which they hide a Mile asunder when the Indians hunt him which is commonly in Winter they run him down sometimes in half a day otherwhile a whole day but never give over till he is tired the Snow being usually four Foot deep and the Beast very heavy he sinks every stâ—p and as he runs breaks down the Trees in his way with his Horns as big as a Mans Thigh at last they get up and pierce him with their Lances upon which the poor Creature groans and walks on heavily till at length he sinks and falls like a ruined Building making the Earth shake becoming a Sacrifice to the Victors who cut him up and making a Fire near the place they there Boil and eat their Venison fetching their drink from the next Spring being unacquainted with any other till the French and English taught them the use of that cursed Liquor called Rum Rumbullion or Kill-devil stronger than Spirit of Wine drawn from the dross of Sugar and Sugar Canes which they love dearer than their lives wherewith if they had it they would be perpetually drunk though it hath killed many of them especially old Women Their Wars are with their Neighbouring Tribes but the Mowhawks especially who are Enemies to all other Indians their Weapons were Bows and Arrows but of late he is a poor Indian that is not Master of two Guns which they purchase of the French with Powder and Shot the Victors Flea the Skin off the Skull of the Principal slain Enemies which they carry away in Triumph their Prisoners they bring home the old Men and Women they knock on the Head the young Women they keep and the Men of War they Torture to death as the Eastern Indians did two Mowhawks whilst I was there they bind him to a Tree and make a great Fire before him then with sharp Knives they cut off his Fingers and Toes then clap upon them hot Embers to sear the Veins thus they cut him to pieces joint after joint still applying Fire for stanching the Blood making the poor Wretch Sing all the while when Armes and Legs are gone they Flea the Skin off their Heads and presently apply thereto a Cap of burning Coals then they open his Breast and take out his Heart which while it is yet living in a manner they give to their old Squa's or Women who are every one to have a bit of it These Barbarous Customs they used more frequently before the English came but since there are endeavours to Convert them to Christianity by Mr. Eliot and his Son who Preach to them in their own Language into which they have likewise Translated the Bible these go Clothed like the English live in framed Houses have Stocks of Corn and Cattel about them which when Fat they bring to Market some of their Sons have been brought up Schollers in Harward Colledge New-England is seated in the midst of the Temperate Zone yet is the Clime more uncertain as to heat and cold than those European Kingdoms which are in the same Latitude The Air is cleer healthful and Agreeable to the English well watered with Rivers having variety of Beasts both tame and wild with several sorts of Trees and excellent Fruits the Commodities it yeildeth are rich Furs Flax Linnen Amber Iron Pitch Tarr Cables Masts and Timber to build Ships with several sorts of Grain wherewith they drive a considerable Trade to Barbado's and other English Plantations in America supplying them with Flower Bisket Salt Flesh and Fish and in return bring Sugars and other Goods To England they trade for Stuffs Silks Cloath Iron Brass and other Utensils for their Houses The weights and measures are the same with England The English posesss many potent Colonies being very numerous and powerful and are governed by Laws of their own making having several Courts of Judicature where they meet once a mouth so they be not repugnant to the Laws of England every Town sends two Burgesses to their great and solemn General Court The Government both Civil and Ecclesiastical is in the hands of the Independents or Presbyterians The Military part of their Government is by one Major General and three Serjeant Majors to whom belong the four Countys of Suffolk Middlesex Essex and Norfolk They have several fine Towns whereof Boston is the Metropolis likewise Dorchester Cambridg beautified with two Colledges and many well built Houses Reading Salem Berwick Braintree Bristoll Concorde Dartmouth Dedham Dover Exeter Falmouth Glocester Greensharbour Hampton Harford Haverhill Weymouth Yarmouth New Haven Oxford Salisbury Taunton Southampton Newbury Springfield Sudbury Ipswich Liâ— Hull Sandwich Malden Norwich Roxbury Sandwich Wenham Rowley Hingham and others most of them having the names of some Towns in England The present Governor for his Majesty of England is Henry Cranfield Esquire CHAP. V. A prospect of New York with the Scituation Plantation and Product thereof New York so called from our present gracious Sovereign when Duke of York formerly namelâ— New-Netherlands being part of that new-New-England which the Dutch one possessed it was first discovered by Mr Hudson and sold presently by him to the Dutch withouâ— Authority from his Sovereign the King of England in 1608. The Hollanders in 1614. began to plant there and called it New-Netherlands but Sir Samuel Argall Governor of Virginia routed them after which they goâ— leave of King James to put in there for fresh water in their passage to Brasile and did not offer to plant till a good while after the English were setled in the Country In 1664. his late Majesty King Charles the Second sent over four Commissioners to reduce the Colonies into bounds that had before incroached upon each other who marching with 300 Redcoats to Manhadees or Manhataes took from the Dutch their cheif Town then called New-Amsterdam now New-York and Aug. 29. turned out their Governor with a Silver Leg and all the rest but those who acknowledged subjection to the King of England suffering them to enjoy their Houses and Estates as before thirteen daies after Sir Robert Car took the Fort and Town of Aurania now called Albany and twelve daies after that the Fort and Town of Arosapha then Dela-ware Castle man'd with Dutch and Sweeds So that now the English are Masters of three handsome Towns three strong Forts and a Castle without the loss of one man the first Governor of these parts for the King of England was Colonel Nichols one of the Commissioners This Country is blessed with the richest soyl in all New-England I have heard it reported from men of Judgment saies my Author that one Bushel of European wheat hath yeilded an hundred in one year The Town of New-York is well seated both for Trade security and pleasure in a small Isle called Manahatan at the mouth of the great River Mohegan which is very commodious for Shipping and about two Leagues broad the Town is large built with Dutch Brick alla Moderna consisting of above 500 fair Houses the meanest not
of a Mile about foâ— in a rank in two Companies using several Antick Tricks the King leading the dance all in the midst had black Horns on their Heads and Green Boughs in their Hands next whom were four or five Principal Men differently painted who with Clubs beat those forward that tired in the Dance which held so long that they were neither able to go nor stand they made a hellish noise and every one throwing away his Bough ran clapping their Hands up into a Tree and tearing down a Branch fell into their Order again After this fifteen of their properest Boys between ten and fifteen years old painted white were brought forth to the People who spent the Forenoon in dancing and finging about them with rattles Then the Children were fetched away the Women weeping and passionately crying out providing Moss Skins Matts and dry Wood making Wreaths for their Heads and decking their Hair with Leaves after which they were all cast on an heap in a Valley as dead where a great Feast was made for all the Company for two Hours they then fell again into a Circle and danced about the Youths causing a Fire to be made upon an Altar which our Men thought was designed to Sacrifice them to the Devil but it was a mistake and the Indians deluded our Men by false Stories one denying and another affirming the same thing being either ignorant or unwilling to discover the devilish Mysteries of their Religion but Captain Smith says that a King being demanded the meaning of this Sacrifice answered that the Children were not all dead but that Okee or the Devil did suck the Blood from their left Breast till some of them died but the rest were kept in the Wilderness till nine Moons were expired during which they must not converse with any and of these were made Priests and Conjurers They think these Sacrifices so necessary that if omitted they believe their Okee or Devil and their other Gods would hinder them from having any Deer Turkies Corn or Fish and would likewise make a great Slaughter among them They imagin their Priests after death go beyond the Mountains toward the Sun-setting and remain there continually in the shape of their Okee having their Heads painted with Oil and finely trimmed with Feathers being furnished with Beads Hatchets Copper and Tobacco never ceasing to dance and sing with their Predecessors yet they suppose the Common People shall dye like Beasts and never live after death some of their Priests were so far convinced that they declared they believed our God exceeded theirs as much as our Guns did their Bows and Arrows and sent many Presents to the President intreating him to pray to his God for Rain for their God would not send them any By break of day before they eat or drink the Men Women and Children above ten years old run into the Water and there wash a good space till the Sun arise then they offer Sacrifice to it strewing Tobacco on the Land and Water repeating the same Ceremonies at Sun set George Casson aforementioned was Sacrificed as they thought to the Devil being stript naked and bound to two Stakes with his back against a great Fire after which they ript up his Belly and burnt his Bowels drying his Flesh to the Bones which they kept above ground in a by Room many other Englishmen were cruelly and treacherously Executed by them though perhaps not Sacrificed and none had escaped if their Ambushes had succeeded Powhatan invited one Captain Ratcliff and thirty others to Trade for Corn and having brought them within his Ambush Murdered them all One Tomocomo an Indian and Counsellor to one of their Kings came into England in the Reign of King James the first who landing in the West was much surprized at our plenty of Corn and Trees imagining we ventured into their Countrey to supply those defects he began then to number the Men he met with but his Arithmetick soon failed him he related that Okee their God did often appear to him in his Temple to which purpose four of their Priests go into the House and using certain strange words and gestures eight more are called in to whom he discovers what his will is upon him they depend in all their Proceedings as in taking Journeys or the like sometimes when they resolve to go on hunting he by some known token will direct where they shall find Game which they with great cheerfulness acknowledging follow his directions and many times succeed therein he appears like a handsom Indian with long black Locks of Hair after he hath staid with his twelve Confederates for some time he ascendeth into the Air from whence he came The Natives think it a disgrace to fear death and therefore when they must dye they do it resolutely as it happened to one who robbed an Englishman and was by Powhatan vpon complaint made against him fetched sixty Miles from the place where he lay concealed and by this Tomocomo Executed in the presence of the English his Brains being knockt out without the least shew of fear or terrour The Virginians are not born so swarthy as they appear their hair is generally black few men have beards because they pluck out the hair that would grow their Ointments and smoaky houses do in a great measure cause their blackness whereby they look like Bacon they have one wife many Concubines and are likewise Sodomites The Ancient Women are used for Cooks Barbers and other services the younger for dalliance they are modest in their carriage and seldom quarrel in entertaining a stranger they spread a Matt for him to sit down and then dance before him they wear their nails long to flea their Deer and put Bows and Arrows into the Hands of their Children before they are six years old In each Ear they have generally three great holes wherein they commonly hang chains bracelets or Copper some wear a Snake therein coloured green and yellow near half a yard long which crawling about their necks offers to kiss their lips others have a dead Rat tyed by the Tail The Women raze their bodies legs and thighs with an Iron in curious knots and Shapes of Fowles Fishes Beasts and Rub a painting therein which will never come out The Queen of Apametica was attired with a Coronet beset with many white Bones with Copper in her ears and a Chain of the same six times incompassing her neck The Sasquehanocks are Giant-like people very monstrous in proportion behaviour and attire their voice sounds as if out of a Cave their Garments are Bears-Skins hanged with Bears Paws a Wolfes head and such odd Jewels their Tobacco Pipes three quarters of a yard long with the head of some beast at the end so weighty as to beat out the brains of a Horse The calf of one of their legs was measured three quarters of a yard about their other limbs being proportionable They have divers ridiculous conceits concerning their Original as
The English EMPIRE in America By R. B London Printed for Nath Crouch The English EMPIRE IN America Or a Prospect of His Majesties Dominions in the West-Indies Namely Newfoundland new-New-England New-York Pensylvania New-Jersey Maryland Virginia Carolina Bermuda's Barbuda Anguilla Montserrat Dominica St. Vincent Antego Mevis or Nevis S. Christophers Barbadoes Jamaica With an account of the Discovery Scituation Product and other Excellencies of these Countries To which is prefixed a Relation of the first Discovery of the New World called America by the Spaniards And of the Remarkable Voyages of several Englishmen to divers places therein Illustrated with Maps and Pictures By R. B. Author of Englands Monarchs c. Admirable Curiosities in England c. Historical Remarks of London c. The late Wars in England c. And The History of Scotland and Ireland LONDON Printed for Nath. Crouch at the Bell in the Poultrey near Cheapside 1685. TO THE READER VAriety and Novelty are the most pleasant Entertainments of Mankind and if so then certainly nothing can be more divertive than Relations of this New World which as our English Laureat Sings is so happy a Climate As if our Old World modestly withdrew And here in private had brought forth a New Here nature spreads her fruitful sweetness round Breaths on the Air and Broods upon the Ground Here days and nights the only seasons be The Sun no Climate does so gladly see When forc'd from hence to view our parts he mourns Takes little Journeys and makes quick returns Nay in this Bounteous and this Blessed Land The Golden Ore lies mixt with Common Sand Each down fall of a flood the Mountains pour From their Rich Bowels rolls a Silver Shower All lay conceal'd for many Ages past And the best portion of the Earth was wast I need say no more in commendation of this Land of Wonders but only to add that the continued Encouragement I have received in publishing several former Tracts of this volume especially those which had reference to His Majesties Dominions in Europe have induced me to proceed upon those Gallant Atchievements of our English Hero's in this New World and to give my Countrymen a short view of those Territories now in possession of the English Monarchy in the West-Indies of which many have only heard the names but may here find the nature commodities and other Excellencies therein which I doubt not will sufficiently recommend it to the perusal of every Ingenious Reader So wishes R. B. THE First Discovery of the New World called AMERICA CHAP. I. HAving already given an account of His Majesty of Great Britains three famous Kingdoms of England Scotland and Ireland we shall now ship our selves for a New World and therein discover the Acquisitions and Dominions of the English Monarchy in Amercia The New World is the most proper name for this immense Countrey and new as being discovered by Christopher Columbus not two hundred years ago in 1492. The Ancient Fathers Philosophers and Poets were of opinion that those places near the North and South Pole were inhabitable by the extremity of cold and the middle parts because of unreasonable heat and thought it a great solecism or contradiction to believe the Earth was round for holding which opinion Pope Zachaus was so zealous against Bishop Virgil that he sentenced him To be cast out of the Temple and Church of God and to be deprived of his Bishoprick for this perverse Doctrine that there were Antipodes or people whose feet are placed against ours though this discovery of America has fully confirmed these opinions and evinced that there is no such torrid Zone where the heat is so noxious as to unpeople any part of the Earth and the yearly compassing of the World evidenceth the necessity of Inhabitants living on all parts of this earthly Globe The next inquiry may be whether the Ancient had any knowledge of these Regions which many incline to think they had not for though Seneca says in his Msdea That new Worlds shall be discovered in the last Ages of the World and Thule in Norway shall be no longer the utmost Nation of the World yet this seems only to intimate the common effects and discoveries of Navigation And Plato's Atlantis cannot intend this Countrey because he placeth it at the mouth of the Streights or Mediterranean Sea which is separated from America by a vast Ocean and saies it is not now in being but was by an earthquake sunk and overwhelmed in the Sea Other Authors since that time have mentioned some Islands in that Great Sea but they seem rather to be some of those on the Coasts of Africa than America it being improbable if not impossible any should undertake such long and dangerous Voyages before the compass was found out when they were only directed by the motion of the Sun and Stars Yet is it not incredible but that in former Ages some Ships might by Tempest or other Casualties be driven to these parts whereby some parts of America were peopled but it is likely none ever returned back again to bring any news of their voyage The most probable Relation of this kind is that of Madoc ap Owen Gwyneth who upon the Civil dissentions in his own Countrey of Wales adventured to Sea and leaving Ireland on the North came to a Land unknown where he saw many very wonderful things which by Dr. Dowel and Mr. Humfrey Lloyd is judged to be the main Land of America being confirmed therein as well by the saying of Montezuma Emperor of Mexico who declared that his Progenitors were Strangers as well as the rest of the Mexicans as by the use of divers Welch words amongst them observed by Travellers the story adds that Madoc left several of his People there and coming home returned back with ten sail full of Welchmen yet it is certain there are now left very few footsteps of this Brittish expedition and no signs thereof were found at the Spaniards Arrival they indeed used a Cross at Cumana and worshipped it at Acuzamil but without the least memory or knowledge of Jesus Christ and the Welch words are very few which might happen by chance to any other Language Mr. Bretewood and other learned writers are of Opinion that America received her first Inhabitants from those parts of Asia where the Tartars first inhabited the Coasts of both Countreys being in that place not far asunder and the likeness of the People favouring the same though the Indians in general are so very ignorant as to ascribe their beginning some to a Fountain and others to a Lake or Cave But leaving these uncertainties let us give a brief account of the real discovery thereof by Columbus which is thus related by Gomara and Mariana two Spanish writers A certain Caravel sailing in the Ocean was carried by a strong East wind of long continuance to an unknown Land never mentioned in the Maps or Charts of that Age this Ship was much longer in returning than
Guiana and Brasil beyond the Tropique of Capricorn to 32 degrees of Southern Latitude where having stay'd some time and taken possession of the Countrey after their usual Formalities they held on their course beyond the River of Plate to 52 degrees to the height of the Streights of Magellane but being here taken with foul weather and their Ships much impaired by Storms they were forced to return homeward by the Coast of Africa The year following he attempted another Voyage directing his course for Insula Real in the Country of Brasil but having passed Cape Verde and Sierra Liona upon the Coast of Guinney by great misfortune the Ship which carried their Provisions was sunk and 300 Hogsheads of Victuals and other necessaries for the Company were utterly lost by which disaster they were forced again to turn homeward how long he lived and what expeditions he made after this are not remembred in History IV. Francis Pizarro a Person of very mean birth and Education was likewise very fortunate in discoveries for going from Sivil in Spain where he was born to the Indies he went in company of Almagro and others to discover the South-sea in 1526. Pizarro offering to land his men was wounded and forced to retire to his Ships Almagro in another place had better success the Indians using him kindly and presenting him three thousand Duckets of Gold but endeavouring to land in that place of Pizarro's misfortune he was set upon by the Indians and lost one of his eyes in the encounter At length they met at Panama and having cured their wounds and recruited their Forces with two hundred men and many Slaves they set sail and landed at another place but are beaten back to their Ships and forced to an Island called Gorgon six miles from the Continent where Pizarro stay'd while Almagro went back for greater supplies but both he and his company were almost starved before Almagro's return being refreshed and strengthned they once more attempt the Indian Shore but were again repelled both from thence and the Island so that they resolved to go further coursing this Land and their ill fortune and having sailed five hundred miles they came to Chira a Province in Perue and having Intelligence by some of the Natives of the great wealth of this Countrey Pizarro sent one Peter a Candian on shore who was kindly treated by the Governor by whom he was shewed a Temple dedicated to the Sun wherein were inestimable riches whereupon it was agreed among the Partners in this Enterprize that Pizarro should return to Spain and get a License for this Conquest which he did accordingly but yet only for himself absolutely leaving his Companions out of the Grant and returning with Letters Pattents to Panama with his four brethren Hernando Gonzalo John and Martin de Alcantara his brother by â—he Mothers side his Partners were much disturbed â—hereat however after much quarelling Pizarro and Almagro agreed to make an equal division of their booty Pizarro goes before with an hundred and fifty Souldiers ordering Almagro to follow with all the strength â—e could make and Lands in Peru a River so called which gave name to those great and wealthy Provinces â—hey went by Land enduring much misery by the way â—ill they came to Puna where they were well received of the Governor till by abusing their Wives they provoked the Indians to take Arms but were soon defeated â—nd thereby their Riches became a prey to the prevailâ—ng Spaniards The Governor of this Island to satisfy his Jealousy â—ut off the Noses Privy Members and Arms of his Eunuchs Here Pizarro heard first of Atabaliba for the Governor taking part with Guascar Atabaliba's Brother who were at that time at War about the Soveraignty of the Kingdom he had taken six hundred of his Enemies Prisoners who now coming into Pizarro's hands â—e freely sent them to Tumbez a great Indian Town beâ—onging to Atabaliba and three Messengers with them to â—emand peace and safe entrance but notwithstanding â—heir Captives were so generously restored they ingratefully delivered the three Spaniards to their bloudy Priests to be sacrificed to the Idol of the Sun Upon this Pizarro took Tumbez and plunder'd the Temple and City From thence he marches toward Guatimala where Guascar sent some with great promises to desire his aid against his Brother Soon after others came from Atabaliba with a peremptory command that he should return back to his Ships Pizarro answered That he came thither not to hurt any but for their good as his Lord and Emperour had given him in charge nor could he now return without much dishonour being an Ambassador from the Pope and Emperor who were Lords of the World before he had seen King Atabaliba 's Royal Person and bad communicated to him such wholsome Counsels and Instructions as might be good both for his body and Soul Pizarro passed forward and as he went through the Province of Chira the Lords thereof provoked him against Atabaliba who had lately conquered their Countreys these Civil distractions did much facilitate the Spaniards Victories on the River Chira he setled the Colony of St. Michael for securing his Spoils and then marcht on to Guatimala sending Messengers on Horseback to give notice of his coming the Indians having never before seen an Horse were extreamly surprised but Atabaliba was little moved thereat though very much concerned that those Bearded Men afforded him such small Reverence and Respect he sent Pizarro a Pair of Shoes cut and Gilded under pretence of distinguishing and knowing him from others though it was judged a design to seize and kill him The next day the King was carried in Solemn Triumph upon the Shoulders of his Nobility in great Pomp and Magnificence Guarded with Twenty five Thousand Indians when Vincent a Dominican Frier coming before him with great Reverence holding a Cross in one hand and his Breviary or as some say a Bible in the other he blessed him with the Cross and said Most Excellent Prince it much concerns you to believe that God in Trinity and Vnity Created the World out of nothing and Formed a Man of the Earth whom he called Adam of whom we had all our beginning that Adam sinned against his Creator by disobedience and in him all his Posterity except Jesus Christ who being God came down from Heaven and took the flesh of the Virgin Mary and to save and redeem Mankind dyed upon a Cross like to this in my hand for which cause we worship it After his death he rose again the third day and after forty days ascended into Heaven leaving for his Vicar on Earth St. Peter and his Successors which we call Popes one of whom hath now given the most Puissant King of Spain Emperor of the Romans the Monarchy of the World Obey the Pope therefore worthy Prince and receive the faith of Christ which if you will believe to be most Holy and your own most false you shall do well but know that if you do
or Olive which neither Sun nor Wind but nature it self imprinted on them as appeared by their Infants and seems to be the complexion of all the Americans their clothing was Seals Skins the women were painted on the Cheeks and about the Eyes with blew streaks These Savages intercepted 5 Englishmen and their Boat they took also one of them whom they brought into England where they arrived Oct. 2. 1576. having taken possession of the Country in right of the Queen of England every man of the company being commanded to bring home somewhat in witness thereof one brought a piece of black stone like Sea-coal which was found to hold Gold in a good quantity Whereupon the next year a second voyage was made to bring home more of this Ore and coming into these Streights in July 1577. they found them in a manner shut up with a long wall of Ice which very much indangered their Ships They found a Fish as big as a Porpice dead upon the Shoar twelve foot long having a Horn of two yards growing out of the Snout wreathed and streight like a wax tapor was thought to be a Sea Unicorn It was broken on the top wherein the Sailers affirmed they put Spiders which presently died It was presented to the Queen at their return and sent to Winsor to be reserved in the Wardrope for a curiosity They went on Shoar and had some skirmishes with the Inhabitants who were so fierce and resolute that finding themselves wounded they leapt off the Rocks into the Sea rather than fall into the hands of the English the rest fled only one Woman and her Child they brought away and another man who seeing the Picture of his Countrey-man in the Ship that was taken the year before thought him to be alive and was very angry that he would not speak to him wondring how our People could make men live or die at their pleasure It was very pleasant to observe the behaviour of the man and woman when they were brought together who though put into the same Cabbin shewed such signs of Chastity and Modesty as might justly shame Christians who come so far short of them when these Savages would trade their manner was to lay down somewhat of theirs and go their ways expecting the English should lay down something in exchange if they like the value when they come again they take it otherwise they take away only their own they made signs that their Catchoe or King was higher of stature than any of ours and carried upon mens Shoulders They could not hear what became of their five men taken the year before only they found some of their Apparel which made them judge the Savages had eaten them Having laden their Ship with Oar they returned The next year 1578. with fifteen sail another Voyage was made by Captain Frobisher for further discovery He went on shoar June 20 on Frizeland which is in length about 25 Leagues in 57 degrees of Latitude which he named West England where they espied certain Tents and People like the former who upon their approach fled in the Tents they found a Box of small Nails red Herrings and boards of Fir-tree with other things wrought very Artificially so that they were either ingenious workmen themselves or traded with others some think this to be Friesland and joined to Greenland In going from hence one Ship called the Salamander sailing with a strong gale struck with such violence upon the back of a Whale with her full stem that she stood still without motion whereat the Whale made a hideous roaring and lifting up his body and tail above water sunk instantly to the bottom Two days after they found a dead Whale which was supposed the same July 2. they entred the Strieghts the mouth whereof was barr'd with Mountains of Ice wherewith a Bark was sunk with part of a house they designed to erect there the men were all saved and the other Ships in much danger by the severity of the Ice Fogs and Snow These Islands of Ice seem to be congealed in the winter further North in some Bays or Rivers the waters thereof being fresh and the Sun melting the tops of the Ice rills of fresh water run down which meeting together make an indifferent Stream these Rocks being by the summers Sun loosed and broken from their natural Scituation are carried whither the swift Current and the outragions Winds drive them Some of these Icy Rocks or Islands are half a mile about and fourscore fathoms above water besides the unknown depth beneath the usual rule being that only one part of seven is seen above water strange is their multitude more strange their deformed Shapes but most strange that instead of destroying they sometimes save both men and Ships suffering the mooring of Anchors entertaining them with sports as walking leaping shooting forty miles from Land without any Vessel or Ship under them presenting them with running Streams of fresh water sufficient to drive a Mill. The People represent the Tartars in apparel and living It is colder here in 62 than in ten degrees farther North which happens from the cold North East Winds which brings this sharp Air off the Ice The Natives are excellent Archers they wear the Skins of Deer Bears Foxes Hares and of Fowls sowed together in the Summer the hary side outward in the Winter inward yet many go naked they shoot Fish with their Darts and kindle Fire by rubbing two sticks together The Beasts Fowls and Fishes they kill are their Houses Bedding Meat Drink Hose Shoes Apparel Sails Boats and indeed all their riches they eat all things raw yea Grass and Shrubs and suck Ice to satisfy their thirst there is no flesh or fish which they find dead though never so filthy but they will take it up and eat it yet somtimes they parboil their meats in little kettles made of Beasts Skins the bloud and water they drink and lick the bloody Knife with their Tongues and use the same remedy for curing their wounds that is licking them only with their Tongues They have great plenty of Fowl our men killing 15 hundred in one day they have thicker Skins and more Feathers than ours which requires them to be flea'd before eaten They have no hurtful creeping things but Spiders and a Gnat which is very troublesom nor any Timber but what the undermining water brings from other places They are great Magicians and when their heads ake they tie a great Stone with a string into a stick and using certain Charms the Stone cannot be moved with all the force of a man yet at other times seems as light as a Feather they lie grovelling with their Faces on the Ground making a noise as if they Worshiped the Devil under the Earth they use great black Dogs like Wolves to draw their Sleds and some of a lesser kind they feed upon In the midst of Summer they have Hail and Snow sometimes a Foot thick which Freezeth as it
their mantles and after a while renued â—heir former Songs and nakedness When a maid is â—ourteen or fifteen years old she hath many Lovers â—nd uses her pleasure with as many of them as she â—leases for five or six years and then takes whom â—he likes for a Husband provided he be a good Hunâ—er living chastly with him all her life after except for barrenness he forsake her When any dies they make a Pit and therein put â—ll his goods with the Corps covering it with Earth and setting many peices of wood over it and a stake painted red They believe the Immortality of the Soul and that the dead go into a far Countrey to make merry with their Friends If any fell sick they â—ent to one Sagamor Memberton a great Conjurer who made Prayers to the Devil and blowed upon the party and cutting him sucks the bloud if it be a wound â—he heals it after the same manner applying a round slice of Bever Stones for which they make him a Present of Venison or skins If they desire news of things absent the Spirit answers doubtfully and sometimes false when the Savages are hungry they consult with this Oracle and he tells them the place where they shall go if they find no game the excuse is the Beast hath wandered and changed his place but most times they speed which makes them believe the Devil to be God though they do not Worship him when these Conjurers consult with the Devil they fix a staff in a Pit to which they tye a Cord and putting their Head into the Pit make Invocations in an unknown Language with so much stirring and pains that they sweat again when the Devil is come the Wizard persuades them he holds him fast with his Cord forcing him to answer before he lets him go Then he begins to sing something in praise of the Spirit who hath discovered where there are some Deer and the other Savages answer in the same Tune they then dance and sing in a strange Tongue after which they make a Fire and leap over it putting an half Pole out of the top of the Cabbin wherein they are with something tyed thereto which the Devil carrieth away Memberton wore about his Neck the mark of his Profession which was a triangle Purse with somewhat within it like a Nut which he said was his Spirit This Office is Hereditary they teaching this Mystery of Iniquity to their Sons by Tradition In 1613 fifty four Englishmen six women and two Children wintred there they killed Bears Otters and Sables sowed wheat Rie Turneps and Coleworts their winter was dry and clear with some Frost and Snow divers had the Scurvy whereto the Turneps there Sown were a Soveraign Remedy There are Musk Cats and Musk Rats and near the Coasts is great killing of Morses or Sea Oxen a small Ship in a short time slew fifteen hundred of them they are bigger than an Oxe the Hide dressed is as thick again as a Bulls they have teeth like Elephants about a foot long growing downward out of the upper Jaw and therefore less dangerous it is sold dearer than Ivory and by some thought as great an Antidote as the Unicorns Horn The young ones eat like Veal which the old will defend to the utmost holding them in their Arms or Forefeet Out of the Bellies of five of these Fishes which live both on the Land and water they make an Hogshead of Train-Oyle Thomas James says these Morses sleep in great Companys and have one Centinel or watchman to wake the rest upon occasion Their skins are short-haired like Seals their face resembles a Lion and may therefore more justly be called Sea Lions than Sea Oxen or Horses About the great Bank aforementioned which is covered with Water when the Sea is high uncovered and dry on the Ebb on all sides whereof the Sea is 200 Fathom deep is the great Fishing for Cod and here the Ships do for the most part stop and make their Freight It is almost incredible how many Nations and of each how many Sail of ships go yearly to fish for these Cods with the prodigious quantity they take one man catching an hundred in an hour They fish with Hooks which are no sooner thrown into the Sea but the greedy Fish snapping the Bait is taken and drawn on shipboard where they lay him on a Plank one cuts off his head another guts him and takes out its biggest bones another salts and barrels it which being thus ordered is hence transported by the European Nations to all parts of Christendom yea throughout most other parts of the world They fish only in the day the Cod not biting in the night nor doth this fishing last all seasons but begins toward Spring and ends in September for in Winter they retire to the bottom of the Sea where storms and Tempests have no Power Near these Coasts is another kind of fishing for Cod which they call Dried as the other Green Fish The Ships retire into some Harbour every morning send forth their Shallops two or three Leagues into the Sea who fail not of their Load by noon or soon after which they bring to Land and order as the other after this Fish hath layn some days in Salt they take it out and dry it in the wind laying it again in heaps and exposing it dayly to the open Air till it be dry which ought to be good and Temperate to make the Fish saleable for Mists moisten and make it rot and the Sun causes yellowness At this their fishing the Mariners have likewise the pleasure of taking Fowl without going out of their Vessels for baiting their Hook with the Cods Liver these Fowls are so greedy that they come by Flocks and fight who shall get the bait first which soon proves its death and one being taken the Hook is no sooner thrown out but another is instantly catched In 1623. Sir George Calvert after Lord Baltimore had a Patent for part of New-found-land which was erected into the Province of Avalon where he setled a Plantation and erected a stately house and Fort at Ferriland where he dwelt for some time which after his death descended to his Son the present Lord Baltimore whâ— is also Proprietor of Maryland CHAP IV. A Prospect of new-New-England with thâ— Discovery Plantation and Produâ— thereof THis Countrey was first discovered as well as thâ— other Northern Coasts of America by Sebastian Câ—bot aforementioned in 1497. And in 1584. Mr. Pliâ— Amadas and Mr. Arthur Barlow were the first of a Christians who took possession thereof for Q. Elizabeth The next year Sir Richard Greenvile conveyed an Enâ—lish Colony thither under the Government of Mr. Raâ— Lane who continued there till the next year and thâ— upon some urgent occasions returned with Sir Fraâ— Drake into England who is by some accounted the fâ— discoverer thereof It hath New France on the Nortâ— and Virginia on the South lying between 40. and 4â—
them to help me thither and speaking to the Captain by an Interpreter told him I desired him to set the Indian free declaring how kind he had been to me he replyed He was a Rogue and should be hanged then I privately alledged that if he were hanged it might fare the worse with the English Captives the Captain said That ought to be considered whereupon he set him at liberty upon condition he should never strike me more and bring me every day to his House to eat Victuals I perceived the common people did not approve of what the Indians acted against the English When he was free he came and took me about the middle saying I was his Brother I had saved his â—ife once and he had saved mine he said thrice He then called for Brandy and made me drink and had me away to the Wigwam again when I came there the Indians one after another shook hands with me and were very kind thinking no other but I had saved the Indian's life Next day he carried me to the Captains House and set me down they gave me my Victuals and Wine and being left there a while by the Indians I shewed the Captain and his Wife my Fingers who were affrighted thereat and bid me lap it up again and sent for the Chyrurgion who when he came said he would cure me and dressâ—d it The Indians came for me toward night I told them I could not go with them whereat being angry they called me Rogue and went away That night I was full of pain the French were afraid I would die five men did watch me and strove to keep me chearful for I was sometimes ready to faint oft-times they gave me a little Brandy The next day the Chyrurgion came again and dressed me and so he did all the while I was among the French which was from Christmas till May. I continued in this Captains House till Benjamin Waiâ— came and my Indian Master being in want of Mony pawned me to the Captain for fourteen Beavers or the worth of them by such a day which if he did not pay he must lose his Pawn or else sell me for 21 Beavers but he could get no Beaver and so I was sold and in God's good time set at Liberty and returned to my Friends in new-New-England again Though I have already given some Account of the Indians in this Country yet having met with a Relation of them from one J. J. an Englishman in the year 1673. I think it not improper to collect some brief Remarks concerning them and of the present State of the English in new-New-England The People that inhabited this Country are judged to be of the Tartars called Samoids who border upon Muscovia and are divided into Tribes those to the East and North-East are called Churchers Tarentines and Monhegans To the South are the Pequets and Narragansets Westward Connecticuts and Mowhacks To the North Aberginians which consist of Mattachusets Wippanaps and Tarrentines The Pocanets live to the Westward of Plymouth Not long before the English came into the Country hapned a great Mortality among them especially where the English afterward planted The East and Northern Parts were sore smitten first by the Plague after when the English came by the Small Pox the three Kingdoms or Sagamorships of the Mattachusets being before very populous having under them seven Dukedoms or Petty Sagamorships but were now by the Plague reduced from thirty thousand to three hundred There are not now many to the Eastward the Pequods were destroyed by the English the Mowhacks are about five hundred their Speech is a Dialect of the Tartars they are of Person tall and well limb'd of a pale and lean Visage black-eyed which is counted strongest for sight and black-hair'd both smooth and curled generally wearing it long they have seldom any Beards their Teeth very white â—hort and even which they account the most necessaâ—y and best part of man and as the Austrians are known â—y their great Lips the Bavarians by their Pokes under their Chins the Jews by their goggle Eyes so â—he Indians are remarkable for their flat Noses The â—ndesses or young Women are some very comely with â—ound plump faces and generally plump of their Bodies as well as the Men soft and smooth like a Mole-skin of reasonable good complexions but that they dye themselves Tawny yet many pretty Brownetto's and small-finger'd Lasses are found amongst them The Vetuala's or old Women are lean and ugly yet all of a modest demeanour considering their Savage Breeding and indeed they shame our English Rusticks whose rudeness in many things exceeds theirs The Indians are of disposition very inconstant crafty timorous quick of apprehension and very ingenious soon angry and so malicious that they seldom forget an injury and barbarously cruel witness their direful revenges upon each other prone to injurious violence and slaughter by reason of their blood dried up by over-much Fire very Letcherous proceeding from adust choler and melancholy and a salt and sharp humour both Men and Women are very thievish and great haters of Strangers all of them Canibals or eaters of Human flesh and so were formerly the Heathen Irish who use to feed upon the Buttocks of Boys and the Paps of Women I have read in the Spanish Relations that the Indians would not eat a Spaniard till they had kept him two or three days dead to grow tender because their flesh was hard At Martins Vineyard an Island that lies South of Plymouth in the way to Virginia certain Indians whilst I was in the Countrey seizâ—d upon a Boat that put into a By Cove killed the Men and in a short time eat them up before they were discovered Their Houses which they call Wigwams are built with Poles pitcht into the ground commonly round sometimes square leaving a hole for the Smoak covering the rest with Barks of Trees and line the inside of their Wigwams with Matts made of Rushes painted with several colours one good Post they set up in the middle which reaches to the hole in the top with a staff across whereon they hang their Kettle beneath they set a broad Stone for a back which keeps the Post from burning round by the Walls they spread their Matts and Skins where the Men sleep while their Women dress their Victuals they have commonly two Doors one opening to the South the other to the North and according as the Wind sits they close up one Door with Bark and hang a Deer-skin or the like before the other Towns they have none removing always from one place to another for conveniency of food sometimes where one sort of Fish is plentiful and then where another I have seen an hundred of their Wigwams together in a piece of ground which shews prettily and within a week they have all vanished They live chiefly by the Sea-side especially in the Spring and Summer In Winter they go up in the Countrey to hunt Deer and Beaver
Tame Cattel they have none except Lice and certain Dogs of a wild breed which they bring up to hunt with Wives they have two or three according to their ability and strength of body the women have the easiest labour of any in the world for when their time is come they go out alone carrying a board with them two foot long and a foot and half broad boared full of holes on each side having a foot beneath and on the top a broad strap of Leather which they put over their forehead the board hanging at their back when they come to a convenient Bush or Tree they lay them down and are delivered in an instant without so much as one groan they wrap the child up in a young Beaver-skin with his heels close to his Buttocks and lace him down to the board upon his back his knees resting upon the foot beneath then putting the strap of Leather upon their forehead with the Infant hanging at their back home they trudg and die the Child with a liquor of boil'd Hemlock bark and then throw him into the â—ater if they suspect it gotten by any other Nation if it will swim they acknowledg it for their own They give them names when they are men grown and love â—â—e English as Robin Harry Philip and the like they are â—ery indulgent to their Children as well as Parents but if â—hey live so long as to be burdensome they either starve â—or bury them alive as it was supposed an Indian did by his mother at Casco in 1669. Their Apparrel before the English came among them was the skins of wild Beasts with the hair on Buskings of Deerskin or Moose drest and drawn with lines into several works the â—ines being coloured with Yellow Blue or Red Pumps too they have made of tough skins without Soles In winter when the snow will bear them they fasten to their feet snow-shooes made like a larg Racket for Tennis play laced on before and behind they wear a square peice of Leather tied about their middle with a string to hide their Secrets and go bareheaded But since they have had to do with the English they buy of them a cloth called trading cloth of which they make Mantles Coats with short sleeves and caps for their heads but the men keep their old Fashion They are very proud as appears by decking themselves with white and blue beads of their own making and painting their faces with colours and sometimes weave curious Coats with Turkies Feathers for their Children Their Diet is fish Fowl Bear Wild Cat Raccoon and Deer dried Oysters Lobsters roasted or dried in the smoak Lampreys and dri'd Moose tongues which they esteem a dish for a Sagamor or Prince likewise Earthnuts Chesnuts and divers Berries they beat their Corn to Powder and put it into bags which they make use of when Stormy weather hinders them of food If they have none of this being careles providers against necessity they use Sir Francis Drakes remedy for hunger to go to sleep They live to an hundred years old if they be not cut off by their own Children War Plague or small Pox when they have any of the two last diseases they cover their wigwams with Barks so close that no Air can enter and making a great Fire remain there in a stewing heat till they are in an extream sweat and then run out naked into the Sea or River and presently after their return they either recover or give up the Ghost They die patiently both men and women not knowing of a Hell to scare them or a Conscience to terrify them they howl at their funerals like the wild Irish blaming the Devil for his hard heartednes and concluding with rude Prayers to him to afflict them no further They acknowledg a God who they called Squantam but worship him not because they say he will do them no hurt but Abbomoâ—ho or Cheepie many times smites them with incurable diseases scares them with apparitions and panick Terrors so that they live in a wretched Consternation worshipping the Devil for fear One black Robin an Indian sitting in a Cornfield neer the House I was in ran about extreamly frighted with the appearance of two Infernal Spirits like Mohawks Another time two Indians and an Indess came crying out they should all die for Cheepei was gone over the Feild gliding in the Air with a long Rope hanging from one of his legs we ask'd them what he was like they said He had Hat Coat Shoos and stockings like an Englishman They have a remarkable observation of a flame that appears before the death of an Indian or English upon their Wigwams in the dead of the night I was called out once about twelve a clock in a very dark night and plainly perceived it mounting into the Air over a Church about half a Quarter of a Mile off toward the North on what side of a House it appears from that Coast you may certainly expect a dead Corps in two or three days As they Worship the Devil their Preists who are called Powaws are little better than Witches who have familiar conference with him he makes them invulnerable and Sâ—otfree They are Crafty Rogues abusing the rest at their pleasure by pretending to cure Diseases with Barbarous Charms for which if â—hey recover they send great Gifts as Bows Arrows â—nd rich Furrs to the Eastward where there is a vast Rock not far from the Shore having a hole in it of an unsearchable depth into which they throw them Their Divinity is not much yet say that after death â—hey go to Heaven beyond the white Mountains and â—int at Noahs Flood by Tradition from their Fathers â—ffirming that a great while ago their Country was drowned and all the People and other Creatures in â—t only one Powaw and his Webb or Wife foreseeing â—he Flood fled to the white Mountains carrying a Hare with them and so escaped after a while the Powaw sent the Hare away who not returning imboldened thereby they descended and lived many years after having divers Children from whom the Country was again filled with Indians some of them tell another Story saying the Bever was their Father Their Learning is very little or none Poets they may be guessed by their formal Speeches sometimes an hour long Musical too they be having many pretty od Barbarous Tunes which they sing at Marriages and Feastings Their Exercises are Fishing and Hunting they sometimes Hunt forty or fifty Mile up in the Countrey especially when they happen upon a Moose or Elk which is a Creature or rather if you will a Monster of Superfluity being in his full growth many times bigger than an English Ox the Horns are very big brancht out into many Palms and the tips thereof are sometimes twelve Foot asunder and in height from the Toe of the Fore-foot to the pitch of the Shoulder twelve Foot they are accounted a kind of Deer and have three young ones at a time
Scale Fish Eels and Shell-Fish as Oysters c. in great plenty and easie to take This Country is plentifully supplied with lovely Springs Rivuolets In-land Rivers and Creeks which fall into the Sea and Hudsons-River in which is much plenty and variety of Fresh-Fish and Water-Fowl There is great plenty of Oak-Timber fit for Shipping and Masts for Ships and other variety of Wood like the adjacent Colonies as Chesnut Walnut Poplar Cedar Ash Fâ—rr c. fit for building within the Country The Land or Soyle as in other places varies in goodness and richness but generally fertile and with much smaller labour than in England produceth plentiful Corps of all sorts of English Grain Besides Indian Corn which the English Planters find not only to be of vast increase but very wholesome and good in use It also produceth good Flax and Hemp which they now Spin and Manufacture into Linen Cloth There 's sufficient Meadow and Marsh to their Vp-lands And the very Barrens there as they are call'd are not like some in England but produce Grass fit for Grazing Cattle in Summer Season The Country is well stored with wilde Deer Conies and wild Fowl of several sorts as Turkeys Pidgeons Partridges Plover Quailes Wilde Swans Geese Ducks c. in great plenty It produceth variety of good and delicious Fruits as Grapes Plumbs Mulberryes Apricocks Peaches Pears Apples Quinces Water-Melons c. which are here in England planted in O'rchards and Gardens These as also many other Fruits which come not to perfection in England are the more natural product of this Country There are already great store of Horses Cowes Hogs and some Sheep which may be bought at reasonable Prises with English Monys or English Commodities or mans Labour where Monys and Goods are wanting What sort of Mine or Minerals are in the Bowels of the Earth After-time must produce the Inhabitants not having yet employed themselves in search thereof But there is already a Smelting-furnace and Forge set up in this Colony where is made good Iron which is of great benefit to the Country It is exceedingly well furnished with safe and covenient Harbours for Shipping which is of great advantage to that Country and affords already for Exportation great plenty of Horses And also Beef Pork Pipestaves Boards Bread Flowre Wheat Barly Rie Indian Corn Butter and Cheese which they Export for Barbados Jamaica Mevis and other adjacent Islands as also to Portugal Spain the Canaries c. their Whale Oyle and Whale-Fins Bever Monky Racoon and Martin Skins which this Country produceth they Transport for England The Scituation and Soyle of this Country may invite any who are inclin'd to Transport themselves into those parts of America For 1. It being considerably Peopled and Scituate on the Sea Coast with convenient Harbours and so near adjacent to the Province of New-York and Long Island being also well Peopled Colonies may be proper for Merchants Tradsemen and Navigators 2. It 's likewise proper for such who are inclined to Fishery the whole Coast and very Harbours Mouth 's being fit for it which has been no small Rise to the New-England people and may be here carryed on also with great advantage 3. For its Soyle it 's proper for all Industrious Husband-men and such who by hard Labour here on Rack Rents are scarce able to maintain themselves much less to raise any Estate for their Children may with God's blessing on their Labours there live comfortably and provide well for their Families 4. For Carpenters Bricklayers Masons Smiths Mill-wrights and Wheel wrights Bakers Tanners Taylors Weavers Shoomakers Hatters and all or most Handicrafts where their Labour is much more valued than in these Parts and Provisions much Cheaper 5. And chiefly for such of the above mentioned or any other who upon solid Grounds and weighty Considerations are inclined in their minds to go into those Parts without which their going their cannot be comfortable or answer their expectation The Indian Natives in this Country are but few comparative to the Neighbouring Colonies and those that are there are so far from being formidable or injurious to the Planâ—ers and Inhabitants that they are really servicable and advantageous to the English not only in Hunting and taking the Deer and other wilde Creatures and catching of Fish and Fowl fit for food in their Seasons but in the killing and destroying of Bears Wolves Foxes and other Vermine and Poltry whose Skins and Furrs they bring the English and sell at a less price than the value of time an Englishman must spend to take them As for the Constitutions of the Country they were made in the Time of John Lord Barclay and Sir George Carteret the late Proprietors thereof in which such provision was made for Liberty in matters of Religion and Property in their Estates that under the Ferms thereof that Colony has been considerably Peopled and that much from the adjacent Countries where they have not only for many years enjoyed their Estates according the Concessions but also an uninterrupted Exercise of their Particular perswasions in matters of Religion And we the present Proprietors so soon as any persons here in England or elsewhere are willing to be Engaged with us shall be ready and desirous to make such farther Additions and Supplements to the said Constitutions as shall be thought fit for the encouragement of all Planters and Adventurers And for the farther setling the said Colony with a Sober and Industrious People Having with all possible brevity given an Account of the Country we shall say something as to the disposition of Lands there 1. Our Purpose is with all convenient expedition to erect and build one Principal Town which by reason of Scituation must in all probability be the most considerable for Merchandize Trade and Fishery in those Parts It 's designed to be placed upon a Neck or Point of Rich-land called Ambo-point lying on Raritor-River and pointing to Sandy-Hook-Bay and near adjacent to the place where Ships in that Great Harbour commonly Ride at Anchor A Scheme of which is already drawn and those who shall desire to be satisfied therewith many treat for a share thereof 2. As for Encouragement of Servants c. We allow the same Priviledges as were provided in the Concessions at first 3. Such who are desirous to Purchase any Lands in this Province Free from all Charge and to pay down their Purchase Monys here for any quantities of Acres Or that desire to take up Lands there upon any small Quit-Rents to be Reserved shall have Grants to them and their Heirs on moderate and reasonable Terms 4. Those who are desirous to Transport themselves into those Parts before they Purchase if any thing there present to their satisfaction we doubt not but the Terms of Purchase will be so Moderate Equal and Encouraging that may Engage them to settle in that Colony Our Purpose being with all possible Expediâ—ion to dispatch Persons thither with whom they may Treat and who
shall have our full Power in the Premises As for Passage to this Province Ships are going hence the whole Year about as well in Winter as Summer Sandy-hook-Bay being never frozen The usual price is 5 l. per Head as well Master as Servant who are above 10 years of Age all under 10 years and not Children at the Breast pay 50 s. Sucking Children pay nothing Carriage of Goods is usually 40 s. per Ton and sometimes less as we can Agree The cheapest and chiefest time of the year for Passage is from Midsummer till the later end of September when many Virginia and Mary-land Ships are going out of England into those Parts and such who take then their Voyage arrive usually in good time to Plant Corn sufficient for next Summer The Goods to be carried there are first for peoples own use all sorts of Apparel and Houshold-stuff and also Vtensils for Husbandry and Building and 2dly Linen and Wollen Cloths and S uffs fitting for Apparel c. which are fit for Merchandize and Truck there in the Country and that to good Advantage for the Importer Lastly Although this Country by reason of its being already considerably inhabited may afford many conveniencies to Strangers of which unpeopled Countries are destitute as Lodging Victualling c. Yet all persons inclining unto those Parts must know that in their Settlement there they will find they must have their Winter as well as Summer They must Labour before they Reap And till their Plantations be cleared in Summer time they must expect as in all those Countries the Muscato Flyes Gnats and such like may in Hot and Fair Weather give them some disturbance where People provide not against them Which as Land is cleared are less troublesome The South and South West part of New-Jersey lying on the Sea and Dela ware River is called West Jersey of which Mr. Edward Billing is now Proprietor It hath all the Conveniencies and Excellencies of the other part aforementioned and may be made one of the best Colonies in America for the Scituation Air and Soil The Ports Creeks good Harbours and Havens being not inferior to any in that part of the World having no less than 30 Navigable Creeks ranging themselves at a Convenient distance upon the Sea and that stately River of Dela Ware the Shoars whereof are generally very deep and bold The English that are setled here buy the Lands of the Natives and give them real satisfaction for the same whereby they are assured of their love and Friendship for ever and the poor creatures are never the worse but much better as themselves confess being now supplyed by way of Trade with all they want or stand in need of hunting and fishing as they did before except in inclosed or planted ground bringing home to the English Seven or Eight fat Bucks in a day There is a Town called Burlington which will quickly be a place of great Trade their Orchards are so loaden with Fruit that the very Branches have been torn away with the weight thereof it is delightful to the Eye and most delicious to the Tast Peaches in such plenty that they bring them home in Carts they are very delicate Fruit and hang almost like our Onions tyed upon Ropes They receive 40 Bushels of good English Wheat for one Bushel sown Cherries they have in abundance and Fowl and Fish great plenty with several that are unknown in England There are likewise Bears Wolves Foxes Rattle Snakes and several other Creatures as I imagin saith my Author because the Indians bring such Skins to sell but I have travelled several hundreds of Miles to and fro yet never to my knowledge saw one of them except 2 Rattle-Snakes and I killed them both so that the fear of them iâ— more than the hurt neither are we troubled with the Muskato Fly in this place our Land lying generally high and Healthy and they being commonly in boggy ground with common and reasonable care there may in a few years be Horses Beef Pork Flouer Bisket and Pease to spare Yea this Country wjll produce Honey Wax Silk Hemp Flax Hops Woad Rapeseed Madder Potashes Anniseed and Salt Hides raw or tanned and there is a very large vast Creature called a Moose of whose Skins are made excellent Buff besides the natural product of Pitch Tar Rosin Turpentime c. As for furs there are Beaver black Fox and Otter with divers other sorts The Tobacco is excellent upon the River Dela Ware There may be very good fishing for Cod and Cusk as several have found by experience who have caught great plenty of well-grown Fish upon the whole matter this Province affords all that is either for the necessity conveniency Profit or Pleasure of humane life and it may therefore be reasonably expected that this Country with the rest of America may in a few Ages be throughly peopled with Christians I shall conclude with the Prophecy of the pious learned and Honourable Mr. George Herbert Oratour to the University of Cambridge written many years since Religion stands on Tiptoe in our Land Ready to pass to the American Strand When height of Malice and Prodigious Lusts Impudent Sinning Witchcraft and Distrusts The Mark of future Bane shall fill our Cup Vnto the Brim and make our meâ—sure up When Sein shall swallow Tyber and the Thames By letting in them both pollutes her Streams When Italy of us shall have her will And all her Kalender of sins fulfil Whereby one may foretel what sins next year Shall both in France and England domineer Then shall Religion to America flee They have their time of Gospel even as we CHAP. VII A Prospect of Pensylvania with the Scituation Product and Conveniencies thereof IT is the Jus Gentium or Law of Nations that whatever wast or unculted Country is the Discovery of any Prince it is the Right of that Prince who was at the charge of that Discovery Now this Province is a Member of that part of America which the King of Englands Ancestors have been at the charge of discoveing and which they and he have taken care to preserve and improve And his late Majesty of happy memory upon the Petition of William Penn Esq wherein he set forth his Fathers Services his own Sufferings and his Losses in relation to his Fathers Estate and lastly his long and costly attendance without success was pleased in right and consideration thereof to make a Grant to the sai'd William Penn of all that Tract of Land in America which is exprest in the following Declaration to the Inhabitants and Planters of the Province of Pensylvania CHARLES R. VVHereas His Majesty in consideration of the great merit and faithful services of Sir William Penn deceased and for divers other good Causes Him thereunto moving hath been graciously pleased by Letters Patents bearing Date the Fourth day of March last past to Give and Grant unto William Penn Esquire Son and Heir of the Sir William Penn all that
Tract of Land in America called by the Name of Pensylvania as the same is Bounded on the East by Delaware River from Twelve miles distance Northwards of New-Castle Town unto the three and fortieth Degree of Northern Latitude if the said River doth extend so far Northwards and if the said River shall not extend so far Northward then by the said River so far as it doth extend And from the Head of the said River the Eastern Bounds to be determined by a Meridian Live to be drawn from the Head of the said River unto the said three and fortieth Degree the said Province to extend Westward Five Degrees in Longitude to be Computed from the said Eastern Bounds and to be bounded on the North by the Beginning of the three and fortieth Degree of Northern Latitude and on the South by a Circle drawn at Twelve Miles distance from New-Castle Northwards and Westwards unto the beginning of the fortieth Degree of Northern Latitude and then by a straight Line Westwards to the limit of Longitude above-mentioned together with all Powers Preheminences and Jurisdictions necessary for the Government of the said Province as by the said Letters Patents reference being thereunto had doth more at large appear His Majesty doth therefore hereby Publish and Declare his Royal Will and Pleasure That all Persons Setled or Inhabiting within the Limits of the said Province do yield all Due Obedience to the said William Penn His Heirs and Assigns as absolute Proprietaries and Governours thereof as also to the Deputy or Deputies Agents or Lieutenants Lawfully Commissioned by him or them according to the Powers and Authorities Granted by the said Letters Patents Wherewith his Majesty Expects and Requires a ready Compliance from all persons whom it may concern as they tender his Majesties Displeasure Given at the Court at White-Hall the Second day of April 1681 In the Three and thirtieth year of Our Reign By His Majesties Command Conway The Description of this Province cannot better be given by any than William Penn himself who sent the following account from off the place in a Letter dated from Philadelphia Aug. 16. 1683. For this PROVINCE the general Condition of it take as followeth The Country it self in its Soil Air Water Seasons and Produce both Natural and Artificial is not to be despised The Land containeth divers sorts of Earth as Sand Yellow and Black Poor and Rich also Gravel both Loomy and Dusty and in some places a fast fat Earth like to our best Vales in England especially by Inland-Brooks and Rivers God in his Wisdom having ordered it so that the Advantages of the Country are divided the Back-Lands being generally three to one Richer than those that ly by Navigable Waters We have much of another Soyl and that is a black Hasel-Mould upon a Stony or Rocky bottom The Air is sweet and cleer the Heavens serene like the South-parts of France rarely Overcast and as the Woods come by numbers of People to be more clear'd that it self will Refine The Waters are generally good for the Rivers and Brooks have mostly Gravel and Stony Bottoms and in Number hardly credible We have also Mineral Waters that operate in the same manner with Barnet and North-Hall not two Miles from Philadelphia For the Seasons of the Year having by God's goodness now lived over the Coldest and Hottest that the Oldest Liver in the Province can remember I can say something to an English Understanding 1st Of the Fall for then I came in I found it from the 24th of October to the beginning of December as we have it usually in England in September or rather like an English mild Spring From December to the beginning of the Month called March we had sharp Frosty Weather not foul thick black Weather as our North-East Winds bring with them in England but a Skie as clear as in Summer and the Air dry cold piercing and hungry yet I remember not that I wore more Clothes than in England The reason of this Cold is given from the great Lakes that are fed by the Fountains of Canada The Winter before was as mild scarce any Ice at all while this for a few days Froze up our great River Delaware From that Month to the Month called June we enjoy'd a sweet Spring no Gusts but gentle Showers and a fine Skie Yet this I observe that the Winds here as there are most Inconstant Spring and Fall upon that turn of Nature than in Summer or Winter From thence to this present Month which ended the Summer commonly speaking we have had extraordinary Heats yet mitigated sometimes by Cool Breezes The Wind that ruleth the Summer season is the South-West but Spring Fall and Winter 't is rare to want the wholesome North Western seven dayes together And whatever Mists Fogs or Vapours soul the Heavens by Easterly or Southerly Winds in two Hours time are blown away the one is alwayes followed by the other A Remedy that seems to have a peculiar Providence in it to the Inhabitants the multitude of Trees yet standing being liable to retain Mists and Vapours and yet not one quarter so think as I expected The Natural Produce of the Country of Vegetables is Trees Fruits Plants Flowers The Trees of most note are the black Walnut Cedar Cyprus Chestnut Poplar Gumwood Hickery Saffafrax Ash Beech and Oak of divers sorts as Red Whiâ—e Black Spanish Chestnut and Swamp the most durable of all of All which there is plenty for use of man The Fruits that I find in the Woods are the White and Black Mulberry Chestnut Walnut Plumbs Strawberries Cranberies Hurtleberries Grapes of divers sorts The great Red Grape now ripe called by Ignorance the Fox-G ape because of the Relish it hath with unskilful Palates is in it self an extraordinary Grape and by Art doubtless may be Cultivated to an excellent Wine if not so sweet yet little inferior to the Frontiniack as it is not much unlike in tast Ruddiness set aside which in such things as well as Mankind differs the case much There is a white kind of Muskadel and a little black Grape like the cluster-Grape of England not yet so ripe as the other but they tell me when ripe sweeter and that thâ—â— only want skilful Vinerons to make good use of them I intend to venture on it with my French man this season who shews some knowledge in those things Here are also Peaches and very good and in great quantities not an Indian Plantation without them but whether naturally here at first I know not however one may have them by Bushels for little they make a pleasant Drink and I think not inferior to any Peach you have in England except the true Newington 'T is disputable with me whether it be best to fall to Fining the Fruits of the Country especially the Grape by the care and skill of Art or send for foreign Stems and Sets already good and approved it seems most reasonable to believe that
that a Hare came into their Countrey and made the first men and after preserved them from a great Serpent and two other Hares coming thither the first killed a Deer for their entertainment which was then the only Deer in the World and strewing the hairs of that Deers hide every Hair proved a Deer Virginia after the first discovery cost no small pains and experience before it was brought to perfection with the loss of many Englishmens lives In the Reign of King James the first a Patent was granted to certain Persons as a Corporation who were called The Company of Adventurers of Virginia But upon several misdemeanors miscarriages in 1623 the Patent was made void it hath been since free for all his Majesties Subjects to trade to It is Scituate South of Mary-land and hath the Atlantick Ocean on the East The Air is good and the Climate so agreeable to the English especially since the cleering it from Woods that few dy of the Countrey disease called Seasoning The Soil is so fruitful that an Acre of ground commonly yeilds 200 Bushels of Corn and produces readily the Grain Fruits Plants Seeds and Roots which are brought from England besides those that are natural to this Countrey and the rest of America They have plenty of Beasts Fish and Fowl some of their Turkeys being affirmed to weigh six stone or 48 pound The Mockbird is very delightful imitating the notes of all other Birds The Produce of this Country are Flax Hemp Woad Madder Pot-ashes Hops Honey Wax Rape-seed Annise-seed Silk if they would make it since Mulberry Trees grow here in so great plenty several sweet Gums and excellent Balsoms Allum Iron Copper divers sorts of Woods and Plants used by Dyers together with Pitch Tar Rozin Turpentine and sundry sorts of rich Furs Elk-skins and other Hides but above all Tobacco which is their principal Commodity and the Standard whereby all the rest are prized This Countrey is well watered with many great and swift Rivers that lose themselves in the Gulf or Bay of Chesapeak which gives entrance into this Countrey as well as Mary-land being a very large and Capacious Bay and running up into the Countrey Northward above two hundred Miles The Rivers of most Account are James River navigable a hundred and fifty miles York River large and navigable above 60 miles and Rapahanok Navigable above a hundred and twenty miles Adjoining to these Rivers are the English setled for the conveniency of shipping having several Towns the chief whereof is James-Town commodiously seated on James-River very neat and well beautified with Brick Houses where are kept the Courts of Judicâ—â—ure and all Publick Offices which concern the Countrey Next to James is Elizabeth Town well built and seated on the mouth of a River so called Likewise the Towns of Bermuda Wicocomoco and Dales-Gift The Governour is sent over by his Majesty who at present is the Right Honourable the L. Howard of Essingham the Countrey governed by Laws agreeable to those of England for the better observing therof those Parts possessed by the English are divided into the Counties of Caroluck Charles Glocester Hartford Henrico James New Kent Lancaster Middlesex Nausemund Lower Norfolk Northampton Northumberland Rappahanock Surrey Warwick Westmoreland the Isle of Wight and York In each of which Counties are held petty Courts every Month from which there may be Appeals to the Quarter Court at James Town They have great store of Wild Beasts as Lyons Bears Leopards Tygers Wolves and Dogs like Wolves but bark not Buffelo's Elke whose flesh is as good as Beef Likewise Deer Hares Bevers Otters Foxes Martins Poulcats Weasels Musk-Rats Flying Squirrels c. And for tame Cattle Cows Sheep Goâ—ts Hogs and Horses in great plenty CHAP. X. A Prospect of Carolina with the Scituation and Product thereof CArolina so called from his late Majesty King Charles the Second of Glorious memory is a Colony not long since established by the English and is that part of Florida adjoining to Virginia between twenty nine and thirty six degrees of Northern Latitude On the East it is washed with the Atlantick Ocean and is bounded on the West by Mare Pacificum or the South Sea and within these bounds is contained the most fertile and pleasant part of Florida which is so much commended by the Spanish Authors Of which I cannot give a more ample Account than has been done already by an Englishman who has lived and was concerned in the settlement thereof and shall therefore repeat what he has deliveted in his own words This Province of Carolina was in the Year 1663. Granted by Letters Patents of his late Gracious Majesty in Propriety unto the Right Honourable Edward Earl of Clarendon George Duke of Albemarl William Earl of Craven John Lord Berkely Anthony Lord Ashly now Earl of Shaftsbury Sir George Carteret and Sir John Colleton Knights and Baronets Sir William Berkely Knight by which Letters Patents the Laws of Eagland are to be of force in Carolina but the Lords Proprietors have power with the consent of the Inhabitants to make By-Laws for the better Government of the said Province So that no Money can be raised or Law made without the consent of the Inhabitants or their Representatives They have also power to appoint and impower Governours and other Magistrates to Grant Liberty of Conscience make Constitutions c. With many other great Ptiviledges as by the said Letters Patents will more largely appear And the said Lords Proprietors have there setled a Constitution of Government whereby is granted Liberty of Conscience and wherein all possible care is taken for the equal Administration of Justice and for the lasting Security of the Inhabitants both in their Persons and Estates By the care and endeavours of the said Lords Proprietors and at their very great charge two Colonies have been setled in this Province the one at Albemarle in the most Northerly part the other at Ashly River which is in the Latitude of thirty two Degrees od Minutes Albemarle bordering upon Virginia and only exceeding it in Health Fertility and Mildness of the Winter is in the Growths Productions and other things much of the same nature with it Wherefore I shall not trouble the Reader with a particular Description of that part but apply my self principally to discourse of the Colony at Ashly-River which being many Degrees more Southward than Virginia differs much from it in the Nature of its Climate and Productions Ashly-River was first setled in April 1670. the Lords Proprietors having at their sole charge set out three Vessels with a considerable number of able Men eighteen Moneths Victuals with Clothes Tools Ammunition and what else was thought necessary for a new Settlement and continued at this charge to supply the Colony for divers years after until the Inhabitants were able by their own Industry to live of themselves in which condition they have been for divers years past and are arrived to a very great Degree
of Plenty of all sorts of Provisions Insomuch that most sorts are already cheaper there than in any other of the English Colonys and they are plentifully enough supplied with all things from England or other Parts Ashly-River about seven Miles in from the Sea divides it self into two Branches the Southermost retaining the name of Ashly-River the North Branch is called Cooper-River In May 1680. the Lords Proprietors sent their Orders to the Government their appointing the Port-Town for these two Rivers to be Built on the Point of Land that divides them and to be called Charles Town since which time about an hundred Houses are there Built and more are Building daily by the Persons of all sorts that come there to Inhabit from the more Northern English Colonys and the Sugar Islands England and Ireland and many Persons who went to Carolina Servants being Industrious since they came out of their times with their Masters at whose charge they were Transported have gotten good Stocks of Cattle and Servants of their own have here also Built Houses and exercise their Trades And many that went thither in that condition are now worth several Hundreds of Pounds and live in a very plentiful condition and their Estates still encreasing And Land is become of that value near the Town that it is sold for twenty Shillings per Acre though pillaged of all its valuable Timber and not cleared of the rest and Land that is clear'd and fitted for Planting and Fenced is let for ten Shillings per annum the Acre though twenty miles distant from the Town and six men will in six weeks time Fall Clear Fence in and fit for Planting six Acres of Land At this Town in November 1680. There Rode at one time sixteen Sail of Vessels some of which were upwards of 200 Tuns that came from divers parts of the Kings Dominions to trade there which great concourse of shipping will undoubtebly in a short time make it a considerable Town The Eastern Shore of America whether it be by reason of its having the great Body of the Continent to the Westward of it and by consequence the Northwest-Wind which blows contrary to the Sun the Freezing-Wind as the North-East is in Europe or that the Frozen Lakes which lie-in beyond Canada and lie North and West from the Shore Impregnate the Freezing Wind with more chill and congealing qualities or that the uncultivated Earth covered for the most part with large shading Trees breathes forth more nitrous Vapours than that which is cultivated or all these Reasons together it is certainly much more cold than any part of Europe in the same Degree of Latitude insomuch that New-England and those parts of America about the Latitude of thirty nine and forty and more North though above six hundred miles nearer the Sun than England is notwithstanding many degrees colder in the Winter The Author having been informed by those that say they have seen it that in those Parts it Freezeth about six Inches thick in a Night and great Navigable Rivers are Frozen over in the same space of time and the Country about Ashly-River though within nine Degrees of the Tropick hath seldom any Winter that doth not produce some Ice though I cannot yet learn that any hath been seen on Rivers or Ponds above a quarter of an Inch thick which vanisheth as soon as the Sun is an hour or two high and when the Wind is not at North-west the Weather is very mild So that the December and January of Ashly-River I suppose to be of the same Temperature with the latter end of March and beginning of April in England this small Winter causeth a fall of the Leaf and adapts the Countrey to the production of all the Grains and Fruits of England as well as those that require more Sun insomuch that at Ashly-River the Apple the Pear the Plum the Quince Apricock Peach Medlar Walnut Mulberry and Chesnut thrive very well in the same Garden together with the Orange the Lemon the Olive the Pomgranate the Fig and Almond nor is the Winter here cloudy Overcast or Foggy but it hath been observed that from the twentieth of August to the tenth of March including all the Winter Months there have been but eight overcast days and though Rains fall pretty often in the Winter it is most commonly in quick Showers which when past the Sun shines out clear again The Summer is not near so hot as in Virginia or â—â—e other Northern American English Colonies which may hardly gain belief with those that have not considered the reason which is its neerness to the Tropicks which makes it in a greater measure than those ports more Northward partake of those Breezes which almost constantly rise about eight or nine of the Clock within the Tropicks and blow fresh from the East till about four in the Afternoon and a little after the Sea-breeze dies away there rises a North-wind which blowing all night keeps it fresh and cool In short I take Carolina to be much of the same nature with those delicious Countries about Aleppo Antioch and Smyrna But hath the advantage of being under an equal English Government Such who in this Countrey have seated themselves near great Marshes are subject to Agues as those are who are so seated in England But such who are Swan wild Geese Duck Widgeon Teal Curlew Snipe Shell Drake and a certain sort of black Duck that is excellent meat and stayes there all the year Neat Cattle thrive and increase here exceedingly there being perticular Planters that have already seven or eight hundred head and will in a few years in all probability have as many thousands unless they sell some part he Cattle are not subject to any Disease as yet perceiv'd and are fat all the Year long without any Fother the little Winter they have not pinching them so as to be perceiv'd which is a great advantage the Planters here have of the more Northern Plantations who are all forc'd to give their Cattle Fother and must spend a great part of their Summers Labour in providing three or four Months Fother for their Cattle in the Winter or else would have few of them alive in the Spring which will keep them from ever having very great Herds or be able to do much in Planting any Commodity for Foreign Markets the providing Winter Food for their Cattle taking up so much of their Summers Labour So that many Judicious Persons think that Carolina will be able by Sea to supply those Northern Colonies with salted Beef for their Shipping cheaper than they themselves with what is bred among them for considering that all the Woods in Carolina afford good Pasturage and the small Rent that is paid to the Lords Proprietors for Land an Ox is raised at almost as little expence in Carolina as a Hen is in England And it hath by experience been found that Beef will take salt at Ashly-River any Month in the Year and save very
her dark bowels could not keep From greedy hands lies safer in the deep Where th' Ocean kindly does from Mortals hide Those seeds of Luxury Debate and Pride And thus into our hands the richest Prize Falls with the noblest of our Enemies c. The Soyl of Jamaica is very fruitful the Trees and Plants being always springing and never disrobed of their Summer Livery every month being like our April or May there are many Plains which they call Savana's intermixt with Hills and Woods which they say were formerly Fields of Indian Maiz or Wheat but converted by the Spaniards to pasture for feeding their Horses Cows Hoggs and Asinego 's that they brought from Spain for breed afrer they had destroyed all the Indians which were reckoned above six hundred Thousand which Cattle increased exceedingly great herds of Horses Hogs and other kinds still running Wild in the Woods The Air is more temperate than any of the Caribees being constantly cooled with Eastern breezes and frequent rains and never troubled with these storms of wind called Hurricanes wherewith the adjacent Islands are disturbed sometimes so violent that Ships are forced out of the Roads and on Shoar their Houses blown down and provisions rooted out of the Earth The days and nights are almost equall all the year It produceth many excellent Commodities as Sugar very good Cocao Indico Cotton Tobacco Hydes Tortoise Shells curious Wood Salt Saltpeter Ginger Pepper Drugs of several sorts and Cocheneel with many others which if well improved this Isle will be the best and richest Plantation that ever the English were Masters of They have Horses so plentifull that a special one may be bought for six or seven pound Likewise Cows Asinego 's Mules Sheep Goats and Hogâ— in abundance With very rare Fish of several sorts and plenty of tame Fowl as Hens Turkies and some Ducks but almost infinite store of Wild-Fowl as Geese Turkies Pigeons Ducks Teal Wâ—gens Ginny Hens Plovers Flem ngo's Snipes Parrâ—ts and Paracâ—etto's and many others whose names are not known With choice Fruits as Oranges Limes Pomegranats Coco-nuts Guavers Prickle-Apples Prickle-Pears Grapes Plantains Pines and sâ—veral more All manner of Garden Herbs and Roots as Beans Pease Cabbages Colliflowers Radish Lettice Pursly Melons and divers more They are sometimes troubled with Calentures which is generally occasioned by drunkenness ill Diet or Sloth also with Feavers and Agues but they seldom prove mortal This Isle abounds with good Roads Bays and Harbours the chief whereof is Port Royal formerly called Cageway very commodious for Shipping and secured by a strong Castle it is about twelve Miles from the chief Town of the Island called St. Jago Next is Port-Morant Oâ—d Harbour Port-Negril and Port-Antonio with divers others The Town of St. Jago de la vega is sâ—ated six miles within the Land North-west When the Spaniards possest the Isle it was a large famous City of about two Thousand Houses with two Churches two Chappels and an Abbey which when the English took under Venables were destroyed all but five hundred its Churches and Chappels made fewer and the remainder spoiled and defaced But since the settlement of the English they begin to repair the ruinous Houses and it is like to be grâ—ater than formerly Passage is another Town six mile from St. Jago and as many from Portugal where are about twenty Houses and a Fort to secure the English going thither In the Spaniards time here were several other Towns which are now disregarded as Sevilla on the North of the Isle once beautified with a Collegiat Church which had an Abbot Melilla in the Northeast where Columbus repaired his Ships at his return from Veragua when he was almost Shipwrackt Oristan toward the South Sea where Peter Seranna lost his Ship upon the adjacent Rocks and Sands and continued here in a Solitary Condition for three years and then had the company of a Mariner for four years more who was likewise Shipwrackt and only saved himself Though there are at present no more Towns yet the Island is divided into fourteen Precincts or Parishes namely Port Royal St. Catherine St. Johns St. Andrews St. Davids St. Thomas and Clarendon many whereof are well inhabited by the English that have there very good Plantations whose number is not certainly known but according to a survey taken and returned into England some years since there were above seventeen hundred Families and more than Fifteen Thousand Inhabitants in the forenamed fourteen Precincts And in the four Parishes on the North side of the Isle that is St. Georges St. Maries St. Anus and St. James above Two Thousand more all which are now extreamly increased even to double if not treble that number the Great Incouragement of gaining wealth and a pleasant life inviting abundance of People to transplant themselves from Barbadoes and other English Plantations every year so that in a small time it is like to be the most potent and rich Plantation in all America And besides the aforementioned number of Inhabitants there are reckoned to belong to Jamaica of Privatiers or Bucaniers Sloop and Boat-men which ply about the Isle at least Thirty Thousand stout fighting men whose Courage is sufficiently discovered in their dayly attempts upon the Spaniards in Panama and other places which for the hazard conduct and daringness of their exploits have by some been compared to the Actions of Caesar and Alexander the Great The Laws of this Island are as like those of England as the dâ—fference of Countreys will admit they having their several Courts Magistrates and Officers for executing Justice on Offenders and hearing and determining all Civil Causes between man and man The present Governor under his Majesty of Great Britain is Sir Thomas Linch FINIS There are lately published the four following Books all which together may be reckoned a very satisfactory History of England and the affairs thereof for above a thousand years past they are to be had single or all bound together of Nath. Crouch at the Bell in the Poultrey near Cheapside 1. THE Second Edition of Englands Monarchs very much enlarged Or A Compendious Relation of the most Remarkable Transactions and Observable Passages Ecclesiastical Civil and Military which have happened during the Reigns of the Kings and Queens of England from the Invasion of the Romans under Julius Caesar to this present Adorned with Poems and the Pictures of every Monarch from King William the Conqueror to our most gracious Soveraign King James the Second with his present Majesties Life Heroick Actions late gracious Declaration and other Occurrences to this time The Names of his now Majesties most Honourable Privy Council The Great Officers of the Crown A List of the Dukes Marquesses Earls Viscount Bishops Barons and Deans The Knights of the most Noble Order of the Garter at Windsor and the Principal Officers Civil and Military in England The number of the Lord and Commons who have Votes in both Houses of Parliament and many other very