crown-land_n reach_v to_o the_o suburb_n but_o in_o other_o the_o city-land_n go_v several_a miles_n together_o into_o the_o country_n garden_n there_o be_v twenty_o parish_n in_o the_o city_n and_o the_o suburb_n the_o house_n be_v general_o of_o brick_n and_o the_o street_n most_o common_o very_o large_a and_o well_o pave_v though_o somewhat_o dirty_a in_o winter_n as_o most_o of_o the_o town_n in_o poland_n be_v the_o chief_a part_n of_o the_o city_n call_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n die_v rechte_v stadt_n be_v build_v by_o conrade_n wallenrodt_n master_n of_o the_o teutonick_n order_n about_o the_o year_n 1388._o there_o be_v no_o garden_n in_o the_o city_n but_o nevertheless_o several_a very_a fine_a and_o large_a
the_o emperor_n henry_n vi_o by_o the_o rull_n of_o pope_n celestine_n iii_o under_o the_o title_n of_o teutonic_n or_o dutch_a knight_n of_o the_o hospital_n of_o st._n marry_o the_o virgin_n vow_v poverty_n obedience_n and_o chastity_n and_o oblige_v themselves_o to_o receive_v none_o but_o german_n into_o their_o order_n prussia_n after_o they_o have_v thus_o receive_v confirmation_n from_o the_o papal_a see_v some_o rich_a citizen_n of_o breme_n and_o lubeck_n join_v with_o they_o and_o make_v large_a contribution_n another_o hospital_n be_v erect_v for_o they_o in_o the_o city_n of_o acon_n or_o ptolemais_n in_o syria_n but_o after_o that_o city_n together_o with_o jerusalem_n and_o all_o the_o holy-land_n have_v be_v take_v by_o the_o saracen_n under_o the_o command_n of_o saladin_n have_v be_v in_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o christian_n for_o more_o than_o 87_o year_n before_o one_o hermannus_n then_o great_a master_n with_o the_o remain_a knight_n remove_v into_o germany_n on_o who_o the_o emperor_n frederic_n xi_o and_o pope_n honorius_n iii_o or_o as_o some_o will_v have_v it_o conrade_z duke_n of_o masovia_n in_o 1226_o in_o the_o year_n 1229_o bestow_v the_o province_n of_o prussia_n where_o have_v conquer_a build_v that_o nation_n and_o reduce_v it_o from_o paganism_n to_o christianity_n they_o build_v the_o city_n of_o marienburg_n or_o mary-town_n and_o in_o the_o year_n 1340_o fix_v the_o residence_n of_o their_o great_a master_n there_o wherefore_o this_o country_n they_o enjoy_v till_o about_o the_o year_n 1525_o when_o albert_n marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n the_o last_o great_a master_n of_o this_o order_n by_o a_o solemn_a renunciation_n become_v feudatory_a to_o sigismond_n king_n of_o poland_n who_o raise_v prussia_n to_o a_o dukedom_n and_o make_v this_o marquis_n first_o duke_n thereof_o but_o however_o some_o of_o the_o knight_n dislike_a this_o action_n proceed_v to_o elect_a another_o great_a master_n which_o be_v walter_n the_o cronberg_n and_o forthwith_o leave_v prussia_n seat_v themselves_o in_o germany_n where_o they_o continue_v at_o this_o day_n though_o in_o no_o great_a reputation_n except_o that_o the_o young_a son_n of_o the_o german_a prince_n be_v common_o admit_v of_o their_o order_n manner_n their_o statute_n be_v compose_v after_o the_o model_n of_o those_o of_o the_o knight_n hospitaller_n and_o knight_n templar_n at_o this_o day_n the_o knight_n of_o malta_n but_o nevertheless_o to_o distinguish_v they_o from_o these_o order_n their_o habit_n be_v ordain_v to_o be_v a_o white_a mantle_n with_o a_o plain_a black_a cross_a on_o the_o breast_n though_o other_o will_v have_v it_o to_o have_v be_v a_o black_a cross_n void_v with_o a_o cross_n potence_n this_o cross_n they_o be_v also_o to_o have_v upon_o white_a banner_n as_o likewise_o upon_o their_o shield_n and_o in_o their_o coat_n of_o arm_n they_o be_v moreover_o enjoin_v to_o live_v conformable_a to_o the_o order_n and_o rule_n of_o st._n austin_n their_o first_o number_n be_v 24_o lay-brother_n and_o 7_o priest_n yet_o heysse_n in_o his_o history_n of_o the_o empire_n tom_n i._o say_v they_o be_v at_o first_o 40._o they_o both_o be_v allow_v to_o wear_v armour_n and_o sword_n and_o may_v celebrate_v mass_n in_o that_o habit._n none_o of_o they_o shave_v their_o beard_n but_o by_o their_o order_n be_v oblige_v to_o let_v they_o grow_v and_o to_o sleep_v upon_o sack_n of_o straw_n but_o however_o this_o with_o their_o other_o primitive_a injunction_n soon_o vanish_v prince_n this_o order_n be_v establish_v after_o the_o manner_n as_o we_o have_v show_v before_o all_o christian_a prince_n endeavour_v to_o give_v they_o encouragement_n and_o among_o the_o rest_n the_o pope_n and_o emperor_n give_v they_o particular_a proof_n of_o their_o favour_n and_o liberality_n philip_n king_n of_o france_n also_o be_v willing_a to_o do_v the_o like_a on_o his_o part_n make_v they_o great_a present_n and_o moreover_o grant_v their_o great_a master_n a_o liberty_n to_o wear_v the_o flower_n delucc_n on_o the_o 4_o extremity_n of_o their_o cross_n prussia_n their_o power_n and_o force_n in_o war_n will_v appear_v in_o the_o follow_a succinct_a account_n and_o series_n of_o their_o several_a great_a master_n 1190._o their_o first_o great_a master_n as_o i_o observe_v before_o be_v henry_n walpot_n a_o native_a of_o germany_n elect_v in_o the_o year_n 1190_o who_o die_v and_o be_v bury_v at_o acon_n or_o ptolemais_n 1200._o the_o second_o great_a master_n of_o this_o order_n be_v otho_n the_o kerpen_n a_o nobleman_n of_o germany_n who_o after_o have_v enjoy_v this_o office_n but_o 6_o year_n die_v and_o be_v bury_v at_o acon_n 1206._o the_o three_o great_a master_n be_v herman_n barth_n of_o alsace_n who_o be_v elect_v under_o pope_n innocent_n iii_o and_o the_o emperor_n philip_n ii_o he_o preside_v over_o these_o knight_n only_o 4_o year_n than_o die_v and_o be_v bury_v at_o acon_n under_o these_o two_o great_a master_n this_o order_n first_o begin_v to_o increase_v and_o flourish_v 1210._o the_o four_o great_a master_n be_v herman_n a_o salzen_n a_o nobleman_n of_o misnia_n under_o the_o several_a pontificate_n of_o pope_n innocent_a iii_o honorius_n and_o gregory_n ix_o and_o in_o the_o reign_v of_o the_o emperor_n be_v otho_n and_o frederic_n ii_o this_o master_n obtain_v great_a privilege_n for_o his_o order_n both_o from_o the_o aforesaid_a pope_n and_o emperor_n and_o john_n king_n of_o jerusalem_n for_o their_o have_v protect_v he_o against_o conrade_n king_n of_o syria_n add_v to_o the_o arm_n of_o this_o order_n a_o cross_n potence_n or_o which_o be_v the_o proper_a ensign_n of_o that_o kingdom_n in_o his_o time_n conrade_n marquess_z of_o thuringen_n be_v admit_v of_o the_o order_n he_o have_v above_o 2000_o german_a nobleman_n and_o knight_n in_o his_o order_n at_o once_o all_o which_o he_o govern_v for_o about_o 30_o year_n during_o his_o administration_n his_o order_n have_v be_v drive_v out_o of_o the_o holy-land_n by_o the_o saracen_n settle_v in_o prussia_n to_o the_o number_n of_o 20000_o and_o by_o help_n of_o the_o pole_n soon_o expel_v the_o pagan_a prussian_n out_o of_o the_o province_n of_o culmigeria_n he_o lie_v bury_v at_o marienburg_n which_o he_o build_v 1240._o the_o five_o great_a master_n be_v conrade_n marquis_n of_o thuringen_n who_o be_v elect_v under_o the_o pontificat_fw-la of_o celestine_n iu._n and_o the_o reign_n of_o the_o emperor_n frederic_n ii_o he_o very_o much_o augment_v the_o conquest_n of_o his_o order_n and_o restore_v many_o ruinous_a fabric_n he_o build_v koningsberg_n in_o ducal_z prussia_n and_o lie_v bury_v at_o marienburg_n 1252._o the_o six_o great_a master_n be_v poppo_n ab_fw-la osternaw_n in_o the_o time_n of_o pope_n innocent_n iu._n and_o of_o the_o emperor_n conrade_n iu._n he_o have_v several_a glorious_a conquest_n over_o the_o prussian_n livonian_o and_o swentopelus_n duke_n of_o pomerania_n but_o at_o length_n before_o the_o city_n of_o lignitz_n be_v kill_v and_o rout_v by_o the_o tartar_n who_o have_v almost_o overrun_v all_o sarmatia_n poland_n and_o be_v afterward_o bury_v at_o uladislaw_n it_o be_v say_v that_o the_o aforesaid_a swentopelus_n have_v be_v so_o extreme_o beat_v by_o these_o knight_n that_o he_o be_v force_v to_o clap_v up_o a_o peace_n with_o they_o and_o afterward_o on_o his_o deathbed_n earnest_o recommend_v to_o his_o child_n to_o preserve_v the_o friendship_n he_o have_v contract_v but_o however_o mestowin_n his_o elder_a son_n forget_v his_o father_n order_n declare_a war_n anew_o against_o they_o but_o be_v likewise_o beat_v the_o knight_n overrun_v all_o pomerania_n and_o at_o length_n force_v this_o duke_n to_o a_o peace_n and_o moreover_o 3_o of_o his_o brother_n whereof_o the_o elder_a be_v name_v sambor_n become_v knight_n of_o this_o order_n 1263._o the_o seven_o great_a master_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n be_v johannes_n sangerhusensis_n who_o take_v upon_o he_o that_o office_n under_o the_o pontificat_fw-la of_o alexander_n iu._n he_o very_o much_o allay_v the_o insolence_n of_o the_o pagan_a prussian_n and_o in_o great_a measure_n regain_v the_o credit_n of_o his_o order_n forfeit_v to_o the_o tartar_n he_o rule_v 12_o year_n and_o lie_v bury_v at_o treves_n in_o his_o time_n the_o city_n of_o brandenburg_n be_v build_v 1275._o the_o eight_o great_a master_n be_v hartman_n count_n of_o heidelberg_n who_o be_v elect_v in_o the_o time_n of_o pope_n clement_n iu._n and_o of_o the_o emperor_n rodolfe_n i._o he_o be_v a_o very_a industrious_a person_n and_o get_v great_a ground_n of_o the_o prussian_n in_o his_o time_n the_o castle_n of_o marienburg_n be_v build_v in_o the_o year_n 1281._o he_o die_v and_o be_v bury_v at_o venice_n 1283._o the_o nine_o great_a master_n of_o this_o order_n be_v buchardus_fw-la à _fw-la swenden_n elect_v in_o the_o time_n of_o pope_n john_n and_o the_o emperor_n rodolfe_n i._o
under_o his_o administration_n of_o affair_n the_o prussian_n be_v total_o reduce_v after_o 7_o year_n enjoyment_n of_o his_o office_n he_o abdicate_v it_o and_o live_v afterward_o at_o rhodes_n where_o he_o lie_v bury_v 1290._o the_o ten_o great_a master_n be_v conrade_z de_fw-fr feuchtwangen_n who_o be_v elect_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o emperor_n rodolfe_n i._o and_o pope_n nicholas_n iu._n although_o this_o order_n make_v considerable_a progress_n under_o his_o administration_n yet_o at_o length_n it_o receive_v a_o great_a check_n in_o syria_n where_o the_o city_n of_o acon_n which_o have_v be_v the_o chief_a seat_n of_o this_o order_n for_o some_o time_n be_v take_v by_o the_o sultan_n of_o egypt_n he_o die_v at_o prague_n and_o be_v bury_v at_o trebnicz_n 1297._o the_o eleven_o great_a master_n be_v godfrey_n count_n of_o hohenloh_n who_o be_v elect_v adolphus_n be_v emperor_n and_o celestine_n v._o pope_n he_o be_v a_o venetian_a bear_v and_o govern_v this_o order_n 10_o year_n he_o retake_v riga_n in_o livonia_n from_o the_o russian_n and_o cause_v its_o fortification_n to_o be_v demolish_v but_o not_o long_o after_o he_o restore_v the_o inhabitant_n to_o their_o ancient_a privilege_n have_v build_v a_o castle_n there_o to_o awe_v they_o he_o at_o length_n resign_v his_o office_n and_o die_v in_o germany_n 1307._o the_o twelve_o great_a master_n be_v sigfridus_n the_o feuchtwangen_n in_o the_o time_n of_o albert_n duke_n of_o austria_n be_v emperor_n and_o clement_n pope_n he_o remove_v his_o seat_n from_o marpurg_n to_o the_o castle_n of_o marienburg_n for_o this_o order_n have_v reside_v there_o ever_o since_o their_o be_v oblige_v to_o leave_n syria_n this_o master_n rule_v only_o 2_o year_n and_o die_v and_o be_v bury_v at_o marienburg_n 1309._o the_o thirteen_o great_a master_n be_v charles_n beffart_n elect_v in_o the_o reign_n of_o the_o emperor_n henry_n and_o the_o pontificate_n of_o pope_n clement_n v._o he_o be_v a_o very_a wise_a and_o warlike_a person_n and_o in_o the_o year_n 1312_o found_v the_o castle_n of_o memula_n in_o courland_n to_o hinder_v the_o incursion_n of_o the_o lithuanian_n upon_o his_o return_n from_o rome_n whither_o he_o have_v be_v cite_v for_o and_o clear_v of_o maladministration_n he_o die_v at_o vienna_n where_o he_o lie_v bury_v 1322._o the_o fourteen_o great_a master_n be_v vernerus_n urselensis_n elect_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o emperor_n lewis_n v._o and_o pope_n john_n he_o execute_v his_o trust_n with_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o fidelity_n and_o bravery_n and_o be_v afterward_o murder_v by_o a_o brother_n of_o the_o order_n one_o john_n bunsdorfius_n while_o he_o be_v go_v out_o of_o the_o church_n from_o vesper_n 1325._o the_o fifteen_o great_a master_n be_v lewis_n d._n of_o brunswick_n he_o be_v a_o very_a prudent_a and_o pious_a man_n but_o rule_v only_o four_o year_n 1329._o the_o sixteen_o great_a master_n be_v districhus_n count_n algemburg_n elect_v when_o he_o be_v 80_o year_n old_a he_o be_v a_o person_n of_o great_a eloquence_n authority_n and_o justice_n after_o have_v build_v st._n mary_n church_n at_o marienburg_n he_o die_v at_o thorn_n and_o be_v bury_v at_o st._n ann_n in_o marienburg_n 1339._o the_o seventeen_o great_a master_n be_v rodolfe_n duke_n of_o saxony_n elect_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o emperor_n lewis_n v._o and_o pope_n benedict_n xi_o he_o gather_v great_a force_n together_o and_o besiege_a and_o take_v neumarcovia_n in_o the_o interim_n the_o lithuanian_n invade_v prussia_n overrun_v all_o with_o fire_n and_o sword_n which_o this_o good_a master_n take_v so_o much_o to_o heart_n that_o he_o first_o become_v mad_a then_o be_v depose_v from_o his_o office_n and_o afterward_o die_v of_o grief_n at_o marienwerder_n where_o he_o be_v bury_v 1342._o the_o eighteentth_n great_a master_n be_v henry_n de_fw-fr desmer_n or_o tuchmer_n elect_v in_o the_o pontificate_n of_o clement_n vi_o he_o have_v a_o famous_a battle_n with_o the_o lithuanian_n and_o russian_n wherein_o he_o kill_v above_o 10000_o of_o the_o enemy_n he_o die_v and_o be_v bury_v at_o marienburg_n 1348._o the_o nineteen_o great_a master_n be_v henry_n de_fw-fr kniprodien_fw-mi elect_v in_o the_o time_n of_o pope_n clement_n vi_o and_o of_o the_o emperor_n charles_n iii_o the_o forego_v war_n with_o the_o lithuanian_n and_o russian_n break_v out_o a_o fresh_a in_o his_o time_n wherein_o the_o great_a duke_n of_o lithuania_n keystutus_n be_v take_v prisoner_n and_o carry_v to_o marienburg_n whence_o he_o afterward_o escape_v by_o mean_n of_o a_o servant_n in_o this_o great_a master_n time_n one_o of_o the_o son_n of_o the_o aforesaid_a great_a duke_n become_v a_o christian_a at_o koningsberg_n and_o afterward_o be_v make_v a_o prince_n of_o the_o empire_n by_o the_o emperor_n charles_n iv._o during_o his_o administration_n which_o be_v about_o 31_o year_n this_o order_n abound_v in_o learned_a men._n he_o die_v at_o marienburg_n and_o be_v there_o bury_v 1379._o the_o twenty_o great_a master_n be_v conrade_n zolner_n elect_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o emperor_n wenceslaus_n and_o of_o pope_n urban_n vi_o he_o have_v several_a contest_v with_o the_o lithuanian_n and_o samogitian_n during_o the_o several_a reign_n of_o keystutus_n jagello_n votoldus_n and_o suidrigielo_n great_a duke_n of_o lithuania_n he_o die_v and_o be_v bury_v at_o marienburg_n after_o 8_o year_n administration_n of_o the_o government_n of_o this_o order_n 1388._o the_o twenty_o first_o adhere_v master_n be_v conrade_z de_fw-fr valenroden_n elect_v during_o the_o papacy_n of_o pope_n boniface_n he_o be_v a_o person_n of_o a_o very_a warlike_a disposition_n but_o withal_o of_o a_o odd_a temper_n he_o hate_v and_o refuse_v his_o ecclesiastical_a brother_n access_n to_o he_o at_o the_o hour_n of_o his_o death_n in_o his_o time_n this_o order_n make_v a_o descent_n upon_o lithuania_n by_o way_n of_o the_o river_n niemen_n and_o build_v three_o magazine_n near_o the_o castle_n of_o cowno_n by_o help_n of_o which_o they_o make_v great_a devastation_n in_o that_o country_n for_o a_o considerable_a time_n 1394._o the_o twenty_o second_v great_a master_n be_v conrade_z de_fw-fr jungingen_n he_o be_v of_o a_o very_a peaceable_a temper_n and_o therefore_o not_o much_o belove_v by_o his_o order_n however_o he_o rule_v 12_o year_n and_o afterward_o die_v at_o marienburg_n and_o be_v there_o bury_v 1404._o the_o twenty_o third_z great_a master_n be_v ulric_n the_o jungingen_n brother_n to_o the_o aforesaid_a conrade_n he_o be_v elect_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o emperor_n rupert_n and_o of_o pope_n gregory_n xii_o he_o be_v of_o a_o warlike_a temper_n and_o to_o that_o degree_n that_o he_o deviate_v not_o a_o little_a from_o his_o order_n he_o persecute_v his_o brother_n and_o take_v several_a of_o their_o possession_n from_o they_o after_o several_a war_n have_v with_o the_o pole_n and_o lithuanian_n jagello_n king_n of_o poland_n and_o vitoldus_n great_a duke_n of_o lithuania_n give_v he_o a_o total_a overthrow_n wherein_o this_o great_a master_n with_o about_o 200_o commendador_n and_o 5000_o other_o knight_n be_v kill_v and_o his_o general_n take_v prisoner_n although_o at_o the_o first_o onset_n the_o lithuanian_n lose_v about_o 7000_o men._n 1406._o the_o twenty_o four_o great_a master_n be_v henry_n count_n of_o plaven_n elect_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o emperor_n sigismond_n and_o pope_n john_n this_o person_n be_v resolve_v to_o revenge_v the_o late_a overthrow_n on_o the_o pole_n but_o before_o he_o can_v effect_v any_o thing_n considerable_a he_o be_v depose_v throw_v into_o prison_n at_o engelsburg_n and_o thence_o remove_v to_o lecksteg_n where_o after_o 7_o year_n confinement_n he_o die_v in_o chain_n and_o be_v bury_v at_o marienburg_n 1414._o the_o twenty_o fifth_z great_a master_n be_v michael_n the_o sterbergen_n steward_n of_o the_o household_n to_o the_o emperor_n sigismond_n in_o the_o very_a first_o year_n of_o his_o government_n jagello_n and_o vitoldus_n take_v from_o he_o and_o destroy_v several_a city_n but_o be_v at_o length_n force_v to_o retire_v he_o govern_v this_o order_n 9_o year_n but_o afterward_o desire_v his_o quietus_n he_o obtain_v it_o die_v at_o dantzic_n and_o be_v bury_v at_o marienburg_n 1323._o the_o twenty_o six_z great_a master_n be_v paul_n the_o rusdorfien_n elect_v in_o the_o time_n of_o pope_n martin_n during_o his_o administration_n several_a of_o the_o province_n and_o city_n of_o prussia_n shake_v off_o the_o teutonic_n yoke_n and_o revolt_v to_o casimir_n iv._o king_n of_o poland_n he_o enjoy_v this_o office_n nine_o year_n also_o but_o die_v be_v bury_v at_o marienburg_n 1432._o the_o twenty_o seven_o adhere_v master_n be_v conrade_n ab_fw-la herlingshausen_n elect_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o emperor_n albert_n iii_o this_o great_a master_n treat_v casimir_n king_n of_o poland_n at_o thorn_n where_o at_o that_o time_n there_o be_v a_o inviolable_a
the_o title_n and_o duchy_n of_o prussia_n think_v himself_o oblige_v in_o the_o name_n of_o his_o order_n to_o enter_v protestation_n against_o it_o he_o resign_v his_o office_n to_o the_o chapter_n after_o 8_o year_n administration_n 1587._o the_o thirty_o nine_o great_a master_n of_o this_o order_n and_o administrator_n of_o prussia_n be_v maximilian_n archduke_n of_o austria_n who_o have_v earnest_o solicit_v the_o elector_n for_o that_o charge_n and_o offer_v to_o wear_v the_o habit_n of_o the_o order_n afterward_o be_v invite_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n this_o order_n be_v in_o great_a hope_n of_o be_v restore_v to_o their_o dominion_n of_o prussia_n but_o upon_o his_o be_v defeat_v by_o sigismond_n iii_o they_o soon_o lose_v all_o those_o hope_n he_o nevertheless_o continue_v their_o great_a master_n and_o be_v a_o brave_a prince_n be_v name_v for_o their_o general_n against_o the_o turk_n in_o hungary_n when_o he_o have_v a_o company_n of_o guard_n all_o knight_n of_o the_o order_n he_o hold_v his_o administration_n 34_o year_n and_o end_v his_o day_n at_o inspruck_a where_o he_o be_v likewise_o bury_v 1619._o the_o fourti_v great_a master_n be_v charles_n archduke_n of_o austria_n who_o after_o 5_o year_n regency_n die_v at_o madrid_n whither_o he_o have_v be_v invite_v by_o the_o king_n of_o spain_n to_o go_v his_o viceroy_n into_o portugal_n 1624._o the_o forty_o first_o great_a master_n be_v john_n eustache_n de_fw-fr westernach_n who_o be_v elect_v at_o mergentheim_n the_o 19_o of_o march_n in_o the_o year_n 1625_o and_o die_v 82_o year_n old_a in_o the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n 1627._o 1627._o the_o forty_o second_v great_a master_n be_v gaspard_n the_o stadion_a provincial_a commander_n of_o alsace_n and_o burgundy_n and_o particular_a commander_n of_o altschausen_n he_o after_o have_v govern_v this_o order_n with_o great_a reputation_n for_o fourteen_o year_n desire_v the_o chapter_n to_o elect_a leopold_n william_n arch_a duke_n of_o austria_n for_o his_o coadjutor_n in_o the_o administration_n of_o his_o office_n and_o which_o be_v do_v he_o give_v he_o the_o cross_n of_o prussia_n as_o a_o testimony_n of_o his_o consent_n 1644._o the_o forty_o third_n great_a master_n be_v this_o leopold_n william_n who_o succeed_v stadion_n by_o virtue_n of_o his_o former_a election_n he_o govern_v this_o order_n alone_o to_o the_o year_n 1662._o when_o he_o die_v at_o vienna_n the_o 20_o of_o november_n and_o be_v bury_v there_o the_o same_o year_n the_o chapter_n be_v convene_v and_o will_v have_v choose_v charles_n joseph_n archduke_n of_o austria_n to_o have_v succeed_v leopold_n william_n his_o brother_n but_o he_o die_v the_o same_o year_n and_o thereby_o their_o design_n be_v frustrate_v 1664._o afterward_o the_o chapter_n be_v assemble_v at_o mergentheim_n in_o the_o year_n 1664_o choose_v for_o their_o forty_o four_o great_a master_n one_o of_o their_o own_o knight_n call_v john_n gaspard_n of_o ambringens_n provincial_a commander_n of_o the_o circle_n of_o austria_n and_o this_o they_o do_v to_o prevent_v the_o intrigue_n which_o several_a prince_n always_o make_v to_o get_v elect_v to_o this_o dignity_n order_n this_o great_a master_n convening_n the_o chapter_n at_o mariendal_n receive_v duke_n lewis_n anthony_n of_o neubourg_n abbot_n of_o fescamp_n and_o three_o son_n to_o philip_n william_n duke_n of_o neubourg_n into_o this_o order_n ceremony_n of_o creation_n and_o present_a state_n of_o knight_n creation_n the_o ceremony_n be_v perform_v in_o the_o great_a church_n whither_o he_o have_v be_v conduct_v by_o the_o great_a master_n the_o commendador_n and_o knight_n the_o count_n of_o ottingen_n hatzensten_n and_o fugger_n who_o have_v be_v name_v commissioner_n to_o inspect_v his_o title_n of_o honour_n report_v upon_o oath_n that_o they_o have_v examine_v and_o find_v his_o honour_n to_o be_v unquestionable_a after_o which_o he_o be_v swear_v to_o chastity_n poverty_n and_o to_o 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be_v wont_a to_o be_v choose_v by_o the_o great_a chapter_n of_o prussia_n whereupon_o when_o in_o the_o year_n 1439._o the_o livonian_a knight_n have_v elect_v one_o henry_n a_o bukenode_n for_o their_o master_n they_o be_v force_v to_o give_v a_o reason_n for_o their_o have_v so_o do_v and_o notwithstanding_o be_v afterward_o oblige_v to_o submit_v to_o a_o new_a election_n in_o prussia_n comendador_n next_o the_o provincial_a master_n of_o the_o livonian_a order_n be_v the_o marshal_n of_o the_o order_n after_o who_o come_v the_o several_a commendador_n and_o the_o advocate_n the_o commendador_n be_v in_o number_n eleven_o whereof_o the_o two_o first_o be_v in_o curland_n and_o the_o three_o in_o semigallia_n order_n the_o advocate_n be_v nine_o two_o have_v be_v of_o curland_n and_o one_o of_o semigallia_n these_o knight_n have_v the_o title_n of_o the_o order_n of_o sword-bearer_n and_o their_o habit_n arm_n be_v a_o white_a mantle_n with_o a_o sword_n on_o the_o breast_n in_o pale_a and_o a_o star_n gules_a in_o chief_a but_o after_o their_o join_n with_o the_o teutonick_n order_n they_o have_v likewise_o their_o habit_n and_o cross_n curland_n for_o a_o geographical_a description_n of_o this_o country_n i_o must_v acquaint_v you_o sir_n that_o the_o two_o dutchy_n of_o curland_n and_o semigallia_n have_v these_o several_a principal_a city_n and_o town_n for_o i_o can_v meet_v with_o any_o sub-division_n into_o jalatinate_n or_o district_n as_o i_o have_v perform_v in_o poland_n in_o the_o duchy_n of_o curland_n be_v the_o several_a city_n and_o town_n of_o goldingen_n cap._n vinda_n bish_n pilten_n liba_n erdwalen_n angermund_n grubin_n tuczkon_v frawenburg_n vschwend_n talsen_n candaw_n durben_n hasenpot_n and_o oendange_v goldingen_n of_o all_o which_o the_o chief_a city_n be_v goldingen_n in_o latin_a goldinga_n a_o city_n that_o stand_v on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n weet_v about_o seven_o german_a mile_n from_o vinda_n or_o windaw_n to_o the_o west_n and_o near_o fifteen_o from_o mittaw_n in_o semigallia_n to_o the_o east_n this_o city_n have_v a_o large_a jurisdiction_n vinda_n vinda_n or_o windaw_n call_v by_o the_o pole_n kiescz_n be_v a_o city_n and_o palatinate_n it_o have_v a_o castle_n knight_n build_v on_o the_o seashore_n and_o which_o be_v former_o residence_n to_o the_o livonian_a knight_n as_o likewise_o the_o place_n where_o they_o convene_v their_o parliament_n or_o general_n assembly_n now_o it_o have_v usual_o a_o garrison_n of_o pole_n but_o which_o be_v nevertheless_o under_o command_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o curland_n this_o city_n be_v one_o of_o the_o seaport_n of_o curland_n the_o other_o be_v liba_n pilten_n pilten_a be_v a_o town_n and_o palatinate_n of_o this_o duchy_n who_o gentry_n be_v protestant_n and_o offer_v themselves_o to_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n protection_n he_o endeavour_v to_o re-establish_a a_o popish_a bishop_n there_o this_o have_v former_o be_v a_o catholic_n bishopric_n who_o land_n they_o then_o possess_v whereupon_o they_o alter_v their_o resolution_n and_o forthwith_o submit_v to_o the_o duke_n of_o curland_n curland_n these_o be_v the_o rich_a gentry_n in_o this_o prince_n dominion_n whereof_o the_o principal_a family_n be_v those_o of_o maydel_n beher_n sacken_n mandevil_n etc._n etc._n in_o the_o duchy_n of_o semigallia_n be_v the_o city_n and_o town_n of_o mittaw_n metropolis_n of_o these_o dominion_n bauske_n doblin_n selburg_n radziwiliski_n nithaw_n birze_n pozwole_v lunka_n dalen_n schudding_n pilkall_n beher_n nersten_a and_o salatt_n of_o all_o which_o the_o capital_a of_o this_o duchy_n and_o metropolis_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o curland_n dominion_n be_v mittaw_n mittaw_fw-mi in_o latin_a mittavia_n or_o mittovia_n the_o usual_a place_n of_o residence_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o curland_n this_o city_n be_v build_v on_o the_o river_n musza_n and_o be_v a_o pretty_a large_a place_n contain_v about_o twelve_o thousand_o inhabitant_n it_o have_v a_o weak_a wall_n though_o nevertheless_o a_o well_o castle_n fortify_v and_o stately_a castle_n with_o two_o bastion_n which_o be_v surround_v by_o marsh_n and_o defend_v by_o a_o strong_a and_o numerous_a garrison_n house_n the_o street_n of_o this_o city_n be_v not_o pave_v for_o want_v of_o stone_n and_o the_o citizen_n house_n be_v either_o of_o brick_n or_o timber_n as_o in_o poland_n place_n this_o place_n lie_v about_o seven_o polish_v miles_n from_o riga_n in_o regal_a livonia_n and_o only_o four_o from_o the_o prontier_n of_o samogitia_n conquer_a it_o have_v be_v twice_o take_v of_o late_a by_o the_o swede_n but_o have_v be_v since_o regain_v and_o be_v at_o present_a whole_o subject_a to_o its_o duke_n bauske_n bauske_n another_o strong_a city_n in_o this_o duchy_n which_o have_v a_o well_o fortify_v castle_n and_o a_o numerous_a garrison_n curland_n the_o religion_n of_o this_o country_n be_v general_o lutheran_n though_o there_o be_v some_o few_o roman_a catholic_n and_o calvinist_n there_o church_n in_o favour_n of_o the_o first_o the_o late_a duke_n at_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n request_n give_v leave_v for_o the_o build_n of_o two_o roman_n catholic_n church_n one_o at_o mittaw_n and_o the_o other_o at_o goldingen_n the_o jesuit_n pretend_v to_o have_v buy_v this_o cureteship_n of_o mittaw_n and_o upon_o that_o account_n to_o have_v settle_v there_o but_o nevertheless_o they_o be_v frequent_o oppress_v and_o their_o college_n be_v break_v down_o not_o long_o since_o yet_o notwithstanding_o they_o still_o subsist_v mittaw_n the_o duchess_n of_o curland_n have_v be_v all_o hitherto_o calvinist_n have_v always_o have_v one_o church_n at_o mittaw_n set_v a_o part_n for_o they_o and_o their_o religion_n where_o the_o calvinist_n and_o protestant_n of_o livonia_n as_o likewise_o the_o english_a merchant_n of_o riga_n come_v to_o exercise_n their_o devotion_n there_o be_v no_o liberty_n of_o conscience_n allow_v throughout_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n dominion_n except_o at_o stockholm_n only_o where_o the_o french_a huguenot_n have_v be_v permit_v to_o build_v a_o church_n curland_n as_o to_o the_o government_n of_o curland_n there_o be_v first_o parliament_n the_o parliament_n or_o general_a assembly_n of_o the_o state_n of_o this_o duteby_n which_o be_v convene_v after_o this_o manner_n the_o duke_n as_o often_o as_o any_o urgency_n of_o state_n so_o require_v it_o send_v out_o his_o letter_n of_o summons_n to_o all_o the_o starostas_fw-la of_o his_o dominion_n together_o with_o a_o schedule_n of_o the_o point_n propose_v to_o be_v debate_v on_o require_v they_o and_o every_o of_o they_o to_o cause_v deputy_n or_o representative_n of_o the_o gentry_n to_o be_v forth_o with_o elect_v in_o their_o respective_a jurisdiction_n whereupon_o they_o be_v soon_o elect_v according_o and_o furnish_v with_o instruction_n from_o their_o elector_n how_o they_o shall_v behave_v themselves_o in_o like_a manner_n as_o in_o poland_n these_o afterward_o meet_v at_o mittaw_n together_o with_o the_o four_o supreme_a counsellor_n consult_v
excessive_a power_n and_o privilege_n of_o the_o nobility_n which_o they_o soon_o effect_v by_o be_v resolute_a and_o more_o in_o number_n but_o in_o poland_n it_o be_v quite_o otherwise_o for_o there_o the_o clergy_n and_o gentry_n have_v a_o common_a interest_n to_o keep_v the_o king_n and_o people_n in_o subjection_n the_o clergy_n have_v great_a privilege_n and_o be_v very_a rich._n the_o bishop_n for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v prince_n or_o duke_n they_o be_v all_o senator_n and_o sit_v in_o the_o diet_n before_o all_o the_o temporal_a lord_n so_o that_o by_o the_o great_a authority_n and_o veneration_n which_o they_o have_v procure_v to_o themselves_o from_o the_o slavish_a people_n they_o can_v hinder_v they_o from_o make_v any_o insurrection_n and_o by_o the_o arbitrary_a and_o free_a power_n which_o they_o and_o the_o gentry_n have_v hitherto_o maintain_v to_o elect_n who_o they_o please_v for_o king_n they_o will_v always_o keep_v he_o in_o such_o a_o dependence_n for_o the_o sake_n of_o his_o child_n that_o he_o shall_v hardly_o ever_o be_v able_a to_o effect_v any_o design_n upon_o their_o prerogative_n nay_o provide_v he_o have_v find_v any_o opportunity_n to_o compass_v such_o a_o dangerous_a enterprise_n yet_o will_v it_o not_o consist_v with_o prudence_n either_o to_o declare_v or_o attempt_v it_o for_o fear_v of_o incur_v the_o hatred_n and_o displeasure_n of_o the_o people_n which_o will_v not_o only_o tend_v to_o his_o own_o ruin_n but_o likewise_o obstruct_v the_o election_n of_o any_o of_o his_o family_n to_o the_o throne_n after_o his_o death_n so_o that_o the_o sure_a way_n for_o a_o king_n of_o poland_n to_o continue_v the_o crown_n in_o his_o family_n be_v never_o to_o attempt_v any_o innovation_n family_n i_o will_v not_o however_o think_v the_o king_n of_o poland_n unfortunate_a in_o not_o be_v able_a to_o assure_v the_o succession_n of_o the_o throne_n to_o their_o child_n since_o they_o be_v thereby_o compel_v as_o it_o be_v by_o a_o lucky_a necessity_n to_o breed_v they_o up_o to_o all_o royal_a virtue_n and_o this_o to_o the_o end_n that_o it_o may_v render_v they_o more_o accomplish_v and_o worthy_a to_o be_v elect_v for_o where_o they_o be_v satisfy_v that_o the_o crown_n be_v not_o due_a to_o their_o blood_n but_o to_o their_o merit_n what_o will_v either_o the_o father_n or_o son_n omit_v to_o obtain_v it_o by_o the_o most_o glorious_a mean_n my_o lord_n officer_n i_o have_v hitherto_o present_v your_o grace_n with_o what_o relate_v to_o the_o form_n of_o government_n in_o poland_n and_o to_o the_o king_n power_n and_o revenue_n i_o will_v now_o give_v a_o particular_a account_n of_o the_o king_n court_n be_v it_o not_o like_a to_o that_o of_o other_o prince_n as_o to_o splendour_n and_o number_n of_o officer_n for_o beside_o the_o great_a crown-officer_n as_o the_o two_o great_a and_o little_a marshal_n as_o many_o chancellor_n and_o vicechancellor_n two_o general_n and_o two_o great_a and_o little_a treasurer_n the_o king_n have_v his_o lord-chamberlain_n his_o court-marshal_n or_o lord_n steward_n his_o master_n of_o the_o horse_n his_o secretary_n of_o state_n his_o standard-bearer_n chief_a huntsman_n his_o gentleman_n of_o the_o body_n answerable_a to_o our_o lord_n of_o the_o bedchamber_n his_o physician_n chaplain_n pensioner_n cupbearer_n sewer_n carver_n musician_n and_o guards_z pensioner_n the_o gentleman_n pensioner_n always_o attend_v the_o king_n on_o horseback_n this_o body_n of_o gentry_n consist_v of_o the_o noble_a youth_n of_o the_o kingdom_n whereof_o many_o have_v court_n and_o state-employment_n and_o be_v all_o subject_n to_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o court-marshal_n there_o be_v some_o of_o these_o that_o attend_v his_o majesty_n on_o foot_n but_o in_o long_a journey_n they_o be_v always_o carry_v in_o wagon_n a_o set_a number_n of_o these_o keep_v guard_n day_n and_o night_n about_o the_o king_n whenever_o the_o king_n go_v in_o public_a these_o last_o march_n every_o way_n about_o he_o with_o long_a battleax_n on_o their_o shoulder_n and_o sabres_fw-es by_o their_o side_n but_o still_o admit_v the_o senator_n and_o chief_a courtier_n to_o march_v next_o he_o yet_o when_o the_o queen_n go_v with_o the_o king_n the_o senators_z and_o other_o person_n of_o quality_n be_v to_o walk_v before_o horse-guard_n the_o king_n horse-guard_n ought_v by_o the_o constitution_n to_o be_v either_o pole_n lithuanian_n or_o native_n of_o some_o of_o the_o incorporate_v province_n but_o however_o this_o law_n have_v be_v dispense_v with_o for_o the_o late_a king_n admit_v both_o german_n and_o hungarian_n among_o they_o their_o number_n by_o the_o law_n be_v not_o to_o exceed_v 1200_o and_o their_o chief_a commander_n be_v to_o be_v subject_a to_o all_o the_o four_o marshal_n lithuania_n the_o king_n have_v the_o same_o number_n of_o court_n officer_n in_o lithuania_n as_o he_o have_v in_o poland_n the_o lithuanian_n be_v as_o ambitious_a to_o keep_v up_o the_o ancient_a grandeur_n of_o their_o great_a duke_n as_o the_o pole_n be_v for_o that_o of_o their_o king_n province_n the_o king_n have_v likewise_o the_o nomination_n of_o some_o court-officer_n in_o several_a province_n as_o in_o prussia_n masovia_n and_o russia_n which_o have_v former_o distinct_a prince_n of_o their_o own_o and_o be_v afterward_o unite_v to_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n so_o that_o the_o king_n have_v the_o nomination_n of_o as_o many_o court-officer_n as_o any_o prince_n in_o europe_n but_o most_o of_o they_o be_v rather_o honorary_a than_o beneficial_a yet_o the_o gentry_n always_o make_v great_a interest_n to_o get_v into_o they_o precedence_n of_o which_o they_o be_v ambitious_a be_v regulate_v according_a to_o the_o nature_n and_o dignity_n of_o the_o employment_n court._n as_o for_o the_o queen_n court_n it_o consist_v of_o about_o thirty_o officer_n the_o chief_z whereof_o be_v her_o marshal_n and_o chancellor_n their_o business_n be_v to_o preside_v over_o domestic_a affair_n in_o the_o queen_n court._n her_o marshal_n or_o steward_n be_v to_o carry_v the_o staff_n before_o she_o and_o her_o chancellor_n or_o secretary_n to_o write_v sign_n receive_v and_o answer_v all_o her_o letter_n there_o be_v her_o treasurer_n who_o manage_n her_o revenue_n her_o master_n of_o the_o horse_n cupbearer_n carver_n sewer_n clerk_n of_o the_o kitchen_n etc._n etc._n for_o woman_n servant_n she_o have_v her_o lady_n maid_n of_o honour_n dresser_n etc._n etc._n when_o she_o go_v in_o public_a she_o be_v always_o attend_v by_o a_o great_a number_n of_o she_o own_o sex_n court._n it_o may_v not_o be_v here_o amiss_o to_o add_v something_o of_o the_o court_n of_o the_o inter-rex_a or_o primate_n and_o so_o i_o will_v conclude_v while_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n have_v the_o administration_n of_o the_o government_n he_o have_v much_o the_o same_o officer_n with_o the_o king_n but_o when_o he_o have_v lay_v down_o that_o authority_n his_o officer_n be_v his_o marshal_n speak_v of_o before_o his_o chancellor_n who_o presides_n in_o his_o court_n of_o justice_n his_o almoner_n master_n of_o request_n cross-bearer_n steward_n treasurer_n chaplain_n library-keeper_n clerk_n of_o the_o kitchen_n etc._n etc._n he_o this_o archbishop_n alone_o as_o he_o be_v the_o chief_a senator_n of_o poland_n have_v drum_n beat_v and_o trumpets_z sounding_z both_z within_z and_o without_o door_n before_o he_o sit_v down_o to_o table_n he_o also_o by_o his_o prerogative_n be_v not_o to_o wait_v for_o the_o king_n command_n when_o he_o shall_v visit_v he_o but_o may_v go_v when_o and_o as_o often_o as_o he_o please_v before_o my_o lord_n i_o put_v a_o end_n to_o this_o letter_n permit_v i_o to_o take_v notice_n to_o your_o grace_n that_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n do_v not_o name_n his_o privy-counsellor_n but_o all_o senator_n be_v counsellor_n of_o course_n for_o all_o of_o that_o dignity_n that_o be_v about_o the_o place_n where_o the_o king_n reside_v have_v a_o right_a to_o sit_v at_o the_o council-board_n for_o fear_v notwithstanding_o that_o there_o shall_v not_o be_v always_o senator_n sufficient_a for_o that_o purpose_n at_o court_n the_o senate_n always_o depute_v four_o of_o their_o member_n to_o attend_v the_o king_n person_n by_o turn_n and_o that_o not_o only_o to_o give_v he_o advice_n but_o likewise_o to_o inspect_v into_o his_o conduct_n and_o to_o prevent_v he_o from_o act_v contrary_a to_o the_o law_n for_o the_o king_n and_o council_n be_v accountable_a to_o the_o diet_n for_o any_o mismanagement_n in_o the_o government_n in_o short_a the_o genius_n of_o the_o polish_v nation_n and_o the_o whole_a frame_n of_o their_o constitution_n be_v entire_o bend_v to_o curb_n the_o king_n power_n and_o to_o secure_v their_o law_n and_o prerogative_n against_o the_o encroach_a faction_n of_o foreign_a prince_n or_o of_o their_o own_o court-party_n i_o may_v here_o my_o lord_n add_v a_o great_a many_o