Hatchet casually fall over-board into the River near Wallingford which was afterwards brought up and found in one of these Ice-meers 16. And so much for the salts that give life to the waters multiply the Fish and are the cause of congelations for the watry Plants it seems have their vegetation from none of these but a higher principle which some will have to be a volatile Niter brought along with the showers in their passage through the Air. That subaqueous Plants have a proportionable growth to those on the Land after a shower of rain is also the general voice of the Barge-men and herein I am the rather inclin'd to believe them because 't is a matter so much their interest to observe our watermen here in these shallow Rivers praying not so much for rain to fill them when low as that weeds may also grow to help keep the waters when they have them which will otherwise too soon glide away to their no small detriment Some have thought this vigorous shooting of the aqueous Plants so presently sensible after plentiful showers to proceed rather from the soyls brought with them from the hills and impregnated with salts fit to promote vegetation but the contrary is evident from the former Paragraphs for with such as these the Rivers are daily sated and yet this brisk vegetation is wanting till it rains whence I guess that terrestrial and subaqueous Plants that I say not such as delight in uliginous places have their sprightful shooting from different principles and if to the former I should assign a more fix'd and to the latter a volatile salt perchance I might not be much out of the way but it being not so much my business to find the reasons of phaenomena as to give the Reader such hints as may lead his greater sagacity to do it I forbear saying more manum de tabula only advertising him that what has been said of the Isis may be indifferently applyed to the rest of the greater Rivers of which neither have I any thing more to add but an unusual accident that happened to the Cherwell An. 1662 3 which without one drop of rain or any other visible cause here but from great and sudden showers that fell in Northampton-shire swelled to that vast height that in two hours time not only the Medows were o're-flown Magdalen College cellar drowned and their raised Water-walks cover'd but the River Isis driven back as far as Ivy-Hincksey at least a mile from the confluence of the two Rivers 17. But amongst the many smaller Rivulets perchance it may not be unworthy notice 1. That the two considerable Rivers of Stour and Ouse though but small here and running but little way in it yet rise in this County the one at Swalcliff which goes into the Severn Sea in the west and the other at Fritwell whence it runs into the Sea between Lincoln-shire and Norfolk in the east of England And 2. that the Fountain-heads of the River Rea lye for the most part in a plain Country having little more to feed them than just a declivity to facilitate their passage which seems to argue that all running waters owe not their continuance to rain and dews collected as they say on the spungy tops of hills and sent forth again somwhere in the declivity And so do's a a small Spring at Cleydon that rises in the street on the south side of the Town which continues running all the year but most plentifully like the Scatebra of Pliny p Nat. Hist. lib. 2. cap. 103. in the dryest weather to which add a Well at Ewelme also south of the Church whose Springs run lowest in the Winter season and advance in the Summer remarkably higher as I am credibly informed from Lambourn in Berk-shire all the Springs in that Town most constantly do But I decline all engagement in this great Controversie concerning the origin of Springs till my Travels have supplyed me with more and more certain evidences as well for the one as other part of the question 18. That Land-springs and such as run but once perpahs in many years have their rise and continuance from plentiful showers I think we have little reason to doubt since we have them not at all or but very weak in any Summer or the dryer Winters such are those that fore-tell and naturally enough the scarcity and dearness of Corn and Victuals whereof that of Assenton near Henly upon Thames is one of the most eminent that I know of in England and no question is the same mentioned by Johannes Euseb Nierembergius q De Miracul Nat. lib. 2. c. 26. in his Book as he calls it of the Miracles of Nature In Britanniae territorio Chiltrensi sunt fontes multi c. by which I suppose he must mean the Chiltern Country of Oxford-shire There are says he many Springs which in fertile years are always dry but before any defect as the Harbingers of an approaching dearth these waters get loose and as it were breaking prison they quickly unite into a forcible stream And so they did lately in An. 1674. with that violence that several Mills might have been driven with the Current and had not the Town of Henly made some diversion for them their Fair Mile must have been drowned for a considerable time Of these there are many in the County of Kent which I know not for what reason they call Nailbourns there and prescribe them some will a certain time for their running as once in seven ten or fifteen years But the certain natural principle of such Springs altogether depending upon an uncertain cause no heed is to be given to such kind of stories they being equally as vain as the persons that broach'd them 19. Beside these constant and intermitting Rivulets that always discharge themselves into Seas or Lakes we have others here of a peculiar kind that empty themselves into neither of them but as they first rose out of the Earth so presently after a short stay on it ingulf themselves again and are no more seen Two of these there are at Shot-over Forest both rising as I take it on the north side of the hill the one not far from Heddington Quarry-pits is constantly fed with a double Spring yet after it has run about two Bows shoot is received by a rocky subterraneous indraught and appears no more for though some have thought it to come forth again at the Pool of a Mill not far from it yet after diligent search I could find no such matter Another there is not far from Forest-hill and I think in the Grounds of Sir Timothy Tyrrill which somtimes in Winter runs with that violence and has worn its In-let to such a capacity that it can and has received an Ox. 20. Other waters again are of so slow a pace that they seem rather to sweat than run out of the Earth part whereof being spent in exhalation and the rest in sating the dry neighboring
Earth do neither reach the Sea are received in Lakes nor swallowed up like the former but of themselves are stopt upon the very surface And yet I have observed and believe rightly too that these are the most durable Land springs we have witness that famous one of this kind at Nettlebed which I know not from what old Witch heretofore by way of derision they call Mother Hibblemeer whereas if we consider how serviceable she has been being never known to fail them in the dryest Summer and that in a Country so uncapable of Wells that there 's no such thing to be found in the Parish she rather merits the esteem of the Nymph of the place 21. In Westphalia they have a Spring they call their Bolderborn r Varenii Geog. lib. 1. cap. 17. prop. 15. from a noise that it makes at the exit of the water whether ours may deserve the name I know not but such a one there is in the Parish of Glympton in a wood about a mile south-west from the Church in a place where there are stones in the form of Cockles upon which account hereafter I shall mention it again The Springs as I remember are in number three and the most southern one of these 't is that has the humming noise much like that of an empty bottle held with the mouth against the wind which perhaps may be a resemblance so befitting our purpose that it may help to explain the cause as well as the sound for provided the channel be large within and the passage forth somwhat narrow like a bottle the collision of the water against the lips of the orifice may well make a noise in a large vault within especially if the waters be indued with a spirit as peradventure anon may be proved like enough 22. Which is all I have to say concerning the flux of Rivulets but that one there is at Sommerton makes a small Cascade or fall of water about seven foot high which were it not in the high-way but in a Gentlemans Garden some use might be made on 't for divers good purposes but as the case stands I think it can have none except for experiments of petrifications for which sure it cannot but be very excellent since the living blades of grass of not above half a years growth within that small time are all covered with stone and hang down the bank like so many Isicles and the Earth it self over which it glides as 't were foliated over with a crust of stone like the Mosco petroso of Ferrante Imperato s Dell ' Hist Natural lib. 27. cap. 8. Which brings me to a closer consideration of waters as they are eminently endued with any peculiar qualities of Petrification Saltness or Medicinal use of which in their order as briefly as may be 23. Of Petrifying waters though I doubt not but their kinds are as various as the effects they produce and the effects again as the subjects they work on yet I am inclined to believe that they all agree thus far that they proceed in the main from the same stock and linage and are all more or less of the kindred of Salts which sublimed and rarified in the bowels of the Earth into an invisible steam are received by the waters as their most agreeable vehicle and brought hither to us at the rising of Springs as invisibly as the particles of silver or gold when each is dissolved in its proper menstruum where meeting perchance with an ambient Air much colder and chilling than any under ground in all likelyhood are precipitated and thrown down on such subjects as they casually find at the place of their exit which they presently cloath with a crust of stone or else where precipitation or cohesion will not suffice they pass with the waters through the pores of the subjects and are left behind in them just as in a filter 24. The reason of which difference may probably be thaâ— some of these petrifying steams or atoms may be gross and more bulky than some others are and cannot be held up in the watry vehicle without such a heat as they have under ground but fall and by reason of their bigness do not penetrate but adhere to their subjects whereas others that are fine more minute and subtile are easily supported in a volatile condition and pass with the waters into the closest textures 25. If any body doubt whether stones and so petrifications arise from Salts let him but consult the Chymists and ask Whether they find not all indurated Bodies such as stones bones shells and the like most highly sated with the saline principle Some mixture of Earth and Sulphur 't is true there is in them which give the opacity that most stones have from which according as they are more or less free they have proportionable transparency and som hardness too as the best of gems the Diamant evinces And if he shall ask what Salts are the aptest to perform this feat of petrification though the difficulty of the question might well excuse me yet I 'le venture thus far to give him an answer That I have frequently seen at Whitstable in Kent how their Coperas or Vitriol is made out of stones that 't is more then probable were first made out of that to the Spirit of which Vitriol if you add Oyl of Tartar they presently turn into a fix'd and somwhat hard substance not much inferior or unlike to some incrustations which seems to conclude that from these two all such like concretions are probably made and that could we but admit that Ocean of Tartar which Plato t Anton. Galataeus de fluminum generibus placed in the center of the Earth and thought the origin of all our Springs the business of petrifications were sufficiently clear To which I also add in the behalf of Vitriol what 's matter of fact and prevails with me much That where-ever I find strong Vitriol waters the petrifying ones are seldom far off which as far as I have observed I believe may be reduced to these three kinds that presently follow 1. Such as purely of themselves are petrifyed the very body of water being turned into stone as it drops from the rocks which we therefore commonly call Lapides stillatitios and shall accordingly treat of them in the Chapter of Stones these not strictly coming under petrifications where beside the water and saxeous odour there is always required a subject to work on of a distinct species from either of the two as in 2. Such as petrifie by incrustation and are only superficial or 3. Such as petrifie per minima or totum per totum of both which I shall instantly treat but of the last more at large in the following Chapter 26. Incrustations are petrifications made by such waters as let fall their stony particles which because either of their own bigness or closeness of the pores and texture of the Body on which they fall are fixt only
a Learned Society of Virtuosi that during the late Usurpation lived obscurely at Tangley and had then time to think of so mean a subject by consent to term it the Polar-stone having ingeniously found out by clapping two of them together as suppose the Fig. 9 and 10. that they made up a Globe with Meridians descending to the Horizon and the Pole elevated very nearly corresponding to the real elevation of the Pole of the place where the stones are found 33. The two next represented Fig. 11 12. like the former being flat and depressed on their bases having also some resemblance of a star of 5 points were therefore thought fit to be placed next Whereof the 11 indeed is a beautiful stone found somwhere in the Chiltern about Aston Rowant whose inner substance though of black Flint to outward view is of a cinereous colour and adorned by Nature with somwhat more than ordinary For beside the Modiolus and the issuing rays made of double ranks of points with transverse lines interceding them it is also set with other points surrounded with double Annulets on each side the stone with a single and from the terminations of the rays with double ranks The points thus surrounded are neither deeply excavated nor any thing prominent above the superficies of the stone but the rays as they are but short not extending above half way to the rim of the stone so they are deeply hollowed down within it wherein it differs 33. From that of Fig. 12. found in the Fields about Ifley whose rays like those of the Polar stones are made of double ranks of transverse lines whereof the outermost are much the longer and extended likewise to the rim of the stone its substance also like that seems to be a yellow rubble but not cased that I can perceive with any such laminated substance or adorned with Annulets yet the Vmbilicus of some of them is more beautiful than theirs it being somtimes divided and foliated like a Rose And so much for the Brontiae depressed on their bases 35. Let us now proceed to others of a more elevated kind whereof those expressed Fig. 13. found somwhere in the Chiltern by the Country people called commonly Cap-stones from their likeness to a Cap laced down the sides are of any the most uniform For the centers of these both at the top and bottom are on all hands equidistant from the rim of the stone and the rays interceding the centers being also equidistant cut it exactly into five equal parts which in none of the former nor those that are to follow either by reason of their shape or excentricity of their Modioli can possibly be found The rays of these are made of two rows of points set pretty deep in the body of the stone out of which you are to suppose according to Aldrovandus who resembles this stone to a disarmed Echinus proceeded the prickles that Animal is fenced with 36. As also that other somwhat of an oval form Tab. 2. Fig. 14. whose center corresponds with the figure of the stone and is not concluded within the rays as in the former but is extended in a ridge to the rim of it from which center there descend as it were double rays made up of two double sets of points which expanding themselves as they draw toward the rim at about mid-way are surrounded with single Annulets which each of them including two points apiece are therefore all of an oval Figure It s substance within is a black Flint though without it appear of a cinereous colour and was found in the Fields between Ewelm and Brightwell TAB II ad pag 92. To the right Worsp ll The learned and curious Artist Sr IOHN COPE Baron This second Table of formed STONES whereof the 9th 10th are found in his own grounds is humbly dedicated by R. P. L L. D. M Burghâ—â—rs delin et sculp 1. That the protuberancies of this last stone are all hollow which when broken look just like the hollow points of the former which has given me some ground to suspect that the deep points of that may have formerly been eminencies like the raised points of this and are only broken down by the injuries of time 2. That none of these Brontiae have been described before but the 12 and 13 of Tab. 2. which indeed are somwhat like the 8 and 10 of Aldrovandus t Lib. 4. cap. 1. p. 455. and 3. That though some Authors have thought them the petrified shells of the Echinus Spatagus or Brissus of Aristotle I have reason to think as shall appear in a fitter place that they will prove nothing less 38. Beside the Brontiae of the Forreign Naturalists we have others which here in England we call likewise Thunder-bolts in the form of arrows heads and thought by the vulgar to be indeed the darts of Heaven which only in conformity to my own Country though for as much reason as the foregoing Brontiae I have placed amongst the stones related to the Heavens 39. From their form by all Naturalists they are called Belemnites from the Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 telum which indeed there are some of them represent pretty well We have of them in Oxford-shire of divers sorts yet all of them I find agreeing in this that their texture is of small striae or threds radiating from the center or rather axis of the Stone to the outermost superficies and that burn'd or rub'd against one another or scraped with a knife they yield an odour like rasped Horn. 40. In magnitude and colour they differ much the biggest I have met with yet being that exprest in Tab. 3. Fig. 3. in length somwhat above four inches and in thickness much about an inch and ¼ This was found in the Quarries in the Parish of Heddington hollow at the top about an inch deep and filled with a kind of gravelly earth and has the rima or chink which Aldrovandus and Boetius say all of them have but I find it otherwise as shall be shewn anon Of colour it is cinereous inclining to yellow and if vehemently rubb'd is the only one amongst all that I have that like Amber takes up straws and some other light bodies 41. There are of them also of a bluish colour found at Great Rolwright in a bluish clay of about a fingers length hollow at the top and have some of them instead of one three clefts or rimae but neither so plain or long as the former they ascending from the cuspis scarce half up the stone two whereof are shewn Fig. 4. and the third hidden behind the Sculpture which may make some amends for that of Fig. 5. which is of colour cinereous and hollow at the top but has no chink at all whereof there was a bed found in digging the Sulphur Well at Mr. Lanes of Deddington as was mentioned before in the Chapter of Waters 42. To which add a fourth sort found in great plenty in the Gravel-pits
points ascending from a protuberant umbilicus in the basis of the stone to another of like form at the top but foliated round in manner of a Rose And after again subdivided by five other indented lines terminated before they reach the umbilici by which means the spaces between these lines are all pentagons like the outer scales of some sort of Tortoise Much such another stone as this I find in Aldrovandus in his Book De Testaceis u De Testaceis lib. 3. cap. 40. which because he thought resembled the sea Vrchin deprived of its outward prickly coat he calls Echinus lapis spoliatus à suis spinis But it seeming to me to be much more like the Estrice marino si ritrava nelli mari profondi of Ferrante Imperato w Dell ' Hist Naturale lib. 28. cap. 1. I chuse rather to call it Histricites or Porcupine-stone without bristles This was found in the Chiltern Country near Stonor-house and sent me by the Worshipful Tho. Stonor Esq the Proprietor of the place and one of the Noblest Encouragers of this Design 82. And so was the following curiously embroider'd stone Fig. 4. much resembling the petrified Riccio marino or sea Vrchin of Imperatus x Dell ' Hist Naturale lib. 24. c. 26. found in the same place also without prickles but much differing from the former in colour and substance as also from the stone of that Learned Author For whereas he confesses that was but of the consistence of the Lime-stone ours though without of a whitish cinereous colour within is a hard black flint covered over with thin glittering plates set edg-ways to the ball of the flint out of which those uniform eminencies and depressures those waved and transverse lineations are all framed 83. These are found in great plenty in the Isle of Malta and by the Country men there says the Ingenious Boccone y Recherches observations Naturelles Lettre vingt sixieme called Mamelles de Saint Paul because of the lenticular eminencies and small roundures that fill the whole surface of the stone or rather because they are somtimes found coupled two and two as may be seen in the sculptures of the same Author By Boetius and Gesner and all the old Authors they are called Ova anguina Serpents eggs perchance because from the basis there issue as it were five tails of serpents waved and attenuated toward the upper part of the stones They tell us also a story of its being engendered from the salivation and slime of snakes and cast into the Air by the force of their sibilations where if taken has effects as wonderful as its generation and therefore of great esteem amongst the French Druids But I care not to spend my time in Romance and therefore proceed 84. To another Echinites resembling the inner shell of the Echinus ovarius or Esculentus so called from a sort of quinque-partite or stellated eggs that this kind of Echinus has within it good to eat Their outermost coat is full of sharp prickles upon which account they are somtimes called Chastaignes de Mer or sea Chesnuts because of their likeness to rough prickles that encompass Chesnuts whil'st they are on the Tree for which very reason they are also called Herissons de Mer sea Hedg-hogs and Cardui Marini sea Thistles which rough coat of theirs when the Fish is dead coming off from them they then discover their inward shell of that curious workmanship that is lively represented by our stone Fig. 5. made up of so many compartements and eminencies and so regularly disposed that says Monsieur de Rochefort z History of the Isles Antilles or Caribby Islands chap. 19. art 13. who calls them also Pommes de Mer or sea Apples the most ingenious Embroiderer would be much troubled to imitate them This Echinites ovarius was found in the Parish of Teynton and sent me by my worthy and ingenious Friend Mr. Robert Veysey to whom also I am beholding for many other matters mentioned in this Essay 85. From Teynton also was sent me another of this kind but much smaller not exceeding the Rouncival pea or French Halslet in bigness and yet with lines of compartement and other eminencies as large as the former but much fewer in number to which whether there be any Animal in Nature whose shell will exactly or for the most part correspond I much question wherefore that it may be examined both at home and abroad I have caused it to be engraven Fig. 6. 86. To which add a fourth sort with its prickles still on found plentifully in the Quarries near Shotover-hill very like to the fifth sort of Echinus of Aristotle as depicted by Rondeletius a De Piscibus lib. 18. cap. 33. whose inward shell it seems is very small but its prickles long and stubborn found always in the deepest waters and sticking to Rocks much after the same manner as here represented in stone Fig. 7. which in conformity to Aristotle may be called Echinites minutus And this had ended my Discourse of Stones resembling Shell-fish of the crustaceous kind but that I am admonish'd by the Learned and deservedly Famous Virtuosi Mr. Hook b Micograph Observ 17. and Mr. Ray c Observations Topograph p. 123. and since them by the Ingenious Sicilian Gentleman Monsieur Boccone d Recherches Observations Naturelles Lettre 28. 87. That the stone commonly stiled Cornu Ammonis also belongs to this place as being nothing else but the petrified shell of the Nautilus or Coquille de Porcellain or as Rondeletius e De Piscibus lib. 17. cap. 9. calls it the testaceous Polypus Of these we find plenty in the County of Oxford of different colours figures cizes but all so curled up within themselves that the place of the head is always in the circumference and the tail in the center of the stone and therefore by the Ancients called Cornua Ammonis for that they resembled the curled horns of the Ram worshipp'd by the name of Jupiter Ammon in the desarts of Africa f Quint. Curtii de reb Gest. Alexandri Histor. lib. 4. to whom Alexander the Great having declared himself Son that he might be the more like so inhuman a Father he assumed the horns of the Ram Deity as may be seen on the Impresses of some of his Mony And so did Lysimachus that succeeded him in Thrace g See the Cabinet in the Bodleyan Library Attila the Hun and some other proud Princes 88. The places in this County most remarkable for this stone are 1. The City of Oxford it self where in digging cellars foundations c. chiefly in the eastern parts of it they are commonly met with whereof some are small the parts protuberant and swelling to a round as in Tab. 5. Fig. 8. others broader and more depressed as in Fig. 9. but the lineations of both waved and extended from toward the center to a single edged ridge in the back of the
Brontiae or Ombriae and all the Echinites some whereof are plainly all in some measure stellated at the top 127. The Belemnites which are all striated from a center yet in the whole affect a pyramidal form seem to have somwhat also of an Antimonial but a more prevalent quantity of a nitrous salt 128. The Conchites Pectinites and Ostracites whether transversly striated or from the commissures to the rim seem to own their origin to urinous salts which shoot likewise from a center as suppose from the hinges of these stones but generally are most extended to one side as may be seen in the branched figure formed on the surface of urine by freezing in Mr. Hooks Micrography q Ibidem whose striae not obtaining much above the quadrant of a circle whatever other difference there may be in this respect at least is agreeable to our stones 129. To which add the Ophiomorphit's or Cornua Ammonis most probably formed either by two salts shooting different ways which by thwarting one another make a helical figure just as two opposite winds or waters make a Turbo or else by some simple yet unknown salt that affects such a figure perhaps the stems and branchings bended in a most excellent and regular order like the ribs of some of our Ophiomorphit's observed by Mr. Hook * Micrographia observ 14. in Regulus Martis stellatus might not a little conduce to the clearing this matter 130. How near I am to the mark in these former Conjectures I dare not too temerariously resolve But as to the formation of the Rhomboideal Selenites Tab. 2. Fig. 1. with a little more confidence I shall venture to pronounce it to come from a Tartareous salt in the Earth having observed in the Honorable Mr. Boyl's way of preparing Tartaâ—ized Spirit of Wine r Essay 1. of the unsuccessfulness of Experiments that the Calx of Tartar being sated with the phlegmatick part of the Spirit and dissolved by the heat set to cool somtimes shoots I dare not say always exactly into such Rhomboideal figures made up of plates and the whole Rhomboids somtimes issuing out of one another just as we find the Selenites often do 131. More might have been added concerning some other formed stones hereafter to be mention'd but I have now only time to hint my Hypothesis which I suppose may be sufficiently done in the afore-going instances not intending to prosecute it further till I have had more experience which this my present attempt serves to shew the World is yet but small And therefore I hasten on to the residue of the formed stones which according to my method laid down in the beginning of this Chapter having done with all such as relate to the waters are those that resemble any terrestrial bodies and amongst them first of such as belong to the vegetable Kingdom 132. Whereof there are some that represent whole Plants and such is the Fungites or Tuberoides found somwhere in the Chiltern about Stoken-Church-hill and engraven Tab. 6. Fig. 1. of a cinereous colour without but a black Flint within and lively representing one of the fungi lethales non esculenti 133. Others there are that resemble only the parts of Plants and such is that depicted Tab. 6. Fig. 2. like a Bryony-root broken off transversly and shewing the fibrillae from the center to the circumference with the other striae descending down the sides and the annulary divisions and all these in a stone so exactly of the colour of a Bryony-root that it would be hard to distinguish it were it not for the weight This was found in the Quarry-pits of rubble stone near Shot-over hill 134. And others there are again like the Fruits of Trees as in Tab. 6. Fig. 3 and 4. which in general may be called Lapides pyriformes whereof the first is a black flint found somwhere near Bix brand above eleven inches round and in bigness and form resembling the Bell or King-pear The other a sort of Pebble whitish without and yellow within as manifestly appears at the place of the strig in the shape of a Warden-pear found in the Parish of Waterstock by the Learned and Ingenious Sir George Croke somwhere near his house 135. In the Parish of Whitchurch not far from Hardwick-house I found a hard stone in the form of an Apricock with the Rimula or cleft from the pedicle to the apex just as in the true plum and as depicted Tab. 6. Fig. 5. And in the Quarries of rubble stone near Shotover-hill I met with a kind of spar shot exactly into protuberances and in the whole bulk like a Mulberry as in Fig. 6. 136. On the Chiltern-hills near to Sherbourn I found a white Flint with another set in it in the form of a Luca Olive as in Fig. 7. To which may be added the Lapides Judaici of Oxford-shire which though of a much more slender and longer figure than any sort of Olive yet because in other Countries they are found in that shape and for that very reason called somtimes Pyrenes and treated on by Authors Å¿ Gesner de Figuris Lapidum cap. 9. amongst stones relating to the fruits of Trees I shall not change their place We find them here of different cizes from about two inches in length and an inch and half in circuit downwards to an inch and less in length and not much above half an inch round Most of them have a kind of pedicle from which they seem to have had their growth and are ridged and channelled the whole length of the stone the ridges being purled with small knots set in the Quincunx order as in Tab. 6. Fig. 8. As to their texture I find it to be very curious made up of Lamellae or little thin plates not unlike the stone Selenites only these are opaque and the whole bulk of the stone indeed much different The Plates as in the Selenites seem to be made up of strings which in most of them run three but in some but two ways according to the running of these strings the stones will easily cleave but generally some one way rather than any other which most commonly is agreeable to the helical running of the ridges of knots or furrows between them yet all ways obliquely to the Axis of the stone as is perfectly shewn Tab. 6. Fig. 9. which represents the stone broken the three several ways 137. By Authors they are said to be of different Sexes the lesser and rounder of the feminine and the greater and longer of the masculine gender whereof the former is good against the stone in the bladder and the latter against it in the kidneys for which reasons they are somtimes by Authors called Eurrhei and Tecolithi The greater and longer says Gesner t Idem loco citato are rarely found but that must be restrained to his own Country for here in Oxford-shire and particularly in the Quarries of rubble stone near Shotover-hill we have plenty of them 138.
stony Land whereof there is but little can be properly so called but in the Chiltern Country they give it for Wheat Peas and Barly much the same tillage and manure they do Clay in other places adding the advantage of chalking it which they have not elsewhere for their clay grounds by which they much enrich it for some years so that it bears excellent wheat barly peas of which last those they call Hampshire-kids if the Land be new chalkt are counted most agreeable where by the way let it be noted that I said but for some years for when once the manure by chalk is worn out the Land is scarce recoverable by any other whence 't is Proverbial here as well as some other parts of England That chalkt Land makes a rich Father but a poor Son thereby intimating the ruin of the Land in the end it becoming at last only fit for Ray-grass mixt with Trefoil as above 68. Lastly their sandy and gravelly light ground has also much the same tillage for wheat and barly as clay c. only they require many times but two ploughings especially if for wheat except the fallow be run much to weeds and then indeed they somtimes afford it a stirring else none at all It s most agreeable grains are white red and mixt Lammas wheats and miscellan i. e. wheat and rye together and then after a years fallow common or rathe-ripe barly so that it generally lies still every other year it being unfit for hitching i. e. Beans and Peas though they somtimes sow it with winter Vetches and if ever with Peas the small rathe-ripes are accounted the best It s most agreeable manure is of straw from the Close or Mixen half rotten which keeps it open and suffers it not to bind too much where subject to it but if otherwise the rottenest dung is the best 69. Whereof as upon all other Lands before mention'd they lay about 12 loads upon a common Field acre i. e. about 20 upon a Statute acre but I find the business of manuring Land to have a great latitude Men doing it here many times not according to their judgment but according to the quantities they have so that where the quantities of manure are but small and the tillage is great the case is much otherwise than where both tillage and manure are in a contrary condition But however the case stand I find this a general Rule amongst them that they always soil that Land first and best which is to bear three Crops one on the tillage another of beans and peas and a third of barly on the beans or peas brush all which depend upon the single manure given it when it lay fallow for wheat though I have known this order frequently inverted by the best Husbandmen on their richest Lands sowing barly first then peas or beans and their wheat last for which they allege this very good reason That wheat following the dung Cart on their best Land is the more liable to smut 70. And so much for the ordinary Manures of this County there being two others yet behind viz. Chippings of stone and woolen rags not altogether so common which I have therefore thought fit to consider apart the first whereof I met with at Hornton near Banbury where the chippings of the stone they hew at their Quarry proves a very good manure for their Ground thereabout and is accordingly made use of by reason no doubt of a salt that stone holds which being dissolved by the weather is imbibed by the Earth as hinted before in Chap. 4. of this Essay 71. The 2d sort I first observed about Watlington and the two Britwels where they strew them on their Land with good success I have heard since of several other places where they do the same To this purpose they purchase Taylers shreds which yet retaining somwhat of the salt of the Fulling-earth with which they were drest do well enough but I judge them not so good as other old rags first worn by men and women which must needs beside be very well sated with urinous salts contracted from the sweat and continual perspiration attending their Bodies And in this Opinion I am confirmed by Sanct. Sanctorius who is positive that our insensible evacuations transcend all our sensible ones put together k S. Sanctorii Medicinae Staticae Lib. 1. sect 1. Aphorism 4. to that excess that of eight pounds weight of meat and drink be taken by a man in one day his insensible transpirations use to amount to five l Ibid Aphorism 6. Now if so our cloaths must needs be so filled with a well rectified salt left behind in the percolation of the steams of our bodies that there can be nothing more rational if well considered then that they should be a very fit manure for Land when unfit for other uses 72. As to the quantities of Corn sown on the statute Acre they differ much in proportion to the richness or meanness of the land about two bushels of wheat and vetches two bushels and ½ of barly oats and peas and a quarter of beans sufficing the poorer whereas the richer Land will take up three bushels or more of wheat or vetches three bushels and ½ or upwards of barly oats peas and somtimes six bushels of beans Yet I have known some able Husbandmen afford more Seed to their poor than rich Land giving this reason That the Seed in the rich does tillar i. e. sprout into several blades and spread on the ground whereas on the poor Land its sprouts come all single which therefore say they requires the more seed 73. In the choice of their seed they have a double respect first to the grain it self and secondly to the land it grew on As to the first they take care that it be clear of all manner of seeds that it be handsom round Corn of an equal cize which some of them call Even shooting Corn or well brested such Corn being for the most part full of kernel and the likeliest to give strong roots And in respect of the soil they constantly choose Corn that grew on land of a quite different nature from that it is to be sown on but in general they desire it from land that is well in heart and rich in its kind If they are to sow wheat upon tillage they choose wheat sown before upon bean stubs and when they sow upon peas or bean stubs wheat sown before on tillage for Clay ground they have their seed from Red-land or Chalk vice versa for the other soils that from Clay is esteemed the best though that from Red-land is little inferior for barly they count that best which comes of new broken laud and for the rest none so good as those that come from the richest soils 74. Before they sow if the place be subject to the annoyances of Smutting Meldews Birds c. they take care to prevent them either in the preparing or
mention'd by Wormius r Ibidem whereas ours is circular and shews no signs of such gates 88. Which perhaps might occasion the Learned Dr. Charleton to judg it rather a Trophie or Triumphal pile set up as a Monument of some great Victorie s Doctor Charleton's Stone Heng restored to the Danes pag. 46. to whom though I cannot but somwhat incline yet am verily perswaded that at the same time it might serve also for the Election and Inauguration of a King and much rather than the great and famous monument of Stone-Heng on Salesbury Plain the very disparities betwixt it and those in Denmark brought by himself t Idem pag. 54. being not to be found here 89. For beside that it is placed as all such Courts of the Danes were 1. Upon a rising ground for the advantage of prospect that the common people assembled to confirm the suffrages or votes of the Electors by their universal applause and congratulatory acclamations might see and witness the solemn manner of Election 2. Made of huge stones of no regular Figure And thirdly Having no Epigraph or Inscription cut or trenched in the stones as carrying a sufficient evidence of its designment and use in the figure of its platform It is but a single Cirque of stones without Epistyles or Architraves few of them very high on which the Electors might easily get up to give their suffrages as was usually done in the Northern Nations whereas Stone-Heng is made up of three circles at least some say four and the stones of each circle joyned with Architraves whereof there is no example to be found in those Countrys 90. Now that the Northern Nations usually erected such Cirques of rude stones for the election of their Kings is fully testified by Olaus Wormius Reperiuntur inquit in his oris loca quaedam in quibus Reges olim solenni creabantur pompâ quae cincta adhuc grandibus saxis ut plurimum duodecim conspiciuntur in medio grandiore quodam prominente cui omnium suffragiis Electum Regem imponebant magnoque applausu excipiebant Hic Comitia celebrabant de Regni negotiis consultabant Regem vero designaturi Electores Saxis insistebant forum cingentibus decreti firmitudinem pronunciantes u Ol. Wormii Monument Danic lib. 1. cap. 12. i. e. as Englished by Dr. Charleton w Stone-Heng restored to the Danes pag. 48. 91. In this County are beheld certain Courts of Parliament in which Kings heretofore were solemnly elected which are surrounded with great stones for the most part twelve in number and one other stone exceeding the rest in eminency set in the middle upon which as upon a Regal Throne they seated the new elected King by the general suffrage of the Assembly and inaugurated him with great applause and loud acclamations Here they held their great Councils and consulted about affairs of the Kingdom But when they met together to nominate their Kings the Electors stood upright on the stones environing the Court and giving their voices thereby confirmed their choice 92. The very same practice of the Northern Nations with the Ceremonies of it are also briefly set down by Saxo Grammaticus Lecturi Regem veteres affixis humo Saxis insistere suffragiaque promere consueverunt subjectorum lapidum firmitate facti constantiam ominaturi x Saxon. Grammatici Hist Danorum lib. 1. sub initium i. e. that the Ancients being about to choose their King used to stand upon stones fixed in the ground and thence give their votes by the firmness of the stones on which they stood tacitly declaring the firmness of their Act. Which manner of election is also proved of them by Crantzius Meursius and Bernhardus Malincort de Archicancellariis y De quibus vide Olaum Wormium Mon. Dan. lib. 1. cap. 12. 93. Which places of election it seems were held so sacred as further testified by Wormius z Ibidem sub finem and out of him by Dr. Charleton a Stone-Heng restored to the Danes p. 48. that in times of peace the Candidate King was obliged de Jure there to receive his Inauguration the place and ceremonies being accounted essential parts of his right to Soveraignty and the votes of his Electors much more valid and authentick for being pronounced in the usual Forum 94. But if it happened the King fell in a Foreign expedition by the hand of the enemy the Army presently got together a parcel of great stones and set them in such a round as well somtimes perhaps for the interment of the corps of the deceased King as election of his successor And this 't is like they did 1. Because they esteemed an election in such a Forum a good addition of Title And second with all expedition because by the delay of such election too long irreparable damages many times accrewed to the Republick thereupon b Ol. Wormii Mon. Dan. lib. 1. cap. 12. sub finem which practice of the Danes they both confirm by the authorities of Stephanus Stephanius in his Commentaries on the first Book of Saxo Grammaticus's History of Denmark and Svaningius a grave and faithful Writer of that Nation though what they cite of the latter if that be all he says scarce proves quite so much 95. Beside the erection of Stones in Foreign Nations upon the loss of one King and election of another what if I should add that it s also very likely that the same might be done at the Investiture of a Conqueror into a new acquired Principality Thus why might not Rollo either being compelled as a younger brother to leave Denmark or Norway as was appointed by the Law of the former Kingdom and to seek him a new seat c Tho Walsingham's Ypodigma Neustriae in principio or forced from the latter for Piracy by King Harold Harfager as in the Chronicle of Norway d Vid. Chronicon Norwegicum I say why might not Rollo after good success against those he invaded as Walsingham says expresly he was e Tho Walsingham's Ypodigma Neustriae in princip though in another place be elected King by his followers and be inaugurated here as well as there within such a circle of stones which bearing his name to this very day and he being acknowledged both by Bromton f Joh. Bromton Abbat Jornal in An. 875. and Florilegus g Matth. Westmon in An. 897. to have beaten the Saxons and to have tarryed in this Nation a whole Winter it is highly probable he might be 96. For if we enquire into the origin of the name of this Cirque of stones we shall find that Reich or Riic signifies a Kingdom and somtimes a King as Eyn reich fraw the Queen or Kings woman h Vid. Petri Dasypodii Dictionar Lat. German in verb. Regno Whence 't is plain that these stones seem still to be called the stones of King Rollo or perhaps rather of Rollo's Kingdom for it was
customary for them to have so many Cirques of stones as Kingdoms though in the same Country Thus as Wormius testifies there are three at this day in the Kingdom of Denmark one in Seland another in Schoneland and a third in the Cimbrick Territory because these were anciently three distinct Principalities and under the dominion of as many Kings i Ol. Wormii Mon. Dan. lib. 1. cap. 12. as 't is certain England was also about this time 97. And if this conjecture may be allowed to take place we are supplyed also with a reason why we have no tumulus in or near this monument there being no King or eminent Commander slain but only a conquest of the enemy in or near this place intimated by the five stones meeting in a point at the top which perhaps may be the disposition intended by Saxo Grammaticus and out of him by Wormius Cuneato ordine which he says expresly signified Equestrium acies ibidem vel prope fortunatius triumphasse k Idem lib. 1. cap. 9. i. e. that Knights or Horse-men there or near the place obtained a glorious Victory 98. Yet against this conjecture I fore-see there lye two objections worth removal 1. That in these Cirques of stones designed for the election of Kings there was always a Kongstolen most times bigger than the rest placed in the middle of it as intimated above § 90. And secondly that had this place been at first designed for the Inauguration of a Danish or Norwegian King and such places been so essential to a good title as pretended above § 93. certainly all the Kings of the Danish race that reigned after here in England would have been either crowned here or at some other such Forum whereas we have no such Kongstolen in the middle of the Cirque and beside find Canutus with great solemnity Crowned at London Harold Harefoot here at Oxford not far from this Cirque and Hardi-Canute likewise at London 99. To which it may be replyed that though not placed in the Cirque yet here is a Kongstolen not far off which 't is like was not necessary should be set within it for I find the place where the new elected King stood and shewed himself to the people at the Forum for this purpose at Leire in Seland to have been without the Area as our Kongstolen is Area saxis undique cincta Coronationi Regum deputata vicinum habet Collem cui Coronatus jam insistebat jura populo daturus omnibus conspiciendum se praebiturus l Idem lib. 1. cap. 5. i. e. that the Area encompassed with stones designed for the Coronation of their Kings had a Hill near it whence the new Crowned King gave Laws and shewed himself to the people it seeming indifferent from hence and another such like hillock called Trollebarolhoy whereon the King also stood at the place of such election near Lundie in Scania m Idem lib. 1. cap. 12. whether he ascended a stone or mount of earth within or without the Area so he thence might be seen and heard by the people 100. And to the second Objection it may be reasonably answered that the Danes by this time having gotten the whole Kingdom and such capital Cities as London and Oxford were might well change the places of their Coronations Beside Canutus and the rest were much greater persons and more civilized than Rollo and his crew can be presumed to have been for beside that he lived above a hundred years before them we find him though the son of a Norwegian Iorli or Earl a great Pyrate at Sea n Vid. Chronicon Norwegicum and little better then a Robber by Land well might he therefore be contented with this Inauguration after the old barbarous fashion having gained no City wherein it might be done with greater solemnity 101. But as for the stones near the Barrow at Stanton-Harcourt called the Devils Coits I should take them to be appendices to that Sepulchral Monument but that they seem a little too far removed from it perhaps therefore the Barrow might be cast up for some Saxon and the stones for some Britans slain hereabout aut vice versa at what time the Town of Eignetham about a mile off as Camden informs us was taken from the Britans by Cuthwolf the Saxon o Vid. Camd. Britan. in Oxfordsh Which is all I can find worthy notice concerning them but that they are about eight foot high and near the base seven broad and that they seem not natural but made by art of a small kind of stones cemented together whereof there are great numbers in the Fields hereabout which makes thus much for the conjecture concerning those at Stone-Heng that they may be artificial it being plain from these that they could and did do such things in the ancienter times 102. There stands also a stone about half a mile South-west of Enston Church on a Bank by the way-side between Neat-Enston and Fulwell somwhat flat and tapering upward from a broad bottom with other small ones lying by it and another near the road betwixt Burford and Chipping-norton which I guess might be erected for the same purpose with the two former as above-mention'd Unless we shall rather think both these and them to have been some of the Gods of the ancient Britans as the Reverend and Learned Dr. Stillingfleet thinks it not improbable those Pyramidal stones mention'd by Camden in York-shire called the Devils bolts p Idem in Com. Ebor. somtimes were And so likewise Stone-Heng in Wiltshire which he judges neither to be a Roman Temple nor Danish Monument but rather somwhat belonging to the Idol Markolis which Buxtorf saith the Rabbins called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 domum Kolis q Joh. Buxtorfii Lex Talmud in v. Markolis of which more hereafter when I come into that County and into Kent where of Kits-coty-house which I take to be an Antiquity of the same kind 103. That the Britans long before the arrival of the Romans were acquainted with the Greeks has sufficiently I guess been made appear already § 66. of this Chapter and that long before that they were known to the Phaenicians and all the Eastern Countries is plain out of Strabo r Strabonis Geographiae lib. 3. pag. 175. Edit Is Casaub Paris An. 1620. and Bochartus s Sam. Bocharti Geog. Sacr. part 2. lib. 1. cap. 39. and by comparison of the Learning and Religion of the Druids with those of the Indian Brachmans Now that it was the ancient custom of all the Greeks to set up unpolish'd stones instead of Images to the honor of their Gods we have the testimony of Pausanias in these words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 t 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 pag. 228. Edit Sylburg i. e. that unhewn stones amongst all the Graecians had the honor of Gods instead of Images more particularly the same Author asserts that near the Statue of Mercury there were 30
square stones 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which the Pharii worshipt and gave to every one of them the name of a God u Ibidem 104. That the Arabians and Paphians also worship'd such like Gods is likewise witnessed by Maximus Tyrius 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 w Max. Tyrii Dissert Philosoph 38. p. 384. Edit Dan. Heinsii i. e. that the Arabians worship'd he scarce knew what God but that he saw amongst them was only a square stone and that the Paphians worship'd Venus under the representation of a white Pyramid 105. And Herodian describing the Worship of Helaegabalus at Emesa in Phaenicia saith that he had no kind of Image after the modern Greek or Roman fashion made by mens hands 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 x Herodiani Historiar lib. 5. pag. 114. Edit Hen. Stephani i. e. but a great stone round at the bottom and lessening by degrees toward the top after the manner of a Cone To which add that Peter della Valle in his late Travels into the Indies saith that at Ahmedabad there was a famous Temple of Mahadeu wherein there was no other Image but a little column of stone after a Pyramidal form which Mahadeu he saith in their Language signifies the great God y Pet. della Valle Viaggi p. 3 Lett. 1. §. 15. p. 107. And after this fashion he saith 't is the custom of the Brachmans to represent Mahadeu z Ibidem 106. All which being put together especially as recommended by so Learned a Person as the Reverend Dr. Stillingfleet have prevailed with me much However the Reader is free to use his judgment whether they are memorials of the dead as commonly thought or representations of the Deities of the ancient Britans given them by some Companions of the Eastern Merchants trading hither for Tin to the Cassiterides 107. Other Antiquities contemporary with the stones above-mentioned I met with none here in Oxford-shire but those three Rings lincked one within another and engraven by mistake a little out of their place Tab. 16. Fig. 4. for that they are not like to be British or Roman I think is pretty certain The Britans 't is true used Rings instead of Mony yet as Caesar testifies they were only of Iron a Jul. Caesaris Comment de bello Gallico lib. 5. And though the Romans amongst their other dona militaria did usually give Calbeos b Vid. Sexti Pomp. Festi Fragment libro 3. sive armillas bracelets yet they were constantly I find either of gold or silver whereas ours as in number are of three different materials the largest copper the second iron and the least green glass or some stone of that colour 108. It remains they must therefore be either Saxon or Danish but whether of the two we must not hope to determin since we find such rings used by both Nations That the Saxons had such bracelets is plain from King Aelfred who notwithstanding he came to the Kingdom long habituated as it were to rapines and murders yet brought it before his death into so good a posture as is learnedly made out and by what degrees he did it in that excellent History of his Life now in the Press that he could and did hang up such bracelets of gold in the high-ways which no Traveller dared touch Aelfredus per publicos aggeres ubi semitae finduntur in quadrum Armillas jubebat aureas appendi ut Viantium aviditatem irritaret cur non esset qui eas acciperet says Florilegus of him c Matth. Westmon Flores Hist in An. 892. Where by the way perhaps it may not be amiss to note that these Rings were drawn out of the River Cherwel with a Fishing-net near Hampton Gay not far from the meeting of such ways at Kirklington and kindly bestowed on me by my worthy Friend Mr. Barry amongst some other matters of like nature though not so fit to be mention'd here 109. And that the Danes also made the same Experiment of the innocency of their people and of universal peace freedom from rapine is as manifest out of Saxo Grammaticus who says expresly of Frotho the Great Vt uniuscujusque rem familiarem à furum incursu tutam praestaret Armillam unam in Rupe c d Saxon. Gram. Hist Dan. lib. 5. p. 46. Edit Operin i. e. that he might preserve every mans Goods from the spoils of thieves and robbers hung up a bracelet of gold on the rock called after his own name Frothonis petram and another in the Province of Wig threatning great severity to the Presidents of those Countries if they should be taken away They used them also like the Romans as rewards of valour as appears from the proffer of King Roricus of his six bracelets to any man that would undertake the Champion of the Sclavi his Enemies challenging any man in his Army e Idem lib. 3. pag. 24. D. and somtimes too as rewards of Wit as the same Author informs us Wiggo being honor'd with a great Armilla by Rolvo Krage for a Jest f Idem lib. 2. pag. 16 C. and Refo by Goto King of Norway ideo tantum quod eum cultius familiarius habuisset g Idem lib. 8. pag. 83. C. 110. These Armillae the Danes and other Northern Nations accounted so sacred that as Bartholin informs us out of Arngrimus the Islanders usually swore upon them Cujus religionis fuit ritus ut juramentum praestituri adhibitis testibus Annulum in Ara Deorum asservari solitum in foro Judiciali à Judice supremo in brachio gestatum hostiarumque sanguine illinitum attrectarent h Tho. Bartholini Schedion de Armillis veterum §. 7. p. 98. i. e. that the manner of people to be sworn was that before witness they should lay their hands on a certain Ring usually kept upon the altar of their gods worn upon the arm of the Chief Justice whence 't is plain it was an Armilla and smeared over with the blood of their Sacrifices And Ethelwerdus and Asserius both acquaint us that King Aelfred having gotten considerable advantage over the Danes made them swear beside on his own Reliques in eorum Armilla sacra quod caeterarum Regionum Regibus fecere nunquam i Chronicorum Ethelwerdi lib. 4. in An. 876. vid. etiam Asserium Menevens in eodem An. i. e. upon their holy bracelet which they had never done before to the Kings of any other Nation 111. Which Armillae it seems were somtimes single and somtimes curiously link'd together Thus the six bracelets of King Roricus above-mentioned are said to have been ita mutuis nexibus involutas ut ab invicem sequestrari nequirent nodorum inextricabiliter serie cohaerente k Sax Gram. Hist Dan. lib. 3. p. 24. D. Edit Operini i. e. so inextricably involved one within another that there was no parting them The Learned Bartholin also informs us that somtimes the Armilla had a Ring hung to it
Not only after hard Winters par 16. Plants striped c. 6. par 17 42. How procured Paragraph 18. Is their disease rather then perfection par 19 c. River Plants grow sensibly after rain and why c. 2. par 16. Plants cultivated in Oxford-shire that are not in some other Counties See Barley Caraways Lucern Pear-trees Peas Ray-grass Rosa canina c. bastard Saffron Sanctfoin Wheat Plants enquiries to be made by the Author about them c. 6. par 88 c. Ploughly-hill a Funeral Monument c. 10. par 48. Ploughs the several sorts of them used in Oxford-shire c. 9. par 76. Pnigitis or black chalk c. 3. par 16 17. Porcellane ware the way to make it invented at Oxford c. 9. par 86. Port way c. 10. par 35 36. Pride a Fish doubted whether yet described c. 7. par 27 28. Prospect at Teynton c. 3. par 54. Pyrites aureus c. 4. par 11 12. Argenteus par 13. Poysonous exhalations how remedyed c. 3. par 36. Q. Quarries at Burford c. 4. par 26. At Heddington par 24. Elsewhere par 29 30. Quinten a Sport used in Oxford-shire at Weddings as they carry home the Bride c. 8. par 21 c. 53. R. Rainsborough an ancient Fortification c. 10. par 34. Lapis Ranulae c. 10. par 141. Raspberry bush grows commonly in the Chiltern part of Oxford-shire c. 6. par 42. Ray-grass an improvement of Land c. 6. par 31 c. When the best time to sow it c. 9. par 83. Rib of a Dog of an unusual make c. 7. par 46. Rings the ancient use of them in these Northern Countries c. 10. par 107 c. Rivers running into the ground c. 2. par 19. Robber c. 4. par 11. Robbery discovered by a Dream c. 8. par 46. Rolls of an unusual make for tilling Land c. 9. par 79 80. Roll-rich stones c. 10. par 81. Not a Funeral Monument par 86. Nor a Court of Judicature par 87. Built by Rollo the Norman par 83. at his inauguration par 95 c. Roofs of Stone of rare contrivance c. 9. par 136 c. Ropes made of the barks of Trees c. 9. par 119. Rosa canina c. c. 6. par 40. Rosamond's Tomb c. 9. par 144 c. Rotherfield Grays an ancient Barony c. 10. par 131. Rotherfield Pipard an ancient Barony par 132. Rubrick or ruddle c. 3. par 16. S. Bastard Saffron c. 6. par 35. Sainctfoin par 31 34. How managed c. 9. par 83. Salmons at Lillingstone Lovel how they come thither c. 7. par 30. Sand its use c. 4. par 22 23. Saxifraga Anglica c. not yet described c. 6. par 9. Sent-bags discovered in most strong sented Animals at Oxon c. 9. par 228 c. Sectaries a new sort of them at Watlington c. 8. par 32. Selenites lapis the several sorts c. 5. par 3 8 11 182. It s use par 14 15. Servants how hired c. 8. par 29. A Sheep with only one horn c. 7. par 40. Sheep with 8 or 10 horns apiece par 39. Sherbourn an ancient Barony c. 10. par 133. Silk stockings the way of weaving them discovered at Oxford c. 9. par 167. Silver Ore where likely to be found See Caeruleum nativum Singing two octaves or fifths sung by the same person at the same time c. 9. par 208 c. Slat-stones serving for covering houses c. 4. par 31. Good for grinding colours ib. Smiris its use c. 4. par 21. Snails a sort of them not yet described c. 7. par 34. Snakes none to be found in the Northern parts of Oxford-shire c. 7. par 35 36. Soils See Earths of a small depth why some fertil others not c. 3. par 3 c. Spars c. 5. par 49 50 51. Their original par 52. Their use par 53. Speech improved by Dr. Wallis c. 9. par 179. By Dr. Wilkins par 181. Spire steeples c. 9. par 142. Springs their original c. 2. par 17. A Chalybeat Spring beside Oxford c. 10. par 141. Land Springs c. 2. par 18. Sweating out of the Earth and for the most part imbibed again par 20. A Stags head found 50 foot under ground c. 6. par 53. Stair-case at Blechington described c. 9. par 131 c. Stalactites lapis c. 5. par 48. Stalagmites lapis par 47. Stanlake the Parson reads a Gospel every Holy Thursday on a Barrels head in the Cellar of the Chequer Inn c. 8. par 30. Starch-trade at Oxford an account of it c. 9. par 172 c. Star stone See Asteria Excellent Statues in Brass of King Charles I. and his Queen c. 9. par 166. Stones an improvement of Land c. 4. par 7 8. item c. 9. par 70. Stones resembling Fishes as a Barbel c. 5. par 55. Cockles singly par 64 c. 76. Cockles in clusters par 56 c. Their use ibidem Escallops c. 5. par 72. Muscles par 80. Oisters par 60 78 79. A Porcupine par 81. A Rams horn par 87. c. Snakes par 92. A Sea Urchin par 82 c. How Stones resembling Shell-fishes acquire that form c. 5. par 96 c. Stones resembling Plants as an Apricock c. 5. par 135. A Briony root par 133. A Mulberry par 135. Luca-Olives par 136. Pears par 134. Toad-stools par 132. Stones resembling living Creatures or some parts of them as a Bullocks heart c. 5. par 143. A Horse head par 142. An Owls head par 45. Snails par 140. The Testicles par 144. A Toads head par 146. Worms par 141. Stones resembling some part of man as his Brain c. 5. par 147. Breast par 151. Ear par 150. Eye par 149. Foot par 174. Glans penis humani par 153. Heart par 152. Kidneys par 154. Olfactory nerves par 148. Scrotum par 153. Stones representing Buttons c. 5. par 175. The heel of a shoo par 176. A wheel par 177. Stones naturally globular some smooth some granulated c. 5. par 179. Stones voided out of the Eyes c. 8. par 10. Bred under the Tongue par 48. item c. 10 par 141. Taken out of a mans bladder that weighed above a pound c. 8. par 49. Made by art c. 10. par 101. Worshipped by the ancient Britans par 102 c. Set up in the high-way to shew the number of miles par 50. A Stone with Chinese Characters found at Yarnton c. 10. Paragraph 139. Straw-work of a new contrivance c. 9. par 108. Strombites or wreathed stones c. 5. par 63. T. Tadmerton Castle a Danish Fortification c. 10. par 75. Teeth of a prodigious bigness c. 5. par 159 163 164. Telescope known to Frier Bacon c. 9. par 2 c. Thame an ancient Barony c. 10. par 133. It s antiquity par 119. The Well-waters when brewed stink c. 2. par 34. Theater at Oxford its contrivance c. 9. par 147 c. An account of the Painting par 154