any Confession and he had put himself in a posture to receive the Stroke they cryed out A Pardon As he was ready to come down one of the Judges perswaded him Since he had now tryed the King's Clemency to discover the Intrigues of Chateauneuf but he courageously answer'd That he very well saw that some People were willing to take hold of his present circumstances to make him say something disadvantageous to his Friend but that he ought to know That since the terrible Image of Death had not made him speak nothing was capable to extort from him the Secrets of his Friends or any thing that might do them the least Injury He was almost the onely Person of all those whom the Cardinal brought to the Scaffold that showed Resolution and Courage the greatest part of the rest making him as it were an Honourable amends before they were Executed under a pretence of dying like Christians Christianity indeed obliged them to forgive him but by no means to approve of his Arbitrary and Unjust Conduct which was full as contrary to the Gospel as a Spirit of Vengeance which they were afraid to betray But the truth is that after they had vainly endeavour'd to live like Freemen they lost their Sentiments with their Liberty and rather died like vile Slaves than good Christians When Chateauneuf was sent to Prison the Mareschal d' Estrees who was one of his best Friends having received the news of it at Treves where he Commanded the King's Army it so strangely astrighâ—ed him that he * The 15th of March Siri Mâ—m Râ—â— T. 7. p. â—95 quitted the Army without saying a word and retired to Vaudervange The example of the Mareschal de Marillac came into his Mind when he heard of the Disgrace of his Friend and saw a Courier bring Letters to the other Officers and never a one to himself He imagin'd that Saludie and Busse-Lamet to whom the Pacquet was directed had Orders to Apprehend him But discovering at last that his fear had been in vain he sent a Gentleman four days after to the King and Cardinal to beg their Pardon for going away so abruptly and ingenuously to confess how he had been imposed upon by his Fear This set the whole Court a Laughing and he received Orders to return to Treves At the same time the Dutchess of Chevreuse left the Court by the King's Order which made the World believe that the Cardinal's Jealousie was in great measure the cause of the disgrace of Chateauneuf The King came to Paris on the 11th of April and went next morning to the Parliament to suppress the Office of President which Coigneux had and that of Counsellour enjoy'd by Payen Chief Secretary to the Queen-Mother whom he afterwards restor'd in Compliment to the Two Masters of Accounts whom the Cardinal favour'd exceedingly Nevertheless the Law concerning Five years which are allowed to those that were Condemned for Contumacy was suffer'd to stay in full force in respect of others because it wou'd have given them too much trouble to make any Alterations in it The King Censur'd the Company very severely for presuming to send their Deputies a few days before to S. Germans to desire him to re-call the President de Memes whom the Cardinal had Banished The King told them That he wou'd take care to Chastise those that refused to obey him and that if the Parliament wou'd not suffer the Magistrates that were subordinate to it to be remiss in the execution of its Orders it was not just that a Soveraign should bear the disobedience of His Subjects He added That he wou'd be obey'd that very instant and that for the future when he came to the Parliament he expected the Four Presidents should come and receive him upon their knees without the door of the Chamber as the Custom had been formerly As for the President de Memes instead of being set at liberty and called home he was Imprison'd in the Cittadel of Anger 's Thus the King hindred them from making any Remonstrances to him upon any occasion whatever and striving to Reign more Absolutely than any of His Pedecessors he resigned himself entirely to all the Passions of his Minister though they were never so unjust so that it was not possible to open his eyes and undeceive him Soon after the King * The 14th of May Aubery 's Life of the Card. Lib. 4.0.36 held a General Chapter of the Knights of the Holy Ghost and gave the Ribbon to the Cardinals of Richlieu and La Valette They received the Blew Ribbon standing whereas the other Commandeurs even Bishops used to receive it kneeling The King â—id the Cardinal a particular Favour and asked him Whether he desired to be Promoted before or after Vespers and the next day when His Majesty made the New Knights he sent him two or three Dishes from his own Table at every Service and towards the end a Rock of Sweet-meats out of which sprung an Artificial Fountain of Water While these things happened within the Kingdom the Cardinal used his endeavours to keep the House of Austria so well employ'd without that it cou'd make no advantage of the Broils of the Queen-Mother and Monsieur The Marquiss de Feuquiers renew'd with Chancellour †By a Treaty sign'd the 9th of April Siri Mem. Rec. Tom. 7. p. 67. Oxenstiern at Hailbron the League which the Crown of France had made with the King of Sweden and promis'd that his Daughter Christina should receive the yearly sum of a Million of Livres to continue the War in Germany The two Crowns oblig'd themselves to make no Treaty but with Common Consent and to support all their Allies I shall not stop at the particulars of this League nor at the other Negotiations which the Ministers of France managed in Germany to Embarass the Emperour and at the same time to lay hold of any fair opportunity to extend the Frontiers of France on that side At the same time the Cardinal set his Engines at work to break off the * Siri Ibid. p. 655. Negotiation that was on foot at the Hague between the States-General of the Vnited-Provinces and the Envoys of the Spanish-Netherlands concerning a second Truce between the King of Spain and the States-General As there were abundance of great difficulties in the thing it self it seem'd an easie matter so to order Affairs that the War might continue Besides this some of the Nobility of the Spanish Low-Countries who were discontented at the Government offer'd to deliver up to the King Bouchain Quesnoi Avenes and Landreci places of great importance upon the Frontiers of Artois and to make a general Insurrection in the Country The Malecontents represented to the King that if he lost so fair an opportunity he might perhaps be never able to recover it and that those persons that were now disposed to throw themselves under his Protection cou'd not be supposed to be able to live in a perpetual inquietuâ—e
the Court with half the Colours that were taken at the Battel of Montjui Cardinal Richlieu having receiv'd this news was in doubt whether it would be for the advantage of France to accept of this Donation of Catalonia or no by reason of the great obstruction this would bring to the concluding of a Peace and the mighty Expence the King would be oblig'd to be at for the preserving of this Country He could rather have wished that this Principality would erect an independent Republic under the Protection of France because the King would have then drawn the same advantage from iâ— without engaging too far in its defence But being convinc'd at last that the Catalonians would never be able to govern themselves long in the form of a Commonwealth but would infallibly fall again under the Spanish Government and lastly considering that it would be scandalous for the King to refuse so important a Donation only for fear of engaging himself in some expence he believed he was obliged to accept of it Bezancon was surprized at this irresolution in the Cardinal being fully of opinion that if they had not neglected matters so at first but immediately imployed sufficient Forces in that Province the Kingdoms of Arragon and Valentia the Inhabitants of both which places had a mighty kindness for the Catalonians would have fallen after the same manner into the hands of France The Spaniards after the defeat of Montjui retreated to their first Camp of Tarragone and the Catalonians encouraged by this Victory put themselves in a posture to preserve the advantage they had gain'd The King gave Orders to the Marquis de Breze who commanded a small Fleet in the Ocean to sail towards the Coasts of Spain to hinder them from sending any Fleet upon the Coasts of Catalonia He met near Cales with a Fleet bound for America of which he sunk or burnt five Gallions whereof the Admiral was one and the rest he put to flight The Bishop of Bourdeaux likewise gave chace to the Spanish Gallies in the Mediterranean commanded by the Duke de Ferrandine and cruised upon the Coasts of Naples where he burnt a Gallion under the Cannon of some Forts by the Sea side Not long after the King sent a dispatch to la Mothe Houdancourt Siri Mer. T. 1. l. 2. p. 287. who was in Italy to set himself at the head of three or four thousand men that were marching to Catalonia He arrived at Barcelona with his Troops and as he saw that Montjui was a more important post than was at first believ'd la Mothe caus'd a more regular Fort to be built there which was no sooner in a condition of defence but he marched to the Enemy who besieged Aytone and having obliged them to abandon this attempt he threw five hundred men into the place He likewise increased the Garrison of Lerida and kept the Spaniards in a perpetual inquietude Their Troops which had abundance of Portugueses in them diminished daily by desertions so that they were constrained to retire to Constantin a small City within a league of Tarragone La Mothe * The 1st of May. Siri ib. 344. advanced towards that side after he had put a Catalonian Garrison into Valz with a design to favour the Descent of the Archbp. of Bourdeaux who was lately arrived at Barcelona and had brought some Troops by Sea The French Army being divided into two bodies for the greater convenience of their March met several scattered bodies of Spaniards which they fought and put to flight after which the Spaniards having abandoned their Camp the Archbishop landed eight hundred men without difficulty and made himself Master of the Fort of Salo. * The 12 of May A few days after the French besieged Constantin in view of the Spaniards who were under the Cannon of Tarragone and carried it in three days At last la Mothe approached nearer to the Camp of the Spaniards and a hot skirmish past between the two Armies in the sight of Tarragone The Spaniards found themselves extremely incommoded for want of Forrage and this still served to augment the desertions so that the French and Catalonians found themselves much stronger than the Spaniards La Mothe then attempted the Blockade of Tarragone both by Sea and Land with a design to reduce it by Famine or lay a regular Siege to it assoon as more Troops were come up to his relief In the mean time as the Forces that were sent by Land into Catalonia run great dangers so long as the Spaniards were Masters of Rousillon and it would be a difficult matter to preserve Catalonia unless they were possest of that County * Siri Mer T. 1. l. 2. p. 434. the Court of France now began to think of seizing it if it were possible this year The Marquis de Mortare was Governour of it and had a small Body of five thousand Foot and thirteen hundred Horse The Prince of Conde enter'd this County with about seven thousand Men about the beginning of June and sent the Vicount dâ— Arpajou to take a view of Perpignan who had much ado to avoid an Ambuscade of the Spaniards The Prince being advanc'd before Canet carried that place and the Castle in a few days The inhabitants of Argeles a place of great importance because it could cut off from Rousillon all manner of communication with the port of Roses turn'd out the Spanish Garrison and open'd their Gates to the French Soon after the Catalonian Peasants who extremly incommoded the Spaniards with their excursions carried off a considerable Convoy which was going from Collioure to Perpignan and the Prince of Conde took Elne which lyes between Perpignan and Collioure on the 27th of June altho it was very well defended by some Italian Troops that were in the place After this the Prince divided his Army into two Bodies one of which was sent to La Mothe near Tarragone and the other design'd to overrun Rousillon La Mothe prest the Spaniards so near that he kept them as it were besâ—eg'd under the Cannon of Tarragone where they continued without endeavouring to get out for they hoped by this means to amuse the French Armies by Sea and Land without doing any thing all the rest of the Campain He on the other hand flattered himself that he should be able to starve them in this post and reduce them to capitulate upon what conditions he pleas'd On the 9th of July the Spaniards having form'd a design to seize a post near the Sea from whence they expected relief and at the same time to favour a Convoy of sorrage which was to come to them put two or three thousand men out of their Lines to put his project in execution But la Mothe having receâ—ved advice of it before-hand by a Walloon deserter went to meet this detachment and defeated it The rest of the Spanish Army which had advanced out of their Lines to favour the retreat of those who
got out of another Thus the Cardinal defeated this Conspiracy with great glory to himself and very advantageously for the Interest of France Altho those that envied his authority were not properly speaking enemies of the State yet as they could not destroy this Minister but by embroiling the Kingdom by the help of its real enemies they furnished the other party with a plausible pretence to accuse them with designing to betray their King and Country The Cardinal receiving the news of the death of Cinq-Mars and De Thou almost at the same time that advice was sent him of the reduction of Perpignan writ a Letter to the King which began after this manner Sir your arms are in Perpignan and your Enemies are dead In the compass of one month France got possession of two Places that were of the last importance to her particularly so long as she was engaged in a War with Spain Perpignan secured Rousillon and put her in a condition to preserve Catalonia in case she persisted in that resolution and Sedan hindred the Spaniards from entring France on that side whereas before if they gain'd the Duke of Bouillon over to their party which was no difficult matter they might easily enter it when ever they pleased On the other hand the affairs of Spain went every day worse and worse John IV. having been proclaimed King of Portugal not only resolved to preserve the Crown which was so lately put upon his head but likewise to regain all that it formerly possest in Afric America and the Indies The Government of the Castilians was become so odious every where where the Portugueses had formerly been that this design succeeded no less happily at a great distance from Spain that it had about the Tagus The Portugueses received with extraordinary Joy the News of the re-establishment of the Flouse of Braganze to which they generally submitted in spight of the Spaniards In the mean time the new King finding that the Castilians were unable to preserve their usurpations not only beat them out of the ancient bounds of Portugal but likewise enter'd into the dominions of the Catholick King and advanced as far as Salamanca He besieged several Towns in Gallicia Estramadura and Andalusia nay he had certainly made these Provinces the Theatre of the War by causing his Army to subsist there if there had been any strong places or such as were in a condition to be fortified to retire into in case of necessity Thus Spain was reduced to an extreme weakness thro the great indiscretion of the Count-Duke and the discontents of some Princes and several great Lords The Kingdoms of Valentia and Arragon that possest great privileges could not without a sensible regret see them daily infringed Catalonia which had so lately call'd in the French for that very reason furnished them with a very bad example and might perhaps influence them to do something of the like nature if things were not regulated in good time The Intrigues of the Duke de Medina Sidonia and of the Marquis d' Alamont put Andalusia into a tottering condition which Province was besides incensed at the change which had lately been made in the Money which after it had been made to go at an excessive high rate was at last cried down Those of Biscay had assassinated a Farmer who had been sent thither to introduce marked Paper against the Franchises of that Country and were exceedingly concern'd at the punishment of the principal Male-contents who had been wheedled to Madrid by the Count-Duke under a promise of being pardoned there and altho this had happen'd many years before yet they still deeply resented that perfidious usage In short the excessive poverty of Gallicia which besides was inviron'd almost on all sides by Portugal made it incapable to contribute much to the expence of the War Add to this that the Catholick King had sustain'd great losses in Catalonia without making any advances there thro the ill conduct of his Generals and that his America Fleet was destroyed so that he was forced to borrow Silver Plate of private persons to Coin it into Money The greatest Governments and Offices had for a long while beeâ— only bestow'd upon the Creatures of the Favorite without any regard to their capacity and merits and those that were best able to serve the State were turned out of Court because they could not submit to his imperious haughty temper In the mean time he caused forces to march from all parts at an incredible expence to endeavour the relief of Perpignan and 't is very observable that in six months time after he had used his greatest efforts he could bring no more than thirty thousand men into the field To compleat his misfortunes they arrived too late for the place which had long suffer'd the utmost extremities of Famine and which no one took any care to relieve was obliged to surrender on the 7th of September Don Flores d' Avela delivered it up to the Mareschal de la Meilleraye wholly destitute of Victuals but extremely well stored with Ammunition It had an Arsenal sufficient to arm twenty thousand Foot and Horse sixscore pieces of Cannon and three thousand pounds of Powder with all other things necessary for its defence The Mareschal gave the government of it to Varennes Mareschal de Camp till such time as the King should provide otherwise for the place This Conquest gave no little joy to the Court of France by reason of the mighty importance of the place which covered their Frontiers on that side and made them Masters of Rousillon On the contrary the King of Spain was exceedingly concern'd at it and could not dissemble his resentments while the Count-Duke affected a certain Gayety which surprized all the World He imagined by so doing to keep the King in heart who seemed to be strangely dejected and to put courage into the Army and People who were alarm'd at the progress of the Enemy He used all diligence to get together as great an Army as he could and the Grandees of Spain strove who should contribute the most towards the raising and maintenance of it in these urgent he cessiâ—ies of the State But instead of placing a General at the head of them who was able to raise the hopes of Spain he caused the Marquis de Leganez to be nominated to command them against the general expectation because this Marquis had not been able to obtain leave to come to Court but was as it were banished into Valentia by reason of the great complaints of the Allies and the Subjects of Spain against him but althâ— he was thus ill used in outward appearance the Count-Duke had given him private hopes that he should be suddenly advanced While he was putting himself in a posture to march Don Benito Henriquiz de Quirega surrendred Salse the Mareschals de Schamberg and Meilleraye on the 30th of September for want of provisions Part of the French Army which had been employ'd in the
resolution of the Confederate Princes ceased to threaten as at first they had done those that opposed their designs and pretended that they were desirous to end this affair by the way of negotiation France employ'd it self to pacify these commotions at least in appâ—arance but the Duke of Parma perceiving that the Barberines only endeavour'd to gain time took the Field on the 10th of September with about four thousand Horse which the Mareschal d Estrees commanded under him in quality of Lieutenant General His design was to go and attack the Pope's Army commanded by Don Tadeo Barberini and in case he defeated him to march strait to the walls of Rome but if he was repulsed to retire into his own Territories covered by the forces of Modâ—na and the Troops of the Confederate Princes That if it so happen'd that the Army of the Barberines kept within their Camp it would be easy for him to go up to Rome without any opposition because being inferiour to him in Horse it would not be possible for them to follow him The Pope's General being acquainted with the Duke's design ordered the greatest part of his Troops to encamp near the Castle of St. John to be in a condition to oppose the Enemy's maâ—ch However neither he nor those that commanâ—ed under him could imagine that the Duke of Parâ—a durst strike so hardy a blow as to enter the Territory of Bologne by leaving Fort Vrban behind him and venturing himself between that City and the Popeâ—s Army Being thus lull'd asleep they were extremely surpriz'd at the Duke's boldness when they were not in a condition to oppose him Their Troops were seized â—â—â—h terror and as soon as those of Parma appeared they fled on all sides Thus this Army which had given the Alarm to all Italy was in a short time made unable to oppose a small body of Horse without Artillery and supported by no Foot On the other hand the Duke of Parma's Army advanced as far as Castiglione del Lago in Romagnia and struck a terror into Rome At this time the * Ib. T. 2. l. 3. Negotiations were set on foot afresh the Duke offering to withdraw provided that Castro was put into the hands of the Confederates with a promise to deliver it up to him in a short time The Barberines being in a great fright had recourse to the Ministers of France and desired them to interpose the authority of the King to bring this affair to some accommodation Altho they were not sorry in France to see these disorders and broils in Italy yet they were afraid lest the Confederate Princes seeing the happy success of the Duke of Parma's enterprize might form some designs disadvantageous to the rest of Italy For this reason they were glad of any opportunity to stop the progress of the League and they did it effectually by beginning to negotiate afresh The Ministers of several Princes and those of the Pope met at Castel Georgio for this purpose but after abundance of proposals on both sides nothing was concluded upon and yet the Duke of Parma withdrew his Troops out of the Ecclesiastic State This was the only thing which the Barberines desired and perhaps the other Powers helped them to deceive the Confederate Princes However 't is certain that during these divisions Prince Thomas of Savoy General of the French Troops in Italy took Nice de la Paille from the King of Spain by composition dated the 3d of September On the 20th of the following month the Marquis de Pianezza re-took Verrue the taking of which places was of consequence for the time to come and Prince Thomas made himself master of the City of Tortone at the beginning of October and of the Castle on the 25th of November The King to recompence the services or this Prince made him a present of this Town and the Territory belonging to it and after this manner the Campaign ended The Spaniards had in vain attempted to relieve it but could not hinder the taking of it 〈◊〉 and the succours which they threw into the Castâ—e did not defend it with more success Thus the projects of France were almost every where fortunate under the Conduct of the Cardinal-Duke while the Count-Duke saw the King of Spain come by the worst in all places through his want of dexterity Another misfortune happen'd to him about the end of the year as he endeavour'd to make some attempt before he return'd to Castile The Catholic King sent some Troops to reduce the City of Monzon which the French possessed upon the frontiers of Arragon and from whence they made frequent excursions into the most fertile part of that Kingdom but a furious tempest happenâ—d which broke down the Bridge of Fragues over which they must pass and entirely dissipated that small remainder of men which the Spaniards had And soon after the King who was provoked to see that nothing but ill success attended all his undertakings disgraced the Count-Duke after he had been fully convinced that this Favourite was in no respect to be compared with the Chief Minister of Lewis XIII To return now to the Cardinal and represent the last Scene of so busie a life altho he had taken all imaginable care to recover his health yet he continued in a languishing condition ever since his return from Rousillon The King being at Fontainâ—blâ—au * The 17. Siri Mere. T. 2. l. 3. in October the Minister went to visit him there altho he had still a pain in his Arm and felt some approaches of an Ague From thence he went to Pariâ— where having summon'd the Privy Councellors to wait upon him at his house he fell upon several projects for the ensuing Campaign Some were of advice to make a vigorous irruption into the Kingdom of Arragon which might easily be effected since the dissipation of the Army commanded by the Marquis de Leganez But to this others objected that it was to no purpose to advance so far because the first Treaty of Peace would oblige them to surrender up all that they had conquer'd on that side and besides that this Country being at too great a distance from the heart of France and the presence of the King which is so necessary to animate and give lifâ— to all great undertakings it would be impossible to perâ—orm any considerable action there Others gave their opinion to make the chief effort on the side of the Low Countries but then it was objected that there were too many strong places on that quarter and that experience had made them see that they must spend a whole Campaign to take one Town so that the advantage they got by any Conquest did by no means ballance the expence they were at to obtain it Some proposed Italy but before it would be safe for them to advance thither they must destroy the League and principally disengage the Venetians from it who seem'd to be the most zealous for the repose of their
spoke ill of Father Chanteloube the Queen was not behind-hand with him in railing at the Cardinal and by the means of the Abbot of S. Germain her Secretary she publish'd every day bitter Satyrs against him several Volumes of which are still extant Towards the end of the year * the Cardinal of Lorrain came to Paris about his Brother's Affairs and to Treat of his own Marriage with the Neice of Cardinal Richlieu †Siri Ibid. P. 103. The Prince of Lorrain show'd a mighty desire to come to a speedy conclusion because the Interest of his Family requir'd it He obtain'd permission of the Unkle to visit his Neice whom he found to be extreamly agreeable So that now nothing more was left to doe than to come to Conditions on both sides Richlieu positively stuck to it That the Cardinal of Lorrain shou'd have a Hundred thousand Crowns per Annum settled upon him and the Cardinal of Lorrain Articled That in consideration of this Marriage they shou'd restore all the Places that had been taken from his Brother and leave every thing in the same condition as they found it The House of Lorrain hoped by this Match to be able to engage the King to own the Marriage of Monsieur with the Princess Margaret as good and valid But upon these Matters great difficulties arose on both sides The Duke of Lorrain had an inexpressible aversion to France and to the Cardinal which was the reason why they treated him so severely and was not of a temper to embrace any Party merely upon the account of its being the safest He had likewise great Disputes about the Confines of his Country with France which did her self Justice by force of Arms. The Cardinal of Lorrain had been Promis'd long before to a Princess of his own Family and Sister to the Durchess who if the other March went forward must be sent to a Monastery On the other side it was not very reputable for the King after he had been at so prodigious an Expence and had made so great a bustle to surrender all back again to the Duke of Lorrain only in consideration of making an Advantageous Marriage for the Neice of his Chief Minister Besides the Cardinal had reason to fear that the World wou'd surmise that he concluded his own Affairs at the King's Expence and that His Majesty wou'd entertain some jealous thoughts at his designing the Grandeur of his Family The Marriage too of the Duke of Orleans was no small obstacle since it was not probable that they wou'd wholly reconcile themselves to the House of Lorrain and at the same time continue to carry on the total destruction of it However this Alliance seemed so advantageous to the Cardinal that 't was generally believ'd he desir'd it although he answer'd the Prince of Lorrain coldly enough That his Neice was obstinately resolv'd to embrace a Religious Life and that it was not possible for him to alter her Inclinations But this was only an Artifice to secure himself the more of the Princes of Lorrain whom he looked upon not to be so cordial in this Affair as he desired to endeavour if he cou'd obtain of them more Advantageous Conditions but above all to see whether the House of Lorrain wou'd yield to deposite their best Places in the King's hands The Cardinal of Lorrain perceiving Richlieu's design resolved to use the same Policy and seem'd to be indifferent on his side by pretending to go to Lorrain to know his final Resolution there though at the same time he did not discontinue to sollicit this Affair privately at Court If they came to a conclusion he hoped by that means to procure better Conditions and if the Negotiation happen'd to be wholly broke off the Cardinal cou'd not complain of the House of Lorrain which had done him the honour to ask his Neice in Marriage As he was ready to depart the Cardinal-Duke sent him word That in a Months time he shou'd receive a Positive Answer whether Madam de Combalet resolved to Marry the second time or no. All the World was sensible that if her Unkle had thought it expedient for her to Marry again and especially one that was a Prince she wou'd never have wanted much entreaty but the Reasons above-mention'd stood in the way and hindred this Marriage from being concluded so hastily The Cardinal of Lorrain * The 20th of December parted at last without coming to any determination as to the Marriage he onely carried to the Duke his Brother the Restitution of the Revenues of the Dutchy of Bar and a Prorogation of Two Months for him to do Homage to the King for them All this while the Queen-Mother lived in no great amity with the Duke of Orleans through the indiscreet management of Father Chanteloube and Puilaurens who in stead of reconciling them made the breach wider and set them at a greater distance Thus the Mother and the Son who were incapable of finding out of themselves what was their true Interest became the sport of their Favourites who engaged them in all their quarrels and caprices But it happen'd unfortunately for the Queen-Mother and Gaston that the Persons that manag'd them fell infinitely short of Lewis's Minister in Politicks although perhaps they were not inferiour to him in Malice The Queen-Mother who had consented to the Match of the Princess Margaret prevail'd with her to perswade her Husband to Discard Puilaurens whom this Lady for her part did not love because he had talked of getting her Marriage dissolved But the Duke of Orleans wou'd not hear any mention of it although they represented to him That the Cardinal had half-gained him over to his Party 'T is certain that Minister had promised him one of his Relations to secure him against all dangers he might apprehend upon condition he wou'd influence Monsieur absolutely to throw himself upon the King's Bounty of which they promis'd he should find very surprising effects But they chiefly desired that he wou'd submit to His Majesty's good Pleasure in relation to his Marriage either by delivering his Spouse into his hands conformable to what her Brothers had Promised or by leaving her in Flanders if she wou'd not follow him into France It was likewise insisted upon That Puilaurens shou'd wholly disengage him from the Interests of the Queen-Mother as well as of the Spaniards Puilaurens had in a great measure brought over the Duke of Orleans to what was demanded of him but as this Prince was not able to conceal it from his Wife and his Mother the Queen reproached him with so scandalous a Treaty wherein Puilaurens onely consider'd how to obtain the Cardinal's Favour to the great prejudice of his Master Puilaurens perceiving that the Duke had changed his opinion attributed this Alteration to Father Chanteloube and the Queen-Mother with whom he talked about it with that Insolence which was peculiar to him but they requited his Language as he deserved The Spaniards openly espoused
a Royal Army and as there was an appearance of Danger to expose His Majesty's Person there he was disswaded from it and indeed the Event shew'd that it was not without good reason However when he heard of the Retreat of his Army * The 24th of August he cou'd not be hinder'd from †going to S. Disier upon the Frontiers of Champagne although the Cardinal tarried at Paris expecting that he would not travel far But instead of stopping at S. Disier he enter'd into Lorrain and with a few Troops gathered up and down in Champagne of whom the Count de Soissons had been declared General he went to besiege S. Mihel a small place of no Defence which some Lorrain Soldiers had Taken and Defended four days against him after which they were constrained to surrender at discretion It was observ'd †Siri Ibid. p. 339. that after the Taking of this Place the King having held a Council of War would not suffer the Count de Soissons to assist at it though no one knew the true Reason of it it was not doubted but that some Advice from the Cardinal occasion'd it In the mean time the Cardinal was extreamly * Aubery 's Life of the Card. Lib. 5. Cap. 16. incommoded with the Hemorrhoids but after the Application of Causticks he was soon freed from his pain During his Majesty's Expedition the Army of Germany arriv'd at Metz and to re-inforce it Orders were sent to the Mareschal de la Force and to the Duke of Angoulême to send their Troops to the Cardinal de la Valette They encreas'd it still from all Parts with all the Troops they cou'd get together so that now the Cardinal found himself stronger than Galas although the Duke of Lorrain had joyned him Thus the Duke of Weimar and the Cardinal were ordered to bring him to a Battle if possible or to cut off his Provisions but above all to hinder him from making any Excursions in Champagne But this General being advantageously incamped and intrench'd so that there was no way to force him was not willing to run any hazard He hop'd to be soon joyn'd by a Body which the Duke of Lorrain commanded but more that the Cardinal de la Valette's Army would lessen by frequent desertions so soon as the cold Rains of the Autumn began to fall This King's Person being unnecessary in these Places and indeed not out of imminent dangers since the Enemy was not above fifteen Leagues off he was advised to return home sooner than the Cardinal wou'd have had him there * Siri Mem. Rec. T. 8. P. 339. See also the Q. Mother 's Letter to the Pope dated the 7th of December in Aubery's Life of the Card. Lib. 4. c. 54. 'T is reported that the Count de Carmail Maréschal de Camp in the Army of Cardinal de la Valette told the King who asked him his Advice what was best for him to do in this Conjuncture That his Majesty expos'd himself too much that he might be taken Prisoner by the Duke of Lorrain if he did not speedily return to St. Disier and that Jean de Werth who had lately come to observe his Quarters marched with Six Thousand Horse to put this Enterprize in Execution For this good Council the Count de Carmail was made a Prisoner at the King's Return and sent to the Bastile Upon this and other Informations the King resolved to go back into France but to cover his Retreat with some specious pretence he gave out that he wou'd go to Langres to cut off the Duke of Lorrain's Provisions that came to him from the Franche-Comte But as soon as he was in Champagne he took the Road directly to St. Germain where he arrived on the 22d of October The Cardinal who was at Ruel went to meet him as far as Nully which is within a League of that Place and was extreamly well receiv'd The King stopt at Ruel to hold a Council there and the Cardinal went the next day to St. Germain where he had another long Conference with him At his Return to Ruel he caus'd the Count de Carmail to be apprehended there by his Guards and sent him to the Bastile under a pretence of not having perform'd his Duty so well as he ought The same Day the Cardinal told the Count de Soissons that his Majesty was very much displeased with him and that it would be his best way to absent himself from the Court for some time which the Count immediately did and retired to a Country House near Fontainbleau They took away from him at the same time his Title of General which had been conferr'd upon him and this the Cardinal did by way of revenge upon the Count because he had dexterously excused himself from marrying his Niece but soon after the Cardinal to show what an absolute ascendant he had over the King gets the Count to be recalled and procures him the Command of the Army of Champagne Some days after the King's Return the Duke of Weimar's †The 27th of October Siri Mem. Rec. T. 8. p. 340. Agent at Paris made a new Treaty for his Master and for the rest whose Troops he commanded By this Treaty the King oblig'd himself not to make any Treaty without the Allies of Germany and the Duke promised the same thing in Relation to the King Weimar likewise engaged to have Twelve Thousand Foot and Six Thousand Horse in Germany with Artillery necessary upon Condition that the King wou'd cause to be paid to him Four Millions of Livres a Year that if in fighting he happen'd to lose this Army the King shou'd raise him another and that if he was taken Prisoner he shou'd take the same Care of him as of one of his own Generals By a secret Article the King promised him the Title of Landgrave of Alsatia and Fifty Thousand Crowns Pension for ever In the mean time all the Troops being got together under the Command of the Cardinal de la Valette which formed together an Army of Forty Thousand Men advanced towards Vic to oblige Galas and the Duke of Lorrain that were intrench'd at Dieuse to abandon that Post or cut off their Provisions and Forage on the side of the Moselle These two Generals already felt an extream scarcity of Hay and Oats as well as Victuals but their Army being accustomed to suffer did not disperse for that On the Contrary the Army of France that wanted nothing was sensibly lessen'd by desertions and that only for the cold Weather But this excessive scarcity causing Distempers in the Imperial Army Galas was obliged to go out of his Camp with his Horse and over-run Alsatia and the Country of Triers no one being able to hinder him from whence he sent store of Victuals to the Camp after which his Troops that had stay'd there all this while to make Head against the French retired in good Order into Alsatia without leaving any thing
Lib. 3. towards the end a Musquet-ball hit him full in the breast and kill'd him on the spot He was exceedingly lamented by all people for his good Qualities and for the eminent Services he had done the Kingdom The Cardinal never loved him because the King had expressed an Inclination to make him his Favourite and after he had sent him into Italy made the King jealous of him because two of his Brothers had been in Monsieur's Army at the Battel of Castelnaudarry Nor was this all for he got his Governments and Pensions to be taken from him and gave the King such a Character of him as he pleased and the Mareschal had not the means to defend himself Fontanct surrendred soon after and the Mareschal de Crequi joyn'd the Duke of Savoy without any opposition because the Spaniards had entirely abandoned all the places about the Tesin thinking that the French had a Design to pass the Tanare and afterwards the Po. The Duke and the Mareschal continued together upon the Banks of the Tesin one on one side and the other on the other till the 20th of this Month in consulting whether they should send the Duke of Parma back again to his Country The latter knew not himself what Measures to take but at last for fear an Army of his Friends shou'd ruine him as well as that of his Enemies he resolved to part incognito and in that manner to get into his own Dukedom through the Territories of Genoa As he had no Experience in Military Affairs he hop'd at first that within a few Months and without any great Expence the Confederate Army would over-run all the Milaneze but having seen the quite contrary happen and his own state in Danger to become the Theatre of the War he wholly alter'd his Opinion and became fearful very unseasonably as he had formerly suffered himself to be led away with ill grounded expectations At last the Confederate Army marched on the two Banks of the Tesin to fortifie some Post there which they should judge most advantageous to command that River and to make a Bridge over it In their march they received Advice that the Marquiss de Leganez was coming towards them on that side where Crequi was so that the Duke of Savoy set his Men to work all Night upon a Bridge which was †The 23d of June ready by the next Morning that he might joyn the Mareschal The Spaniards had Fourteen Thousand Foot Four Thousand Horse and Four Canon They charged the French in the Morning who sustained the Shock till the Duke of Savoy had passed the River The Fight was so resolutely maintain'd on both sides that it lasted till Night the Victory being uncertain all the Day and the two Armies return'd several times to the Charge and wou'd not give way But the Spaniards retir'd in the Night and the Duke of Savoy and the Mareschal endeavoured in Vain to begin the Fight afresh the next Day All the Advantage they got was the Field of Battle and the number of the Dead and Wounded on their Side was somewhat less In the mean time the Duke of Rohan forced several Passes above the Lake of Como but when he was at Lech he sent word to the Duke of Savoy that he cou'd not advance further than Gravedonne because the ways were impracticable Thus he was obliged to return to the Valteline and the Duke of Savoy abandon'd the Tesin and * The 23d of July went back to Turin From that time the French Army began to diminish considerably by perpetual desertions and on the Contrary the new Levies of the Milaneze and of the Kingdom of Naples daily augmented that of the Spaniards The Duke of Parma was no sooner returned to his Dominions but he saw a considerable Body of Spanish Troops under Duke Martin of Arragon who ravaged and plundered the greatest part of them He then repented that he had not accepted the Forces that were offer'd him for the preservation of his Country which he was afraid of burthening too much by receiving them and he sent to demand them again with great earnestness But the Spaniards being at that time Masters of the Field it was not an easie matter to relieve him To compleat his Misfortunes the Pope published a Monitory against the Duke by which he cited him to Rome and commanded him to recall the Troops which he had in the Territories of any other State Besides this the Pope pretended to have Security in Writing that he wou'd obey him in the space of Thirty Days otherwise he threatned to excommunicate him and give his Lands to the first Possessor People were so much the more surprized at these rigorous Proceedings because at that time the Duke had Soldiers no where but at Rome and the Spaniards ravaged his Country at Pleasure and kept Placentia blocked up The World was not then acquainted with the Mystery that there was a secret Treaty between the Spaniards and the Barberini's who desired to make themselves Masters of this Prince's Dominions under any pretence whatever and to put D. Taddeo Barberini prefect of Rome in possession of them The King sent orders to the Mareschal d' Estrees to complain highly of the Pope's Proceedings and hinder'd him from pushing on this Design any longer in publick He likewise ordered the Mareschal de Crequi to succour the Duke of Parma with all Expedition but the Passes being all shut up as well through the State of Genoa as through the Milaneze partly by the Troops that were posted there and partly by the Rains and badness of the Weather the Mareschal was not able to execute this Order so that the best course the Duke of Parma cou'd now take was to make his Peace with the Spaniards who being satisfied to see him humbled did offer very reasonable Conditions of which the Pope and the Grand Duke of Tuscany were to be the Guarrantees But the Vexation to be so soon reduced to beg Pardon of the Crown of Spain and the great promises of France occasion'd this Prince not to listen to those that advised him to accommodate matters with Spain although he was blocked up in Placentia and 't was now discoursed to besiege that Place in the usual Forms Thus this Champaign ended in Italy not so advantageously for France as it had begun and their Victories were scarce able to preserve their Allies The King was resolv'd to succour those places which he still held in Alsatia to secure them against the Imperialists who endeavour'd to retake them and hop'd to reduce them in a short time by reason of the great distance of the French The Cardinal de la Valette who had served his Apprenticeship the Year before in Germany * The 2d of January Aubery 's Life of the Cardinal lib. 5. c. 24. Siri Mem. Rec. T. 8. p. 457. undertook this Expedition They gave him Three Thousand Horse and the same number of Foot all choice Men and with this Body
Side to oppose the Spaniards And thus the States-General not being assisted by France as they ought to have been the Cardinal Infanta was not apprehensive of any great harm they could do him and therefore directed his Thoughts to retaliate to France what France had done to him the Year before Besides seeing the principal Forces of France taken up in Italy and in Burgundy he thought it sufficient to send the Count de Feria against the Prince of Orange with a small Army He designed to make himself Master of the * Aubety 's Life of the Card. Lib. 5. Cap. 35. City of Liege which had stood neuter ever since the Declaration of the War and Jean de Werth went to besiege it but the Inhabitants having made their peace with a Summ of Money the Cardinal Infanta order'd that General to joyn Prince Thomas and Piccolomini †Siri Mem. Rec. T. 8. p. 436. and make a descent upon ‡ Picardy together The first place they besieged was Cappille which only held out * It surrendered on the 10th of July seven Days and then the Baron du Bec surrendered it by Capitulation After they had taken some other small Places they went to attack Catelet which St. Leger who was the Governour of it surrendered likewise without staying till they had made a Breach All People were surprized at the small resistance which the Governours of these Places made and the Cardinal fell into an excessive rage against them although it was purely his Fault for the Frontiers of Picardy even after the Declaration of the War were left naked and unprovided as if it had been in the midst of a Peace To turn the Eyes of the World from himself he composed a Council of the Officers of the Crown that were at Paris and of some Councellors of State which condemned the Governors of the Places surrender'd to be quartered like Traytors Nay * See the Life of the Duke of Espernon p. 548. he fell foul upon the Duke de la Valette because he wou'd not give his Vote to have the Baron du Bec condemned to die as the Interests of the Minister demanded All they cou'd do at that juncture was to oppose the Progress of the Spaniards by a small Body of Men commanded by the Count de Soissons and composed of the Troops of the Mareschal de Brezé which he had brought out of Holland and of those of the Mareschal de Chaunes who had acted the Summer before upon the Frontiers of Artois But this Army being in no respect capable to make head against the Spaniards and being also lessen'd by the Detachments that were made out of it to defend those Places which were in danger to be attack'd they contented themselves to dispute the Passage of the River Somme with them and to incommode their March On the first of August the Spanish Army appeared upon the Banks of that River and pretending to pass over at a certain place by the favour of twelve Pieces of Cannon placed in Battery upon the Banks of the Somme they passed it at another place where the French did not expect them The Count was resolved to attack their Infantry who had with great haste cover'd themselves with Gabions but he sustained so great a Loss without being able to dislodge them that he was obliged to yield the field to the Spaniards and to retire to Compeigne This alarmed the whole Country which was surprized to see that the Count shou'd fly before 8 or 10000 Horse which Piccolomini and Jean de Werth commanded Thus Roye the next day open'd their Gates to the Spanish Army and the French Troops every where began to be possess'd with a great Consternation It was feared that as they fled towards Paris the Spanish Army wou'd pursue them whereas had they taken any Post that lay nearer to the Frontiers the Enemies durst not have advanced too far into the Kingdom Within a few days after Corbie which pass'd for a strong place was taken after a Siege of 8 days although there were 1800 Men in Garrison there Soyccourt Lieutenant-General of the Province surrendred it without staying till it was assaulted or fearing the Punishment to which the other Governours were condemned At this time the Parisians were in an extraordinary fear notwithstanding the King's presence among them and the perpetual Arrival of new Troops which daily encreased the Army Cardinal Richlieu was cursed in all places who had engaged the Kingdom in this War before he had provided for the Security of the Frontiers and especially those of Picardy which are at so small a distance from Paris As he was beloved by none but his own Creatures they now took occasion to say all the Ill of him they knew * Aubery 's Life of the Card. Lib. 5. Cap. 38. It was not only said that War was not his Profession but they added that he had a Design to deliver up Paris to the Spaniards and that for that reason he had caused the Walls of the Fauxbourg of St. Honore to be broken down under a Pretence to enlarge the City on that side However †Aubery Ibid. c. 40. Siri Ibid. p. 438. notwithstanding all these Murmurs against him the Cardinal being come to Paris went into the City without his ordinary Guards as it were to hearten the People and to let them see how secure he thought himself upon the score of his Innocence All the Companies of Paris went to offer their Service to the King upon this occasion and they assessed themselves to raise new Levies with all Expedition All the young Fellows about the City that were capable of bearing Arms were sent for Those that had several Lackeys were obliged to send one as well as the Tradesmen that had Apprentices to spare and several Buildings at Paris were laid aside for the present to list the Carpenters and Masons The King likewise put out an Order that all those that had above one pair of Coach-Horses should give one to serve for the Artillery or Troopers and that all Gentlemen and all those that were exempt from Taxes and all the Officers of his Houshold should repair in their Arms to St. Denys within six days In the mean time the Siege of Dole was raised as has been already observed and the King on the first of September found himself at the Head of forty thousand Foot and twelve thousand Horse and with a Train of forty Pieces of Cannon The Army being met together His Majesty came thither accompanied by Monsieur the Cardinal-Duke the Duke of Angoulême and the Mareschals de la Force and Chatillon besides abundance of other Officers Monsieur was declared Generalissimo of that Army and the Count de Soissons Lieutenant-General which was rather done for fear of discontenting those Princes than obliging them The Cardinal desired to be Generalissimo and that the Count de Soissons might Command under him but the Count-refused it and so he was
Pomerania after the Death of Duke Bogislaus the XIV since he was not in a condition to molest the Imperialists The second Prince that died this year was Charles Gonzaga Duke of Mantua While he lived in France as a †The 25th of September Siri Mem. Rec. T. 8. p. 478. Subject he had a great Reputation and passed for a Prince of equal bravery and prudence After he became a Soveraign he seemed to bend under the weight of Affairs and could not find any expedient to hinder the desolation of his Countrey either by the way of Arms or that of Negotiation He left his Dominions to Charles his Grandson born of the Duke of Rethel and Mary of Mantua who was his Guardian She was the Daughter of Vincent Duke of Mantua and Margaret of Savoy Daughter to Charles Emanuel The Third was Butos-Amadeo Duke of Savoy who died the 7th of October He was as much esteem'd as any Prince of his time for his Conduct both in Peace and War The onely thing he is blamed for was his weakness in suffering Mazarine to perswade him to deliver up Pignerol to France by which Surrendry he left his Territories on the other side the Mountains to their discretion and Mercy 'T is true he deceived Spain in doing so but at the same time he deceived himself infinitely more and onely kept the bare Title of a Soveraign Prince unless he had a mind to show the marks of his Soveraignty by causing his Country to be ruined by the French whose will he was otherwise obliged to follow Francis Hyacinth his Son succeeded him who dying soon after Charles Emanuel took his place an Infant Four years old The Duke his Father left Christina of France his Guardian and Regent who was owned in this quality by the Senates of Turin and Chambery and by all the Orders of Piedmont and Savoy The Death of this * Siri Ibid. p. 481. Prince was fatal to his Estates because he was engaged in an open War with Spain who now had a fair opportunity to invade them and would so much the sooner embrace it because the Regent being Sister to the King of France she would in all probability depend wholly upon him On the other side Maurice Cardinal of Savoy and Prince Thomas favoured Spain openly who might have a plausible pretence to come into Piedmont to put them in possession of the Guardianship and Regency to which they might pretend whenever they thought fit These considerations inclined Madam of Savoy and her Council to endeavour to make a Peace with Spain as soon as might be to hinder the ruine of her Country Besides she discover'd soon after the Death of the Duke her Husband how little she was to rely upon the Ministers of the King her Brother L'Emery Ambassador of France at Turin design'd with the assistance of the French Troops that were quarter'd about Verceil where the Duke died to seize upon the Person of the Dutchess and of the Princes her Sons under a pretence to prevent the designs of the Spaniards who would endeavour to engage this Princess in their Party or at least to observe a Neutrality The Ambassador proposed this enterprize to the Mareschal de Crequi but the Mareschal would not consent to be the Instrument of a violence of this nature against a Daughter of France and against Princes that were under the King's Protection However the Ambassador who was perfectly well acquainted with the Cardinal-Duke's Temper and knew that in matters of State abundance of things are approved of when done which would not be allowed to be done if leave was asked before-hand did not for all this desist from his Design But the Dutchess happening to be informed of it order'd the Marquiss de Ville with the Troops of Piedmont to enter into Verceil by night and caused the Gates to be shut to several French Officers that came thither under a pretence of Buying Victuals for their Souldiers By this means she frustrated this Design and the Troops of France had Orders to remove from Verceil The Marquiss de S. Maurice Ambassador of Savoy in France having received the News of the Death of the Duke his Master went to carry it to the King and Cardinal who promised to protect the young Duke and the Durchess with all the Forces of the Kingdom The Cardinal gave the Ambassador to understand who complain'd of Emery's design that the King had no hand in it and that he would go to assist his Sister in Person if it were necessary At the same time he advised the Dutchess to two things one of them was to put such Subjects of the Duke as she was well assured of into all the Strong Places of Piedmont and Savoy the other was To treat her Brother-in-Law with all the Civility imaginable but not to suffer them to come into the Dominions of the Duke her Son Upon this the Ambassador told him That the best way the Dutchess could take to live at peace with all the World would be to clap up a Peace with Spain To which the Cardinal answer'd That she might expect from the King her Brother every thing that was for the advantage of the House of Savoy even though it should be against the Interest of the Crown but that he did not see any security in a particular Peace The Cardinal afterwards made a Solemn Visit to the Ambassador where after the first Compliments were over he told him That he was surprized that Madam of Savoy had any suspicion of the French Troops since the Mareschal de Crequi had immediately drawn them off from about Verceil and conducted them to Casal that he had discover'd upon this occasion the inclination of some of her Counsellors that had advised her to send with all expedition into Spain which apparently tended to disengage her from France that he hoped a General Peace would be soon concluded but that if the Dutchess and her Council were too impatient the King would not hinder her from making a particular accommodation by her self but that his honour would not permit him to abandon his other Allies The Cardinal of * Siri Mem. Rec. T. 8. P. 485. Savoy was desirous at the same time to come into Piedmont to offer his Services to the young Duke and the Regent by word of Mouth but she desired him to let it alone for fear of giving any suspicion to France with whom he very well knew she was obliged to manage her self cautiously since neither her Brother nor her Husband could have drawn the Indignation of that Court down upon them without being considerable losers by the bargain She likewise received Compliments from Prince Thomas by the Marquiss Palavicini This Prince represented to her That the French under a show of protecting her might take the opportunity to seize upon Piedmont and Savoy and that if Spain was induced to bring the War thither for that reason the States of the House of Savoy would be inevitably ruin'd
which Place he had a great desire to get into his own Hands He performed it at last but beat the Imperialists twice before he cou'd lock up this place at a convenient distance After this the Enemy endeavour'd to throw Succours into the Town and were repulsed with Loss At last Weimar forced Brisac to surrender for want of Provisions on the 19th of December This Place wou'd have been of mighty importance to France but the great Services which the Duke of Weimar had done those he might still do and the promise which his Majesty had given him to make him Landtgrave of Alsatia were the Reasons why they suffered him to enjoy this Conquest In short he put himself in possession of it and the Court connived at it that they might not disoblige him at a time when he might do them as much Mischief as Good till they found an occasion to get it into their own Hands as we shall find in the Series of the History This was the greatest Advantage which France obtain'd this Year against the House of Austria The * See the Champaign of Prince Thomas in Emanuel Tesauro ' s St. Omero Assediato Mareschal de Châtillon at the first opening of the Campaign enter'd Artois and after he had ravaged the Country all about for what design no Body knew he went at last to besiege St. Omers on the 26th of May and as the place was not in an extraordinary good Condition he did not question but he shou'd carry it in a very short time But Prince Thomas having put some Succours into the Place this retarded his Hopes somewhat but he still fansied he should accomplish his Design But at last the aforesaid Prince Thomas and Piccolomini obliged him to * The 16th of July raise the Siege after they had reliev'd the Town the second time although the Mareschal de la Force had joyn'd him with a Body of Men. This ill Success was partly attributed to the over-sight of the Mareschal de Châtillon who had not made his Lines of Circumvallation strong enough and had carried on the Siege too slowly and partly to the mis-understanding between the Generals However they drew off in very good Order and Prince Thomas not following them took the way to Terwin to cover the Country and throw some Forces into Hedin which was threatned The Cardinal was extreamly concerned at the raising of this Siege not only for the Interest of the Crown but because he had flatter'd himself with the taking of ir upon the score of a pretended Revelation of a certain Nun in the Convent of Mount-Calvary in le Maréts * Siri Mem. Rec. T. 8. p. 668. Father Joseph who had consulted her it seems told him that this Nun had continued three Days in Prayer that God would be pleased to reveal to her the Success of the next Campaign and that at last she fell into an Extasie wherein she had seen two Armies fighting near St. Omers and the Victory remain'd on the King's Side Upon this impertinent Vision which either might be wholly invented or else was the effect of a disordered imagination in the Nun the Cardinal consented to the Siege of St. Omer rather than of any other place because he was in hopes that the King's Army wou'd obtain a Victory near that City The Cardinal Infanta had the good Fortune that very Champaign to ‡ Siri ibid. p. 476. The 21st of June defeat Seven Thousand Men belonging to the States-General who had made themselves Masters of the Fort of Kalloo upon the Dyke of Antwerp under the Command of Count William of Nassau He likewise forced the Prince of Orange * The 25th of August See Relation of Em. Tesauro to raise the Siege of Gueldre so that he might justly boast that he had made a very glorious Champaign However he sustained some Losses since the French took from him the Fort of Renty which * The 9th of August See the Description of this siegâ— by Em. Tesauro surrendred after a Siege of eight Days and retook †The 14th of September See the Description in the same Author Catelet the only place remaining in the Hands of the Spaniards since their Invasion in the Year 1636. The Mareschals de Châtillon and de la Force took Renty and rased it to the Ground Du Hallier Mareschal de Camp took Catelet by assault with a small Body of Men who had been commanded by the Mareschal de Brezé who being indisposed obtained permission of the King to go to the Waters These were all the Advantages which the French obtained in the Low-Countries who at the beginning of the Champaign had put the Cardinal Infanta into a great Consternation by the great Preparations they had made The King provoked at the Mareschal de Châtillon's want of fore-sight who had writ word to Court several times that it was impossible for St. Omers to miss him * By a Letter the 4th of Sept. See Aubery's Life of the Cardinal sent word to him to leave the Command of the Army to the Mareschal de la Force and to retire to his House of Châtillon without coming to Court. However he went to wait upon the Cardinal as St. Quintin and was not ill received by him the Minister judging that it wou'd be by no means adviseable to drive this General to despair who might be useful to them upon another occasion He had a fresh Subject to employ the same * Siri Mem. Râ—c T. 8. p. 632. moderation towards the Prince of Conde who met with worse success at the Siege of Fontarabia than the Mareschal de Châtillon had done before St. Omers The Count-Duke having in the Year 1637 carried one Invasion into Guienne and another into Languedoc the Cardinal-Duke who was jealous of every thing that Olivarez did resolved to quit Scores with him whatever it cost him He propos'd to go and attack Fontarabia The Life of the Duke of Espornon to carry the War into Spain It was a long while since he had caused that place to be observed by the Duke de la Valette who disswaded him from this Attempt by reason of the insuperable Difficulties that attended it However the Cardinal took it into hand again and offered to trust the management of it with the Duke of Espernon and la Valette upon Condition that they wou'd advance one part of the expences of the War and find a way to make the Province of Guienne bear it If they refused to accept this Employ they were to be told that the Prince of Conde wou'd be sent down to command in the Province and all the neighbourhood Being afraid the Cardinal put them upon this enterprise to carry on their Destruction they rather chose that the Prince of Conde shou'd take it The Prince accepted it and arrived in Guienne in May to get every thing in readiness that was necessary to this Design As for the Duke of Espernon he had
received no manner of Answer from him and that no Promises had been ever made her but upon such hard Conditions that she could not comply with them The Ambassadour interrupted her and desired her Majesty to remember that the King had sent him in the Character of Ambassadour to the King of England but that he had not the Honour to be sent to her He added that if her Discourse tended to command him to write about her to France he desired her not to charge him with that Commission because he had no Order to meddle with any thing whatever it was that concerned her Majesty The Queen replied that then they had not forbidden him to do it and the Ambassadour made Answer That he had no Orders To this the Queen rejoyn'd That it signified nothing at all and that she requested him to listen to her That the Afflictions she had sustained since her Departure out of France had inspired her with quite different Sentiments from what she had when she quitted that Kingdom That she should think her self infinitely obliged if he would acquaint the Cardinal that she conjur'd him to deliver her out of this Misery and the necessity of begging her Bread That she long'd exceedingly to be near the King not to concern her self in the least with any Affairs but to pass the Remainder of her Life in Repose and Tranquillity and employ it in serving of God and thinking how to die well That if the Cardinal cou'd not obtain leave of the King for her to return to Court he wou'd at least get permission for her to live in some part of France where His Majesty thought convenient and there to provide for her Maintenance That she wou'd turn away all such out of her Service that were either hated or suspected by him and That she was ready to do all that the King order'd and the Cardinal counsell'd her to do That this was all she desir'd him to communicate to the Cardinal because she believed that some Persons who had undertaken to do it had not acquitted themselves faithfully in this Affair The Ambassadour answer'd that he wou'd never give her the same occasion to complain of him because he would not concern himself in her Business Upon this the Queen told him that this was the Stile of all Ambassadours who nevertheless were obliged to write all that was said to them and that she wou'd not fail to expect his Answer The Queen of England afterwards gave Belliévre to understand that they had pitch'd upon this way because the King had declared that he wou'd not have any Strangers interpose to accommodate Matters between him and his Mother The Ambassadour still continued to say as before that he had no Authority to concern himself in this Affair but for all that * By a Letter dated the 25. of December writ to the Cardinal to inform him what the Queen-Mother had said to him The End of the Fifth Book THE HISTORY Of the FAMOUS Cardinal de RICHLIEV VOL. II. BOOK VI. Containing the most Remarkable Passages of his Life from the Year 1639. till his Death year 1639 THE Cardinal having received Belliévre's Letters was no more mov'd with pity towards his old Benefactress than by the other Steps she had formerly made to reconcile her self to him * Siri Mem. Rec. T. 8. p. 640. The natural Inclination that Women have to Revenge the Humour of the Queen-Mother in particular who dissembled her Indignation so much the more as she appeared to humble herself before the Minister and who if she were in France wou'd not fail to discover to the King all that he conceal'd from him and lastly the implacable Malice of the Cardinal himself who seldom quitted what had once fully possess'd him determin'd him to reject all Offers which this afflicted Princess caused to be made to him and as for the King he had not of a long while thought fit to deliberate upon any thing which he saw was not approved by this Minister Thus the Cardinal having dictated a Letter in the King's Name to Cheré his Secretary his Majesty signed it He pretended that before he had read an Extract of Belliévre's Dispatches concerning the Propositions which the Queen-Mother had made to him he had told the Council of his own proper motion that he believed there was no longer room to rely upon the fair Words of the Queen his Mother who had always been accustomed to dissemble that her unquiet Temper hinder'd her from being able to live peaceably in any place since she cou'd never bear her Prosperity when she was in France nor agree in Flanders with the Duke of Orleans after she had obliged him to leave the Kingdom to go thither no more than with the Princess to whom she had married him that it was not without some Design that she went to Holland and that she was already disgusted with England that if she was not able to content her self with the extraordinary Authority which she enjoyed before her Departure out of France much less wou'd she rest satisfied with what they cou'd give her at present and which wou'd be nothing near so great as what she formerly had that considering her aspiring Humour she wou'd be no sooner in France but she wou'd oblige the Malecontents to occasion new Disorders and that the more easily because the greatest part of them had been formerly engaged in her Interests that the Spaniards who had despised her in their own Country wou'd not fail to influence her to excite Commotions in France as soon as she was arrived there and that merely for this Consideration they desired her Return that within 7 or 8 Months she had endeavour'd to form a new Party at Sedan with the Duke of Bouillon and the Count de Soissons though she cou'd draw nothing but bare Words from them that the King of England having in vain interceded for her design'd to send her elsewhere that all these Reasons obliged him to stick firm to the Proposal he had made to the Queen his Mother that she shou'd retire to Florence where she should receive what was sufficient to maintain her according to her Quality that lastly his Conscience was satisfied and that he shou'd be justified before God and before Men since he had done all that in him lay to satisfie the Queen without exposing his Kingdom to new Broils and Troubles Upon this Answer which was wholly founded upon this Supposition That the Queen-Mother wou'd embroil the Kingdom in case she came back as if they had been certainly assur'd of it and that there was no way to hinder it but by sending her home to Florence the Queen of England touched for her Mothers Affliction writ several Letters to the King and Cardinal with her own Hand and sent them by my Lord Jermyn to confirm them by Word of Mouth The King answered these Letters by others which Chavigny composed and were corrected by the Cardinal wherein he commends the
wou'd declare for him Chavigny deny'd the matter of fact and wou'd have put a writing into Scoti's hands by which he was forbidden to come to the King's Audience till his Majesty had receiv'd satisfaction from him but the Nuncio refusing to receive it Chavigny deliver'd it to him by word of mouth After some discourse concerning a Peace to which the Nuncio accused France to have an aversion he told Chavigny that the menaces which the Cardinal de Richlieu made no longer to acknowledge the Pope in France but only as he was â—â—ad of the Church and a Spiritual Prince unless Mazarine was immediately promoted to the dignity of a Cardinal and the disgust he took because he had not obtain'd his Bulls to be Abbot General of the Cistercians were the true cause of the misunderstanding between his Holiness and the King That Cardinal Richlieu had first made use of violent ways in stopping the Pope's Curriers and hindering him Scoti to perform the functions of his Nunciature Ordinary and Extraordinary That he had assembled some Bishops at his Palace to talk of convening a National Council under pretence of Annates and other pretended Grievances that this was not the way to procure Mazarine a Cap and that as for a National Council the Prelates of France had too much zeal for the Holy See of which they had given so many public testimonies to engage in an affair of that nature The Nuncio likewise complain'd that Chavigny had order'd Father Valerio a Discalceated Carmelite to tell him nay to send word of it to Rome that the King might with Justice if he pleas'd revenge the death of Routray upon the Nuncio by sending the Mobb to insult him in his house or bastinado him in the streets but that his Majesty wou'd not make use of his power and that he expected satisfaction from Cardinal Antonio Barberin Chavigny denyed he ever said any thing like it but the Nuncio offering to send for Father Antonio he told him there was no necessity for it and began to make a Panegyric upon the Cardinal * See the Relation of this Conference on the 9th of Dec. in l. 2. of Aub. Mem. p. 409. After some other discourse they parted As the Nuncio refused to receive from Chavigny the above-mentioned order in writing which he tendred to him Berlise the Introductor of the Ambassadors accompanied by an Usher of the Privy Council was sent to give it him The Nuncio refus'd it a second time nay not only so but wou'd not hear it read and withdrew into another Chamber Berlise left it upon the Table and charg'd the Nuncio's Officers to give it him but as soon as the Introductor of Ambassadors was gone they threw it back to him into his Coach In the mean time the King forbad all the Bishops of France to have any manner of communication with Scoti and every night a Guard was placed about his house to hinder any one from going to him The Nuncio writ a complaining * Ibid. p. 414. 415. Letter to the King that he never spoke the least disrespectful word in regard of his Majesty and that he had done nothing which he was not indespensibly obliged by his character to do But the Cardinal complain'd highly of his conduct to Cardinal Bagno as being inconsiderate and too violent for he did not value it seems their threatning to Bastinado him which the Grand Seignior said Scoti durst not do at Constantinople to a Bayly of Venice The Cardinal writ likewise to the Pope to complain of him for refusing to take informatiens about the life and manners of him whom the King had nominated to the Bishoprick of Cominge altho they had been taken before a Diocesan Bishop pretending that it was to be done before the Nuncio To this he jâ—yn'd several other Grievances which some Prelates assembled several times at St. Genevieve had presented to him All this only tended to obtain more speedily for him the Bulls for his being General of the Cistercians and Praemonstratenses and he on his side granted to the Court of Rome a great part of what they demanded After having thus recounted the most remarkable passages in Italy that have a relation to our Cardinal's History we must now relate in a few words the attempts of France in the Low Countries in Languedoc and in Germany against the House of Austria Ever since the preceding year the French had a design to attack Hedin but the relief which Prince Thomas of Savoy had thrown into the place diverted that design This year they took it in hand again and the Marquis de Meilleraye had orders to open the Campaign on the side of Artois with the Siege of this place At the same time a small body of men was given to the Marquis de Feuquieres to enter into the Country of Luxemburgh and attack Thionville * Siri Mem Rec. T. 8. p. 773 Some persons are of opinion that Feuquieres received this order from the Cardinal against his will and that he was only sent thither to facilitate the taking of Hedin and do honour to the Marquis de Meilleraye Others * Aub. Vie du Gard. l. 6. c. 30. deny it and pretend that Feuquieres was left at liberty to attempt the reduction of this place or barely to oppose Picolomini However it was while * The 22. of May. Meilleraye attacqu'd Hedin the Army commanded by Feuquieres which consisted of eight thousand Foot and four thousand Horse advanced before Thionville Altho the place was strong enough yet it was so ill provided that in all appearance Feuquieres would carry it in a few days if Picolomini did not march to the relief of it He made so much haste and marched with so little noise that he * The 7th of June appear'd before the French thought he could have reach'd them so that Feuquieres could not imagine who he was when he saw his Colours As he marched between the Woods they could not judge what quarter he would attack and all that the French General could do was to put his Army in Battel in the different posts where they stood to be in a condition to march if there should be occasion All this while Feuquieres was in an extraordinary perplexity which made several Officers laugh who did not love him and call'd him the Pedant because he was fitter for Negotiation than the Military profession In the mean time Picolomini gave the first onset on that quarter which was posted on the other side the Moselle which he carried after a vigorous opposition made by the Foot for the Horse run away By this means Picolomini threw what succors he pleas'd into Thionville and then placed his Army in Battel Array between the Counterscarp of the place and the Quarter of Feuquieres without advancing further till about five a clock in the Afternoon The French General who had sent his Artillery Horses to Mets was of the opinion to stay for them to
carry him off or at least to defer the Retreat till night But the Enemy having approached a Ravelin which parted the two Armies with their Artillery began to cannonade the French who likewise advanced on their side tho for want of Horses they were not in a condition to bring up their Artillery This gave the Enemy an opportunity to pass the Ravelin notwithstanding the resistance of the French Infantry who were once more in this extremity abandon'd by the Horse Feuquieres as he perform'd all the Offices of a General received two shots from a Musquet one of which broke his arm so he was obliged to retire the distance of a Cannon shot from the place where the action was There he was taken Prisoner and conducted to Thionville where he died in a few days after partly of his wounds and partly of grief The French lost few of their Horse because they had the discretion to run away betimes but their Infantry were half kill'd upon the spot and half taken Prisoners The Mareschal de Chatillon to whom the Cardinal had given a small Army which he commanded upon the Frontiers of Champagne was blamed for not advancing to the relief of Feuquieres since he had notice of Picolomini's March 'T is reported that he was not sorry for the defeat of Feuquieres whom out of derision he called the New General because it would make the raising of the Siege of St. Omers be forgotten After this advantage Picolomini judging that the French dispirited and terrified with this overthrow would not be in a condition to oppose his designs marched directly to * The Relation of the Mareschal de Chatillon in the Mem. of Aub. T. 2. p. 312. Verdun but the Mareschal having thrown three Regiments into the place he went to attack Monzon which however he could not so speedily do but that seven or eight hundred men were put into it Nevertheless he carry'd all the Outworks of the place easily enough and had made himself Master of the Town if the Mareschal who had gathered the stragling remainders of Fenquieres's Army had not marched thither with extraordinary haste which * The 21 of June obliged Picolomini to retire to Yvoix as being not in a condition to resist an Army compos'd of 12000 Foot and 4000 Horse In the mean time the Marquis de la Meilleraye prest the Siege of Hedin with great vigour and it was fear'd that Picolomini would pass the Meuse to joyn the Cardinal Infanta in order to make him raise it Upon this consideration the Mareschal was ordered to follow him and observe his motions But the place was forced to surrender on the 29th of June for fear lest the Enemy should enter it through the Breach The King who was then at Abbeville to come and behold the Siege made his entry into the Town through it and the same day bestow'd a Mareschals Staff upon the Marquis de la Melleraye About a month after the Mareschal de Chatillon * On the 2d of Aug. Sâ—e the Capitulation in the Mem. of Aâ—bâ—ri T. 2. p. 337. retook Yvoix and order'd the Fortifications to be razed to the ground After this no considerable Action happen'd on the side of the Low Countries During the same Campaign the * Siri Mâ—m Râ—c T. 8. p. 7â—â— Prince of Conde entred into Rousillon and besieged the Fort of Salâ—â—s which is not far from Leucate and altho Don Mâ—châ—l Lorâ—nza Bravo defended it with a great deal of vigour yet he oblig'd it to capitulate on the 19th of July He took Cannot some time after and then withdrew to Narbonne leaving the charge of the Army to the Mareschal de Schomberg In the mean time the Spanish Forces advanced under the command of the Marquis de Spinola and came to re-besiâ—â—â— â—â—deâ—â— on the 20th of September Not to lâ—se time he order'd a general assault to be made upon the Outworks and carried them but with the less of abundance of his men This made him not so violently attack the body of the place and D' Espenan who commanded in chief there made frequent Sallies to beat him off While things were in this posture on both sides the Prince of Conde summoned the Arriere-ban and gathered as many Troops as he could find with all imaginable speed to preserve this new Conquest and force the Spaniards to raise the Siege He marched on the 22d of October and caused the Spanish Lines to be observed by the Mareschal de Schomberg and the Duke de St. Simon who advanced in a Boat towards that side upon the Lake of Leucate and discover'd there were great spaces void by which they judged entire Squadrons and Batallions might enter in a front This confirm'd the Prince in his design to attack the Spaniards and the better to surprize them he pass'd his Army over the Mountains instead of marching along by the Sea side On the 24th he arrived in sight of the Enemys Camp with twenty two thousand Foot the greatest part of whom were the Country Militia and four thousand Horse besides two thousand Volunteers The Spaniards were in a great consternation when they saw from afar so powerful an Army marching towards them through ways which were always held to be impracticable and if the Prince had fallen upon them at that instant in all probability they had been destroyed But he was of opinion to defer the Onset till next morning thinking the Spaniards durst not stay to expect him but about midnight there arose so prodigious a tempest of wind rain and thunder that the Army extremely incommoded by this unfavourable night deserted in great numbers as soon as day-light appear'd They that tarried were obliged to draw back because the space between them and the Enemyâ—s Camp was by the rain converted into a perfect Lake and the Prince of Conde who was but indifferently beloved by the Troops and the Militia could not oblige them to come back again The Spaniards also â—â—â—ainâ—d no small detriment by it however this did not constrain them to discontinue their Attacks but they compleated their Lines Nevertheless the Prince who had still fourteen thousand men with him * The 31 of Oct. resolved to attack them but he was repulsed after he had lost three thousand of his men and left as many prisoners to the Enemy Salces was obliged to surrender to the Spaniard which ill news extremely discomposed the Cardinal who had been accused more than once for his ill choice of Generals The Sieges of Dole and Fontarabia came afresh into mens memories and 't was believed now more than ever that the Duke de la Valette was innocent Thus it cannot be said that this Campaign was fortunate to the French altho they took a few places in the Low Countries * Siri Mem. Rec. T. 8. p. 763. The Duke of Weymar made war against the Imperialists rather for himself than France altho she reaped this advantage by his Conquests that the Troops which
the Capitulation as far as Doway but not being able to compass it in one day they pass'd the night at Ecluse and pursued their way the next morning It was thought sufficient to give them a Trumpet to accompany them but happening to meet with St. Preuil the Governor of Arras altho the Trumpet acquainted him with the matter * Pontis relates this matter otherwise in his Mem. s 2. p. 190 c. he fell upon them kill'd part of their men and pillag'd the whole Baggage The King being inform'd of this action lest the world should impute it to the perfidiousness of the Generals ordered him to be apprehended in consequence of which having been accused of several other things he was beheaded at Amiens In the mean time the Cardinal Infanta falling sick in the Campt at Aire caused himself to be carried to Brussels to recover his health there but his Indisposition increasing he died there on the 9th of November It was believ'd in France that his death would cause the Siege of Aire to be rais'd but D. Francisco de Melo who had the management of it continued it with great resolution so that at last after they had consumed all their Provisions and eaten every thing from whence they could draw the least nourishment the place surrendred on the 7th of December Thus the Campaign concluded in the Low Countries in which the Spaniards lost three places to regain one at an extraordinary expence However the French Generals were blamed for taking so little care to preserve this Conquest which had cost them so much blood and which they saw retaken before their eyes without finding a way to hinder it The Spaniards did not * Siri Mer. T. 1. l. 1. p. 11. Mem. Rec. T. 8. p. 825. maintain the War with the same vigor in Catalonia altho they could have done it with much more ease provided they had given as good orders in that Principality as in the Low Countries Instead of offering an Act of Oblivion to the Catalonians immediately after the retreat of the French that so a despair to obtain a pardon for their insurrection might not carry them to make a more obstinate defence the Marquis de los Velez mark'd the Men and Women with a hot Iron and this Cruelty engaged the people to support their Rebellion with all their force Those of Barcelona worked night and day upon their Fortifications to put that place in a condition of defending it self and no persons were exempted from so necessary a duty In the mean time Serignan Mareschal de Camp who had tarried in Rousillon with his Regiment of Infantry and three Companies of Horse enter'd Catalonia with these Forces and did not a little contribute to repress the first heat of the Spanish Army and to teach the Catalonians who were unexperienced in War after what manner they might defend themselves Serignan enter'd into Barcelona and conducted some of the Catalonian Troops thither altho he was pursued by the Spanish Cavalry The Marquis de loz Velez being within a few leagues of this City dispatched a Trumpeter to them with Letters to the Deputation of Catalonia The Viceroy promis'd to employ all his interest with the King to procure them a full Indemnity for their Insurrection upon condition they would disengage themselves from France and on the other hand he threatned them with very rigorous punishments if they persisted longer in their obstinacy The Catalonians after they had amus'd the Trumpet as long as they could in order to gain the more time made answer that the Privileges of the Cataloniaus did not permit them to treat with any one whoever he was that came in arms into their Country On the 26th of January the Spanish Army advanced to attack Montjui which is within half a league of Barcelona but the French and Catalonian Cavalry to the number of five hundred marched out of the City to observe the Countenance of the Enemy The Spaniards perceiving it privately retired into a Wood of Olive Trees to cut off these Horse and at the same time attack'd them in the Front to amuse them Bezancon and Serignan easily sustain'd the shock of the latter but soon after the Duke de St. George at the head of the others came out from behind the Wood and marched towards them Altho the Cannon of the City began to incommode them yet they still advanced forward even within Musquet shot and bravely attack'd the French Cavalry with Swords in their hands but the Duke being mortally wounded and several Officers of Note killed those that followed him were obliged to retreat leaving a hundred and fifty dead upon the spot and a great number of wounded The French and Catalonians lost in this encounter about a hundred men Montjui stands upon a Hill on the top of which is a small Plain where there was a Light-house but Bezancon at the desire of the Inhabitants of Barcelona had built a small Fort there encompassed with a Wall of dry Stones where he lodged sixty French Musqueteers This Hill being accessible on every side except by the Sea the Spanish Army began soon after to mount it and the Forlorn Hope easily gain'd the advance Posts which the Catalonians were ordered to keep who fled almost assoon as the Enemy appear'd But being now come to the top where they imagin'd to find no resistance they were surprized to see themselves assail'd by a discharge of Musquet shot and a shower of Stones which obliged them to descend to cover themselves from this storm till the body of the Army came up In the mean time five hunered Musqueteers came from Barcelona by Sea and the Catlaonians who had saved themselves behind the Fort imagin'd that the Spaniards run away from these succors and three thousand Musqueteers whom Bezancon and Serignan conducted by Land so that taking courage they went to charge the Forlorn Hope and beat them back upon their first line which they puc into disorder Upon this Bezancon falling in with a thousand Musqueeters broke it and altho the second line supported them yet they could not recover themselves And now the rest of his men arriving from Barcelona and being followed by abundance 〈◊〉 people who had beheld this happy beginning fear possessed the Spaniards and they retir'd without noise asson as night came towards Martorel The Catalonians gave no quarter to the wounded that could not follow the precipitate march of their Army and with those that were kill'd in the Skirmish there were two thousand dead in the Field of Batted About this time D. John King of Portugal acquainted the Catalonians with his Elevation to the Throne by the Bishop of Lamego who was going to Rome which news mightily animated them The next day after the Fight all the Courts being assembled the Catalonians resolv'd to submit themselves to the King of France provided he would pâ—eserve their Rights and Privileges This they passed into an Act which Bezancon dispatched to
Breze to go thither to command in quality of Viceroy and to swear at Bâ—â—celâ—na in his Majesty's name to preserve the priviledges of the Catalonians He was already arriv'd at â—ousillon when he received orders to block up Peâ—â—â—â—â— â—o hinder any relief or Ammunition from coming into it because the King proposed to attack this place the following Campaign He seized upon alâ—â—â—â— passes and made retrenchments where he saw convenient however he could not hinder the Spaniardâ— â—â—om forcing the passage of the mountains the 2 â—iâ— of December so that he was reduced to defend himself against the insults of the Spaniards by posting his menâ—â— Angeles What most of all favour'd the French on this side was the happy success that attended the insurrection of the Porâ—â—â—â—â—ses who not only bear the Castiliaâ—â— out of their own Country but made frequent excursions in the neighbourhood with mighty advantage Castilâ— not â—eing prepared to oppose them and several Grandees as the Duke de Medina Sedonia being discoâ—â—enred at the Government and favouring the Porâ—â—gueses under-hand Their King Don John was own'd by France and all the Enemies of Spâ—ia who encoutaged him to keep the Crown on his head which he had sâ— lately gain'd The particulars of this Revolution having no relation to the life of our Câ—â—â—â—â—â— I shall therefore omit them In Gâ—â—many sâ—â—deer the Swedish General and the Count de Gâ—â—brian performed no considerable enterprize and as the * On the to oâ— â—â—aâ— â—e Pusenderâ— lib. 13. former happened to dye Leonard Toâ—â—erson took his place The Princes of Italy had new for a long â—â—ne been only spectators of what passed in Piedâ—â—ont and might have continued stâ—ll in the same tranquillity if the Barberini had not made an atâ—cropt upon the Dutchy of Castro and some other 〈◊〉 beâ—â—nging to the Duke of Parma near Rome * See Siri Merc. T. 1. lib. 3. at the beginning â—â—â—der a pretence of I know not what Rights which 't is not necessary here to set down the Papal Army entered this Dutchy in September and in October forced Castro to capitulate and on the 13th of that Month took possession of it The Duke of Parma complained of this hard usage to all the Princes of Italy but especially to the Republic of Venice and to the great Duke of Tuscany who promised to act in his behalf but had done much better if they had hindered the Barberini from stripping him of part of his territory by sending sufficient forces to this Prince when he first demanded them since 't is infinitely easier to prevent a mischief of this nature than to apply Remedies to it when 't is once done The best support which the Duke of Savoy found upon this occasion was the Mareschal d' Estrees a great Enemy to the Barberini who being recalled from his embassy at Rome stopt at Parma and offered his service to the Duke as we shall â—ind in the series of this History And this he did not engage in without the consent of the Cardinal-Duke who was no better affected to the House of Vrban VIII than the Mareschal The Marquis de Fonteny succeeded the latter in this embassy at Rome and as he had as much Plegm in his constitution as the Mareschal had Fire it was hoped that he might be able to act with more success in a Court where their negotiations are very long and require a world of patience After the Duke of Parma had received this hard Treatment the Pope fulminated an Admonition against him by which he ordered him to appear at Rome under pain of Excommunication The King of France and all Italy interceded for the Duke but the Barberini were not men to be wrought upon by perswasions so when any foreign Prince came to interpose in this affair they only paid him with fair promises In the mean time Don Thaddeo Barberini whom the Pope who doated upon his Nephews thought to be a mighty Captain made great levies of men which he sent into Lombardy and caused Forts to be built in several places of Polozin for the preservation of his new Conquests The Duke of Parma raised forces on his side to oppose one power by another and at the same time published a * See this Affair in Siri Merc T. 1. lib. 3. p. 379. â—â—re Manifesto wherein he shewed the injustice the Barberini had done him and the latter were not backward to return an answer to it To return now to the Affairs of the Cardinal The Queen Mother who had resided for some time at London was obliged to depart out of England at the private instances he made to King Charles the First This Prince being unluckily embroil'd with his own people was not in a condition to refuse any thing to Lewis XIII lest he should foment these disorders more than he had already done so that he gave his Mother-in-law to understand that she would extremely oblige him if she would leave England She desir'd to return into the Low Countries but whatever sollicitations his Majesty of Great Britain could make in her behalf the Spaniards who were dissatisfied with her former conduct would not so much as give her leave to pass through their Country Nor durst the States of the Vnited Provinces fuller her to tarry in theirs for fear of offending the Cardinal So that she was forced to go to Colon where she lived in extreme indigence till her death The Cardinal who was pleased at these mortifications which this unhappy Princess received was not sorry to see her intirely abandon'd by her Daughters and her Sons-in law Towards the end of this year he had the pleasure to understand that the Pope had made a * The 6 of December promotion of a dozen Cardinals among whom was his dear Friend and Confident Julius Mazarine for whom France had demanded a Cap. In the course of this very year wherein so many things as we have already seen contributed to strengthen and support the fortune of this Minister the new Conspiracy of the Count de Soissons against him which at first seemed powerful enough to overturn it ended as advantageously for him as he could have wished since he was delivered from one of the most formidable enemies he had 'T is what I am now going to relate in order to conclude with it the History of the Occurrences of the Year 1641. I have elsewhere observ'd that the Cardinal would have * See Siri Merc T. 1. l. 2. p 34â— c. married his Neice de Combalet to the Count de Soissons and that this Prince refused an Alliance so much below him The Minister did not drop his pretensions for all that but flatter'd himself that by ill using and disregarding the Count he should at last break his haughty Spirit As he believed that the King would never have any Children he imagined that the Heirs of the Count and his Neice might one day sit upon the Throne And he thought that by pretending
suspected of High Treason in order to turn them out of their places which he either took into his own hands or conferr'd upon those that promised to maintain him in his Tyranny That he had ruin'd the best Families in the Kingdom to raise his own and had reduced several good Houses to misery to inrich persons of no merit birth and fortune That he drained France of its Money to send it in specie to foreign Countries and fill'd the Kingdom with Money of a base allay That he had bought at too excessive rates both of the Swedes and others places which he was not able to keep as Philipsburg or must when a Peace comes surrender without reimbursement as Brisac and others That he had indiscreetly squander'd away the Finances in Italy to acquire himself friends whom he afterwards ruin'd and thus render'd the protection which his Majesty had given to the Dukes of Mantua Parma and Savoy contemptible and of no effect That he had made some attempts in Spain which only tended to the dishonour of France and gain'd some Conquests in the Low Countries which were a charge to the State and only proper to render the War everlasting That he had burthen'd the Kingdom with an infinite number of Officers and dryed up the ordinary sources of the Finances by selling or engaging the Demeans and Aids to so high a price that a man could not make up his Money again without committing a great deal of injustice That he had forced several Orders to elect him for their General as the Cistercians the Clarevallenses and the Praemonstratenses by imprisoning abundance of the Religious who would not give him their Votes That as for the other Orders he had engag'd them by a thousand artifices to elect Vicar Generals in France that they might have no more communication with Rome and that he might make himself Head of the Gallican Church for Spirituals as well as Temporals That the King had no Allies that could assist him as being all a charge to his Majesty and only able to make feeble diversions at the expence of France That those whom the Cardinal thought capable to oppose his arbritary proceeding had been delivered into the hands of the Executioner after they had been condemned by wicked corrupt Commissioners of his own nomination or rotted in Prison or were banish'd the Court That he with inhuman ingratitude had turn'd out the Queen Mother and treated all the Princes and Noblemen of the Kingdom in a most arrogant manner That he had violated or annihilated all the Laws and all the Ordinances of the Kingdom under the specious pretence of the absolute will and authority of the King That he had robbed the Provinces and communities of their ancient Franchises and vacated the contracts they had made with former Kings That he had grosly abused the Princes Dukes Peers Mareschals of France and other Officers of the Crown That he had caused several innocent Noblemen to be Condemned by Commissioners dependant upon himself and imprison'd them without any form of process That some Bishops had been judg'd contrary to the known Laws of the Land other Ecclesiasties depriv'd of their Benefices and all of them obliged besides the ordinary tenths to pay prodigious sums and more than one third of their revenue to maintain a company of Pyrates at Sea that were commanded by an Archbishop and by Land an Army of sacrilegious Ruffians that pillag'd Churches and were set on by a Cardinal That he had treated in a most extreme ill manner the two Archbishops Presidents of the last Assembly of the Clergy for representing to him the miserable condition of the Ecclesiastics of France who had given five millions and a half above the ordinary Tenths That several Noblemen had been severely fined forced to the Arriere-ban and deprived of their employments meerly because they were not of his Faction That the Presidents and Counsellors of the Soveraign Courts had been suspended turn'd out and imprison'd when they spoke for the real advantage of the King and People or opposed his innovations which tended to the disgrace and ruin of the Kingdom That several Officers of Justice and the Finances had been undone by researches and new regulations That the City of Paris after all the extraordinary Aids they had given his Majesty had been severely taxed like other Towns and that its Burghers had been taxed at discretion under the pretty name of Benevolences That all the rest that had been exempt from such burthens were to pay so long as Cardinal Richlieu continued in the Ministry That great imposts were laid upon merchandise and that they levied the twentieth penny upon the most necessary things belonging to humane life That the Country was desolated by Soldiers and the keepers of Salt which reduced the poor Peasants to the â—â—od and hard lâ—dgings of Bâ—asts or forced them to dye of Famine or to take Arms or to â—â—g that agriculture was stopt which infinitely incommoded in Ecclesiastics the Nobility and the Burghers These were the complaints brought against Cardinal Richlieu the greatest part of which were without question very wâ—ll grounded The mischief was that the world believâ—d that if thâ—se who â—â—â—surâ—d his conduct with so much reâ—son had been to take his place they would have 〈◊〉 the same violâ—â—ces and yet had 〈…〉 capable to carry it oft with a quarter of that â—â—od management which the â—â—â—dinal discoverâ—d Lest these discountâ—â—â—d Princes and Loâ—ds should be branded for being 〈◊〉 to thâ—e 〈◊〉 they said that they had 〈…〉 that the Emperour and King of Spain should lay down their Arms along with them so soon as they could coâ—oâ—ntly obâ—â—ing sure and honour 〈…〉 they believed 〈…〉 had power to break it as he had 〈…〉 of Ratisbone and 〈…〉 every one 〈…〉 joy what of right 〈…〉 to him 〈…〉 up Arms with no other 〈…〉 peace which the Cardinal 〈…〉 to deâ—iâ—e but did not so in 〈…〉 natural they should defend themselves 〈…〉 as they were able against the violent and 〈…〉 proceedings of the Minisâ—â—â— In 〈…〉 the three Eâ—tates of the Kingdom to 〈…〉 satisfaction for 〈…〉 had done them 〈…〉 such as 〈…〉 The Paâ—◠〈…〉 the Mareschal de Chatillon enter'd into the Principality of Sedan before the Enemies were in a condition to take the Field without doing any thing remarkable there But Lamboi having joyn'd these Princes at the beginning of July they marched together on the 5th of that month with eight thousand Foot and two thousand Horse to fight the Mareschal who had a thousand Horse and a thousand Foot more than they had * Siri Mer. T. 1. l. 2. p. 418. The Relation of the Battel of Sedan in the Mem. of Montresor p. 398. The Mareschal had positive Orders not to hazard a Battel and he only propos'd to himself to hinder them from passing the Meuse and entering the Kingdom according to the instructions he had received But the Enemies having passed the River within a quarter of a
it to you but in whatever condition I am be assured that I am entirely yours The 6th of June 1642. The irresolute proceedings of D. Francisco de Mello deliver'd the Mareschal out of his apprehensions and this blow which rightly manag'd might have destroy'd the Cardinal himself did not shake his authority in the least At last the designs of the * Siri Mer. T. 2. l. 2. p. 880. Master of the Horse of which I shall speak immediately being discover'd and the Duke of Bouillon apprehended the Spaniards imagin'd that if they advanced towards Sedan the Dutchesses of Bouillon Mother and Wife to the Duke who was now a Prisoner would to revenge his quarrel open the Gates of this important place to them or at least grant them a free passage into Champagne But the Dutchesses considering that the Dukes life depended upon their good conduct absolutely refus'd it so that he retir'd to Mons where General Bec lay In the mean * In the month of August time D. Andre Cantelmo made an irruption with six thousand Foot and twelve hundred Horse into the Bolonnois where he seiz'd upon several Forts and important Posts between the Cities of Graveline Calais and Ardres But the Count d' Harcourt having immediately sent the Marquis de Seneterre with two thousand Foot and six hundred Horse he follow'd soon after himself and so they presently put a stop to the progress of Cantelmo The Count regain'd in the space of four and twenty hours and that with the greatest ease imaginable all that Cantelmo had been gaining with difficulty in six days The Country suffer'd exceedingly by this invasion of the Spamards however they did not divert the forces that were employ'd against them in Rousillon and Catalonia and attempted nothing more considerable in the Low Countries for the rest of the year Thus the ill conduct of the Count-Duke and of the other Ministers of Spain made that Crown lose the best opportunity they could have desired to humble France by carrying the War into the heart of the Kingdom as the French endeavour'd to do in relation to Spain One may remark upon this occasion as upon several more that the great incapacity of the Count-Duke made the conduct of the Cardinal-Duke to be so much admired which had frequently appear'd but very indifferent had he been to deal with people that had been Masters but of common prudence and discretion To come now to the affairs of Rousillon and Catalonia ever since the beginning of this year it had been resolved to undertake the Conquest of Rousillon which was absolutely necessary either to cover the Frontiers of France on that side or to support the Rebellion of the Catalonians to whom it would be a difficult matter to send relief if they were not in possession of Rousillon Besides France pretended to have a right to that Country which is the reason why she has not surrendred it since Over and above * Siri Mer. T. 2. l. 2. p. 566. these reasons of State the Cardinal who perceiv'd that the King was grown somewhat cold towards him was willing to engage him in some considerable enterprize which as long as it lay upon his hands he should not be in a condition to part with him This Prince who had began to fall into a languishing distemper of which he died some * The 14 of May 1643. months after the Cardinal was unwilling at first to make this Voyage as contrary to his health The Chief Physician was of the same opinion and the Master of the Horse seconded him in private before the King But the Cardinal so order'd matters that the Chief Physician soon after chang'd his discourse and his Majesty resolv'd to go thither It seems the Cardinal only design'd that the King should go to Languedoc * See the Kings Letter to the Chancellor in Aubery's Mem. T. 2. p. 842. without coming in person to the Siege of Perpignan at least he testified as much afterwards This resolution being taken the King order'd twenty two thousand effective men of the best Troops in the Kingdom to march on the side of Narbonne and these were to be joyn'd by the other forces that were already in Languedoc and Dauphine besides abundance of Volunteers In the mean time the Mareschal de Breze Vice-roy of Catalonia and La Mothe Houdancourt had orders to observe the Spaniards upon the Frontiers of Arragon to hinder them from sending any relief into Rousillon through Catalonia Before the King parted for Languedoc all possible care was taken for the security of the other Frontiers of the Kingdom during his Majesty's absence Orders were given to the Count de Guebriant who still commanded the remainder of the Duke of Weymar's Army not to stir from the Rhine near which he was posted in the Electorate of Colen lest the Armies of the House of Austria should attempt any thing against France on that side The P. of Orange sent him one party of his Horse at the earnest instances of the Cardinal who threaten'd the States to take away the Regiments from them which the King entertain'd in their Army if they would not assist the Count in this occasion where the Spaniards had sent fourscore Troops of Horse to act upon the Rhine Care was also taken to send three thousand men to Count d' Erlach in Alsatia for the defence of those places which he there held for France Du Hallier commanded in Lorrain and the Count de Grancey in Burgundy The Duke of Bouillon was to go and joyn the Army in Italy to command it with the Duke of Longueville and provision was made for Picardy Artois and Champagne as I have already observ'd All things being disposed after this manner the Cardinal advised the King to carry the Queen and Duke of Orleans along with him lest there should be any caballing against his Ministry in his absence He was of opinion too that the Children of France should be left at Bois de Vincennes under a good Guard where they could run no manner of danger These strange counsels which suppos'd that the State was in danger unless the persons that were most concern'd in its preservation were under the eyes or guard of the Minister gave his enemies an occasion to say that he endeavour'd to destroy the King and make himself Regent of the Kingdom Perhaps he had no such design in his head but his austere and haughty way of treating the most eminent persons at Court did every day increase the number of his Enemies and made them say some things which otherwise they had never spoken The Queen broke this design which the King had form'd to carry her with him by telling him all in tears that she could never endure to be separated from her Children and as it was not thought advisable to expose them to so tedious a Journey the King gave her leave to stay with him at St. Germains The Prince of Conde was left at Paris
blockade of Perpigaan and Salse marched afterwards into Catalonia to reinforce that of the Mareschal de la Mothe who put himself in readiness to oppose the Spanish forces which were now upon the confine and hoped to repair the loss of Rousillon by for considerable advantage Lerida was particular threatned and while Laganez marched thither on one side the Marquis de Torrecuse an Italian advanced on the other so that the Mareschal that followed the latter was not able to recard his march He was opinion to attack the place immediately without staying for the coming up of Leganez but the Spaniards that commanded under him opposed this motion This so mightily provoked him that he threw up his Command to the Marques d' Amposte who was one of them that had contradicted it the most This Spaniard that had not conduct enough to make his best advantage of the present conjuncture quitâ—â—d the post where he was for fear lest the French should cut off his provisions and so led his Troops to joyn Leganez The latter instead of following the advice of Torracuse who was insmiâ—ly more capable to command than himself constrained him to leave the Camâ— and go to meet the King at Saragossa nay he publickly own'd that tho he could conquer France if he follow'd the counsâ—l of this Italian yet he would refuse to do it The Spanish Army consisted of seventeen thousand Foot fifteen hundred Dragoons and six thousand Horse and had forty pieces of Cannon Almost all the Robility of Spain was there and particularly a great number of persons that had formerly served in the Armies belonging to that Crown so that they had reason to promise themselves good success The Army of the Mareschal de la Mothe consisted of no more than about eight thousand Foot and four thousand Horse but the experience of the General made amends for the small number of his Troops There was also this difference between the Spanish forces and those of France that the latter intirely relyed upon their General whereas a great part of the Spanish Army lost their courage when they saw the Marquis de Torrecuse leave them who was generally esteemed by all those that knew him The Armies being in this condition Leganez thought it his best way to attack La Mathe and marched towards him in order of Battel on the first of October On the seventh the Armes came in sight of one another and the French being sensible of the great inequality of their Troops endeavour'd to get the advantage of the ground by posting themselves upon imminent places where they had placed their Cannon so that there was no coming to them without sustaining the whole shock of their great Guns In the mean time the Spaniards advanced with extraordinary bravery and having given a vigorous onset immediately disordered the Cavalry of the Right Wing and put them to flight but they were beaten back on the Left where the Mareschal commanded in person The French Horse on the Right Wing abandon'd three pieces of Cannon to the Spaniards and Laganez fearing to lose them again gave orders to his men to carry them off from the place to joyn the Spanish Artillery In this interval his Van-guard which had gained them instead of continuing to charge the French stopt short till the three pieces of Cannon were carried off so that the Mareschal had time to rally his Cavalry and lead them on again to the Charge In a short time they return'd the like to the Spaniards and pursued them in disorder towards the body of their Army which they put into confusion The inequality of the Troops and the coming on of the night hindred the Mareschal from making his advantage of it and having sounded a retreat he retired to his Camp but being soon after informed that the Spaniards had withdrawn he came back to the Field of Battle where he passed the night to let the Enemy see that the advantage of the day belonged to him Leganez on his side writ to the Court that he had obtain'd a signal Victory over the French and that he had taken their Cannon However the loss was in a manner equal and it was computed that about five hundred men fell on both sides but the small number of the French rendred their advantages the more considerable besides that they had done what they at first proposed since by this means they hinderd the Spaniards from forming the siege of Lerida The Court of Spain made great rejoycing for this pretended Victory and 't is an ancient custom in that Country to feed the people with Chimerical News by dissembling or extenuating their losses and representing their Victories to be infinitely greater than in reality they are The Spaniards who seldom travel out of their own Country and scarce keep any correspondence with Forreigners cannot inform themselves of the truth but by Officers of their own Nation who serve in the King's Armies and as they are not unacquainted with the Maxims of the Court take care not to publish their losses Thus it is generally believed in Spain that the King's Forces are victorious in all places and that the remote Provinces in his possession still continue intire till the Treaties of Peace make them discover the contrary After all the particulars arrive to the knowledge but of a few persons and the Commonalty are still lulled asleep in their ancient errors Leganez ended the Campaign by the taking of some small Castles in the neighbourhood of Amposte and took so little care of provisions that his Army was obliged for the space of three days to feed up â—n Asses Flesh and mouldy Bisket which occasioned a great sickness among the men and forced them all to disperse in November This secured the French in the possession of Catalonia and encouraged the Catalonians in their Rebellion At last the King's Eyes were opened and he perceived that they had imposed upon him when they excused the conduct of Leganez The management of this Campaign sufficiently perswaded him that the complaints which the Italians had made against him so long ago were but too true The Artifices of the Count-Duke who began to sink very much in his credit with the King availed nothing So Leganez was deposed from his place of being General sent at first to Prison and afterwards as it were banished to his House in Madrid being forbid to stir out of it as well as to receive any visits Don Philip de Silva who had served a long while in the Armies of Spain without obtaining any honour there was put into his place after he had been disgraced for not relieving of Arras All Europe was surprized at so strange a choice but the scarcity of persons sir to command was 〈◊〉 that juncture so great in this Country that they â—â—â—â—d not tell upon whom to pitch While France obtained these advantages ever the Spaniards the House of Austria was full as unsuâ—â—â—ful in Germany * See the 14
to the House of Austria and on the other very much inclined to a Peace To satisfie these two inclinations he promis'd to humble that Crown so effectually that this should produce a lasting and secure Peace to France The King altho of a soft and peaceable disposition yet he was no enemy to what might obtain him a reputation in the world provided the undertaking would not give him too much trouble and the Cardinal took care to propose such projects to him as were proper to make a noise and engaged for the success of them Thus he made himself Master of the King's mind and did what he pleased under his name For his own glory he voluntarily engaged in mighty designs and as he was fortunate enough in his Wars so he lost no opportunity to make new Conquests and employ'd all sort of artifiees to accomplish them He laid the foundation of an Universal Monarchy and did not despair of compleating it by the ruin of Spain to which he gave two dangerous blows by supporting the Rebellion of the Catalonians and Portugueses To facilitate the execution of these vast projects it was necessary before all things to secure France from the invasions of her Neighbours and to put her in a condition to pour down her Forces where-ever she should see convenient This he began to perform with a great deal of success Paris lying too near the Frontiers of the Low Countries and having been terrified more than once by the incursions of the Enemy ever since the time of John de Worth the Cardinal endeavour'd to enlarge the Frontiers of the Kingdom on that side which he did by the Conquest of Artois and which he had continued by the reduction of several places which would have served as a Rampart to France if he had lived He colour'd these designs with a pretence of recovering what had formerly belonged to the Crown The same reason made him undertake the Conquest of Rousillon which if once in her hands would secure France on the side of the Pyrenees For the same consideration likewise he advised the King to get some place or other upon the Rhine whatever it cost him and this made France after the Death of the Duke of Weymar seize Brisac with that greediness And it was for this prospect also that the King could never be brought to surrender Pignerol that so he might be in a condition to act in Italy whenever he pleased for at that time he only made War there for the Reputation of his Crown and for the Support of his Sister and his Nephew against the Spaniards After he had employ'd Bellievre in vain to engage the Princes of Italy in a League against Spain he no longer thought of making any Conquests there for it was his opinion that such an enterprize could not succeed without the assistance of at least one half of those powers between whom Italy is divided A midst these projects relating to the Grandeur of the Crown and to satisfye his own Ambition he took care to provide himself a secure retreat in case any misfortune should oblige him to retire For this end he always kept a considerable summ at Havre de Grace to serve him in time of necessity nay he had purchased a Soveraignty upon the Meuse by buying Chateau-Renaud in the King's name and making himself Master of Charleville He likewise caused a Royal Fort to be built at some distance from Sedan upon a Mountain with a design to make himself Master of that City when time should serve and not incorporate it to the Crown For this reason he forbore to attack it with all the Forces of the Kingdom in the beginning of the troubles raised by the Duke of Bouillon as otherwise he might have done His design being to buy it for himself so soon as he found a favourable opportunity Setting this aside 't is certain that he made the King absolute Master of his dominions by changing the Governments which generally lasted for life before that so the respective Governours might not come to be too powerful and by punishing Rebellions severely whereas the method formerly was to grant the Malecontents some rewards in order to oblige them to lay down their arms Under his Ministry he made no Treaty by which any more was granted to those that had raised any commotions than a bare impunity but he never permitted them to have the least share in public affairs afterwards By a strong a steady and equal conduct he knew how to make the best advantage of all the occurrences of that time and turn'd the greatest tempests into calms where he peaceably enjoy'd the frâ—its of his labours In short after he had triumphed over his own private Enemies as well as those of the State he died in the highest pitch of glory and in an extraordinary esteem with his own Prince An INDEX of the principal matters contain'd in the Life of Cardinal Richlieu a. denotes the First Tome b. the Second A. DAglie Count Philip of offends the Cardinal b. 234. Put into Prison b. 274. Aire besieged and taken by the Marquis de la Meilleraye b. 293 c. Besieged afresh and retaken by the Spaniards Ib. 294 296. Albert. See Luines D'Aligre Chancellor loses the Seals a. 182. Almenas surprized by the Spaniards and regain'd by the French b. 305. Anire Mareschal his great favour under the Regence of Marie de Medicis a. 5. His House pillaged at Paris a. 13. His faults and his death a. 15. S. Andre Montbrun defends Privas in vain a. 313. S. Ange Baron of banish'd from Court b. 251. Angouleme A Treaty concluded with Marie de Medicis in that City a. 23. Angouleme the Duke of betrays Father Caussin b. 198. Ann of Austria ill used by the King her husband a. 192. Forced to take a tedious Journey with the Cardinal against her will b. 47. Coursely treated by the Cardinal b. 215. Ib. 251 c. Argeles taken by the French b. 302. Arragon Don Pedro of beaten and taken Prisoner by the Mareschal de la Mothe b. 334 c. Arras besieged and taken by the French b. 256 and 258. Astrology Judicial how those that are besotted with it use to defend it a. 292. Aubeterre Count of made Mareschal of France a. 50. Avein a Battel gain'd by the French near that place b. 148. B. BAgni Nicholas Guy Marquis of his Cowardice in the defence of the Valteline a. 98. Banier John the Swedish General reduced to extremity b. 141. Gains a victory ibid. Dies 306. Bapaume taken by the French b. 296. Bar the Dutchy of confiscated to the Crown of France b. 66. Baradas a Favourite of the King disgraced a. 195. Barberin Francis the Cardinal his Embassy into France a. 133 c. Ibid. 147 149. He retires Ibid. 151. He goes Legate into Spain ibid. 156 172. Barberines the violences they committed against the Duke of Parma to spoil him of Castro b. 306 c. Their Army runs away b. 364. They