they obtain'd leave to raise a Cittadel which was the first Fort they had in the East-Indies but that Fortress was taken from them by the Hollanders in the year 1662. The Prince of Calicut calls himself Zamorin a Prince of great power and awe and not more black of colour than treacherous in disposition Many deformed Pagotha's are here worshipped but with this ordinary Evasion That they adore not Idols but the Deumo's they represent And the Dutch General who was Cook of a Ship Crowned the King with those hands which had oftner handled a Ladle than a Sword And exacts a Tribute from all the Kings of Malabar but most of them are dispens'd withall from paying it Besides this Prince there are in this Country the Kings of Cananor Tanor Cranganor Cochin Coulan and Travancor and 10 or 12 other considerable ones Cochin Colchin of Ptol. Herb. not much inferior to Goa pays Tribute to the Hollanders who keep the Castle The Harbor is pester'd with Rocks and Shelves Coulan has been much richer and better peopled than it is for it had formerly above 100000 Inhabitants Sopatpa in Arrian and Coâ—â—y in Ptol. Zamoryn valu'd it for its Situation for its Port and its Fidelity Since that the Sands having stop'd up the Port Goa and Calecut have got all the Trade from it Cananor Calligeris Ptol. teste Castal holds also some Islands among the Maldives viz. the Isle Malicut and the five Isles of Diavandorow Onor the Hippocura of Ptol. teste Baud. produces a weighty sort of Pepper and Black Rice accounted better than the White Baticale and Gersopa further in the Land are the Capital Cities of their Kingdoms included under the general Name of Canara To Malabar joins the fishing Coast called the Coast of Manar where they fish for Pearls in April for three weeks together The Country which contains about 30 little Cities is dry and Sun-burnt having no other advantages but by the Fishery for which they keep a Fair at Tuticorin The most part of it is under the Nâ—ic of Madure the Hollanders possessing only the Island of Kings where they have built a Fort and to which there is no coming but by a Chanel for the defence whereof they have rais'd several Works for conservation thereof being of so great importance to them by reason that thereby they are Masters of the Banks of Manar There is also found some Amber-greice and heretofore near to Cape Comâ—rin a Cape well known of old by Ptol. called Cory Calligicum by Strab. Conomencina by Plin. Calusca Colaicum Comar by Arrian in his Periplus Comara extrema or Cape Comryn there was a Pearl found that weighed above 30 Quintals Coromandel or Corobander Cartagar damna Ptol. so called from the abundance of Rice which it produces is famous for the best Ports of India The City of Meliapore Malipur incolis St. Thomaso Lusitanis Mâ—lange Ptol. or the Calurmina of Sophron. and St. Thomas's Anglis where that Apostle wrought many Miracles and where as their Traditions he foretold the coming of White People into that Country It is observed that the Off-spring of those that Martyr'd St. Thomas have one Leg bigger than the other â—â—liour is seated upon a small River having five Foot of Water at the Mouth of it which is about Cannon-shot from the City but small Ships had rather harbor themselves at Pelicate and the great ones at Nâ—gaâ—â—tâ—n which with Meliapor belongs to the Portugalâ— Pâ—licate besides the Town there is a Fort called Geldria that belongs to the Duâ—â—h where they have their chief Factory and where lives the chief Intendent over all the rest that are in the Territories of the King of Gâ—lâ—â—da In the Fort are generally 200 Soldiers besides Merchants The Bastions are well stored with good Guns and the Sea comes up to the very Wall of it Tavernier tells us That when the Inhabitants fetch their Water to drink they stay till the Sea is qâ—â—te gone out then digging holes in the Sand as near the Sea as they can they meet with fresh Water About 7 or 8 Leagues off is Fort St. George which belongs to the English whose Port or Harbor is called Madraspatan The Kingdom of Golconda is a Country abounding in Corn Rice Cattel and other Necessaries for Human Life and Bagnagar is the Name of the Metropolis commonly called Golconda which is the Name of a Fortress about two Leagues from it The City is said to be little less than Orleance seated upon a River which near to Mâ—slipatan falls into the Gulph of Bengala over which River there is a stately and fair Bridge into the City which is adorned with the King's Palace and the Houses of the great Lords and other Persons of Quality the Merchants and Tradesmen living in the Suburbs which are a League in length In this City is to be seen the Foundation of a magnificent Pagod which had it been finished had been the fairest in India there is one Stone which is an entire Rock of such a prodigious Bulk that 5 or 600 Men were five years before they could hew it out of its place and they say that 1400 Oxen were employed to draw it away The Men and Women of Golconda are well proportioned and of comely statures only the Country people swarthy there are said to be 20000 Licensed common Women about the City and Suburbs The present King descended from an ancient Family of the Turcomans is a Mahumetan and of the Sect of Hali and pays the Mogul an annual Tribute of 200000 Pagods Maslipatan is a great City and the most famous Road for Ships in the Gulph of Bengal the Argaric Gulph of old from whence they set Sail for Pegu Siam Aracan c. where Bloom saith the English have setled a Factory Concerning the Kingdoms of Narsinga and Bisnagar which some Authors make two distinct Countries though some others confound them together I shall give you this account That formerly the Territories of the Raja of Narsinga extended from Cape Cormorin all along the Coast of Cormandel as far as the River Guenga that falls into the Bengalan Gulph near the mouth of the Ganges the other Raja's being his Subjects that the last Raja who was at War with Ackbar the Mogul brought into the Field four Armies the first lay in that Province which is now called Golconda the second was quartered in the Province of Visapour the third in Brampore the fourth in Doltabat This Raja dying without Children the four Generals divided amongst them the Country but the Successor of the Mogul conquered again that of Brampore of Doltabat and part of Visapour but the King of Golconda became Tributary to him as was said before so that 't is very probable there are no such Cities as Narsingue or Bisnagar Tavernier in his Travels makes no mention of them The last Relations tell us that Gandicot Tav Guendicot Thev is one of the strongest Cities in the Kingdom of Carnatica about 85 Leagues from Meliapour and
Forests that the pleasantness of their Fruits the Verdure of their Herbs and the beauty of their Flowers give refreshment and delights to the Inhabitants all the year long That 't is a Country fertile in Grains rich in Pastures full with Rivers and Lakes stored with delicate Fish and Tortoise that their Honey is Medicinal their Balm excellent for Wounds that they have inexhaustible quantities of Ebony and Brazil store of Cacoa and Tobacco plenty of Sugar Canes and Rocon for the dying of Scarlet besides Gold Silver and other Metals which are found there That they observed an hundred and fifty different Nations upon and about the Banks of the Amazone of which the Homagues are excellent for their Manufactures of Cotton Cloath The Corosipares for their Earthen Vessels The Sarines for their Joynery Work. The Topinamubes for their power As for the Amazonian Women from whence it is pretended this River took its name many and strange Relations have been writ of them All I can find of it is that when the Inhabitants were in Arms at the arrival of the Spaniards there were some Women so couragious as to be amongst them but never any Country of such and therefore as fabulous as those of whom the Greeks have formerly writ such wonders Of PERV PERV is a name so remarkable that under the same many times all the other parts of Southern America are comprehended It lies almost all under the Torrid Zone and yet it has not the qualities of the Countries in our Hemisphere that lie under the same Zone There are in it three sorts of Countries very different the one from the other the Plain the Hill and the Andes The Plain lies near the Sea nothing delightful being sandy and subject to Earthquakes The hilly Country consists of Vallies Hills and Mountains where it is very cool The Andes where it almost continually rains are very high Mountains yet fertile and well peopled The Plain is not above twelve Leagues broad the Hilly Country twenty and the Andes as broad as that So that under the name of Peru are comprehended more Lands than are subdued by the Spaniards The Spaniards have a Vice-Roy in that Country where they have particularly fortified Arica being the place where the Merchandises of Lima and the Wealth of Potosi are brought They invaded this Kingdom under Pizarro in the year 1525. But the Civil Wars that ensued hindred for some time the absolute Conquest of the Country The Indians that cannot defend themselves pay Tribute The King of Spain receives vast Treasures out of the Mines of Peru. For the principal Cities are full of it and the very Earth is oftentimes nothing but Gold and Silver So that Peru is certainly the richest Country in the World. And it reported that the Spaniards made above twenty Millions of Ducates of their first Voyage thither The Ways are so secure from Robbery that four Musqueteers serve for a Convoy for three or four thousand Ducates The Inca's were Hereditary Kings of Peru for above three hundred years before the Invasion of the Spaniards They had made there two High-ways the one along the Plain where it required an extraordinary Expence to settle the Sand the other over the Mountain where it was as necessary to fill up the Valleys These High-ways were every one of them five hundred Leagues in length and upon the Road stood Houses whither Travellers were carried and entertained by the Natives upon freecost The same Inca's had also reared Temples to the Sun to the Moon and to the Stars which they call Ladies attending the Moon to Lightning Thunder and Thunder-bolts and to the Rain-bow which they said executed the Sun's justice It is reported that their Polities were not unlike those of the Greeks and Romans that their Government was mild free and liberal And that they divided the Earth into three parts the first high the second low and the third under ground signifying Earth Heaven and Hell. Atabalippa who was one of those Kings said That the Pope was not a Wise Man to give away that which was none of his own and that for his part he had more reason to prefer the Divinity of the Sun than of a Man that was crucified He also threw away a Breviary which they presented because it spoke never a word of Christ of whom they told him it related great things This unfortunate Prince being defeated and taken by the Spaniards at Caxamalca offer'd for his liberty as much Gold as could be heaped up half way in a Hall seven and twenty foot long sixteen foot wide and proportionably high nevertheless they put him to death as a Traytor and a Tyrant It is not to be wondred that the Inca's had such vast store of Gold and Silver for they had framed in Gold all the Creatures and Plants imaginable in their Temples also they put great numbers of Statues of all pure Gold and adorn'd with precious Stones The Edifices were demolished by the Spaniards who expected to find Gold in the Materials and in the cement of the Stones though they got a prodigious Sum besides The Provinces of Peru are Quito Los Reyes Los Charcas and La Sierra Quito which produces much Gold Cotton and Physical Drugs has a City of the same Name the antient Residence of Inca Guaynacapa The Province de los Reyes contains the best Cities in the Country Lima and Cusco Lima is new and one of the best in all America though it contain not above six thousand Inhabitants There are also about four thousand Negroes but they keep them disarm'd for fear of revolting The great Trade of the Town the Residence of the Vice-Roy and the Archbishop make it the Capital City of Peru. Calâ—ao a City and a Port two Leagues from Lima is able to receive and secure several Vessels Cusco built four hundred years before the Spaniards took it very well peopled because the King usually kept his Court and obliged the Lords of the Country to build them Houses and dwell in the City with their Children The Province de los Charcas contains the Cities of La Plata and Potosi which is the best inhabited place in all the West Indies for it is stored with all conveniencies and delights of this Life for which reason several People go to live there The Silver Mines in her Mountains are certainly the richest in the World and no way subject to the Water as the other Mines are The King of Spain had from thence a Million of Ducates formerly for his fifth but for some time since the Rent has fallen At the Island Perico was the Fight between the Buccaniers and Spaniards where the Buccaniers took five Ships the Buccaniers were but sixty eight Men the Spaniards two hundred and twenty eight At Gorgona Island the Buccaniers carreen'd At the Isle of Plate Sir F. Drake made the Dividend of that vast quantity of Plate which he took from the S. Armada which the Spaniards say was twelve score
into three Parts 1. Lega Della Casa Dio or Foedus Domus Dei. 2. Lega Grisa 3. Dicci Dritture or Foedus decem Jurisdictionum Sion Ital. Sitten Ger. Sedunum Caes Plin. is the chief Town of Valesiae or Wallislands reaching along the Course of the Rhosne A Bishop-See seated upon the Rhosne in a Plain under a steep biforked Mountain spiring up in manner of two high and precipitious Rocks upon the top of the one is the Cathedral Church and the Houses of the Canons upon the other which is much higher The strong Castle called Thurbile in Summer-time the pleasant Recess of the Bishops the Key of the Country Martinack is the Octodurus of Caes Civit. Valensium Ant. St. Mauriaz Agaunum now St. Moritz closed with a Castle and two Gates upon the Bridg and the Mountains which shut up the Country which is within most pleasant fruitful and happy in Corn and excellent Pasture where is also Salt Springs discovered An. 1544. near Sitten Also divers Fountains of hot Medicinal waters Without the Country is environed with a continual Wall of horrid and steep Mountains The surprise of it alarmed all Europe when seized upon by the Count Fuentes for the King of Spain Mellingen Bremgarten and Meienberg chief Places of Wagenthal lie upon the Russ River Biel appertaineth to the Bishops of Basil Newenburg to the House of Longeville in France both confederate with Bern. The chief Places of Targow are St. Gal seated amongst Mountains not far from the Rhine and the Lake Bodenzee or Constance The City is Rich and well Governed inhabited by an industrious People in making Stuffs and Linnen Clothes From the famous Monastry hereof are named the Abbots Princes of the Empire and of great Power and Reverence in this Country Frawenfeld is the chief belonging to the confederate Cantons Chief Places in the Italian Prefectures are Locern Lorcarnum seated in a pleasant and fruitful Plain betwixt high Mountains and the Head of the Lake Magione the Verbanus Lucas Strab. Plin. and Of the SEVENTEEN PROVINCES Or the LOW-COUNTRIES BY the Latins that Tract is called Belgium from the Belgi the most Potent People heretofore of all these parts which upon the Confusion of those Ancient Limits of Germany and France did contain 17 distinct Estates or Provinces It is also called Germania Inferior by the English the Low-Countries by the Dutch Netherlandt by the Italians Spaniards and French Flanders from whence the Inhabitants were generally called Flemmings 'T is a Country seated very low between the Banks of the Rhine and the Sea-shore from which 't is Defended by extraordinary Charge and Industry with Banks and Ramparts For Hubandry 't is the best cultivated for multitude of Towns and Villages the best Peopled for their neatness the most Remarkable and by reason of their several Manufactures the most Rich of any Country in Europe 'T is bounded on the North with the German or British Ocean which also separates it from Great Britain on the West and on the South and East it borders upon France and Germany The Ancient Inhabitants were partly Subdued by L. Drusius in the time of Augustus Caesar the other were before overcome by Julius Caesar After which subjection they remained under the Roman Empire until the Expiration of that Empire when they were involved in that Publick Calamity under the Victorious French who here succeeded the Romans the whole was contained under the Name and Kingdom of Austrasia or Oostinreich After that the French Monarchy became divided amongst the Posterity of the Emperor Lewis the Godly this part hereof broke into sundry new Principalities and Governments and became divided into 17 States or Provinces whereof some Entitled their Governours Dukes others Earls others Lords Their Names are these Four Dukedoms Brabant Limburg Luxemburg and Guelderland Seven Earldoms Holland Zeland Zutphen Flanders Artois Hainault and Namur One Marquisate of the Holy Empire comprehending Antwerp Five Signories or Lordships Malins Vtrecht Over-Yssel Friesland and Grâ—ningen Two of these Flanders and part of Artoise appertained to the Soveraignty of the Kings of France quitted unto Philip the Second King of Spain by Henry the Second French King in the League of Cambray Brabant Flanders part of Artois Limberg with Malines and the Marquisate of the Sacred Empire became added to the Dominion and Family of Burgundy by Philip the Hardy Holland Zealand West-Freisland Hainalt Luxemburg and Namur by Philip the Good Gelderland Zutphen Vtreicht Over-yssel and Groningen by the Emperor Charles the Fifth Since this Union they were Governed in manner of Free Estates by their Princes and Magistrates making a distinct Nation and Commonwealth by themselves Duke Charles the Fighter Prince hereof had an intent to unite the parts then under his Government into one entire Kingdome by the name of Burgundy But the Provinces being Soveraign and had their several Laws Priviledges c. this project took no effect In the reign of Philip the Second King of Spain Heir of the House of Burgundy and in the year 1566. began those memorable Civil broils so long afflicting those rich and flourishing Countries continued with the spoil and ransacking of all their chief Towns and Cities with the unspeakable misery and calamity of a bloody War of 48 years a War which cost the King of Spain the Lives of 600000 men and 150 Millions of Crowns and England not fewer than 100000 men and above a Million of Money At last part of the Provinces were forced to continue under the Spanish Yoak and part recovered their Liberty so that now there are in the Low Countries two Estates or Dominions far differing one from another for the one is a Republick or rather several Republicks United and Confederated in one and therefore called the Vnited Provinces and commonly from the Principal Province Holland The other for the most part did belong to the King of Spain as Heir to the House of Burgundy and is called the Spanish Provinces or Flanders but of the late Years the French King hath Conquered most part thereof As the Country is divided so is also their Religion for the Spaniards strictly follow the Romish and the States-General indulg the free Use of all Religions but countenance only that of the Reformed Churches according to Calvin The Men for the most part are well proportioned unmindful of good Turns and Injuries of good Invention Frugal and of indefatigable Industry The Women generally of good Complexions Familiar Active Laborious and conversant in Affairs in the Shops and Houses Their Language for the most part is Dutch with little difference in the Dialect but in the Provinces adjoining to France they speak a corrupt and imperfect French from their Language called Walloons The Air is Temperate and more wholesome than formerly the Winter more long than cold and the Summer like the Spring in Southern Countries The Soil towards Germany is Woody and Hilly but towards the Sea full of Pasture and Meadow-ground which breed great
of a Channel which Drusus formerly made stands Deventer Daventria Davontria a Capital City being a famous Passage over the Yssel first taken by the Earl of Leicester for the States And in Drent stands Coeverden Coverdia one of the most Regular Pentagons in Europe And Zwol the Suvolla of old Friesland Frissia affords good and strong Horses and Cattel of an excessive bigness It has been Governed by Princes and Dukes and as they say by Kings too who kept their Courts at Staveren Stauria Franiker Franicheria is an University Leuwarden Levardia Leovardum has a Parliament and Dockum Docum the Admiralty of the Province Schelling Schellingia is a small Island upon the Coast wherein are several Towers that give Signals to Vessels Groeningen that has the last Voice in the Assembly of the States-General has but two Cities Groeningen Groninga and Dam Damum Groningen is of that consequence by reason of its Situation on the Frontiers that the Duke of Alva had designed a Cittadel there In the year 1672. the Bishop of Munster not able to take that City yet took several other Towns from the Dutch. The Province is full of Pasturage which affords good stuff for firing The chief Commodities of the Natural growth of these Provinces are Butrer and Cheese the rest being Manufacturies which they make out of such Materials as they fetch out of other Countries But the Commodity that hath been of greatest Advantage to them is Fish and that not caught upon their own Coast neither Their Herring-Trade by computation is worth 450000 l. per Annum And that of Cod-fish 150000 l. Sterling Yearly Generally the people are inclined to Navigation and a Sea-faring Life and many being Born on Shipboard and bred up at Sea know no other Country so that their Natural inclination and necessity of employing themselves that way hath exceedingly increased their Shipping so that 't is thought they are Masters of more Ships and Vessels of all forts than almost all Europe besides But that which is the just Admiration of all Men these Seven Provinces are become greater and more potent than Seventeen in riches and power Nay they have out-done some of the greatest Princes in Europe Their Cities are many and splendid and yet there are more Sects among them than Cities and almost as many Creeds as Heads yet so Wise in their Meetings as never to Discourse of Religion Their Country in general for its Dimensions is fullâ—r of People Cities Towns Castles Forts Bulwarks c. for Military Defence than any one Country in Europe Their Naval Forces prodigious befitting Wonders rather than Words even a terrour to the great Princes of the World. For their Trade it far exceeds that of the Neighbouring Princes and in the Oeconomy of it much more prudently managed To every Town they Assign some Staple Commodity as to Dort the German Wines and Corn to Middleburgh the French and Spanish Wines to Rotterdam formerly now to Dort the English Cloth To Harlem Knitting and Weaving c. which maketh their Towns so equally rich and populous One Miraculous Accident I must not forget because mentioned by all Writers viz. That Margaret Sister to Earl Floris the 4th being about 42 years of Age brought forth at one Birth 365 Children half Males half Females the odd one a Hermaphrodite they were all Christened by Guido Suffragan to the Bishop of Vtrecht in two Basons which are yet to be seen at the Church of Lasdunen the Males John the Females Elizabeths immediately after they all died and their Mother also Of the SPANISH Netherlands The Spanish PROVINCES vulgo FLANDERS by Robert Mordon at the Atlas in Cornhil THESE Provinces are so called because Subject to the Monarchy of Spain It carries also the Name of Flanders from that Province which is the fairest the richest and the best Peopled part Of these Spanish Provinces four are Frontiers of France the Counties of Flanders Artois Hainault and the Dutchy of Luxemburgh Five in the middle viz. The Dukedom of Brabant the Marquisate of the Holy Empire the Signory of Malines the County of Namur and the Dutchy of Limburgh There are also two Feifs of the Empire the Bishoprick of Leige and the Arch-Bishoprick of Cambray The Kings of Spain were once Masters of these Provinces and for the preservation thereof have expended a good part of their Gold and Silver brought from the Indies in the Wars they maintained against the Dutch and French. The County of Flanders Flandria Latinis Vlaenderen by the Inhabitants Flandre French Flandes Spaniards Flandra Italians is so full of People that it seems to be but one great City and the loveliest County in Christendom All along the Coast lie banks of Sand that cover very Rich places In the Neighbouring Sea are several Sands and Shelves nevertheless Ships Ride there safe enough It formerly was divided into Dutch Flanders Gallican Flanders and Imperial Flanders This belonged sometimes unto the Kingdom of West France and held by the Princes thereof under the Fief of this Crown quitted unto Philip the Second King of Spain and to the Heirs of the House of Burgundy by Henry the Second King of France and the League of Cambray In Flanders the principal places are Gaunt Bruges Ipres and Lille Gaunt Gandaurum Ghendt Gand by the French is one of the biggest Cities of Europe But though it have several Rivers that still bring a Trade to it yet has it not the five and thirty thousand Families that Anciently it had when it was able to Arm four and twenty thousand Men. 'T is famous for the birth of Charles the Fifth and of John Duke of Lancaster commonly called John of Gaunt Bruges Brugae is the best Built in the Province and the Citizens are the handsomest and most Gentile in all the Low-Countries The Spaniards who had the Channel of this City stopped up by the taking of Sluce have some few years since made another able to receive Vessels of four hundred Tun. Ostend Ostenda is a Town whose Haven they can never block up and which was once the Theater of War when it held out a Siege for above three years being Garisoned by the English and under Sir Horatio Vere who was then Governour thereof at which Siege the Spaniards are said to have lost one hundred thousand men Ypres has so many Channels and conveyances of Water under ground that it is said the Foundations are of Lead Lille Insula Gal. L'Isle Incol Ryssel or Ter Issel upon Dole the Capital of Walloon-Flanders is one of the best in the Low-Countries by Reason of its Wealth and Commerce All the other places of Flanders are generally considerable either for their Beauty or for their Fortification for eminent Sieges or Remarkable Battels Tournay Tornacum Dornick Baganum of Ptol. Civit. Turnacensium of Ant. an Ancient City is fair great strong rich and well Peopled This was the first Town that submitted to the King of France after a formal Siege
who has set up a Parliament and built a very strong Cittadel to secure it It is observed of Tournay that it was taken four several times upon St. Andrews day 1. By Henry the VIII King of England 2. By the Emperor Maximilian the First 3. By the Emperor Charles the Fifth 4. By the Duke of Parma Douay Dracum upon the Confines of Artois and Haynault is indifferent strong the Church of Nostredam is about 1200 Years old It is a Staple of Corn and Honoured with an University Courtray Cortracum upon the Lis an Ancient Town and of great Importance by reason of its Situation 't is the best in the County next the Capital places and the Inhabitants are excellent Artists in Diapring Linnen-Cloaths Dunkirk Dunquerea Duinkerk a Town of great Importance by reason of the conveniency of the Port and is one of the most considerable Purchases of the French King taken by the Duke of Orleance 1644. Graveline Gravelinga Grevelinghen not far from it a very considerable and strong Town Furna Furnes the Residence of Lovis the XI during his Retirement with the Duke of Burgundy The Soil is so fertile that the Low-Countries as the Natives say would have produced as much Riches as the Indies had all their Territories been as fruitful as that of Furnes Near Niue or Neoportus was fought that memorable Battel betwixt the Arch-Duke Albert and the States where by the valour of the English and the excellent conduct of those Noble and gallant persons Sir Francis and Sir Horatio Vere the Victory next under God was gained for the States Artois Artesia United to the Crown of France by the Pyraenean Treaty from which it was dismember'd is a Province extraordinary fertile in Corn. Arras Gallis Artrebatum the Origiacum Ptol. Atrecht Belgis the Capital City thereof consists of a High and Low Town both very strong since the last Conquests of the French King the River which belongs to it has been made Navigable for Vessels to go beyond Doway Hesdin Hesdinum is a Regular Hexagon by which the River was Navigable as far as Montrevil Bapaume Bapalma is a place that cannot well be Besieged because there is no Water in all the Neighbourhood Lins is famous for the Victory of the French in the year 1648. where the Prince of Ligne and the Marquis of Grana were taken with 20 Captains 6000 and 200 common Soldiers 40 Great Guns and 90 Insigns Bethune makes excellent good Cheese And Terroane Tervanna Terwin is known by its Ruins St. Omers Audomaropolis Fannum S. Aadomari is a strong City surrounded with Marshes wherein there are Floating Islands Haynault Hannona by the Dutch Henegow according to the Report of the Inhabitants and the Records of the Province acknowledgeth only God and the Sun for their Supreme Lords however it has now two other Lords the French King and the King of Spain Mons Montes by the Dutch Bergben the Capital City Fortified with three Moats is Governed by a Soveraign Council Independent from the Parliament of Malines It has also Canonesses that prove their Nobility for 300 Races and are permitted to Marry Near Mons the valiant Earl of Ossory did wonders and so desperately engaged the French that the Duke of Luxemburg was never so roughly handled This County of Hainault contains four Principalities Barbancon Chimai Conde and Ligne 3 Marquisates Aisaux Terlon Vergnies and 15 Counts The Estate is ancient being sometimes a part of the great Earldom of Ardenne from which it was divided and made a distinct Earldom by Alberick Sirnamed the Orpheline one of the youngest Sons of Brunulph Count of Ardenne slain by Dagobert a French King who had this part with title of Earl given him by Sigebert King of Austrasia to be held under the Soveraignty of the French Kings After long continuance and often changes it was by Jaqueline the last Princess wanting Heirs surrendered together with Holland Zealand and West-Friesland united in Families unto Philip the Good Duke of Burgundy her next Kinsman In whose House the right but the possession in the French King now remaineth at least the greatest part Valentiennes Valentiana is a great fair and well fortified place taken by the French 1677. lying upon the Scheld Quercetum Quesnoy Landdecium Landrecy Avenna Avesnes Philippevilla Philipville and Marienburgh Mariaburgum are strong places all in the French Kings Power as also Aeth Athum a considerable Town together with Binch Binchium Marimont not far from it was one of the fairest Houses in all the Country Mary Queen of Hungary having omitted nothing that might adorn the Structure The Battel of Senef 1674. was one of the most remarkable Exploits of that exquisite General the Prince of Conde Luxemburgensis Ducatus The Dutchy of Luxemburg Luceburgum so called from the Image of the Sun there worshipped It is a strong place of Defence but surrendred to the French 1684. It was sometimes a part of the Principality of Aâ—â—enne By â—â—e Emperor Charles the Fourth made a Dukedom in the person of his brother Wenceslaus By Elizabeth the last Princess wanting Heirs it was sold to Philip the Good Duke of Burgoign Has a City that bears the same Name Thionville Theodonis Villa Lewis the 14th of France was not much advanced in the fifth year of his Age ere he began to triumph over his Enemies at the memorable Battel of Rocroy 1643. and the gaining of Thionville by the Conduct of the Duke D'Anguien Montmedi Mons Medius Danvilliers Damuillâ—rium belong to the French King And Yuoix Yuodium by the French Carigan There are some Lands in the Forest of Arden that belong to the Bishop of Liege that is to say Bovilion Bullionium with the Title of a Dutchy and a strong Castle upon the Rock or high Hill whereof was named that famous Godfry of Builâ—on Duke of Lorrain and the first of the Latins King of Jerusalem St. Hubert to whom the Huntsmen make particular Devotions And Rochefort that beheld the French Victors over the Spaniards at the Battel of Avin in the year 1635. Brabant Brabantia in the middle of the Low-Countries has four Capital Cities of as many Countries Brussels Lovaine Breda and Boisleduc Brussels Bruxella is a City very well Peopled the Seat of the Governour in whose Palace is room enough to lodg several Kings The Channel that runs to Antwerp is one of the greatest Undertakings in the Low-Countries wherein there are prodigious Sluices for the Making whereof Sums of Money no less prodigious were expended The Church of St. Gudula is one of the fairest in all the Country The Neighbourhood of the Forest of Sognies lies very convenient for Hunting Lovaine Lovanium which some affirm to be the Capital City of Brabant is one of the biggest Cities of Europe with a famous University which gives the Natives occasion to call it a City of Scholars Brussels a City of Curtesans Antwerp a City of Merchants and Malines a City of Advocates by reason of its Parliament Tillemont was taken
Dutchy was seized on by the French. Adjacent to and in the Government of Bourgondy is Brest the chief Town thereof is Bourg or Briss a place well built and so strongly Fortified that it is esteemed impregnable This Country was by the Duke of Savoy delivered to Henry the IV. of France in lieu of the Marquisate of Saluces 1600. In the Province of Guien wherein are the Provinces of Gascoign Guien and Bern are many Cities the chief whereof are Bourdeaux Burdegala Strab. Ptol. Cit. Burdegalensium Ant. seated upon the Banks of the River Geronne famous for being the Birth-place of King Richard the II. of England At present Honoured with an University and Parliament and is a place of good Trade Near to this City is the small Village called Greve which yields those Excellent Wines called Graves Wine About the year 1259. Lewis of France gave unto Henry the Third of England the Dutchy of Guien conditionally that he should renounce all Title to his other Inheritances It continued English till 1452. In the particular Guien is the Province Saintonge whose chief place is Saintes Mediolanum of old Strab. Mediolanium Ptol. Cit. Santorum Ant. 2. The Province of Perigort whose chief place is Perigueux Vessuna of Ptol. Cit. Petrogoriorum Ant. Environed with Viney-Downs divided into two Towns. 3. The Province of Limosin whose chief place is Limoges Ratiastum Ptol. Lemovicum al. Lemavicum Am the Prison of Beggers 4. The Province of Querci whose chief place is Cahors Dueona Ptol. Cit. Cadorcorum Ant. a Rich and Fair City 5. The Province of Rovergue whose chief place is Rodez Segodunun Ptol. Cit. Rotenorum Ant. In the Province of Gascoign are several Countries whose chief Cities or Towns are Bazas Cossium of Ptol. Cit. Vasatum Ant. Dax or D'Acqs Aquae Augustae of Ptol. Cit. Aqueâ—sium Ant. Auch Augusta of Ptol. Cit. Ausciorum Ant. an Archbishops See. Agen Aginium Ptol. Agennensium Ant. Condom Condomum a Bishoprick Bajonne Baiona Merc. near Spain In the middle of the small River Vidosa between France and Spain is the Island Faisans not mention'd by any Geographer I know of where Cardinal Mazarine and Don Lewis of Harro began the Pyrenean Treaty the 13 Aug. 1659. and whence in the year 1660. hapned the Interview between the two Kings and the Reception of the Iafanta when the Island was divided in the middle and a House built so that at the Table where the two Kings sate to eat the King of France sate in France and the King of Spain in Spain In the Government of Lionoise are the several Provinces of Lionoise Avergne Bourbon and March. In Lionoise the chief City is Lyons by the Ancients Lugdunum seated upon the conjunction of the Rosne with the Soane esteemed the second City of France a Famous Mart-Town Ancient and the See of an Arch-Bishop who is Primate of all France In Avergne is Cleremont Claro Montium upon its high Mountain In Bâ—urbon Moulins the Centre of France Molinum of old much resorted unto from all parts of France for its Hot Medicinal Baths Gergobia al. Gergobina Caesar teste Parad. Belfor In March Gueret and Bellac are the most considerable In the Government of Languedoc are 1. Tholouse Talosa Caes Strab. Ptolomy Seated on the Garonne the Seat of an Arch-Bishop and an University near whose large Fields called by old Writers Campi Catalaunici which I rather think to be the Fields near Chalons memorable for the overthrow of Attila King of the Huns whose Army consisted of 500000 of which 180000 that day lost their lives by Aetius the Roman Lieutenant who was rewarded by Valentinian Emperor of the West with the loss of his Head. 2. Narbon Narbo of Caes Plin. Narbona Suet. A. Mar. in the Roman Infancy the most Populous and greatest Town in France and the first Roman Colony Carthage Excepted To which Archelaus Son to Herod King of the Jews was banished by Augustus 3. Montpillier Montpessulanus seated on a high Mountain twelve miles from the Sea an University for the Study of Physick the Country about affording variety of Medicinal Herbs memorable for the Resistance it made against Lewis the XIII in the last Civil War about Religion Nismes Nemausus Strab. Mel. Nemausium Plin. Ptol. Nemausensium Ant. In the year 1270. Languedoc returned to the Crown in the days of Philip the Third In the Government of Dolphin which is the Title of the first Son of France is Vienna Situate on the Rosne an A. B.'s See and the chief of this Province 2. Valence a Bishops See and University for the Civil Law a Rich Strong and well Traded Town the Title of Caesar Borgia when he cast off his Cardinals Hat. 3. Grenoble Cit. Gratianopolita Ant. Accusionorum Col. Ptol. Grationopolis Sido P. Diac. a Parliament-Seat Briancon Bigantio Ant. Gap Cit. Apencensium Ant. c. Of the Seven Wonders of Dauphine see Allard Sylva in Latin Verse which are 1. The Burning Fountain 2. The Tower Sane Venin 3. The inaccessible Mountain 4. The Wine-Fats of Sassinage 5. The Vinous Fountain 6. The Manna of Briancon 7. And the Fountain of Barberon Provence took its name from the Romans who being called in by the Marsillians possessed themselves of this Country until Stilico called in the Burgundians of which Kingdom it was a member until the time of the Ostrogoths Anno 504. In the year 1480. Rhene Grandchild to Lewis Duke of Anjou Brother to Charles the First gave it to the Lewis the Eleventh King of France Chief Towns are 1. Marseilles Massillia commodiously seated on the Mediterranean Sea enjoying an Excellent Haven and Road for Ships a place of great Trade and well frequented with Merchants and a Colony of the Phocians 2. Aix Aqua Sextiae a Parliament Seat near this Town the Cimbri consisting of 300000 fighting men as they passed by Marius asked his Soldiers what Service they would command them to Rome but in their march through the Alpes having divided themselves Marius put them all to the Sword who had slain Q. Servilius Caepio and his whole Army after his surprisal and pillaging of the Aurum Tolosanum 3. Arles Arelate Plin. Arelatum Col. Ptol. 4. Toulon Tauroentium Ptol. Taurentium Strab. the best Sea-port Town in all France On the North-West of Provence lies the Principality of Orange whose chief place is Orange Arausia Plin. Arusio Strab. Col. Arausiorum Ptol. C. Arausinorum Ant. Famous for many Rare and Wonderful Antiquities belonging of Ancient Right to his Illustrious Highness the Prince of Orange but of late years seized upon by the French King. South of which lies the County of Venasin so called from Avenio now Avignon the chief City of it Famous for being the Ancient Seat of the Popes for about 70 years said to have 7 Parish-Churches 7 Monasteries 7 Nunneries 7 Palaces 7 Inns and 7 Gates to its Walls To these Governments might be added Lorrain the French Comte Alsace most part of the Spanish Provinces
delicious part and so well Peopled that for 18 Leagues in Length and 12 in breadth it contains above 130 Monasteries well endow'd 1460 Parishes 5000 Fountains of Spring-water two hundred Stone-Bridges and six Sea-Ports some call it the Delight and Marrow of Spain Porto by the Dutch and by the English Port a Port a City containing about 4000 Houses is a place of great Trade and Braga Braecaria Augusta of Ptol. Bracara of Ant. and Braecae of Plia is renown'd for the several Councils that have been held there and for the pretension of the Arch-Bishop who claims to be Arch-Bishop of all Trales-Montes is stored with Mines and adorn'd with the City of Braganca the Capital of a Dukedom of 40000 Duckets Revenue wherein there are also fifty little Towns and other Lands which Entitle the Duke of Braganca to be three times a Marquis seven times an Earl and many more times to be a Lord. The Princes of that Name who are now in Possession of the Crown usually Resided at Villa Viciosa and had a Prerogative beyond the Grandees of Spain to sit in publick under the Royal Canopy of the Kings of Spain Beyra is fertile in Rye Millet Apples and Chesnuts Her City of Coimbra formerly the Residence of Alphonsus the first King of Portugal who enjoyed a longer Soveraignty than any Prince since the beginning of the Roman Monarchy attained to faith Heylin Sapores the Son of Misdales King of Persia whose Father dying left his Mother with Child and the Persian Nobility set the Crown on his Mothers Belly before she was quick came short of him by two years is famous for the University and for the Bishoprick which is reckon'd to be worth above a hundred thousand Livres of Annual Rent Estremadura produces Wine Oyl Salt and Honey which the Bees there make of Citron Flowers and Roses her City of Lisbon Oliosippon of Ptol. Olisipon of Ant. Olysippo of Solynus and Olysipo of Pliny a Municipium of the Romans sirnamed Faelicitas Julia the Royal Seat of the Kings of Portugal an Arch-Bishops Sea the Residence of the Vice-Roys a flourishing Empory situated upon five rising Hills upon the right Shore of the River Tagus Tajo incolis about 5 Miles from the Ocean having the advantage of the Ebbing and Flowing of the Sea. It is said to contain 32 Parish-Churches 350 Streets 11000 dwelling Houses 160000 Inhabitants besides Church-men Strangers and Courtiers and with the Suburbs about 7 Miles in compass the Capital City of all the Kingdom one of the fairest richest the biggest and best peopled of Europe The little Town of Belem which is near to it is the Burying-place of many of the Kings of Portugal Santarim is so happy in the great number of Olives that grow round about it that the Natives boast that they could make a River of their Oyl as big as Tagus It was the Scabaliscus of Ptol. the Scabalis of Ant. and Pliny sirnamed Praesidium Julium then a Roman Colony and a juridicial Resort named from St. Irene a Nun of Tomar here martyred and enshrined Setubal the Salatia of Ptol. is well situated and well built and is a Town of good Trade it is the best Haven in all the Kingdom 30 Miles long and 3 broad her Salt-pits and her Wines by what the Portuguezes relate bring a greater Revenue to their King than all Arragon to the King of Spain Alen teio passes for the Granary of Portugal by reason of the Corn which it produces The City of Evora claims the next place in Dignity to Lisbon In the year 1663 the Portuguezes overthrew the Spaniards in a memorable Battel near to this City Elvas is famous for its excellent Oyls and for the Sieges that it has prosperously held out against the Spaniards Ourique is the place where was fought that famous Battel which occasioned the Proclaiming the first King of Portugal Portelegre is a Bishops See Beja is supposed to be the Pax Julia of Plin. and Ptol. Algarve tho small in extent it assumes the Title of a Kingdom and was reunited to the Crown by the Marriage of Alphonsus the 3d with Beatrice of Castile It produces Eggs Olives Almonds and Wines which are very much esteemed and indeed the word Algerbia in the Language of the Moors signifies a fruitful Champaign Chief Towns are Tavila or Tavira the Balsa of Ptol. and Plin. Faro is seated near the Cuncum Promontorium now Capo St. de Maria. Silves is the ancient Ossonaba of Ptol. the Onoba of Mela the Sonoba of Strabo by the Moors Excuba by the Spaniards Estoy by some Estomber Lagus is seated near the Promontorium Sacrum of Strab. and Ptol. now Cape St. Vincent from the Relicks of the Holy Martyr brought from Valentia by the persecuted Christians flying the Cruelty of Abderrahman the first King of the Spanish Moors removed afterwards to Lisbon by King Ferdinand Of Italy ITALIA by Robert Morden at the Atlas in Cornhil London ITaly Anglis Italia Incolis Hispanis Italic Gallis Welschlandt Germanis Wolska Zemia Polonis Vloska Sclavonice called also by the Ancients Ausonia Camesena Oenotria Hesperia Janicula Salevmbrona Saturnia c. once Empress of the then known World still the fairest and most delicious Country of Europe After so long time so many Ages elapsed it is not certainly decided who were her first Inhabitants nor whether some one Nation did plant here after the Confusion of Babel or that it was peopled by little and little as several Nations did arrive 't is equally dubious whether it received its general Name at first or whether particular Parts had first their Appellations 'T is certain that several Nations at sundry times did transport themselves thither from Greece and Peopled all the Sea-Coast said to be Janus An. Mun. 1925. after whom came Saturn out of Creet Evander or Oenotrus out of Arcadia with their followers after them arrived some Trojans under the conduct of Aeneas whose kind entertainment by Latinus King of the Latins occasioned the Wars between him and Turnus King of the Rutuli but after the Romans grew Potent all Italy fell under their Subjection until the time of Honorius after which several barbarous Nations viz. Goths Vandals Herules and the Huns passing the Alps over-ran all Italy and divided it into several Kingdoms And when these were ejected or at least subdued by the Lieutenants of the Emperor Justinan it was once more united to the Empire till the Empress Sophia envying Narsis Honour recalled him from his Government whereupon he opened the Passage of the Country to Albonius King of the Lombards who possessed themselves of that Country calling it by their own Name Longobardia These were at length subdued by Pepin King of France who was called into Italy by the Bishop of Rome After that the Seat of the Roman Empire being fixed in Germany Italy was reduced into several Parcels and Factions so that the Soveraign Princes thereof at this day are 1. The Pope Pontifex Maximus under whose Dominion are these
in Sumatra who say that God is far off but the King is near at hand The Wealth of this King is very vast as appear'd by the Treasure which Alexander found in the Coffers of Darius And to descend towards our Times Sha Sephi one of their last Kings had no less than 7400 Marhes of gold-Plate for the ordinary Service of his Court. The King deceasing the Eldest Son ascends the Throne whilst his Brothers are kept in the Haram and their Eyes put out and oftentimes the Children of the King's Brothers and Sisters also to avoid Competition for the Sovereignty and Rebellion The State of Persia is distinguished like most of the European States into three Bodies The first of the Sword which answers to the Nobility The second is that of the Gown which answers to the Law and Religion The third is composed of Merchants Handicraftsmen and Labourers The Athemat Doulet is the Prime Minister in Temporals the Sedre in Spirituals whose Offices are much the same with the Grand Visier's and the Mufty in Turky The greatest part of the Lands in Persia belong to the King and are farmed by private persons the rest are measured and pay so much a measure The King hath also a vast Income by Merchandises that pay Custom and Toll The Commerce of this mighty Empire consists in the Trade of the Country and Foreign Traffick The Country Trade is in the hands of Persians and Jews The Foreign Trade in the hands of the Armenians who are Factors for the King and Noblemen Their Commodities are curious Silks exquisite Carpets and Tissues with other Manufactures of Gold Silk and Silver great quantities of Linen Cloth of all sorts of Colours Their Seal-skins and Goat-skins are transported by the Hollanders into India and Japan as also into Moscovy and Poland The famous Ronas Root is transported over all India great store of dried Fruits of candid Quinces and Boxes of Marmalet made at Balsera Fruits pickled in Vinegar sweet Water Almonds Raisins and purgative Prunes They vend abundance of their Camels into Turky great store of Horses and Mules into India and a prodigious number of Sheep and Lambs into Natolia and Romania The natural Complexion of the Persians is Tawney as may be seen by the Gaures the original Inhabitants of the Country but the present Persians by reason of their frequent Marriages with fair Georgian Women have contracted a better degree of Comeliness and Beauty The Justice among them is very exact and speedy Suits being determined upon the place Murther severely punished and extraordinary Care taken for the security of the High-ways for Thieves find no mercy and if a Merchant be robbed the Governor of the Province makes good the Loss The Air of Persia varies according to the diversity of its situation the Country of Edzerbeitzan is very sharp and cold but healthy the Air of Kilan is very unwholsom but the Province of Mazandran from September to March seems a kind of Terrestrial Paradise At Ispahan in the middle of Persia there are six months of hot and six months of cold weather In the Southern Provinces the Heats are very excessive In some parts the Snow falls three or four times in a Season and somtimes very thick but Rain there is very little As for Woods there are none in all the Country and Springs are very scarce to Travellers 'T is a Country generally mountainous out of some of which they dig Salt as Stones out of a Quarry and there are some Plains there where the Sand is nothing but Salt. Of late several Copper Mines have been found out of which the Natives make all sort of Kitchin Houshold-stuff their Lead comes from Kerman their Iron and Steel from Corazan and Kasbin some Mines of Gold and Silver there were but the Expence is more than the Profit The Provinces of Guilan and Mazandran furnish'd all Persia with Oil. Armenia Mengrelia Georgia and Media abound in Vineyards but their Vines they bury all Winter and take them up in the Spring The Flowers of Persia are not comparable to those of Europe for Variety or Beauty nor are their Apples Pears Oranges Granates Prunes Cherries Quinces Chesnuts Medlers and other sorts of Fruits so well tasted as ours yet their Apricots the better sort are better than ours which when you open the Stone cleaves in two and the Kernel which is only a small Skin as white as Snow is most pleasant to the Taste so likewise their Melons are most excellent very plentiful and more wholsom than ours Their Fowl are much the same as we have in Europe and their Poultry are very plentiful only there are no Turkies All sorts of Water-Fowl are common in some parts of the Country and as for Birds of Prey it wants none The Native Inhabitants are generally very inquisitive after future Events consulting their Astrologers like Oracles much addicted to ill Language but never blaspheme God nor subject to swear naturally great Dissemblers and Flatterers excessive in their Luxury and Expences much accustomed to Tobacco and Coffee and to make mutual Visits generally addicted to Play and Pastimes yet Men never dance nor do they use walking to and again as we do The two great Sects amongst the Followers of Mahomet which are most violent against each other are the Turks and Persians The first hold Mahomet to be the chief and ultimate Prophet the later prefer Haly before him and esteem his Inspirations greater and his Interpretations of the Law more perfect and divine and their grand Festival is the Feast of Hocen and Husscin The King permits the Carmelites Capuchins Austin-Fryers and other Orders to have their Houses and Churches in his Royal City of Ispahan where their Superiors live in nature of Ambassadors for the Christian Princes They are as superstitious as the Turks and believe material enjoyments in Paradise though others more refined affirm That Beatitude consists in the perfect knowledge of the Sciences and for the Senses they shall have their satisfaction according to their quality Their Women are esteemed the handsomest in all Asia their Horse the nimblest their Camels the strongest And in the Country they commend the Bread of Yezdecas the Wine of Schiras and the Women of Yez'd The Persian Language is so sweet that it is only in use among the Women and Poets the King and the Nobility generally speaking the Turkish Tongue The greatest Trade is at Bagdat for Turky and at Gombron for the Indies The Kings of Persia permit Strangers to trade upon their Coasts but not to build Forts And the Mogul and Emperor of China observe the same Policy in their Dominions They lie between two potent Neighbors the Turk and the Great Mogul The strength of their Kingdom consists chiefly in its Situation being surrounded by high Mountains and vast Deserts Ishmael Sophi brought into the Field an Army of 300000 Men against Selim Emperor of the Turks And other Persian Kings have had Armies of 7 or 800000 Men
Masters of the Country dividing it into several Parts or Provinces viz. New Galicia Guadalaira New Biscay Mexico Mechoacan Panuco Jucatan Guatimala Honduras Nicaregua Costaricca Veragua and others they have established Parliaments at Mexico Guadalaria and Guatimala New Mexico properly so called lying round about the City of Mexico is the best and best peopled part of all America that City suffered a dreaful loss in the year 1629 all the Dams and most part of the Houses being carried away by the violence of the Streams for it is situated upon a salt Lake about twenty five or thirty Leagues in compass into which falls another Lake of fresh Water and both together are forty five or fifty Leagues circuit in which are said to be fifty thousand Ferries continually rowing about to carry Passengers having about fifty Towns on their Banks some say eighty Towns many of them count five thousand Houses some ten thousand The salt Lake Ebbeth and Floweth according to the Wind yielding no kind of Fish In Mexico are said to be four thousand Spaniards and thirty thousand Indians it is the Residence of the Vice-Roy and Arch-Bishop Before the Spaniards took possession of the Country there were several considerable places near to Mexico The Siege of Mexico lasted about three Months wherein Cortez had near 200000 Indians nine hundred Spaniards eighty Horses seventeen or eighteen Pieces of Ordnance sixteen or eighteen Vergantines and at least six thousand Canou's where were slain fifty Spaniards six Horses and about eight thousand Indians on Cortez side Of Mexicans were slain 120000 besides those that dyed with Famine and Pestilence The Vergentines wherewith Cortez besieged Mexico by Water were brought by land in pieces from Tlaxcallen to Tezcuco and 400000 Men fifty days employed in the finishing of them and making a Sluce or Trench and lanching of them into the Lake At that Siege Montezuma the Emperor was taken by Cortez out of his own Palace and made Prisoner which caused the Mexicans to rebel against Cortez and the Spaniards and fought a fierce and bloody Battel two or three days together crying out for their Emperor whereupon Cortez desired him to go to the Window to shew himself and command his Subjects to cease their fury who so doing was hit on the Head with a Stone with which blow he fell down dead to the Ground and this was the end of that great Emperor who was of the greatest Blood and the greatest King in Estate that ever was in Mexico slain by his own Subjects against their wills in the City of his greatest Glory and in the custody of a foreign and strange Nation After the death of Montezuma they made Quabutamoc their Emperor and persisting in their furious Battery against Cortez his Palace caused him and all his Spaniards to flie out of Mexico But the Spaniards having made sixteen or eighteen Vergentines at Tlaxcallen and got new Supplies they again so besieged Mexico by Water and Land that it was reduced to great necessity with Hunger and Sickness and tho' in this extream misery yet they would not yield no not when they saw the Kings Houses burned and the greatest part of their City consumed so long as they could keep one Street Tower or Temple and though the Spaniards had won the Market-place and most of the City And tho' their Houses were full with dead Bodies and all the Trees and Roots gnawn by those hungry wretches that survived yet would they not accept of peace but desired death so that when the Spaniards thought there had not been five thousand in all the City yet were there that day slain and taken Prisoners 400000 Persons and Quahutamoc their King taken Prisoner who told Cortez he had done his best endeavor to save and defend himself and Vassals but considering you may now do what you please with me I beseech you to kill me which is my only request But Cortez comforted him with fair words and required him to command his Subjects to yield which he did And at that time after so many were slain and starved so many Prisoners taken yet there were about 700000 who threw down their Arms and submitted Thus did Cortez win the famous City of Mexico on the thirteenth day of August An. Dom. 1521. Chulula enclosed about twenty thousand Houses with as many Temples as there are days in the year And the Inhabitants sacrificed every year above six thousand of their Children to their accursed Idols Tezcuco was said to be as big as Mexico which was said to contain sixty or eighty thousand Houses and is famous among the Spaniards for that it was the first that received a Christian King Hâ—rnando son to Nezavalpincintli Cortez being his God Father Quaretaro had a Fountain out of which the Water floweth for four years together and the next four years seemed to be empty Los Angelos upon the Road from La Vera Cruz first built and inhabited in the year 1530 by Don Antonio de Mendoza Vice-Roy of Mexico famous for the Cloth that is there made as good as any in Segovia which is the best in Spain And a Glass House which is the rarity in all those parts It is a City containing six thousand Inhabitants to which there belongs a Bishoprick endowed with sixty thousand Crown a year Guacocinga is the chief Town between the City of Mexico and Los Angelos consisting of above five thousand Indians and one thousand Spaniards and is priviledged by the Kings of Spain for that it joyned with the Tlazcellans against the Mexicans Acapulco upon the South Sea is a well sheltered Bay distant from Mexico one hundred Leagues from hence the Spaniard drives a rich Trade to the Philippine Isles and to China from whence they are distant three thousand Leagues Jucatan is a Peninsula between two Gulphs where stands the antient Merida In Panueo the Castillians have only three Colonies of which Saint Steven del puerto is the Metropolis twelve Leagues from the Sea and a Town of great Traffick next is Saint Jago de los Vallos thirdly Lewes de Tempico They have Mines of Gold in the Country which are not wrought Salt-pits out of which they draw the greatest profit Mechoaian the Metropolis of the Province so called now the seat of the Arch-Bishop since removed from Valadolid seated upon a Lake as large as that of Mexico This Country is said to be so healthful and of so sweat an Air that Sick People come thither to recover their health Near Colima is found the Plant Cozometcath or Olcacazan which takes blood-shot from the Eyes preserves the strength of the Body cures the Tooth and Head-ach resists all poisons and is most excellent against all Diseases This Province is of a fertile Soil yielding great encrease of all sorts of Grain Fruits c. It produceth Cotton Amber-Greece Gold Silver Copper Black Stones so shining that they serve instead of Looking-Glasses store of Plants medicinal Herbs Silk Hony Wax c. It is well stored
be Rich. A New Map of VIRGINIA By Rob t Morden NO sooner had Colonus alias Columbus made his prime discovery of the Western World when seconded by John Cabot a Venetian the Father of Sebastian Cabot in behalf by the incouragement and at the charges of Henry the Seventh King of England who in the year 1497 discovered all this Coast from the Cape of Florida in the South beyond New-found-land in the North as far as to the Latitude of 67 and half Causing the Sachims or Petit-Kings to turn Homagers to the King and Crown of England This discovery by the two Cabots Father and Son did first intitle he Crown of England to the right of that vast Tract of Land. This design was after seconded by Mr. Hare bringing thence certain of the said Petit-Kings who did homage to King Henry the Eight Rediscovered by the Direction and at the charge of Sir Walter Rawleigh Anno 1584 who sending Mr. Philip Amadas and Mr. Arthur Barlow did take possession thereof in Queen Elizabeths name in honor of whom he caused all the said Tract of Land to be called Virginia Some say it was so called by the Queen her self by the Natives called Apalchen but Virginia is now circumscribed by that space of Land that lies between Mary-land which bounds it on the North and Carolina on the South New-England New-York New-Jersey Mary-land Carolina and Pensilvania have since been separated from it by particular Patents and made distinct Provinces of themselves The entrance by Sea into this Country is by the Mouth of the Bay of Chesapeac between Cape Henry and Cape Charles The chief Rivers of Virginia are 1. Powhatan now called James River on the West side of the mouth of the Bay of Chesapeac this River is at its entrance about three Miles wide and Navigable about one hundred and fifty Miles 2. Pamaunkee termed York River fourteen Miles Northward from James River Navigable now sixty or seventy Miles but with small Vessels about thirty or forty Miles farther 3. Rappahanoc antiently known by the name of Toppahanoc Navigable about one hundred and thirty Miles Besides these Navigable and more principal Rivers there are other smaller Rivers and of less note which fall into some or other of the forementioned Into Powhattan falls Apumatuc Southward Eastward Quyonycahanuc Nunsamund and Chesopeac Northward Chickâ—mabania Into Pamuunkee fall Poyankatank That part of the Country now planted by the English is divided into Nineteen Counties viz. On the Eastern Shore the Country of Northampton in Acomack on the Western Shore the Counties of Caratuck Lower-Norfolk Nansemund Isle of Wight Surry Warwick Henrico James Charles York New-Kent Glocester Middlesex Lancaster Northumberland Westmoreland Rappahanock and Hartford Of the few Towns hitherto erected in this Colony the chief is James Town the principal seat of the English and so denominated from and in honor of King James of Great Britain This Town is situated in a Peninsula on the North-side of James-River and hath in it many fair Houses whereof some are of Brick and at a little distant from the City is a fair Brick House called Green-Spring whe e the present Governor himself usually resides The other English Towns of most considerable note are only three viz. Henricopolis or Henry's Town situated about eighty Miles from James's City farther within Land Dales Gift so named from Sir Thomas Dale Deputy-Governor in the year 1610 at whose charges it was built and planted and Elizabeth's City containing several good Houses of Brick and Stone and lying on the same side of the River with James's City only nearer the mouth of the River Though English and other Foreign Coyns are not wholly wanting here upon several occasions yet the usual way of Traffick is by exchange of one Commodity for another but the general Standard by which all other Commodities receive their value is Tobacco which of all other Commodities this Country is capable of producing hath been hitherto the Subject of the Planters Industry of which there are two sorts one called Sweet-Scented the other called Oranoac which signifies as much as bright and large the first is of the greatest price the other more in quantity The Plantations that are judg'd to produce the best sort of Sweet-Scented are upon York River Of this Commodity of Tobacco there is so great a quantity planted in Virginia and imported from thence into England that the Custom and Excise paid for it in England yields the King about 50000 or 60000 Pound Sterling yearly for there are bound hither every year above one hundred and fifty Sail of Ships from England and other English Plantations merely for the taking off of this Commodity which they barter for Clothing Houshold-Stuff and all manner of Utensils and the only thing which lessens the value of it is the great quantity that is planted of it which if it were in less abundance it would be of much more esteem and yield far greater profit The Government of Virginia is by a Governor and Council deputed and authorized from time to time by the King of Great Britain the Legislative Power being in the Governor and a General Assembly which he calls to advise with and which consists of two Houses the upper House which is the Council it self and the lower which consists of chosen Bugâ—sses The chief Court of Judicature where all Civil and Criminal Causes are heard and determined and where the Governor and Council are Judges is called the Quarter-Court as being held every quarter of a year There are also Inferior Courts which are kept every Month in each of the forementioned Counties where matters not of the highest moment that is to say not relating to Life or Member or exceeding a certain limited value are tried and from whence in such Cases Appeals are made to the Quarter Courts There are likewise appointed by the Governor for the better administration of Justice in every respective Country Sheriffs Justices of Peace and other Officers of whom being deputed by the Governor to sit there these Country-Courts chiefly consist The Climate of Virginia is generally healthful and since the rectification of Diet and Lodging not disagreeable to English Bodies however at the first Plantation they were subject to a Distemper called a Seasoning though of late not frequent and much less mortal A Description of Mary-Land MAry-Land is a large and fertile Province lying between thirty eight Degrees and forty Degrees of North Latitude upon both sides of Cheasa-peak-Bay which is Navigable near two hundred Miles The Southerly Banks of the River Patow-meck divide it from Virginia on the South The Atlantick Ocean and Delaware Bay bounds it on the East Pensilvania on the North and the Meridian of the first Fountain of the River Patow-meck on the West This Province of Mary-Land his Majesty King Charles the First Anno 1632 granted by Patent to the Right Honourable Caecilius Calvert Lord Baltemore and to his Heirs and Assigns and by that Patent created him and
them the true and absolute Lords and Proprietors of the same saving the Allegeance and Sovereign Dominion due to his Majesty his Heirs and Successors likewise granting thereby to them all Royal Jurisdictions and Perogatives both Military and Civil as Power of enacting Laws making of War and Peace pardoning Offences conferring of Honors Coyning of Money c. and in acknowledgements thereof yielding and paying yearly to his Majesty his Heirs and Successors two Indian Arrows at Windsor Castle on Easter Tuesday together with the fifth part of all the Gold and Silver Ore that shall be there found The Rivers of Mary-Land are Patowmeck Patuxent Ann Arundel alias Severn Sasquesahanough Choptanke Nantecoke Pocomoke with several other lesser Rivers and Rivulets to the great Improvement of the Country and Beauty of the Province which is now very healthful and agreeable to the Constitutions of the English And such is the temperature of the Air that the Heats in Summer are so allayed by gentle Breezes and fresh Showers of Rain and the Cold in Winter is so small and short that the Inhabitants are not incommoded by either The Country is generally plain and even yet not without its small and pleasant Hills which heighten the Beauty of the adjacent Valleys The Soil rich and fertile naturally producing all such Commodities as are found in New England or Virginia or in any other part of this Continent The Government of Mary Land is by his Lordships Care and Prudence brought to a good Order and Settlement and framed much after the Model of the Government in England Upon Emergent Occasions his Lordships Governor there adviseth with the two Estates of the Province which consist of an upper and lower House and is called a General Assembly the upper House consists of the Governor and Council and such Lords of Mannors and others as his Lordship or his Lieutenant shall by Writ from time to time call thither and the lower House consists of Delegates chosen by Inhabitants in the respective Counties in the said Province which Assembly his Lordship or his Lieutenant Convenes Prerogues or Dissolves at pleasure and whatsoever is Decreed or Enacted by this Assembly with his Lordships assent is of the same force there as an Act of Parliament is in England and cannot pass or be repealed without the concurring assent of his Lordship with the other two Estates Next to this Legislative Council is the Provincial Court which is held every quarter of a year at St. Maries City this is the chief Court of Judicature where the most important Judicial Causes are tried of which in the absence of the Lord Proprietary the Lieutenant or Governor and Council are Judges and this is for the whole Province but for each particular County for a great part of the Province where any English Men are seated is divided into ten Counties there are other inferior Courts which are held six times of the year in each of these Counties for the Tryal of Causes not relating to Life nor exceeding the value of three thousand weight of Tobacco with Appeals from them to the Provincial Court. Of the ten Counties five lie on the West side of the Bay of Cheasapeack viz. St. Maries Charles Calvert Ann Aâ—undel and Baltimore Counties the other five on the Eastern Shore viz. Somerset Dorchester Talbot Cecil and Kent Counties in some of which there are several Towns built as Calverton Harrington and Harvy-Town on the East side of St. George's River is St. Maries City the Original and chief Town of this Province where the General Assemblies meet and the Provincial Courts are kept and also the Secretaries Office it being erected into the Priviledge of a City by the name of St. Maries which gives denomination to that County The Ground plat of a Fort and Prison was long since laid here upon a point of Land termed Windmill-Point from a Wind-mill which formerly stood there being a very proper situation for the commanding of St. George's River this Fort will make a secure Harbor for Ships to ride in from all danger of Hostile and Piratical Invasions Besides the House which belongs to the Governor there by the name of St. Johns in this City the present Governor Mr. Charles Calvert his Lordships Son and Heir hath of late years built him a very fair House partly of Brick partly of Timber where he and his Family usually reside about eight Miles from St. Maries at Mattapany The Natives of this Country are generally well proportioned and able-bodied Men delighting chiefly in Hunting being generally excellent Marks-Men while the Women not only manage their Domestick Affairs but also Tillage Plantation and all manner of improvement of their Land. To conclude the Impeopling and Trade of this Province by the vast Expence Care and Industry of the Lord Proprietary hath been improved to that height that in the year 1670 there were reckoned near twenty thousand English planted there And that which keeps them together in the greatest Peace Order and Concord imaginable is the Liberty of Conscience which his Lordship in prudence allows to all persons that profess Christianity though of different Persuasions so that every Man lives quietly and securely with his Neighbor neither molesting nor being molested for difference of Judgment in Religion which Liberty is established there by an Act of Assembly with his Lordships consent to continue for ever A New Map of New JARSEY and PENSILVANIA By Robt. Morden FOR the Province the general Condition of it take as followeth I. The Country it self in its Soil Air Water Seasons and produce both Natural and Artificial is not to be despised The Land containeth divers sorts of Earth God in his Wisdom having ordered it so that the advantages of the Country are divided II. The Air is sweet and clear the Heavens serene like the South-parts of France rarely overcast and as the Woods come by numbers of People to be more cleared that it self will Refine III. The Waters are generally good for the Rivers and Brooks have mostly Gravel and Stony Bottoms and in Number hardly credible We have also Mineral Waters that operate in the same manner with Barnet and North-hall not two Miles from Philadelphia IV. For the Seasons of the Year First Of the Fall I found it from the 24th of October to the beginning of December as we have it usually in England in September or rather like an English mild Spring From December to the beginning of the Month called March we had sharp frosty Weather not foul thick black Weather as our North-East Winds bring with them in England but a Skie as clear as in Summer and the Air dry cold piercing and hungry The reason of this Cold is given from the great Lakes that are fed by the Fountains of Canada The Winter before was as mild scarce any Ice at all while this for a few days Froze up our great River Delaware From that Month to the Month called June we enjoyed a sweet Spring no Gusts
North. The Forces of Sweden are very powerful being able to put to Sea more then 100 Sail of Ships and into the Field forty or fifty thousand of Horse and Foot. And for deciding of Controversies c. every Territory hath its Viscount every Province its Lâ—n every Parish its Lanas-man or Consul and there lâ—eth an appeal from the Consul to the Laymen and from the Laymen to the Viscount and from the Viscount to the King who alone decideth the same Teste Sanson Livonia Germ. or Listâ—ndt is divided into two parts viz. Esthâ—nia or Eften on the North. and Litlandia Leithland or 〈◊〉 on the South was entirely Surrendred by the Polander except Dunembergh Formerly the Order of Carry-Sword Knights Resided there but in the time of Gregory the Ninth that Order was United to the Teutonick Afterwards the Polanders and Muscovites enjoyed it Riga is the Capital City of Livonia The Germans English and Hollanders drive a great Trade there in the Summer while the Sea is open In the Winter the Natives Trade into Muscovy upon their Sledges It stands upon a Plain upon the River Duna which in that place is about a quarter of a League over The Fortifications thereof consist of six Regular Bastions several Half-moons and Pallisado'd Counterscarps In the Year 1656 an Army of an hundred thousand Muscovites came to catch cold before this City which Valiantly Repulsed them Pernaw is a well Fortified place And Derpt in Latin Tuâ—atum Situate on the Beck taken by J. Basilius the Great Duke of Muscovy as was also Felin a strong Town Dunabourg an Impregnable Fortress eight miles from Riga well Garisoned by the Poles Revel directs the Trade from Livonia into Muscoâ—y 'T is a Bishops See and a well Traded Port. Nerva is a strong place from whence the Neighbouring River derives its Name where the Brave Pontus de la Gardia was Drown'd By the last Treaties between the Crowns of Sweden and Poland the Exercise of the Protestant as well as the Catholick Religion is permitted in Livonia as also in Curland and Prussia The Island of Gothland is the biggest in the Baltick Sea for therein there are five or six Ports belonging to the Swede In several of the Rocks there still remain the Ancient Gothish Characters And the City of Wisby still preserves certain pieces of Marble and Houses that have Gates of Iron or Brass Gilded or Silver'd over which testifie the great Antiquity of the place This City first Established the Law for Navigation in the Baltick and began the Sea-cards Other Islands are Dagho and Oesel upon the Coast of Livonia belonging to the Swedes Of Muscovy c. MOSCOVIE or RVSSIE Of Muscovy c. MVSCOVY is properly but the name of a Province so called of which Moscow is the chief City which hath communicated its Name to all the Provinces under the Dominion of the Grand Czar or Tzar This Country is part of the European Sarmaâ—iâ— or Sâ—ythia called also Russia Alba or the Great Russia whose ancient Inhabitants were the Rhuteni or the Roxolani of Ptol. the Rossi of Cedren The Basternae Tacit. teste Willich From thence some think it called Russia others tell us 't is called Russia from the colour of the Snow which colours the Fields for almost three Quarters of a year 'T is the Vastest Country in Europe A Territory so large that were it Peopled answerable to some other parts of the World would either make it too great for one Prince or that Prince too powerful for his Neighbours But the Eastern parts thereof are vexed with the Asiatique Tartars who like Aesop's Dog will neither dwell there nor suffer the Muscovites The Western parts almost as much harassed by the Swedes and Poles The Southern by the Turks and European Tartars and the Northern pinched by the coldness of the Air This excess of cold in the Air was so vehement that in the Year 1598 of 70000 Turks that made an Inrode into Muscovy 40000 were frozen to death and water thrown up into the Air will turn to Ice before it falls to the Ground Nor is it an extraordinary thing for the Inhabitants to have their Noses Ears and Feet frozen off such is their Winter Nor is their Summer less Miraculous for the heaps of frozen Snow which covered the Surface of the Country at the first approach of the Sun are suddenly Dissolved the Waters dried up the Earth dressed in her gaudy Apparel such a mature Growth of Fruits such flourishing of Herbs such chirping of Birds as if there were a perpetual Spring And though they Sow but in June yet the Heats of July and August strangely quicken their Harvest The whole Country generally is overspread with Woods and Lakes and is in a manner a continual Forest irrigated by several Lakes and Rivers Here grow the goodliest and tallest Trees in the World affording shelter to multitudes of Cattel and Wild Beasts whose Skins â—re better than their Bodies and here is the inexhaustible Fountain of Wax and Honey as likewise all kinds of Fowl and small Birds in great plenty most sorts of Fish excellent Fruits and Roots especially Onions and Garlick Here is the Corn of Rhezan and Volodimira the Hides and Leather of Jâ—rouslâ—u the Wax and Honey of Plesow the Tallow of Wolâ—gda the Oyl and Cavayer about Volga the Linnen and Hemp of great Novogrodt the Pitch and Rosin of Duvinâ—z the Salt of Asrâ—acan and Rostof the â—rmins and Sables and black Foxes Furs of Siberia where the Hunters have the Art to hit only the Noses of the Beasts preserving their Skins whole and clean The Muscovites are naturally ingenious enough yet not addicted to Arts or Sciences they do not trouble themselves with the height of the Heavens or the Magnitude of the Earth they amuse not themselves with Syllogisms nor wrangle whether Logick be an Art or Science And the plainness and paucity of their Laws makes Atturnies and Sollicitors as useless there as Philosophers Nor are they much addicted to Traffick and Husbandry being naturally lazy it must be force or necessity that compels them to labour Drunkenness is very familiar with them and Aqua-vitae or Tobacco like the Liquor of Circe turns them into Swine They are great lyars treacherous crafty malicious and revengeful quarelsome tho the height of their fury is Kicking their Houses mean and ill-furnished their Lodging is hard and their Diet homely born to slavery and brought up in hardship They are for the most part fat and corpulent strong of Body and of good proportion only great Bellies and great Beards are in fashion and the Women though indifferent handsome yet make use of Paint They are much retired and seldom in publick very respectful to their Husbands who look upon them as a necessary evil beat them often and treat them as slaves They only teach their Children to write and read which suffices them though they presume to be Doctors They take for their Sirname the proper name of their
the Misfortunes of the Kingdom for they Leagued themselves with the lesser Tartars and put themselves into the Great Turks Protection Insomuch that we may safely say that the Invasion of the Swedes the Hostilities of the Muscovites the Irruption of the Transylvanians the Treachery of the Cossacks the Rebellion of whole Armies in Poland and Lithuania the different Factions of the Kingdom the Contests of the Neighbouring Nations gave a cruel Blow to this Crown and were the causes that moved the Great Turk to make War upon them Poland contains Ten great Divisions four to the West and upon the Vistula Poland Mazovia Cujavia and Prussia the Royal. Six toward the East and to the West of Borysthenes Lithuania Samogitia Polaquia Nigra Russia Volhinia and Podolia These Provinces have been gained for the most part either by Arms or Alliances They are divided into Palatinates the Palatinates into Castellains and the Castellains into Captainships They call the Government of places Starosties Besides these Provinces there is one part of Muscovia which was yielded to the Muscovite in the year 1634 after that Ladislaus the Fourth before he was King had the year before valiantly Relieved Smolensko and reduced to utmost Extremity an Army of an hundred thousand Muscovites who were constrained to ask him Pardon to save their Lives That Treaty which they call the Treaty of Viasma gained to Poland Smolensko Novogrodeck Sevierski Czernihou and other places The Truce for thirteen years beginning February 1667 leaves the Grand Duke of Muscovy in the Possession of Smolensko as also of that part of the Vkraine to the East of Borysthenes and regain'd to the Crown of Poland Dunenbourg Polâ—czk and Witepski Ducal Prussia where stands Konigsberg or Mons Regius a fair City University and Mart generally by our Seamen called Queenborow belonging to the Elector of Brandenburgh who is absolute Sovereign of it independent from Poland The City is so much the bigger because it incloseth two others within the same circuit of Walls Pinau and Memel are two Forts upon the Sea of the greatest concernment of any in that Dominion Curland is a Dukedom for which the Duke of the House of Ketler does Homage to the Crown His Residence is at Mitaw the chief of the Province of Semigallia in Livonia near this City Zernesky the Polish General and Lubermisky the great Chancellor vanquished the Swedish Army and killed 14000 upon the place And Vindaw was the Seat of the great Master of the Teutonick Order Poland the best Peopled is Divided into Vpper and Lower In the first stands Cracovia or Crackow the chief City in all Poland where the Kings and Queens are Crowned Inhabited by a great Number of Germans Jews and Italians encompassed with two strong Walls of Stone on the East-side is the Kings Castle on the West a Chappel where the Kings are Interred Upon the Confines of Silesia stands the City of Czentochow with the Cloyster of Nostre-dame of Clermont an extraordinary strong place and which the Swedes Besieged in vain twice in the Years 1655 and 1656. Sandomiria or Sendomierz a Walled Town and Castle upon a Hill. Lublin or Lublinium is a Walled Town with a strong Castle Environed with Waters and Marishes Here are held three great Fairs at the Feasts of Pentecost St. Simon and Jude and at Candlemas and much resorted unto by Merchants The Lower Poland though lesser than the Higher is nevertheless called Great Poland because it is more a part of the Kingdom than the other The City of Guesna there Seated in the Palatinate of Kalish is very Ancient and the Seat of the first Kings so called from an Eagles Nest which was found there while it was Building and which gave Occasion to the King of Poland to bear Gules an Eagle Argent Crown'd Beak'd and Armed Or bound under the Wings with a Ribband of the same Kalick Calisia is a Walled Town upon the Prosna naming the Country The Province of Mazovia only has above thirty or forty thousand Gentlemen the most part Catholicks Warsovia Warsaw is the Capital thereof and of the whole Kingdom in regard the General Diets are kept there and because its Castle is the Kings Court. In Cujavia stands the City Wladislau where the Houses are Built of Brick and the Lake Gopla out of which came the Rats that Devoured King Popiel Posnania or Posen is a Bishops See seated amongst Hills upon the River Warsa fairly built of Stone subject to Inundations chief of the Palatinate In which is also Miedzyrzecze a strong Town upon the Borders of Schlesia impregnably seated amongst Waters and Marshes Koscien a double Walled Town amongst dirty Marshes Sivadia Sirad a Walled Town and Castle seated upon the River Warsa naming the Country sometimes a Dukedom belonging to the second Sons of the Kings of Poland Lancicia Lancitz a Walled Town with a Castle mounted on a Rock upon the River Bsura Rava built all of Wood with a Castle naming the Palatinate Plozko and Dobrzin are two Palatinates on the other side of the Nieper Prussia Royal which belongs to the King of Poland are several Cities which the Knights of the Teutonick Order Built The Lakes and the Sea-Coast afford great store of Amber Marienburgh Mariiburgum is a strong Town where Copernicus was born a Town of good Trade with a fair Wooden Bridge over the Vistula Dantzick Gedanum one of the Capital Hans-Towns drives all the Trade of Poland and has not its equal over all the Baltick Sea It is a Free Town and is Priviledged to send Deputies to the States of the Kingdom The King of Poland has some Rights there upon Entry of Goods and upon the Custom The City of Elbing contends for Priority in the States of Prussia The Generous Resolution of the Towns-men to maintain the Authoriry of their King against the Swedes without accepting the Neutrality was the Preservation of the whole Kingdom Lithuania is the greatest Province of all those which compose the Estates of the Crown of Poland It received the Christian Religion 1389 United to Poland 1569. It has the Title of a Grand Dukedom wherein there are also to this day as many great Officers as in the Kingdom of Poland The Country is so full of Marshes and Sloughs that there is no Travelling in Winter for the Ice Vilna the Capital City incloses so many sorts of Religions that there is no City in the World where God is Worshipped after so many different ways unless in Amsterdam a Liberty too much allowed in most parts of Christendom but rara temporum felicitas There are also in Lithuania eight parts or Palatinates viz Breslaw Mâ—â—sco Mscizlaw Novogrodeck Poloczk Troki Vilna and Witepsk as also the Dutchy of Smolensko Novogrodeck Czernihou with the Territories of Rohaczow and Rzeczych and Sluckz whose chief places bears the same name other chief places of Note in Lithuania you may find in the Map. Samogitia is a Country where the Inhabitants live very poorly it hath no Palatinate
the Empire divided into Ten Circles About 1519 Charles the Fifth Son of Philp King of Spain Son of Maximilian the Emperor succeeded his Father in his Estates of Spain Burgundy the Low-Countries Austria c. and by Election his Grandfather Maximilian in the Empire also Under whom the German Empire rose to its greatest height and enlargement Under this Charles all Germany was rent into two grand Factions or parts Roman Catholicks and Protestants occasion'd by Martin Luther born at Isleby in Saxony who first only taxed the abuses and observed the corruptions of the Church after makes a general defection Anno 1524. This was no sooner done but the Reformers make a new Schism and divide between Luther and Zuinglius 1524 which rose to two grand Factions afterwards by the name of Lutherans and Calvinists Hence rose other Sects also pretending higher Reformation in Religion so that in the year 1525 Tho. Munzer occasions the Rustick War. And in the year 1534 succeeded the Anabaptists at Munster And in Anno 1547 began the Smalcaldick War in Hassia where Caesar prevails and ruins their League soon after the Protestants prevail and procure the Passavian Peace Anno 1552. But in the year 1618 the Bohemians rejects the Emperor and Elects the Count Palatine King of Bohemia and Crown him at Prague Hence the Bohemian War arose and spread over all Germany changed first into the Saxon then into the Swedish War Anno 1620. The Duke of Bavaria overcoming the Bohemians the Palatinate was ejected out of the upper Palatinate out of the Electorship as well as out of the Kingdom of Bohemia Anno 1625 the Duke of Saxony is slain Anno 1630 the King of Sweden enters Germany in the behalf of the Protestants and Princes Liberty 1632 The King of Sweden and Tilly the General of the Imperialist after several Victories and Conquests both dies 1635 The Duke of Saxony and Brandenburg makes Peace with the Emperor And the King of France denounceth War against the Empire Anno 1636 the Duke of Saxony is slain and the Imperialists are driven out of Pomerania by the Swedes 1639 Saxony and Bohemia invaded The War continues hot by several Sieges and Battels till 1648 when Munster Treaty ensues and so the thirty years wherein had perished about 325000 was ended This Peace of Munster changed the Empire to that State that it is now at For the King of Sweden carried away the Dukedoms of Bremen and Verdin Lower Pomerania and Stetin with other places in the Upper Pomerania The Island or Principality of Rugen The Isle of Wollin the River and Port of of Odor The Baliwick of Poel and New Closter The Signory of Wismar and Wildhasen in Westphalia c. The King of France was to have the Cities and Bishoprick of Mets Toul and Verdun with Moyenvic Pignerol Brisac The Landgravedom of Alsatia the Higher the Baliwick of Hagenaw and the Fortress of Philipsburg The Palatine of the Rhine is restored to his Estate in part and made the Eighth Elector and high Treasurer of the Empire And the Protestants were asserted into full Liberty of their Religion which Name arose in the year 1529 at the General Assembly of Wormes when the Elector of Saxony the Landgrave of Hessen the City of Norimberg and others protested against the Decrees of Caesar and appealed to an Universal Council Germany is now an Elective Empire wherein there are several Sovereign Estates of which the Emperor is chief who Governs by Diets which are almost like the General Estates of France The Principal Articles of the Government are contained in a Fundamental Law or Original Constitution and Agreement called Aurea Bulâ—a or The Golden Bull which treats of the Election of the King of the Romans the Duty of the Electors of their Priviledges of the Authority of the Emperor and lastly of the means to maintain the Peace and Repose of the Empire This Bull is a little Book the Original whereof being written in Parchment contains 24 Leaves and 30 Chapters and was constituted as the perpetual and fundamental Law of the Empire to be altered by the Emperor no not with the Electors consent by Charles the Fourth 1356. The Election of the Emperor ought 't is said to be made at Francfort upon the Mein though this Order in the last Elections has not been Observed Besides the Assemblies that concern the Affairs of the Empire in General there are three other sorts that of the Electors for the Election of the Emperor That of the Deputies whither the Emperor sends a Commissioner And those of the Circles like the Assemblies of the States in the great Provinces of France Of these Circles there are ten in the Empire that is to say of Austria Bavaria Suabia of the Upper Rhine of the Lower Rhine Westphalia Vpper-Saxony Lower-Saxony Franconia Burgundy but this last is now no more summon'd Every Cirle has a Director Ecclesiastick and a Secular Director who preside together at their Assemblies Two or three Circles may meet when one of them is attacqued from without or in confusion within The Empire as it retains the Title so it is almost like that of the Romans though it contains not so large an extent of Ground The Princes that compose it are of five sorts The Emperor who is now of the House of Austria the Electors the Ecclesiasticks the Princes secular and the Free Cities In the General Diets are three bodies that of the Electors that of the Princes and that of the Imperial Cities There are reckon'd above 300 Sovereignties in Germany who do not acknowledg the Emperor but only in point of Homage and mutual Agreement The House of Austria has three sorts of Dominion those of Austria which are Hereditary to him those of Bohemia which he now claims as his Right and those of Hungary which he hath by Election Out of this House of Austria the German Emperors have been Elected for above 400 years ever since the time of Hen. 4th when the Lords of the Empire began to undervalue his Authority and Pope Gregory the Seventh taking occasion thereby Excommunicated him and Ordered the Imperial Scepter should bs given to another Then the Germans abolished the right of Succession and assumed to themselves that of Electing the Emperors The Emperor who is of that House usually in his life time causes his Son or his Brother or his next Kinsman to be Crowned King of Hungary afterwarwards King of Bohemia then if he finds the Princes disposed to it he causes him to be Elected also King of the Romans that is his perpetual Vicar and Successor presumptive to the Empire Without the Revenue of his Hereditary Territories he would scarce have wherewithal to support his dignity for under the Title of Imperial he possesses no Land his principal Rights are the Election and Investiture of Feifâ—y the Grant of Privileges and the Right of Legitimation He may make Laws give Letters of safe Conduct establish Posts make Parliaments settle Universities erect
the loss of Martial Guebriant 1643 for being a Retreat to the Cimbri when beaten by the Romans Wimpsel or Winfelun signifying Weibspris for the unheard cruelties of the Huns upon that Sex. Here Fortune triumphed over Valour and Magnus Duke of Wirtemburg died in the Battel 1622. Lastly to name no more Guemund Gaudia mundi noted for its Turnaments and otherdastimes Of BAVARIA THE Circle of Bavaria Bayern incolis Baviere Gallis Baviera Hisp Italis Olim Boioaria Vindilicia is divided into the Dutchy and Palatinate The Dukedom is divided into three parts the Higher the Lower and the Bishoprick of Saltzbourg a district and distinct Jurisdiction of it self The Higher Bavaria is generally overspread with Woods cold and barren The Lower somewhat more fruitful and abundantly more pleasant In the Upper Bavaria chief places are Munchen Monachium or Munick upon the River Iser the Residence of the Dukes of Bavaria and one of the fairest Palaces in Europe enjoying a most sweet and happy Situation among the Woods Gardens and Rivers famous also for its seizure by the King of Sweden who found a vast Treasury herein In the Lower Bavaria are 1. Ingolstat Ingolstadium a noted University founded in the year 1471 and is famous for putting the first Affront upon the King of Sweden in Germany and forced him to raise the Siege by Lewis Duke of Bavaria 2. Regensperg or Regensbergh Ratisbona famous for the Diets held there and for its long Bridg a fair and large City beautified with a great number of Churches Chappels and other places dedicated to Religious uses 'T is a Bishops See and Town Imperial 3. Passaw Patavium Boiodurum Ptol. Ant. and Batava of the Author of the Notitia then a Garison-Town of the Romans the station of the Cohort of the Batavians now a Bishops See seated at the meetings of the Rivers Danube Inn and Ills and divided into three Towns Passaw Instat and Ilstat Donavert was a Free City till the year 1607 at what time it incurred the Imperial Ban or Proscription which was executed by the Duke of Bavaria who brought it into Subjection and holds it still under his Laws Confined withâ—n the Dukedom of Bavaria lies the Archbishoprick of Saltzburg of a dry Rocky and barren Soil some fresher Vallies excepted rich chiefly in Minerals The only Town of Note is Saltzburg Salisburgum al. Juvaria of Ant. Castrum Juvaviensi of the Notitia the Mansion then and fixed Residence of part of a Cohort of Roman Soldiers now an Archbishops See whose Revenues are the largest in all Germany seated upon the River Saltzach where lies Interred the Body of Paracelsus The Country of the Upper Palatinate or Nortgow from the more Northern Situation of it as to the Dukedom is a Country rough and hilly rich chiefly in Minerals of Iron Amberg Amberga Cantiaebis Ptol. teste P. App. upon the River Ills enriched chiefly by the Commodity of Iron digged out of the Neighbouring Hills The Castle of Luchtemburg mounted upon a Hill gives Name to the Lantgraves so called Newburg upon the Swartzach is the place whereof are stiled the Princes Palatine of Newburg The second Branch of the House of the Elector of the Rhine to whom this Palatinate did belong but in the year 1623 the Emperor Ferdinand the Second transferred this Palatinate with the Electoral Dignity from Frederick the Fifth Count Palatine to Maximilian Duke of Bavaria and the Munster-Treaty conferred to Bavaria the first Electorship and an eight place was new erected for Charles Lewis of the Rhine provided that if the Gulielmine Branch happen to fail before the Rodolphine the latter shall re-enter into their ancient Electorship and the new created one shall be wholly abolished The only Arch-Dutchy in Europe is Austria or Oost-reich divided into the Upper and Lower Austria and hath united to it as Hereditary possession of that House the Provinces or Dukedoms of Stiria Carinthia Carniola the County of Tirol with that of Chilly and Marquisate of Windish-Marck Of AVSTRIA THE particular Dukedom of Austria extended on both sides of the Danube is a Country pleasant healthy and abundantly fruitful in Corn and excellent Wines It s chief Cities and Places are 1. Vienna Juliobona Ptol. Vendum Strab. Vindibona Ant. Vnidomana of the Author of Notitia Ala Flaviana Fabiana Heyl. Wien Ger. Wetsch Petz Turcis Berch teste Brown. Viena Italis Wiedun Polonis Widen Bohemii Vienne Gallis the Metropolis of Germany seated upon the South-side of the Danube the greatest River in Europe In Circuit about 5000 Geometrical paces It is Famous for her University for four great Piazza's adorned with Marble Fountains and Statues for its Cathedral of St. Stephen whose Steeple is about 465 foot high consisting of hewen stone and carved into various Figures of Men Birds and Beasts the Emperor's Treasury the Arch-Dukes Gallery the Treasury of the Church and the Sepulchre of Otho The Arsenal the College of the Jesuits the Church and Convent of the Benedictines of the Dominicans and of the Franciscans are worthy of Remarque Within the City there was also the Hochbrug or High Bridg which is made by the crossing of two Streets at equal Angles the ground of one Street being as high as the tops of the Houses of the other so that to continue it they were forced to build a Bridg or Arch in the lower Street to pass over In the Suburbs the greatest Curiosities were the Favorith or the Empresses Garden that of the Bishop and of the Earl of Thaun of the Prince of Ausburg and others the Church and Monastry of the Carmelites of the Augustines the Hermitage of the Capuchins and the Spanish Monastry Remarkable also for plenty of Wine of Craw-fish and Sallets in Winter 'T is likewise accounted the Bulwark of this Country against the Turks being as strong as well Fortified built with part of the Money obtained for the Ransome of Richard the First King of England taken Prisoner in his return from Palestine by Leopold the fifth Duke of Austria Famous for the Repulse it gave Solyman and the whole power of the Turkish Empire when of 200000 Men he brought before it he carried away but 118000 Anno 1529. And as Famous for this last Repulse of September the 12th 1683 for being closely besieged by the Prime Vizier with 200000 Turks Tartars Cossacks and Hungarian Malecontents on the 12th of July 1683 and as valorously defended by that Magnanimous Hero Ernestus Rudiger Count Starenbergh as Governour was then manfully relieved by the Invincible Prince John King of Poland the Electors of Bavaria and Saxony the Duke of Lorrain Prince Waldeck P. Salme P. Louis of Baden and the Marquis of Brandenburgh Baraith c. During this Siege the Turks were said to have lost 70000 and in the Battel more then 20000 men that the Christians lost 10000 or 15000 during the Siege and about 3 or 400 on that great and Signal Victory when the Turks formidable Army was totally
Division of Germany about the Elbe and Odar where we may consider Saxony the Higher and Lower Circle The first comprehending the Estates of the Dukes and Electorates of Saxony of Brandenburg and Pomerania The other containing the Dutchies of Holstein of Bremen of â—uneburg of Brunswick of Lavenburg of Meklenburg c. Then the Kingdom of Bohemia with the Dutchy of Silesia and Marquisate of Moravia Of the Higher Saxony WE shall consider first the Estates of the Dukes and Electorate of Saxony And here for the better information of the Reader in a matter of much Intricacy and which without the general knowledg of the Saxonian History which is too large here to be inserted cannot well be made plain and intelligible we shall therefore contrary to what other Authors of Geography have done in their descripions of Saxony tell you That whether Albert the third deceasing without issue in the year 1412 in whom ended the Dukes Electors of Saxony of the House of Anhalt Or whether Erick the Fifth of the House of Saxon Lavenburgh lapsed his time of demanding the Investiture of the Electorship 'T is certain that Frederick the First Sirnamed the Warlike Marquis of Missnia and Lantgrave of Thuringia was created Duke Elector of Saxony by the Emperor Sigismund in the year 1423 by this means the Title and Dignity of the Electors and Dukes of Saxony was quite removed out of the ancient and true Saxony and confined within Thuringia Misnia and the Country about Wittemberg called the Dutchy of Saxony or Ober Sachsen The only possessions of the Modern Dukes Only by a further accumulation in the year 1583 the House of Heneberg totally failing that of Saxony took possession of it by vertue of a Conferternity made between those Princes in the year 1554. And also that since the last War of Bohemia the Emperor gave the Upper and Lower Lusatia to John George Elector of this House who died the 8th of October 1656 and was Interred the 4th of Febr. 1657 with more then Regal pomp there being 3500 persons in Mourning and 24 Horses of State covered with Black and the Electorate Eschucheon Embroidered thereon every one of them led by two Gentlemen This Elector bequeathed by his last Will to John George his Eldest Son the Lands inseparable from the Electoral Dignity viz. the Dutchy of Saxony together with the Upper and Lower Lusatia with some Baliwicks about Dresden to Augustus the Administrator of Magdeburg with twelve Baliwicks about Hall and in Thuringia To Christian the Diocess of Mersbourg and some Lands in Vortland and in the Mountains To Maurice besides the Diocesses of Naumburg and Zeitz all that of his Electoral Highness in the Principality of Heneburg These are all the Princes of Saxony of the Descendents of the Elector Augustus Brother to Maurice Duke of Saxony of a younger House who have their Habitation at Hall at Mersburg at Naumburg and at Dresden for John Frederick Sirnamed the Magnanimous of the House of Frederick the First Sirnamed the Warlike aforesaid was in the Protestant Wars taken Prisoner by the Emperour Charles the Fifth by whom he was deprived of his Lands and Electorship which was given to Maurice aforesaid his Kinsman but after five years Captivity or Imprisonment his Lands but not the Electorship were restored to him again which his Successors now possess which are now divided into three Branches viz. of 1. Altembourg and Coburg 2. Of Weymar 3. Of Gotta and Eisenach To these we may add the Principality of Anhalt which is divided amongst many Princes who reside at Dessaw at Beremborg at Pleskaw at Zerbst and at Cotsen Intermingled with these are the Counts of Mansfield Hohenstein Schwartzburg Stolberg c. with two Imperial Cities Northausen and Mulhausen and the University of Jena all these Estates are contained within Misnia Thuringia or Duringe and Saxony or Sachsen and Lusatia or Lavenitz Other chief places are 1. Misnia or Meissen seated upon the Elbe whence the Province had its Name a Bishops Sea adorned with three fair Castles or Palaces of the Bishops Burgraves and of the Dukes of Saxony 2ly Lipsia Leipsig or Leipsick not very large but wealthy and populous beautified with fair Buildings of Stone viz. the Castle and St. Nicholas Church 'T is a rich Empory and noted University seated upon the River Elster having three Marts in the year Famous also for two great Battels fought near unto it in the last Swedish Wars One between Gustavus Adolphus King of Sweden and Count Tilly General of the Imperialists 1631 wherein the Swedes obtained a great Victory Tilly was wounded and lived not long after In the other Torstenson the Swede overcame Arch-Duke Leopoldus Gulielmus and Octavio Piccolomini Generals of the Imperial Army And about a mile and half from hence at Lutzen another great Battel was fought 1632 between the King of Sweden and the Imperial Army commanded by Wallenstein Duke of Friedland wherein the Swedes obtained the Victory but the King of Sweden was slain and on the Imperial side that famous Godfrey Count of Pappenheim for that Victorious King could not die but conquering and Pappenheim ought not to fall but in the company of so great a Prince But the chiefest is Dresden incolis Dresda Italis the Seat and Residency of the Elector of Saxony Grand Marshal of the Empire seated upon the River Elbe over which there is a very noble Stone-Bridg of 17 Arches 't is well fortified after the Modern way with a strong wall and a large Ditch having three Gates Places most worth the seeing here are the Italian Garden in the Suburbs The Hunters House in the old Town The Electors Palace His House for wild Beasts His Stable His Arsenal and his Kunstkammer or Collection of Rarities Here the Lutheran Women mourn in White and say Grace 4. Freiberg a noted place with others adjacent for its Silver Mines a round well walled City with a Piazza Castle and five Gates In St. Peter's Church is the fair Monument of Duke Maurice Elector of Saxony which in Octob. 1632 upon the surrender of the Town cost 80000 Dollars to save it from being ransacked and defaced 5. Wittenberga Wittenburg in ober Sachsen in an open Plain upon the Elbe strongly fenced with Bulwarks Walls c. a noted University for Lutheran Divines where also are the Sepulchres of Luther born at Eisleben in the Earldom of Mansfeldt And of Melancthon South of Misnia if not comprehended in it lies a little Country called Voitland or Viteland which seemeth to take its Name from the Juites or Vites who together with the Saxons and Angles conquered Britain and gave Name to the Isle of Wight It s chief place now is Zwickaw Cignea in Scrip. Germ. Marchia Brandeburgensis THE Marquisate of Brandenburg is a large Country well stored with Woods Lakes and Fens and in some places with Corn. It is generally divided into two parts the old and the new Marquisate The Metropolis of the old is Brandenburg or
resides Charlsstat is a strong Fort built by the Swedes near the mouth of the River Weser This Country with the Principality of Ferden in Westphalia now belongs to the Swedes by the Treaty of Munster Of Lawenburg THIS Dutchy gives Name to the Princes of Saxon Lawenburg who are Branches of the same House with the Princes of Anhalt It s chief place is Lawenburg or Laubenburg upon the Elb a fine Town but the Castle is ruined and the Duke lives at Ratzeburg though he hath nothing there but the Castle the Town belonging as was said to the Duke of Mecklenburg Of Magdeburg Ditio Magdeburgensis THIS Diocess lies extended on both sides of the Elb betwixt Brandenburg and the proper Saxony The chief Town is Magdenburg Magdenburg incolis Magdburg al. Magdeburg antiquis monumentis Pathenopolis Mesuium Ptol. testis Appiano A Burgraveship of the Empire and Arch-Bishops See giving name to the Country Reedified by Editha Wise unto the Emperor Henry the First and Daughter to Edmund King of England and thus named in Honour of her Sex. Her Effigies in stone is in the Cathedral Church with 19 Tuns of Gold which she gave thereunto though others say it was from the Worship of the Virgin Diana A place of great state large and fair and strongly fortified once the Metropolitan City of Germany famous in the Protestant Wars for a whole years years Siege against the Emperor Charles the Fifth But sacked and burnt by Tilly and 36000 persons put to the Sword and destroyed 1631. and the Town almost ruined 'T was also famous for the first Turnament which was in Germany which was performed here in the year 637. by the Emperor Henry Sirnamed the Fowler These are the chief parts of the Lower Saxony and contain the ninth Circle of the Empire Of BOHEMIA BOiemum Tac. Beiohemum Paterc Bomi Ptol. Boheim Germ. Boheme Galliâ— Boemia Hispanis Bohemia Italis Czeskazem incolis teste Brieto This Kingdom is environed about with Mountains and Forests as it were with Fortifications The Air sharp and piercing the Country rough and hilly rich in Minerals and yielding sufficient plenty of Corn and other necessary Provisions Wine excepted First inhabited by some of the Germans who were dispossessed by the Boii who gave Name unto the Country The Boii were routed by the Marcomanni a people of Germany And these were also ejected by the Sclaves under Zechus Brother unto Lechus the Founder of the Polish Monarchy about the year 649. called in their own Country-language Czechi but named from the Country they seized upon Boiohaemi upon their first arrival This people were Governed by Dukes until about the year 1086. when Vratislaus or Vladislaus was created the first King of Bohemia in a Diet at Mentz by the Emperor Henry the Fourth about the year 1199. Power was given to the States to chuse their Princes before being Elected by the Grace of the Emperors since which time the Kingdom continued Elective though most commonly enjoyed by the next of blood until the Royal Line being extinct the Kingdom was devolved upon the House of Austria Chief Places are Praga Italis Prag incolis Prague Gallis Marobudum Ptol. teste Sans Briet the Capital and Royal City of the Kingdom of Bohemia seated upon the River Muldaw by the Bohemians Vltave it consisteth of three Towns the Old the New and the Lesser 'T is an Arch-Bishoprick and University where in the year 1409. were reckoned above 40000 Students under the Rectorship of John Hus. The greatest remarks are the Emperors Palace and Summer-house A fair Cathedral Church built 923. The Palace and Garden of Colaredo The Palace of Count Wallestein Duke of Freidland The Bridg being 1700 Foot long and 35 foot broad with two Gates under two High Towers of Stone at each end Near Prague that deciding Battel was fought Novemb. 8. 1620 between Frederick Prince Palatine of the Rhine Elected King of Bohemia and the Emperor Ferdinand the Second where the Victory fell unto the Imperialists Prague forced to yield and King Frederick and his Queen forced to fly into Silesia Teutchin Broda by the River Saczua a strong place when taken by Zisca who then forced the Emperor Sigismund to fly out of Bohemia Janikaw where was fought that famous Battel of Febr. 24. 1643. between Torstenson and the Imperialists the success gave the Swedes the advantage of proceeding further Czaslaw is the place where Zisca was buried that famous Bohemian General who fought when he was blind and when dead wished his friends to make a Drum of his Skin Guttenburg or Cottenburg is famous for its Silver Mines Egra is a strong City accounted the second of Bohemia and chief Magazine of the Country The Mountains of the Giants in Bohemia called Riphaei or Cerconossi are famous for three things for their Signification and Prognosticks of all Tempests for the rarity of Plants Stones and Gems there growing and for a Spectrum called Ribenzal which is said to walk about those Mountains in the form of a Huntsman Anselmus de Boot tells us that Rudolphus the second King of Bohemia had a Table of Jewels which he calls the Eighth Wonder of the World it was wrought with uch Art that the Jewels which were set together with invisible joints presented a most pleasant Landskip naturally representing Woods Rivers Flowers Clouds Animals c. the like not to be found in the World. The Waters of Carolina al. Karsbad found out Anno 1370. in the time of Charles the Fourth will in a Nights time turn Wood into a stony crust That the Loadstones of Bohemia will give the point of the World but not draw Iron and that a Needle touched with one of those Stones never points directly North but decline eight or more degrees to the last That Mummies as good as any in Egypt have been found in Bohemia a whole man of Myrrh Amber Bones of Giants and Unicorns horns are dig'd out of the Mountains See the Hlstory of Bohemia Bohuslao Balbino Soc. Jes in fol. Prag 1679. Other chief Towns are Pilsen large and Walled Tabor upon the River Lauznitz Koningsgratz Ger. Hradium Reginae Kralowikradetz Boh. Kuttenburg Ger. Kutnahora Boh. Budereiss Ger. al. Budeiowice Boh. Leitmeritz Ger. al. Litomierzitze Boh. To these we may add the County of Glatz upon the Borders of Silesia Of Moravia Marherin or Mahren IS a Country lying open only towards Austria and the South upon the other sides environed with Mountains and Forests plain within and exceedingly populous pleasant and fruitful for Corn Wine and Pasturage The Air somewhat unhealthy being debarred from the cleansing East and Northern Winds Once a Kingdom now a Marquisate subject to the Bohemians an Appendant of that State since Anno 1417. when Sigismund the Emperor gave it to Albertus King of Bohemia Chief Places are Olmutz or Olmuntz Germ. Olmuez Olomucium Olomuncium Latino Holemane Boh. the Eburum of Ptol. teste Pyram Appiano rather Barouua teste Laz. A University seated
Bern Lucern and Friburg Geneva first with Friburg then with Bern and Zurich As for the Prefectures of the Switzers they are such lesser Parcels and Adittaments as have arrived to their State and are Subject to their Authority either by Gift Purchase or War viz. the Town and Country of Baden Bremgarten Mellingen Rapersvila or Raperchswil The free Provinces of Wagenthal The Country of Tergow al. Tergea The Country and Town of Sargans and Walenstat The Prefectorship of Rheineck The Vallies of Locarn Lugan Mendrisi and Madia The Balliages of Belinzona Gasteren and Vlzenach Of Granson Morat and Orbe and Schwarzimburg and the Count Verdemburg All which Cantons as well as their Allies are as so many distinct Commonwealths Governed by their Magistrates and independent upon one another They have two sorts of Religion amongst them the Roman Catholick and the Protestant The Catholick Cantons are five or as some count seven the five Cantons are Vri Switz Vnderwald Lucern and Zug They that reckon seven add Friburg and Soleure But Zurich Bern Basil and Scasouse are Protestants Glans and Appenzel are Protestants and Papists mix'd together The Catholick Cantons Assemble at Lucern and the Protestant Cantons at Aran. The General Assemblies are held yearly at Baden which bears that Name from her Baths Every Canton is free to engage where it sees convenient Among all these Cantons Zurich has the Precedency Bern is the most Powerful Basil has the finest City the Residence and the Rendezvous of several learned Men. The Canton of Schasouse has a City famous for Trade and in Solothure stands a City of the same Name where the most Christian King's Embassador Resides Vren Switz Vnderwald Glaris and Appenzel have only Burroughs The Order of the 13 Cantons according to their Precedency is Zurich Bern Lucern Vren Switz Vnderwald Zug Glaris Basil Friburg Solothure Schafhausen and Appenzel Amongst the Allies of the Cantons the Grisons are the most Powerful of all Their City of Coire is the place whither the Merchandizes of Italy and Germany are brought by reason of its Situation upon the Rhine which in that place begins to grow Navigable The Chief Cities in these Cantons are Zurich the Tigurium of Caes Liv. pleasantly Situate at the end of a Lake called Zurich-Sea or Tigurinum Lacum divided almost into two equal parts by the River Ligamus which runs out of the Lake but joyned together by two Bridges The Houses built of Timber and Painted many four or five Stories high The Streets narrow but paved with Flints and Pebbles 'T is well Fortified besides the Wall with good Earth-works and Trenches It hath a University Its Citizens are Rich given to Merchandise Busy and Industrious To this belongs the Power and Authority of summoning the General Diets and having the first place in both Assemblies Near Zurich was Zuinglius Slain aged 44 years whose Heart remained whole in the midst of the Fire after his Body was consumed As also the Heart of Bishop Cranmer in England as 't is reported Below Zurich upon the Ligamus enjoying a most happy and pleasant Situation lieth the Town of Baden named thus from the hot Baths thereof beautified with fair Buildings The Seat of their General Diets much frequented and resorted to also for its publick and private Baths not so much for Health as Pleasure The chiefest Virtue is the quickning Power they have upon barren Women for here the Men and Women promiscuously wash together and which is worst in private too Basil Ang. Basil Germ. Basle Gal. Basilea Ital. Basilia Mercel The Arialbinum of Ant. teste Cluver Sanson A City large and fair The Houses built of Stone for the most part and painted compassed with a double Wall and Trench Rich and Populous The River Rhine divides it into two parts which are joyned together by a Bridg of fourteen Arches In this City are said to be 600 Fountains It gives Title to a Bishop who is not suffered to lodg in the Town one Night Spantalus an English Man was the first Bishop here 'T is an University founded by Pope Pius the 2d Here was Erasmus buried and here was held that Council where it was decreed that a General Council was above the Pope An. 1431. Near hereunto is the Village Augst where stood the City Augusta Rauracom Ptol. Rauriaca of Plin. and Basilia Civitas Basiliensium of Ant. Bern seated upon the Aar with whose Streams Island-like it is almost round encompassed on that side which is not it is strongly Fortified with Bastions and Out-works 'T is built of Stone and hath one long Street with narrow Porticoes or Cloysters on both sides The great Church is one of the handsomest Stone-Fabricks in all Switzerland Lucern is seated upon both sides of the River Russ issuing forth of the Lake Lucern and Waldstetten-See a neat City and pleasantly seated it hath four Bridges over the Russ one for Carts the other foot-Bridges one near a quarter of a Mile long The great Church stands without the City-wall and is noted for its great Organ The City is well traded and much frequented by Strangers being the ordinary Road between Italy and Gremany and the Rendezvous of their Merchandise passing that way Altrof an open Village is the Chief of the Canton of Vren The Village of Switz gave Name to the Country Stantz is the chief of the Canton of Vnderwald Glaris gives Name to that Canton Zug is a walled Town upon the left Shore of the Zugen-See Appenzel was sometimes the Seat of the Abbots of St. Gall then Lords of the Country now gives Name to the Canton Solothurn Solothurum of Ant. upon the Aar was the place of Martyrdom of Vrsus and his 66 Theban Soldiers in the Reign of the Emperor Dioclesian Friburg upon the River Sana is a handsome Town and Head of the Canton Schaf-hausen is seated upon the River Rhine where all Boats and Flotes that come down the River unload because of the Catarract or precipitious Descent of the Rhine at Wasserfal Here as at Zurich the Citizens wear Swords when they go abroad Chief Towns of the Confederate-Estates are Geneva Caes Genevra Ital. Gneff Germ. is pleasantly seated at the lower end of the Lake Lemanus now Genfferzee or the Lake of Geneva divided by the River Rhoscu into two parts which are joyned together by two Wooden Bridges strong and well fortified with Ramparts and Bastions of Earth and well governed where Vice is discountenanced yet Sports and Exercises allowed upon the Lords Day the People Industrious in Trading and Provisions plentiful Losanne Lausanna the Lausonium Ant. is a great Town and University upon Lacus Lamani Coira vel Coria Ital. Chur Incolis Caria Ant. Diac. is the Capital City of the Grisons almost environed with Mountains a Bishops See whose Inhabitants are all Protestants except the Bishop who hath nothing to do in the Government of it yet Coins Money which is currant there This Rhaetia or Country of the Grisons is divided
it the Garden of Holland as well for the cleanness of their Streets as the beauty of their Houses It is also famous for its Antiquity for its Library and the Excellent Edition of Books there Printed as also for the entire Defeat of the Spanish Army In this City was born that Taylor who to his ruin was made King of the Anabaptists in Munster Goude Gouda has this Advantage to be Situated among Springs and where the Inhabitants enjoy the purest Air in all Holland Rotterdam Roterodamum the place where Erasmus was Born is the best of the twelve Cities which they call small ones by reason of its great Trade upon the Meuse The Hague Haga Comitis St. Gravenhage la Hage which is the Residence of the States General is not a Burrough-Town but a Village the best Built and as delightful a place as most in the World. The Texel Texelia is a Port to the North. Famous for its Harbour The Brill Briela has the same Advantage towards the South in the Island of Voorn the rest of the Coast is all Sands with some small Shelter for Fisher-boats with the Islands Over-flac and Gorre There is also the rich and daily Butter and Cheese-Market Gorkum Gorichemum on the Wale a strong place and one of the Keys of Holland The fair and commodious Haven Schonhoven Schonhovia The strong and rich Goude Gouda Oudwater c. Elstein on the Yssel or Fossa Drusiana al. Itala with their Cables Cordage and other Trade The Butter and Cheese-Town Alkmear in the Marches Memorable for the defeat the Inhabitants gave Tâ— Alva meerly because he gave them no way to escape Important Enchusen or the Zuder Sea good and Rich Havens Horn and Edam Famous for Ships and Cheese and the Sea Nymph that learned to spin Zeland Zelandia is the Province which was first set at Liberty and last consented to the Peace with Spain At this day it contains the greatest part of the Prince of Oranges Possession That of Vacheren Walachria in the Map contains ten Dutch miles in compass is the fairest of all in the Low-Countries with the City of Middleburgh the Capital City of the Province and the Staple for Wines a strâ—â—â— and large Empory Flushing Flissinga the Key of the Netherlands is 〈◊〉 a good Harbour Once an English Garison and a Cautionary Town where the Renowned Sir Philip Sidney was the first Governour and died in that Service The strong Sea-Town Vere Veria having many Staples for Herring and other Commodities Famous for the most Noble and Illustrious Family of the Veres now Earls of Oxford The second Island is Schouwen Scaldia in the Map 2. containing six miles in Circuit its chief Town is Zerick-Zee noted for Madder and Salt and Brauwershaven inhabited by Fishermen here was first invented the marting of Herrings The third is Zuiit-Bevetland in the Map 3 whose only Town of note is Goes The fourth is Duueland or Duyueland named thus from the abundance of Pigeons there breeding It hath no Town of Note but is memorable for the bold passage of the Spaniards under Mondragon cross the Sea in the year 1575. and for that in the year 1520. it was overwhelmed with a deluge of waters Tolen is an Island so called from a Town of that Name divided from Brabrant by a narrow Creek or Arm of the Sea. The more ancient Inhabitants of these Islands were the Mattiaci of Tacitus They contain in all 8 Walled Towns and about 100 Villages The Country is low flat and Marshy rich in Corn and Pasturage unhealthful and subject to Inundations being kept in and defended from the Sea by Banks The Bishoprick or Lordship of Vtretcht Vtricesium Amm. was first occasioned by one Willebrod an English man the Apostle of those parts and first Bishop hereof about the year 611. during the Regency of Pepin the Fat. The Successors of this Willibrod by the Liberality of the French Kings and German Emperors attained unto as well the Temporal as the Spiritual Jurisdiction together with that of Overyssel unto Charles the Fifth by the consent of Henry Count Palatine then Bishop seized upon the whole Temporal Dominion hereof leaving only the Spiritual to the Prelates which also since by the Usurpation of the States hath likewise been taken from them It has a Capital City of the same Name Inhabitd for the most part by the Nobility of the Country first called Inferius Trajectum or Vltrajectum Vtricesium Amm. There is also the Thorow-fare Rhenen the fair and strong Amersfort the Frontier-Town Montfort Wick de Duerstede the Batavodurum of Tac. Ptol. They reckon about Vtrecht 56 Cities to the farthest whereof you may go by Water from Vtrecht in one day Guelders Gueldria Guelders was first founded by two Brothers Wickard and Luppola first made Guardians of the Country by the Inhabitants in the reign of the Emperor Charles the Bald. It was made an Earldom by the Emperor Henry the Third made a Dukedom by the Emperor Lewis of Bavaria After the decease of Charles of Egmond the last Duke by composition between him and Charles the Fifth Emperor this Province with the Earldom of Zutphen united for a long time in the House of the Dukes of Gelderland descended upon the Emperor Charles the Fifth and added by him to his other Provinces of the Netherlands under Philip the Second the greatest part shoke off the Spanish yoak and now with Zutphen Governed in manner of a Free Estate confederated with the rest of the United Provinces a third part of Golderland excepted where stands the Towns of Ruremond Guelders Venlo Watchtendonc Stralo and Grol remaining yet subject to the Arch-Dutchess or Spaniards who in the year 1627. attempted in vain to bring the Rhine to the City of Gueldria and into the Meuse to deprive the Vnited Provinces of the Trade of Germany Nimmegen Noviomagus al. Neomagus the Capital City of the Dutchy of Gueldria Founded by Magus King of the Gauls taken by Prince Maurice in the year 1592. Opposite to it is that Fort Knotsenburg large Built by the States in the Quarter of Batavia where the Ancient Batavians Inhabited Arnheim Arenacum in the Veluwe the third Capital City of Guelders and the Ordinary Residence of the Dukes thereof The Town and Country of Culemberg The strong and Martial Venlo Venloa The Natural and Artificial Fortified Ruremond Ruremunda The strong and encompassed Frontier Bommel Bommelia the Fort Voorn and Crevecour making it Impregnable The Province of Zutphen bears the same Name with the Capital City and passes sometimes for a fourth part of the Dutchy of Gelders having no Voice in the Assembly of the States-General but only conjoyned with this Dutchy In the Siege of which was slain that Honour of Chivalry and Mirrour of Learning Sir Philip Sidney In this Province also stands Groll Grolla and eight or nine small Cities more In Over-Issel Trans Issallania so called from its Situation beyond the Issel where the Rhine and that share their Streams together by means
entertain the best Prince in Christendom Mantoua is of great Antiquity Schottus saith 't is 4 Miles in compass hath 8 Gates and about 50000 Souls It was miserably attacked by the Germans 1619. and by the Emperor Ferdinand 2d's Army in the year 1630. The Dukes yearly Revenue is said to be 400000 Crowns yet the present Duke is very poor being indebted to the Venetians as Leti saith four Millions of Crowns There are besides four or five small Princes but Soveraign Lords viz. Novellara Guastella Bozolo Sabionetta whose male-line is failed Castiglione and Solfare As also of the Estate of the Dutchy of Montferrat which doth in part belong to the Duke of Mantua the other part to the Duke of Savoy as aforesaid Of the States of Venice THE Demeasnes of the Venetians are very full of Rivers Lakes and Channels 't is a Republique of above 1200 years standing and the Bulwark of Christendom against the Turks The chief City is Venice or Venetia Seated at the bottom of the Adriatick Sea or Gulf of Venice built on 72 Islands distant from the main Land about five miles and defended from the fury of the Sea by a Bank of some say 60 others 35 miles in length open in seven places which serve for passages for Boats or Gondola's of which there are 1300 but for Ships or Vessels of great burden the only passage is at Malamocco and Castle Lido which are strongly fortified it is about eight miles in compass having about 4000 Bridges of which that of the Rialto is the chief built over the Grand Canal The Lagunes or Shallows of Venice sink of late so much that the preserving it still an Island is like to become as great a charge to the Venetians as the keeping out of the Sea is to the Dutch. It s Arsenal is the most beautiful the biggest and the best furnished in all Europe being about two miles in Circuit where they always keep 200 Gallies with all Materials for War. It s Magazine of all sorts of Engines and Arms for Sea and Land among which are 1000 Coats of Plates garnished with Gold and covered with Velvet But above all its Church of St. Mark Reported to be the fairest and richest in all the World a Church of Admirable Mosaick Work with Pillars of Marble Porphyry c. and for the inside the Riches of it are so great the Images Tombs c. so glorious the Altars so adorned with Gold Silver Pearls and Precious Stones that all the Treasury of the State may seem to be amassed in the Decking of it In this City are 200 particular Palaces built of Marble adorned with Columns Statues Pictures c. of great Value of such Grandeur as that they are fit to Lodg and give Entertainment to any Prince 17 Rich Hospitals 56 Tribunals or Courts of Justice 67 Parish-Churches 26 Monasteries of Nuns 54 Convents of Friers 18 Chappels 6 Free Schools and its Piazza's sumptuously adorned with Statues Paintings c. As for the Religion of this State though they Tolerate that of the Greek Church they profess that of the Church of Rome but with Caution and Respect to their own Authority Of their Forces some estimate may be made by the Arms they brought against Lewis the XII where they had 2000 Men of Arms 3000 Light Horse and 30000 Foot most of their own Subjects without any Detachments from their Forts or Garisons And a signal Evidence of their Power at Sea was their great Fleet set out against the Grand Signior for the War of Cyprus Anno 1570. in which they Manned out one great Gallion 11 great Gallies 25 tall Ships and 150 Gallies of lesser size To sum up all they once held a War for seven years together against all the Princes of Europe except England in all which time they neither wanted Men nor Money We may conclude therefore That as Europe is the Head of the World and Italy the Face of Europe so Venice is the Eye of Italy the fairest strongest and most Active part in that Powerful Body The Annual Revenues of this Republick according to Mr. Rays information was about five Millions and 300 and 20000 Venetian Duckets yearly Other Cities with their Territories belonging to the State of Venice are the pleasant Vicenza or Vicentia the Healthy Populous and Fruitful Brescia Brixia The strong Fortresses Crema six miles of which is the famous Cave of Custoza 4000 Foot long and 3000 broad and three miles in Circuit with its stately Temple Sancta Maria della Cruce and Bergamo The pleasant Physick-University Padoua Padua the Patavium of the Ancients built by Antenor and is famous for the Birth of Livy Zabarel and Maginus noted for the Civility of the Men and Chastity of the Women with its Garden of Simples Tarvisium Trevigi with its excellent Wheat Verona with its Hill Baldus Famous for Medicinal Herbs The Territory of Friuli where is the well fortified Palma Feltre and Belluno The Territory of Istria Istrie Gall. Hystereich Germ. where is Triest or Tergestum Petana now Pedena belonging to the Emperor Citta Nova or Aemonia Parenzo Parentum and Pola Rovigo once belonging to the Dukedom of Ferrara with Chioggia the Bulwark of Venice Besides all these the State of Venice commands a great part of Dalmatia with the Islands Corfu Cephalonia Ithaca Zant Cithera and others The Isle of St. Maure and the strong Prevesa were in the year 1685. conquered from the Turks The Bishoprick of Trent which belongs to its proper Bishop is in the Protection of the House of Austria It s chief City of the same Name is Inhabited by Italians and Germans and is Famous for the Council held there But of this we have Treated of more at large in the Description of Tirol in Germany Of the Estates of the Church or Pope THE Second part of Italy according to our Method contains the Estates of the Church of Tuscany and Lucca The Territories of the Church are the more considerable because the Pope to whom they belong is a Spiritual as well as a Temporal Prince Chief and Sovereign Pontifex as he styles himself of all Christendom Patriarch of Rome and of the West Primate and Hexarch of Italy Metropolitan of the Suffragan-Bishops of Rome and Bishop of St. John Lateran The chief City is Rome formerly the Capital City of the most considerable Empire in the World Mistress of the fairest part of the Universe Famous for her great Men that excelled in Valour Justice and Temperance The Seat of Kings Consuls and Emperors said to have been 50 miles in compass and her Walls Fortified with 750 Towers But now not having the Moiety of its former pristine splendor and Magnitude scarce containing 11 miles in circuit yet few Cities can compare with her if we consider her Antiquity her Churches her Palaces and other Curiosities Here was the Capitol saved from the Fury of the Gauls by the Cackling of Geese It was twice burnt once in the Civil Wars of Marius
hence Columnae Caristiae 3. The Promontory Capherus now Doro where Nauplius the Father Palemedes having by his false fires in several parts of the Island ruined and destroyed 200 Graecian Ships and many thousand men drowned himself because Vlysses and Diomedes escaped The whole Island is now under the Turks 2. Stalamine once Lemnos memorable for the fabulous fall of Vulcan and for the Entertainment of Jason and the Argonauts by Hypsipyle Daughter to King Thoas Son of Bacchus and Ariadne now noted for a Soveraign Mineral Earth against Infections Poyson and cures Wounds c. it is gathered August 6th by the Greek Monks with much Ceremony and many Religious Preparations and made into small Pellets sealed with the Turks Seal and called Terra Sigillata and so dispersed to the Merchants 3. Sciros the lurking place of Achilles as Ortelius conceives others think it to be one of Cyclades more Southerly 4. Thassus now Tasso 't is 40 or 50 miles in compass fruitful in Wine c. and Woody On the North it has a Town situate upon a good Harbour 5. Samothrace quasi Samos Thraciae formerly Dardania and Leucosia it has plenty of Honey and wild Deer and commodious Harbours now much infested by Pyrates 6. Imbrus now Lembro ten miles from Samothrace and about 30 miles in compass 't is Mountainous toward the East and has a well watered Plain to the West 7. Alonesus now Lanio 8. Scopelius now Scupelo 9. Sciathus now Siatta of which little memorable 3. The Gulf of Saron now Engia hath these Islands 1. Egina now Engia the Country of Aeacus who was Fabled to be Judg of Hell with Radamanthus and Minos It is 80 miles in compass and has the Town Aegina that consists of 800 Dwelling-houses and from the Castle is a fair Prospect here the Greeks and Latines have each a Church Here is plenty of Corn Cotton Honey Wax Almonds and Carobs and Red-legged Partriges Betwixt the Islands Angestri Metopi Douronisa Moni and it self is a Harbour where Ships may ride 2. Cophinidia is S. W. And so is 3. Calabrea now Porus 18 miles in compass now inhabited by Albaneses here Demosthenes was banished and poysoned himself to avoid the Fury of Antipater 4. Salamis now Colouri 50 miles in Compass it has three Towns 1. Colouri has now about 400 Persons 2. Metropis 30 Houses 3. Ambalachi near this was the ancient City Salamis near which was the Overthrow of Xerxes his Navy where 200 of his Ships were sunk and most of the rest taken by the Athenians c. Here also was the Birth-place of Solon and the Royal Seat of Telamon the Father of Ajax 5. Lypsocalalia 6. Megala Kira and Micra Kira two Scoglio's one formerly called Kaera on which Xerxes sat in a Silver Throne to behold the fight of the Navies There are other small Islands and Scoglio's which I omit for brevity's sake The Inhabitants of these Islands had a Veyvode and a Caddi but now they are left to themselves and pay the Captain Basha 785 Dollars for all Duties 4. The Cyclades now the Islands of the Arches the chief are 1. Delos formerly Ortigia now S. Deli because it comprehends the Island Rhencia West It is now desolate though formerly noted for the reception of Latona where she was delivered of Apollo and Diana Apollo had here a Temple and the circumjacent Islands called Cyclades endowed it and sent presents to it 2. Mycone or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 4 miles distant East and 30 miles in Circuit The Inhabitants are all Pyrates yet Christians and have 30 Greek Churches and a Latin one The Women are handsome but not chaste Here is plenty of Corn and Wine but little Wood and Water They are Tributaries to the Turks 3. Tenos now Tine formerly Hydrusa and Ophiusa it lyeth high being a large heap of Marble Rocks but in many places covered with a fertile Soil It s chief Town stands in the middle of the Island on a pointed Rock on the highest part whereof is the Castle which affordeth a curious Prospect over most part of the Archipelago Here the Venetian General of the Archipelago resides 4. Thermia Polyaegos of old in most Maps Firminia it is much frequented by Paralyticks Lame c. by reason of its many Baths and Hot Springs that are very Diaphoretick 5. Seriphes by the Greeks Serfo in most Maps Serphanto it hath a Town and Harbour on the Southside with a Convent of Greek Monks 6. Paros or Pario formerly Pactya and Minoa famous for its good Air and excellent Marble it was dedicated to Bacchus because Wine is here no more than Twelve-pence a Barrel under the Marble Mountain is a Grotta with Figures of all sorts of Woods Groves Trees Pillars and rare Poetical Fancies framed by the falling of Water congealed into Marble which by Candle-light is a most surprizing Workmanship of Nature 7. Siphanto hath ten Villages famous for excellent fruit and beautiful Women Here is a Monastery in which the Greek Nuns are first initiated 8. Argentera from a Mine of Silver by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by Ptolomy and Strabo 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 it hath some inhabitants 9. Milo 't is said to have one of the best Ports of the World now a refuge for Corsairs 10. Bella-Pola or Isola Brugiala because burnt and blown up not many years since with Subterraneous fires 11. Andros once Cauros and Antandros 12. Naxos now Necsia or Nixia of old Insula Veneris and Dyonisia remarkable for the goodness and plenty of its Wines and for the excellent Marble Ophites 13. Chia or Cheos now Zea with others of less note 5. The Sporades from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because scattered in the Sea the principal are 12 in number 1. Astrypalea now Stampalia 2. Anaphe now Namfio 3. Helena now Macronisa where Paris enjoyed the fair Helena 4. Sos where Homer is said to be buried 5. Lagusa 6. Phocusa 7. Phaecasia 8. Philocandros 9. Schinusa 10. Strybia 11. Thera the Birth-place of the Poet Callimachus 12. Gierra c. 6. Cythera now Cerigo S. of Morea the Birth-place of Venus and Helena It s ill peopled of a barren and Mountainous Soil it has plenty of Sheep Hares and Fowls especially Turtles Venus's beloved Birds On the South it has a Town and a good Harbour on the East-Point St. Nicolo Here was the Temple of Venus out of which Helena was stollen On the South are the Scoglio's Ovo and Cerigotto The rest of the Islands of the Aegean Sea we shall refer to the description of Asia Minor. The Cretan Islands 1. Candia formerly Hecatompolis Macronnesus Idaea Telchinia and Creta It is seated in the mouth of the Aegean Sea at the Entrance of the Archipelago in sight of Asia and Africa so advantageously situated that Aristotle said it was the only proper Seat of an Universal Empire It is above 270 miles in length and about 50 in breadth It hath been famous for the Wars of the Titans against the
Country In the Kingdom of Tunquin at Siam in the Island of Java and in other places The Spaniards possess the largest and best part of all America where they have a great number of Cities 1. In Northern America New Spain where are the Parliaments of Mexico Guadalaira and Guatimala the Islands of Cuba Hispaniola Boriquen c. besides St. Austins and St. Matthews in Florida and some part of New Mexico In the Southern America the Golden Castile otherwise call'd the Continent where are the Parliaments of Panama and of the New Kingdom of Granada Peru where are the Parliaments of Quito Lima and de la Plata Chili and Paraguay which comprehends the Country of Tucuman and de la Plata The Islands also of Solomon in the South Sea. 3. All along the Coast of Africa upon the Sea-shore Larache Mahamore and the Canaries 4. Toward the East most part of the Phillipine Islands otherwise call'd the Manilles They had also some part of the Molucques but these they have long since quitted The Portugueses enjoy all the Coast of Brasil in Southern America and all along upon that Coast the Captainships of Para Maranhaon Ciara Rio Grande Paraiba Tamaraca Pernambuco Seregippe Baia de Todos los Santos Los Isleos Porto Seguro Spirito Santo Rio Janeiro San Vincente Toward the mouths of the Amazon River Estero Corduba and Cogemine 2. In Africa upon the Coast of the Kingdom of Morocco Mazagan Some Forts upon the River St. Dominic Upon the Coasts of Guiny Congo and Angola and certain Habitations in the Island of St. Thomas The Acores Madera and Porto Santo The Islands of Cape Verd and of the Prince Fernando Poo Annabon c. 3. Several places in the East-Indies viz. Cafreria upon the Coast of Monamotopa the Castle of Sofala the Village of Sena a Factory with a little Fort at Cape Corientes with other strong Houses upon the Entries of Guama and the Rivers upon the Coast In Zanguebar which is upon the Coast of Melinda The City and Castle of Mozambique with the strong Fort of St. Mark Factories and some little Forts at Angoxa and Quilimarre The Castle of Quiloa and a Factory in the Island Monfia The City and Castle of Mombaze the Castle of Melinda with the Villages and Factories of Pale and Ampaze The Trade of the Coast of Africa from the Cape of Good Hope to the Red-Sea In the Island Zocotora at Aden Fartach and Balsara In Persia Factories and half the Customs of the Island of Baharem and Congue the Traffick to Benderrich to Cape Jasques and other places In India belonging to the Great Mogul Damaon with the Forts of St. John Kielme Matri and Barampor Becaim the Fort Bandera otherwise call'd Manora the Village of Tana fortified with three Bastions the Rock of Asterim Ougueli upon the Ganges the Trade of Agra Amadabat Cambaye Surat Baroche Bengala and in Decan they have Chaul with the Forts of Morro Caranga the Village of Massagan Goa with her Fortresses in the Country of Bardes and the Islands of Coran and Divar and some other Lands about Goa Upon the Coast of China Macao In the Island Solor the Village and Fort of Larentoque the Traffick of Persia Golconda Aracan Pegu Tanacerin Ligor Odia and other Places of Siam Camboya and the Island of Timor The English have extraordinarily augmented their Territories in America They Trade to and Possess all the Northwest part of America New-York New-Jersey Pensilvania Mary-Land Virginia Carolina New-England most part of the Isle of New-found-land all Bermudas Long-Island Manhatten now New-York c. Of the Lucaya Isles as New-Providence c. Among the Southward Isles Barbadoes Barbouda Anguilla part of St. Christophers Montferrat Meuvis Antigo Dominico and part of St. Vincent St. Katherine's Isle called the Island of Providence Jamaica and Trinity Isle The Holy Point They had some Colonies in Surinam Maroni Sinamari c. with some Forts upon the Coast of Guyana In Africa Tangier near the Streights Fort St. Andrew upon the River of Gambia Fort St. Philip toward the River St. Dominico Tagrin Madrebomba Taxorari Cape Corso Emacham or Naschange and other places in Guinia and the Island of St. Hellens Madrespatan and Fort St. George upon the Coast of Cormandel The Island of Bombay Angediva A Factory at Surratt and Bantam with Houses where the Presidents live They have also Factories at Ispahan and Gombru where they have half the Customs a Trade at Agra Amadabat Cambaya Brodra Baroche Dabul Pettapoli Maslipatan at Balasor Oguely and at Daca in Bengal at Prianam and Jamby in Sumatra In Siam Camboya Tunquin and the Island Formosa The Hollanders were expelled out of their New-Holland in America However they still possess the Islands of St. Eustace Saba Curacco where they have the Fort Amsterdam and Tobago or New Flushing if not lately beaten out by the French. The City of Coro upon the firm Land. The Colonies of Rio Poumaron where there is the New City of Middleburg and the Fort Nova Hollandia Rio Esequebe a wide and great River at whose mouth lyeth three great Islands viz. Lugewaen Magrieten and Parrats Island Higher up the River are seven other Islands and further up the River is the Fort Kiick-over-all Rio Demarary and River Barbiezos The Colony of Soronam where is the Fort Pamaribo The River Caperwaca or Aperruvaca and the River Winypoco or Waiapoco and other places upon the Coast of Guyana In Africa Arguin and Goree toward Cape Verd where they have a Fort and Factories at Rufisque at Porto d' Alé and Joal St. George of the Mine the Fort of the Mine the Fort of Nassau or Mouré Cormentin Axime and Botrou in Guiny upon the Gold Coast Many Forts in Congo c. at the Cape of Good Hope and at Table Bay two Forts more In the Islands of Madagascar and St. Maurice Upon the Coast of Malabar Onor Barcelor Mangalor Cananor Cranganor Cochin Coulan Upon the Coast of Cormandel Tuticorin Negapatan Karkalle and Gueldres near Pallecate In the Indian Peninsula beyond Ganges Malacca with the Forts and Islands belonging to it In the Island of Ceylon Negombo Colombo Galle Baticalo Trinquilimaly Jafnipatan and a Fortress called Blakenburg in the Island of Mamar In the Island of Java Jacatra called Batavia and its Dependencies The Isle Amsterdam Leyden Middleburgh Delft Encbysen and Horn. The Isle of Bima part of the Molucca Islands In Ternate the Forts Tacomma Talucco Malaya and Gammalamme In Motir the Fort of Nassau In Machian Taffaso Tabilolla Naflaquia otherwise Nahaca and Maurice In Bachian Gammadore and Laboiia In Gilolo Sabou and Coma. In the Island of Amboyna Coubella and Lovio In the Banda Islands Nassaw and Belgia in Nera and Revenge in Powleway The Redoubt Hittow in the Isle Hittow In the Island of Solor Fort Henry Fort Janpaudam otherwise called Roterdam near the City of Macassar The Islands of Savo and Bocon near Macassar with another Fort in Timor Part of
Joktheel 2 Kings 14.7 The Soldans of Egypt for the exceeding strength thereof kept therein all their Treasures Of this place see more in the Description of Canaan and the bordering Countries Bostra now Bussereth is a place of good Esteem I suppose the same with Petra Tor or El Tor upon the Red Sea is a pitiful Haven defended by a Four-square Castle near to it are found Champignons petrified white Coral Seal-skins Small Oysters and somtimes Sea-Monsters like Men. They report that this was the Haven Ezion Geber from which Solomon sent his Ships for Ophir Mount Horeb and Sinai are famous in Scripture Arabia the Desert or Beriara is a place almost quite destitute of Water or if there be any Wells the Water is for little service Ana upon the Euphrates the place where the Grand Signior's Tribute is paid as the Lord of the Country is the best place in it There is one King in Arabia that has a moving and portative City that is to say it consists in Tents which he can command them to carry where he pleases Sumiscasac is thought to be the ancient Saba whence the Magi set forth to adore Christ and the Queen to visit Solomon But Sir Thomas Herbert tells us That after the Flood Nimrod Sovereignizing at Babylon his Brother Havilah seated his Colony in Susiana Seba Raamah and Sabbata in Arabia Seba or Sheba fixed on the Western Coast adjacent to the Red Sea where he built a City after his own Name from whence the Queen came that visited Solomon as he supposeth That Sabata planted the South-part of Arabia and Raamah or Rhegma on the North-East part towards Balsera where they built Cities after their Names mention'd Ezek. 27. In these parts was the Wilderness where the Children of Israel wandered 40 years Here Moses established Ecclesiastical and Political Laws Here was the burning Bush the Water-bearing Rock the Mountains of Sinai and Horeb and Mount Hor where Aaron died The Happy Arabia Hyaman or Aiman Gemen or Giamen Turcis Marmotta Sarracenis Sabaea Plin. carries that Name as being a more fruitful Soil than either of the two It breeds excellent Horses Manna Cinnamon Myrrhe Balsam Benjamin Incense and other Perfumes so that if Aromatick Gums Succulent Fruits Fragrant Flowers and such sort of Delicacies please thy Sense say Arabia is the Phoenix of the East and with Danaeus The Epitome of Delight and with St. Austin Paradise The Air is temperate and healthful The Country enriched with pleasant Streams and Fountains whose Waters are Medicinal Aden is a Town of great Trade standing in a little Peninsula at the foot of a Mountain guarded with two Castles towards the North and a small Fortress at the Entry into the Haven The Portugueses when they first setled themselves in the Indies had a design to make themselves Masters of this City as also of Ormus and Malaca But the Turk prevented them from taking Aden the King whereof they hung at the Yards-Arm of the Admiral 's Gally Since which some other Revolutions have happen'd so that the Natives of the Country have again dispossessed the Turks Mecca and Meâ—ina are famous for the Pilgrimages of the Mahometans For which they that make them are in high esteem among the rest They go particularly to Mecca to pay their Devotions to a Four-square House which they call The House of God and pretend the same to have been built by Abraham This City containing about 6000 Houses stands about a days Journy from the Red Sea being the place where Mahomet was born whose Body was afterwards translated to Medina upon the discovery of Albuquerque the Portuguese's design to have surprized the Port of Ziden otherwise Gidde with an intention to have carried away that Mahometan Relique The Country about Mecca produceth abundance of that sort of Berry of which Coffee is made Kufa or Kalufa the Holy City called Rastack when walled by Omir the Burial place of Mortis-Ali Saint King and Prophet of the Persians Medina is three days Journy from the Red Sea the burying place of Mahomet as the Turks pretend The Sepulchre or Tomb wherein Mahomet lieth is enclosed within an Iron Grate and covered with Green Velvet which is every Year made new and sent by the Grand Signior the old one being by the Priests cut in little pieces and sold at great Rates as Reliques to the Pilgrims In the Temple where this Tomb is placed there are said to be 3000 Lamps of Gold and Silver wherein is Balsam and other rich Odors Ointments and Oils continually kept burning They would impose it for a Miracle that his Tomb should hang in the Air by means of the Loadstone But besides that there is no such thing were it true there were no wonder in it For Democrates the Athenian by the Order of Ptolomy King of Egypt undertook to make the Statue of Arsinoe all of Iron and to hang it up in the same manner And in the Temple of Serapis in Alexandria there was an Iron Sun that hung in the Air by the force of a Loadstone being a rare piece of Workmanship The Prince of Mecca called Sultan Sheriff is one of the most potent Princes in all Arabia His Residence is usually at Almacharana seated on the top of an high Mountain of difficult access Sanaa is one of the greatest fairest and strongest Towns of Arabia adorned with Vineyards Meadows and Gardens Dafar is one of the chief Ports upon the Red Sea next to Zibit near the mouth of the Red Sea which is Fair Rich and of great Trade for Drugs Spices Perfumes c. Once the Residence of a Turkish Beglerbeg before that the Seat of a King beheaded by the Turks at the same time when the King of Aden was hanged at the Yards-Arm of the Admiral 's Ship. The Ports of Dolfar and Pescher are most renowned on the South-Coast for Frankincense The Grand Signior the Persian Sophi and other Mahometan Monarchs oft-times send him Presents and the first allows him also some part of the Revenue of Egypt because he is of the Race of Mahomet and to oblige him to be kind to the Pilgrim Turks Fartach a Kingdom and City near the Sea Caxem Gubelhaman Alibinali Amanziridin Masfate Mascalat and Jemen are so many Sultanies or petty Kingdoms in the Happy Arabia Mascate or Mascatsaif not far from Rozelgate Corodanum Ptol. Macin Amian thought to be Rhaguma Rhegma of Ptol. the Raamah of Ezek. 27.22 formerly belonging to the Portuguese had for a long time all the Trade of the Indies to Mecca through the conveniency of the Cities Elcatif or the ancient Gerra which communicates its Name to the Persian Gulph and Labsa or Lazarch Sohar in the Eastern part had also formerly the Trade but since the same hath been translated to Ormus and Gombron Mocha upon the Red Sea is an open City indifferently well built and fortified with a small Castle In it there live Jews Persians Armenians Indians and Banians So that it is a Town of
very ancient Extraction and maintain themselves in Mountains and Fortresses that are inaccessible Some of their Cities that terminate in Pore seem to retain the memory of Porus as others by Scander the Name of Alexander The Dominions of the great Mogul are larger than the Persians and equal to those of the great Turk His strength lies in the Number of his Subjects the Vastness of his Wealth and the Extent of his Empire his Revenue exceeding the Persian and the Turks both put together but the Sophi surpasses him in Horse in Arms and warlike People And with the Turk he keeps a good Correspondence as being both of the same Religion Guzerat yields him yearly above 18 Millions of Gold and the Merchants of that Country are accounted the best in all India It contains 3 fair Cities Amadabat Cambaya and Surat with about 30 others very considerable Amadabat Amacastis Ptol. teste Herb. Amadavastis in Arrian one of the greatest Cities in India and of a vast Trade The Buzzar is Rich and Uniform The Castle Strong large Moated The Mausâ—leum Stately compassed at a little distance with the Dormitories of many Cambayan Potentates and two Miles off are the curious Gardens and Palace of Chawn-channa a Persian Cambaya Camane Nigro Barigaza teste Baud. Syrastene teste Stuchio was call'd the Indian Caire as well for its Greatness as also for its Traffick and the Fertility of the Soil Here they shape the fair Agats that come from the Indies into several sorts of Workmanship and in the Suburbs they make Indico The Tides are so swift to the North of the Gulph that a Horse at full Speed cannot keep pace with the first Wave The Streets were formerly lock'd up every Night but the Sea and its Trade is fallen away from it Suraâ— the Muziâ—is of Prol. Herb. Siâ—astia Sans about 40 days Journy from Agra drives as great a Trade as any of the Cities of Asia though the Access to it be very dangerous and the River Tappy or Tindy which rising out of the Decan Mountains glides through Brampore and in Meanders runs by the Walls of Surat and after 14 or 15 Miles circumgyring to and fro discharges itself into the Ocean so shallow at the Mouth that it will hardly bear a Bark of 70 or 80 Tuns so that the Ships are forc'd to unlade at Soali or Swali remarkable for the mischance of Capt. Woodcock who at the taking of Ormus had lighted upon a â—rigat laden with about a Million of Ryals which he seized and coming into this Swali Road the Whale sunk Alas the uncertainty of fading Pelf The English and Dutch have there their Presidents and Factories making it the greatest Mart in the East-Indies Baroche is of a great Trade for Cottons the English have a very fair House there not far from which place Tavernier tells us That of a dry Stick a Mountebank in less than half an hour made a Tree four or five Foot high that did bear Leaves and Flowers Broudra is a great City in a fertile Soil and of a great Trade for Calicuts At Navapour near Surat grows the best Rice in the World. The famous Port of Bombay the Milizigeris of Ptol. belongs to the King of England where is built a strong Fort and Mony is coined there The Portugals have had frequent Quarrels with the Mogul about their Fortress of Diu the Patola of Ptol. teste Nig. Pinet Patalena Hid spa Plin. Strab. Petacal Castaldo Barace of Ptol. Adriano Here after Alexander had sail'd down the Indus and arrived at this place he invaded the Country of the Oxydracans and stormed the principal place of the Mallyans where temerariously mounting the Parapet and violently leaping into the Town followed but by 2 Officers he had perished by the Darts and Weapons of his Enemies had not the Army as Men desperate in his Rescue enforced their speedy Entrance This Island is about a League long and four Musquet-shot broad the Haven is barr'd with an Iron Chain being under the command of the Cannon of the Castle It was Nobly defended in the years 1539 and 1546 against prodigious Armies so that the Mogul was forc'd to let them settle there to his extreme dissatisfaction But the last Relations from those Parts brings News that the Portugals have been at length constrain'd to abandon it Agra was of old as some tell us called Nagara before that Dionysiopolis founded by Bacchus Nissa Justino vide Hacluyt fol. 489. It contains the Capital City of the Empire able to raise 200000 fighting Men upon occasion The Prince receives a great Revenue for about 200 Stows that are therein It is twice as big as Ispahan but ill built and without Walls and has been enlarged since 1566 when Eckbar resided there and having built a stately Castle or Palace gave it the Name of Eker-Ahad Deli or Dehly was the Residence of the Mogul before Agra and so continues since Sha Jehan had built the new City and called it by his Name Jehan Abad or Gehanabat where the Mogul hath a stately Palace half a League in Circuit Gouleor is a Castle where the Mogul imprisons the Princes of the Blood which he suspects Lahor is the Metropolis of that Kingdom built upon one of the five Rivers that descend from the Mountains to swell the River Indus It is the Rendezvous of the Caravans and was the ancient Bucephalus and has been by Report 24 Leagues in Compass Naugracut shews an Idol to which many come in Pilgrimage Fettipore if the Water had been good by this time had triumphed over all the Cities in India Bannaras on the Banks of Ganges is full of mishapen Pagods Cabul the Chabura of Ptol. by some thought to be the Alexandria Arachosia which the Macedonian built near the Mount Caucasus whose City bears the same Name is large and well fortified of great Trade for Horses Sheep and other Cattel and is in the great Road from Labor to Samarcand Mando is one of the fairest Towns of the Province of Malva fortified with Walls and a Castle on the top of a Hill. Siranaker is the chief City of Cassimere Multan is of a rich Soil and great Trade for Callicoes but decayed Attok or Atek Tau is one of the best and strongest Gaâ—isons the great Mogul has and no Stranger is permitted to enter without the King's Passport Buckar stands where the Rivers Rawey and Chaul fall into the Indus Lourebander and Diul are the Ports to Tatta Janagar is the chief City of Soret Beisher of Bankish Dankalus of Kakares Hardware of Siba Jambu gives Name to its Province as also doth Sambal Bikanar is chief of Bakar and Narual that of Meuat Pitan and Patna give Name to their respective Provinces between the Kingdoms of Cambaya and Bengala are the Provinces of Candis Chitor Malucy Berar and Ranas whose chief places are Brampore Chitor Rantipore Shapor the Sora of Ptel by Baud. and Gurchitto Jesselmere is the City where Ekbar was
born Asmere is famous for the Sepulchre of Hogi Hendown Bando and Janupar are three Provinces near Agra and Delli Rotas is one of the strongest places in Asia Brampore Baramatis Ptol. is a great City but much ruined with a Castle in the midst of it of a great Trade for Calicuts some painted with Flowers of divers Colours others white and clear and some striped with Gold and Silver Chytor is a City upon a high Rock claiming Precedency for Antiquity amongst all the Cities of India of old Taxilla supposed to be the Metropolis whence King Porus issued against great Alexander After which Battel Alexander celebrated the Bacchanalia at the Mount Maeres and for 15 days glutted his Army with those mystick Fopperies and constituted his Argyâ—aspides And at Nyssa built by Bacchus upon the Bank of the Hydaspis a Branch of the River Indus Alexander reposed famous in those days for the Sacred Mount and incomparable Vines there abounding which some think to be the first Plantation of the Patriarch Noâ—h Scronge and Chitpour are of great Trade for painted Calicuts called Chites those of Seronge are the most lively Colours and lasting Hallabas or Elabasse the Chrysoborca in Plin. by some Nisua teste Herb. is a great City upon the Confluence of Jeminy and Ganges which River there is no broader than the Seine before the Loure and at some times in the year so little water that it will not bear a small Boat much resorted to by the Bannyans for the Relicks of divers deformed Pagothia's These Bannyans swarm in multitudes all over the Indies sucking in the sweetness of Gain by an immeasurable thirst and industry But the Moors and Gentiles often ravish it from them for the Bannyan is no Hestor nor Fighter but morally honest courteous in Behaviour temperate in Passion decent in Apparel abstemious in their Diet industrious in their Callings charitable to the Needy humble to all and so innocent as not to take away the life of the smallest Vermin believing the Transanimation of Souls into Beasts a Persuasion though strange to us was not to our Country-men the Druidae of old Elora not much above three hours from Doltabad is famous for the many Pagods of Gigantick Figures of Men and Women cut in the Rock so that if one considers the number of spacious Temples full of Pillars and Plasters and the many Thousands of Figures all cut out of a Natural Rock it may be truly said That they are Works surpassing Human Force The River Ganges having received an infinite number of Brooks and Rivers from the North-East and West discharges itself by several Mouths into the Gulph of Bengala making several pleasant Islands containing many Towns covered with lovely Indian Trees Patna is one of the greatest Cities of India upon the Banks of Ganges about two Leagues long where the Hollanders have an House because of their Trade in Salt-petre Daca is a great Town about two Leagues long by the side of Ganges where the English and Hollanders have very fair Houses for their Goods and Trade reckon'd the Capital City of Bengala At Ouguely is the general Factory of the Dutch and at Kâ—ssen Baser is the House of the Director of all the Holland Factories in Bâ—ngala Kachemire Cachmir and Kichmir Thev is esteemed the little Paradise of India by reason of its Beauty At Banareus upon the Banks of Ganges and Jaganate upon the mouth of it are the ch ef Pagods than which nothing can be more magnificent by reason of the quantity of Gold and Jewels wherewith they are adorned and millions of People repair thither to celebrate their Festivals Bengala famous for its temperate Air for the Fertility of the Soil for the great store of Rice for its Cane or Bamboo's and its Calamba wood which yields the most pleasant scent in the world It gives its Name to one of the most famous Gulphs of Asia called Golfo de Bengala the Sinus Gangeticus of Ptol. It s yearly Revenue paid to the Mogul comes to a Million and 500000 Roupies clear the chief City thereof is Bengala by some Satigan Gange Ptol. Ganges Strabo Thevenot calls this Province Oulesser the Idolaters Jaganat Besides these Countries I find mention made by Mr. Tavernier 1. Of the Kingdom of Bouton of a large Extent famous for Musk Rhubarb Wormseed and Furrs and the Caravan is three months travelling from Patna to Boutan the way being generally through Forests and over Mountains which after you have passed the Country is good abounding in Rice Corn Pulse and Wine They have had for a long time the use of Musquets and Cannon and their Gunpowder is long but of great Force The Natives are strong and well proportioned but their Noses and Faces are somwhat flat and there is no King in the world more feared and more respected than the King of Boutan 2. Of the Kingdom of Tipra adjoining to Pegu of whose extent there is no certain Conjecture to be made there is a Mine of Gold but course as also a sort of course Silk which is the greatest Revenue the King hath 3. Of the Kingdom of Asem which is one of the best Countries in all Asia producing all things necessary for human sustenance yet Dogs flesh is the greatest delicacy there are Mines of Gold Silver Lead Iron and store of Silk and Gumlake Kenerof is the Name of the City where the King keeps his Court and at Azo are the Tombs of the Kings of Asem and 't is thought that these are the first Inventers of Guns and Powder which from thence spread into China They have Vines but make no Wine but dry their Grapes to make Aquavitae and of the Leaves of Adam's Fig-tree they make Salt. The Men and Women are generally well-complexioned but swarthy subject to Wens in their Throats as well as those of Bouton and Tipra They go Naked only covering their Privy Parts and a Blue Bonnet or Cap upon their Heads with Bracelets upon their Ears Arms and Legs The PENINSULA On this side GANGES INDIA on this side GANGES by R. Morden Cancer THis Peninsula is comprehended between the Mouths of Indus and Ganges and advances Northwards from the Estate of the Mogul to Cape Cormorin in the South and on the East and West it is washed by the Ocean or Indian Sea. It is divided into two parts by the Mountains of Gata which stretch themselves from the North to the South with several fair Plains on the top and occasion several Seasons at the same time for many times it is Winter on the one side and Summer on the other It belongs to above fifty Kings the potentest of which by degrees subdueth the rest The Portugals English and Hollanders have several places near the Sea with Fortresses for the security of their Trade which is generally in Spices Jewels Pearls and Cotten-Linen The other places upon the Land are inhabited by the Natives whose Petty Sovereigns not being able to hinder the Settlement of the Europeans
another Quadrangle of 400 paces at the end of which stand three stately Houses Beyond this a third and farther a fourth Court all paved with Free-stone and being 400 spaces square In this stands the Emperor's Throne and four stately Edifices curiously built and covered with costly Roofs adorned with gilded Galleries Beyond this Court are several Orchards and Gardens planted with all sorts of Trees and adorned with curious Buildings And thus flourished the Palace of Pekin rebuilt by the Tartars in Anno 1645. In or near the Place of Paoting the Emperor Hoangti anciently planted the Seat of his Kingdom and on the East-side of the City Hokien stands a great Temple in the middle of which is a stately and great Image Chinting is great and populous Jenkin and Junyping are strong places for the defence of the Empire The Garizon Tiencin lies on the Bay Xang it is a Port or Haven Town to Peking and of a great Trade and on the North-side lies the great Garison Xanghaie on the Island Cue Westward beyond the Province of Pecking lies Xansi on the North whereof lies the great Wall and behind that the Tartar Kingdom of Tangu and the Desert Xamo This Province is divided into five Counties having eighty six Cities and though not very big yet is pleasant The City Taiyven is the Metropolis which for its Antiquity of Building stately and brave Edifices is accounted amongst the best Cities of China At the City Pingiany the Emperor Jau kept his Court within the Walls and without the Gates of Fuencheu stands two stately ancient and magnificent Buildings The Province of Xensi extends to the Kingdoms of Prester John Cascar and Thebet which the Chineses in a general name call Sifan it is a large Province and is divided into eight Counties having one hundred and eighty Cities Sigan is the Metropolis of the whole seated on the River Guei in a most pleasant and delightful place of a noble Prospect and good Trade In the year 1625 a stone was found in digging a Foundation for a house inscribed with the Old Chinese and Syriack Characters which contained the Christian Religion Cungchand Fungciang Hanchung Kingyang and Linyao are the chief Cities of the Countries of the same names Socheu is a strong hold and well fortified and Xancheu or Cancheu is very strong and the residence of a Vice Roy. Xantung may justly be esteemed an Island being washed by the Sea on one side and separated by several Rivers on the other and is divided into six Countries Chinan the Metropolis of the whole Province is very large and full of stately Houses having two Lakes within its walls out of which flow several little streams through the whole City it is also adorned with several stately Temples Among the great Cities of this Province Lincing exceeds in Inhabitants Buildings and Trade but above all for its Porcelane Tower ninety cubits high curiously adorned with Imagery and painting without and within laid with Marble of divers colours smoothly polished on the Top stands an Image cast of Copper and gilt thirty foot high The Province of Honan by the Chineses thought to lie in the middle of the World because it lies in the midst of China it is divided into nine Territories or Countries having one hundred and eight Cities The chief City Caifung lies about two Leagues from the Yellow River whose Water is said to be higher than the City The other chief Cities are Qunte Changte Honan Nunyang and Juning Suchuen is a great Province and separated by the River Kiang and is divided into eight Countries containing one hundred and fifty Cities besides Garisons Cingtu is the Metropolis and lieth in an Island yet includes several Moats over which are many Bridges Paining Xunking Sincheu Chungking Quicheu Luggan are the chief Cities of the other parts of this Province The Province Huqâ—â—ng is divided also in the middle by the River Kiang The Chineses call it the land of Fish and Rice and the Store-house of China and have a Proverb that the rest of the Provinces affords them but one Meal but that of Huquang feeds them all the year long it is divided into fifteen Countries containing one hundred Cities great and small and eleven Garisons The Metropolis whereof is Vuchang on the south shore of the River Kiang Hanyang Siangyang Tegan Hâ—angcheu Kingcheu Jocheu Changxa Paoking Hancheu Chante Xincheu Iungcheu Chingyang and Chingtien are the other chief Cities and Chingcheu is the chief City of a little Territory of the same Name Kiangsi is divided into thirteen Countries contaning 67 Cities the chief whereof is Nanchang once the Metropolis of the Empire Iaocheu Quaâ—sin Kicukiang Kienchang Linkiang Kiegan Kancheu are other chief Cities In this Province near Iaocheu and no where else is that Water to be found which brings Porcelane to perfection especially when they intend it an Azure Vermillion or yellow Tincture The last Travellers into China tell us that Porcelane is made of a particular Sand or Earth which is fetched out of the County of the City Hoiecheu in the Province of Nanking nor is it necessary that the Earth should be buried a whole Age together as others idly affirm for the Chinesâ—s only knead this Sand or Earth together and make Vessels of it which they bake in Furnaces for fifteen days but the colouring of it is one of the chief Arts or Secrets which they conceal from Strangers The Province of Fâ—kien is divided into eight Counties and contains sixty Cities and Towns Focheu or Hocksieu is the Metropolis and chief of the Country it is seated about fifteen Leagues westward from the Sea on the Southern shore of the River Min which with a wide mouth falls into the Sea and brings both small and great Vessels up to the City walls it is populous and of great Trade where the Dutch also had somtime a Factory in the year 1662. The City Chiencheu lies near the Sea in a delightful Plain with a large Bay that the greatest Ships ride close under the walls Chaucheu of great Trade for all rich and foreign commodities Kienning upon the River Min is a place or great Trade for all commodities pass through it Hinhoa is neatly built adorned with many triumphant Arches and Colledges for the encouragement of Learning Xaouw and Tincheu are also considerable Foning is also fair and large lying near the Sea. The Castle Ganhui near Changeheu hath a convenient Haven for Ships And Tinyan is a Fort for the defence of the Sea-coast The Province of Chekiang exceeds all the rest in fertility of Soil delightfulness in Prospects and in plenty of Silk it is divided into eleven great Countries having eighty three Cities or Towns besides unwalled places Castles and populous Villages Hanchew is the chiefest City thought to be the ancient Quinzay Kiahing is moted about with Rivulets of Water full of stately and well built Structures all the Streets are arched under which they walk as in a Piazzo free from
if it be an Isle is not only one but many for the Coast discontinued with many Inlets stands like a broken Wall and the several falls of Fresh-water-Brooks and Rivulets descending from the upper Grounds with their mixt interweavings both from Sea and Land make a numerous crowd of petty Isles the most spacious and wealthy whereof is Japan by the Natives Nippon formerly said to comprehend fifty three Kingdoms but our later Relations tell us that they are now fallen into the lap of one sole Monarch who keeps his magnificent Court at Jedo This Island extends in length seven hundred and twenty Miles the breadth generally about one hundred and eighty but various The East looks towards Californea in America though four thousand and two hundred Miles distant I am not ignorant that some Geographers have made them to meet others bring them very near together I have two Lunar observations and the co-herence of the Sea-chart with them to strengthen my assertion The Air of these Islands is temperate but for the most part snowy and cold they abound in Rice Pearl and Mines of Silver very much esteemed the Pearls are very large but somwhat inclining to Red. The Country appears more hilly than plain amongst which are two wonderful Mountains one vomiting continually flames the other of a Prodigious height The Palm-Tree that grows there is of a strange quality if true for it endures no manner of moisture at the Roots which is as destructive to them as Poyson To make it to grow it must be set in a hole full of filings of Iron and dry Sand and if any Boughs or Branches are broke or torn off by Winds or any accident if but nailed to the body it will grow as well as if grafted The Japanners are generally tall of Stature and well-set and of a strong Constitution being exercised in all manner of suffering and separated from their Mothers and female Relations believing that nothing makes them more tender and effeminate than to be near Women They much delight in War and are good Soldiers they exercise their Arms at twelve years of Age and their Swords or Scimiters are of an excellent temper They have the most happy Memories in the World a nimble Fancy and solid Judgment They are of a courteous Behaviour and civil Deportment covetous of Honour and Reputation impatient in Affronts and Disparagements But unhappy it is that these excellent Qualifications should stand taxed with as many notorious vices Their Language is very curious wherein they have several words to express one thing some in derision others in honor some for the Prince others for the People Their Customs and Fashions are quite contrary to ours They drink warm or rather hot Water alledging that Cold causes Coughs and diseases in the Stomach but that hot Water preserveth the natural heat opens the Passages and quencheth the Drought sooner To their Sick they minister very sweet and fragrant Potions They never let bloud which they husband as the chariot of Life They esteem black Teeth and mount the right side of a Horse And it is scarce to be believed with what a studied opposition they differ from us but though they differ in common Customs and Opinions yet in the solid work of Government and Authority they act by the same Rule and Policy rising by degrees as we do and ending in a sole Monarch the Emperor who rules not by the Power of his Riches but by the number of Men and is honorably attended in times of Peace at his Royal Palace And in time of War is guarded with a strong and numerous Army The Jesuits Franciscans Jacobins and Austin Friers had made a great Progress in the conversion of the Natives in the year fifteen hundred ninety six for they were reckon'd to be above 600000 Christians But since the year sixteen hundred and fourteen they have been all driven out of the Island and no person dares profess Christianity but in private Spaniards Portugals and Priests are all expell'd only the Dutch are permitted in regard they strictly forbid their People to speak of Religion and by Relation as little to profess it There are several Tones or Princes among them whose Power for the most part is confin'd to a single City And 't is observed that when one of these Tones or Governors lose their Principalities their Subjects lose their Goods The Dayro had once the chief Command of the Japan Empire but since the year 1550 the Dayro hath only the chief command in Ecclesiastical affairs and is esteemed above the Emperor who keeps all the power in his own hand In the center of the Imperial city Meaco stands the glorious Palace of the Dayro which out-shines the Emperors Court the Temple of Bonzi or the stately house of the chief Bonfiosen There is also the Imperial Garden so curiously planted that the Eye seems never satisfied with so pleasant an object This City is said to contain 90000 houses At Dubo not far off is the stately Temple of the Idol Zacca said to contain ninety thousand houses Jedo the second City in Japan is very large and exceeding populous the Streets are 60 Ikins long which is 150 paces at the end is a gate that is locked and guarded every night it is famous for the great houses of the Nobility the Emperors banqueting-Banquetting-house his Magazine his Seraglio or Chandran the Imperial Garden The Empresses magnificent Palace and the Temple of the Golden Amida but in the year 1657 in two days time this City lay all in Ashes above a hundred thousand houses burnt and as many Inhabitants destroyed a great number of Palaces and Temples and Forty eight Millions of Gold. Saccai is one of the stateliest Cities in all Japan fortified with an invincible Castle and there is scarce any place in Japan that for pleasantness surpasseth Jonda Mewarry is a handsom City crown'd with many Spices Akay is well fortified with a Castle and surrounded with a Wall Osacca is a Stately and Imperial city in the midst of which stands the much celebrated Temple of the Idol Canon or their Neptune And before the Earthquake fifteen hundred eighty five there was the fairest and largest Palace that ever Sun shined upon And a large Castle built by Taicosama Tempe and Campania may not be compared to the pleasantness of Sajoja so exceeding delightful as the Dutch Ambassador tells us that the whole Earth cannot shew a finer spot of Ground Onwari is situate on the hanging of a pleasant Hill near which is a steep Rock on which stands an invincible Castle which is seen at a great distance Quano is the most artificial built City in all Japan Piongo was ruin'd in the War of Kobanunga and the Emperor Cassas Mia is curiously built and adorned with many Temples The stately City Occasacci is fortified with a strong Castle Josinda is of a delightful Situation Sarunga is a great but ruinous City Facione is the place where is kept a strong Guard
Antacon Sebaka Vansleb the other Meeris now called Buchiarea or Kern Vansleb BILEDVLGERID ZAARA c. Biledulgerid Sarra Terra Nigritarum Guine Nova Descriptio Robt. Morden BIledulgerid improperly is the Numidia of the Antients where inhabited the Getuli it signifies a Country plentiful in Dates Which is a Fruit which much enriches the Inhabitants This part of Africa extends from East to West almost as far as Barbary It s principal Parts are Sus or Tesset Darha Segelomessa Tegorarin Zeb and Mezzab Techort and Guergula Biledulgerid and the Desert of Barca Sus by Sanutus is called Tesset to distinguish it from that in the Kingdom of Morocco It is said to have many Towns Castles and Villages Its Inhabitants are Beriberes Africaâ—â— or Arabs Tesset is a Town of about four hundred â—â—â—ses Darba its chief Town 〈…〉 same name seated upon a River a so so called Segelomessaâ—â— one of the greatest and best Provinces of Biledulgerid whose chief City bears the same name containing several small Estates Tegorâ—rin hath more than fifty walled Towns and one hundred and fifty Villages Zeb and Mezab are much troubled with Scorpions whose bitings is mortal The Estates of Techort and Guergula have each their Prince yet pay Tribute to Algier Biledulgerid or Beled-Elgered contains the Estates of Gademes Fezzen and Teorregu the chief City is Caphsa the Capha said to be built by the Lybian Hercules There are in Biledulgerid some few Mahometan Kings whose power is very inconsiderable The Arabians under their Cheicks or Cheifs are very strong in Horse and would be able to attempt great things were they not so much at War among themselves Sometimes they assist the Turks sometimes the King of Morocco and Fez. The change of Governments and diversity of Languages has made a great alteration in the Names of the Cities The Arabians are great Hunters of Ostridges as getting great profit by it For they sell the Feathers eat the Flesh make Bags of their Skins to put their baggage in they divine by the Heart they make their Medicaments of the Fat and Pendants for their Ears of the Claws and Beaks Mount Alas extends some of its Limbs into Biledulgerid And the Cape of Non was for a good while the furthest shore of the Portugal Navigation Zahara or Zaara signifies a Desert And is part of that which the Antients called Lybia interior where lived the Antient Getuli and Garamantes The Getuli were a people of the Interior Lybia Vagrants having no certain fixed Habitation teste Silio Melas By Pliny they are placed in Mauritania Caesariensis next to the Massaesylis By Ptolomy in Lybia interior near to Dara By Honorius between Carthage and Numiâ—ia There is nothing to be seen but Sand Mountains and Scorpions for which reason the Inhabitants wear Boots to preserve themselves from being bitten by those Animals Nevertheless the Air is wholesome and the Sick are brought thither out of other Countries to recover their Health The Arabians make three Divisions of it Cebel where the Sand is small without any greenness Zaara where it is all Gravel and somewhat green And Asgar full of Lakes Grass and Shrubs Travellers must provide themselves of all necessaries For the Houses and Wells are so far distant one from another that a Man may Travel a hundred Leagues together and not meet either with Lodging or Water In one of these Deserts a Merchant suffer'd so severe a Drowth that he gave ten thousand Duckets for a glass of Water and yet he dy'd as well as the Carrier that had receiv'd the Money Men are forc'd sometimes to bury themselves in the Sands to avoid the Lions and other Wild Beasts that make a most dreadful roaring in the Night The Natives are for the most part Shepherds and the best Huntsmen in the World but very miserable Some of them are Mahumetans but the most part Libertines Several petty Lords receive the Tribute of the Caravans that pass through the Country Their other Revenue consists in Cattel and when they value the Wealth of a Man they ask how many Camels he hath There are reckon'd to be five principal Deserts Zanhaga Zuenzâ—ga wherein there are Salt Pits Targa Lempta and Berdoa to which some add Borno and Gaoga The Ghir which is their biggest River makes some very considerable Lakes and is lost in the Sands in several places as it runs the Rio Ouro was so call'd by the Portugals by reason of Gold which they found in it at their first coming This River runs under the Tropic through Desert Countries with ten or twelve Arms toward the end of its course The Coast to Cape Bejador is nothing but white and grey Sand-hâ—lls overgrown with wild Bulrushes Nigritia or the Land of the Blacks seems to be so call'd from the Antient Nigrites so term'd also from the blackness of their Complexion Or else from the Colour of the Earth which in some parts is all scorch'd and burnt up by the excessive heat The Niger somewhat qualifies the heat of the Country but the Rains occasion several Diseases Cape Blanco or Caput Album is a long extent of Sand as hard as a Rock about ten or twelve Cubits high with a spacious Port where Ships ride safe what ever Wind for the most part blows Arguin a Castle in a small Island belongs to the Hollanders Barks may go up the River of Saint John and there Trade with the Negros for Ostridge Feathers Gums Amber and some small parcels of Gold. Senega one of the principal Arms of Niger is not above a League over at the Mouth The Coast to the North of Senega is very low not to be seen hardly twelve Leagues off the Road of Cape Verd. the Asinerium promontorium teste Barrio Mancandan and Besenege Thev Ryssadium promâ—nt teste Nigro is about twelve Fathom deep with a grey Sand at the bottom The Flemish Island or Goree is fortified with a Platform flank d with four Baslious with a strong brick Tower. The entry into it is upon the West part of the Island where a Ship of fifteen hundred Tun may Ride The Road is good but there is little fresh Water Rafrisque is a very convenient retiring place Gambia is about five Leagues over at the Mouth but is not Navigable for Barks above sixty Leagues by reason of the Sands and Rocks in it Some say that the Portugals go up the Niger as far as the Kingdom of Benin which is above eight hundred Leagues That the Danes possess Cantozi toward that part where Niger divides it self That Niger makes several Lakes upon which are built many fine Cities from whence there go Caravans as far as Tripoli in Barbary The Negros are very simple Idolaters toward the Sea and Mahumetans in the Inland Country They have some very considerable Kingdoms but the greatest part of their Cities are not so good as our Villages the Houses being built of Wood Chalk and Straw and many times one of these Cities make a Kingdom
with Springs and Rivers of fresh Water Cattle and Fowl are in great plenty and other Lakes and Rivers afford store of Fish Thascala or Los Angelos is a Country very plentiful both of Corn and Cattle full of rich Pastures well watered with Rivers and wonderfully stored with Maize which they make their Bread of Places of most note are first Thascala Situate on an easie ascent betwixt two Rivers encompassed with a large pleasant and fruitful plain said to be so populous before the arrival of the Spaniards that it could number above three hundred thousand Inhabitants Second Angelos a fair City distant from Mexico twenty two Leagues and thirty from Latera Cruz Thirdly La Vera Cruz built by the Cortez a place of great encourse situate near the Gulph from whence there is a through-fair to Mexico from whence it is distant about fifty two Leagues In May 83. about nine hundred or a thousand Privateers at Night landed and through the negligence of the Spanish Centinels surprised the Town and two Forts the one of twelve the other of eight Guns They plundered the Town for three days where they got a great deal of Plate Jewels c. and might also have taken the Castle which is seated about three quarters of a Miles into the Sea and hath thirty Guns mounted Saint John de Vlloa at Vlhua the most noted Port of this Province fenced with a Peer against the fury of the Winds and Sea defended naturally by Rocks and Quick-sands and by two Bulworks well fortified on both sides of his entrance Famous for that it was the first beginning of that great Conquest of the Valiant Cortez Here he first sunk the Ships that brought the Spaniards from Cuba to the intent they might think of nothing but Conquest and here five hundred Spaniards ventured against millions of Enemies and began the Conquest of the fourth part of the World. Xalappa de la Vera Cruz made a Bishops See in the year 1634 said to be worth ten thousand Duckets a year La Rinconada is a House or Inn which the Spaniards call Venla seated in a low Valley the hottest Place in all the Road to Mexico plentiful in Provisions and the sweetness and coolness of the Water is a great refreshment but the swarms of Gnats in the Night are most intolerable Segura de la Frontera was built by Cortez in his Wars with the Culhuacans and Tepeacaes Tlaxcallan a Common-wealth The Inhabitants whereof in one Battel against Cortez had 150000 fighting Men afterwards joyned with Cortez and were the chief Instruments of his unparallel'd Conquest being mortal Enemies to Monteâ—uma the Mexican Emperor and therefore are free from Tribute by the Kings of Spain Nixapa is a Town of eight hundred Inhabitants Spaniards and Indians where is a rich Cloister of Dominican Friers and one of the richest places in the County of Braxuca Tecoantepeque is a small and unfortified Harbor on Mar del Zur Aquatulco and Capaâ—ita are great Towns in a plain Country Taponapeque is a sweet and pleasant Town well stored with Flesh and Fish and Fowl. In this Province are said to be two hundred Towns one thousand Villages twenty five thousand Indians which are priviledged and exempted from all extraordinary Charge and Imposition because of their assisting Cortez in his Conquest of Mexico In the Valley of St. Paul was a Country Man possessed of forty thousand Sheep which were the product of two only which were brought him out of Spain Guaxaca is a Province of a healthful and a sweet Air of a fertile Soil not only in Corn but also in Fruit Cochineil Silk Cassia the Earth well stored with Mines of Gold Silver and other Metals and most of the Rivers stream down Sand-Gold It s chief places are Antequera a Bishoprick adorned with stately buildings and a Magnificent Cathedral Church Aquatulâ—o is a noted and convenient Port on Mar del Zur from whence is transported the Merchandise of Mexico to Peru plundered both by Drake and Cavendish in their Voyages about the World. Gage tells us that Guaxaca is a City and Bishops Seat fair and beautiful sixty Leagues from Mexico and consists of two thousand Inhabitants n t far from the Head of the great River Alvarado upon which are Zapoteâ—as and St. Idlfonso That from thence they went to Antequera a great Town Tavasco or Tabasco is a Coast of one hundred Leagues between Guâ—xaca and Jucatan of an excellent Soil abundant in Maiz and Cacao There are Vines Fig-trees Oranges and Citrons great quantity of Cattle and Fowl besides wild Beasts Apes and Squirrels The Spaniards have but one Colony here which is called Newstra a Signiora de la Victoria so called from the Victory Cortez gained 15 9. The first City in America that defended it self and suffered the Spaniards sword Jucatan is a Peninsula of about four hundred Leagues in compass Situate between the Gulph of Mexico and Honduras whose Cape Catoche is opposite to Cape Saint Anthony in the Island Cuba and distant from it forty odd Leagues In the middle of the Land are to be seen Scales and Shells of Sea Fish its chief Cities are Merida distant from the Sea on either side twelve Leagues the Seat of the Bishop and Governor adorned with great and antient Edifices of Stone with many Figures of Men cut in the Stones resembling those at Merida in Spain 2. Valladolid beautified with a fair Monastery of Franciscans 3. Campeach Situate on the Shore of the Gulph a fair City of about three thousand Houses which in Anno 1596 was surprised and pillaged by the English under the Command of Captain Parker who carried away the Governor and the riches of the City The Audience of Gaudalajara or Kingdom of New Galicia makes the most occident part of New Spain and contains the Provinces of Gaudalajara Xalisco Los Zacatecas Chiamettlan Culiacan and New Biscany The Air of Gaudalajara is temperate and serene except in Summer which is most troubled with Rain The Land rather mountainous than plain very fruitful well furnished with Mines of Silver Copper Lead and Margasites the Pastures are rich feeding abundance of Cattle they have Cittrons Oranges Figs Apples Pears Peaches Olive-trees whose Fruit is often destroyed by Ants as their Corn Maize and Pulse is by the Pies which though no bigger than Sparrows are so numerous that they destroy whole Crops Its Cities are Guadelajara the Residence of the Kings Treasurer dignified with the Courts of Judicature the See of a Bishop beautified with a fair Cathedral Church watered with many Fountains and little Torrents not far from the River Beranja In the Province of Xalisco the chief City is Compostella built by Guzman 1551. Situate in a Barren Country and bad Air. In the Province of Chiametlan is Saint Sebastian nigh to which are many rich Silver Mines The Province of Culiacan hath Saint Michael and that of Chinaloa Saint John where are rich Mines of Silver In Los Zicatecas are several famous