seems were for the Preservation of the Memory of Two Centuriont that had so many Years faithfully and worthily served the Romans there In the Year 1692 under the Root of an Oak in Med-Lock near Knot-Mill was found a Stone Three Quarters long Fifteen Inches broad Eleven Inches thick with the Letter'd side downward which Mr. Cambden saw not at least before the Finishing his Britania but is now to be seen in the Garden of Holme the Seat of Sir Iohn Bland Bar to whom that Estate descended the same formerly belonging to the Moseley's in Right of his Wife a Lady of great Temper Piety and Prudence The Inscription of the Stone is thus FORTVNAE CONSERVA TRICI LVCIVS SENACIANIVS MARTIVSBLEG VI. VICT. This seems to be an Altar dedicated to Fortune by Lucius Senecianus Martius Brutus a Commander in the Sixth Legion which remained in York in the Time of Severus his being there after he had vanquished Albinus General of the Britains and reduced their State under his Obedience It was surnamed Victrix and is plac'd by Dio in Lower Britain and the Twentieth Legion surnamed also Victrix remain'd at Chester which was plac'd in Higher Britain This Division it seems was made by the said Severus and the Country about it where these Legions were were divided into little Regions since call'd Hydes This was part of the Kingdom of Deiara several of whose Youth being sent to Rome and Pope Gregory admiring their Beauty sent over Augustine to convert the English Edward the First King of the West Saxons and afterwards of the Mercians sent into the Kingdom of the Northumbers an Army of the Mercians saith Hoveden ordering that they should fortifie the City of Manchester and place valiant Soldiers in it it being defac'd by the Danes It was a Frontier Town betwixt the Mercians that inhabited Cheshire and Derbyshire and the Northumbers inhabiting Lancashire and Yorkshire and in their Wars and mutual Incursions was sometimes possessed by the Mercians and sometimes the Northumbers Thus far our Author proceeds As to the present State of the Town it is vastly populous of great Trade Riches and Industry particularly for the Fustian Manufacture and Printing them as for those likewise which are call'd Manchester Wares both which are now sent all over the Kingdom as well as to the Indies It is watered by the Rivers Erwell and Irke Little can be added of Lancaster for Antiquity save that it was doubtless a Roman Fortress as appears by the Roman Wall and Road leading to it it is at this time a very thriving Corporation and an improving Port Its Eminency chiefly lies in this that many Branches of the Royal Family have enjoy'd Titles deriv'd from it which for the Dignity of the County in general I will enumerate as briefly as possible The First that was stiled Lord of the Place in the Beginning of the Norman Government was Roger of Poictou surnamed Pictarensis because his Wife came out of Poictou in France He was succeeded in that Honour by William Earl of Morton and Warren upon whose Death King Richard the First bestow'd it on his Brother Iohn afterwards King of England of whom Gualter De Hemingford and R. Hoveden gives this Account That King Richard shew'd great Affection to his Brother Iohn for besides Ireland and the Earldom in Normandy he bestow'd upon him such great Preferment in England that he was in a manner Tetrarch there For he gave him Cornwall Lancaster Nottingham and Derby with the adjacent Country and many other Things After this King Henry III. Son of King Iohn promoted his younger Son Edmund Crouchback he having been prevented of the Kingdoms of Sicily and Apuleia to the Earldom of Lancaster giving it in these Words The Honour Earldom Castle and Town of Lancaster with the Cow-Pastures which at this Day they call Vaccaries from thence and Forest of Wiresdale Lownsdale New-Castle under Lime with the Mannor Forest and Castle of Pickering the Mannor of Scateby the Village of Gormancester and the Rents of the Town of Huntingdon Edmund had Issue Thomas Henry and Iohn who died unmarried which Thomas was Second Earl of Lancaster and was succeeded in that Honour by his Brother Henry whose Son Henry was in Parliament created Duke of Lancaster being the Second Dukedom that was erected in England that of Cornwall being the First in the Person of Edward the Black Prince and left Two Daughters Maud Dutchess of Bavaria and Blanch married to Iohn of Gaunt so call'd because he was born at Ghent in Flanders Fourth Son of Edward the Third who thereby coming to the whole Estate and being now equal to many Kings in Wealth was created Duke of Lancaster by his Father he also obtain'd the Royalties from him and the King then advanced the County of Lancaster into a Palatinate By this Rescript wherein after he had declar'd the great Service he had done his Country at Home and Abroad he adds We have granted from Us and our Heirs to our Son aforesaid that he during his Term of Life shall have within the County of Lancaster his Chancery and his Writs to be issued out under his own Seal belonging to the Office of Chancellor his Justices likewise as well for Pleas of the Crown as for other Pleas relating to Common Law to have Cognizance of them and to have Power of making all Executions whatsoever by his Writs and Officers and to have all other Liberties and Royalties whatsoever appertaining to a County Palatine as freely and fully as the Earl of Chester within the said County is known to have Nor was he only Duke of Lancaster but by Marriage with Constantia Daughter to Peter King of Castile sometime bore the Title of King of Leon and Castile but by Contract he parted with this Title and in the Thirteenth of King Richard the Second was created Duke of Aquitaine by Consent of Parliament to the great Dissatisfaction of the Country At that Time his Titles were Iohn Son to the King of England Duke of Aquitaine and Lancaster Earl of Derby Lincoln and Leicester and High Steward of England After this Henry de Bullingbrook his Son succeeded in the Dutchy of Lancaster who having deposed Richard the Second obtained the Crown and conferr'd that Honour upon Henry his Son afterwards King of England and that he might entail it upon him and his Heirs for ever he had an Act of Parliament made in these Words We being unwilling that our said Inheritance or Liberties by reason of our now assuming the Regal Seat and Diguity shou'd be any ways chang'd transferr'd diminish'd or impair'd but that our said Inheritance with its Liberties and Rights aforesaid shou'd in the same Manner and Form Condition and State wherein they descended and fell to us and also with all and singular Liberties Franchizes and Priviledges Commodities and Profits whatsoever which our Lord and Father in his Life-time had and held it for term of his Life by Grant of the late King Richard and wholly
stabb'd in the Senate and in the Chappel an admirable and lively Draught of the Resurrection Hence we were conducted into the Chambers which are Noble and Great and most richly Inlaid with the choicest Woods and Compose a very stately Gallery At the upper End of it is his Grace's Closet richly beautify'd with Indian Paint where there are various Figures of Birds as Drawn by the Native Indians Here stands a stately Looking-Glass which when you approach it reflects the whole Gallery back again and so deceives the Sight that the Walk seems to continue to the Eye though you have reach'd the Bounds of the Gallery The next Curiosity were the Gardens very delightful pleasant and stately adorn'd with exquisite Water Works the First we observe is Neptune with his Sea-Nymphs from whence by the turning of a Cock immediately issue forth several Columns of Water which seem'd to fall upon Sea-Weeds Not far from this is another Pond where Sea-Horses continually rowl and near to this stands a Tree composed of Copper which exactly resembles a Willow by the turning of a Cock each Leaf distils continually Drops of Water and lively represents a Shower of Rain From this we pass'd by a Grove of Cypress upon an Ascent and came to a Cascade at the Top of which stand Two Sea-Nymphs with each a Jarr under the Arm the Water falling thence upon the Cascade whilst they seem to squeeze the Vessels produces a loud rumbling Noise like what we may imagine of the Egyptian or Indian Cataracts At the Bottom of the Cascade there is another Pond in which is an Artificial Rose by turning of a Cock the Water ascends through it and hangs suspended in the Air in the Figure of that Flower There is another Pond wherein is Mercury pointing at the Gods and throwing up Water besides there are several Statues of Gladiators with the Muscles of the Body very lively display'd in their different Postures The Pile is not yet finish'd but will assuredly be a very compleat and magnificent Structure and worthy of so illustrious a Family Haddon-House is a stately Building with noble Gardens the Seat of the Right Honourable the Earl of Rutland and worthy the Sight of the Curious I shall now in the next place proceed to give an Account of the Earls of Derby the First of whom were the Peverels Earls of Nottingham and Derby as Mr. Cambden transmits it to us from good Authorities Afterwards King Richard the First gave and confirm'd to his Brother Iohn the County and Castle of Nottingham Lancaster Derby c. with the Honours belonging to them and the Honours of Peverel After him those of the Family of the Ferrars are allow'd to be Earls whom King Iohn created Earls of Derby with his own Hands but his Two Sons William and Robert in the Civil Wars were stripp'd of this Dignity and many Possessions of Robert were given by King Henry the Third to his younger Son Edmund and Edward the Third by Act of Parliament gave Henry of Lancaster the Son of Henry of Lancaster the Earldom of Derby to him and his Heirs and likewise assign'd him a Thousand Marks yearly during the Life of Henry his Father From that Time this Title continu'd in the Family of Lancaster till King Henry the Seventh bestow'd it upon Thomas Stanley who had not long before marry'd Margaret the King's Mother afterwards William the Sixth Earl of Derby of this Family a Man of great Worth and Honour enjoy'd it when the Author Mr. Cambden writ this William departing this Life Anno Dom. 1642. was succeeded by Iames his Son and Heir Eminent for his good Services to King Charles the First as was also his Excellent Lady Charlote who with a true Masculine Bravery sustain'd the Siege of Latham-House against the Parliament's Forces when my Grandfather Colonel Chisnell Commanded under her He receiv'd Two Commissions One from His Majesty King Charles the First for a Regiment of Horse the Other from his Highness Prince Rupert for a Regiment of Foot in which are these Expressions For the Desence of the True Protestant Religion by Law establish'd the Liberty and Property of the Subject and Defence of His Majesty's Person which is an invincible Argument of the Degeneracy of the contrary Party who wou'd calumniate these worthy Patriots with being Abettors of Popery and Arbitrary Power The worthy Earl after the Fight of Worcester being unfortunately taken in Cheshire was on the Fifteenth of October Beheaded at Bolton in Lancashire He was succeeded by his Son Charles and he by his Eldest Son and Heir William the present Earl he had Issue Iames Lord Strange by Elizabeth Grand-daughter of the late Duke of Ormond and Daughter to the late Earl of Ossory This young Gentleman in the ripening Bloom of his Years had all the Marks of a sweet Temper real Honour and solid Judgment that in those Years cou'd possibly be expected but to the unspeakable Loss of his Parents and the universal Sorrow of the whole Country he unfortunately died the last Year at Venice of the small Pox in the Course of his Travels The present Earl has now Two Brothers but no issue Male Persons of great affability true Conduct and Bravery as the World is sufficiently convinced of by their repeated Actions in Flanders in the Service of his present Majesty King William the Third Having thus far proceeded in the Antiquities of these Countries which unquestionably add to the Glory of them in laying before us the Regard the Romans had by erecting their Colonies and forming their Stations for the Security of these Parts of Britain it remains now for the Satisfaction of the Reader that I give him an Explanation of the Reverses of the Coins dug up in different Places here I pretend not hereby to add many to the numerous Catalogues collected and explained by the Care of preceding Antiquaries but that I may give what is due to these Parts of our Isle esteemed indeed obscure and barren by many one may by these Reverses form some Idaea's of the Extent of the Roman Empire and their wondrous Transactions carried on in those Times One thing is observable here that as it was an universal Custom in Egypt and China to deliver their Sentiments by Hieroglyphical Representations so in those Days the Roman Emperors were no less devoted to that Piece of Vanity I shall not observe any strict Method in the Successions of the Emperors but give you the Coins indifferently as they came to my Hands On the Reverse of one of Iulius Caesar's Coins was Mars with a Spear or Scutum or Target which doubtless denoted his Warlike Temper On one of Augustus Caesar's was Pallas with these following Letters DESID P. R. thus interpreted the Desire of the Roman People which sufficiently evidences to us the great Encouragement given to Learning in those Days at which Time it was those great Masters of Eloquence and Poetry flourished viz. Cicero Virgil Horace c. Others of his
by an easy corruption may be reduced to Britannia As to the Brigantes it is reasonable to conclude a greater part of them Phoenicians a People of Syria very industrious Improvers of Navigation since we have a remarkable River in Lancashire call'd Ribbel by Ptolomy stiled Bellisama which word undoubtedly he derived from the Phoenician words Belus and sama signifying in that Language the Moon or Goddess of Heaven she being suppos'd to have a particular Influence over Waters and at that time the Deity they Adored Hence it is evident That before the Greeks Traded into Britany the Phoenicians had been there and no doubt discover'd the greatest part of the Island Since therefore a River in this Country in those early days retain'd a Phoenician Name as the Greek Geographer Ptolomy makes it manifest it did to me it seems an undeniable Conjecture to suppose that that Name must be attributed to it from the People of that Country viz. Phoenicia that resided near it probably in the pleasant and beautiful Town now stiled Preston To this we may introduce one reasonable Allegation more That these People were of an Asiatic Origin that is from their manner of making War which was in managing their Chariots as the Eastern Nations practiced a Custom not made use of in any European Kingdom save this Island only This Iulius Caesar found upon his Invasion of the Isle which way of Fighting he had not met with either in Germany Gaul Belgium or other his conquer'd Countries To these may be added the Reverse of a Roman Coin of Asia minor which shews the Expertness of those People in Navigation above all the World which may still more easily induce us to believe they were a great part of 'em a People of that Nation but that will be explain'd in its proper place viz. in the Chapter of Antiquities However thus far we may venture to conjecture since the Asiaticks were so great Masters of that Art that they might easily Transplant themselves hither For the further Confirmation of what is here laid down I shall only produce one Instance more and so close this Head It is affirm'd by Strabo and several others that the most Northern part of Britany was anciently stiled Thule which at this Day the Scots term Orkney and the Latins Orcades Now Thule being a Phoenician word signifying Darkness by an easy Train of Thought we may reasonably infer the Phoenicians might give that Name to those Islands either from the great Shadows of their Woods which were then numerous or the Shortness of their Days many of which are but Five Hours Since therefore we may reasonably suppose the Phoenicians were in those more Northern parts to me there appears no difficulty to conceive how they might Transplant themselves into Lancashire and other Counties Inhabited by the Brigantes Having now accounted for that River stiled by Ptolomy Bellisama and likewise made it highly probable that the Phoenicians were in those Parts it remains in the last place that I assign some Conjectures why afterwards that River was call'd Ribbel Concerning this the Suppositions are various some deriving it from the Greek Verb 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which to me seems irrational since Bel which is a Phoenician word cannot be accounted for in the Greek Language Others would make it British but I do not see how in that Language that can be made out since in British Avon or Savon are the Names for River which Words cannot bear any relation to Ribbel Wherefore with submission to the more Knowing in those Languages it is my Thoughts that since from the preceding Topicks we may reasonably infer the Phoenicians were in those Parts and cohabited with the Britains who being a People of vast Industry and Experience in Navigation might from their Neighbours the Persians with their Colonies send hither several of that Country The Persians as well as they in those Days Deify'd their Rivers sometimes stiling them Heaven and the God and Goddess of Heaven Wherefore Arribel in the Armenian Language which is the Language commonly spoke in Persia signifying Heaven thence Ribbel may be accounted for and not otherwise So far as from the Harmony of Languages I am able to conjecture the radical Letters in the Armenian Tongue and in the River now stiled Ribbel being in a great measure the same and the Rivers then by those People being sometimes stiled Heaven I do not see how that consent of Languages and History can be reconciled but by supposing People from that Country inhabiting amongst the Britains The more clearly to illustrate that the Brigantes were a mixt People of Phoenicians and Britains I shall produce but one Instance more and upon that Head not further presume upon the Reader 's Patience The Instance is taken from a Rivulet a Branch of that River before treated of stiled Ribbel this Rivulet is at this day vulgarly stiled Savig Now ig in the British Language being a Diminutive to shew the distinction betwixt a River and a Rivulet which is therefore added to Avon which in that Language signifies a River Afonig and Savonig in the British Language signifying Rivulet from thence may easily be accounted for the Name of that Rivulet now stiled Savig Since therefore in those Parts we find a mixture of Phoenician Armenian and British Languages we may thence make this reasonable Corollary that those People lived together And why they were stiled Brigantes I presume may be accounted for from Tacitus who very likely might take 'em to be a People from Gaul or Belgium that is from the Brigantines Rovers and Pirates since in those Countries to this very time the Vessels commonly made use of for expedite Sailing are stiled Brigantines The Air for the most part is mild serene and healthful excepting on the Fenny and Maritime parts of the County where they are frequently visited with malignant and intermitting Fevers Scurvies Consumptions Dropsies Rheumatisms and the like occasion'd by Sulphureous Saline Effluvia sometimes extremely foetid which I have frequently observ'd to be so before the approaching of some extraordinary Storm and it is most certain the Inhabitants upon the Sea Coasts from the hollow murmuring Noise which is frequently heard from the Ocean and the offensive Smells perceiv'd from those Coasts will make as early and certain a Prognostick of the Change of Weather as the Modern Virtuosi can do by their Mercurial Tubes It is observable whilst this Noise is heard in the Ocean the Surface of the Water is elevated after an unusual manner and upon the subsiding of the Water it is observ'd the Storm immediately succeeds From which Phaenomena it is reasonable to conclude the following Tempests to be occasion'd by Eruptions from the Bowels of the Earth strugling with that mighty Element till they had forced their way through its immense Body which afterwards flying about in the circumambient Atmosphere frequently occasion tempestuous Commotions and sometimes pestilential Distempers These being the Phaenomena which are almost each
upon Bath-Waters are as fruitless as his other Experiments and in his reasoning about them he is inconsistent with himself I shall only remark one thing more that when this Purging Salt becomes stiriated if it be dissolv'd in a small quantity of Water in a few Days it drops an hard pellucid Salt which will not dissolve in the Air is bitter and pungent the Figures of it are various sometimes Cubical sometimes Pentagons and Parallelopepedons so that it is manifest it is very difficult to reduce Salts to their distinct species by determinate Figures It is certain by these Experiments that the Salt in this Purging Water which at first by its Tast and Figure seem'd only to be a common marine Salt consists of three different Kinds why therefore it should be stiled a Nitre I can see no reason I have often wondred why some Persons ambitiously affect the Imposing of Terms assuming to themselves Titles of New Discoverers without any ground at all For if from the mere Trunk of a Mole I should go about to prove it was the species of an Elephant the World would doubtless conclude me the blinder Creature I shall beg leave to add to this Appendix one thing more relating to Cold Springs in which as the Moralists assure us of the two contrary Passions Ioy and Sorrow that the former is an Expansion the other a Depressure of the Spirits so it is no less probable in these two opposite Qualities Heat and Cold that in one the Nerves are dilated in the other shrivel'd or contracted But since the Cause of intense Coldness is the Subject of this Paragraph I shall only expatiate on the latter in order to that I shall lay down a general Hypothesis and afterwards illustrate it first by the Effects of Cold and afterwards by parallel Experiments that produce it Coldness therefore in Waters I suppose to proceed from volatile saline Particles which by their Points contracting the Extremities of the Nerves obstruct the Spirits and thence proceeds an Horrour or Trembling and if the Cold be intense a Stupor or Numbness hence it is that the Capillaries in the Skin by the Punctures of those saline Particles corrugate and the Blood thereby stagnates and by the distention of those Vessels the Skin appears extremely red That Coldness in Waters proceeds from these saline Particles is evident from solutions of Snow in common Water in which those Particles are so volatile that upon Distillation I found them wholly to evaporate It is not therefore as the Peripateticks imagine that Coldness proceeds from dull unactive Principles but from volatile saline ones which by their Inflexibility or Rigidness like so many Barriers fix the Particles in Water which are of a softer Temper and thence it is that it freezes and is turn'd into Ice In Springs therefore that are naturally intensely Cold I suppose the Loam from whence these arise to have Pores so configurated as constantly to imbibe these saline Particles from the circumambient Atmosphere which doubtless are of as Volatile nature as those of Snow for I never could find in the Distillation of Cold Baths any Salt that could be reduc'd to a Chrystal except a marine one and that in so small a proportion that it is impossible to suppose that the Coldness should proceed from thence 'T is true indeed in artificial Cold Baths the Water is made violently so by solutions of marine Salt and Salt-petre but then to effect that there are those quantities of Salts that are never to be found in Baths naturally Cold whence it is evident the Coldness in them cannot proceed from a solution of those Salts but from a Volatile Aerial Nitre doubtless brought into the Atmosphere by particular Winds for it is evident in opposite Parallels from the Line in the one you have violent Frosts in the other intense Heats as the Ingenious Dr. Munday of All-Souls College in Oxford beyond contradiction has made evident The most remarkable Cold Spring in these Parts is that at Larbrick of which take the following Account Upon immersing your Hand into it the Part immediately grows extreamly red and you will then perceive a most violent Pain Fishes of several sorts I have seen put into this Spring which make but one Effort and instantly expire It is an Acidula or Chalybeat Water and therefore is accounted for in another place as likewise the Effects of Cold Baths which are consider'd in the following Treatise of the Scurvy and Rickets But more fully to illustrate the unaccountable Penetrancy Agility and Rigidness of those Particles that produce Cold take the following Experiment Let a Thermometer of a Foot long and Hermetically seal'd at both ends and about half fill'd with Spirit of Wine be immers'd in a Cold Spring for Instance in that at Larbrick and continue suspended in it about half an Hour in that space of Time the Spirit in the Tube will subside a full Inch which Instance fully demonstrates how penetrating those frigorific Particles must be that thus enter the Pores of the Glass and force the Spirit to subside to that degree This Instance likewise demonstrates their Inflexibility that by penetrating the Pores of the Glass they should so fix their Points upon the superficies of the Vinous Spirit which being of a softer Texture must necessarily give way and subside By this Experiment you may easily find out the various Degrees of Cold in Springs and by comparing those with Observations of the like nature made in the two noted Baths Holywell in Wales and St. Mungus in Yorkshire may easily find of what use the Springs in these Counties may be in the like Cases which these are eminent for I must needs own that in Leprous Distempers Scorbutic Rheumatisms the Rickets and Scorbutic Atrophies before the Hectic heat is grown too intense I have not seen any Medicines perform the Effects which these Waters frequently do CHAP. III. Of Earths Clays Boles Marles Improvements by Shells Shell-Fishes Hares and Rabbit-Skins Sope-Boylers Ashes and Putrify'd Ferns of Morasses and their various Improvements THese Countries afford us various sorts of Earths but the most noted are the Black Soil the Foxglove-Earth and the Clay-Earth which indeed is a mixture of Clay and Marle The Black Earth is commonly rich Pasture or Meadowing or good Corn-Land the Foxglove-Earth which is a tender Earth and of a brownish Colour is usually good Pasture and by Improvement brings plentiful Harvests of Corn the Clay-Earth is chiefly for Corn and in that either for continuing long or producing a well fed Corn exceeds both the other Sometimes these Earths abound with great quantities of Lime-stones and other Stones which mightily contribute to their plentiful Productions as is observable in the Closes near Lancaster and other parts in the North the Country People imagine it proceeds from the Warmth they impart to the various Earths but I rather attribute it to their Nitrous or Alcalious Salts which as I shall demonstrate hereafter conduce to the
Mine will be as pregnant with Ore as it was before it was exhausted Which Instance to luxurious Wits has afforded sufficient grounds to descant upon the Germination of Metals even to that excess that some fond Opiniatres who have observed the metallic Tree in a Course of Chymistry have almost reduc'd the Metals to Vegetables but he that considers the Fissures of the Rocks and the closing of those again where the Metal entirely disappears no Strings leading to the subsequent Body and likewise the preceding Instance in Lime-stone together sometimes with petrify'd Plants Shells Bones and the Exuviae of Fishes unless for the fake of being stiled an Atheist he would be esteem'd a Philosopher he cannot conclude these to be any thing else but the Ruins of an universal Deluge and in a serious Contemplation of these in those dark Recesses of Nature the Power of the Almighty is as discernible as in the great Luminaries of the Universe As to that Instance of the Iron Mine in the Grand Duke of Tuscany's Country this may be said 'T is probable it is a soft Ore which by the Effluvia continually ascending from the Central part of the Earth may carry along with them metallic Particles and consequently in such a space of time fill up those Vacuities again or the empty spaces whence the Ore was extracted which Phaenomenon to an inconsidering Eye might give reason to judge the Ore Vegetated Having now discover'd the ways of Finding Essaying the Site and Formation of Metals I proceed in the next place to the Methods of their Separation and thence to the Metallis affinia and so I shall close this Chapter The Separation of Metals from Ores is twofold either by Menstruum or the Test which Artificers call the Couple The Menstruum if the Ore contains Copper Gold or Silver is Spirit of Nitre Aqua fortis or Aqua Regia which make a solution of the metallic Particles and by Alcalies may easily be precipitated and then by Fusion you may judge what quantity of Metal the Ore contains The Separation by the Test is the common Method of the Mint and of the Silver-Smiths which being a particular Trade and not properly the Province of Natural History I shall not interfere in that Business but to those I shall refer the Curious Quicksilver is found sometimes but that rarely and in small quantities I remember once out of a Lead-Mine I saw about a Pound of Virgin Quicksilver but never any native Cinnaber in these Parts which is its usual Ore Black Lead we have near Keswick which might be got in great quantities but the Mines are open'd only once in seven Years that being engrossed by the Dutch and Germans and by them made use of in glazing Earthen Ware and in making their Melting-pots but I presume they make a farther Use of it in mixing it with Metals which is not yet communicated to us but by mixing this with Red-Lead I have seen it run upon an Earth near Haigh a Glass scarce discernible from Tortoise The Lapis Calaminaris is sometimes found in the Copper Mines and made use of in converting Copper into Brass and is likewise us'd in the Dysentery which being a strong Alcaly by imbibing the Acid may be a Specific in that Distemper I having now accounted for the most remarkable Phaenomena in Metals and Metallis affinia I shall in the next place according to my intended Method proceed to give an Account of Vegetables remarkable in these Countries and their various Operations CHAP. V. Of Plants the various Species of Marine Amphibious Sea Plants and their Vegetations illustrated of Plants peculiar to the Counties of the Physical and Poysonous Plants with a Rationale of their Effects Fossile Plants examined and demonstrated from various Observations that they are but Lusus Naturae THE Learned and Indefatigable Mr. Ray has discours'd with that accuracy and fullness of these that there is little room left to enlarge upon this Subject wherefore what I shall offer in this Chapter shall be chiefly about their Germination and some particular Phaenomena which I have observ'd in some of them Their Virtues and Classes being before by that incomparable Man so fully explain'd that to touch upon those wou'd be but to Copy him and wou'd be indeed superfluous In some of the Alga's or Sea-Oaks I have observ'd various Capsulae impleted with a pellucid Gelly and in those an infinite Number of globular Grains which I cannot imagin but to be their Seed wherefore it seems probable to me that when those Capsulae are come to their full Maturity as in those of a foetus there is a Disruption of their Membranes then that chrystalline Humour so I call it because it so nearly resembles that of the Eye with the Seeds is excluded the Tast of it is a little Mucilaginous and somewhat Saline which Phaenomena demonstrate it to be a proper ferment to propagate the Germination of those Plants I am farther confirm'd in this Opinion because upon the Rocks where these Plants grow I have frequently seen this kind of chrystalline Humour and out of that various kinds of Alga's or Sea-Oaks germinating first sprouting with two small Leaves and afterwards successively form'd into the whole figure of the Plant. What therefore the ancient Botanists and some of our modern Ones have alledged of these asserting them to be amphibious Plants only produced without Seed if we fully consider the above-recited Phaenomena I think may fairly be judg'd an Error I can only speak experimentally as to the Alga but for the Seeds of the Corals Corallines Mosses Spunges Alcyoneas I will not be obliged so strictly to account for Coralline we have in these parts in great quantities and it is almost noted to any vulgar Eye for its eminent Virtues in killing Worms and I think it may be prefer'd to any other Alcaly it being a composition of marine and alcalious Particles and by that means answering two Intentions and by reason of its safeness in giving of which there can be no mistake in the Dose it may challenge a greater Fame than Mercurius Dulcis which by being given either in too great a quantity or not being rightly sublimed has sometimes produced most dismal Effects wherefore the Person who meddles with this ought to know the right Dose for the Years and particular Constitution of the Patient and likewise be rightly satisfy'd that the Medicine is true for I am certain no one Remedy is so commonly adulterated so that he who prescribes it not only runs the risk of his Reputation but hazards likewise the Life of his Patient by mistaking this I saw Two Persons Poison'd beyond recovery which Instance I think may sufficiently caution us when and how to prescribe it and that Ladies Nurses and Apothecaries and wise Women who are not competent Judges whether it is rightly or not rightly prepared may not hereafter attempt to give it so liberally as they have done Spunges we frequently find thrown upon
such a Bed The Oyster and Lobster are very common and likewise the Shrimp and Prawn the Prawn is a Fish not much unlike the Shrimp but much larger and far better Meat and in my thoughts the most pleasing of any Shell-Fish whatever it generates in Eggs and of these it deposites an infinite number which by a clammy Matter it fastens to the Rocks and piles them one upon another till they look like a Pyramid inverted and hang like Icicles on the Verge of a Penthouse We have the best and largest Cockles in England here and Muscles in that number that upon the Sea-Coasts they manure their Ground with them The Pearl-Muscles are very common Which leads me to give an account of the Germination of Pearls The Formation of the Shells of Muscles I have observ'd from the bigness of a Pins head to 2 Inches in length and find in their first Formation that the Shells are pellucid but afterwards as the Lamellae are constantly formed they become opaque their substance at first seems to me to be a Gluten thrown off from the Fish and indurated by the Air as the Fish grows in bigness it still emits a greater quantity of this and so the Shell continually encreases till it arrives to its full hardness and maturity In these Shells and likewise in Oyster-shells I have frequently found Pearls some just appearing thro' the innermost Lamellae others half thro' some hanging like Fruit upon a Pedestall others dropt from the Mother of Pearl and sticking on the out-side of the Fish whence it is plain that Pearls are not form'd by Dews as some have observ'd nor within the Fish as others but in the Shell it self I find the Pearls as well as the Shells to consist of various Laminae wrapt one within another and betwixt the Mater Perlarum and the Pearl I could never observe any extraordinary difference only I think the Pearl makes a greater fermentation with an Acid whence it is most probable that the most Volatile part of the Mater Perlarum protrudes it self from the rest of the Laminae and so constantly presses forwards till it forces its passage into the Shell it self and so forms the Pearl They are generally of a Sphaerical figure made so I conjecture by the figure of the Shell these Pearls are of great use in Physic and did the People industriously apply themselves to the getting of them considerable quantities might be acquired at a less Price than Crabs Eyes which they infinitely surpass tho' they were genuine but for the most part they are adulterated and instead of Crabs Eyes we have meerly a Composition of Chalk and Mucilage or perhaps Tobacco-pipe Clay to the infinite prejudice of the Patient From what has been observ'd in the Germination of Pearls it is evident that what Christophorus Sandius from Hamburgh transmitted to the Royal Society at London must necessarily be a Mistake which that the Reader may more easily apprehend I shall transcribe the Account he gave to that learn'd Body and leave it to any unprejudic'd Person to judge of his Error since any of the most Curious may any day in the Year in the River Wire near Hambleton in Lancashire have a full Demonstration to the contrary The first Letter runs thus being translated by the Publisher of the Philosophical Transactions March 25. A. D. 1674. Touching the Origin of Pearls of which I formerly gave an Intimation be pleas'd to receive the following Account The Pearl-shells in Norway and elsewhere do breed in sweet Waters Their Shells are like to those which commonly are call'd Muscles but they are larger the Fish in them looks like an Oyster and it produces a great cluster of Eggs like those of Cra-Fishes some white some black which latter will yet become white the outer black Coat being taken off these Eggs when ripe are cast out and being cast out they grow and become like those that cast them but sometimes it happens that one or two of these Eggs stick fast to the sides of the Matrix and are not voided with the rest these are fed by the Oyster against its Will and they do grow according to the length of Time into Pearls of different bignesses and imprint a Mark both in the Shell and Fish by the situation conform to its figure Upon which I cannot but remark in the following manner and indeed in doing that can scarce confine my self within the Rules of Decency there being not one true Line in the whole Letter For in the first place they do not always breed in fresh but likewise in salt Waters as is evident in the River Wire where the Water is continually salt and when the Tide flows little less brackish than the Sea it self in the second place the Shell is not only like that of a Muscle but the Fish also is a real Muscle and not an Oyster in the third place in those Fishes never any Eggs are discern'd consequently it is not possible that the Pearl should be the Egg of the Fish but on the contrary it is demonstrable by the Instances above-recited that the Pearls are various Protrusions from the Laminae of the Shell and those I have observ'd as well in the black as in the chrystalline Laminae having frequently seen black Pearls as well as the chrystalline ones which are so many Envelopments of the Mother of Pearls Fourthly by what is alledg'd it is evident that these are not fed by the Oyster against its Will and that they do not any farther imprint a Mark into the Shell than by dropping out of it but indeed after that they do commonly leave a Bruise there by which you may easily discern how many Pearls have vegetated from each particular Shell A Phaenomenon not much unlike this I once observ'd at Oxford in a Water-Rat that was pregnant upon a Dissection of her for by opening the Ovaria we found as many Knots in those as there were young ones in the Uterus His second Letter was dated the 27. of February 1674. and is as follows As to the Authority I have to assert such an Origin of Pearls as I have done in my former I here declare that a certain Dane call'd Henricus Arnoldi an ingenious and veracious Person having by his own Experience found it so at Christiania in Norway did in that manner relate it to me as I imparted it to you he having with great seriousness assur'd me of the truth thereof besides the thing seems highly probable neither do any considerable Objections appear against it if I should chance to go into those Parts or at least into the Country of the Duke of Brunswick where also Pearls are found not inferior to the Oriental ones of the same size I should not fail to endeavour to make the Observation my self From what has been before observ'd it is plain his Hypothesis is not probable and that there are unanswerable Objections against it so that his very All centring only in a Relation
and Diastole of the Heart after it is taken out of the Body which sometimes is for some Hours This may justly challenge our strictest Enquiry into its Reasons since were they clearly demonstrated it might be of great use in Anatomy From this it is plain that Muscular Motion is not perform'd by the Blood and Nitro-aerial Particles fermenting in Metaphorical Glandules in which the Extremities of the Arteries terminate which a late young Author forwardly and foolishly affirms in his small Book of Muscular Motion for it is plain here that the Circulation is cut off so that this Motion cannot be perform'd by any Blood flowing from the Arteries in the manner he alledges besides the Globules of the Blood it self are discernible by Microscopes one would think then that these Glandules which separate the Globules should be much more perceiveable themselves But these Glandules are neither to be observ'd by Mercurial Injections nor Microscopical Observations it would be better for the Author to lay by his Suppositions and much to his advantage to apply himself to an industrious Education to render himself Master of right Reason which done he will soon see the vanity of his own Attempts in this kind In explaining Muscular Motion Borellus and Steno are deficient and Dr. Charleton after all his elaborate Experiments fairly owns his dissatisfaction in any Hypothesis that he could form concerning it for my part I think it is only to be solved by Him that gave it How can we suppose Muscular Motion to be perform'd in most Shell-fish which have no Blood nor Glandules yet some of them have very brisk and active Motions as the Shrimp and Prawn or how in Convulsions come the Muscles to contract so strongly It is impossible a little Blood and Lympha should effect this but indeed as Dr. Willis very well imagins it is rather a violent Explosion of the Spirits But then it is impossible that the Spirits should be a Mucilage which the foremention'd Author of Muscular Motion affirms whose unparallel'd Assurance admits not of a Rival that being too unactive a Matter to produce such Effects the Spirits are sure the most volatile refin'd parts of Matter we can form any Idea of wherefore what that Author has writ in relation to this Matter amounts to no more than to shew him consummately ignorant One remarkable Fish had almost slipt me it is call'd the Cat-Fish from the likeness of its Whiskers upon the upper Lip to those of a Cat This Fish is of a Tast indifferently palatable but what is most observable in it is the prick of its Fins which are of a very poysonous Nature tho' none of its Bones produce the like Effect upon a Puncture the part will presently look red be very painful and swell to an extraordinary bigness not much unlike a Phlegmon Erisipiloides This is found about the Peele and sometimes near Heesham How this Puncture comes to be of so poysonous a Nature we shall now examine The Fins look pellucid and seem hollow like so many parallel Tubes centring each upon a Cistus impleted with a pellucid Liquor it is probable therefore that upon the Puncture the Fin pressing upon the Cistus the Liquor contain'd in it necessarily ascends and mixes with the Blood which being of an Acrimonious nature contracts the Capillaries of the Cutis and so causes the Inflammation perhaps not unlike that arising by the bite of a Viper Another Fish we have call'd the Rabbit-Fish from the resemblance of its Mouth to that of an Hare or Rabbit It is about 4 Inches in length and as much in depth the Back of it is arched and sharp and in its Belly is an Orifice not unlike the Vagina of the Uterus Lamperns and Congers are frequently found and a small Fish call'd a Hue exactly like an Anchove and like that by a proper Pickle its Flesh and Bones will dissolve this eats as agreeably as those from Genoa vast quantities of these commonly hang in the Nets of the Fishermen the Sea-Gulls feed upon them and it is a diverting Scene enough to see their frequent Skirmishes about them The Skeate Thornback and Rea are taken in great quantities as likewise the Dog-Fish which some would have to be a species of a Shark but whoever inspects their Jaws the Roes Figure and position of their Teeth will find it only a vulgar Error They do not externally emit their Ova as many Fishes do but generate as Dog and Bitch in the Womb of the Female I have often found a great number of young ones it is reported that if at any time her Whelps be in danger they run within her and so secure themselves They are but ordinary Food yet are frequently eaten by the Country People The Trout and Grayling may be plentifully had at Buxton which are generally esteem'd the best in England to these kinds of Fishes I presume the Water issuing from Lime-stone is most agreeable I have by me a round flat Bone taken up from the Sea-Coast near Hilbree-Island in Cheshire the inside of which is woven with an infinite number of Vessels like the Cortical part of the Brain but to what species of Fish it did belong or what was the proper use of it I cannot yet learn its Diameter is about five or six Inches Since the writing of this I find it to be a Bone betwixt the Vertebrae of a Whale CHAP. VIII Of Reptiles and Insects THERE being little room left for making Additions to these they being describ'd so accurately before by Dr. Lister and Mr. Ray I shall not trouble the Reader with Repetition but only give an account of some particular Observations which I have made The Viper is common in most of our Mosses as is likewise the Adder or Longworm which exceeds the other both in length and thickness but its Bite is not so poysonous In what particularly the the Poyson of a Viper consists has been an old Dispute betwixt Monsieur Charras and Seignior Redi the one asserting the Poyson to consist in a yellow Liquor contain'd in a Bladder at the bottom of its Tooth which Liquor upon its biting by the Pressure of the Bladder is forc'd thro' a Tube within the Tooth and consequently into the Wound and thence ensue very direful Effects he alledges likewise that by this Liquor Pigeons and Pullets by dropping it into a Wound made in either of them have been kill'd tho' the Liquor he took from the Viper when dead The other asserts that he has try'd the same Experiments but observ'd no such Effects at all These two Seignior Vigani has in some measure reconcil'd who alledges that the yellow Liquor with which Seignior Redi kill'd Pullets and Pigeons after the Death of the Viper was either saturated with the Spirits of the enrag'd Viper by whipping it before by which means it was render'd more poysonous or else as its probable that in the hot and dry Climes of Italy those Creatures are more venemous than in colder
Bilious Particles produced in the fore-mention'd Case he wou'd sometimes tell me at Noon-Day he saw various sorts of Creatures crawling around him vast Cities and in them innumerable Crouds of People Walking Trees and many other things All which put together let us imagine that a daily Tincture is extracted by the Humours from the Cortex as was said before by which means the fits are weakened until its Virtue being spent the Morbifick matter renews and the Fever returns hence it is easy to show how Purges revive them but if we remove the cause first the effects appear no more that these Distempers Proteus like put on many shapes is evident I will only add that intermittent Fevers and other inflammatory Distempers commonly so stiled may be reduced under the same Class and differ only in degree as the Morbifick matter is Qualify'd From the whole in these cases the Cortex has acquired a merit durable as time To conclude let us suppose that Natural Ferment composed ofa Volatile Alkaly an Oily Succus and an Acid to be alter'd in these Distempers from its Natural Crasis and converted into a Saline temper whence flow those infinite distribances and perplexing Agonies such a Ferment as this was prepared by me at Oxford in August 1684 and inserted in the Philosophical Transactions To which I refer you and could not therefore but wonder at a late piece concerning the Ferment of the Stomach relating to the same matter and the Author not having the Ingenuity to acknowledge from whom he had the Notion FINIS ERRATA PAge 8. line 34. read honoured p. 9. l. 8. r. the same l. 23. r. Spirits p. 10. l. 3. r. Automata p. 12. l. 17. r. and p. 13. l. 14. r. their Ibid p. l. r. which Ib. p. l. 23. r. it does not p. 14. l. 1. r. Fathers p 15. l. 36. r. Erke p. 17. l. 5. r. Fittons p. 18. l. 34. r. taken p. 19. l. 3. r. Instrument p. 25. l. 3. after in add this p. 26. l. 11. r. vicinus Ib. l. 23. r. Horologii p. 27. l. 13. r. vertical Ib. l. 22. r. opportunity Ib. l. 29. r. Horrox and so every where else p. 28. l. 16. for the first His r. the Ib. l. 27. r. Hypotheses p. 31. l. 21. r. and Ib. l. 30. r. Hazel p. 33. l. 23. r. Person Ib. after discoursing add of Ib. l. 35. r. Wharfing p. 36. l. 13. instead of the last Vel with a Capital and full point read it without either p. 37. l. 29. r. negabant Ib. l. 34. r. Vanslebius Ib. l. 36. r. Syrians p. 40. l. 4. r. Dioscorides Ib. l. 24. after being add raised p. 41. l. 18. r. Vitruvius p. 42. l. 21. for all are r. are all p. 43. l. 5. r. Saliva Ib. l. 18. for the first is r. the p. 44. l. 9. r. Coctioni Ib. l. 12. r. detraxisse p. 45. l. 5. instead of à Pylori locem r. tantum à Pyloro locum Ib. l. 2. after take add to p. 46. l. 10. r. Ingredients Ib. l. 17. r. tanquam p. 47. l. 11. after me add by Ib. l. 19. for ing r. being Ib. before pretend add I Ib. l. 26. before the Lobster add the other as p. 51. l. 26. for to r. from Ib. l. 27. r. inseparable p. 52. l. 25. r. Erisypelas Ib. l. 13. r. Bricky p. 55. l. 21. r. Rete p. 56. l. 7. r. these Ib. l. 13. r. Vegetables and so every where else Ib. l. 16. r. Disease p. 57. l. 21. r. hydragogues Ib. l. 26. before a violent add and Ib. l. 29. r. honoured p. 59. l. 5. r. Scorbutic Rheumatisms Ib. l. 10. r. Phthises p. 61. l. 2. r. Argument e contrario p. 63. l. ult for in r. with p. 64. l. 14. r. becomes deposites Ib. l. 29. r. so emits a pleasant odour p. 71. l. 8. r. Aetiologies p. 72. l. 29. r. well p. 73. l. 11. r. vesicles and so elsewhere p. 75. l. 1. r. on p. 78. l. 4. r. Aetiology p. 80. l. 28. r. too Ib. l. ult for which with r. with which p. 83. l. 17. r. Consequence Ib. l. 29. after Serum r. as the. TAB II THE Natural History OF LANCASHIRE CHESHIRE AND THE Peak in DERBYSHIRE BOOK III. CHAP. I. Of ANTIQUITIES TO know what our Ancestors were cannot be more lively delineated to us than by the Ruines we discover of those Days hence it is that by penetrating the Bowels of the Earth we can trace the Footsteps of our Forefathers and imprint upon our Minds some Idea's of their Times The Politeness of the Roman Eloquence was admirable and methinks to see the Vas Lachrymatorium as the last Obsequy to a deceased Friend as we are Men demonstrates to us what we ought to be but as we are Christians much more But alas an adequate Idea of those Days cannot be expected yet I shall endeavour to revive the Phoenix from its Ashes and in order to that give you an Account of some Roman Urns with other remarkable Antiquities of which these Counties furnish us with no small Variety The most noted Place for these is Ribchester in Lancashire by Antoninus called Coccium from Coccius Nerva or Goccium and doubtless a Town of large Circumference as is visible by its Ruines I have seen there subterraneous Walls Urns Coins Romish Danish and Saxon Anchors Rings and Nails of small Vessels or Boats this Place however is at a great Distance from the Ocean and to which there is no River Navigable how therefore the Exuviae of those Times came there to be deposited may challenge our Enquiry That this Place was a Roman Station seems unquestionable and maintain'd as a Fortress to keep that Part of the Country in Awe and it is not improbable but that here they placed their Machines and hence it is those Relicts are daily discover'd for in all likelihood when the Romans commanded Britain by Legions they wou'd never much subdivide or disperse themselves thinly into different Parts but rather keep embody'd and entire But to make it clear how these Utensils and Marine Antiquities came here to be lodged tho' it certainly was never a Port being now so far distant from the Sea take these following Particulars The First is in a Letter from the Ingenious and Learned Mr. Oddy School-master at Blackburn When we were at Ribchester together and had carefully view'd the Place you may remember I gave you my Opinion and Reasons why Ribchester had never been Navigable so high and that Doubt raised about the Place called Anchor-Hill may easily be solved that that Bank was a Rampire of the Fortress is very visible under which there is yet a broad and deep Foss leading towards the River serving as I conceive for a double use viz. as a Trench to fortifie the Place and a Canal like to that up to Holbourn-bridge London for Boats for the Garrison upon all Occasions to pass over and repass the River which is not fordable thereabouts
being exactly conformable to the Primitive Eastern Way of their Numbring of their Days and Nights as is manifest from that in Genesis And the Evening and the Morning were the first Day And this evidently transmits to us the great Value and Antiquity of our Country and undeniably demonstrates the Veracity of the History cited from Ezekiel Chap. 27. relating to their extraordinary Merchandising and Transplanting Colonies into distant Countries which that it may not slip the Reader I shall here transcribe so far as relates to this Matter though the Head was before touch'd upon Thy Borders are in the midst of the Seas thy Builders have perfected thy Beauty They have made all thy Ship-boards of Fir-trees of Senir They have taken Cedars from Lebanon to make Masts for thee Of the Oaks of Bashan have they made thine Oars The Company of the Ashurites have made thy Benches of Ivory brought out of the Isles of Chittim Fine Linnen with broidered Work from Egypt was that which thou spreadest forth to be thy Sail Blue and Purple from the Isles of Elisha was that which covered thee The Inhabitants of Zidon and Arvad were thy Mariners Thy wise Men O Tyrus that were in thee were thy Pilots The Ancients of Gebal and the wise Men thereof were in thee thy Calkers all the Ships of the Sea with their Mariners were in thee to occupy thy Merchandise They of Persia and of Lud and of Phut were in thine Army thy Men of War They hanged the Shield and Helmet in thee they set forth thy Comeliness The Men of Arvad with thine Army were upon thy Walls round about and the Gemmadims were in thy Towers they hanged their Shields upon thy Walls round about They have made thy Beauty perfect Tarshish was thy Merchant by reason of the Multitude of all kind of Riches with Silver Iron Tin and Lead they traded in thy Fairs Iavan Tubal and Meshech they were thy Merchants They traded the Persons of Men and Vessels of Brass in thy Market They of the House of Togarma traded in thy Fairs with Horses and Horsemen and Mules The Men of Dedan were thy Merchants many Isles were the Merchandise of thine Hand They brought thee for a Present Horns of Ivory and Ebony Syria was thy Merchant by reason of the Multitude of the Wares of thy making They occupied in thy Fairs with Emeralds Purple and broidered Work and fine Linnen and Coral and Agate Iudah and the Land of Israel they were thy Merchants They traded in thy Market Wheat of Minnith and Pannag and Hony and Oyl and Balm Damascus was thy Merchant in the Multitude of the Wares of thy making for the Multitude of all Riches In the Wine of Helbon and white Wool Dan also and Iavan going to and fro occupied in thy Fairs Bright Iron Cassia and Calamus were in thy Market Dedan was thy Merchant in precious Riches for Chariots Arabia and all the Princes of Kedar they occupied with thee in Lambs and Rams and Goats In these were they thy Merchants The Merchants of Sheba and Raamah they were thy Merchants They occupied in thy Fairs with Chief of all Spices and with all precious Stones and Gold Haran and Canneh and Eden the Merchants of Sheba Asshur and Chilmad were thy Merchants These were thy Merchants in all sorts of Things in blue Cloaths and broidered Work and in Chests of rich Apparel bound with Cords and made of Cedar among thy Merchandise The Ships of Tarshish did sing of thee in thy Market and thou wast replenished and made very glorious in the midst of the Seas Thy Rowers have brought thee into great Waters The East-wind hath broken thee in the midst of the Seas Thy Riches and thy Fairs thy Merchandise thy Mariners and thy Pilots thy Calkers and the Occupyers of thy Merchandise and all thy Men of War that are in thee and in all thy Company which is in the midst of thee shall fall into the midst of the Seas in the Day of thy Ruine The Suburbs shall shake at the Sound of the Cry of thy Pilots And all that handle the Oar the Mariners and all the Pilots of the Sea shall come down from their ships they shall stand upon the Land and shall cause their Voice to be heard against thee and shall cry bitterly and shall cast up Dust upon their Heads they shall wallow themselves in the Ashes And they shall make themselves utterly bald for thee and gird them with Sackcloth and they shall weep for thee with Bitterness of Heart and bitter Wailing And in their Wailing they shall take up a Lamentation for thee and lament over thee saying What City is like Tyrus like the destroy'd in the midst of the Sea When thy Wares went forth out of the Seas thou filledst many People thou didst enrich the Kings of the Earth with the Multitude of thy Riches and of thy Merchandise In the Time when thou shalt be broken by the Seas in the Depths of the Waters thy Merchandise and all thy Company in the midst of thee shall fall All the Inhabitants of the Isles shall be astonished at thee and their Kings shall be sore afraid they shall be troubled in their Countenance The Merchants among the People shall hiss at thee thou shalt be a Terror and never shalt be any more So far concerning the first Peopling of this Island of Britain from the Eastern Nations upon which I could have farther enlarg'd very much but that not falling directly under my Cognizance I shall wholly desist and proceed to give a succinct Account of the History of the Romans in Britain We may thus by the many Relicts of Roman Antiquities in every Generation still improving form to our selves some general Apprehensions of that powerful Empire and its extensive Boundaries and by the mystick Representations on their Coins and their votive Inscriptions explain'd we very readily arrive to to their most Sacred Retreats and find laid open to our View all their exorbitant Superstitions their idolatrous Immolations the Plurality of their Gods the impious Ambition and resistless Will of the Emperors together with the Universal Complacency and Servile Flattery of all Orders of the Empire paid to them Tho' as Christians we may be too apt to pass our Resentments on their Ignorance and Worship and at the same time admire that such sublime Learning and singular Perspicuity shou'd produce no better Effects But if we duely consider the Thing and take the Roman Nation in the common Acceptation of Mankind we shall find the Subject worthy rather our Pitty than our Censure for if we reflect on the Divine reveal'd Will confin'd only to that Corner of Asia call'd Palestine and all the rest of this immense Globe involv'd in invincible Blindness erring through deprav'd Nature the Romans may admit of the same general Excuse and share the same equal Lot with their Fellow-Creatures That they were a Nation design'd for Empire their Character deservedly shows besides the Situation
Greeks that I ever yet saw along with this there was another of an odd kind of mix'd Mettal such as the Romans never used that I know of it had no Letters or Stamp but look'd like a Piece of Money and seem'd to be a Composition of Tin and Copper Since therefore that Matter so far as I am able to judge cannot be fully determined I shall leave every Man to his own Conjectures and in the next Place proceed to the Explications of the Plates and not transgress further upon the Reader 's Patience but close the Whole FINIS Postscript I Desire the Reader would be pleas'd to observe That when the Armenian Language is mention'd that he would likewise take notice of the great variety of pronunciation of the same words amongst those People in this our Lexicons and Manuscripts are so far from informing us that though a Man should be Compleat Master of most of their Idioms yet their variety of Elocution is so great that should he discourse the different sorts of People from the distant Parts of that Country he would scarce be able to apprehend their common Conversation I have been Conversant with several Natives from different Parts of that Country and find in some measure the difference of their Elocution to proceed from a mixture of Sclavonian and Persian as they differently Border upon Russia and Persia To illustrate the truth of this assertion I shall produce but some few instances which in this Book are recited relating to those Antiquities that it may be the better apprehended and doubt not then but by a thoroughObservation of those and the Arguments before premised to satisfie the Unbiass'd from what Continent this Island was in a great measure Inhabited The words are not many but are as follows The Moon some Armenians pronounce Lune others Luce others Lucen Note here that Lune is the Name of that River from which the County of Lancaster is denominated A great River some pronounce Keat others Geat some Kear others Kent where observe that the Names of two great Waters upon Kent Sands are Kear and Kent Wherefore for any Person to derive the Names of those Places as Mr. Cambden and others do from the Saxon word Can denoting a Corner to me seems to be a manifest Errour and I do with a great deal more reason surmise that they are the small Relicts of the Asiatick Colonies This to be incerted after the third Book ERRATA in the Third BOOK PAg. 10. l. 16. after Aelius dele the Comma p. 14. l. 16. for 1692 r. 1612. p. 38. l. 19. for Wallingham r. Walsingham p. 46. l. 22. before the sixth instead of after the Comma should be before ibid. l. 30. for Chisnel r. Chisnalle p. 68. l. 17. for Principii r. Principi p. 69. l. 4. for Tribunae r. Tribunitiae p. 72. l. 3. for there r. then p. 74. l. 10. for Lotium r. Lorium p. 90. l. 20. for underneath Iudea r. Iudea underneath p. 89. l. 5. after Peacock put a Comma p. 95. l. 1. for VII r. VI. TAB I. AN EXPLANATION OF THE CUTTS TAB I. 1. A Ruby found at Ribchester in Lancashire as the Earth shelved down near the River-side a Signet doubtless of some eminent Roman The Figure is Mars holding a Banner in the Left-hand with a Scutum or Target at the Bottom of it in the Right-Hand a Thunder-bolt this doubtless was one of the Genii of the Place 2. A Signet found near Standish in Lancashire in a Copper Urceolus with Two Hundred Roman Coins and Two Gold Rings of the Equites Aurati or Roman Knights these were found by a Country-man as he was plowing The Figure is Mars leaning with his Left-hand upon a Spear holding in his Right-Hand a Victoriola or small Victory with a Target at his Right-Foot 3. An Idol found near Up-holland in Lancashire by a Country-man as he was plowing this I take to be Victory the Genius of that Place 4. An Altar dedicated to the Genius of the Place found at Chester 5. An Altar to Iupiter dug up at Chester 6. An Altar to Coccius Nerva dug up at Ribchester 7. Another Altar found at Ribchester dedicated by some Asiatick one of the Decurions of the Asturian Wing 8. Another Side of the Altar at Chester dedicated to the Genius of the Place 9. An Altar to Caligula found at Ribchester 10. An Altar to Apollo found at Ribchester holding his Plectrum in his Right-hand pointing with his Left to a Quiver upon his Soulder on the other Side of the Altar are Two of his Priests in their Habits sacrificing to him holding the Head of an Ox in their Hands 11. The Vessel in which the Coins were found near Standish in Lancashire 12. A Roman Discus or Sacrificing-Cup found at Ribchester when one of the Fabii was Proconsul or Propraetor 13. The Bottom of a Sacrificing-Vessel 14. The same both these probably belonging to some private Soldiers 15. A small Altar found at Ribchester 16. A Piece of a Simpuvium 17. A Simpuvium out of which they drank by small Draughts as they sacrificed to their Gods 18. The Finger of a Copper Statue dug up at Ribchester 19. A Piece of a Roman Tyle taken out of the Common-shoar at Ribchester 20. A Roman Pillar several Yards under Ground at Ribchester 21. The Ring of a Boat found under Ground at the Place called Anchor-Hill in Ribchester 22. A Piece of the Top of a Roman Urn found at Ribchester 23. One of the Roman Fibulae found at Ribchester 24. The Ring of a Roman Boat found under Ground at Anchor-Hill in Ribchester TAB II. 1. A Piece of a Sacrificing-Cup to Iuno found at Lancaster 2. The Bottom of it 3. Two Sides of the Sacrificing-Altar found at Ribchester shewing the Thuribulum the Vessels out of which the Frankinsence was smoaking while they were Sacrificing the Vessels they melted it in with the Securis and Dolabrum the Sacrificing Ax and Knife 4. Two other Sides of the Altar at Chester to the Genius of the Place on one Side of which is a Flower-pot on the other Venus holding a Cornucopia 5. An Amethyst Fibula found at Chester 6. The same these doubtless were the Fibulae of very eminent Romans 7. Another sort of Fibula in Copper 8. Another kind of Fibula in Copper both found at Chester 9. The Horn of the Rane-Deer found under the Altar at Chester TAB II. Tab 3 RIBCHESTER AND LANCASTER COINS An Explication of the Cutts contain'd in the Plate mark'd Tab. 3. FIG 1. AUG GERM. COS. This is a Coin of Augustus Germanicus who had been Consul The Reverse is erased Fig. 2. HADRIANUS The Letters on the Reverse are AUGUS denoting Augustus a Title assum'd by most of the Emperors The Letters S. C. denote Senatus Consultum The Figure is naked standing holding in the Right-Hand a Cornucopia I take the Figure to be Quies a Goddess amongst the Romans Fig. 3. AEL ADRIANUS The Figure is standing with Two Infants