observe_v it_o as_o a_o memorable_a thing_n and_o which_o he_o will_v not_o have_v believe_v from_o any_o one_o have_v he_o not_o see_v it_o himself_o that_o in_o the_o year_n 1616_o june_n 24_o go_v to_o the_o church_n of_o thor_n he_o see_v the_o tree_n bud_v and_o the_o grass_n come_v up_o green_a out_o of_o the_o ground_n and_o within_o a_o fortnight_n after_o he_o see_v the_o plant_n full_o blow_v and_o the_o leaf_n of_o the_o tree_n at_o their_o perfection_n as_o if_o they_o have_v know_v how_o short_a the_o summer_n be_v to_o be_v and_o therefore_o make_v such_o haste_n to_o enjoy_v it_o their_o soil_n be_v general_o neither_o very_o fertile_a nor_o barren_a but_o between_o both_o full_a of_o flint_n stone_n and_o rock_n every_o where_o appear_v high_a by_o who_o unevenness_n and_o roughness_n the_o rest_n of_o the_o ground_n about_o be_v useless_a the_o ground_n be_v general_o very_o soft_a and_o slabby_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o many_o lake_n and_o river_n overslow_v yet_o will_v it_o be_v sit_v either_o for_o tillage_n or_o pasture_n if_o any_o will_v be_v at_o the_o pain_n and_o charge_n of_o drain_n it_o ol._n petrus_n say_v of_o the_o southern_a part_n lie_v under_o the_o same_o climate_n and_o influence_n of_o the_o heaven_n with_o bothnia_n that_o it_o be_v as_o apt_a to_o bear_v any_o grain_n as_o the_o western_a bothnia_n itself_o but_o this_o be_v not_o without_o a_o concurrence_n and_o aptitude_n likewise_o of_o the_o soil_n and_o he_o himself_o confess_v in_o chap._n 12_o that_o the_o land_n be_v stony_a sandy_a uneven_a overrun_v in_o some_o place_n with_o brier_n and_o thorn_n and_o in_o other_o nothing_o but_o hill_n moor_n fen_n and_o stand_a water_n which_o be_v not_o the_o quality_n that_o usual_o commend_v land_n for_o agriculture_n then_o as_o to_o his_o urge_v its_o verdant_a and_o rich_a pasture_n it_o do_v not_o follow_v that_o all_o land_n which_o yield_v much_o grass_n shall_v be_v equal_o capable_a of_o bear_v good_a corn_n yet_o do_v the_o land_n afford_v plenty_n of_o grass_n and_o that_o so_o good_a that_o their_o cattle_n be_v fatten_v much_o cheap_a and_o soon_o with_o it_o than_o any_o other_o thing_n as_o also_o divers_a herb_n but_o particular_o it_o be_v happy_a in_o all_o kind_n of_o potherb_n there_o be_v many_o large_a wood_n and_o forest_n especial_o towards_o norway_n but_o not_o very_o thick_a likewise_o steep_a rock_n and_o high_a mountain_n call_v doffrini_fw-la upon_o who_o naked_a top_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o violence_n of_o the_o wind_n to_o which_o they_o be_v expose_v never_o yet_o grow_v tree_n below_o these_o hill_n lie_v most_o pleasant_a valley_n in_o which_o be_v clear_a fountain_n and_o rivulet_n innumerable_a which_o emty_v themselves_o into_o the_o river_n at_o length_n be_v carry_v into_o the_o bothnic_a sea_n their_o water_n be_v clear_a sweet_a and_o wholesome_a only_o their_o forest_n abound_v with_o stink_a and_o stand_v pool_n this_o country_n winter_n and_o summer_n have_v a_o incredible_a number_n of_o all_o kind_n of_o wild_a beast_n especial_o the_o lesser_a sort_n which_o suffice_v not_o only_o for_o their_o own_o use_n but_o to_o drive_v a_o great_a trade_n with_o their_o neighbour_n they_o have_v bird_n also_o of_o all_o sort_n very_o many_o but_o fish_n in_o such_o abundance_n that_o a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o native_n be_v entire_o feed_v by_o they_o but_o of_o all_o these_o we_o shall_v speak_v in_o their_o proper_a place_n i_o will_v add_v no_o more_o here_o but_o this_o that_o the_o description_n of_o old_a finland_n or_o scritofinnia_n by_o the_o ancient_n be_v the_o same_o which_o have_v be_v give_v here_o of_o lapland_n to_o confirm_v what_o i_o say_v before_o that_o these_o country_n differ_v only_o in_o name_n and_o not_o in_o nature_n and_o situation_n we_o come_v now_o to_o its_o division_n chap._n iu._n of_o the_o division_n of_o lapland_n those_o who_o have_v write_v of_o lapland_n mention_n disserent_fw-la division_n of_o it_o saxo_n in_o his_o 5_o book_n and_o elsewhere_o speak_v of_o two_o lapland_n and_o after_o he_o johannes_n magnus_n tell_v we_o that_o both_o the_o lapland_n be_v join_v together_o southward_o i_o suppose_v in_o that_o division_n they_o have_v respect_n to_o their_o situation_n and_o mean_v the_o eastern_a and_o the_o western_a lapland_n for_o so_o damianus_n go_v who_o seem_v to_o borrow_v from_o joh._n magnus_n express_v it_o lapland_n say_v he_o be_v divide_v into_o the_o eastern_a and_o the_o western_a separate_v from_o each_o other_o by_o the_o bothnic_a sea_n from_o whence_o we_o may_v gather_v that_o that_o part_n of_o the_o country_n which_o lie_v on_o one_o side_n of_o the_o bothnia_n be_v call_v the_o eastern_a lapland_n and_o that_o which_o lie_v on_o the_o other_o the_o western_a beside_o this_o division_n of_o lapland_n there_o be_v another_o take_v from_o the_o place_n most_o frequent_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n for_o one_o part_n thereof_o lie_v along_o the_o coast_n of_o the_o ocean_n be_v from_o thence_o call_v sioefindmarken_v that_o be_v the_o maritime_a lapland_n the_o other_o lie_v high_o on_o the_o continent_n fioeldmarken_v that_o be_v inland_n lapland_n though_o by_o some_o they_o be_v call_v simple_o findmarken_v and_o lappmarken_v this_o last_o division_n pet._n claud_n give_v we_o in_o his_o 27_o chapter_n all_o the_o sea_n coast_n say_v he_o northward_o and_o eastward_o as_o far_o as_o findmarkia_n reach_v be_v possess_v by_o the_o siaefinni_n or_o maritime_a finlander_n but_o the_o mountainous_a and_o champaign_n country_n by_o the_o lapfinni_n from_o thence_o name_v lapmarkia_n or_o wildfindlandia_n that_o be_v wild_a or_o savage_a findland_n where_o he_o call_v one_o part_n of_o the_o country_n lapmarckia_n the_o other_o findmarckia_fw-la the_o one_o lie_v along_o the_o shore_n and_o border_v on_o the_o sea_n the_o other_o mountainous_a woody_a and_o savage_a upon_o the_o terra_fw-la firma_fw-la and_o this_o too_o may_v be_v worth_a our_o notice_n that_o wildfinland_n with_o he_o be_v that_o which_o other_o call_v lappmarkia_n i_o suppose_v because_o the_o native_n live_v by_o hunt_v as_o those_o of_o the_o other_o do_v by_o fish_v for_o he_o present_o add_v there_o be_v many_o thousand_o in_o that_o place_n that_o feed_v on_o nothing_o but_o the_o flesh_n of_o wild_a beast_n and_o indeed_o some_o there_o be_v with_o who_o those_o only_a pass_n for_o the_o true_a laplander_n as_o samuel_n rheen_n who_o in_o his_o 2_o chapter_n of_o his_o forementioned_a book_n tell_v we_o that_o beside_o the_o scrickfinni_n so_o he_o call_v they_o that_o with_o pet._n claud._n be_v sioefinne_n there_o be_v other_o true_a laplander_n that_o live_v on_o nothing_o but_o rain_n deer_n and_o so_o from_o the_o native_n feed_v on_o wild_a beast_n lapland_n proper_o so_o call_v be_v also_o style_v wildfindland_n in_o opposition_n to_o findmarkia_n who_o inhabitant_n live_v both_o on_o fish_n and_o cattle_n and_o yet_o there_o may_v be_v give_v another_o reason_n for_o the_o imposition_n of_o this_o name_n from_o the_o many_o wood_n of_o that_o country_n olaus_n magnus_n in_o more_o place_n than_o one_o call_v the_o native_n man_n that_o dwell_v in_o wood_n or_o savage_n as_o in_o the_o title_n of_o his_o 3_o chapt._n of_o his_o 4_o book_n which_o be_v concern_v the_o fierceness_n of_o the_o savage_n or_o those_o that_o dwell_v in_o wood_n in_o which_o chapter_n he_o describe_v the_o laplander_n and_o in_o the_o follow_a chapter_n he_o say_v that_o the_o wild_a laplander_n be_v clothe_v with_o rich_a skin_n of_o several_a beast_n the_o baron_n herberstenius_fw-la also_o in_o his_o history_n of_o moscovy_n call_v they_o savage_a laplander_n who_o though_o they_o dwell_v say_v he_o on_o the_o sea_n coast_n in_o little_a cottage_n and_o lead_v a_o brutish_a kind_n of_o life_n be_v yet_o more_o civilise_a then_o the_o savage_n of_o lapland_n whence_o it_o be_v plain_a that_o by_o the_o findlander_n live_v near_o the_o sea_n he_o mean_v those_o that_o other_o call_v sioefinne_n and_o by_o the_o savage_a laplander_n those_o that_o possess_v the_o inland_n country_n who_o he_o think_v be_v so_o call_v from_o their_o wildness_n and_o barbarity_n and_o by_o and_o by_o he_o add_v that_o by_o converse_n with_o stranger_n who_o come_v thither_o to_o trade_n they_o begin_v to_o lay_v aside_o their_o savage_a nature_n and_o become_v a_o little_a more_o civilise_a afterward_o he_o call_v they_o diki_n loppi_n which_o name_n the_o moscovite_n give_v they_o at_o this_o time_n as_o have_v be_v show_v elsewhere_o there_o be_v also_o a_o 3_o division_n of_o lapland_n that_o respect_v the_o several_a prince_n to_o who_o the_o country_n be_v in_o subjection_n and_o this_o andr._n buraeus_fw-la intend_v when_o he_o tell_v we_o the_o great_a part_n of_o lapland_n viz._n the_o southern_a and_o inland_n
country_n belong_v all_o to_o the_o kingdom_n of_o sweden_n the_o maritime_a tract_n that_o lie_v on_o the_o ocean_n and_o be_v call_v findmark_n who_o inhabitant_n the_o sioefinni_n or_o maritime_a findlander_n be_v so_o name_v from_o their_o live_n by_o fish_v to_o norway_n the_o rest_n of_o they_o that_o dwell_v from_o the_o castle_n of_o warhuus_n to_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o white_a sea_n be_v subject_a to_o the_o russian_n which_o part_n the_o swede_n call_v trennes_n the_o native_n pyhinienni_n and_o the_o russian_n tarchana_n voloch_fw-fr of_o their_o subjection_n to_o these_o several_a prince_n we_o shall_v speak_v when_o we_o come_v to_o treat_v of_o their_o government_n and_o also_o of_o those_o part_n that_o belong_v to_o norway_n or_o denmark_n and_o russia_n at_o present_a we_o shall_v only_o mention_v the_o division_n of_o that_o part_n which_o be_v under_o the_o swede_n and_o be_v name_v by_o buraeus_fw-la the_o southern_a and_o inland_n lapland_n and_o by_o petr._n claud._n lappmarkia_n proper_o so_o call_v this_o be_v divide_v into_o six_o lesser_a part_n call_v marker_n or_o land_n though_o buraeus_fw-la choose_v to_o render_v they_o territory_n or_o province_n each_o of_o these_o have_v their_o distinct_a name_n and_o be_v call_v aongermandlandslapmark_n vmalappmark_n pithalappmark_n lulalapmark_n tornalapmark_n kiemilapmark_n so_o samuel_n rheen_n in_o his_o first_o chapter_n that_o part_n of_o lapland_n which_o belong_v to_o sweden_n be_v divide_v into_o the_o kiemensian_a tornensian_a lulensian_a pithensian_a umensian_a and_o angermanlandensian_a lapmark_n buraeus_fw-la mention_n but_o five_o of_o these_o province_n viz._n vmalappmark_n pithalappmark_n lulalapmark_n tornelapmark_n and_o kimilapmark_n comprehend_v angermandlandslapmark_n under_o vmalapmark_n not_o that_o they_o be_v one_o and_o the_o same_o province_n but_o because_o they_o be_v both_o govern_v by_o one_o lieutenant_n each_o of_o these_o province_n take_v their_o name_n from_o river_n that_o run_v through_o the_o midst_n of_o they_o as_o wexionius_n in_o his_o description_n of_o swedland_n assure_v we_o as_o for_o their_o situation_n angermanlandslapmark_n border_n upon_o andermannia_n and_o jemtia_n to_o this_o join_v vmalapmark_n next_o to_o that_o be_v pithalapmark_n and_o then_o lulelapmark_n all_o of_o they_o lie_v westward_o reach_v on_o one_o side_n to_o that_o ridg_z of_o hill_n that_o divide_v swedland_n from_o norway_n and_o on_o the_o other_o side_n to_o the_o western_a bothnia_n northward_o of_o they_o lie_v tornelapmark_n and_o extend_v itself_o from_o the_o fartheh_a corner_n of_o the_o bay_n of_o bothnia_n all_o along_o the_o north_n sea_n call_v by_o seaman_n cape_n noort_n next_o to_o this_o lie_v kimilapmark_n wind_v from_o the_o north_n towards_o the_o east_n and_o bound_v on_o one_o side_n by_o the_o eastern_a bothnia_n on_o another_o side_n by_o that_o part_n of_o lapland_n that_o belong_v to_o russia_n and_o on_o a_o three_o side_n by_o cajania_n and_o carelia_n moreover_o these_o province_n we_o be_v speak_v of_o be_v subdivide_v into_o lesser_a part_n call_v by_o the_o swede_n byar_n as_o samuel_n rheen_n tell_v we_o and_o be_v equivavalent_a to_o our_o shire_n and_o the_o pagi_n of_o the_o ancient_n so_o in_o caesar_n we_o meet_v with_o pagus_n tigurinus_n and_o pagi_n suevorum_n which_o be_v not_o village_n or_o country_n town_n but_o large_a part_n of_o a_o country_n such_o as_o the_o greek_n call_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d use_v in_o ancient_a time_n in_o the_o division_n of_o egypt_n hence_o the_o glossary_a render_v the_o ancient_a toparchiae_n pagus_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d there_o be_v several_a of_o these_o pagi_n or_o shire_n in_o each_o province_n except_o angermanlandslapmark_n which_o make_v but_o one_o pagus_n vulgar_o call_v aosahla_n vmalapmark_n have_v four_o vma_n lais_n or_o raanby_n granby_n and_o vapsteen_n pithalapmark_n seven_o graotreskby_n arfwejerfsby_n lochteby_n arrieplogsby_n wisierfby_n norrvesterby_n westerby_n lulalapmark_n five_o jochmoch_n sochjoch_n torpinjaur_n zerkislocht_v and_o rautomjaur_n tornelapmark_n eight_o tingawaara_n siggewaara_fw-mi sondewara_fw-mi ronolaby_o pellejerf_n kiedkajerf_n manstalka_n saodankyla_n kithilaby_n so_o that_o all_o the_o territory_n or_o province_n be_v divide_v into_o 33_o byars_n in_o each_o of_o these_o there_o be_v several_a clan_n or_o family_n which_o the_o swede_n call_v raekar_n each_o of_o which_o have_v a_o certain_a allotment_n of_o ground_n assign_v they_o for_o the_o maintenance_n of_o themselves_o and_o their_o cattle_n not_o in_o the_o nature_n of_o a_o country_n farm_n with_o we_o but_o of_o a_o very_a great_a length_n and_o breadth_n so_o as_o to_o include_v river_n lake_n wood_n and_o the_o like_a which_o all_o belong_v to_o one_o clan_n or_o family_n in_o every_o biar_n there_o be_v as_o many_o allotment_n as_o there_o be_v family_n that_o can_v live_v of_o themselves_o and_o be_v not_o force_v by_o poverty_n to_o serve_v other_o in_o the_o byar_n call_v aosahla_n there_o be_v about_o 30_o of_o these_o clan_n or_o family_n in_o other_o more_o or_o less_o according_a as_o they_o be_v in_o bigness_n which_o all_o have_v their_o several_a name_n though_o it_o be_v not_o worth_a while_n to_o repeat_v they_o and_o thus_o much_o shall_v suffice_v of_o the_o three_o division_n of_o lapland_n not_o late_o make_v except_o that_o under_o charles_n ix_o some_o clan_n have_v certain_a allotment_n assign_v they_o but_o derive_v from_o very_o ancient_a time_n as_o appear_v from_o hence_o that_o neither_o the_o laplander_n have_v know_v nor_o the_o swede_n give_v they_o any_o other_o since_o the_o country_n have_v be_v under_o their_o subjection_n nor_o be_v the_o word_n modern_a or_o take_v from_o any_o thing_n that_o may_v give_v any_o cause_n to_o suspect_v they_o of_o novelty_n which_o i_o the_o rather_o observe_v that_o from_o hence_o the_o native_a simplicity_n agreeable_a to_o the_o antiquity_n of_o the_o nation_n may_v appear_v chap._n v._o of_o the_o laplander_n in_o reference_n to_o the_o inclination_n temper_n and_o habit_n of_o their_o mind_n and_o body_n it_o be_v almost_o peculiar_a to_o this_o people_n to_o be_v all_o of_o they_o of_o low_a stature_n which_o be_v attest_v by_o the_o general_a suffrage_n of_o those_o writer_n who_o have_v describe_v this_o country_n hence_o the_o learned_a isaac_n vossius_fw-la observe_v that_o pigmy_n be_v say_v to_o inhabit_v here_o and_o add_v that_o they_o be_v a_o deform_a people_n but_o in_o truth_n their_o feature_n and_o proportion_n be_v good_a enough_o and_o that_o they_o be_v not_o distort_v sufficient_o appear_v from_o their_o great_a agility_n of_o body_n and_o fitness_n for_o active_a employment_n nor_o need_v we_o dispute_v of_o this_o since_o in_o sweden_n we_o see_v they_o every_o day_n among_o we_o and_o can_v observe_v no_o defect_n in_o any_o kind_n or_o deformity_n by_o lomenius_fw-la unjust_o ascribe_v to_o they_o ol._n mag._n and_o tornaeus_n esteem_v their_o young_a woman_n indifferent_o handsome_a and_o of_o a_o clear_a skin_n which_o i_o have_v often_o see_v myself_o for_o they_o take_v great_a care_n to_o preserve_v their_o natural_a beauty_n which_o the_o man_n neglect_v to_o do_v and_o therefore_o if_o they_o be_v less_o amiable_a than_o the_o other_o sex_n it_o be_v to_o be_v impute_v to_o their_o choice_n not_o nature_n to_o which_o we_o may_v add_v the_o length_n of_o their_o frost_n and_o the_o bitterness_n of_o the_o air_n against_o which_o they_o neither_o arm_v themselves_o sufficient_o with_o clothes_n nor_o know_v how_o to_o do_v so_o beside_o the_o smoke_n which_o continual_o fill_v their_o cottage_n empair_v very_o much_o their_o natural_a complexion_n which_o be_v the_o reason_n why_o most_o of_o the_o man_n also_o be_v so_o swart_a and_o as_o they_o be_v general_o short_a they_o be_v also_o very_o lean_a and_o it_o be_v rare_a to_o see_v a_o fat_a man_n among_o they_o for_o the_o cold_a that_o prevent_v their_o grow_a tall_a dry_v up_o likewise_o their_o moisture_n and_o make_v they_o apt_a to_o be_v slender_a they_o be_v also_o very_a light_n in_o respect_n of_o their_o bulk_n and_o stature_n which_o come_v from_o their_o not_o eat_v any_o salt_n if_o we_o will_v believe_v ol._n petr._n and_o thus_o much_o may_v be_v say_v in_o general_a of_o the_o frame_n and_o condition_n of_o their_o body_n as_o for_o their_o particular_a part_n they_o have_v thick_a head_n prominent_a forehead_n hollow_a and_o blear_a eye_n short_a flat_a nose_n and_o wide_a mouth_n their_o hair_n be_v thin_a short_a and_o flaggy_a their_o beard_n straggle_v and_o scarce_o cover_v their_o chin_n the_o hair_n of_o both_o sex_n be_v general_o black_a and_o hard_a very_o seldom_o yellow_a their_o breast_n broad_a slender_a waste_n spindle_n shank_n and_o swift_a of_o foot_n they_o be_v very_o strong_a in_o their_o limb_n so_o that_o in_o a_o bow_n which_o a_o norwegian_a can_v scarce_o half_a bend_n they_o will_v draw_v a_o arrow_n
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this_o complaint_n be_v make_v to_o gustavus_n who_o thereupon_o commit_v henricus_fw-la laurentii_fw-la to_o prison_n and_o confiscate_v most_o of_o his_o estate_n take_v then_o the_o tribute_n from_o the_o laplander_n into_o his_o hand_n and_o grant_v to_o all_o people_n free_a trade_n with_o they_o this_o henricus_fw-la laurentii_fw-la be_v without_o doubt_n in_o that_o time_n the_o head_n of_o the_o birkarli_n and_o i_o believe_v the_o brother_n of_o david_n laurentii_fw-la who_o together_o with_o ionas_n nicolas_n conclude_v the_o treaty_n with_o gustavus_n in_o the_o name_n of_o the_o birkarli_n in_o the_o year_n 1528_o for_o settle_v the_o tribute_n and_o other_o affair_n from_o hence_o we_o may_v collect_v they_o lose_v their_o privilege_n not_o long_o after_o this_o contract_n now_o it_o be_v not_o only_o just_a to_o deprive_v they_o of_o those_o privilege_n which_o they_o abuse_v in_o oppress_v other_o but_o prudent_a as_o well_o from_o the_o jealousy_n of_o too_o great_a a_o 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swedland_n i_o suppose_v he_o mean_v the_o more_o weighty_a controversy_n which_o the_o birkarli_n can_v not_o or_o do_v not_o dare_v to_o decide_v but_o these_o be_v very_o rare_a with_o they_o for_o great_a crime_n as_o theft_n rapine_n murder_n adultery_n or_o such_o like_a be_v seldom_o commit_v and_o scarce_o know_v by_o the_o laplander_n they_o neither_o borrow_v nor_o lend_v money_n be_v content_a with_o what_o they_o possess_v of_o their_o own_o which_o be_v common_o the_o occasion_n of_o quarrel_n in_o other_o nation_n and_o maintain_v so_o many_o lawyer_n the_o chief_a sin_n they_o be_v guilty_a of_o be_v their_o magical_a superstition_n which_o since_o their_o embrace_a christianity_n be_v forbid_v by_o the_o law_n and_o be_v not_o so_o frequent_a as_o former_o after_o that_o gustavus_n the_o first_o have_v depose_v the_o birkarli_n and_o give_v they_o governor_n of_o their_o own_o they_o live_v under_o better_a discipline_n and_o great_a diligence_n be_v use_v in_o see_v justice_n do_v but_o charles_n the_o nine_o be_v the_o first_o that_o take_v care_n to_o have_v they_o instruct_v in_o the_o swedish_n law_n and_o that_o they_o shall_v regulate_v themselves_o according_o this_o charge_n be_v give_v by_o the_o same_o king_n in_o his_o instruction_n to_o laurentius_n laurentii_fw-la governor_n of_o lapland_n date_v from_o stockholm_n on_o the_o 10_o of_o oct._n 1610_o wherein_o he_o command_v he_o to_o govern_v those_o of_o vma_n pitha_n and_o luhla_n according_a to_o the_o swedish_n law_n and_o to_o protect_v they_o from_o all_o injury_n there_o be_v at_o present_a in_o lapland_n three_o governor_n and_o as_o many_o court_n of_o judicature_n the_o first_o be_v call_v anundsioeense_n or_o angermansian_a the_o other_o vhmensian_a pithensian_a and_o luhlensian_a the_o other_o be_v the_o tornensian_a and_o kiemensian_n over_o these_o be_v particular_a governor_n who_o in_o the_o king_n name_n pass_v sentence_n but_o in_o the_o presence_n of_o a_o judge_n and_o a_o priest_n where_o it_o be_v observable_a that_o they_o add_v priest_n to_o the_o governor_n to_o restrain_v they_o from_o do_v injustice_n by_o the_o authority_n of_o their_o presence_n now_o as_o to_o the_o time_n when_o these_o court_n be_v call_v it_o be_v a_o doubt_n but_o i_o believe_v it_o be_v at_o the_o fair_a time_n when_o they_o meet_v about_o all_o public_a business_n this_o be_v common_o twice_o in_o a_o year_n viz._n in_o winter_n and_o summer_n according_a to_o a_o order_n of_o charles_n the_o ninth_n it_o be_v now_o in_o january_n and_o february_n they_o be_v hold_v in_o the_o same_o place_n where_o they_o keep_v their_o market_n and_o fair_n which_o be_v determine_v in_o each_o particular_a county_n as_o will_v appear_v by_o and_o by_o now_o we_o come_v to_o the_o tribute_n they_o pay_v which_o at_o first_o be_v only_a skin_n of_o beast_n pay_v not_o by_o the_o laplander_n but_o the_o birkarli_n yet_o only_o as_o a_o acknowledgement_n of_o their_o subjection_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n buraeus_fw-la call_v it_o naogra_fw-la timber_n graoskin_n graoskin_n signify_v gray_a squirrel_n skin_n of_o which_o colour_n the_o squirrel_n be_v constant_o in_o the_o winter_n timber_n denote_v the_o number_n of_o the_o skin_n which_o be_v forty_o tie_v together_o in_o a_o bundle_n it_o be_v uncertain_a how_o many_o of_o these_o bundle_v the_o birkarli_n give_v but_o in_o the_o contract_n with_o gustavus_n the_o first_o those_o of_o luhla_n and_o pitha_n be_v engage_v to_o pay_v 8_o which_o make_v in_o all_o 360_o skin_n beside_o two_o martin_n skin_n those_o also_o of_o tear_v be_v tax_v with_o the_o same_o number_n and_o short_o after_o this_o number_n be_v double_v by_o a_o agreement_n make_v in_o 1528._o but_o after_o the_o birkarli_n have_v lose_v their_o privilege_n for_o the_o forementioned_a reason_n and_o the_o king_n receive_v the_o tax_n by_o commissioner_n for_o himself_o it_o be_v very_o probable_a some_o more_o alteration_n be_v make_v in_o the_o year_n 1602_o they_o pay_v instead_o of_o skin_n every_o ten_o rain-deer_n and_o one_o ten_o of_o all_o their_o dry_a fish_n which_o be_v clear_a from_o the_o command_v give_v by_o charles_n tc-his_a deputy_n olaus_n burman_n and_o henry_n benegtson_n at_o stockholm_n on_o the_o 22_o of_o july_n in_o the_o same_o year_n to_o require_v the_o tribute_n in_o this_o manner_n that_o so_o the_o laplander_n may_v know_v what_o and_o how_o much_o they_o be_v to_o pay_v for_o it_o seem_v that_o from_o gustavus_n the_o first_o be_v time_n till_o then_o the_o governor_n use_v no_o constant_a method_n in_o raise_v it_o but_o sometime_o demand_v skin_n at_o other_o time_n other_o sort_n of_o good_n that_o seem_v most_o necessary_a for_o present_a use_n so_o that_o by_o this_o uncertainty_n the_o tribute_n grow_v very_o heavy_a upon_o the_o inhabitant_n and_o their_o governor_n take_v occasion_n from_o it_o to_o exact_v what_o they_o please_v
he_o be_v describe_v those_o laplander_n which_o live_v near_o muscovy_n whereas_o the_o rest_n can_v have_v plenty_n enough_o out_o of_o the_o river_n the_o best_a sort_n they_o have_v be_v salmon_n for_o which_o olaus_n magnus_n say_v there_o be_v not_o better_a fish_n in_o any_o part_n of_o europe_n then_o in_o the_o bothnic_n towards_o lapland_n who_o mountain_n send_v down_o vast_a river_n of_o fresh_a water_n against_o which_o the_o salmon_n come_v in_o such_o shoal_n and_o with_o such_o vigour_n that_o the_o fisherman_n find_v they_o at_o the_o head_n of_o the_o river_n on_o the_o top_n of_o the_o mountain_n samuel_n rheen_n too_o prefer_v these_o fish_n before_o all_o the_o rest_n and_o say_v that_o they_o swim_v up_o all_o river_n that_o they_o be_v able_a and_o come_v down_o again_o about_o st_n matthews_n tide_n and_o that_o it_o be_v much_o worse_o when_o it_o return_v than_o when_o it_o go_v up_o which_o seem_v to_o be_v because_o it_o be_v weary_v and_o spend_v in_o struggle_v against_o the_o stream_n and_o engender_v which_o it_o always_o do_v in_o those_o part_n of_o the_o river_n which_o be_v most_o remote_a from_o the_o sea_n when_o he_o come_v up_o the_o river_n they_o call_v he_o salm_n at_o his_o return_n lax_n the_o 2_o sort_n of_o fish_n be_v pike_n olaus_n magnus_n speak_v of_o this_o say_v that_o in_o lapland_n there_o be_v marsh_n of_o fresh_a water_n 400_o italian_a mile_n in_o length_n and_o 100_o in_o breadth_n in_o which_o there_o be_v such_o abundance_n of_o pike_n and_o other_o fish_n that_o they_o do_v not_o only_o supply_v 4_o kingdom_n but_o be_v dry_v and_o transport_v far_o into_o germany_n to_o be_v sell_v these_o fish_n always_o use_v fresh_a water_n and_o be_v every_o where_o know_v have_v long_a head_n the_o low_a jaw_n hang_v out_o many_o sharp_a tooth_n which_o the_o german_n call_v hecht_n they_o be_v find_v sometime_o to_o exceed_v man_n in_o length_n olaus_n affirm_v that_o if_o they_o have_v fresh_a water_n and_o food_n enough_o they_o will_v attain_v to_o 8_o foot_n in_o length_n the_o 3_o sort_n be_v those_o which_o the_o swede_n call_v sick_a not_o much_o differ_v from_o the_o carp_n only_o they_o have_v long_a mouth_n and_o not_o so_o broad_a they_o be_v common_o not_o so_o big_a as_o carp_n but_o in_o lapland_n they_o be_v find_v extraordinary_a sometime_o weigh_v 10_o or_o 12_o pound_n the_o 4_o sort_n be_v abbor_n which_o be_v with_o we_o a_o perch_n this_o be_v very_o plentiful_a too_o and_o frequent_o of_o a_o incredible_a bigness_n there_o be_v to_o this_o day_n in_o a_o chapel_n at_o luhlah_n keep_v one_o of_o their_o head_n dry_v which_o be_v from_o the_o top_n to_o the_o under_o jaw_n 2_o span_n thick_a there_o be_v find_v water-weezels_a red_n and_o white_a chief_o in_o the_o pool_n near_o the_o sea_n samuel_n rheen_n speak_v of_o 2_o sort_n which_o the_o swede_n call_v rae_v and_o aerlax_n whether_o they_o be_v any_o where_o else_o find_v i_o know_v not_o rheen_fw-mi thus_o describe_v the_o first_o sort_n rae_v have_v its_o name_n from_o the_o red_a colour_n on_o the_o low_a part_n of_o its_o belly_n the_o latter_a be_v very_a like_o a_o salmon_n but_o not_o so_o big_a some_o take_v they_o for_o salmon_n not_o come_v to_o their_o full_a growth_n but_o this_o be_v a_o error_n for_o these_o fish_n be_v take_v in_o pool_n which_o be_v on_o every_o side_n part_v from_o the_o sea_n and_o be_v know_v never_o to_o have_v any_o salmon_n i_o have_v rather_o refer_v they_o to_o the_o trout_n or_o trutta_n because_o it_o scarce_o differ_v in_o shape_n only_o the_o trout_n flesh_n be_v red_a and_o soft_a beside_o these_o there_o be_v many_o other_o fish_n in_o lapland_n but_o not_o regard_v because_o they_o serve_v not_o for_o food_n for_o which_o reason_n i_o pass_v they_o over_o only_o olaus_n petrus_n give_v we_o this_o doubtful_a account_n of_o their_o name_n salario_fw-la cobitis_fw-la barbatula_n rubellio_n borbocha_n ocutala_fw-la prasinus_fw-la cyprinus_fw-la cobitis_fw-la aculeata_fw-la this_o country_n breed_v not_o many_o reptile_n no_o serpent_n but_o this_o be_v mean_v of_o the_o upper_a region_n towards_o the_o norway_n mountain_n for_o in_o the_o low_a woody_a place_n they_o be_v find_v though_o not_o many_o there_o be_v but_o few_o infect_v as_o for_o flea_n they_o be_v quite_o unknown_a but_o they_o receive_v much_o injury_n from_o gnat_n which_o infest_a man_n and_o beast_n especial_o the_o rain-deers_a which_o upon_o that_o account_n be_v drive_v away_o to_o the_o top_n of_o the_o high_a mountain_n the_o man_n arm_v themselves_o against_o they_o by_o keep_v a_o continual_a smoke_n in_o the_o house_n if_o they_o sleep_v they_o put_v a_o blanket_n over_o their_o body_n and_o head_n when_o they_o go_v abroad_o they_o put_v on_o a_o garment_n make_v of_o hide_n and_o on_o their_o head_n cloth_n cap_n i_o have_v be_v tell_v by_o the_o native_n that_o many_o to_o defend_v themselves_o from_o this_o insect_n dawb_v their_o face_n all_o over_o except_o their_o eye_n with_o refine_v and_o pitch_v beside_o these_o there_o be_v great_a wasp_n which_o trouble_v the_o rain-deers_a and_o sting_v they_o so_o deep_a that_o sometime_o they_o leave_v mark_n behind_o they_o even_o when_o the_o beast_n be_v flay_v those_o little_a hole_n which_o they_o make_v with_o their_o sting_n the_o vulgar_a call_v kaorme_v the_o only_a remedy_n for_o the_o raindee_a against_o these_o be_v smoke_n which_o if_o not_o present_a they_o dip_v themselves_o in_o water_n and_o let_v this_o suffice_v for_o their_o animal_n chap._n xxxi_o of_o the_o laplander_n trees_n and_o plant_n i_o descend_v from_o their_o animal_n to_o their_o tree_n and_o plant_n with_o which_o they_o be_v well_o store_v though_o jovius_n observe_v that_o they_o have_v no_o fruit_n tree_n as_o apple_n pear_n etc._n etc._n neither_o have_v they_o any_o wild_a tree_n which_o will_v not_o bear_v the_o cold_a as_o oak_n beach_n which_o ol._n pet._n take_v notice_n of_o but_o add_v that_o they_o have_v plenty_n of_o pine_n and_o fir_n juniper_n and_o birch_n service_n tree_n and_o willow_n alder_n and_o dog-tree_n the_o asp_n and_o ollar_n but_o these_o tree_n do_v not_o grow_v every_o where_o for_o the_o mountain_n call_v the_o fell_n between_o norway_n and_o lapland_n bear_v no_o tree_n at_o all_o pet._n claud._n think_v the_o reason_n of_o that_o to_o be_v the_o continual_a storm_n of_o wind_n that_o be_v on_o they_o but_o perhaps_o a_o true_a reason_n may_v be_v the_o extremity_n of_o cold_a the_o ground_n that_o lie_v near_o the_o mountain_n be_v thick_o set_v with_o wood_n with_o this_o distinction_n that_o the_o part_n next_o they_o bear_v nothing_o but_o birch_n tree_n remarkable_a for_o their_o thickness_n and_o height_n and_o pleasant_a prospect_n nature_n have_v contrive_v they_o so_o regular_o that_o they_o seem_v afar_o off_o to_o be_v some_o pleasant_a garden_n the_o soil_n more_o distant_a from_o those_o hill_n beside_o birch-tree_n have_v fir_n and_o pitch_n which_o seem_v like_o some_o new_a kind_n of_o wood_n compose_v of_o these_o three_o sort_n beside_o these_o there_o be_v very_o few_o other_o find_v in_o lapland_n shrub_n especial_o currant_n or_o rib_n be_v very_o frequent_a but_o they_o regard_v not_o these_o because_o perhaps_o the_o taste_n be_v unpleasant_a especial_o of_o those_o which_o bear_v blackberry_n which_o be_v more_o numerous_a than_o the_o other_o the_o juniper_n grow_v thick_a be_v very_o tall_a and_o comely_a this_o country_n yield_v all_o manner_n of_o berry_n the_o chief_a be_v those_o which_o the_o swede_n call_v hiortron_n some_o dew-berry_n or_o the_o norway_n berry_n who_o species_n be_v the_o same_o that_o grow_v on_o bramble_n each_o berry_n be_v divide_v as_o it_o be_v into_o grain_n of_o a_o pale_a yellow_a colour_n begin_v to_o be_v red_a as_o they_o ripen_v these_o common_o grow_v in_o marshy_a place_n they_o creep_v on_o the_o ground_n and_o be_v sustain_v by_o little_a prop_n so_o that_o they_o ought_v not_o to_o be_v reckon_v among_o shrub_n the_o berry_n be_v very_o wholesome_a and_o be_v a_o present_a remedy_n for_o the_o scurvy_a the_o inhabitant_n delight_v to_o eat_v they_o with_o their_o flesh_n and_o salt_n meat_n as_o i_o mention_v before_o they_o have_v a_o sort_n of_o black_a berry_n call_v by_o the_o swede_n halton_n according_a to_o olaus_n pet._n also_o the_o thin_a leave_a heath_n that_o bear_v a_o berry_n which_o some_o call_v ground_n ewe_n the_o swede_n kraokebaer_n the_o lesser_a black_a berry_n call_v in_o swedland_n lingon_n and_o the_o lesser_a black_a berry_n call_v blaobaer_n all_o which_o olaus_n pet._n take_v notice_n of_o speak_v of_o their_o manner_n of_o dress_v meat_n particular_o of_o the_o heath-berry_n whence_o it_o appear_v that_o these_o berry_n be_v as_o
torna_fw-la whether_o it_o be_v carry_v to_o be_v beat_v into_o bar_n and_o rod_n at_o the_o forge_n at_o koenge_n a_o 3_o vein_n of_o the_o same_o metal_n be_v find_v in_o pelziwachin_n at_o lulha_n but_o of_o these_o the_o two_o first_o only_o be_v dig_v i_o hear_v in_o 1671._o of_o a_o golden_a mine_n but_o because_o there_o be_v no_o certainty_n i_o will_v not_o insist_v upon_o it_o i_o mention_v it_o because_o there_o be_v some_o that_o affirm_v that_o it_o be_v find_v in_o swedeland_n in_o the_o time_n of_o gustavus_n the_o first_o but_o this_o be_v divulge_v by_o a_o uncertain_a author_n as_o appear_v by_o the_o event_n for_o to_o this_o day_n nothing_o more_o have_v be_v hear_v of_o it_o chap_n xxxiii_o of_o their_o stone_n jewel_n and_o pearl_n i_o come_v now_o to_o their_o stone_n which_o be_v very_o large_a and_o many_o of_o a_o ash_n colour_n but_o rough_a hard_a and_o intractable_a not_o to_o be_v reduce_v by_o any_o instrument_n to_o shape_n for_o use_v beside_o these_o there_o be_v other_o often_o find_v on_o the_o shore_n which_o represent_v the_o shape_n of_o a_o animal_n these_o the_o inhabitant_n esteem_v much_o and_o adore_v they_o for_o god_n under_o the_o name_n of_o stoorjuncare_n in_o tornelapmark_a near_o the_o i_o junesuando_fw-la on_o the_o bank_n of_o torno_n there_o be_v find_v yellow_a plain_a stone_n of_o a_o circular_a figure_n like_o money_n about_o the_o bigness_n of_o a_o half_a crown_n which_o look_v like_o dirt_n but_o be_v as_o hard_o as_o flint_n dn._n grape_n in_o his_o paper_n make_v mention_v of_o they_o i_o will_v set_v down_o a_o draught_n of_o they_o mark_v with_o the_o letter_n b._n in_o the_o mine_n itself_o there_o be_v find_v stone_n in_o the_o perfect_a shape_n of_o octaedra_n polish_a and_o work_v by_o nature_n herself_o but_o very_o small_a not_o exceed_v the_o bigness_n of_o a_o nut_n and_o sometime_o less_o i_o have_v put_v down_o their_o figure_n with_o the_o letter_n c_o it_o be_v not_o certain_a whether_o the_o loadstone_n be_v find_v in_o this_o country_n though_o olaus_n mag._n speak_v of_o mountain_n under_o the_o pole_n which_o some_o have_v think_v do_v breed_v the_o stone_n his_o word_n seem_v to_o intimate_v loadstone_n as_o big_a as_o mountain_n but_o it_o be_v certain_a he_o can_v mean_v lapland_n for_o that_o have_v none_o such_o yet_o there_o be_v those_o who_o affirm_v that_o the_o loadstone_n be_v find_v there_o as_o for_o precious_a stone_n they_o have_v they_o frequent_o buraeus_fw-la mention_n jewel_n and_o afterward_o he_o add_v diamond_n amethyst_n and_o topaz_n by_o diamond_n he_o mean_v transparent_a stone_n or_o crystal_n they_o be_v find_v big_a and_o little_o stick_v up_o and_o down_o upon_o the_o rock_n and_o cragg_n some_o be_v as_o big_a as_o child_n head_n such_o as_o i_o see_v the_o illustrious_a gabriel_n de_fw-fr la_fw-fr galdie_n chancellor_n of_o this_o kingdom_n have_v they_o have_v six_o side_n end_v like_o a_o pyramid_n though_o some_o of_o they_o be_v imperfect_a the_o colour_n in_o some_o be_v bright_a and_o clear_a not_o inferior_a to_o crystal_n in_o other_o dull_a and_o spoil_v with_o flaw_n some_o be_v pure_a other_o have_v vein_n like_o crack_n branch_a out_o every_o way_n they_o serve_v the_o inhabitant_n for_o flint_n when_o they_o have_v occasion_n to_o light_v a_o candle_n and_o yield_v more_o fire_n if_o strike_v with_o a_o steel_n than_o the_o flint_n themselves_o i_o have_v now_o in_o a_o lapland_n pouch_n some_o crystal_n which_o they_o make_v use_v of_o for_o flint_n the_o jeweller_n polish_v and_o cut_v their_o crystal_n with_o such_o art_n that_o sometime_o they_o be_v take_v for_o true_a diamond_n by_o those_o that_o have_v skill_n i_o have_v draw_v the_o great_a sort_n of_o crystal_n in_o the_o native_a bigness_n &_o shape_n mark_v with_o the_o letter_n a._n buraeus_fw-la mention_n amethyst_n next_o some_o of_o which_o i_o see_v bring_v out_o of_o lapland_n but_o so_o pale_a and_o spot_a that_o they_o be_v scarce_o comparable_a to_o those_o that_o come_v out_o of_o bohemâ—a_n though_o i_o hear_v since_o that_o there_o be_v much_o better_o find_v cut_v rare_o the_o same_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v say_v of_o the_o topaz_n one_o of_o which_o i_o have_v in_o my_o study_n in_o every_o thing_n like_o a_o crystal_n only_o the_o colour_n incline_v to_o a_o yellow_a i_o be_o tell_v that_o none_o of_o the_o rest_n do_v shine_v so_o much_o as_o those_o that_o come_v from_o other_o place_n which_o be_v the_o fault_n of_o almost_o all_o the_o jewel_n of_o this_o nation_n not_o be_v so_o apt_a to_o bare_a lively_a brisk_a colour_n as_o the_o eastern_a jewel_n do_v to_o this_o head_n i_o reduce_v all_o pearl_n and_o margarite_n though_o they_o be_v not_o stone_n some_o river_n in_o lapland_n produce_v these_o therefore_o there_o be_v certain_a inhabitant_n appoint_v to_o dive_v and_o search_v for_o they_o such_o as_o be_v john_n peterson_n mention_v by_o s._n rheen_n who_o first_o find_v the_o silver_n mine_n at_o nasasiael_n he_o be_v call_v even_o diamontzbryeare_n sampi_fw-la partefoekiare_fw-la i._n e._n one_o that_o find_v and_o cut_v pearl_n which_o though_o out_o of_o this_o country_n be_v not_o contemptible_a it_o can_v be_v deny_v but_o that_o most_o of_o they_o want_v that_o liveliness_n which_o the_o oriental_a pearl_n have_v though_o some_o be_v find_v as_o good_a and_o in_o bigness_n and_o shape_n exceed_v they_o there_o be_v find_v some_o not_o come_v to_o perfection_n half_a round_a and_o half_a slat_n the_o round_a part_n be_v bright_a the_o other_o yellow_a and_o dull_a i_o see_v one_o a_o few_o year_n ago_o bring_v out_o of_o bothnia_n so_o exact_o round_a with_o such_o fresh_a colour_n that_o a_o certain_a woman_n offer_v a_o 120._o crown_n for_o it_o a_o jeweller_n assure_v i_o that_o if_o he_o have_v another_o as_o good_a he_o will_v not_o sell_v both_o for_o 500_o they_o be_v breed_v not_o of_o such_o shell_n as_o be_v in_o the_o east_n broad_a plane_n and_o almost_o circular_a like_o oyster_n but_o long_o and_o hollow_a like_o muscle_n shell_n and_o not_o in_o the_o sea_n but_o in_o river_n as_o may_v be_v gather_v from_o olaus_n magnus_fw-la those_o that_o be_v not_o come_v to_o perfection_n stick_v within_o the_o shell_n but_o those_o that_o be_v perfect_a be_v loose_a and_o drop_v out_o when_o the_o shell_n be_v open_v chap._n xxxiv_o of_o their_o river_n lapland_n if_o any_o country_n be_v well_o water_v with_o spring_n and_o river_n the_o most_o note_a be_v those_o from_o whence_o the_o particular_a march_n and_o region_n have_v their_o name_n as_o umeao_n pitheao_n luhleao_n torneao_n and_o kimeao_n these_o spring_n from_o the_o norway_n mountain_n and_o be_v increase_v by_o several_a less_o river_n unburden_v themselves_o at_o last_o into_o the_o bothnick_a sea_n vindela_n fill_v vmeao_n and_o skiellefle_v pitheao_n luhleao_n swallow_v a_o less_o river_n of_o the_o same_o name_n and_o kimeao_n be_v increase_v by_o avilaiocki_n 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pomponius_n mela_n correct_v he_o and_o say_v the_o reason_n why_o these_o animal_n be_v suppose_v to_o fall_v from_o the_o cloud_n be_v because_o they_o use_v not_o to_o appear_v but_o immediate_o after_o rain_n they_o creep_v out_o of_o their_o hole_n either_o for_o that_o they_o be_v fill_v with_o water_n or_o because_o this_o creature_n thrive_v much_o in_o rain_n which_o opinion_n seem_v most_o probable_a to_o i_o these_o creature_n be_v very_o bold_a never_o make_v their_o escape_n when_o passenger_n come_v by_o but_o keep_v on_o their_o way_n and_o make_v a_o noise_n like_o the_o bark_n of_o a_o dog_n they_o fear_v neither_o club_n nor_o sword_n but_o if_o any_o one_o strike_v at_o they_o they_o turn_v again_o and_o bite_v it_o be_v observable_a in_o they_o that_o they_o never_o go_v near_o or_o do_v any_o mischief_n in_o any_o hut_n sometime_o they_o set_v upon_o one_o another_o be_v divide_v as_o it_o be_v into_o two_o army_n this_o the_o laplander_n take_v to_o be_v a_o 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