become Lord of Lisbone without blowes he treated touching the defence thereof being perswaded thereunto by the Magistrate who requested him to enter the citie to that end protesting that if the Prior tooke possession it shoulde not be their fault which coulde not hinder it but his who could and would not By meanes whereof although but coldly he assembled many companies of peasants thereabouts the which he sent for the guard of the citie and to hinder the Priors entrie He commaunded Peter de Cugna to take care for the defence thereof being resolute not to enter himselfe and hauing called to Councell the Gentlemen that were present they resolued to send with speed to Anthony Diego de Sosa and Frauncis de Meneses entreating him not to enter into Lisbone nor to call himselfe King but onely Protector being a name more fit for all occasions that might happen And although they went with this commission yet many aduised Teglio that notwithstanding all these demonstrations he should not hinder the course of the Priors good fortune so as wauering in his opinions not resoluing in any thing he was cause that the souldiers or peasants that were raised about the citie hauing neither order nor commission from the Gouernors knew not what to do whether to accompanie the Prior or hinder his entrie for that Emanuel of Portugal who had proiected to make the Prior King laboured to preuent all their resolutions and hauing resolued he purposely made their executions vaine Peter de Cugna saide that if Iohn Teglio woulde not oppose himselfe in person that he woulde not accomplish it being his inferior whereunto Teglio replied that it was the captaines dutie either of them excusing themselues vpon the other both with seuerall intents The Prior drew neere to Lisbone but he was in danger neuer to come there for neere to Sacaben which is sixe miles from the citie staying in the fielde to speake with Frauncis de Almeda his friende there was a Harquebuse discharged at him wherewith Frauncis was slaine and no man able to discouer from whence it came they supposed it was intended against the Prior himselfe Soone after he arriued at the citie with a small troupe especially of the Nobilitie hauing fewe other with him but Diego de Sosa and Frauncis de Meneses and therefore they suffred him freely to enter being of al those that mette him proclaimed king There were fewe at that time within the citie both by reason of the plague and for that many helde not themselues in safetie seeing the realme in diuision on the one side the Catholique king entred with a mightie armie on the other side were the Gouernors in a manner conformeable to the saide King lastly was the Prior being poore alone ill aduised made King by a handfull of the base people So as there was not any of the Iustice or Nobilitie that went to visite him and of the superior magistrates there was but one Vereador to be founde the rest being hidden Notwithstanding he went to the pallace vpon the riuer wherof he tooke peaceable possession as also of the Arcynal and storehouse of armes he created a newe purueior and newe officers of Iustice and newe Vereadors supplying all other offices that were voide From thence he went to the town-Towne-house to be proclaimed King with ordinarie ceremonies all the principall of the citie being assembled to whom Emanuel Fonsequa Nobrega a doctor of a bolde spirite spake in this manner I see grauen in your countenances the ioy and content which is conceiued in your harts hauing attained to this so happie a daie wherein you sweare him king whom you so much desire I account all words friuolous to animate you thereunto I may speake vnto you with courage for that your desires exceede my eloquence I know that euery small delay doth not onely grieue you but also greatly displease you that any other shoulde effect that first which you haue so much wished and which was fitte you shoulde haue done seeing that from this citie as principall the rest of the realme shoulde take their lawe But be as ioyfull and willing to this acte as you please be my wordes neuer so superfluous yet encouraged by dutie and loue I must briefely deliuer vnto you my aduise I will not make any particular repetition of his afflictions nor with what iudgement he hath surmounted them being infinite and the time shorte Let it suffice you to vnderstande as you doe that by a fatall destinie he hath alwaies encountred against the proud arrogancie of this world For as vertues be by reason of our sinnes most commonly hatefull to princes in this age and vices cherished as vertuous and nobly minded he hath alwaies beene hated and oppressed So as sometimes tearming him a bastard somtimes preferring those whom he shoulde precead they laboured by all meanes to blemish that glory that did shine in him I will lay aside the disgraces he suffred with king Sebastian at his departure for Affricke which others woulde haue taken for an excuse to staie yet acquainted with the frownes of fortune although he did iudicially foresee that he went to his ruine he chose rather with so great danger of his person following the rashnes of an other to remaine a slaue vnto the Moores then to blemish his honour with any reproch how small soeuer He remained prisoner as he had foreseene in that vnhappie day King Sebastian his nephew died before whom many other princes all heires to the crowne were deceased there remained none but Cardinall Henry who for the ripenes of his age and indisposition of his body was thought to be of short life so as the realme was in a manner without heire But the King of kings although he seemeth sometimes slacke yet doth he equally weigh and execute al things prouiding so that whilest king Henry enioied the realme in those fewe daies of his life which remained he miraculouslie deliuered from the hands of the Moores him whom he intended shoulde be our true king I say miraculouslie for in truth it seemed impossible that mans wisedome coulde deliuer him as it followed for that according to the custome of those infidels he being a prince he shoulde haue beene presented to their prince and there kept in perpetuall prison or at the least redeemed for the exchange of cities and fortresses or for some great summe of money yet see if this were not a miracle in short time he was deliuered and without raunsome He returned into the realme where fortune not yet wearie of him crossed him with a thousand afflictions all which he hath ouercome and surmounted by his vertues behold him now heere and although he seeme to be inuironed more then euer with enimies yet doth he relie vpon your valour and I in his wisedome that he will vanquish all things Reioice then that he doth accept of this scepter against his competitors for the loue of you doth more encourage him thereunto then the desire of
about a yeere and a halfe and died in the beginning of the yeere 1580. he was the last of the house of Portugall to whom succeeded 18. Philip sonne to Charles the fift Emperour and of Isabell King of Spaine c. borne the 7. of May 1527. c. THE VNITING OF THE REALME OF PORTVGALL TO THE CROWNE OF CASTILL The Contents of the first Booke The originall of the Realme of Portugall the description thereof with their newe conquests The life of King Sebastian his first voyage into Affrick his enteruiew with the Catholique King at Guadalupa the preparatiues of warre made at Lisbone for the enterprize of Affrick the kings departure from Portugall with his armie I Vndertake the Historie of the Realme of PORTVGALL from the time that king Sebastian the first passed into Affrick with a mightie armie to make warre against the Moores which inhabite Mauritania Tingitana till that after many afflictions this Realme was vnited to those of Spaine vnder Phillip the second king of Castill A subiect of importance for the generall state by the increase of power to so mightie a king yea considerable for the diuers accidents hapned in so short a time contrarie to common hope and profitable by the examples of the instabilitie of this worlde and the dangers that Princes and people runne into by their ill grounded resolutions I hope to relate these euents sincerely with truth hauing beene present at the greatest part and receiued the rest from a faithfull Reporter I am voide of passion an enimie to the vncorrupt writing of Historiographers being neither borne in any of those countries nor subiect or vassall to any king or prince But before I enter into the welspring of those warres I haue thought it conuenient to make a briefe relation of the state of the Realme of the scituation beginnings enterprises and such like to the end that being to report the fall we may withall see the rising thereof by what meanes it encreased and was supported how and when it declined and finally altered his forme The description of the Realme of Portugall POrtugall is a part of Spaine lying vpon the furthest borders of the Ocean It bordereth vpon the East with the kingdome of Castill vpon the West with the great Ocean vpon the North with Gallicia and towards the South with the Atlantike sea and Andelouzia The late writers haue deuided it into sixe countries which they call Comarques that is beyond the riuer of Tagus Estremadura betwixt Duero and Minies and this with the countrie which stretcheth to Coimbra is the ancient Portugall behinde the mountaines Beira and Algarues which last hath also the Title of a kingdome It containes in circuit 850. miles whereof 400. run along the Sea shore the rest is maine land which maketh it in forme long and narrow It hath in it eighteene cities with many great villages and castles in number aboue 470. Three of these cities haue Archbishopricks Braga Lisbone and Euora whereof the first is Lord both spirituall and temporall Nine haue their Bishopricks Coimbra Lamego Visco Porto Miranda Portalegro Guarda Leiria and Eluas the other fiue remaine without dignitie and those are Bragança Tauira Lagos Faro and Silues These last fower be in the kingdome of Algarues whereof one Bishop hath the Title It is watered with many riuers whereof two are most famous Tagus and Duero the first runneth by the walles of Lisbone and sixe or seuen miles off dischargeth it selfe into the Sea the other doth the like by the citie of Porto and two miles from thence falleth into the Ocean from their mouthes vnto the citie they are no riuers but as it were armes and bosomes of the Sea and most assured and capable portes for many great ships which may saile farre vp against the streame but further in that of Lisbone then of the other whereas many great vessels passe fifteene or twentie miles vp beyonde the towne besides these two portes twentie miles from Lisbone towards the South is Settuual which hath a small Tower at the entrie thereof with a port capable of many ships And in Algarues is Tauira Lagos and Villeneuue these three are of reasonable capacitie the rest are lesse with many pleasant plashes The seate of the countrie is commodious for all partes of the world being in the middest of many great kingdomes fit for the ancient and later nauigations For turning towards the West they discouer directly Gallicya Biscay Fraunce England Germanie the other Northerne Regions Before them lieth the Islands of Azores otherwise called Terceres the fortunate Islands with the countries called the West Indies On the left hād lieth Andelouzia the Streits of Gibraltar by the which they enter into the Mediterranean Sea for the Nauigation of Italie and Greece And leauing the Streits coasting Affrick on the left hand they discouer many nations and new people vnknowne to the auncient who beleeued that the burning Zone was inhabitable from which places many ships arriue at Lisbone with great riches chieflie from the East Indies the which the Portugalles themselues as we shall declare hereafter conquered besides their traffiqne with the kingdome of Castile which lieth behinde them Lisbone is the best and chiefest of all their Cities on the which the whole Realme dependes It is verie populous yea many beleeue that of all the cities of Christendome except Paris it containes the greatest number of people The aire is verie wholesome and temperate distant from the Equinoctiall nine and thirtie degrees and with the ebbing and flowing of the salt water which is great vpon that coast there bloweth alwaies a temperate winde which doth refresh it It is neither wholie plaine nor all mountaines but deuided into fiue small hilles betwixt th' one and the other of these the plaine extends vnto the Riuer It hath beene walled whereof some part continues to this day but for that it hath beene since much augmented that part without the walles exceedes the other in greatnes There stands vpon an high hill a very ancient castell which hath no other strength in it but his height nor any guard but is reserued as a prison for noble men At the mouth of Tagus on the citie side stands a Fortresse built after the newest manner which they cal the rocke of Saint Iulian made to defend the entrie of the Riuer The fruite it bringeth foorth surpasseth all their neighbours in bountie and although it yeeldeth not corne sufficient to feede them yet haue they prouision daily out of Fraunce and Germanie The whole Realme is at this present greatly inhabited being replenished with manie Noblemen and Gentlemen and much building of ships and vessels for sundrie Nauigations Besides the order of the knights of Saint Iaques and Alcantara or of Saint Bennet which they call d'Auis of a place so named these carrie a red crosse and these a greene like vnto the Knights of Castill when as the Templers were suppressed they did institute another order with the
entreated them presently to resolue to receiue and sweare him for their king and lord as God would haue it they themselues knowing chiefly touching this matter what king Henry thought determined and had resolued and the bond where by they were tied to obey his will in dooing whereof he woulde grant vnto the realme not onely the priuileges which he had set downe the which the Duke of Ossuna should offer in his name but any other they should require being iust and reasonable hoping they woulde take that course which was to be expected from wise men and Christians he would continue his determination The Embassadors seemed not satisfied with this answere but demanding leaue to impart it to the Gouernors they accompanied the king vntill he came to Merryda Now were the Gouernors in Portugall wearied with the Councell of the States desirous to dissolue them and hauing first required a prolonging of the gouernment the King had left vnto them and not obtaining it they did signifie vnto them that the States were ended that the Deputies might returne to their houses leauing only ten of them to treat of matters which should fal out for so small a number might lodge any where being now forced to leaue Almeryn and to take some small place neere the citie of Lisbone being greatly entreated thereunto but the Deputies who had sent Iohn de Noghera to the Vniuersitie of Coimbra to studie the point of their pretēded election hauing receiued answer that the election belonged to the States of the realme they woulde by no meanes be dissolued perswaded thereunto by the bishop of Parma the Prior the chamber of Saint Arem and many particulars offring money to supply their wants but they opposed in vaine For although they had sent to the Gouernors to alleage their reasons in law labouring to prooue that the States were not to be dissolued that their procurations were offorce yet the Gouernors did againe disable them saying their authorities were of no force so as many began to separate themselues and returne to their houses The Gouernors prepared to defend themselues for although the greatest part of them were not of that opinion yet to content the people and to please the other Gouernors and gentlemen of the popular faction it behooued them so to do For this cause they armed their gallions they brought armes from other countries they mustred men for the warre they sent gentlemen throughout all the prouinces of the realme and laboured to imploy such as contrarie to the Catholique Kings faction being present hindered their resolutions who willingly accepted of these charges seeming to haue greater confidence in them then in any other Diego de Meneses was sent into the prouince beyond Tagus Iohn de Vasconcello into Beira Emanuel of Portugall into the mouth of Tagus and many other to diuers parts of the Realme George de Meneses had charge of the armie at sea so as they were all dispersed and the Gouernors had good meanes to effect their desires yet Martyn Gonzalues de la Camera no lesse popular then the rest remained in court of whom the Gouernors grew iealous that hauing imploied him as a mediator betweene them and the States of the realme he was become a superior But the prouision and preparatiues that were made although some vsed all care and diligence seemed rather done for shew and fashion sake then to any effect In Castill they discoursed vpon the manner of this enterprise seeming impossible vnto the Duke to gather togither so many carriages as was necessarie for the conduct of victuals and munition and therefore deuised to transport his forces by sea He determined with few men to keepe them busied in Extremadure to diuert them and vnder colour to hasten the armie to march towards Andelouzia and speedily to imbarke his soldiers at Saint Marie Port to assaile the entrie of the mouth of Lisbone in despite of all the fortresses that were there making account to loose some ships which should by chaunce touch But receiuing certaine aduertisement by men expresly sent into Portugall that there was aboue six thousand chariots to be founde he left this dangerous resolution more for the regard of the sea then the enimies He determined to march to Settuual thinking it necessary to win a port of the sea of so great importāce for the harboring of the nauie for cōming thither laden with victuals he not able to carrie with him by land aboue a moneths prouision it seemed necessarie to ioine the forces prouisions of the sea to them of the land and that therein consisted the victorie with this resolution he went to Merrida where the King remained of whom being receiued with a cheerefull countenance they treated what course the armie should take There grew some diuersitie of opinion betwixt the Duke and some others who perswaded by some confident Portugals would haue the armie march to Almeryn and there passe Tagus at a foord or at Saint Arem vpon bridges that they should force that place being but weake and so they might passe safely to the wals of Lisbone the which without attending any batterie would yeeld presently or it may be before their arriuall for taking from them the victuals from the plaines of Saint Arem they should not onely besiege them by famine but they shoulde so furnish their armie with corne that they shoulde haue no neede of prouision from the fleete the which they should better receiue at Lisbone then at Settuual without hazarding the enteprise and the armie by the dangers of disimbarking which going to Settuual they must be forced to do against the forts vpō the mouth of the riuer and with losse of time in winning of them This opinion seemed so grounded that it required no lesse authoritie or arte to disprooue then the Dukes who being chiefe of this enterprise and to hazard his reputation drew the King to his opinion Philip had likewise enuironed as a man may say all the realme of Portugall with armes though not with mercenarie soldiers yet with such as they coulde assemble togither he commanded all Noblemen whose liuings ioined to the confines of this realme that hauing enrolled the greatest number of their subiects able to beare armes they shoulde be readie at his commandement yet in the meane time they shoulde receiue gently in his name the cities and subiects of Portugall that woulde obey him In Gallicia Peter de Castro Earle of Lemos and Gaspard de Fonsequa Earle of Monteré had the charge against the prouince behinde the mountaines Iohn Pimentel Earle of Benneuent and Diego de Tolledo Earle of Alua In Estremadura Beltramo dela Cueua Duke of Albequerque and Ferrant Anriques Marquesse of Villa Noua against Vera Iohn Pacheco Marquesse of Seraluo and in Algarues Frauncis de Suniga Duke of Besar and Alonso de Gusman of Medina Cidonia In the armie where the Duke of Alua was commander of all both at sea and at
moreouer that he was much amazed to heare him confesse with his owne mouth that they had daily practised with Anthony that they treated with a rebell who had committed so horrible a crime aduising him in signe of loue heereafter to abstaine from all such treaties so contrarie to that fidelitie whereunto they were bounde and so vnwoorthie of their authoritie and reputation shewing likewise that he marueiled they woulde suffer themselues to be informed from the Deputies who promised to cause Anthony to forsake the title of a king which he hath vsurped as if it were an offence capable of repentaunce whereas they shoulde well vnderstand that they be ordinary practises and discourses of rebels to deceiue them as they had formerly done And whereas the Deputies call it an accord or vnion for the defence let them take heede that it prooue not a league and a conspiracie framed to make him partaker with Anthony his offence from the which God had yet preserued him He concluded that he would alwaies giue a gentle audience to that which shoulde be propounded on his behalfe with intention to doe him all the grace and fauor possible in his demaunds This answere being receiued the Duke sent certaine gentlemen to treat an agreement with the king the which continued long making vnseasonable demaundes on the Dukes behalfe Notwithstanding the King desiring that before they proceeded further he shoulde acknowledge and sweare him for his Lorde The matter remained in suspence with small content to the Duke who found not onely the hope of his Iustice to fall out vaine but likewise not to be fully reconciled to the king who tooke possession of his countries hauing alreadie lost Villauizosa one of his chiefe places and of great importance where hee made his aboad although he had well fortified it The which hapned presently after the reduction of Eluas by the meanes of a Castillian whom he had left within the castell either trusting in him or neglecting of it This man hauing intelligence with captaine Cisneros who was in the Dukes campe treated to deliuer vnto him in the night one of the gates of the castell the which descends into the ditch thereby secretly to bring in the kings forces the which he did effect The night appointed for this enterprise being come the Duke commanded Sanches d'Auila to go with the soldiers he had about Eluas and take possession of the fortresse who hauing taken their Harquebusiers behinde them marched so that night that in the morning they came to Villauizosa and approching the gate that was promised them they founde that although it were open yet coulde they not enter for that being farre from the ground the ladder which they had brought was too shorte and coulde not reach vnto it so as in dispaire to put it in execution the day growing neere they were readie to returne fearing to be discouered But as many times thinges are fitted to the violent course of fortune the Castillians founde within the castell ditch an other ladder which the soldiers within the forte had by chance left there the which bounde to that they brought reached vnto the gate so as all the soldiers entred the castell without being discouered hauing neither guard nor centinell but were all laide to sleepe hauing a mightie armie of enimies within tenne miles of them so as in this manner the Duke of Bragance lost the best and strongest furnished place he had Many were then of opinion the King shoulde not go in person with the armie for although some helde it was necessarie he should goe alleaging the former reasons yet such as helde the contrarie opinion added vnto their reasons that throughout all the way vnto Lisbone and in the citie it selfe they died most violently of the plague although the aire did not seeme corrupted that it was not conuenient to hazard the life of a Prince who was a pillar of the Church and Lord of so many Realmes That they might answere vnto the reasons of conueniencie which was spoken against this opinion that it was like vnto all other humane things which haue two reasons for waighing the one it importes much and regarding the other they seeme light The importance of the enterprise is verie great considering the valour of the realme and his interest but if you consider that they oppose against the person of so mightie a king that of Anthony a rebell who doth scarse deserue the name of a tirant and that with the Duke of Alua and so many Noblemen Italians and Spaniards you compare the Count of Vimioso yoong without experience and all the rest of their traine and that against so valiant soldiers of all nations there come peasants gathered togither from the villages about Lisbone and the slaues of Ethiopia you may easily iudge the great indignitie the king shoulde suffer being present in this expedition They alleaged the like reason against the hope of good successe for although it seemed a matter easilie to be effected considering the qualitie of the enimies yet regarding the difficulties alleaged the matter was in suspence remembring the examples of King Iohn the first of Castill Alphonse the fifth of Portugall either of them entring at diuers times with an armie into other countries and both returned flying and broken As for the sweete content it seemed the Kings entrie should bring and contrariwise the sharpenes of the Duke of Alua they saide it was well considered yet the King remaining at Eluas or in any other place vpon the frontiers hee shoulde giue a generall content This opinion seeming the better and with most grounde not onely pleased the King but bred such an impression in the mindes of many that it passed the limits for that the cōsiderations of safety are limited with feare so as they began to apprehend too much saying the king was not sure at Badagios and that he shoulde retire himselfe to Ciuill vnder colour to dispatch away the armie seeing it had already entred the realme for the Duke marching from the frontier the King shoulde lie open to all attempts of the Portugals who might make their courses euen vnto the walles of the citie That Anthony seeking to make this diuersion he might easilie effect it with so great force as the king shoulde be constrained to retire himselfe with small authoritie and recall his armie although it were about the wals of Lisbone yet woulde not the king by any meanes heare speake thereof but perswaded such as were of that opinion that for a worlde no for his owne life he woulde not retire a foote backe but was resolued to staie in Portugall in some place of the frontiers which shoulde be thought most conuenient and for that effect reteined certaine troupes for his guard The Duke of Alua who had assembled his armie at Cantigliana passed the 27. day of Iune by the kings commandement the small of Caya which diuides the two realmes entring into Portugall with great quantitie of munition
lodging seeing himselfe at one instant so much endomaged with the artillerie the bridge to be forced which he held for very strong his men to flie and their horsemen to make way to cut off all way of retreat he grewe amazed Notwithstanding being accompanied with Counte Emanuel of Portugall with Diego Boteglio the elder Edward de Castro he fledde likewise towards the citie without order or without any resistance amidst the prease of his people where at the entrie of the suburbes he was hurt in the head by a soldier on horsebacke and if he had staied but a little longer or the horsemen made more haste hee had beene taken prisoner by some Italian aduenturers who were aduaunced verie farre In this haste hee passed with the rest of his broken armie through the citie whereof a part yet the least following him entred by one gate and went foorth by an other and the other parte which was the greater hauing cast away their armes hid themselues in their houses where they had their wiues and children and such as were come from other parts of the realme assembled themselues in churches with great feare In passing he commaunded the prisons to be opened so as with a great number of offenders that were deliuered there came foorth such as were committed as affected vnto Philip. The Dukes men hauing slaine many of these miserable wretches with their shot and launces who fledde by fower and sixe togither making but a weake and vnprofitable resistance came to the citie Ferrant de Toledo as chiefe marching before the rest vnder whose authoritie the whole armie was gouerned seeing the battaile woone fearing the soldiers furie should do more hurt then he wished did expresly keepe them backe causing them to stay supposing there might remaine yet some men to conquer and being come to the gates of the citie hee staied to parley with the Magistrate of the chamber from the wals who was come thither to that effect But their treaties were shorte and little disagreeing for the Portugals seeing themselues before the Castillians soldiers their miserable king hurt and fled and their army in route they seemed to be now reduced to their last exigent And Ferrant although a conquerour yet desirous according to the kings meaning to saue the citie from spoile they soone agreed Ferrant demaunded the citie the Portugals desired to know in what sort and although some answered at discretion yet the Magistrate offring to yeeld as other cities had done it was graunted they shoulde haue their liues and goods saued least by longer stay the soldiers should haue occasion to cōmit some disorder Notwithstanding some of the Magistrates being let downe from the wals were carried behinde some Castillian Caualiers to the Duke who granted them their demaunds with better acception and more freely Then began the soldiers against the Dukes will to disband and spoile that part of the citie which is without the wals the which is greater nobler and fairer then that within and is so spatious as many great cities are not comparable vnto it So as although this body in the midst of Lisbone was not spoiled yet the suburbes were and all places thereabouts and likewise some houses within the which vnder colour to appertaine to rebels were giuen in pray to the soldiers whom they coulde no otherwise withstand seeing they had sufficiently obeied in preseruing the citie from spoile three daies Many innocent citizens lost their most precious mooueables the which by reason of the plague which then raigned greatly in the citie they had transported to their farmes and other possessions neere thereabouts where they were spoiled The extortions the soldiers committed were not great but the riches that fell into their hands were infinite The galleies did great harme for besides the spoiling of the bankes of Tagus and the ransacking of all the ships within the Porte where they founde infinite store of merchandise they serued like wise vnto the soldiers that were on lande as a meanes to hide and carrie away all things were they neuer so great not being forced to discharge themselues of their baggage to sell them at lowe prices vpon the place as it often hapneth The custome houses that is to say the generall and that of merchandise of the Indies alwaies full of pretious wares although they were without the citie gates yetwere they not spoiled For by reason of their great riches Alonso de Leua Generall of the galleies of Sicily sent a guard of priuate soldiers to haue care and defend them The religious women whose monasteries were all without the wals were preserued and withall much wealth that was kept there yet much of that which was left in the houses of religious men was stolen away but most of all in that of Saint Rocke whereas the Iesuits remaine for certaine Italian soldiers being first entred were expelled by the Spaniards who being sent thither by their commaunders vnder colour to preserue them being friends they committed greater excesse then the other being enimies would haue done for the Italians being departed the Spaniards hauing searched out the most secret things and finding them they carried them by night into the galleies and into their houses The diuersitie of nations which were at the spoile caused more respect to the women and holy things then had beene otherwise for the Spaniards most insolent in other countries were here against their nature very continent least by their example the Italians and Germaines in Spaine shoulde grow woorse The bootie of mooueables and other precious things which this citie in so many yeeres peace and by the traffique of the Indies had gathered togither was infinite The number of such as were slaine in the battaile was small in regard of the little defence they made notwithstanding there died not aboue a thousand of the Portugals and not aboue a hundreth of the Dukes armie of so small force were the peoples armes rusted with ease The Duke when the citie was yeelded came himselfe in person for the defence thereof where hauing made some stay in one of the houses neere the suburbes hee returned to lodge from whence the Portugals were departed Anthony hauing dressed his wounde at Sacabem sixe miles from Lisbone marched easily toward Saint Arem The Duke standing doubtfull whether he remained still within the citie or were fled for that the Portugals for his better safetie gaue out false rumours This victorie was of great importance and had beene greater if the Prior had beene taken prisoner for in his safetie the realme which shoulde haue beene in quiet remained in suspence all men supposing that he should repaire his forces and trie his fortune a newe The Duke was blamed of many for not vsing of greater diligence saying it was a great errour in all other things to haue set so good an order and to haue omitted it in this of such importance some did attribute it vnto negligence others vnto malice especially for
ignorant captaine woulde haue considered but that hee willingly suffered him to flie that by meanes of Anthonies libertie the warre shoulde not seeme to be ended a thing which captaines doe commonly wish preferring their owne authoritie and their priuate respect before the publike good Others did adde that if hee would haue taken him after his flight and the battaile woon hee might well haue done it for making no haste to flie he might so speedily haue followed him with his horse as the importance of his person did require Amongst so many accusations fewe durst speake for the Duke yet some of his friendes laboured to iustifie him saying that time place and desire to assure the victorie doth often hinder the execution of those things which the captaine wisheth That it was not then conuenient to follow the Prior For considering the ineuitable disorders of the soldiers in sending many hee had contrarie to the kings pleasure wasted the countrey and if hee had sent fewe they had not beene safe and therefore he desired to temper this heate of victorie in the soldiers mindes meaning after to sende a part of the armie in good order but when as hee ment to effect it the Kings sicknes hapned whereof he desired first to see the issue before he woulde bee vnfurnished of his forces That touching the inuironing of the enimies campe with his horse besides that they had no sufficient number to do it it had not beene the resolution of a wise captaine to make a fearefull enimie desperate and to force him either to fight or become a prisoner Touching the sacking of the suburbes they saide it was no small good happe to haue so many houses without the wals of the citie for otherwise they should hardly haue kept the soldiers from spoiling it and that it was in a manner necessarie for the sauing of the citie to haue something â—o quench this desire which they had brought with them And as there was some difficultie to saue the citie from the sacke so was it impossible to keepe the suburbes from spoile seeing the battaile was giuen within the limits thereof They laughed at such as saide the Duke was partaker of the spoile seeming vnto them a matter farre from his qualitie They shewed that although they woulde not haue it saide that the battaile were glorious but vnwoorthie against a small number of seditious monkes apostates and fugitiue slaues yet coulde it hardly be concealed for it coulde not be denied but that Anthony had a great number of men in a strong lodging amongst the which were many of the Nobility and that which most supplied their want of experience passionate against the Catholique king and most affectionate to the Prior that in armies where such things happen it is not credible they so easily yeeld or flie of themselues if they be not encountred with a captaine that is both valiant of iudgement who by force or cunning doth breake them put them to flight They did prooue by liuely reasons that it was not credible that the Duke with a resolution so hurtfull to his king should prolong the enterprise seeke to continue his commaund by meanes of the warre saying that although in auncient common wealthes noble citizens were desirous to be imploied in expeditions and gouernments of armies to free themselues from the subiection of the Senate yet was it not so in the gouernment of later princes whereas such as be neere the king haue more authoritie then such as bee retired They added vnto these reasons the consideration of the Dukes age fidelitie and experience with auncient and newe examples concluding it was likely that without any priuate subiect hee had laboured with his best endeuour wholie to serue the king But although he were vehemently defended yet could they not wholy roote it out of the mindes of men so is the chance of this worldly Tragedie tossed vpside downe that the captaine which the weeke before had beene triumphant and glorious lay now in his bed sicke with sorrow slaundered with his Prince and his armie halfe defeated languishing with hunger and want infected with the plague infamous for excesse and violence some part whereof was true and some false so as the soldiers were troubled melancholy and angry and although with the insolencie of conquerors yet seemed they like men vanquished They commaunders of the armie were likewise in dispaire to reape any recompeÌ„ce of their seruice so as the captaines which resolued to plant them selues in Portugall and receiue great recompence by confiscations were deceiued of their hopes For the King who had an other meaning resolued to forget all the wrongs the Portugals had done him and not onely to pardon their disobedience but also reward and cherish them as his children It was generally spoken that vpon the Priors defeate and yeelding of the citie of Lisbone the King shoulde presently go thither in person and by graunting rewardes and pardons labour to winne the Portugals loues and to qualifie that bitternes which the spoile and insolencie of the soldiers had bredde But although there had beene already speech of his going to Eluas and that he desired to make his entrie as king of Portugall yet did he not effect it for that as it is saide before the plague was dispersed into many parts of the realme He laboured to become master not onely of all places within the realme but also of all others that depended thereof when as the armie began first to enter the realme he had sent into Affrick to demaund obedience of those places but for as much as Anthony had preuented him by former letters vnto the captaines his busines being in better estate then they prooued afterwardes the inhabitants woulde not agree to acknowledge Philip by reason whereof the battaile being woone he sent againe vnto them for being of great importance for Spaine he feared that remaining vnder the Priors commaund he shoulde rashly dispose of them so as promising recompence to the captaines they did acknowledge him for their Lord but with greater facilitie in one place then in an other so as without any innouation hee confirmed the same captaines and the same garrisons The Ilands of Terceraes were not neglected by the Duke the assurance whereof seemed greatly to import and therefore vpon the brute of the victorie hee sent a messenger thither with letters from the king and the citie of Lisbone but the matter being first well debated at Badagios it was supposed by the Councell the Portugals alone to be more fitte to mannage that busines then if the Castillians shoulde entermeddle and therefore the King did write vnto Lisbone to Edward de Castelbianco that conferring with the Duke as a Portugall he should go thither But he resolued not for being newly created officer of the chamber he founde that Edward Borges whom the Duke had appointed to sende remained accountable to the crowne for certaine money so as hee thought not good to
the Doctors which had read and writ against him with great mildenes but also with a noble resolution confirmed them in their lectures and preferred others to them that were voide In the meane time the Pope discouering the Priors weakenesse to maintaine Portugall and that there was no meanes of agreement hauing called home his Legate he seemed well content with Philips successe saying that his onely intention was to auoid wars so as hauing obtained great rewardes for his sonne or at the least assured hopes he graunted vnto the king that George de Taida bishop of Viseu who was his first chaplaine shoulde be iugde without appeale of all causes concerning the Ecclesiasticall rebels and of the proces of their confiscations so as the Prior in a manner doomed to sentence of death with the Bishop of Guarda and others were againe cited by edicts to be depriued by iustice of all spirituall liuings they held within the realme There was yet no newes of him notwithstanding the reward promised and the great care the Castilians vsed through the realme to finde him yet were they daily lesse certaine for that disguised in a base habite hee went vnknowne oftentimes amongst those that sought for him He had intelligence that the Counte of Vimioso was come by land into Fraunce labouring to mooue the French to warre against the Catholique King promising great succours by the people in the matters of Portugal By reason whereof and for the Priors concealement the King kept in a manner his whole armie dispersed in the fortresses and cities of the realme and although hee had dismissed the Italians and sent the greatest part of his galleies into Italy yet they gaue out that he after repented the realme seeming daily lesse peaceable and that the French in those parts might arme a good number of ships of warre and more conueniently in that sea then the galleies whereof fowre being in Algarues had taken a French pirate with great slaughter who being a knight of Malta had fought valiantly By reason of these garrisons of the rigor of officers of the smal recompence that was giuen them and of the conceite that the Prior was yet within the realme the Portugals harts beganne to turne some of them assembled at times lamented the miserie wherein they seemed to be by their not agreeing to defend themselues or not yeelding in time yet the greatest part held opinion that vnited togither they might haue made resistance They could not endure that the Castillian officers shoulde intermeddle in matters of iustice as they pretēded to do neither was the Portugals disdaine appeased in saying that the King hauing commaunded Iohn Andrew Doria Prince of Melfy to conduct the Empresse his sister into Spaine whom he had caused to come out of Germany was for no other cause but to leaue her Gouernesse in Portugall and so returne into Castill and that as a woman she shoulde raigne with greater mildenes then the kings of Portugall had done for although this was the common discourse yet many helde opinion that the king should not depart being constrained to keepe garrisons the which he would not dismisse vntill he were better assured of the Prior of whom they spake diuersly for some helde that he was dead and spoiled by the Castilians who for that they woulde yeelde no account of the iewels he had about him kept it secret Others saide that he had sent into Fraunce and England from whence hee expected great armies at whose arriuall he would discouer himselfe Many supposed that he shoulde keepe himselfe secret within the realme vntill the death of Philip who according to their discourse coulde not liue long and yet was there small difference betwixt their ages at what time shewing himselfe as hee did vpon the death of king Henry hee shoulde againe take possession of the realme the kingdomes of Castill remaining in the handes of pupilles And although some beleeued that he was departed the realme yet the greatest part helde that he was there yet labouring to escape as couertly as he coulde fearing to be taken prisoner the which was true indeede as it appeared by some of his friends that were taken in the porte of Lisbone who sought to imbarke with some prouision of victuals they had made who confessed vpon the racke that he was in the realme amongst which was Peter d'Alpoe Doctor of the lawes who since for that cause and others of high treason lost his head at Lisbone The Estates were now ended and the king desirous to goe to Lisbone but for that the preparations and triumphs which the citie pretended were not yet ready he went to Almada which is directly against the citie vpon the other banke of Tagus to giue them time to finish their preparations At what time the King hauing intelligence that those of the Ilands of Terceraes notwithstanding the letters which Ambrose d'Aguiar had carried stoode firme in their first resolution of defence hee sent Peter Baldes with fower ships sixe hundreth Spanish foote and some cannon with commandement to assure himselfe fully of the Iland of Saint Michaell which was obediēt to spoile the ships which should come from the Indies not to attēpt any thing by land vntill he had sent a greater supply of men The Court was ill appointed at Almada and the needfull ministers for dispatches could not all bee lodged there The King desirous to enter the citie would not attende after Saint Peters day when passing the water with his galleies he lāded in the city vpon a bridge of wood framed for that purpose without giuing them time to finish their arches statues prepared for his entry But the sloth and ignorance of the workemen was in parte cause yet did they make a sumptuous preparation Vpon the bridge he was met by the Magistrate of the chamber where Doctor Hector de Pyna one of them spake thus in the behalfe of the citie shewing the ioy they had conceiued of his entrie That as this citie was the greatest in the worlde so God had deseruedly giuen them conformeable to their owne desires a great monarch to bee their Lorde Hee excused the people saying That if they had no sooner obeied it was done rather by errour then their owne free will and that remaining in their owne power to choose a king they woulde haue made election of no other then himselfe And touching the death of Ferrant de Pyna hee saide that this citie had first of all shedde bloude for his seruice seeing that the saide Ferrant when as Anthony caused him to bee wounded was a member of this Magistrate He excused likewise the sleightnes of their ioyes by the afflictions of the warre the spoile of the citie and the plague remembring their losses of Affricke concluding that they hoped by his Maiesties fauours this realme shoulde not bee saide vnited vnto Castill but that all the other realmes were ioyned vnto Portugall Hee then went on horsebacke vnder a canopie of
cloth of golde vnto the Cathedrall church the streetes being richly hanged were full of people who made shewe of great ioy for the Kings arriuall where hauing done his deuotion hee went in the same sortvnto the pallace accompanied with all the nobilitie on foote This realme within the space of two yeeres had as a man may say fiue kings a thing seldome or neuer happened in any other place and it seemed that God in so short a time had thus altered the state of things for the peoples punishment for all of them wasted their poore subiects Sebastian by his rashnes Henry by his irresolution the gouernours by feare and their priuate interest Anthonie by tyrannie and Philip by armes But when all was in a manner quiet he entred this citie the proper seate of their kings It was supposed the sorrowes and troubles passed shoulde now be conuerted into ioy and quietnes but for that it is an equall punishment to a people either to haue tyrants ruling by force or to make a bad election of gouernours The Portugals were scourged with this last rod desiring rather to be commanded by Anthonie being of so small might and with all other disgraces that proceeded from him then by the great power of Philip impatient to see him so slacke in deuiding amongst them the dignities commaunderies and reuenues of the crowne whereby they grew out of hope euer to draw such recompences from the Court of Castill as they had vsually drawen from that of Portugal And although he had giuen vnto Frauncis de Sada sometimes gouernour the title of Earle of Matosignos to Ferrant de Norogna that of Lignares which his father enioyed made as it is said Christopher de Mora one of his chamber and established Peter d'Alcasoua in his office of Chamberlaine contrarie to the decree of king Henry wherein although the king of himselfe were well inclined and resolued to dispatch euery one with greater liberalitie then the kings of Portugall had euer done yet this distribution according to the new decree appertaining to the Councell of state of Portugall wherein as it is said their opinions being diuerse and the respects of hatred and loue diuers nothing was resolued and the abundance of petitions caused these delaies for that euerie one either iustly or without cause demaunded recompence so as the whole realme did not seeme sufficient to content them the which being ill considered by many they said he would stay from giuing vntill he were assured of the Ilands and of Anthonies person But the king finding that these difficulties and the slacknes in proceeding grew by the excessiue number of Counsellors resolued according to the custome of former kings to referre the dispatch of such as demaunded recompence vnto two persons alone the which were Anthony Pignero Bishop of Leiria and to Christopher de Mora It may be seeming vnto him that these two amongst the other officers were most free from all priuate respects the Bishop for that he was neere his graue by reason of his age and infirmitie although of a sounde iudgement and without kinsemen and Mora being a creature of the kings bredde in Castill and helde for vertuous and fearing God The estate of the Terceraes grew daily woorse with whom all trafficke was interdict there was newes that this people being verie obstinate called in forraine succours resoluing in no sort to obey Philip They vnderstood that Peter Baldes was arriued and that the Kings letters with the rewarde he had carried for that nation were not receiued but contemned By reason whereof the King desirous to subdue them before the ende of this sommer and iudging the enterprise easie for that they had no trained soldiers armed certaine ships and furnished them with soldiers vnder the conduct of Lopo de Figueroa who staied not long before he departed with commission to attempt with Baldes to become master of the Ilands Baldes lay nowe about the Ilands expecting the Indian fleete his marriners had often both by day and night landed with their boates to steale grapes which were then ripe drawing sometimes neere the rockes vpon the which the Portugals had planted behinde a small rampire three or fower iron peeces they parlied often with them the one not fearing the other Peter de Baldes finding the Portugals carelesnes and being aduertised that some within the Ilands amongst a great multitude were well affected to the Catholique king had often resolued to sende some men on lande to the end that such as followed the kings partie who were saide to lie in the mountaines might ioine with them and altogither set vpon the citie of Angra or at the least so fortifie themselues at land as they shoulde not be repulsed But for as much as this resolution with so small a troupe was dangerous and against the Kings commission the which knowing well he did not execute yet hauing intelligence that Lopo de Figueroa was to be sent from Lisbone to vndertake this enterprise with a great number of men who being arriued hee shoulde be commaunded to obey he did confidently beleeue that at his comming either by loue or by force he woulde be master of this Iland and winne that honour whereunto he aspired So as such force hath the desire of honour hauing ill measured his forces against the Kings commaundement he made haste rashly to trie whether the resolution which hee had formerly conceiued woulde succeed well whereunto he was likewise perswaded by some of the Iland who as vnskilfull had their wils more ready then their power So as earely on Saint Iames his day in the morning hauing shipped in a manner all his soldiers in their boates hee sent them to lande whereas the marriners had beene accustomed to go betwixt Angra and Praia the which they call the house of Salga where hauing founde small or no resistance they landed easily and the Portugals who had the guarde of this artillerie fearefully fledde away The Castillians being now become masters thereof began to builde a small rampier of stone to the ende they might holde a more firme footing on lande and retire such as followed the Catholique kings partie but they had no time for the inhabitants of Angra hearing the Castillians were landed had giuen the allarum by bels and other great noise so as many of their stoutest issued foorth to skirmish and although they did no matter of importance many returning terrified or hurte yet did they keepe the enimie from fortifying who remaining in that place from the morning vntill afternoone there went not any one Portugall vnto them for although there were some disposed thereunto yet durst they not distrusting both the one and the other being chiefly terrified by the example of Iohn de Betancour one of the principals of that place who hauing conspired with aboue a hundreth citizens vpon a certaine day to runne armed through the citie and proclaine King Philip he supposed with his authoritie and the
followers he expected to mooue the people against Ciprian de Fegueredo and make himselfe Lorde of the Iland in the Kings name But hauing not duely examined the iudgement valour and constancie of such as he had chosen for his companions things necessarily required in them that are to execute matters of such importance being deceiued he did not effect this enterprise for although he had many friends and copartners with him being at the howre appointed come vnto the place calling the rest and proclaiming the kings name he was not followed of any man but was inuironed by the people and beaten outraged in danger to be hanged and therefore no man durst stirre In this space the number of Portugals which the Gouernour had assembled to goe against the enimie was little lesse then two thousand who treating in what manner they shoulde issue foorth they left not to consider that although the Castillians were fewer in number yet were they more experienced and better armed A religious man of the order of Saint Augustine for here as well as in other parts of the realme religious men deale in matters of warre aduised that before their men they shoulde driue a number of oxen and chase them with all force against the Castillians the which being put in practise was the safetie of the Portugals and the defeating of their enimies for that raising a great dust they were not discouered by the Castillians they defended them from their shotte and disordred the enimie for the Castillians hauing by their long skirmish with some of the citie spent their shotte and powder being now charged by so many they thought to retire themselues to their boates and so to imbark which they resolued too late For that the Portugals approching neere couered in safetie hauing the oxen as a rampire they draue them against the enimie with such violence that they were forced to disbande and to quite them the place at what time being charged by the Portugals with fewe shot and many launces they fought a while with disaduantage For the Portugals being many in number the Castillians coulde make no great resistance besides that being minded to saue themselues by their boates they retired towards the sea the which being then rougher then when they landed their boates coulde not come neere the shoare and the marriners which were in them were likewise fearefull to approch for that the Portugals shotte at them from lande so as the soldiers to saue themselues waded vp to the necke in water and yet hardly could get to their boates suffring the punishment of their rashnes for the enimy seeing them now flie without resistance fell to killing without pardoning of any and not onely followed them vnto the water but made an ende of such as being already entred the sea had cast vp againe to shoare halfe dead not hearing any that cried for mercy But the Portugals being nowe growen inexorable not onely slew the soldiers but pages and vallets so as there died aboue fower hundreth and not thirtie Portugals whereof some of them were but hurt in this action hatred preuailed more then any other respect for hauing reserued onely two aliue which termed themselues Portugals the extraordinarie rage of these men shewed it selfe who grieued with those few that were saued turned with crueltie to mangle the dead bodies for cutting them in peeces one caried a head in triumph one one member an other an other dragging whole bodies through the streetes with a thousand indignities The day following there remained not within the citie childe man nor religious person except the Iesuits that went not to the campe to see the slaughter of the enimies with instruments and dauncing taking pleasure to cut and mangle these insensible bodies and some affirme that there were of them who tearing out the harts of the dead woulde feede vpon them The Gouernour hauing put the armes of the dead men into wagons and drawing their colours after him entred the citie with great ioy of the people Baldes hauing hitherto beene a better marriner then he seemed now a soldier founde by this vnhappie euent with how much more iudgement he shoulde haue vndertaken this action but as one mischiefe is followed by many griefe did so blinde his vnderstanding as hee coulde not succour his soldiers as easilie he might and giue them meanes to retire to their ships if drawing neerer to lande hee had discharged his artillerie against the Portugals who were the first that gaue the name of bloudie vnto this warre This important effect did greatly preiudice the Catholique kings affaires for this nation being growen more cruell and more rebellious founde there was no hope of agreement nor remission whereby the King who liued in some hope they woulde be reclaimed grewe no we wholie desperate by this vnhappie successe and the rather for that searching the Prior throughout the realme they had intelligence by letters from Flaunders that hee was arriued in England from whence hee shoulde go into Fraunce to demaund succours vnderstanding also that there was hope hee shoulde obtaine them By reason whereof they did fortifie the seacoast of Portugall and especially the rocke of Saint Iulian And although this storme seemed yet farre off yet they regarded it the more for that the king was vnfurnished of men and the people generally of the realme little inclined to his deuotion so as it seemed if the Prior woulde againe hazard his fortune that at the onely sight of his colours the people woulde take armes There was no restraint could hold them seeing the Italians had beene discharged the Germaines and Spaniards whereof many being dead and many growing rich fledde away there remained in all not aboue fower or fiue thousand whereof one thousand was alreadie imploied with Lopo de Figueroa who was sent vnto the Ilands for although there were fifteene hundreth appointed yet the Germaines went vnwillinglie and for as much as the ships after their departure which was in Iuly returned more then once backe by reason of the contrarie windes many of them stole away not returning to the armie the which greatly diminished their number the rest were deuided into garrisons in the Prouince of Doro and Mynio and other places so as there remained scant a thousand men within Lisbone which seemed a small guard for so great a citie This departure of Anthony was in truth strange and it seemed both in this other like things that hee was either happie or had an extraordinarie gift of nature For remaining captiue in Affricke after that vnfortunate battaile of Sebastian he was the first of so many prisoners that was freed being likely for the qualitie of his person to haue beene the last but he coulde so well hide himselfe and conceale what he was that he was deliuered without discouerie And euen when as he departed from Viana in October 1580. vntill Iune 1581. he remained still within the realme so secretly as he was neuer discouered
was ended He procured that the assemblie of Deputies for this effect shoulde not be called estates to the ende hee might take away all occasion of demaunding new things or to redemaund those which had beene required in the former estates and not graunted and therefore hee had contrarie to the custome sent into all places briefes of the procurations the Deputies should bring with them so drawne as they should not extend further then the swearing of the Prince and although it were so executed yet the estates did not forbeare especially he that was for the Deputies of the realme to reuiue the demaunds made at the estates helde at Tomar with some others and especially that it woulde please his Maiestie to shewe magnanimitie and clemencie in giuing a generall pardon to all such as were culpable of Anthonies offence saying it shoulde greatly profite and do little harme But whatsoeuer the cause was he neither satisfied them in this point nor in any other of importance He dispatched some Portugals which sought reward for although hee had giuen vnto many yet were they not content But notwithstanding all this care and diligence whether it were his faulte or his ministers or else the disposition of the suters or of all togither there remained many of them discontented part of them for that they were not recompenced and others for that they did not seeme to be recompenced according to their merits The Duke of Bragance at the assembly of the estates hoped to haue receiued recompence from the King which he supposed to haue deserued for although hee were rewarded yet was it not according to his expectation for aspiring to greater offices greater authoritie then he had it seemed the Kings wil was therein directly contrarie so as for that the recompences were small in regard of the greatnes of his hope they were not published but hee was suffered to replie that they might be after specified The Marques of Villa Real receiued likewise no contentment to his liking so as both remained ill satisfied and the Duke leauing the Court being long before sicke died soone after although the Portugals say that the griefe he conceiued of the weake recompence hee receiued from Philip hastened his daies The King at the time of his departure reformed the state of iustice publishing many newe lawes suffering the Portugals to attire themselues more freely with silke then other kings had done He made Cardinall Albert Archduke of Austria gouernour of the realme in his absence leauing him notwithstanding accompanied with three counsellors that is George d'Almada Archbishop of Lisbone Peter d'Ascasoua and Michael de Mora who was Secretorie of the realme newly created Notarie which they call of the puritie so great a charge as yet had neuer beene giuen but to the chiefest personages of the realme whereunto since the time of King Iohn the third that Michael de Silua Bishop of Viseu who was after Cardinall went to Rome in disgrace there was neuer any aduanced The King gaue procuration to the said Cardinall causing him to take an oath in the presence of the councell of State and of the magistrate of the Chamber of Lisbone to gouerne with iustice and to resigne him the realme at his returne The Empresse his sister who was to goe into Castill visiting first the Nunnes of the monasterie of Santos who may lawfully marrie she tooke foorth and carried with her Iulian d' Allan castro of the age of thirteene yeeres who by the decease of Maudlyn Girone her mother remained Dutchesse of Auero The Portugals were much grieued with this acte for although she said the King woulde prouide she should not marrie but with his liking yet notwithstanding she seemed to be rauished and manie feared that he woulde not marrie her in Castill When these things were ended the king departed the eleuenth of Februarie in the yeere 1583. the which greatly displeased the quiet and did glad the seditious for those feared least there shoulde grow some controuersie betwixt the people and the garrisons that the soldiers ill paied woulde mutine and that the Cardinals authoritie was not of such force as the kings presence to redresse it and contrariwise the rest hoped that the kings absence the small affection the people bare vnto them the oppression of the garrison and the great dearth woulde in the spring considering principally the army which was prepared in Fraunce minister matter of alteration although it now seemed that things succeeded in fauour of the kings intention hauing intelligence that in Flaunders the Duke of Alonçon seeking to assure himselfe of the citie of Anwerp wherein he was as Lord and Protector hauing his armie lodged thereabouts it had not succeeded for forcing of a gate and hauing drawne in three thousand French they were by the great valour of the Citizens repulsed and the one halfe slaine so as it seemed the Flemmings would no more trust the Duke but compound with the King Such Portugals as had receiued no answere to their demaunds doubted of all dispatch in the Kings absence but this feare was qualified by the opinion which they had conceiued that the Cardinall remaining gouernour they should be no lesse fauored by him then they had beene by the King himselfe albeit this hope soone vanished after the Kings departure for the Cardinall did not onely forbeare to vse the authoritie which hee seemed to haue left him but hee refused to signe the commaundements or other writings which concerned the affaires of the realme And although some beleeued that he had forborne to do it for that the king was yet vpon the way and not out of the realme vpon a respect of soueraigntie yet they were deceiued for the King being out of the realme he did not signe the which bred a great disdaine in the Portugals who pretended to holde the realme distinguished from that of Castill it seemed that this manner of gouernment which the king vsed from Madrill was a more strict vnion then they desired besides the troubles of their expeditions for the distance of the court And this disdaine was much augmented for that the king had placed in the councell of the reuenewes of the crowne which they terme d'Hazenda two counsellors Castillians of nation a doctor a merchant saying that it was vnseemely against their priuileges THE TENTH BOOKE The Contents of the tenth Booke In this last Booke is contained the death of Sanches d'Auila The sacke of the Ilands of Cape Vert The carriage of Emanuel de Silua Gouernour of the Terceres The preparatiō of king Philip to force the said Ilands The succours sent thither from Fraunce The fortification and the garrison The departure of the armie from Lisbone The description of the Iland of Terceres The arriuall there of the Spanish armie The assault skirmishes and taking of the Iland The yeelding of the French The taking of the Iland of Fayale and the obedience of all the rest How that Emanuel de Silua
although it were not verie great in number yet we may say the Catholique king had neuer so many trained Spaniards as in this For besides that the greatest part had beene in Italy such as had beene in the battaile at sea of the league against the Turke were there and likewise those that remained at the warres of Flaunders As the fleete went out of the riuer a shippe striking against a shelfe was made vnfitte to saile and an other hauing not sailed farre lost her helme but hauing transported their soldiers into other ships they went to harbour This fleete sailing altogither the swiftest shippe of saile was faine to staie her course for the slowest and the galleies being of all other swiftest were constrained to linger for the shippes but for as much as this was the first time that euer these kinde of vessels with oares had beene within the Ocean so farre from land the Marques wished that they should not lose the occasiō of faire weather which they had to passe the gulph fearing that euery small storme might endomage them he therefore desired rather to dismember them from the armie then to retaine them with peril For this cause the xxvj day vnderstanding the Patrons desire to goe before he suffered them to depart alone towards the Iland of S. Michael with order to attende him there so as sailing more at ease with scant windes the thirde of Iuly they discouered land And for that the winde woulde not suffer the armie to approch the Marques sent a Zabre vnto Punta Delgada commanding Augustine Iniquez coronel of two thousand Spaniards which had remained there the yere before for the guard of the Iland to shippe all his men within the galleies which had arriued there before in safetie he shoulde likewise take with him certaine peeces of batterie and moiles to vse at lande if neede were with other prouisions and therefore setting vp all his sailes the winde growing somewhat better he drew neere with his ships to Villa Franca and from thence went in a galley to Punta Delgada where likewise a part of the armie had cast anchor hee set all things in order but the windes growing contrary he coulde not depart before the xxij day when as setting saile hee came the xxiiij to the Terceres This Iland is scituated as is said in the fortith degree of latitude and three hundreth forty two of longitude it hath fortie miles in circuite extending it selfe in length from the east vnto the west so as it is not much aboue twelue miles broad although it be rough for the most part and stony yet is it in a maner all inhabited towards the south for the commoditie of the shoares it is more populous then the rest for comming from the west you first discouer the citie of Angra a place in a small bosome of the sea but not greatly secure from the windes where of it takes the name for Angra in their language is a bosome Ioyning to this citie there is a castell begun in the time of King Sebastian and made defensible for the garde of this porte Sixe miles towards the east neere vnto a dangerous shoare which they call the port of Mole is Saint Sebastian a place smally inhabited and three miles farther is that of Piaggia so called being the best landing place of all others This place is neere vnto Punta de la Serra which is the last promontorie towards the East behinde the which turning to the North is another place which they call Agua Alua sixe miles from that of Piaggia This coast towards the North although it be as we haue saide inhabited yet doth it not containe any places of woorth being replenished onely with peasants houses neere to the point of the West there is a small assembly of inhabitants which they call the Altari The Marques being arriued at this Iland he discouered within that small bosome of sea of the citie of Angra those ships which had brought the succours and some others assembled for spoile with some merchants He cast anchor at Saint Sebastian beginning visiblie to finde that the Iland was no lesse fortified then had beene described vnto them The fleete lay onely a cannon shot from land so as there was many a shotte spent at them in vaine from the forts not suffering his men to discharge one volley it may be for that it seemed vnto him a vaine diligence or rather as he saide the better to iustifie his Kings cause Hee commaunded fower galleies to lie before the towne to serue as a bridle for those ships and to keepe them from comming foorth the which was helde too much ouerweening some holding opinion that he should in dissembling giue them meanes to depart rather then to force them to dispaire Hee sodainly sent a trumpet to lande offering to all such as were in the Iland a generall pardon in his Maiesties behalfe if they woulde yeeld but approching to land he was vnkindly kept backe by their artillerie The pardon concerned the succession of the King to the crowne the disobedience of the Iland and the clemencie of his Maiestie he offred vnto all such as were naturall borne their liues and goods if they woulde yeelde obedience and to strangers ships to transport them into their countries with their goods armes and ensignes But being not able to publish it by this meanes he sent two Portugals secretly to land who deliuered a copie thereof to Emanuel de Silua but making no account thereof hee concealed it least others should see it supposing it may be that it was nowe too late to vse it and therefore hee not onely refused to accept of this pardon but also threatned to hange them that brought it if they discouered the cause of their comming least the Ilanders should likewise embrace it The armie spent all the xxiiij day and the next following in discouering the circuit of the Iland with the places and fortifications in consulting where to land most fitly and what course to hold The Marques himselfe the marshals of the fielde with other of the chiefe commaunders in a small barke ran alongst the shoare they found they had fortified more carefully then elsewhere in the citie of Angra and Piaggia as places most fit for landing and it seemed that the French did watch there with greater care then in other parts Some Portugals of this Iland who going to discouer had beene taken prisoners by them of Saint Michaell and now brought vnto the armie saide there was no fitter place to land then at the port of Mole neere Saint Sebastian but whether they spake it to deceiue the Castillians the place being more rough then it seemed or that they deliuered their opinion faithfully the Marques had still his eie vpon that part for finding it rather lesse fortified then the rest although the shoare were not so commodious there as in other places enclining rather to fight against the difficulties of Nature then Rampiers
not allowe of this stratageme holding it for a refreshing to the enimie without any profite for it was not likely that that which had casually chaunced against sixe hundreth men woulde succeed in the like sort against twelue thousand whereupon they sent them backe As the Marques had viewed this troupe of beasts hauing reinforced the point of his armie with Germaine pikes commaunding them that if they came they shoulde quietly suffer them to come on so passed this day the French not ceasing to disquiet the enimie with certaine peeces of artillerie they had planted vpon those hils Then did Emanuel de Silua resolue to flie the which hee coulde not easily effect for that euerie man kept a watch ouer him and therefore hee caused a false brute to be spredde abroad that he had threescore saile of French ships at sea which came to their succour and seeming that he would sende to meete with them he caused the prepared barke to goe out of the port that it might attend him at Altary but when they came at the mouth the artillerie from the fortes woulde not suffer them to passe either ignorant of their intention or for that the authoritie of Silua began now to decline so as returning backe the flight of Emanuel was preuented During this time the Spaniards were distressed for water beeing forced vntill then to furnish themselues from their armie whereof the French had great store and therefore the Marques consulted that night to amend if it were possible the next morning the seate of their lodging the which was helde somewhat difficult but for as much as both good fortune and badde hath no limits he found lesse difficultie then he expected for the same night the greatest part of the Portugals vnder Emanuel de Silua terrified with the skirmi sh of the day the number of the enimies seeming too great hauing abandoned the French retired themselues confusedly to the mountaine although woorthie of admiration for being the very same obstinate rebels which esteemed themselues so great warriors as they would neuer heare motion of accord peace nor pardon it seemed strange that now when as laying a side words they needed effects they departed so shamefully and changed their mindes so sodainely for in their flight they saide that this Ilande appertained to the Catholique king and that it was reason to yeeld it vnto him But wee ought not to value the constancie of the peoples harts nor their valour The Generall of the French seeing the Portugals departure and that Emanuel de Silua who had so highly commended their valour stoode in a traunce he resolued to saue himselfe with his men the day drawing neere he beganne likewise to retire to the mountaine of our Lady of Guadalupa with hope that Silua had giuen him that there in a certaine place of strength he should be able so long to defend himselfe that the kings armie winter drawing on shoulde be forced to retire and that afterwards if they coulde not recouer what they had lost they shoulde haue an easie meanes to returne into Fraunce but for that the quitting of their lodging was not verie safe fearing least the Marques standing vpon his guarde shoulde charge them he caused as many of his soldiers as he could spare to march before leauing some behinde to maintaine skirmish with the Spaniards and to entertaine them a little if they approched But the Marques hauing soone discouered the enimies departure aduanced with his whole armie putting those few that remained to flight he recouered the water and Saint Sebastian with some peeces of artillery where the soldiers hauing refreshed themselues and all the French departed he tooke his way towards the citie of Angra distant about tenne miles finding no let in his march for that the enimie fearefully had taken a contrarie course This citie being nothing fortified to the lande lay open and therefore was abandoned not onely of the soldiers but also of the inhabitants themselues who fledde as well out of the castell as the towne The armie arriued there after great labour for the season being verie hot the countrie drie not finding vpon their march one droppe of water the soldiers endured much and some of them especially of the Germaines died for thirst Being arriued the spoile of the citie continued three daies although the houses were for the most part emptie so as the greatest number of men that were founde there were prisoners whom they set at libertie By meanes of their entrie into the citie all the other fortes were taken for being onely made against the landing they were towards the lande open and indefensible As the armie marched against the towne so did the galleies in like sort against those ships that lay in the harbour drawing neere vnto them they woulde haue forced them to obey with their artillerie but they shot in vaine for being abandoned by such as were left in them there was not any man left to make answere which the galleies discouering they boorded and spoiled them The bootie both at land and sea was not verie great for besides the artillerie they found not any thing of great importance The slaues which were in number aboue fifteene hundred was the greatest recompence they got The citie being spoiled and other places thereabouts the Marques desired that the inhabitants should returne to their houses for although the souldiers which were retired into some place of the mountaines had carried with them some prisoners both men and women the which after they deliuered freely yet the greatest part returned not and therefore he caused a generall proclamation to bee made that euerie man some excepted should freely returne vnto his house but the Portugals beeing distrustfull they were few that came at that time although after by little and little they grew more confident Things being reduced into this estate although the French remained still in the mountaine the Marques thought it fit to send vnto other Ilands to force them to obedience especially to Fayale where there remained a garrison For this consideration hauing imbarqued in his galleies and some other small vessels 2500. foote drawen out of all nations hee sent them to the said Iland vnder the conduct of Peter de Toledo Whilest these went vnto that other enterprise the French remaining in the Iland of Tercerae although they had somewhat fortified themselues in the mountaine being ill prouided of victuals and munition woorse succoured by the Portugals resolued with the most honourable conditions they could to make their composition with the Marques Mounsieuer de Chattes remembred that he had knowen beeing in Malta Peter de Padiglia a gentleman that came with the Marques an expert Marshall of the Spanish campe to whom remembring their familiaritie he did write his minde demanding free passage not only for himselfe and his troupes baggage Armes artillerie and ensignes but also would haue passage graunted for all Portugals that would imbarke
with him This letter in some sort pleased the Marques being in hope to come to agreement to remaine an absolute cōquerour without effusion of more bloud before the sea shoulde grow more rough But this demaund seemed vnto him vnreasonable refusing to heare talke of any Portugals to be transported into Fraūce Amongst the principal of the armie there were diuers opinions what should be done Some would presently haue marched against the French men to winne time charge them without any further accord or condition what soeuer Others discoursed with greater iudgemēt saying that it was conuenient to make an agreement with the French both for the shortnes of the time they coulde staie there as for the difficultie they shoulde finde to goe vnto them for they made an account to spende fiue daies in that enterprise two in their march one at the least in conquering and two in retiring and that they had no commoditie in the armie to carrie victuals by land for aboue two daies wanting waggons bottles and such other necessaries But these difficulties were surmou nted by the courage of the soldiers who growen proud could not endure that so small a handful of French being so neere shoulde make shewe to defende themselues against so great a number of old soldiers and conquerors whereupon they did offer to endure all discommodities to go vnto them And although he were not resolued to do so yet this Brauado caused the enimies to haue straighter conditions then otherwise possibly they had had the which after long treatie was thus concluded That the French shoulde deliuer vp their armes and ensignes retaining onely their swordes that they shoulde bee lodged in a quarter of the towne that they shoulde giue them shippes and victuals to returne into Fraunce The accorde was no sooner made but it was put in execution for the thirde of August the French came from the mountaine and without the citie deliuered vp their armes with eighteene ensignes their drums and phifes as it had beene agreed and entred disarmed into the citie passing thorough the Marquesses troupes which were armed and in guard where the commaunder Chattes with the Lorde of Carrauaca marshall of the field and other principall officers did visite the Marques by whom they were kindly enterteined In this time the galleies and other vessels were arriued at Faiall with the men that Peter de Toledo carried and passing with them Gonçalo Perera a Portugall who had wife and children in this Iland the saide Peter thought it good to send him before as a trumpet to entreat the people to yeeld supposing that being of that conntrey he shoulde haue credite amongst them to let them vnderstand the Kings forces and the dangers that approched to the ende they might the more easilie yeelde obedience But Anthony Guedez de Sosa who was captaine of this Iland neither respecting the messenger nor the reasons which he deliuered nor yet regarding the example of his stronger neighbors hauing outraged him both in worde and deed in the ende he slewe him as if in giuing him this notice he had touched him in his honour Peter de Toledo seeing the messenger not returne surmising what had hapned resolued to disimbarke his men and finding the Iland not so rockie and lesse fortified then the Terceres the second of August he landed his men almost without resistance and marching against the towne he was encountred by fower hundreth French and many Portugals where the skirmish began the which encreasing the French and Portugals were faine to retire into a small castel whereinto they had drawen the greatest parte of their artillerie and munition where after they yeelded in the same manner as those at the Terceres had done and Sosa suffered the punishment of his inhumanitie being hanged by one arme after his hands were cut off It is strange to see the confidence of these men the which nothing terrified by examples did induce them to cruell excesse and yet did not force them to fight it out vnto death but the Portugals vnexperienced do not account of dangers they see not and when they see them they feare them more then they are to bee feared There was no more to be done in this iland so as hauing spoiled it leauing Anthony of Portugall for Gouernour with two hundreth soldiers Peter de Toledo returned with his galleies and other ships to the Terceres where the rest of the Ilands of Saint George Pico and Gratiosa came to yeeld their obedience The Marques hauing agreed with the French caused a diligent search to be made for Emanuel de Silua who intituled himselfe counte of Torres Vedras Gouernour and Generall of the Ilands but being retired to Altary and finding that such as had the charge of certaine boates in whom fortune had more force then loialtie had broken them against the rockes hee founde all hope vaine for his safetie hauing no meanes to free himselfe by the French composition being attired in a base habite hee hidde himselfe in the mountaines But it seemed the heauens had decreed he should suffer punishment for his offences by the hands of his enimies for that a moorish slaue who hoped by that meanes to saue himselfe discouered him to a Prouost marshall who seeing him before his eies knewe not what he was so as hauing taken and brought him to the citie he was kept with some other of the principall rebels and seditious vntill the processe of their death were made by the auditour in the name of the King and the Marques as generall of the armie specifying all their faults that were executed vpon the prisoners The Germaines first put themselues in battaile in the chiefest part of Angra keeping the entrie of euery streete and there causing a fire to be made they did burne all the money they founde to be stamped with the coine of Anthony the which although it was not little in quantitie yet was it nothing woorth being for the most part of base mettall with small mixture of siluer After they cutte off Emanuel de Silua his head with a sworde after the Germaine fashion to the generall griefe of all the assistants For being of a louely countenance and hauing in this last houre with great resolution confessed himselfe culpable and to haue deserued this punishment hee demaunded pardon of one after another of all such as present or absent he thought to haue wronged saying that he alone had bin the cause of the miserie of this Iland that he alone ought to suffer the punishment the which ioined to the contrition he shewed did mooue the harts euen of his enimies And in truth we may well saie that he framed himselfe to the speech of Dionysius the tyrant that to leaue a tyrannie they must not ride poast but staie vntill they be forced for in truth he attended vntill hee lost his head His head was set vp publikely in that place from the which that of Melchior Alphonso