the Netherlands and then the Trade of Flanders as at this day it is observed and found in obedience to the Archduke First then these Netherlanders or Dutchmen are of late years become notable Mariners and have undertaken and fortunately atchieved many dangerous and long Navigations every particular City having both many and great Ships belonging thereunto And in some places where Houses are dear and scarce I have seen whole Families live in Lighters and such Vessels wherein they eat drink and sleep and have their continual Habitation their Children like Water-Rats seen continually dabling in the Water of which Element for the most part their Country is subsistent They are accounted better for Northern Designs and Voyages by reason of their Country's cold situation than for Southern yet their late Trade to the East and West-Indies and their good Successes there demonstrate they can also accommodate themselves to the hotter Climates Their Trade is generally throughout the World in imitation of their Neighbours the English whose steps for many Years they have followed only in Turkey they have but small Traffick by reason their Countrey wants those Commodities that are fit and proper for that Empire such as Cloths Lead Tin the main Staple of the English Trade thither As for their Judgment in Traffick it is singular by reason their want of many Necessaries both for Back and Belly enforceth them to pry nearer into Commerce than other Nations that 〈◊〉 in a more fruitful and fertile Country and the easie Rates that Money is to be found at interest addeth some help to their Inventions They were few Years past accounted of a heavy and duller temper but the Italians who in foreseeing Wisdom and Providence would be throughout the World accounted for Promethei were by them made Epimethei as wise after the deed too late repenting For when they came first to settle their Trade in Flanders they took young Youths of that Nation to be their Cashters and to copy their Letters whereby they came to learn the Secrets of their Trade and afterwards to the Italians great Prejudice exercised it themselves and not contented therewith as it were thus depriving them of the Trade of Flanders but they follow'd them into Italy and there living as sparingly as they and dispersing themselves into sundry Provinces and principal Towns have given a great blow to their great Traffick in Italy and that which adds much to their Knowledge and Gain is that they covet still to buy all Commodities at the Well-head as Merchants say and where that Commodity hath its first original and where the same is cheapest and then transport them not so much to their own homes as elsewhere where the same is dearest and not shaming to retail any Commodity by small Parts and Parcels which both English Merchants and Italians disdain to do in any Countrey whatsoever by which means they are come now to that height that tho by nature they want all things yet by Industry and Merchandising they not only supply their own Defects but also many of their Neighbours Wants and Necessities as I could instance in sundry particulars Neither must I omit one Custom here used and not found I think elsewhere in the World that whilst the Husband sports idly at home their Women are oft-times seen to be the Merchants and in some Provinces here sail from City to City to compass their Affairs abroad as they for the most part are found to manage it at home for in their Shops they sell all and take account of all and it is no reproach to the Men to be never enquired after in these Businesses of Trade who take Moneys of their Wives for daily Expence and gladly so pass their time over in Idleness Now for as much as Bruges hath been the City where in time past this great Traffick was cohabitant it will not be amiss a little to look back upon it and those Times and see the Glory of it in its Lustre then and the Decay thereof in its Ruine now The ancient Staple of Bruges It is recorded by Jabobus Marchantius That Ludâ—vicus Crossus Anno 1323 granted a Staple to Bruges which his Son Malanus confirmed which Staple was a Privilege of staying all Forein Commodities in the place except the Seller and Bringer chose rather to return whence they caine The original of Burses of places of meeting for Merchants which in England is now termed the Exchange This City hath an eminent Market place with a publick House for the meeting of all Merchants at Noon and Evening which House was called the Burse of the Houses of the â—…tinct Family Bursa bearing three Purses for their Arms ingraven upon their Houses from whence these Meeting places to this day are called Burses in many Countries which in London we know by the name of the royal-Royal-Exchange and of Britains Burse Fifteen Nations in the height of this Trade had each their several Houses or Colleges here namely the Merchants of England Scotland France Castilia Portugal Arragon Navar Catalonia Biscaia the Hans Towns of Germany as Lubeck Hamburg Rostock Dantzick Riga Revel and divers other Cities Then the Merchants of Venetia Florence Genoua Lucca Millan and others Now then these Nations having by this means each here a Residence supplied this City of Bruges with the particular Commodities of their Countries as first the Italians they brought Camlets Grograms Thread of Silk Silver and Gold and Cloths made thereof also Jewels Wines of Candia Allom Brimstone Oyls Spices and Drugs of all sorts which they had by their Trade of Egypt India Arabia and Grecia 2. The French brought Salt Wines White and Red Paper Linens and some Oyls The English Wool Lead Tin Beer and some Woollen Cloths for Veils for Women used in those days 4. The Scots brought Skins of Sheep and Conies and such like 5. The Spaniards and Portuguese brought Grain for Scarlet Die Gold Silver Raw Silk some Drugs and Spices 6. The Germans Danes and Pollacks brought Honey Wax Corn Saâ—…petre Wools Glass Furs Quick-silver Rhemsh Wines Timber for building and the like And 7. Flanders yielded to these Horse Cattel Butter Cheese Herrings and other Sea fish VVoolles and Linen Cloths Tapestry of great Beauty and Variety excellent Pictures and other Manufactures And by this great Concourse of Nations Flanders gave the name to all the Netherlands To increase yet this Trade Bruges Anno. 1414. got a Privilege That they who were Free of that City by Gift Buying Birth or Marriage should be free from all Confiscation of their Goods which exceedeth the Privileges of any other City in the Netherlands for those of 〈◊〉 having the like yet lose it upon any Force offer'd to the Prince This Trade thus continued till the year 1485. when it began to decay partly by the Narrowness and Unsafety of the Port of Sluce and the River leading from thence to Bruges and partly by the Fame of the large and commodious River Sceldis
current Advices of those places To conclude then by what hath been said may be clearly discerned the present Height and Amplitude of our English Commerce and the Greatness of Englands Navigation the Continuation whereof my Devotions shall ever second and my Prayer shall be That neither our fained Friends nor yet our froward Foes may ever have just Cause to rejoice at the Decrease nor least Diminution thereof Having thus happily ended my Peregrination and drawn out the utmost Bounds and Limits of this my Map of Commerce and concluded there the Manner and Matter of the general and particular Traffick of most of the eminent Cities and Countries of the World I will now cast anchor and finish in this place my Voyage till the next fair Gale offers and presents it self to imbark my Time and Pen in the Survey and Calculation of the Exchanges of Europe as at this day they are seen practised amongst the Merchants of Christendom FINIS EXCHANGES CHAP. CCLXXIV Of Exchanges in general and of the Method and Manner thereof and how calculated in any Place in Christendom Exchanges in general I Have in the Tenth Chapter of this Map of Commerce shewed That to make this Treatise absolute and compleat the Method and Manner how all Exchanges are framed and calculated is perfectly to be known and learned and there also declared the Necessity of this Knowledge with all Circumstances depending thereupon Now by reason that I have in all the afore-mentioned Cities of this Map wherein either Custom Time or Commodiousness of Trade Exchanges of Monies have been setled and where the said Exchanges are daily used and practised omitted the Form Manner and Calculation thereof together with all the particular Circumstances requisite and necessary to the Explanation of this Mystery of Exchanging I have in this place thought good to allot iâ— as worthily meriting a peculiar Discourse at large by it self which here I conceive it most proper to be inserted and because that my Experience in the Exactness required may not be peradventure sufficient to lead me through in every particular Point and needful Circumstance I have therefore judged it no blemish to my Knowledge to be instructed by those excellent and judicious Bankers Geo. Baptista Zucetta a Merchant of Genoua and Claudio Boiero a Merchant of Lions whose Endeavours herein are worthy Commendations and whose laborious Presidents and preceding Labours where I find my self defective in this Task and Labyrinth I willingly follow What are places of Exchanges Places in use and those as are apt for Exchanges are such where Merchants in some fit and competent number do meet and are assembled for the Benefit and Behoof of Trade and Negatintion which at this present day are observed to be many yet withal are noted not to be so firmly setled but that the same admits sometimes an Alteration and Change varying according as the due occasions of Commerce and Traffick in that place requires either by the Decay of Trade there or by the Increase of the Trade of another Place more fit and proper thereunto Some Cities are the Staples of Exchanges Some Places again are observed to be if I may so term it the Staples of Exchanges and yet notwithstanding have their dependence upon the Exchanges of other places and which else are not found to comprehend any other manner of Traffick having only certain Times or Fairs setled and confirmed by the custom of Exchangers in which and to which Bills of Exchange are either dated expired or renewed in which nature and of which sort Placentia is accounted the most notable for all Italy and other places where indeed Exchanges are found to have a certain kind of Being yet acknowledgeth its real Existence from other Places and Cities Besansin in Burgundy Spossa in the River of Genoua Camberay in Piedmont and some others were in former times observed to be of this kind whose Exchanges did totally depend upon the Partidos of Exchanges made in other Countries and these sometimes of such as had the same Concordancy in the Current Coins of the Exchange and sometimes a Discrepancy The Exchanges of some Cities depend upon the Exchanges of some others And for as much as it is observed That some other Cities where no set Exchanges are sound sometimes challenge by the necessity of Traffick and Commerce a Course of Exchanging with these or the like places and yet have none setled therein then and in such cases is it seen that the Metropolis or principal Cities of these Countries prescribes both the Rule Rate and Condition thereto as if Vicentia Verona or Padua would frame an Exchange with Placentia it is observable That the Rate of Venice in which Estate these said Places are sound to be and who have their Moneys of one and the self same Goodness and Value give the Rule Rate and Condition thereto So in Pavia Como and other Towns in England as in the City of London the principal of that Island so have the Cities of France their Rule from Lions all Places of Flanders from Antwerp and so have the like in other Places and Countries The chief Cities of Exchanges Now for as much as Exchanges are not found current in all places Exchangers Bankers and Merchants have setled a common Course of Euchanging in some certain particular and principal places which are observed in these days chiefly to be these For Italy 13. Rome Genand Millan Naples Barry Messina Bollonia Venice Florence Lucca Lechy Palermo Bergamo c. For France 3. Paris Lions Rouen c. For Spain 6. Valencia Barcelona Alcala Saragosa Sevil. Medina del Campo For Portugal Lisbon only For Flanders Antwerp only For England London only For Germany 5. Vienna Neremberg Colonia Augusta Frankfort c. Besides which some others of lesser note are observed to have an Exchange current but by reason that in most of the principal Points they have a dependency upon some of these and a concordance with them they are by most Authors neglected and therefore shall be by me here wholly omitted Many Cities practice Exchanges by one and the same Monies c. In the next place it is considerable That many of these before-mentioned Cities are found to practise their Exchanges in one and the self-same Moneys Coins and Denominations as do Lachy and Barry which are included in Naples as Naples it self Palermo and Messina comprehended in Sicilia Valencia Saragosa and Barcelona in Catalonia Sevil Alcala and Medina del Campo in Castilia Frankfort Noremberg Colonia and Augusta in Germany and some others What Exchange is c. What thing this Exchanging is properly in it self found to be as also what a Bill of Exchange is and the due Ceremonies and strict Rules thereof together with the Commodiousness Necessity and first real Intent of the same I have shewed in the 10 Chapter which briefly here may not unproperly be defined by the Word it self as it is aptly expressed in our English
make a Livre or Pound and 12 Deniers or Pence makes a Soldo or Shilling the same Rule also holds in those places whose greatest Moneys are imaginary and feigned or who keep not this orderly Succession as are the Ducats of Catalonia of Castilia of Rome and of Pertugal also those Crowns who have no proper parts also the Ducatoons in what Country soever and the Florms in Germany all these I say which ought to succeed in 20 and 12 that is in Solds and Den. or Shillings and Pence and each of the other sorts of Moneys shall be accounted according to the property of that Country and as shall be signified in the front of the following Table of that place amongst which there are some which are commonly resolved by the more principal of their own Moneys as the Exchange of Sicily with Catalonia Castilia Portugal Brabant and England and howsoever they make their Exchange either by the Sicilian Florin or by the Ducat notwithstanding the parcel is resolved in Ounces Tarins Grains and Pichols which is throughly declared in the following Tables And lastly forasmuch as the terms and days of Bills of Exchange are found in many Countries to differ in length of time and are limited of divers days and that the Rates â—…sing and falling of Exchanges have a course set by a continual meeting of Exchangers and their Opinions in equality of value I have thought good to insert the same with some other needful Circumstances of this Art of Exchanging at the end of the Tables to which I refer the Learne where also he shall find at large how most of these Exchanges are cast up and reckoned from one place to another and now I will proceed to the Tables themselves as I find them calculated by the said Geo Bapt. Zuletta and others following him CHAP. CCLXXVII Of the Exchanges of Placentia a Place of Fairs or Fiera of Exchanges in Italy The Exchanges of Placentia THis Town is considered as a Fair or Staple of Exchanges and not as a City of Trafficle and therefore there is no esteem made of the current Money of the place but only of that which is made by Exchanging which are Crowns of Mark in which Moneys Bankers and Exchangers do only treat and account in and the same is held by Crowns Sold and Deniers of Mark. And in the Custom of Exchanges here in use it giveth the entire and whole Sum to all other places being either Crowns one or Crowns one Hundred Placentia doth exchange with Lions Crowns 100 for 96¾ Crowns Rome Crowns 100 99½ Ducats Genoua Crown 1 67. 10 Sol. of Gold Millan Crown 1 134. 9 Sol. Venice Crowns 100 130 Ducats Florence Crowns 100 109½ Crowns Lucca Crowns 100 116¾ Ducatoons Naples Crown 1 134 Grains Lechi Crown 1 135½ Grains Bari Crown 1 135 Grains Palermo Crown 1 29 Carlins Mesina Crown 1 29¼ Carlins Antw. Col. Crown 1 128 Grosses London Crown 1 81½ d. sterl Valentia Crown 1 24 Sold. Saragosa Crown 1 24 Sol. 6 Den. Barcelona Crown 1 24 Sol. 4 Den. Siv al. Med. Crown 1 432 Marvedes Lisbon Crown 1 482 Rais Bollonia Crown 1 119 Ducatoons Bergamo Crown 1 118¾ Ducatoons Frankford Crown 1 103½ Quarentins In the 382. Chapter the Reader may find how these Exchanges are cast up and calculated CHAP. CCLXXVIII Of the Exchanges of Lions Paris and Rouen in France The Exchanges of Lions c. IN Lions Paris Rouen and through all France they keep their Accounts in Livres Sols Deniers and Turnois and they here do exchange in Crowns of the Sun and Deniers of the Sun this Livre is also called in some places of France a Frank and 3 Livres or Franks is accounted for the said Crown of the Sun and the Crown of Italy by a Decree and Standard of the Country passeth at 58 Sol. of the said Crown And in the Custom of Exchanging it giveth the entire and whole Sum or Number either one Crown or one hundred Crowns of the Sol. Lions doth exchange with Placentia Crowns 100 for 103½ Crowns Rome Crowns 100 99½ Ducat Genoua Crown 1 66½ Sol. of Gold Millan Crown 1 115 Sol. Venice Crowns 100 116¾ Duc. Bank Florence Crowns 100 106½ Crown Lucca Crowns 100 117½ Ducatoons Naples Crown 1 124 Grains Lechi Crown 1 122½ Grains Bari Crown 1 123 Grains Palermo Crown 1 29½ Carlins Mesina Crown 1 29½ Carlins Antw Col. Crown 1 96 Gross London Crown 1 62 Pence sterl Valentia Crown 1 23 Sol. 10 Den. Saragosa Crown 1 23 Sol. 8 Den. Barcelona Crown 1 24 Sol. Siv al. Med. Crown 1 436 Marvedes Lisbon Crown 1 485 Rais Bollonia Crowns 100 119½ Ducatoons Bergamo Crowns 100 119â…• Ducatoons Franckford Crown 1 104 Quarentins Vide Chap. 302. and so following of the Calculation of the Exchanges of this place CHAP. CCLXXIX Of the Exchanges of Rome in Italy The Exchanges of Rome IN Rome the Bankers and Exchangers keep their Accounts in Crowns Julios Bacochs and Quatrins and they Exchange in Ducats Sols and Deniers of Camera The Crown of the abovesard Money is worth 10 Julios or 100 Bacochs or else 400 Quatrins the Julio is 10 Bacochs or else 40 Quatrins and the Bacoch is 4 Quatrins The Ducat of Camera according to the old Value is worth 2½ per Cent. more than the Crown of Gold so that 100 Ducats are 102½ Crowns In the Custom of Exchange amongst Merchants the place giveth the broken Number to all Italy excepting to the Kingdom of Naples to Sicilia Bollonia and Bergamo and to all others 〈◊〉 giveth the whole Number which is either one Ducat or by a 100 Ducats Rome doth exchange with Placentia Ducats 97¾ for 100 Crowns Lions Ducats 97½ 100 Crowns Genoa Ducats 97â…› 100 Crowns of Gold Millan Ducats 97¼ 100 Crowns of Gold Venice Ducats 85â…“ 100 Ducates Florence Ducats 91¾ 100 Crowns Lucca Ducats 84 100 Ducatoons Naples Ducats 100 135 Ducats Lechi Ducats 100 134â…” Ducats Bari Ducats 100 134½ Ducats Palermo Ducat 1 14 15 Tarins Mesina Ducat 1 14 17 Tarins Antw. Col. Ducat 1 125 Grosses London Ducat 1 87½ d. sterling Valentia Ducat 1 24 2 Sol. Saragosa Ducat 1 23 Sol. 8 Deniers Barcellona Ducat 1 23 Sol. 10 Deniers Siv al. Med. Ducat 1 440 Marvedes Lisbon Ducat 1 482 Raies Bollonia Ducats 100 119 Ducatoons Bergamo Ducats 100 119½ Ducatoons Frankford Ducat 1 103 Quarentins Vide how these are calculated Chap. 326. and so following CHAP. CCLXXX Of the Exchanges of Genoua the Metropolis of Liguria The Exchanges of Genoua IN Genoua Exchangers keep their Accounts in Livres Sols and Deniers current and they exchange in Livres Sols and Deniers of Gold The Moneys current is it that is the common in use of which the Crown of Gold is worth Sol. 90. and in times past was worth less The Moneys of Gold are imaginary and valued according as the Fairs of Exchanges permit of which the Crown of Gold is always worth 68 Sol. In the Custom of
decaying Commodities I call such as are either subject to corruption or to leakage and do lose and decay either by long lying or by keeping as are the Fruits of the Earth Corn Wines Oyls Currants Figs Fish and the like The infinite variety of which passeth any one mans judgment perfectly to know and distinguish because that Nature and Art in all Countries and Places brings into the World such change and diversity in place time use and quality in all Professions that it were a work endless to set down the natures conditions and properties thereof therefore it hath contented me in all Countries and Cities here collected to nominate only the Commodities that the places are observed to afford either Natural or Artificial either Staple or Perishable wherewith Merchants are found to negotiate and upon which it is found that a Custom is imposed by Princes and by them satisfied accordingly And yet forasmuch as many of these Commodities herein named and found throughout the World may seem strange to some not well versed in the general knowledge thereof and yet this knowledge so necessary to all that profess Merchandizing I hold it not improper here not only to add a word or two conducing to this so needful a skill but also to the preservation and true keeping thereof in their prime goodness and beauty He that intendeth then by his Pen to teach the Theorique of this mysterious part of Commerce must needs come short of his aim I hope I may therefore be well excused if I appear defective herein for I know it is practice and daily use that maketh a man skill'd in this Art and many lets and impediments appear daily in many men that hinder the true attainment thereof for it must needs be granted that he that is imperfect in any one natural Sense or wants those helps that Nature affords to perfect minds must neither be a Merchant nor yet addict himself to this knowledge for any one Sense being either depraved or defective in part or in whole will inforce him to commit against his will and mind many Errors and constrain him to take the bad for good or at leastwise the bad as soon as the good and sometimes as we say Chalk for Cheese or one thing for another All commodities are known by the Senses for Experience tells us That all Commodities are not learned by one Sense alone though otherwise never so perfect nor yet by two but sometimes by three sometimes by four and sometimes by all and yet this Art is now adays come to that height I may say to that height of cunning that all these are little enough too But in general it must be granted That the Eye above all the rest of the Senses still claimeth an especial interest and prerogative herein and must ever be admitted as one of the chiefest that must still accompany the rest in this distinction and therefore many things are oftentimes found saleable that are pleasing thereto and in some Commodities the same is noted to have the whole stroke and only to give the judgment as in all manner of Colours and such like things depending thereupon Some are noted again to require the Sense of Feeling to be assistful to the Eye as where the Hand is of necessity to be employed as is seen in Cloth and such Commodities Some require the Sense of Hearing as where the Ear giveth a help to the Eye as is seen in some Metals Minerals and such like and some again require the Sense of Smelling as where the Nose helpeth the Eye as is seen in some Drugs Perfumes and the like and lastly some require the Sense of Tasting as where the Palate giveth the help as is seen in Spices Wines Oyls and many such Commodities A principal part of Merchandise consists in the knowledg of commodities where it is to be noted that in this knowledg doth consist much the Art of Merchandizing a principal part of which Profession is properly to know and learn the same and therefore a Merchants judgment must not be limited within the compass of any one particular Trade or Vocation for herein must his Mystery Skill and Art exceed all other as requiring by necessity a more general knowledg than any other Tradesman from whom there can be expected no more than a skill in those Commodities they challenge a property or right by Trade unto or as appertaining particularly to their peculiar Profession and Calling A Merchant must be seen in all commodities This is manifest in many Tradesmen as in the Goldsmith whose knowledg is confined in Silver and Gold and in the goodness fineness and quality thereof In the Jeweller whose knowledge is confined in Gems and Pretious Stones in the Clothiers to their Clothing in the Drugsters to their Drugs in the Grocer to his Spices and so generally in all others But the Merchaet whose judgment must be larger must have skill in all and have a general inspection in every part and member or each of them as being only branches of his unlimited knowledg which is not confineable to Commodities and Wares of value and consequence only but also to the Wares of the meanest Artificer so that in this point his Art may be compared to the Poets whose excellency must consist in a cursory Judgment in all Sciences and to learned in all Professions the difference being that the Merchants skill must be real solid and substantial and the Poets may be feigned and Poetical And in all Trades Therefore both the natural and artificial Commodities must be comprehended within the circuit of his Judgment and into all Trades he ought to have a general insight as with the Fisherman he must dive into the Deep and know all sorts of Merchantablish as Ling Cod Haberdine Herrings Pilchards Salmons Eels how caught and how preserved and the proper season for the same With the Husbandman and Labourer he must have insight in the Harvest of the Earth and know all Commodities that the same is found naturally to afford for Merchandize as all manner of Corn Grain or Pulse the Vintages for all manner of Wines the Recoltoes for all manner of Oyls Cottons Currants Figs Raisins and other Fruit of the Earth how and when the same is gathered and how and by what means the same is kept and preserved with the Shepherd to know all manner of Wools with the Woodman to know all manner of Timber and all circumstances thereto belonging and to conclude his skill and inspection must be such that it extend it self from the Commodities belonging to the meanest Artificer to the Commodities belonging to the most eminent Shop-keeper which I neither know nor yet am able in all necessary Points to learn but especially so much of this knowledge must not be omitted as cometh within the compass of that place wherein and whereunto the Merchant resideth or bendeth his Trade and Adventures A Merchant must know the value of all the Commodities
virtue taste seeing or feeling and what he hath thus learned and gained to take order never to forget by committing the same to writing and therewith to note the signs and marks of the goodness and badness of all those Commodities that a man doth either deal in or would learn to know and to make this knowledge the more compleat to note down therewith all manner of charges incident thereto and that grow in that place upon the same with the ordinary price which there it doth commonly bear and hold and though these notes should either by haste or mis-information be at the first rude and undigested or though many should prove frivolous and to little purpose it matters not much the one sort may soon be better ordered and the other may as easily be rejected his better knowledge and a little consideration may amend both these defects my reason for the same is that the use and custom of noting in this manner will make a man especially young beginners more skilful and ready in this knowledge in a year than he that taketh only a bare idle and superficial view shall be in his whole life-time for it must needs be granted that it both perfecteth skill and helpeth memory which is the only means hereto and by graving deeper impressions in a man's mind inforce him will he nill he to a more considerate and judicious observation and marking thereof whenas he hath thus absolutely tied himself to a necessity of setting down every Commodity and each particular circumstance in this manner thereto belonging And this being as much as I think needful to insert concerning this point in general I will proceed to the next and last which is of Exchanges practised amongst Merchants in the Art of Merchandizing CAAP. X. Of Exchanges in general used by Merchants in this MAP of COMMERCE Exchanges in general practised by Merchants in the Map of Commerce THe next and last general point handled in this Map of Commerce is Exchanges which is observed to be the most mysterious part of the Art of Merchandizing and Traffique being not only necessary for the knowledge of all Merchants but also fit and useful for such as negotiate the publick affairs of Princes and for such as sit at the Stern and Government of the Common-wealth The necessity and commodiousness of Exchanges The necessity and commodiousness of these Exchanges in all Traffick is doubtless very great it having found in all Countreys hitherto such a general allowance and approbation and having for so many years stood uncontrouled and is still preserved in its pristine splendor and integrity shews evidently that at first the same was invented and devised to a most excellent use and end it being observed that as Money was devised and first invented of the best and purest Metals to avoid the chargeable and troublesome carriage of Commodities in Trade from one place to another so was Exchange of Moneys first also devised and found out to avoid the danger and adventure thereof and the chargeable and troublesome carriage of the same from one City or Countrey to another The excellency c. of a Bill of Exchange I conceive it will not be material for me in this place to reckon up the divers manner of Exchanges that have been of old in use and as yet are practised amongst Traders and Merchants throughout the World nor yet here insert the form of a Bill of Exchange which in it self is accounted so noble and excellent a specialty that it carries with it not only a kind of commanding power to pay but is accordingly observed satisfied and discharged though directed from the Servant to the Master Such a high esteem being ever had to the quality thereof that the proceedings and ceremonies used therein are both singular and extraordinary and are not subject to any prescription by Law or otherwise but subsisting meerly of a reverend custom used and solemnized in and about the same Neither yet will I here mention the formalities and peculiar rites and customs that are only found to appertain thereunto either in the punctual Presentment Intimation Acceptation Protest and Return that is requisite and necessary and thereto belonging for it is to be understood that he that doth take upon him the Title of a Merchant and intendeth to make use of this Map ought not to be ignorant in all the particular circumstances of place and time either of Presentment of Payment of due Protests in Default and therewith know the common Rules governing the Causes of rising the Signs of falling of the said Prices which I here willingly omit reserving the same to a more fit occasion in the end of this Tract The mystery of Exchanges reduced to prufitable principles I have noted then the first use of this Exchanging and the excellency thereof being preserved in times past in its true integrity and reality but those honest and innocent ends are vanished with those innocent and honest days of our fore-fathers for since Trade by a more general and universal Commerce and concurrency of Nations being grown to that height and perfection that now it is this fair and candid manner and use of Exchanging and the most excellent Commodities thereof is in part given over for the subtilty of these times hath made an Art and Mystery thereof which being reduced into heads and principles hath proved in many places so profitable and beneficial to the studious therein that it is now a received opinion that the excellency thereof exceeds the Art of Merchandizing it self and what inventions and sleights to inrich themselves their policies have brought to the view of the World I leave to the censure of Malines and others that have at large discoursed thereof and described the same But where the ancient custom of Exchanges is still preserved and maintained in its true and moderate use and the crafts and abuses thereof taken away and purged it then appears to be most excellent useful commodious and beneficial as well to Kingdoms and Cities in general as to private Traders and Merchants in particular All Coins brought into one by Exchanges I have observed before that all weights and measures should be to the Merchant as one and the self same weight and measure abating or allowing as the difference of the place requireth So by this knowledge of Exchanging should all Princes Coins be brought into one and the self-same quality and parity and be to him as one and the self same Coin for if the allay or Standard of one Prince's Moneys be finer or better than the Coins and Moneys used in that place where the Merchant resideth and his consequently coarser or baser the allowance given by exchange either in time in price or in both makes up that disparity and settles thus a parity between them in drawing down the one which is the finer or raising up the other which is the baser to an even scantling time and price giving the
and the Provinces thereof China and the Provinces thereof CHINA hath on the East Mare del Zur on the West India on the North a Wall extending 1000 miles in length between the Chinois and the Tartarians and on the South the Ocean The Trade of this Country is accounted very great the situation of the place the temperature of the air the disposition of the Inhabitants the peace which formerly they enjoyed amongst them concur to enlarge the same the many Navigable Rivers and the excellent Fabricks here wrought add to make it eminent Commodities of China and the Commodities that it yields to maintain the same are these Barley Rice Wooll Cottons Olives Vines Flax Silk raw and wrought into infinite sorts of Stuffs all kinds of metal Gold especially Silver and Copper is brought from Japan c. Fruits Honey Wax Sugars Rhubarb China Roots Purslain Dishes Camphire Ginger all kinds of Spices Musk Civet Amber and infinite abundance of Salt which Commodity only in the Town of Cantor yields Custom to the Prince yearly 180000 Ducats The greatness of China This Kingdom contains 15 large Provinces each Province having a Metropolis besides many Cities of lesser note so that in the whole Tract of this Country is accounted to be 30 Kingdoms and therein Writers have mentioned to be 1597 Cities and great Towns walled 1154 Castles 4200 Boroughs without Walls wherein Soldiers are quartered besides an infinite number of Villages and Hamlets Quinsay the Metropolis of the whole Kingdom being vulgarly called Quinsay Pequin and is said to contain in circuit 100 miles having in the midst thereof a Lake of 30 miles compass in which are two fair Islands and in them two magnificent Palaces adorned with all necessaries either for Majesty or Conveniency the Lake is nourished with divers Rivers on which is counted 12000 Bridges and in many Cities here seated on the banks of great and famous navigable Rivers are found oftentimes ten thousand Sail of great and small Vessels Nanquin the King himself having in the City of Nanquin accounted the second in this Kingdom seated upon a fair and large River if Writers relations may have credit Ten thousand Sail belonging to the King of China in one River ten thousand Sail of Ships of his own and the City being nine leagues from the Sea the whole distance is found to be as it were wholly imployed and taken up with Vessels and Boats for therein the Inhabitants make their abode dwell negotiate and remove at their pleasure from one place and City to another It is confidently affirmed by all modern Travellers that have been here that the Inhabitants are not permitted to issue out of this Kingdom nor yet strangers to enter into it and though for the commodiousness of Traffick this strict Law find some toleration for a certain limited time for the Natives to trade abroad yet is it most nearly lookt into on the behalf of strangers that would enter into their Country therefore this considered though the motives of Trade and Commerce be many yet this inviolable custom so severely executed hindeâ—… justly the particulars I should in this place set down of the Trade of this Mighty Empire howsoever it is observed that the Japaners and some neighbouring Islanders as also the Portugals and some other Christians have by the favour of the great Maritime Commanders in this Country and their own fair deportment procured a License of Trade in Canton Maccau Nanquin and some other Sea-Ports but with such strict limitations as that in some Cities it is death for them to lie or abide at night either in the Town or in the Suburbs but aboard their own Ships and in Canton where they find the most courteous usage they may not upon pain of death abide one night within the City Walls but as in the morning their names are registred at their entring into the City so they come at night and blot out the same with their own hands I can then but afford a taste of the whole Trade by a little that I have observed out of the Collections of others which must serve for a model to the frame and foundation of what is practised in other Cities throughout this Empire which I will comprehend under the Title of Maccau most frequented by our Nations CHAP. XCIX Of Maccau and the Trade thereof Maccau and the Trade thereof THE Island and Town of Maccau as the place best known upon this Coast to our Nation is seated on the North side of a Bay which is at the mouth of the great River of Canton which runneth out of the Lake of Quinsay spoken of before opposite to which standeth the great City of Canton which I mentioned as the place where is found the present Staple of all the Commodities of China and thither do Merchants of all parts frequent to buy and barter for other Commodities with the restrictions and limitations above specified and as for Maccau it is inhabited by Portugals intermixt with the natural Chinese the principal of their Commerce being with the Inhabitants of Canton from whence all the Commodities of China are found to issue and here the Portugals at the arrival of their Ships do choose out a Factor amongst themselves who is permitted in all their behalfs to go to trade for them at Câ—…ton but in the night he is to abide in the Suburbs under severe punishment as I have before remembred A particular Ship yearly touching here from Goa to Japan Here is found a Ship to come yearly out of India by a particular license of the King of Spain the Captain 's place is ever bestowed upon a Person of Quality in reward of some former service as indeed all the Captains places of the Fortresses of India are from Maccau the said Ship then having dispatch'd her business doth sail to Japan and there fully discharged her lading and thence returneth again to Maccau and from thence to Malacca and so to Goa in India and though this Voyage of Japan is ever granted by particular license to some one in particular yet to Maccau and Malacca any Merchant may go that will but none may yet lade or unlade in either place before such time as the Ships termed of the Kings are fully dispatched and laden and are ready to depart for India it is recorded by some Portugals that this Captain 's place may be worth to him for his part 200000 Ducates and that the said Ship is commonly 1500 Tuns in burthen and that the Voyage continueth for three years from India and so back for in April they set sail from Goa to Malacca where they abide some season for the winds or Monsons which at certain times blow certain set months together and then from Malacca they sail hither to Maccau where they stay at least nine months for the said Monsons and then sail to Japan where they must stay likewise certain months for the dispatch of their business
Law it is seated within Land and is well known in matters of Exchanges as I shall shew in due place and hath those Moneys current that acknowledge the Popâ—'s Stamp as I shall declare in Rome Accounts in Bollonia Their Accounts are kept in Livers Sold. and Deniers 12 Deniers to a Sol and 20 Sols to a Liver the Liver may be accounted to be incirca 13½ d. Sterling Money and some are found to keep their Accounts in Duccatons Sols and Deniers cast up by 12 and by 20 as above is said Weights of Bollonia Their Weights common in use are these Their Quintal is 100 l. which makes In London 80 l. Rome 100  Milan 106  Florence 104  Genoa 133  Lions 77  Venetia sot 120  Venetia gr 75  1000 l. in Bollonia have given in Venetia suttle 1320 l. gross 750 l. so that the 1 l. hath rendred their gross 9 Ounces suttle 14 Ounces 2½ Sach Measures in Bollonia The Measure is a Brace and is found to be about 25 inches English 100 Braces here have made in Venetia Cloth-measure 96 Braces and of Silk 90 Braces Corn. Corn is here sold by the Corbe 100 whereof makes 92 Staios in Venetia and 100 Corbes in Wine make Amfora Venetiana 12 and 2 Quarters and in dry Measures 17 Quarters and in London Gallons Commodities of Bollonia From hence are accustomed to come to other parts Corn Almonds Oyls raw Silks and sundry sorts of wrought Satins Taffetaes and other called hence Bollonia Silk and of Bollonia making and to conclude this place here are found many eminent Exchanges the course of which Exchanging you shall find in the general Exchanges here practised vide Chapter 296. CHAP. CXLIV Of Ferrara and the Trade thereof Ferrara and the Trade thereof FErrara is the next principal City of Trade in this Circuit famous for the Iron mines about it seated on the Banks of the River Po and accounted one of the pleasantest Cities in Italy for in the midst thereof is a fair Green into which open about twenty Streets of half a Mile in length and so even and uniform that thence the utmost ends thereof may be discerned it affordeth Wines Oyls Olives Iron Steel and some Manufactures of Silk The Monies are as at Rome to which this City appertaineth admitting but of very little difference in the Rates current thereof Weights of Ferrara The Quintal of Ferrara is 100 l. which makes Venetia sot 112½ l. and Venetia gr 72 l. in London incirca 75 l. Averdupois and the 100 l. sutt Venice makes here 87 l. and the 100 l. gr 138 l. Measures of Ferrara The Measure is a Brace 100 Braces makes in London 72 yards Their Wine Measure is a Mastello 11 whereof make an Amfora of Venetia and is in England vide London Their Corn Measure is a Stare 100 Stares makes in Venetia 37 Star and so much shall serve for Ferrara and the Trade thereof CHAP. CXLV Of Modena and the Trade thereof Modena MOdena is the next City seated in this Tract yielding many Fabricks of Silks which it disperseth to its neighbouring Towns Accounts in Modena Their Accounts are kept in Livres Sold Deniers 12 Deniers to a Sold and 20 Sol to a Livre Weights in Modena Their Quintal is 100 l. which renders In Lions 77 l. London 72 l. Venetia sotile 109 l. Venetia gross 72 l. Florence 98 l. Measures in Modena The Measure is the Brace the same as in Mantua and 1 per Cent. longer than the Brace of Ferrâ—ra and by observation it hath been found that the 100 Braces of Modena have made 118 in Florence Corn is here sold by the Staro 100 whereof makes 93 or 94 Stares in Venetia and one Staio of Modena hath made 2½ Staios in Florence and hath made in Venice three Quarts and six Quarterols CHAP. CXLVI Of Rimno and the Trade thereof Rimno and the Trade thereof RImno anciently Ariminum seated on the Mouth of the River Rubicon affords much Silk which it partly sends abroad and partly converts here into Stuffs also some Wines Oyls Corn The Coins current as in Rome as being subject to the Papacy and the Accounts are kept in their same denomination Weights The Quintal is the 100 l. which makes in London 81 l. and some have made Experience that it makes in Venice gross 76. Measures Their Measure is the Brace and is in London 27 inches bare Their Corn Measure is a Stare 100 making 210 in Venetia and their Wine Measure is a Some which makes in London 10 Gallons CHAP. CXLVII Of Ravenna and the Trade thereof Ravenna and the Trade thereof RAvenna is seated on the Adriatick Sea and once beautified with one of the fairest Havâ—… in the World where Augustus Caesar always kept a Navy man'd to defend these parts of the Empire now choaked up with mud and rubbish The Neighbourhood of Venetia which Senators have as well followed Mercury by Merchandizing as Mars by Arms keeps this City from any notable Commerce yet I will note what I have observed hereupon both in matter of Weights and Measures Weights of Ravenna The Quintal of Ravenna is 100 l. which gives Venetia sotile 118 l. in London 78 l. and the gross 100 l. of Venetia made here 133 l. Measures of Ravenna The Measure is a Brace 100 Braces of Cloth in Venice is here 112 100 Braces of Silk in Venice is here 106. Corn is sold by the Stare 100 whereof makes in Venice 66â…” Staio so that 3 Staros Raveâ—… have made the two Staios of Venetia and these are the chief Cities of Romandiola Loretto The next Province is Marco Anconitana wherein is famous first Loretto for the Pilmmage to our Lady Church brought hither if you will believe it through the Air from Palestâ— whereunto a great Trade is driven by the superstitious Papists next is Adria which gave name to those Seas next Recanti and Ancona two fair Cities and of great Concourse of Merchant of which first CHAP. CXLVIII Of Recanti and the Trade thereof Recanti in Istria REcanti olim Aelia Recina as some Authors alledge is a fair City affording Corn Oyl and some Silk for Merchandise Weights The Weights thereof being 100 l. gives in London 75 l. And in Florence 96½ l. In Venetia sotile 112 l. In Venetia gross 72 l. Measures Their Measure is a Brace 94 whereof make Venetia Brace 100 l. Oyl is sold here by the Miare which is the same as that in Venetia CHAP. CXLIX Of Ancona and the Trade thereof Ancona and the Trade thereof ANcona is a fair City seated on the Hill Cinerius which shooteth into the Adriatick Sea like a Promontory having a commodious Haven built by Trajanus the Emperor it is fruitful as the rest of this Country affording principally Corns Wines and Oyls Weights The Quintal of Ancona is
Salm of Sicilia Sesterces 10½ of Arles is in Florence one Moggio And as for the Tomilo of Naples I find this Observation in the agreement thereof 36 Tomolos of Naples which is 1 Carr have made in Venice 22½ Stai Istria 22¾  Segnia 68¾ Quart In all Dalmatia 22¼ Stai Ragusa 19¼  Catarro 22½  Fermo Marca 9 â— 1 Somo Corfu 14¾ Mosa Candia 97 Mesn Canea 14¼ Moza Alexandria 7 Rob. Tripoli Barbaria 5  Cassise and 3 Jubes   Zerbe 5¼ Caf. Millan 3 Mos Parma 45½ Sta. Modena 26  Rimene 10â…™  Cesena 13  Ravenna 34  Forli 21½  Ferrara 62½  Mantua 56½  Bollonia 24¾ Corbe Florence 80 Stai Genoua 16½ Mine Padua 34â…œ Stai Treviso 20â…ž  Vicentia 34â…›  Verona 50 Min. Bressia 12½ Som. Bergamo 19 Stai Cremona 11â…œ Som. Mirandela 26 Stai For other particulars of these Measures I have observed the same in such other place as my Collections permitted As for the Exchanges of Florence which are here found daily practised for great Sums I refer the particulars thereof to the 282 and 400 Chapters of this Tract with all the Circumstances thereunto belonging and therefore hence come to Pisa the second City of Trade in Tuscany CHAP. CLXII Of Pisa and the Trade thereof THE Second Part of the Great Duke's Dominions is the City and Territory of Pisa bounded on the South by the Sea-Coast on the East by Siena and on the West by the Genoese The Pisans were in former times very considerable having under them the Islands of Corsica Sardinia and the Baleares and did at once War with the Venetians and Genoese they were at last conquered by the Duke of Millan and the Duke of Genoa the first taking the City of Pisa and sold it to the Florentines about the year 1410. and the latter seized upon the Town of Leghorn and sold it to the same Customers for 120000 Ducats about the same time These two being the only places of Trade within this Territory worthy taking notice of and chiefly the Town of Leghorn But first of the City of Pisa Pisa and the Trade thereof Pisa is the second City in the Dukedom of Tuscany seated in the entrance of the River Arâ—… into the Sea which cometh down from Florence and watereth the Walls thereof Here is the Custom-house placed by the Florentine for all Goods that are landed at Leghorn and enter into his Country or laden in Florence and going this way out of his Country so that though Leghorn be free of all Customs yet the Duke losing little thereby save what the Town it self can vent which is but small for it is but as a Scale and Port-Town to this City and the rest of his Territories Here is also kept his Principal Courts of Justice and the Knights of Saint Stephen have here their Alberge thereby keeping his Subjects from going to Malta to be there enrolled the Duke by these means using his best Art to make this City to have some splendour which by the strict subjection of the Inhabitants the City otherwise is wholly deprived of Those goodly Buildings which it yet sheweth testifies its ancient Magnificence and many things Anno 1619. I observed therein of Note though improper to the subject which bears in many places the Relicks of that Greatness it once had by its Command over divers Provinces and the Wars it maintained for a long time together against both the Venetians and Genoese but to my Business Weights The Moneys Weights and Measures and Accounts of Florence are here only in use and therefore I shall not need to reiterate Measures Only the Corn Measure is a Sacco which is 3 Staios of Florence The Wine Measure is a Barrel Cornuto which is 1½ Bar. Florence so that 7 Bar. Cornuto is 10½ Bar. in Florence which is in Candia 45 Mistate and makes in Naples Cogno 1 which 1 1½ But. For Custom of the place this hath been observed that a Bag of Pepper from landing at Leghorn to the dispatch in the Custom-House here is about a Crown of Gold per Bale and Herrings English have Charges from the arrival at Leghorn until dispatched in the Custom-House of Pisa 15 Sold of Gold the Bar. of 4000 Herrings and the like for other Commodities in general The Customs of this place is ordinarily 4 Cratches per Liver CHAP. CLXIII Of Siena and the Trade thereof THE third Part of the Great Duke's Dominions is the City and Territory of Siena sitâ—ated between the Lands of the Church and the Territory of Pisa They were sometimes under the Command of the Emperour then a free Commonwealth and after that under the Spaniards then in the hands of the French and again in possession of the Spaniards by whom it was made over unto Cosmi Duke of Florence all but the Port-Towns which he thought good to keep in his own possession about the year 1558. whose Successors have been since very careful in keeping thereof as a place of great Concernment beside they being a good addition to the Greatness and Strength of his Territories and once looked on a rival to Florence it self in the Government of Tuscany The chief and only place of Trade within that part of this Territory under the great Duke is the City of Siena of which briefly followeth Siena and the Trade thereof This City hath been of more note and greater consequence in times past but falling under the command of the Florentine they deprived them of all their Trade and ancient glory it is an Inland-Town adorned with beautiful both Publick and Private Buildings their great Church hath the Monuments reserved of all the Popes and of our famous Country-man Sir John Hawkwood who did the Florentine such good and valiant service that they have here honoured his memory with a stately Monument here is observed to be spoken the best Tuscan Language in Italy and further I could not note material Anno 1619. Accompts here and the Monies Current are the same as in Florence Weights in Siena In Siena they have two Quintals the one of 100 l. wherewith all fine Goods are weighed being incirca 3 per cent less than 100 l. of Florence The other is for Woolls and some gross Commodities which containeth 150 l. of the former 100. Measures in Siena The Braces and Measures agree with Florence formerly mentioned other Notes of Trade in this Dukedom I have not met withal therefore will pass hence to the Dukedom of Millan and will omit the rest to Legorn the only Sea-Port of note belonging hereunto The Port-Towns within the Territory of Siena are 1. Plombino 2. Port Tellamon 3. Orbitelo 4. Monte Argentoriana 5. Porta Herculis 6. Porta Longone These are only worth taking notice of for Trading The fourth and last part of the Great Duke's Dominions are the Islands in the Tuscan or Tyrrhenian Seas 1. Elba 2. Giglio 3. Capraria 4. Galienaria 5. Gorgona 6. Troja
a Coal wonderful in Nature as kindled by Water and quenched by Oil. Zutphen Zutphen is the next Earldom being only a Town seated on the River Issel of good strength taken from the Spaniard Anno Dom. 1590. at the Siege whereof was slain that Honourable Knight Sir Philip Sidney of whom was said Digna legi scribis facis dignissima scribi Scripta probant doctum te tua facta probum Thou writ'st things worthy reading and didst do Things that are even most worthy writing too Thy Works thy learning praise Thy Deeds thy goodness raise Holland The next Earldom is Holland in Circuit 180 Miles no part of which is distant from the Seas three Hours Journey and comprehendeth 400 Villages and 23 Towns Dort The chief whereof is Dort where Anno 1618. was held a National Synod against the Arminians Harlem Secondly Harlem where Printing was invented Thirdly Leyden an University consisting of 41 Islands to which there is passage partly by Boats but principally by 40 wooden Bridges and by 110 of Stone the rarity whereof being the first City of consequence I noted in these parts Anno 1625. I could not chuse then but admire and here in this Town is a Castle said to be built by Hengist the Saxon at his return out of England if their Stories may be credited Delph The next Town is Delph a place of Residence for the Merchant-Adventurers of England where I was Anno 1625 admitted into that Society whose Welfare I am bound to desire and whose Prosperity I wish may still increase and tho these Citizens have since upon some discontent forc'd them to remove to Roterdam yet considering the Town is composed altogether of Brewers and that Men so qualified are apt to forget themselves it may be imagined they have since slept upon it and would peradventure regain their Companies at a greater Charge than can by any but by their Wisdoms be imagined Alkmer The next is Alkmer famous for the Defeat which the Duke d'Alva received before it to his great Loss of Reputation and to this City's Honour Roterdam The next is Roterdam famous for the Birth of Erasmus and noted for Lovers of the English Traffck in giving lately free and worthy Privileges to the Merchant-Adventurers of England who from Delph lately removed hither to reside to the future Prejudice of those Brewers Amsterdam Lastly Amsterdam has now the Honour of all these Countries for matter of Commerce and Traffick it hath raised it self to that height of Trade by the Industry Policy and Wealth of the Inhabitants that 1000 Sail of Ships have been seen at one Tide to go in and out and as one of their own hath it Quod Tagus atque Hemus vehit Pactolus in unum Vere hunc congestum dixeris esse locum What Tagus Hemus and Pactolus bear You would conjecture to be heap'd up here Now for the Manner and Matter of their Traffick I shall note the same such as I have observed it at my Residency there in 1625 above-mentioned CHAP. CLXIII Of Amsterdam and the Trade thereof Amsterdam and the Trade thereof AMsterdam is now by the late Addition of the New to the Old a fair City strong and beautiful the River Tay flowing like a large and calm Sea on the North-side thereof and the River Amster of which and the Word Dam this City is named running from the South through three Lakes entreth this City and passing through it falleth into the River Tay on the North-side This Town doth consist of 5 principal Streets through which the Water doth run and are divided therewith in which Ships Barges and Boats of all kinds are found both to come and go continually either to lade or unlade which is not only beneficial to the Inhabitants but also commodious and beautiful The Trade of this City is much inlarged since the Passage of Antwerp was stopt and the Trade of the Inhabitants to the East and West-Indies occasioned by their Industry their Love to Navigation and not the least by a great Plenty of Moneys which they deliver out at easie rates at Interest as wanting Land or other means to put out the same to better Benefit nothing being loft them but Commerce and Navigation to imploy the same and of late days England and other neighbouring Countries are found to have their Estate going at Interest according to the Custom of the place which is 8 per cent whereas in their own Countries 4 and 5 per cent is as much as the same will yield them But for the Coins Weights and Measures as I observed them I shall here insert and refer the rest to the better experienced Accounts in Amsterdam They keep their Accounts as in Antwerp by which all these Parts were regulated in former times for what concerned Traffick Moneys of Amsterdam and all the Netherlands Their Moneys have also a Correspondency with Antwerp Coins but inhansed or debased as they see occasion by reason of their great yearly Disbursments and ordinarily the same is found to be as in the Account of Antwerp so as that their Livre or Pound which is twenty shillings Flemish may be accounted twelve shillings sterling Florins 6 make that Pound of 20 stivers per Florin Stivers 120 make a Pound of Gross 6 Stivers a Flemish shilling Stivers 5 are accounted as much as 6 d. sterling or 5 Sold Turnois Stiver 1 is a Sold Turnois A Gross is 6 Deniers Turnois Carolus gulden is 20 stivers 2 shillings sterling or 20 sols Turnois Besides these as the Current Moneys of the Countrey All Coins of Europe do pass here currently for their Value and are received and paid in Payments for Merchandise accordingly Weights of Amsterdam Their Weight is the Pound 100 whereof makes their Quintal which 100 or Quintal is held in London to be incirca 111 l. English yet some allege that the same truly calculated will not produce above 108 l. suttle and for the Concordancy see further Measures in Amsterdam Their Measure is the Ell which reduced to Yards English is found to be 134 Ells for 100 Yards of London and the 100 Ells of London are here 167½ Ells so that the 100 El◠here makes in London about 74 Yards or 60½ Ells incirca and 40 Flemish Ells make in England 24 Ells. Exchanges in Amsterdam In the Exchanges this place is governed by Antwerp rising and falling according to their present Occasions and the Value Current of their Moneys which is often inhansed and debased it being very frequently observed in this City and the rest subject to the Netherlands or to the United Provinces that when they have occasion of great Receipts they are decryed in value and raised again where they have occasions by their Wars or otherwise of great Disbursements according to which diversity of needful Occasions the Exchange of the place is observed to alter therefore therein cannot be prescribed any direct
Rules tho for the most part it is found by common Difference to be about 3 per cent worse than the Exchanges practised in Antwerp Weights of Amsterdam with other Cities Now for the 100 l. weight here in use I find the same thus by observation of some Friends to answer and agree with these Places as In Antwerp 107 l. Conixburgh 132  Constantinople 93 Rot. Copenhagen 102 l. Dantzick 126  Flanders in general 117  Florence 133  Hamburgh 102  London 110  Lions ordinary 118  Mantua 155  Marselia 119  Melvin 131  Millan of 12 ounces 151  Stockholm 127  Venice suttle 167  Venice gross 103  Vienna 90  Naples 128  Noremberg 99  Paris 98  Portugal 113  Prague 93  Ragusa 140  Revel 126  Rouen by Viconte 97  Rochel small 118  Rome 139  Santomer 117  Saragosa 119  Sevil small weight 113  Sicilia 1â— ounces 161  Stralsont 98  Tholouse 118  Verona 95  Urbin 144  And thus much shall serve for the Concordancy of the Weights here used Measures of Amsterdam with other Cities The Measure of Length here in use is an Ell which thus is found to make with other places I say the 100 Ells do yield In Aleppo 106 Pico Argier 135 Covad Alexandria 122 Pico Antwerp 99 Ells. Conixburg 123  Constantinople 111½ Pico Florence for Silk 101 Brac. Genoua 120 Brace Granado 82 Vares Hamburgh 121 Ells. Lisbon short 82 Vares Rome 33 Canes Valentia 72 Can. London 59 Ells. Ditto Woollen 73½ Yards Lions Linen 59 Aulnâ— Marselia Woollen 33 Can. Middleburgh 99 Ells. Millan Linen 118 Bra. Noremberg 118 Ells. Paris 58 Aulnâ— Prague Cloth 109 Ells. Ragusa 118 Bra. Rouen 57 Aulns Sevil 82 Vares Stockholm 123 Ells. Besides these Measures of Length the Concave Measures are in use Corn is here sold by the Last which contains 24 small Barrels each Barrel 1½ Muydens or each Muyden contains 1 〈◊〉 Sacks each Sack being three Archetelings which is 3 â—1 29 Shepels so that the Last of Corn contains 108 Shepels and this last is observed to make In Antwerp 37½ Vertules Bourdeaux 38 Boiseaux Bruges 17½ Hoots Cyprus 40 Medinos Emden 55 Werps Hamburgh 83 Shepels Lisbon 225 Alquiers London 10 Quarters Pulia 36 Timans Rhegium 42 Loops Rouen 40 Mines Rochel 128 Boiseax Roterdam 87 Archetelings Sevil 54 Henegas Sicilia 38 Medinos Venice 32 Stares Sweden 23 Measures Copenhagen 23 Barrels For the Measures of Wine Oyl Beer and other Liquid Commodities I refer you to Malines and others better experienced therein and proceed forward to the Description of the Remainder of the United Provinces Zealand Zealand is the next and last Earldom of the seventeen Provinces consisting of seven Islands the remainder of 15 which the Seas are said to have devoured The chiefest Cities of the seven are these Middleburgh First Middleburgh which from nothing grew great by the residence of the English Merchant-Adventurers and now by their removal hence is almost come to nothing again by this 〈◊〉 and Stoad and many other places may easily be discern'd the Benefit that a Trade brings to 〈◊〉 City or Country therefore my Prayers shall ever be That London may never lose that great Râ—…utation it hath gained by Commerce throughout the VVorld Flushing The next City is Flushing famous in that it was the first that the Low-Country Men got from the Spaniard and being cautionary to the English Sir Philip Sidney was the first Governour thereof Then Brill Tergouse Brever-haven to all which my Curiosity led me in 1625. in that my Northern Voyage West-Friesland West-Friesland is the first Barony and accounted one of the seventeen Provinces wherein is found for principal Towns Lewardin Next Harlingham then Zeutsen and some other Sea-Ports Vtrecht Utrecht is the next Barony containing therein the Towns of Rhenen Wicket Amsford Montford and Utrecht the principal City and a pleasant Bishoprick it is accounted the most excellent Seat in all these Countries whereto are found many Ferries for Passages for it is said that a Man may easily go hence in one day to any of 59 walled Towns equally distant from this City or to any of 26 Towns to dinner and return again at night to bed which is both strange and true Overissel Overissel is the next from whence come our Linens bearing this Name the chief 〈◊〉 are Swall Campen and Daventer Mailin Mailin is the next famous in her famous Nunnery where are sometimes found 1600 Nuns who may at their Pleasure leave the Cloister and marry as indeed it is fittest for them Groining The last Province is Groining The chief Towns being those of Old Haven and Keykirk and these be all the principal Cities of Traffick in the said seventeen Provinces Now for the abbreviating of my Work I have comprised in short the Weight Measures and Trade of this populous and rich Countrey thus according to my intended Method Weights in general of the Netherlands reduced to the 100 l. in London The particular Weights and Measures of the chief Cities of these seventeen Provinces for brevity sake I have thought good hereby themselves to reduce to the Weight and Measure of London And first for the 100 l. Averdupois of England what it produceth in these Cities In Bruges 98 l. Gaunt 104  Audmarte 106  Amsterdam 90  Ypres 104  Dixmude 104  Lisle or Lile 106  Flanders in general 106  Abbevil 90  Alder 87  Lovain 96  Malmes 95  Halste 104  Popperin 104  Doway 106  Holland 95  Tournay 104  St. Maur 106  Guelderland 95  Zeland 95  Walsond 95  Arschet 96  Barow ap Some 94  Brussels 96  Corterick 106  Hartegen bosh 96  Measures in general of the Netherlands reduced to the 100 yards of London The Reduction of their Measures to the English 100 Yards is thus found to accord therewith as the 100 Yards in London make In Bruges 126 Ells. Dunkirk 135  Gaunt 130  Honsooten 135  Audemarte 130  Ysingham 130  Bolduc 135  Damme 130  Brussels 135  Ypres 130  Lovain 135  Sluse 130  Liege 135  Mastricht 139  Covin 93  Lisle or Lile 125  Cambray 125  Amsterdam 134  Doway 125  Harlem 125  Henalt 126  Guelderland 139  Overissel 139  Middleburg 135  Flushing 138  Vere 125  Romerswald 132  Artois in general 131  Tourney 144  Holland in general 138  CHAP. CLXXXI Of the Trade in general of Flanders and of the Netherlands Of the Trade in general of the Netherlanders and Flanders NOW let us consider the general Trade and Navigation of Flanders I mean first that part thereof as is subject to the States and called
respect of their great Prerogatives as in coining of Moneys and knowing no Lord but ruled by the Imperial Laws for which they acknowledge and pay a Contribution yearly to the Emperour whom they account their Protector and these are found to be about 60 in number Principalities The third are such as are held by inheritance by some Princes as are Heidelberg Vienna and others of which are accounted in this Empire incirca and may be called Principalities There is also found in this Empire conducing to Traffick besides the lesser four great navigable Rivers that enrich these Hans-Towns Imperials and Principalities communicating the Commodities of one City to another and at last to the Sea-Ports where the same is last of all vended into forein Kingdoms Danubius The prime whereof is Danubius which in running 1500 Miles doth receive above 60 navigable Rivers and disgorgeth it self into the Euxine or Black-Sea Rhyne The second is the Rhyne running 800 Miles through Germany and Belgia disgorgeth i◠self into the German Ocean Albis taking in Albis which is accounted navigable for 400 Miles and some others and is the third River of this Countrey Adera The fourth is Odera running 300 Miles in length issueth out in the Baltick-Sea Besides which there are many others of note as Weser Emse and others in themselves found to be great Rivers enriching divers parts of this Countrey tho far inferiour to the former East-Frisland Lastly this Empire is found to contain 20 large Provinces which by reason of my little Insight therein I will cursorily pass over and refer the same wherein I am defective to the better learned East-Frisland is accounted the first Province wherein are found the Cities of Oldenberg Ammerdam and lastly Emden which for its former eminency in Trade I cannot so slightly pass over without a word of the Trade thereof CHAP. CLXXXIII Of Emden and the Trade thereof Emden and the Trade thereof EMden hath been in times past of far greater Trade than now it is It was for some years the Seat of the English Merchant-Adventurers but the Civil Wars about Religion raised between the Citizens and their Count was in part the cause of the Decay of the Trade thereof This City lies in the utmost border of the Empire and only divided by the River Emse from the Netherland and by an Inland Sea from West-Frisland being one of those Provinces In Summer it is found a pleasant City but in Winter as if drowned in the Seas and all the Fields cover'd with Water makes it to appear as an Island in the Waters As for the Moneys current and Form of Accounts kept here by Merchants I omit that to the place of the Coins and Accounts of Germany in general but noted hereafter In the mean time it is to be observed that the Weights and Measures in use are these Weight of Emden The common Weight of Emden is the Pound of the Quintal or 100 l. makes in London Measure of Emden Their common Measure of Length is an Ell wherewith they measure Linnen Woollen and Silks in general the 100 whereof hath been observed to make in London 48½ Ells and the 100 yards of London to have made there about 162 or 163 Ells. Corn is here measured by the Werp 55 Werps make 10 Quarters of London or a Last of Amsterdam but 61 Werps is here a Last consisting of 4 Werps great of 15½ Barrels the Werp Westphalia Westphalia is next containing in it self a large Tract and producing those Acorns in abundance which feed their Swine and which affords those Gammons which are accounted so excellent a Dish The Northern part of this Country is Bremen wherein is found the Town of Breme as the principal then Clappenburgh Exenburgh belonging to the Duke of Saxony Then Collonia wherein is said to be the Bodies of the three wise Men which came from the East to worship our Saviour And this belongs to the Bishoprick of Collen Here is also Warendorp and some others belonging to the Bishop of Munster and Boport Engers Coblents and Triers belonging to the Bishop of Triers of the principal of which a word passando CHAP. CLXXXIV Of Breme and the Trade thereof Breme and the Trade thereof BReme is one of the Hans-Towns so called for the Freedom of the Traffick here practised strongly fortified five miles distant from the Sea the River Visurge serving to convey all Commodities hither as running through the City Ossenbridge near which lies that small but well known Town of Ossenbridge noted for the great quantities of narrow Linen Cloth that is hence conveyed to England and other Countries It is reported that in this City the Custom was first raised in swearing and inhansing new Comers by Bread and Salt and of infranchising them into their City by paying a certain Mulct or Fine in good Liquor to the rest of the Company which is now a general received Custom in all the Hans-Towns of Germany and become part of the Traffick thereof Weights of Breme The common Weight of Breme is the Pound of ounces the 100 l. whereof hath rendred in London pound Measures of Breme The common Measure for Length is the Ell which agrees with the Ell above mentioned in Emden But in Ossenbridge it is found that the 100 yards London make 84 Ells there incirea and the 100 Ells of London is here in Ossenbridge about 105 Ells. CHAP. CLXXXV Of Collen and the Trade thereof Collen and the Trade thereof COllen commonly for distinction called in Latin Colonia Agrippina is a very fair City whereto is found great Concourse of Merchants near to this City did Caesar with incredible Expedition make a Bridg over the River Rhyne near which the Town is at present situate which more terrified the barbarous Enemy than the Report of his Valour The Archbishop of this City is the second Especial Elector of the Empire and Chancellour of Italy Here ' us said are the Bodies of the three Wise-men which came from the East to worship our Saviour vulgarly called the three Kings of Collen whose Bodies were translated by Helena the Mother of Constantine unto Constantinople and from thence by Eustorfius Bishop of Millan transported to Millan finally brought hither by Rinoldus Bishop of this place Weights of Collen The common Weight of Collen is the Pound of the 100 l. whereof hath been observed to have made in London 110 l. Measures of Collen The common Measure of Length is the Ell here in use the 100 Ells whereof have been observed to make in London 60 Ells. Exchanges of Collen Here are great Exchanges practised in this City as proper and fit thereunto by reason of the rich Bankers and Merchants that are found here to reside the which I have largely declared in Chap. 290. of Exchanges of this place in the end of this Work wherefore it will be here needless to insert the same
great otherwise and the Weights and Measures in use are these Weights of Noremberg There is here but one Pound in use as in Spiers of which are also composed two several Quintars agreeing with it and as there I mentioned with London Measures of Noremberg Their Measure of Length is the Ell both for Linen and Woollen contrary to the Custom of most Cities of Germany the 100 Ells whereof have been found to make in London 63. Ells and the 100 Yards of London to have made here 138 Ells. Exchanges of Noremberg The Place is famous also for the great Exchanges practised therein which I have at large handled in Chapter 298 with all Circumstances thereto belonging CHAP. CXCI. Of Frankfort and the Trade thereof Frankfort and the Trade thereof FRankfort is a Free City of the Empire famous for the common Assemblies here of the Electors for the choice of the Emperour and for their two annual Fairs as also for many Parliaments of the Empire held here It is seated upon the Maene which runneth through the same dividing the City into two parts which are united by a goodly Bridge It is strongly incompassed with a double Wall and is seated in a large Plain the Streets narrow and the Houses built of Timber and Clay here is in this Town Sanctuary for Bankrupts for the space of 14 days which is never without some Guests and Company from some one adjoining City or other and if in those 14 days they cannot compound or escape then by all wiles they will get out of the Privileges thereof and entring in again begin their 14 days over again and thus are found to do for six Months or a Year together There is found in their Marts or Fairs a great Trade and Concourse of Merchants but it is principally famous for Books which from all parts of Europe are brought hither printed and dispersed hence the Town consisting much upon Printing and other manual Arts. The VVeights and Measures in use are Weights of Frankfort The VVeight of this Place is the Pound of 16 ounces of which are made 3 several Hundreds or Quintals which agree with that of Heidelberg before-mentioned and as that also with London Lipsick Friburg Ulm Iffan Isuff Basle Costute and Domstetter holding also in each of the said Towns the same Concordancy therefore here needs no further Repetition Measures of Frankfort Frankfort is found to have two several Measures of Length the Woollen and Linen Ell differing about 2 per cent so that the 100 Ells for Linen here gives in London 48 Ells and the 100 Ells in Woollen gives about 49 Ells London and the 100 Yards of London renders here of Lineâ— 169 Ells and of Wollen 168¼ incirca Exchanges of Frankfort The Exchanges here practised are great which I have handled in Chapter 298. at large with all due Circumstances Helvetia The sixth Province is Helvetia wherein are contained the 13 Cantons of the warlike Switsers preserving their Liberties by their Valour notwithstanding their potent Neighbours The chief of their Cities are Zurick 2 Basil an University 3 Constance famous for the Council here held Anno 1414. 4 Berne 5 Upbaden the ordinary place for the common Assembly of the said Cantons 6 Lucern and others and of the Trade of the principal of these a word in passing CHAP. CXCII Of Zurick and the Trade thereof Zurick and the Trade thereof ZUrick is seated on the Lake Zeurisca which divideth the same into two parts which again is united by three fair Bridges the middlemost serving as a Meeting-place for Merchants which Lake runneth into the Brook Limachus which passeth to Baden and so into the Rhine carrying Boats by which Commodities are transportable the Weights and Measâ—… in use are Weights of Zurick The Moneys currant in the Swiss Cantons I shall note in the place of the Coins of the Empire the Weight then here is the Pound of 17 ounces of which is made the 100 l. and the 120 l. and it is found that the 100 l. suttle of London turns here 93¼ l. Measures of Zurick The Measure of Length is here an Ell the 100 whereof renders in London 52 Ells or there abouts CHAP. CXCIII Of Basil and the Trade thereof Basil and the Trade thereof BAsil lieth upon the River of Rhyne which divideth it into the lesser and the greater Basâ—… it was once an Imperial City but now is joined to the Cantons of Switserland It is a famous University and much frequented by Students the Benefit of the Rhyne running hence through Germany communicates the Commodities of this City to all others seated thereupon Weights of Basil Basil is found in Weights to have but one Pound equal with Frankfort and Heidelburg of which is composed three several Quintars one of 100 l. another of 120 l. and the third of 132 l. and agrees with London as you shall find in Heidelburg and Frankfort aforementioned Measures of Basil The Measure of Length of Basil is the Ell for Linen and Woollen the 100 Ells whereof render in London 48 Ells and the 100 Yards of London hath been observed to give here 167¼ Ells. Valesia The seventh Province is Valesia seated wholly amongst the Alps. Sittin is the only walled Town of this Province Boetia Boetia is the eighth in which is Chur the Metropolis of the Grisons and here is the Valtoliâ—… taken by the Spaniards 1622. Suevia Suevia is the ninth wherein are found the Cities of Ulm 2 Ausbourg 3 Norlinghen 4 Ravensperg and others of some of which as most notable a word CHAP. CXCIV Of Ausburg and the Trade thereof Ausburg and the Trade thereof AUsburg is a Free City of the Empire governed by a Senate of Citizens it is seated upon the Northern Mouth of the Alps in a fruitful Plain of Corn and Pastures it is strong and well fortified and beautified with many Houses of Free-stone of six or seven stories high In this City lived those famous Merchants of the Family of the Fuggers who have built here many publick Buildings and many private which at a reasonable rate are let to the poorer Inhabitants Here is also a magnificent Building for the meeting of Merchants in manner of our Royal Exchange called commonly the Berl There are two small Rivers which run through the Suburbs and are commodious for Transportation of Corn and VVines which this Countrey of Schwaben or Suevia yieldeth in great Quantity This City is also Famous for the Confession here made of their Faith by the Protestant Princes and delivered the Emperour Anno Weights of Ausburg The VVeight of Ausburg is the Pound of 16 ounces the 100 l. being the Quintar makes in London 109 l. and this agrees with Munchen VVesel Norlinghen and some other places of Germany Measures of Ausburg The Measure of Length is here the Ell found twofold the one for VVoollen the other for Linen and
Dantzickers under pretence of the Suevian war exacted of them a Dollar for each woollen-cloth and as much proportionably upon all other commodities and afterwards though the war being ended yet would remit nothing of the same and withal forbad the English by a law decreed to live in Poland the commodities whereof were only sold there lest they should learn the language and find out the mystery of that trade and Country And lastly when as they exacted as much weekly of an Englishman dwelling in their City as they did of a Jew dwelling there amongst them the English thereupon made agreement with the Senate of Melvin for a 11 years to pay them six gross for each cloth brought in and accordingly for all other goods and to pay as much more in the City of Kettle to the Duke of Prusen for his giving them free passage to Melvin and so by this means they setled their Staple in Melvin whereupon the Dantzickers being offended with the Citizens of Melvin and the Hamburgers no less with those of Stoad procured all the free Cities by a publick writing to out law not only Melvin and Stoad for receiving the English to the common prejudice of the rest but also Ceningsberg the seat of the Duke of Prusen and the free City of Lubeck for favouring the English in this their course and for permitting them being strangers to sell their goods to any other than the Citizens of each several City But how these difference came afterward to be reconciled and their Staples removed thence I have shewed in other places Trade of Prusen And being now entred to speak of the Trade of Prusen a German Province but of late years annexed to the Crown of Poland which of it self is of great importance it will not be amiss to inlarge my self upon some particulars thereof The English then are found to bring thither great quantity of Tin Lead and woollen cloths and other commodities and to bring thence hard and liquid Pitch Hemp Flax Cables Masts for Ships Boards and Timber for building Linen Cloth Wax Mineral Salt which in Poland they dig out of pits like great Stones and the same being put to the fire is made pure and being black his colour is more durable and less subject to giving again than our boyled Salt Also they bring thence Pine Ashes for making of Sope commonly known to us by the name of Sope-Ashes and Corn in great quantity yet the English are found seldom to have need of their Corn for the use of England which many times of their own they transport to other Nations but they buy it as the free Cities do to transport it to other Countries which the Low country-men do also buy as well for themselves as to serve Spain and other Countries therewith so great a quantity thereof is hence dispersed into all parts of Europe Amber Amber is also brought from thence but not gathered neither at Melvin nor Dantzick as some imagine but on the Sea-side of Koningsperg where as I said the Duke of Prusen holds his Court and so all along the coast of Curland where howsoever it lies in great quantity on the sands of the Sea it is as safe as if it were lockt up in Ware-houses since it is death for any to take up the least piece thereof and being only by the law accounted to be the proper commodity of the Duke to whom the same appertaineth And this being as much as I have thought requisite to handle concerning the Trade of Germany in general or of the Imperial Cities and Heâ—…-Tomns in particular I will proceed to the next Kingdom which in order is Denmark and to the principal Cities and particular Trade thereof CHAP. CCX Of Denmark and the Provinces and Cities thereof Denmark and the Provinces thereof DEnmark hath on the East Mare Balticum on the West the German Ocean on the North Sweden on the South Germany This Country doth afford for Merchandize Fish Tallow Hides and having abundance of Oxen 50000 are said to be sent hence yearly to Germany also Buck-skins Armour of all soâ—…s furniture for shipping Boards such as Wainscot Fir-wood c. This Kingdom now contains Cimbrick Chersonese the Islands of the Baltick and part of Sâ—…dia and first this Chersonese is divided into four Provinces Alsatia Alsatia is the first wherein are found the Cities Niemunster and Bramsted and is the title of the second Son of Denmark Dithmars Dithmars is the second Province wherein are found the Cities of Marn and Meldâ—… the Inhabitants of this last is esteemed so wealthy that they are said to cover their houses wich Copper Slesia Slesia is the third wherein are of note Sleswick 2 Gottorp and 3 Londen a Haven Town Jutland Jutland is the fourth the Towns of note are Rincopen 2 Nicopen 3 Holn and 4 Arhausen Baltick Islands The Baltick Islands are 35 in number but of them 4 are sound to be of principal note 1 Sâ—land 2 Fionia 3 Bornholm and 4 Fimeria of which a word Seeland In Seeland is found thirteen Cities Copenhagen the chief whereof is Haffen the Kings Seat and the only University in Denmark known to other Nations by the name of Copenhagen that is Mercaâ—…rum Portus or the Merchants Haven Elsinour Secondly Elsinour standing on the Sea-side in which Town the Merchants that have passed or are to pass the Sound do pay their Customs to the King And thirdly Rochilt the Sepulchre of the Danish Kings between this Island and the firm land of Scandivonia is the passage called the Sound towards Muscovia which did formerly yield unto this King a great yearly profit but now much decayed since the English found out the Northern passage into Russia This Sound is in breadth 3 miles and commanded oâ— Scandia side by the Castle of Helsenburgh and on this Island by that of Cronburg both Castles of good defence Fionia In Fionia is found eight Towns the principal whereof Osel Scomberg and others Bornholm In Bornholmia is a principal City Bornholm Fimeria In Fimeria is found the City of Peterborn and is the Island in which that famous Mathematician Ticho Brabe built an artificial Tower wherein he studied the Mathematicks and wherein are still reserved many of his rare Mathematical Instruments Scandia Scandia is the last part of this Kingdom lying part of it on this side and part beyond the Artick Circle so that the longest day in the more Northern part is about three months the Kingdoms of Norway Swetland and part of Denmark the part of it belonging to Denmark is divided into three Provinces 1 Halandia 2 Schona and Blesida Halandia In Halandia is Halaneso Scania In Scania is the City of Londis a fair Haven Falsgerbode and the Castle of Elsimbourg one of the Keys of the Sound before mentioned and the Seas are here said sometimes so to abound with Herrings that Ships are scarce
6½ quar 64 l. 23 26 yards All sorting cloths of divers Shires of 6½ quar 60 l. 24 26 yards Broad-cloth Taunton Bridgwater and Dunst 7 quar 30 l. 12 13 yards Broad and narrow of Yorkshire of 4 quar 30 l. 24 25.  Devonshire Kersies and Dossens of 4 quar 13 l. 12 13.  Check Kersies strait and plain Grays 4 quar 24 l. 17 18.  Ordinary Penistens or Forests 5½ quar 28 l. 12 13.  Sorting Penistons of 6½ quar 35 l. 13 14.  Washers of Lancashire and others   17 l. 17 18.  Tin in England See further the said Statute for the manner of making of all the said woollen Cloths and orders for Workmen with the viewing searching and all other needful circumstances there and thereunto belonging for further direction whereto I refer you As for Tin which is also one of the Staple Commodities of this Kingdom many good orders are enacted for the true casting and assay thereof and is accounted as the Princes peculiar Commodities farmed to certain Merchants who have the sole preemption thereof and thereto belongeth a peculiar weight called the Stannery weight the hundred thereof making 120 l. suttle Averdupois as I said before Lead in England Lead is also one of the Staples of this Island known throughout all the parts of the World and is in England sold likewise by a particular weight called the Foder which is 19½ hundred of 112 l. to the hundred and making suttle pounds 2184 l. For other the Staple Commodities of England I need not further insist referring the same to the search of the Inquisitor at his own leisure I have already noted that sundry Commodities are in England weighed and measured by sundry and distinct Weights and Measures the principal thereof being of Silver and Gold I have already shewed the Standard of our English Coins and shewed how the same agreeth with other places then of Salt Wine and Corn which in the next place I mean here to shew and withal demonstrate how the same holdeth correspondency with other Countries which in the most Cities I have omitted as purposely intended here to be inserted by it self as reducing all others to the City of London Corn measure with other Countries Corn then as the most necessary Commodity is sold as I have shewed before in England by the Quarter accounting 5 Quarters for one Tun lading ordinarily though otherwise 10¼ Quarters is a Last of Corn and this Last then of Corn doth make In Embden 55 Werpes whereof 61 made a Last there or 15½ Barrels of 4 Werpes In Hamburg 83 Schepels whereof 90 make a Last there In Lubeck 85 Schepels whereof 96 make a Last In Dantzick 56 Schepels whereof 60 there make a Last the 4 Schepels make one Muid which is the the Skip-pound of 340 l. In Fameran 78 Schepels whereof 96 to the Last In Haleger haven in Denmark 80 Schepeli 96 to the Last In Copenhagen 23 small Barrels whereof 16 to the Last In Ebbetroffe Danick 23 Barrels whereof 36 to the Last In Nelbogge 23 Barrels whereof 42 to the Last In Sweden 23 Barrels In Conixburg 6 7 of a Last the 6 Last are 7 at Amsterdam In Millan 17 21 of a Last In Statin in Pomerland 6 7 of a last In Riga 42 loops In Antwerp 37½ vertules In Bruxels 10½ mudden and differ in all places in Brabant In Gant 4 muds 7 halsters of 12 to 1 mud is 55 halsters In Bruges 7½ hoots In Bunkirk 18 raisere water measure In Middleburg 40 sacks is 41½ to the last in all Holland In Dort 28 sacks In Rotterdam and Delf 87 achtelings In Schoon haven 88 achtelings In Erchusen Horn Medenblick 42 sacks In Groeningen 33 muds In Tenel 58 loops In Calais 18 rasiers In Rouers 20 to 30 mines every mine is 4 bushels In Rachel 128 bushels 4 to every sestier In Bourdeaux 38 boiseaux whereof 33 to the last In Sevil 54 hanegas a last is 4 cahis of 12 haneg as In Lisbon 225 alquieres whereof 240 to the last or 4 moyos of 60 alquiers to the moyo and so in all the Islands of Portugal In Venice 32 stares In Genoua 23½ minas In Sicilia 38 medinos of 6 moyos In Paglia 32 cara 36 timans In Cyprus 40 medinos of 2 cipros In Amsterdam a last and it is observable here that Corn is found so far to differ in Goodness that the Measure of this place will weigh of East-land wheat 156 l. of French wheat 180 l. of Suilia wheat 224 l. and of Africa 236 l. and this last of Amsterdam is 27 moyos or muddens each mudden is 4 schepels or every last is 29 sacks and each sack 3 achtelings so that a last may be said to be 108 schepels or 87 achtelings Measures of Salt compared with other places Now for as much as Salt is not a native Commodity of our Country we must borrow the Original of the Measure thereof from those places which produce the greatest quantity or from those Cities which hold the principal Staple thereof It will be necessary then we bring it to tho great hundred of Zealand which is accounted for 4 small hundred and because it is best known in all places they measure their Salt with barrels 18 barrels to a last and 7 last to the bâ—…drea which is 126 barrels In Armuyden in Zealand they reckon 8â— weighs for one hundred every weigh is 11½ sacks every sack 4 measures and 15 weighs of Browage Salt make the great hundred The sack of Salt of Armuyden being 122 small barrels for the 122 sacks shall be my Computation and it maketh In â—rewâ—ge 4 7 parts of one hundred of 28 moyos and 12 sacks to the Moyo also by charges or loads ten loads to the hundred and 48 moyos or moys to the last of 21 barrels In Lisbon 25 moyos In Sâ— Mary Port 28 moyos In Saintubal 20 cays In Calis 22 cays In Saintlucar 21 cays In Gant 108 sacks or barrels In Antwerp 144 vertels of 24 to the last and 6 last to the hundred and the white Salt is measured with a lesser measure of 12 upon 100. In Dunkirk 92 water measures or 104 land measures In Ostend 98 measures In Damme and Axiels 102 measures In Bruges 104 measures In Ypres 144 measures In Rotterdam 100 whereof 6 make 1 mud of 18 to the 100. In Amsterdam Utrecht Druenter 102 schepels In Calais 130 barrels 19 to the last but 20 by Fraighting In Rouen and almost all France 6½ muys In Hamburgh 7 lasts whereof 80 barrels make 100. In Denmark 6 â— lasts In Sweden 111 tuns or barrels 16 to the last In Emden 100 barrels 14 to the last In Lubeck 7 lasts of 18 barrels In London 7½ lasts of 18 herring-barrels but by weight 11½ In Venice and Prian 70 mose Measures of Sea-coal compared with â—other places Pit-coal is a Commodity peculiar
City exchanging and in what Region or Country seated Secondly the Manner and Method wherein the Accounts in that City is kept by Exchangers Thirdly the Quality of the Moneys in use is observed and in what Coin imaginary or real that City is accustomed to make its Exchange with the others there mentioned Fourthly underneath that is orderly set down the Names of all the other Places the which by a Line are found to be joyned and knit together and lastly in the midst of the Line is written the Name of the Place and City it self for which the said Table in the said Leaf is made As for Example in the first Leaf which is for Placentia in Italy where besides the Name of the Place it self is found these words Placentia exchangeth with the which words by reason of the including Line drawn from the highest to the lowest hath reference to every one of the Names of the other Places which are so included together so that it is to be understood as that Placentia exchangeth with Lions Placentia exchangeth with Reâ—e with Genoua c. and so in the rest from one to another Next to every one of the said Names of Places followeth the Species or Moneys exchanged either by an entire and whole Sum or by a broken and lesser denomination which the place in the Table giveth in exchange by proportion with the other to whose Name the said Moneys are placed and put unto as to say Placentia exchangeth with Lions 100 Crowns that is understood that in Exchanging between Placentia and Lions 100 Crowns of Placentia are supposed and put by an equivalency or in value to that quantity or sum of Money which is found to be noted in Lions following As in the said Example Placentia exchangeth with Lions Crowns 100 for Crowns 97¾ so likewise is it to be understood that in the said Exchanges that for every 100 Crowns of Placentia or of Fiera or of Mark it is as much as to say as Lions counter-payeth or giveth 97¾ of his Crowns that is of the Sun Also Placentia exchangeth with Genoua Crown 1. for Sol. 67. 10 d. that is to say that Placentia Exchanging with Genoua it giveth or as I said before it selleth Crownâ— of Mark to have in Genoua Sol. 67. 10 d. of Gold and in the same manner the rest of the said places are to be understood Though the Tables of Exchanges differ from the present Rates yet the use thereof is not any way lessened and whereas the Rates and Prices of these Exchanges may here be sound to disagree from the current Rates of the same in sundry places as at this very day and time yet that cannot take away the Benefit that may redound to Merchants by the use thereof nor prejudice the Labour or Judgment of him that calculated the said Table because we see by experience that the Rates of Exchanges do hourly differ and the Moneys also are found to rise and fall daily in sundry places upon which these Exchanges have their Ground work and Foundation and though a Table were calculated precisely to this present day and time yet e'er the same could be published it would find a disagreement in divers places CHAP. CCLXXVI The Use of the Table of Exchanges The use of the Table of Exchanges by three Examples THE method being thus understood the use thereof is easily comprehended which by three Examples I shall illustrate and make plain where by the way it is to be noted that in Exchanging of any Sum of Moneys whatsoever the Rates mentioned in this Table are not observable save only for the Examples sake and for Instruction in the Contract that may be made thereupon but the Rate agreed upon and by which the Exchange is conditioned by both the Giver and Taker is the true and firm Rule whereby the question is to be wrought First Example notwithstanding for the first Example we will propound a Question by a contracted Price according to the current Rates mentioned in this said Table and that from Naples a Merchant would exchange Ducats 738. 4. 10. with Placentia and the Price of the Exchange shuâ— be that which is mentioned in the Table of Naples with the Town of Placentia where it is found that Naples exchangeth with Placentia at Grains 133 for a Crown By these three Numbers in the Tables mentioned I work thus then by the Rule of Thres saying If 133 Grains give 1 Crown how many do 738 Ducats 4. 10. give and working Arithmetically according to the said Rule it makes 555 Crowns 11. 3. of Mark in Credit to be given in â—…era of the said Placentia Second Example For a second Example I will propound that Naples would exchange 500 Ducats with Placentia at Sold. 18. 2 d. c. This Example considered will not be found to differ from the former save that in the former Naples gave the lesser or broken Number and in this Naples gives the whole and entire Number notwithstanding which the Rule is not found to differ as in other the like Questions in simple Exchanges wherein it is to be observed that Sol. 18. and Den. 2. of Valentia are paid for 1 Ducat of Naples and by that Price and Rate I would know how many Livres of that Money of Valentia the proposed Sum of 500 Ducats in Naples come into and by that which we find in the Table by the same Rule of Three I say if one Ducat is worth 18 Sol. 2 Den. how many shall 500 be worth and by working the Question it makes 454 Livrâ—s 3 s. 4 d. and so much Credit will 500 Ducats of Naples give at the Price aforementioned thus Third Example All other Exchanges have their Resolutions as these two former but yet sometimes it is true some accidents may interpose which may cause the Question to have a double working as if I should say that Genoua would exchange with Venetia Crowns 1000 of Livres 4. to Livres 7 l. 10 Sol of that Money and the Credit is required in Ducats Now then because the simple Exchange gives the Money in Livres you must make another reckoning to reduce the same into Ducats but yet for all this neither in this nor in any other case would I have but one account made the which may be done by the Rule multiplied I say then if 1 Crown be worth 7. 100. Den. and that 6 s. 4 Den. is worth one Ducat how many Ducats will a 1000 Crowns make and by working the Question it will be found to make 1209 Ducats 13. 6 d. for Credit which from Genoua will be produced by a thousand Crowns in Venice the Question being well observed it will be found to be wrought in this manner It is to be noted that in what place soever the Moneys are accounted by Livres Sols and Den. or as we say in England by Pounds Shillings and Pence it is accounted by 20 and by 12 because that Sol. or Shill 20
Of the Terms of Payments in general of Bills of Exchange The terms of payment of Bills of Exchange five TO make these Tables compleat and the Rules of these Exchanges to be truly and rightly understood it is observable that as all Exchanges have a settled Rate and Price by which the Taker taketh and the Giver by Covenant giveth it so is there likewise a certain positive term and time limited wherein and at which day expired the Factor of the Taker or his Assign repayeth the covenanted Sum to the Factor or Assign of the Giver thereof which term oâ— time is of differing space of days prefixed The common term or times by which all Bills in Exchanges are made are found usually to be five which is first at sight of the Bill secondly at Usance thirdly at double Usance fourthly at half Usance fifthly at Marts Fairs c. which five Terms in Exchanges are thus understood 1. At Sight First then at sight or so many days after sight is understood to be so long a term or time as the Bill of Exchange will be after the delivery going to that place where it is covenanted that the same should be paid and upon the shew and sight thereof or at so many days after as is specified therein it must be paid and answered accordingly 2. At Usance Secondly at Usance is understood to be of a different term and space of time sometimes consisting of 8 days as from Rome to Naples sometimes of 10 days as from Genoua to Rome sometimes of 30 days as from London to Rouen to Antwerp to Middleburgh to Amsterdam and so to other places sometimes of 60 days or two months as from London to Hamburgh from Antwerp to Rome and to Venice and to Florence to Naples to Palermo and so to other places Sometimes again Usance is understood to be 90 days or three months as from London to Venice Florence Naples c. according to the several Customs of the said distant several places where the Bills of Exchanges are made and ever accounted from the date of the said Bill 3. At double Usance Thirdly at double Usance which considering the said places is understood to be double the former spaces of single Usance being either of 8 10 30 60 or 90 days doubled according to the Custom of the place where the Bill is made and accounted also from the date of the said Bill 4. At half Usance Fourthly at half Usance this is understood to be half the abovesaid limited term or time according as as I said before to the common Custom of that place where the Bill is made and accounted also from the date of the Bill 5. At Fairs and Marts Fifthly at Marts or Fairs which by Italians and Spaniards is called La Fiera and this space of time for payment of Bills is understood to be at some certain days accounted for Fairs in the said places where the Bills are made to be payable as is found in Placentia quarterly four times of the year the like observed generally in Lions and in Castile at three times of the year accounted as in three Banks 1. I' las Fieras de Vilaleon 2. de Medina del Campo 3. de Medina del Rio Sicco which places are as publick Marts whereunto Merchants do use to give and take sometimes to benefit themselves by Exchanges as in the abovesaid places and sometimes to buy Commodities and supply their occasions as is used twice a year for some Marts in Germany as I have touched more largely in the Description of the Trade of the said Cities CHAP. CCCI. How the Rates and Prices in Exchanges are settled How the Rates and Prices of Exchangers are settled THE next thing considerable yet to be handled for the explanation of these Tables of Exchanges is the Rate and Price it self for seeing that so many Merchants of great eminence whose Estates are continually traversed from one Country to another and from one Coin to another do daily and constantly give and take as their occasion and the Rates of the Exchanges conduce to their Profit it may be conceived that their great Purses should prescribe the Rule and Rate thereto which is seen so variously to alter and daily to rise and fall by the continual current of those and others that use this Mystery yet notwithstanding not found that they have any determinate Power or Stroke in giving the Price thereto though it must be confessed that such have a conducing hand so far forth as it may be â—ound that their Opinion concurs with the universal Opinions of the rest interessed in this mystical body of Exchanges And therefore to explain my self it may fitly here be demanded how those Rates and Prices of Exchanges come to be set and then continued or how it comes to pass that the same are seen so frequently to vary and alter in forein Parts Whereto I answer That the Bankers in Italy Spain and France being now a days found to be the only great takers and deliverers of Moneys have at the times of Payments of Exchanges in the principal places aforesaid as namely aâ— Lions in France Madrid and in other places of Spain Florence Genoua Venetia and such other places in Italy a constant meeting and there by certain Tickets in writing deliver every Man his Opinion what the Price of the Exchange ought to be for all places Then exchanging for the next Fair or time of payment in every the said places and according to the same the Calculation is cast up by the Medium that is to say if there be seven or more Voices or Tickets the said seven are added together and the seventh part is the medium and if there be ten then the ten being cast up the tenth part is the medium and so for greater or lesser numbers accordingly wherein it is to be noted that these Bankers do observe how the plenty of Moneys lieth by Exchange how the occasions of Princes may help or hinder either by great Receipts or great Disbursements how the Trade and Commerce of the Negotiators and Merchants is concurrent and effective and therein they are found to concur in setting the said Rates and Prices for their own Commodity and Advantage And from this Spring is observed to rise the main Ocean of all the Exchanges of Christendom in which this our Country of England hath but a small share as being only a Branch derived from the principal Channel CHAP. CCCII Of the Par in Exchanges Of the Par in Exchanges which is two THE next thing observable here is the Loss and Gain accruing by these Exchanges practised amongst Merchants To distinguish which and for the finding out the reality thereof every Giver or Taker applieth his study to find out the true and real Par of Exchanges whereby it is manifested both what the Gain and Loss is and who is Gainer and who is the Loser Now this Par in Exchanges may be
Rates of Interest in many other places Rates of Exchange in Lions and may serve for Rates of Interest in many other Cities FIrst at ½ per Cent. take 1 10 of a 1 10 and the ½ of the last 1 10 shall be the Rate and Sum of the Exchange propounded and demanded At ⅓ per Cent. take a 1 10 of a 1 10 and a ⅓ of the last 1 10 is the Exchange At ⅔ per Cent. take a 1 10 of a 1 10 and ⅔ of the last 1 10 is the Exchange At ¼ per Cent. take a 1 10 of a 1 10 and ¼ of the last 1 10 is the Exchange At ¾ per Cent. take ¾ of a 1 10 and the 1 10 shall be the Exchange At ⅕ per Cent. take a ⅕ of the 1 10 of a 1 10 shall be the Exchange At ⅖ per Cent. take a ⅖ of the 1 10 of a 1 10 shall be the Exchange At 1 per Cent. take a 1 10 of a 1 10 shall be the Exchange At 1½ per Cent. take a 1 10 of a 1 10 and ½ of the last 1 10 adding the two last At 1½ per Cent. take a 1 10 of a 1 10 and ⅓ of the last 1 10 adding the ⅓ and 1 10. At 1⅔ per Cent. take a ½ of a 1 10 shall be the Exchange At 1¼ per Cent. take a ⅛ of a 1 10 shall be the Exchange At 1¾ per Cent. take ½ and ¼ of the 1 10 of a 1 10 shall be the Exchange At 1⅜ per Cent. take a 1 10 of a 1 10 and ⅜ of the last 1 10. At 2 per Cent. take a ⅕ of a 1 10 shall be the Exchange At 2⅛ per Cent. take a ⅕ of a 1 10 and ⅙ of the said ⅕ adding the ⅓ and ⅕ At 2⅔ per Cent. take a ⅕ of a 1 10 and ½ of the said ⅕ At 2½ per Cent. take a ¼ of a 1 10 shall be the Exchange At 2¼ per Cent. take a ⅕ of a 1 10 and ⅛ of the said ⅕ adding the ⅕ and ⅛ At 2¾ per Cent. take a ¼ of a 1 10 and the 1 10 of the said ¼ At 3 per Cent. take a ¼ of a 1 10 and ⅓ of the said ¼ adding the ¼ and the ⅕ At 3⅓ per Cent. take a ⅓ of a 1 10. At 3½ per Cent. take a ¼ of a 1 10 and ⅔ of the said ¼ adding the ¼ and ⅖ At 3¾ per Cent. take a ¼ of a 1 10 and ⅓ of the said ¼ adding the ¼ and the ½ At 4 per Cent. take a ⅕ of a ⅕ At 4½ per Cent. take ¼ and ⅕ of At 5 per Cent. take a ½ of a 1 10. At 5½ per Cent. take a ½ of a 1 10 and 1 10 of the said ½ adding the ½ and the 1 10. At 6 per Cent. take a ½ of a 1 10 and ⅕ of the said ½ shall be the Exchange At 6¼ per Cent. take a 1 10 of a ¼ of a ¼ shall be the Exchange At 6⅔ per Cent. take a 1 10 of a ⅓ of one ⅓ At 7⅕ per Cent. take a ½ of 1 10 and ½ of the said ½ At 8⅓ per Cent. take a 1 11. At 10 per Cent. take a 1 10. At 12½ per Cent. take a ⅛ At 15 per Cent. take a 1 10 and ½ of the said 1 10 adding the whole At 16⅔ per Cent. take a 1 10. At 17½ per Cent. 1 10 and twice the ½ the one of the other of the said 1 10. At 20 per Cent. ⅕ At 22½ per Cent. ⅕ and of ⅛ the said ⅕ adding giveth the Exchange At 25 per Cent. taking the ¼ The reason and benefit of these Rules as well in Lions as elsewhere The reason why I have been induced to set down the brief method of calculating the Exchanges here is that as it is to be understood that the rate of the Exchange at the payment is regulated for the next ensuing payment for that day so must it also be understood that the nearer the time is to the day of the next ensuing the lesser consequently is the rate of the Exchange for that payment to be accounted and because in many Contracts that are made there in private Bargains between Merchant and Merchant it is oftentimes found that the time of payment prefixed by agreement is sometimes 2 3 or 4 or more Fairs or Payments to come and succeed and thereto is oftentimes to be considered the remaining time running to the first payment ensuing Therefore in this case I have for the easier and better reckoning of him that sells a Commodity and of him that doth buy the same set down the easiest and briefest way how to make his Account of the time to run which here I have set down to the common term of ten payments which at 2½ per Cent. makes 25 per Cent. CHAP. CCCV Examples of the Exchanges of Lions with the Profit of the Profits thereof Example of Exchange with the Profit of the Profit thereof in the nature of Interest upon Interest THE declaration of these Rules is best demonstrated by Examples which here following my intended method for the better understanding thereof I here purpose to insert the Question being That if a Creditor receiveth not each payment the Exchange that is due to him the Debtor ought to make him good the same as if it were the principal For Example I would know what shall l. 1560. 15 Ounces give for profit at the rate of two ½ per Cent. for three payments valuing the said Exchange with the Principal at the price above-named First it is to be noted That if by the Rules above mentioned the Profits of the said Sum at 2½ per Cent. for one payment comes to l. 39. 0. 4 d. that Sum is to be added to the Principal and then it doth amount unto l. 1599. 15 s. 4 d. out of which must be drawn the Exchange of the second payment and add that likewise to the principal and out of that the Exchange of the third and adding that in the same manner and it giveth 1680. l. 15 s. As by Example following doth appear And in this manner the account of the Profits of the Exchange of Lions may be made for any time whatsoever and forasmuch as the rate of the Exchange for a payment in a continued Sum may alter therefore I will lay down one Example more which pesus may be 7450 put out by the Exchange of Lions for a year or four payments The first payment falling to be at 2¼ the second at 2⅓ the third at 2½ and the fourth payment at ⅜ which accordingly cast up and continued with the Profit of the Profit added to the principal it will amount to 8203 l. 6 s. 6 d. as following shall appear by the Example Interest paid upon Rebate Now forasmuch as these Rules have affinity with the interest used in many Countries continued by the year from one to another
of Lions with Genoa LIons exchangeth with Genoa and giveth one Crown of the Sun have in that place positâ— of mony in Gold 59 s. 9 d. I demand for Cro. 9432. 9 of the Sun how much credit shall Lions have in Genoa in current mony To do which first multiply the said Crown of the Sun by Sol. 59. 9 d. and it maketh Sol. 563588. 10 d. which reduced into Livers makes Lib. 28179. 8. 10 Mâ—ny of Gold which divided by 68 Sol which is the price of a Crown of Gold in mony of Gold and that which resteth of the division you must multiply by 20 to make them Sols of Gold and then by 12 to make them Deniers and they will be Crowns 8288. 1. 5 of Gold the which multiply by 4½ which is the price at present of the Crown of Gold in current mony and of its prodâ—ct will come Lib. 37296. 6. 4 of mony current and so much credit shall Lions have in Genoa for the said Crown 9432. 9. of the Sun And you must note That the Livers of the mony of Gold cannâ—e be reduced into current mony unless first it be reduced to Crowns of Exchange Proof The proof of this Rule is seen when that Genoa doth Exchange for Lions CHAP. CCCXIV Of the Exchanges of Lions with Millan Exchanges of Lions with Millan LIONS Exchangeth with Millan and giveth a Crown of the Sun to have in Millan posito 118â…“ s. I would know how many Livers makes Crowns 1564. 15. 6. of Gold of the Sun in Millaâ—t To do which you must multiply the said sum of Crowns by 5 l. 18. 4. which are the Sols 118â— beginning to multiply the l 5 by the 6 Den. and then by the 15 which are with the Crown of the Sun the proceed of the multiplication shall be l. 9258. 5. which shall be had in Millan for the said Crown of the Sun as for Example Proof The proof of the said account shall be manifest in the Example of Millan with Lions CHAP. CCCXV. Of the Exchange of Lions with Venetia Exchanges of Lions with Venetia LIONS Exchangeth with Venice and giveth 100 Crowns of Gold to have their Dâ—cates posito 119â…” of Livers 6â…™ per Ducat I demand for Crowns 3549. 10. of the Sun how much credit shall Lions have in Venice To know which multiply the said sum of Crowns by the said 119â— Ducats and the remainder produced by the said multiplication shall be divided by 24 because that the Ducat is worth 24 Gross and out of that product cut the two last figures the which being multiplied by 24 to make them Grosses they will make Dacâ—t 48 38 1 12 which Lions shall have credit in Venice for the said Crowns of the Sun as Example Facit 4238 Ducat 2 Gross And the proof of this account shall be manifested by Example Proof in the Exchanges of Venetia back for Lion CHAP. CCCXVI. Of the Exchanges of Lions with Bolonia Exchanges of Lions with Bolonia LIONS Exchangeth with Bolonia and giveth 100 Crowns of the Sun to have in Bolonia Crowns 113 of Livers 4¾ per Crown I demand then for Crowns 3879. 13. 4. of the Sun how much credit shall Lions have in Bolonia To do which multiply the said Crowns of the Sun by 113 and from the product cut the two last figures then multiply them by 20. and 12. to make them Sols and Deniers and it will come to Crowns 4282. 6. 5. in Bolonia the which you must bring into Livers by multiplying them by l. 4. 15. which is the value of the Crown in Bolonia and they make l. 20341. 0. 5. which Lions shall have credit for in Bolonia The proof hereof serveth to know how to make the account when Bolonia exchangeth for Lions and is done by the Rule of 3 saying If Crowns 213 give 100 Crowns how many shall 4282 Crowns 5. s. 6 d. give CHAP. CCCXVII Of the Exchanges of Lions with Placentia Exchanges of Lions with Placentia LIONS Exchangeth with Placentia and giveth 119â…” posito Crowns of the Sun to have in Placentia Crowns 100 of Marc. I demand for Crowns 3489. 15 of Gold of the Sun how many Crowns shall be due to me in Placentia To find which I say by the Rule of three If Crowas 119â…” give 100 Crowns of Marc. how many will Crowns 3489. 15. give the product of which Rule giveth Crowns 2916. 4. 6. d. of Marc. and so much shall be due to me in the said place of Placentia for the said sum of Crowns of the Sun for example The proof of this rule is seen when that Placentia shall exchange with Lions CHAP. CCCXVIII Of the Exchanges of Lions with Antwerp Exchanges of Lions with Antwerp LIONS Exchangeth with Antwerp and giveth one Crown of the Sun to have in Antwerp posito 121â…“ Gross I demand then how many Livers of Grosses I shall have there for Cro. 6895. 11. 3. To do which I multiply the said sum by the said 121â…“ Gross and it giveth Grosses 836661 out of which take 1 12 to make them Sols and they make Sols 69721. 9. which to make into Livers you must cut the two last figures and take the ½ of the others and it will come to l. 3486. 1. 9. of Grosses which I should have in the said place of Antwerp for the above-mentioned sum of Crowns of the Sun as by Example Proof The proof of the said account will appear when that Antwerp exchangeth with Lions and therein is to be noted that in the manner of the Exchange that Lions maketh with Antwerp the Calculation will serve in the same manner with Colonia because the same Moneys are used in Exchanges in the said City of Colonia as in Antwerp and the same also is in use in Amsterdam and throughout the Netherlands CHAP. CCCXIX. Of the Exchanges of Lions with London Exchanges of Lions with London LIons exchangeth with London and giveth a Crown of the Sun to have in London posito Pence sterling 58 I then demand for Crowns 7693. 10. 0. Crowns of the Sun how many Liens of Pounds sterling shall I have in London working the same as in the precedent Rule and accounâ— from Lions to Antwerp and it will make sterling Pounds 1859. 5. 3. d. And so much Credit shall the same give me in London as shall appear by Example following Proof The proof of this account shall appear when I come to the Exchanges of London with this place of Lions Paris Rouen Here also is to be noted That the account is calculated in the same manner when either Pâ—ris Rouen or any other part of France doth exchange for the City of London or for any other City in England CHAP. CCCXX Of the Exchange of Lions with Francfort Exchanges of Lions with Francfort LIons exchangeth with Francfort and giveth a Crown of the Sun to have in the said place Quarentines posito 95¼ I demand for 1500 Crowns of
Direct taking for first and second number the prices that have been ordered and for the last number of the said Rule take one of the prices that are found in such a manner that the first Exchange of the said Rule be of the same place as the latter Likewise when the said place where the Commission is essected giveth to the places that it ought to remit and to draw to both of them the certain the account thereof is made by the said Rule of Three forward as by Example Example of a certain and incertain Exchange Order and Commission is given for a Merchant to his friend at Lions to remit to Naples at Ducaes 126½ and to prevail for Rome at 85 Crowns or at another price differing therefrom provided that it may be done without loss it is found to remit to Naples at 125â…“ Ducats I would now know at how much might the same be drawn for Rome to the end that this Commission be fully and justly effected It is here first to be considered that Lions giveth the price certain to the said two places of Naples and Rome and therefore by that account it must be made by the Rule of Three forward saying If Ducats 126½ give Crowns 85 the inordered price how many will Ducas 125â…“ give the price found for Naples and it will come to Crowns 84. 4. 4 and at that price you must draw for Rome By this Commission then it is to be understood that those of Naples will have Ducats 126½ in Remittance in that place and be Debitors in Rome Crowns 85 who finding to remit at Dacats 125â…“ it giveth loss receiving less than that which is inordered and making the account in this abovesaid manner it is found that the Draught ought to be made at Crowns 84. 4. 4. which is to profit becoming this way a less Debitor than that which was inordered which câ—…th to recompence the loss which is made in the Remittance as for Example shall appear To prove this account by which may be clearly known how this Commission remaineth perfectly effected do in this manner Presuppose that those of Naples have given the Commission for Crowns 2000 of Gold of Estampe or de Camera which they would draw for Rome and remit the value for Naples you must first see how much the said Crowns of Estampe are worth in Crowns of the Sun at Crowns 85 per cent the inordered price and it will come to Crowns 2352. 18. 9. of Gold of the Sun out of which you must take â…” per cent for provision and there will remain Crowns 2343. 10. 7. the which must be remitted to Naples at the price inordered of Ducats 126½ per cent and it will come to Ducats 2964½ or thereabout So that it doth appear the said Crowns 2000 of debt in Rome are made by Remittance to Naples Ducats 2964½ Now then it is to be observed in the prices different from the order given which are found that is to say at Crowns 84. 4. 4. for Rome and at Ducats 125â…“ for Naples if for the said Crowns 2000 by Draught to Rome a Remittance may be made of the abovesaid Ducats 2964½ and the better to know it it must be seen how much the said sum of Crowns of Estampe are worth in Crowns of Gold of the Sun at Crowns 84. 4. 4. per cent which will come to Crowns 2374. 16. 6 Crowns of the Sun out of which taking the provision at â…– per cent there will remain Crowns 2365. 6. 7. which must be remitted to Naples at the said price which is found of 125â…“ per cent and it will make in Ducats 2964½ or thereabouts by Remittance to Naples the which sheweth the said Commission is perfectly accomplished in conformity of the order given For Example I could add many of these Examples for the illustration of this point of Commissions but I forbear to do it because the Examples might prove tedious and intricate and the rather because I may publish in this kind some things that I have already roughly drawn if I find that my labours this way prove grateful and therefore touching other circumstances and questions that may arise in the Exchanges practised in Lions I will refer the same to the ingenious lover of this Art and Mystery having set down sufficient to exercise both the head and the hand of the sludious and which may afford matter for greater variety in the next place therefore I will in the next place survey the Exchanges practised in Rome after the same manner CHAP. CCCXXV Of the Fairs of Lions wherein all Bills of Exchange are thence drawn and are there satisfied The four Fairs of Lions LIons is noted to have four Fairs the manner of accepting of Bills of Exchange therein I have observed in the 275 Chapter the times of the said Bills now resteth to be shewed 1. Foir des Rois. The first Fair beginneth in Lions the first Monday after the Epiphany and if the same fall upon a Monday the Fair doth then begin the Monday following the which lasteth fifteen working days excluding and excepting Sundays and Holy-days the which is designed for Merchants to do their affairs at the end whereof which oftentimes happens at Candlemas all parties are made by Exchanges and all former Remittances are paid and discharged 2. Foir des Pasque The second is the Fair of Easter which beginneth the Monday following the Octaves after Easter-day and lasteth 15 working days Sundays and Holy-days excepted at the end whereof all former Draughts payable in this Fair are satisfied and all new Remittances and Draughts for other places are made and framed from one Man to another 3. Foir d' Aust. The third is the Fair of August and beginneth the fourth of the said Month and continueth as the rest 15 working days which oftentimes happeneth not till the beginning of September wherein as above is noted the Draughts made hither and Remittances are discharged and new parties by Exchange for other places framed and perfected from one Man to another 4. Foir des toutes Saints The fourth is the Fair of All-Saints beginning the third of November continuing as the former 15 working days which sometimes happeneth on the beginning of December and therein the Merchants use to discharge all former Bills that come hither from other places and frame new Remittances and Draughts hence to other Cities between Man and Man For it is here to be noted That all Bills of Exchanges and for the most part all Bills of Debt have is this City no other time of Payment Receipt or Discharge but during these four principal aforementioned Times or Fairs CHAP. CCCXXVI Of Examples of the Exchanges practised in Rome and how the same are calculated Exchanges practised in Rome and first with Lions I Have shewed in the general Exchanges of Rome with how many places the same is found to exchange and there also shewed the common Rates how the same doth
Exchanges of Rome with Genoa Exchanges of Rome with Genoa ROme exchangeth with Genoa and giveth posito Crowns 101 of Gold of Estampe to have iâ— the said place Crowns 100 of Gold of Italy I demand for Crowns 4000. 10. of Gold of Estampe what Credit shall Rome have at Genoa You must first reduce the said Crowns of Estampe into Crowns of Gold of Italy at the rate of Crowns 100 of Estampe for Crowns 102½ of Gold and therefore you must multiply by 102½ in cutting the two last figures the which you must multiply by 20 and by 12 and they will make Crowns 4100. 10. 3. of Gold of Italy then say by the Rule of Three If 101 Cro. give 100 Crowns what shall 4100 Crowns 10. 3 give And it will come to Crowns 4059. 18. 3 of Gold in Gold of Italy and for to reduce them into Livers you must multiply them by Livers 4 3 2 the value of a Crown of Gold and in so doing it will come to l. 18269. 12. 1 current money that Rome shall have Credit in Genoa for the said Crowes of Estampe as for Example Proof The proof of the said rule is more apparently demonstrated when Genoa doth Exchange this parcel back with Rome CHAP. CCCXXXIV Of the Exchanges of Rome with Palermo or Mesina Exchanges of Rome with Paelermo and Mesina ROme Exchangeth with Palermo or Mesina and giveth 1 Crown of Gold of Estampe to have in one of the two said places posito Carl. 29â…• I would know then for Crowns 4000. 10. 6 what Credit in Ounces shall Rome have in Palermo or Mesina To do which you must multiply the said Crowns by 29â…“ and the Product will be Carlins 117348. 7. 2. the which must be reduced into Ounces by cutting the last sigure and by taking the â…™ of the rest and the 48 remaining are Caâ—lins of which take the ½ and they shall be Taries and in this working it will make Ounces 1955 Taries 24 Grains 7 and Picolies 2 which Rome must have Credit for in one of the aforesaid places for the above-mentioned Crowns of Estempe as is apparent by the following Example Proof The proof of this account is seen when Palermo or Mesina shall exchange back with Rome CHAP. CCCXXXV Of the Exchanges of Rome with Antwerp Exchanges of Rome with Antwerp ROme Exchangeth with Antwerp and giveth one Crown to have in the said City of Antwerp posito 114 gross I demand then for Crowns 2000. 17. 8 how many pounds in gross or gresses shall Rome have Credit in Antwerp To do this you must multiply the said sum of Crowns by 114 and of the Product will come grosses 228100 the which reduced into Pounds Flemish will make l. 950. 8. 4. and for so much shall Rome have Credit in the said City of Antwerp as for Example Proof The Proof of this account is demonstrated when this parcel is Exchanged back from Antwerp to Rome And Note That when Rome shall Exchange with Frankfort Amsterdam or any other part of the Netherlands the account is made as in the abovesaid manner of Rome with Antwerp CHAP. CCCXXXVI Of the Exchanges of Rome with London Exchanges of Rome with London ROme Exchangeth with London and giveth one Crown there to have in the said City posito 65 pence sterling I demand then for Crowns 4000. 14. 8. of Estamp how many pouads sterling shall Rome have Credit in London which must be wrought as in the precedent account of Rome with Antwerp and it will be found that it will amount unto 1083. 10. 8. den which lought to have in the said City of London for the said sum of Crowns of Estamp as may appear by the Example following Proof The Proof of this Rule will more evidently appear when the sum of 1083 l. 10 s. 8¼ den Sterl is remitted from London to Rome which I hope is not in these days used in England CHAP. CCCXXXVII Of the Exchanges of Rome with the Cities of Valentia Saragosa or Barselona Exchanges of Rome with Valentia Saragosa and Barcelona ROme doth exchange with Valentia Saragosa and Barselona and giveth 1 Crown of Estamâ—… to have in one of the said places Sols posito 25. den 6. I demand then for Crowns 6000 14. 4. of Estampe what Credit shall Rome have in one of the said places To know which you must multiply the said sum of Crowns of Estampe by l. 1. 5. 6. and they will make l. 7650. 18. 3 d. which Rome shall have in Credit in one of the said places for the said sum of Crowns of Estampe as shall appear by this Example Proof The Proof this Rule is best seen when this sum shall be remitted back from these Cities to Rome and because that the Calculation to all these three places is made in one and the same manner I have put them thus together the price only giving the alteration in Exchange more or less in each City CHAP. CCCXXXVIII Of the Exchanges of Rome with Sevil. Exchanges of Rome with Sevil ROme Exchangeth with Sevil and giveth 1 Crown of Estampe to have in Sevil posito 456 Marvedes I demand then for 400 Crowns of Estampe how many Marvedes shall Roâ—… have in Sevil To do which you must multiply the said sum of Crowns of Estampe by 456 Mâ—…evedes and they make 182400 which Rome must have Credit in the said Place And it is hereto be noted That throughout all Castilia the Exchanges are made in the same manner as at Sevâ—l and they likewise keep their accounts in the denomination of Marvedes and when as they amount to a million they term it in Spanish a Quintos Proof At Alcala and other places in Spain the Account is as above made and the further Proof thereof is seen when that Sevil shall Exchange with Rome CHAP. CCCXXXIX Of the Exchanges of Rome with Lisbon Exchanges of Rome with Lisbon ROme doth Exchange with Lisbon and delivereth one Crown of Estampe to have in the said place posito 513 Raes I demand what Credit in Raes shall Rome have in Lisbon for 325 Crowns 9. 6. d. this question is to be wrought as in the precedent account is shewed and it 〈◊〉 appear that Rome shall have Credit in Lisbon for Raes 166968 as shall be seen by the worâ—ing thereof following Proof The proof of this Account is apparent when that Lisbon shall Exchange back Raes 166968 with Rome at 513 Raes per Ducat CHAP. CCCXL Of the Terms of Payment of Bills of Exchange in Rome Terms of payment of Bills of Exchange in Rome From Rome the Terms are To Naples at 8 days sight and from thence back at 10 days To Bruges and Antwerp at 8 days sight To Palermo at 15 days sight and from thence back at 10 days To Florence at 10 days sight and so back To Venice at 10 days sight and so back To Avignon at 45 days sight and thence at 10
Crowns 73â…” give 93â…“ Crowns what will Crowns 74â…“ give And it will give by the said Rule Crowns 94. 3. 6 d. so that this Order and Commission may be accomplished and performed with benefit because that remitting to Venice at Crowns 74â…“ it ought to be drawn to Florence at Crowns 94. 3. 6 and there it is found at more videlicet at Crowns 94â…” As for Example And thus much shall serve for instruction and method to the Exchanges and Commissions practised at Rome and now I will proceed to the next eminent place of Exchanges according to my intended method which is Naples CHAP. CCCXLIII Examples of the Exchanges practised in Naples and how the same are to be calculated Examples of Exchanges practised in Naples I Have shewed in the general Exchanges of Naples with how many other places this City is found to Exchange and there also shewed the common rates how the same doth govern which every day is so found to alter that no set rule can peremptorily be set down for the same yet it is in it self so beneficial that thereby the Learner may know how to make his account either in his Draughts or Remittances the way of making which account now remaineth to be handled observing the same with so many other places as may be fittest to understand the ground thereof Accounts in Naples It is also there observed that the Bankers and Exchangers of the place do keep their account in Ducats Taries and Grains the which are cast up by 5 and by 20 because that 5 Taries do make a Ducate and 20 grains a Tarie also that the Crown of Gold in Gold of this Kingdom is 13 Carlins or 6½ Taries and the Crown of money or Silver is 11 Carlins or 5½ Taries the Ducute of Gold being worth 6 Taries and the Ducate current is worth 5 Taries CHAP. CCCXLIV Of the Exchanges of Naples with Lions Exchanges of Naples with Lions NAples then Exchangeth with Lions and giveth posito Ducates 127½ to have in this place 100 Crowns of Gold of the Sun I demand then for Ducates 3295 and 1 Tarie how many Crowns of Gold shall I have in Lions To know which you must say by the Rule of Three If Ducates 127½ give 100 Crowns how many will Ducates 3295â…• give Multiplying the remainder of the Division by 20 and by 12 to make them Sols and Deniers and it will make Crowns 2584. 9. 4. of Gold of the Sun which I should have at Lions Proof The proof of this account is seen when Lions exchangeth back either for Naples Bery Lechy or any other City of that Kingdom CHAP. CCCXLV. Of the Exchanges of Naples with Placentia Exchanges of Naples with Placentia NAples Exchangeth with Placentia and giveth posito Ducates 132¼ to have in this place Crow 100 of Mark I demand then for Duc. 3416 Taries 2 and Grains 8 how many Crowns of Mark shall I have at Placentia To do which I must first reduce the said sum of Duc. into Grains and if there were neither Taries nor Grains it were done by the only addition of two Cyphers because that the Ducate is worth 100 Grains and because that there is in this Question 2 Taries and 8 Grains 48 Grains is to be added and take Grains 132¼ for Divisor of the said sum seeing it is as much at Grains 132¼ per Crown as at Duc. 132¼ per Crown 100 multiplying as well the one part as the other by 4 to bring them into quarters of Grains and after Division by multiplying the rest of the Divisor by 20 and 12 to bring them into Sols and Deniers of Gold and all this done it will come to Crow 2573. 12. 4 of Mark which I must have in the said place of Placentia for the said sum of Ducates above-mentioned as for Example Proof The proof of this Account is more apparently demonstrated when this sum or parcel is exchanged back from Placentia to Naples Bary Lechy or other Cities of this Kingdom CHAP. CCCXLVI Of the Exchanges of Naples with Rome Exchanges of Naples with Rome NAples doth exchange with Rome and giveth posito Ducats 135â…” in this place to have in Rome 100 Crowns of Gold of Estampe I demand then for Ducats 3183. 3. 17. what credit in Crowns shall Naples have in the said City of Rome To know which the question is wrought as is before mentioned in the precedent Exchange of Naples with Placentia and it cometh to Crowns 2346. 15. 2. of Gold of Estampe or de Camera and for so much shall Naples have credit in Rome as for Example Proof The proof of this Rule is manifested when this parcel is Exchanged back from Rome to Naples Bary Lechy or to any other City of this Kingdom CHAP. CCCXLVII Of the Exchanges of Naples with Florence Exchanges of Naples with Florence Naples exchangeth with Florence and giveth Duc. posita 119â…” to have in Florence 100 Crowns of Gold I demand then for Duc. 934. 1. 10. how much shall Naples have Credit in the said City of Florence This must be wrought as the precedent question of the Exchange of Naples for the City of Rome and it will come to Crowns 780. 15. 0 of Gold and so much shall Naples have credit in the said place of Florence as appeareth by this Example Proof The proof of this Account is declared when this parcel is Exchanged back from Florence to Naples CHAP. CCCXLVIII Of the Exchanges of Naples with Venice Exchanges of Naples with Venice NAples Exchangeth with Venice and giveth posito Ducats 97¼ to have in Venice Ducas 100 of Livers 6â…• of this Money which now is termed in Banco I demand then for Ducats 1799. 1. 13 of Naples how many Ducats shall I have in the place of Venetia This is to be wrought as the precedent multiplying the remainder of the division by 24 to bring the same into gross because that the Ducats of Livers 6. 4 s. maketh 24 gross and it will come to Ducats 1850 5 24 and so many Ducats shall Naples have in the said place of Venice as by the Example following Proof The proof of the said Account appears when this parcel of 1850 3 24 is exchanged baâ—… from Venice to the aforesaid place of Naples CHAP. CCCXLIX Of the Exchanges of Naples with Millan Exchanges of Naples with Millan NAples exchangeth with Millan and giveth posito Duc. 98½ to have in Millan Crow 100 of Livers 5 per Crow of the money of this place I demand then for Duc. 850 how many Crow shall I have in Millan To know which I must do as in the precedent exchanges multiplying the remainder of the division by 20 and 12 to bring the same into Sols and Deniers and by this working it will make Crow 862. 18. 10. and to know how many Livers they are they must be multiplied by 5 Livers beginning to multiply the Den. then the Sols and afterward's the
the same are concluded Exchanges practised at Genoa I Have shewed elsewhere the general Exchanges of Genoa and with how many other places this City is found to Exchange and there also declared the common rates and prices how the same is found to govern which notwithstanding is found so subject to alteration that it cannot admit of any great certainty yet so far it is conducible to this knowledge that it may serve as a certain rule for the calculation thereof either in the Draughts Remittances or Orders that may happen to fall within the limit of this City the forming of which accounts now remaineth to be handled observing the same with some other principal places which being well understood will enlighten the way to what is here by me for brevity sake willingly omitted Accounts in Genoa To give then Introduction thereto it is to be noted that Exchangers do here keep their accounts several ways as some in Livers Sols and Deniers of current money and others by Livers Sols and Deniers money of Gold and both these accounted and summed up by 20 and 12 because 20 Sols make a Liver and 12 Deniers do make a Sol. Moreover it is to be noted that the Crown of Italy of Gold in Gold is worth here in current Money 90 Sols of Genoa though it is found sometimes to be worth more and sometimes less as Moneys are requested Notwithstanding the said Crown is always given for 68 Sols Money of Gold Again it is to be observed that in Genoa all or the most part of Exchanges that are practised are effectively for Placentia Lions Millan Venice Naples and Rome and therefore in the handling thereof I shall to avoid tediousness be the briefer CHAP. CCCLXII Of the Exchanges of Genoa with Placentia Exchange of Genoa with Placentia GEnoa doth Exchange with Placentia and giveth posito Sol. 87¾ current money to have there 1 Crow of Mark I would know then for Livers 10269. 19. 3 d. current money how many Crow of Mark I shall have in Placentia 1. Example First then multiply the said Sol. 87¾ by 4 to bring them into 4 4 adding the ◠4 and they make 351 quarters and then multiply the said sum of Livers by 20 to make them Sols and then by 4 to make them quarters of Sols adding to the multiplication ¼ for the 3 Deniers and it will be in all 821 597 which divide by 331 the price of the Crown of Mark and the division will be 2340 multiplying the rest by 20 and by 12 to make them Sols and Deniers and they will be in all Crow 2340. 14. 7. of Gold of Mark which you must have in Placentia as by Example will be more evident To prove this account you must multiply the said Crowns of Mark by Lib. 4. 7. 9. beginning to multiply by the Deniers and then by Sols calculating it by 12 Deniers for one Sol and by 2◠for one Liver and of the product will come l. 10269-18-11 so that it is evident that the account is just the difference being in some small parts of the division which is lost as by Example Another Example of the said Exchanges At Genoa it is oftentimes seen that the Exchange is made for Placentia in Sols of Money of Gold and the difference of this money is that the Crown of Gold by decree of the estate is worth Sols money of Gold and in current money 90 Sols and though that the said price of the current money rise and fall the money of Gold never varieth from the said price of 68 Sol. If then I would know for Livers 2816. 13. 4. money of Gold which one exchangeth at 66 5 d. money of Gold per Crown how many Crowns of mark shall one have Do thus Reduce the abovesaid Livers into Deniers multiplying them by 20 and the Sols resting by 12 likewise reduce the said Sols 66. 5 Deniers into Deniers multiplying them by 12 and that which will come thereof shall be the Divisor of the sum of Deniers come of the said Liv. the which divided will be 848 Cro. 3. 7. of Mark. Proof To prove this Rule multiply this by 5 d. and the product will be 2186. 13. 3. which shews the account to be just cast Third Example In Genoa I would deliver for Placentia lib. 3248. 15. of current money which is exchanged at 67 Sol. 10 d. of money of Gold I demand how many Crowns of Mark they will be First reduce the said sum of Livers of current money into Livers of money of Gold dividing the same by 90 Sols the price of the Crown of Gold in current money and they will be Crowns 721. 18. 10 which must be multiplyed by 3 l. 8 s. the price of the Crown in money of Gold and it will come to lib. 2454. 12. money of Gold which divided by 67. 10 to see what the Crowns of Mark are worth and they will make Crowns 723. 14. 3. of Mark and so much shall Genoa have medit in Placentia for the said l. 3248. 15 of current money as the example shall more evidently demonstrate To reduce Livers of current money into Livers of Gold in Geona If in Genoa you would reduce any sum of current money into Livers of money of Gold by a short rule because that the Crow of Gold in current money is 90 s. and in money of Gold 68 s. you must take of the current money twice ⅓ placing them the one under the other and out of one of the said ⅓ take ⅕ and of that which cometh of the said ⅕ you must take ⅓ and adding these 4 parcels together will come Money of Gold as will appear by this Example Proof For proof of the said account if by the same method you would reduce Livers of Money of Gold into Livers of current Money you must add to the said Livers of Money of Gold the ¼ and of that which will come thereof take 1 17 adding the said two parcels together and they will make Livers of current Money Example And thus much shall serve for the Exchange of Genoa with Placentia wherein I have thought fit thus far to enlarge my self by reason of the great Exchanges continually practised between the said two places CHAP. CCCLXIII Of the Exchanges of Genoa with Lions Exchanges of Genoa with Lions GEnoa Exchangeth with Lions and giveth posito Sols 59. 9. Money of Gold to have in Lions a Crown of the Sun I would know then for Livers 37296. 6. 0 of current Money in Genoa how many Crowns of the Sun I shall have in Livers First reduce the said sum of Livers of current Money into Livers of Money of Gold by the former Rules dividing by Sol. 90. the price of the Crown of Gold in current Money and they will make Crowns 8288. 1. 4. which must be multiplyed by l. 3. 8. 5. the price of the Crown in Money of Gold and it will come to
Venetia CHAP. CCCLXIX Examples of the Exchanges practised at Venice and how the same are to be calculated Exchanges practised at Venice I Have shewed the general Exchanges used in Venice and with how many other places this City is found to Exchange and there also shewed at large the common rates and prices the same is found there to govern which notwithstanding is so subject to alteration that the prices there mentioned cannot be admitted for a settled rule and certain rate yet so far it is conducible in it self to the understanding hereof that the same may serve as an undoubted method in the culculation thereof either in the Draughts or Remittances Orders or Commissions that may fall within the limit of the Exchanges of this City the working of which rules now remaineth to be handled observing the same only with such principal places as are most notable which being well understood will serve as guides to find out what else is here by me for brevity willingly omitted Accounts kept in Venice To give first then an introduction thereunto it is to be noted That Merchants and Bankers here do keep their accounts by several methods and denominations some in Ducats and Grosses of Livers 6⅕ the Ducat the which they sum by 24 because that 24 Grosses are worth one Ducat and others keep the same by Livers Sols and Gross which are worth ten Lucats the Liver which is summed up by 20 and by 12 making 20 Sols of Gross to be one Liver and 12 Deniers one Sol. Again it is to be noted that some few years past the Money current paid in payment of Merchandise and the Money current paid upon Bills of Exchange was of one and the self-same goodness in value or little in difference but now the moneys paid upon Bills of Exchange is found to exceed the former 20 in 21 per cent and is commonly now called in Banco as the other is called the current Money and therefore when moneys by Exchange is mentioned it is understood to be in Banco as the best and principal CHAP. CCCLXX Of the Exchanges of Venice with Lions Exchanges of Venice with Lions VEnice doth Exchange with Lions and giveth posito Ducats 119⅖ of Livers 6⅕ to have in Lions Crow 100 of Gold of the Sun I demand for Duc. 4238 1 12 how many Crowns of the Sun shall I have in Lions To do this say by the Rule of Three If Duc. 119⅖ give 100 Cro. of the Sun of Gold what will Duc. 4328 1 12 give me which being done accordingly as I have heretofore often mentioned it will come to Crow 3459 and multiplying the remainder of the division by 20 to make them Sols of Gold and then by 12 to make them Deniers it will come in all to Crow 3549. 9. 8. of Gold of the Sun and so much shall you have credit in Lions for the said sum of Ducats 4238 1 12 of Livers 6. 4. Sols per Ducat as may be seen by the following Example Proof The proof of this Rule is seen when that Lions doth Exchange back with Venice CHAP. CCCLXXI Of the Exchanges of Venice with Placentia Exchanges of Venice with Placentia VEnice doth Exchange with Placentia and giveth posito Duc. 134½ of Livers 6⅕ to have in Placentia 100 Crow of mark I demand for Ducats 1450 17 24 how many Crowns of Mark First reduce the said Duc. 134½ into grosses multiply them by 24 and adding 12 grosses for the half Ducat and it will make gross 3228. in like manner you must reduce the said Ducats into grosses in multiplying them by 24 and adding of 17 gross for the 17 24 it being the same to say one gross as 1 24 and it will be grosses 34817 saying then by the Rule of Three If grosses 3228 give Crow 100. what will grosses 34817 give And it will come to Crow 1078 and multiplying the rest of the division by 20 to make them Sols of Gold and by 12 to make them Deniers it will be found to make in all Crowns 1078. 11. 10. of Gold of mark and so much you shall have in Placentia for the said Duc. 1450 17 24 of l. 6. 4. s. as by the Example following Proof The proof of this Rule is more apparent when Placentia doth Exchange back with Venice CHAP. CCCLXXII Of the Exchanges of Venice with Rome Exchanges of Venice with Rome VEnice doth Exchange with Rome and giveth Ducats 100 of 6 l. 4 s. to have in that place posito Cro. 73½ of Gold de Camera for Duc. 1157½ I would know how many Crow shall Venice have in Rome you must multiply the said sum of duc at the said price of Crow 73½ per cent and out of its product cut off the two last figures the which multiplyed by 20 and by 12 to make them sols and deniers of gold and it will make Crowns 850. 15. 3. of gold of estampe and so much credit shall Venice have in Rome as is apparent by this Example Proof The proof of the said account is more apparent when this parcel is Exchanged from Rome back to Venice CHAP. CCCLXXIII Of the Exchanges of Venice with Naples Exchanges of Venice with Naples VEnice doth Exchange with Naples and giveth Ducats 100 of lib. ⅓ to have in the said place posito Duc. 97¼ of Taries 5 per Ducat I demand then for Ducats 1850 5 24 of Venice how many Ducats credit shall I have in Naples Multiply the said sum of Ducats by Grains 97¼ per Duc. and of the Product will come grains out of which cut off the two last Figures to make them Ducats because as hath been said before one Ducat is worth 100 grains and it will make Ducats 1799 and grains 32 which are one Tarie and grains 12 and so much credit shall you have in Naples for the said sum of Duc. of Venice as by Example shall appear Proof The Proof of this account will appear when this is rechanged from Naples to Venice and note That when Venice doth Exchange with Bary Lechy Lausano or other parts of the Kingdom of Naples the account is made as above with Naples it self CHAP. CCCLXXIV Of the Exchanges of Venice with Florence Exchanges of Venice with Florence VEnice doth Exchange with Florence and giveth Duc. 100 of l. 6⅕ to have in Florence Posito 81½ Crow of Gold I demand then for Ducats 2500 what credit shall Venice have in Florence To do this multiply the said sum of Duc. at the abovesaid Price of Crow 81½ per cent and from the Product cut the two last sigures multiplying the same by 20 and by 12 to make the same Sols and Deniers of Gold and they make Crow 2037. 10 Sols of Gold of Florence as by Example will manifestly appear Proof The proof of this account is seen when this Sum is rechanged from Florence to Venice CHAP. CCCLXXV Of the Exchanges of Venice with Millan Exchanges
the Crown of Mark there will remain Sol. 134â…” and at that price should Placentia Exchange with or for Millan Question for Genoa Again at Millan is Exchange made for Placentia in expedition of a Fair there at Sol 133½ and for Genoa at Sol 118â…” I demand by the said Exchanges at what price should Placentia Exchange for Genoa I say by the Rule of Three If Sols 118â…” of Millan the price of the Crown of 4 l. of Genoa give Sols 80 what will Sols 133½ give the price of the Crown of Mark in money of Millan and it will be 90 Sols of current money the which without making the reduction into money of Gold seeing it hath been already said that 90 Sols of current money is worth 68 Sol. of Gold and at this price should Placentia exchange with and for Genoa Question for Lions Again at Venice is Exchange made for Placentia in expedition of a Fair there at Duc. 141. and for Lions at 116½ I demand by the said Exchanges at what price should Placentia exchange for Lions I say by the Rule of Three If Duc. 141. of l. 6. â…“ of Venice give in Placentia Crow 100. how many will Duc. 116½ give the value of the Crow 100 of Gold of the Sun of Lions and it will be Crow 82â… or circa and at that price should Placcntia exchange with Lions Another At Placentia there is Exchange made for Lions at Crow 83½ and for Florence at Crow 113 and from that place we have advice that they exchange for Lions at Crow 95â…“ I would know by the said Exchanges if it be beneficial to remit from Placentia to Lions and to draw from Florence by inordering my Factors at Florence to prevail upon Lions at the said price of Crow 95â…“ To know which you must multiply the said Crow 83½ of Mark being the price of Crow 100 of the Sun of Gold by Crow 113. of Gold per cent seeing that the said Crowns of Gold are the value of 100 Crowns of Mark and from the product cut off the two last figures and there will remain Crow 94. 7. 1. to which adding â…– per cent for the provisions which are paid the one at Florence the other at Lions and they will be Crow 94. 19. 8. so that it will be profitable to draw and to remit according to the abovesaid order and manner because that at Florence may be taken by Exchange for Lions at Crow 95 or circa and finding Crow 95½ upon which consideration is to be had what the moneys of Florence may do by Exchange for Lions which thus I work by Example Now for the terms of payments of Bills of Exchanges in Placentia it is expressed in the Trade of that City in Chapter 383. And this shall suffice to have said of the Exchanges practised at Placentia where by reason of the great and continued practises here daily made for vast sums I have somewhat more than ordinarily inlarged my self and so I proceed to the next place of Exchanges which is Florence CHAP. CCCC Examples of Exchanges practised at Florence and how the same are to be calculated Exchanges practised in Florence I Have shewed in the general Exchanges of Florence with how many other places the said City is found to Exchange with and there also shewed the common rates how the same is observed to rule which every day is so subject to alter that no set price can be peremptorily set down for the same yet in it self it is so beneficial that thereby the ignorant may be furthered to make his Accounts either in Draughts or Remittances The way of making which Accounts upon this place now remaineth here to be handled observing the same with so many other places as may make a man capable to understand the same with any of the rest here omitted Accounts kept in Florence And by the way it is observable here That all Exchangers here do keep their Accounts in Crowns Sols and Deniers of Gold or Lire or Livers 7½ of that money per Crown the which are cast up by 20 and by 12 because that 20 Sols of Gold do make one Crown and 12 Den. one Sol. CHAP. CCCCI Of the Exchanges of Florence with Lions Exchanges of Florence with Lions FLorence then is found to Exchange with Lions and giveth posito Crow 95¾ of Gold to have in Lions 100 Crowns of the Sun of Gold I demand for Crow 1268. 9. of Gold how many Crowns of the Sun shall I have in Lions I say by the Rule of Three If Crow 95¾ give Crowns 100 what will Crowns 1268. 9. give And it comes to Crowns 1324 and the remainder of the division being multiplied by 20 and by 12 to bring them into Sols and Deniers of Gold they will make in all Crowns 1324. 15. of Gold of the Sun which I should have Credit in Lions for the said sum of Crowns of Florence The calculation thereof here followeth Proof The proof of this Rule is seen when Lions doth Exchange with Florence CHAP. CCCCII. Of the Exchanges of Florence with Placentia Exchanges of Florence with Placentia FLorence doth Exchange with Placentia and giveth posito 110½ Crowns of Gold to have there 100 Crowns of Mark I demand then for Crowns 4973. 1. 0. of Gold how many Crowns of Mark is due to me First reduce the said Crowns 110½ into Sols of Gold multiplying them by 20 adding to the multiplication 10 Sols for the half Crown and they make Sol. 2210 likewise reduce the said sum of Crowns of Gold into Sols and it will be 99461 Then say by the Rule of Three If Sols 2210 give Crow 100 of Mark what will Sol. 99461 give To which adding two cyphers for the 100 and then dividing it will come to Crowns of Mark and multiplying the rest of the division by 20 and then by 12 to make the same Sols and Deniers of Gold and they will make Crowns 4500. 9. 11. of Mark and so much must I have Credit in Placentia for the said Crow 4973. 1. 0. of Gold of Florence as by Example calculated Proof The proof of this Account is seen when the Exchange is made from Placentia to Florence c. CHAP. CCCCIII Of the Exchanges of Florence with Venetia Exchanges of Florence with Venice FLorence doth Exchange with Venice and giveth posito Crow 81½ of Gold to have Duc. in Banco 100 of Livers 6â…“ I demand then for Crow 2037. 10. of Gold how many Duc. shall Florence have credit in Venice To do which bring the Crow 81½ into half Crowns multiplying them by 2 and so in the same manner the said sum of Crow of Gold adding half a Crown for the 10 Sols then say by the Rule of Three If the half Crowns produced of the price of the Exchange give at Venice Duc. 100 what will the half Crowns give proceeding from the said sum of Crow of Gold and so by adding two cyphers for the
should the Remittance be made By both the said places there is found a delivery to loss and to know which of the two is the least say by the Rule of Three If Crow 81½ give Crow 110 the price limited what will Crow 82¼ the price found give and it will come to Crow 111. 0. 2. So that the Remittance should be made by Placentia because that remitting to Venice at Crow 82¼ to run at the Par the delivery should be for Placentia at Crow 114. and the Bills is at Crow 110⅙ As in the following Example 3. Example Again one of Rome is debitor in Florence in Crow 2500 who inordereth that the draught be made at Crow 91 or by Placentia at Crow 110½ where the most profit shall appear to be now there is found money for Rome at Crow 92◠l. for Placentia at 109⅙ Crow I demand whither should this draught be made seeing that to both the places the draughts happen to be to loss in both the limited prices And to know which is the least of both say by the Rule of Three If Crow 92⅕ the price found for Rome seeing that Placentia receiveth the uncertain rate from Florence give Crow 110½ what will Crow 91 the price inordered give It will make Crow 109. 1. 2. so that the draught shall be made for Placentia seeing that drawing for Rome at Crow 92◠to run upon a Par should be taken for Placentia at the said price at Crow 109½ or thereabout and there is found at more that is at Crow 109⅙ As by Example And so much shall suffice to have said of the Orders and Commissions in Draughts and Remittances by Exchange of Florence CHAP. CCCCX Examples of Exchanges practised at Millan and how the same are to be calculated Exchanges practised at Millan I Have shewed in the general Exchanges of Millan with how many other places this City is found to Exchange and there also set down the common current rates thereof which every day is found so to alter and no positive rule can be observed in the same yet is in it self so beneficial that thereby the unexperienced may know how to make his Accounts either in his Draughts or Remittances the way of framing these Accounts now remaineth observing the same with some few other the principal needful hereunto Accounts kept in Millan It is also to be noted That Exchangers do there keep their Accounts in Lire Sols and Deniers and cast up by 20 and 12 because that 20 Sols do make a Lire and 12 Deniers a Sol. CHAP. CCCCXI Of the Exchanges of Millan with Lions Exchanges of Millan with Lions MIllan then exchanges with Lions and giveth posito Sols 118⅓ to have in the said place one Crown of the Sun of Gold I demand then for l. 9258. Sol. 5 of Millan how many Crowns shall I have credit in Lions First reduce into Sols the said sum of Livers of Millan and they make Sols 185165 the which must be multiplied by 3 to make them thirds of Sols likewise bring the Sols 118⅓ into thirds multiplying them by 3 and they make 355 for division of the said sum and by division it will come to be Crowns and multiplying the remainder of the division by 20 and 12 to make them Sols and Deniers of Gold and they will be Crowns 1564. 15. 5. of Gold of the Sun and so much will be had in Lions for the said sum of li. 9258. 5 of Millan Money as by this Example Proof The Proof of the said Account is seen when that Lions exchangeth with Millan as before CHAP. CCCCXII Of the Exchanges of Millan with Placentia Exchanges of Millan with Placentia MIllan doth exchange with Placentia and giveth posito Sols 133⅓ to have in Placentia one Crown of Mark I demand then for Livers 9671. 16. 8. of Millan how many Crowns of Mark must I have in Placentia First reduce into Deniers the said 133⅓ Sols multiplying them by 12 and adding 4 Deniers for the ⅓ of a Sol. and they make Deniers 1600 and then to reduce into Deniers the said sum of Lire multiply them by 20 and by 12 adding to the multiplication Sol. 16. and Deniers 8 which account with the Livers and they make Deniers 2321240 the which must be divided by Deniers 1600 the price of the Crown of Mark and by division they will come to be Crowns multiplying the rest of the division by 20 and then by 12 to make them Sols and Deniers of Gold and they make Crow 1450. 15. 6. of Mark and so much will the said sum be in Placentia Example Proof The Proof of the said Rule is manifested when that Placentia exchangeth for Millan CHAP. CCCCXIII Of the Exchanges of Millan with Venice Exchanges of Millan with Venice MIllan exchangeth with Venice and giveth a Crown of Livers of 5. 17 s. to have in that place posito 148 l. ½ Sols money of Piccoli I demand for l. 7260. 10. 0. of Millan how many Ducats of l. 6⅕ shall I have in Venice You must divide the said sum of Livers by Livers 5. 17. reducing them and the other price into Deniers and it will be Crow 1241. 0. 9. the which must be multiplied by l. 7. 8. 6. the Crown which are the abovesaid 148. 6 beginning to multiply the l. 7. by the Den. 9. 4. then by the Sols if there were any with the said Crowns calculating for Deniers 12 one Sol and for Sols 20 one Lire and they will be l. 9214. 14. money of Piccoli of Venice which to be reduced into Ducats must be divided by l. 6⅕ the value of the Ducat and it will make Duc. 1486 ◠24 of l. 6◠and so much shall I have in Venice for the sum above mentioned in Livers of Millan as by Example is more apparent Proof The proof of the said account is seen when Venice doth exchange for Millan CHAP. CCCCXIV Of the Exchanges of Millan with Rome Exchanges of Millan with Rome MIllan exchangeth with Rome and giveth posito Crow 115½ of l. 5. 17. per Crow to have in the said place Crow 100 of Gold of Estampe I demand then for l. 7820. 18 of Millan how many Crowns of Gold of Estampe shall I have in Rome You must first see for the said sum of Millan Livers how many Crowns they will be dividing them by l. 5. 17 per Crown and they make Crown 1336. 18. 1 then say by the Rule of Three If Crow 115½ of Millan give in Rome Crowns 100 of Estampe how many Crowns will the said Crow 1336. 18. 1. give and it will amount to Crowns 1157. 9. 9. of Gold of Estampe which will be given in Rome for the said sum of Millan Livers as abovesaid Example Proof The Proof of this Rule is seen when that Rome doth exchange with Millan CHAP. CCCCXV. Of the Exchanges of Millan with Naples Exchanges of Millan with Naples MIllan doth exchange with Naples
and giveth Crow 100 of l. 5 per Crow to have in Naples posito 98½ Ducats I demand for l. 4314 14 2 of Millan how many Ducats shall I have in Naples First take â…• of the said sum of Livers to reduce them into Crow of 5 l. and they make Crow 862. 18. 10. which must be multiplied by grains 98½ per Crow seeing it is the same as at Ducats 98½ per 100 Crow and it makes grains 84999 and cutting off the two last figures there will remain Ducats 849 and for the two figures cut off which are grains 99 will be Livers 4 grains 19 in all Ducats 849. 4. 19. which is to be had in Naples for the said sum of Livers of Millan As for Example Proof The Proof of the said Account is seen when Naples shall exchange with Millan CHAP. CCCCXVI Of the Exchanges of Millan for Genoa Exchanges of Millan with Genoa MIllan exchangeth with Genoa and giveth posito Sols 118½ to have in Genoa one Crown for 4 l. of that money I demand for l. 5703. 18. 0 of Millan how many Livers of current Money shall I have in Genoa First reduce the said sum into Sols multiplying them by 20 and adding to the multiplication the 18 Sols which account with the Livers and then of the Sols produced and of the said Sols 118½ taken for division bring into ½ Sols and dividing the same will become Crowns and the remainder of the Division multiply by 20 and by 12 to make them Sols and Deniers of Gold and they will make Crowns 962. 13. 8. of l. 4. money of Genoa the which to bring into Livers must be multiplied by l. 4. per Crow beginning to multiply the said l. 4. by Deniers 8 and by the Sols 13 which are with the Crowns calculating for 12 Deniers 1 Sol and for 20 Sols one Liver it will come to l. 3850. 14. 8. and so many Livers of money current shall you have in Genoa for the said Livers 5703. 18. of Millan Proof The Proof of the said Rule is seen when that Genoa doth exchange for Millan CHAP. CCCCXVII Of Terms of Payment of Bills of Exchange in Millan Terms of payments of Bills of Exchange in Millan THE Terms of Payment found to be in Millan are observed to be from thence To Genoa at 5 days sight and so back To Pisa at 10 days sight and so back To Florence at 10 days sight and so back To Venice at 10 days sight and so back To Paris at 2 months after date and so back To Bruges and Antwerp at 2 months after date and so back To Barselona at 20 days sight and so back To Montpellier at 20 days sight and so back To Lions for a Fair and so from Fair to Fair. And thus much shall serve to have spoken of the Exchanges of Millan and now to Orders and Commissions in use in the said place CHAP. CCCCXVIII Of Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances Orders and Commissionâ— given and received for Draughts and Remittances in Millan ACcording to my proposed method I will here briefly insert some Examples of Draughts and Remittances made here by Order and Commission from other places 1 Example From Naples then cometh Order to Millan to remit for Placentia at 133 Sol. and to prevail for Genoa at Sol. 118½ the parcel being for 3000 Crowns of Mark. Now there are Bills found for Placentia at Sols 131. considering then the benefit which is found in the Remittance at how much may the Draught be for Genoa Say by the Rule of Three If Sol. 133 give 118½ the price inordered what will 131 give the price found for Placentia And it will be Sol. 116â…” and at this price the Draught must be made for Genoa in remitting to Placentia at Sol. 131 and the Commission will remain effected according to the Order given 2 Example Again from Lions is order given to Millan that they may draw for Lions at Sol. 118 and reâ—it to Venice at Sol. 145 the parcel being for Duc. 5500 of l. 6â…“ per Duc. there is money for Lions at Sol. 119 and Bills for Venice at Sol. 144â…“ I demand if at these prices the order may be performed Say by the Rule of Three taking one of the prices which is found for divisor by reason that Millan giveth according to my former method the certain price to Venice and the uncertain to Lions and say If 144â…“ the price found for Venice give Sol. 118 what will 145 the price inordered give And it will make 118½ so that the said Commission at the prices found may be effected to benefit because that remitting to Venice at the said price of 144â…“ the Draught may be made for Lions at 118½ and there is money found at Sol. 119. As by Example 2 Example Again from Rome cometh Order to Millan to draw on them at Crow 115 and remit to Plaâ—…ntia at 132 Sol the party being for Crow 4000 there is Bills found for Placentia at Sol. 133½ and mo for Rome at Crow 11. 6â…” I demand if at these rates the Commission may be performed without loss Say by the Rule of Three If Sol. 132 give Cro. 11. 5. tho price limited what will 133½ give the price found for Placentia And it will come to Crow 116. 6. 1. so that the Commission may be performed to benefit because that remitting to Placentia at the said price of Sol. 133½ the Draught may be made for Rome at Crow 116 3 18 and there is found at more that is to say at Crow 116â…– as per Example And thus much shall serve for the Exchanges of Millan next is Palermo and Mesina CHAP. CCCCXIX Of Exchanges practised in Palermo and Mesina and how the same are to be calculated Exchanges practised in Palermo and Mesina I Have shewed in the general Exchanges of Palermo and Mesina with how many other places these Cities in Sicilia are observed to Exchange and there also set down the common current Rates thereof which every day are found so subject to alteration that no positive rule can be observed in the same yet it is in it self so beneficial that thereby the unexperienced may know how to make his calculation both in his Draughts and Remittances The way of casting the sum up is now to be handled observing the same here with some few principal places which is sufficient for instruction to those others omitted Accounts kept in Sicilia First it is to be noted that in Palermo and Mesina and generally throught the Island of Sicilia the Exchangers keep their Accounts in Ounces Taries and Grains which are cast up by 30 and 20 because that 30 Taries do make an Ounce and 20 Grains make a Tarie And also it is to be observed That the Ducat is worth Taries 13 which is Carlins 26 the Crown of money is worth Taries 12 which is Carlins 24. The Florin is worth Taries 6 which is
3 of Mark which is due to be had in Placentia for the said sum of Barselona Proof The proof of this Rule is apparent when that Placentia doth Exchange for Barselona CHAP. CCCCXXIX Of the Exchanges of Barselona with Saragosa Exchanges of Barselona with Saragosa BArsclona exchangeth with Saragosa and giveth 10 Ducats of 24 Sol. per Ducat to have in this place posito 104 Ducats of Sols 22 per Ducat of that money I demand for Livers 6000 of Barselona how many Livers shall I have in Saragosa First reduce into Sols the said sum of Livers multiplying them by 20 and divide the Sols coming thereof by Sol. 24. the price of the Ducat and it will be Ducats 5000 the which Duc. 5000 of Barselona must be multiplied at the said price of Duc. 104 per cent and from the sum cut off the two last sigures the which multiplied by 20 and by 12 to make them Sols and Deniers of Gold will be Duc. 5200 of Sâ—ragosa which must be multiplyed by l. 1. 2 Sol. the price of the Ducat and they make Livers 5720 which should be rendred in Saragosa for the said 6000 l. money of Barselona Proof The proof of this Rule is manifest when that Saragosa doth again rechange back for Barselona CHAP. CCCCXXX Of the Exchanges of Barselona with Valentia Exchanges of Barselona with Valentia BArselona doth Exchange with Valentia and giveth Duc. 100 of 24 Sols to have in Valentia posito Duc. 108 of Sols 21 per Duc. of that money I demand for l. 7000 money of Barselona how many l. shall I have in Valentia In this you must do as in the preceding account of Barselona for Saragosa multiplying the Ducats of Valentia which shall come thereof by Livers 1 1 the price of the Ducat and it will be Livers 16615 and so much will be due in Valentia for 7000 l. delivered in Barselona Proof The proof of this Rule is apparent when that Valentia doth rechange for Barselona CHAP. CCCCXXXI Of the Exchanges of Barselona with Sevil. Exchanges of Barselona with Sevil. BArselona doth exchange with Sevil and giveth Duc. 100 of 24 Sol. per Duc. to have in this place Duc. 108 posito more or less of Marvedes 375 per Ducat I demand for l. 7500 how many Marvedes must I have in Sevil You must do as in the precedent Rule of Barselona for Valentia multiplying the Ducats of Sevil which come thereof by Marvedes 375 the price of the Duc. and it will make Marvedes 2531250 which is due to have in Sevil for the said sum of 7500 l. in Barselona Example Proof The proof of this Rule is manifested when that Sevil doth rechange for Barselona CHAP. CCCCXXXII Of the Exchanges of Barselona with Lisbon Exchanges of Barselona with Lisbon BArselona doth exchange for Lisbon and giveth Duc. 100 of 24 Sols per Duc. to have in Lisbon Ducats posito 113 of 400 Raes per Duc. I demand for 4000 l. of Barselona how many Racs shall I have in Lisbon Here you must do as in the account precedent of Barselona for Sevil multiplying the Ducats of Lisbon which shall come thereof by 400 Raes per Duc. and they make Raes 1506666 which is due to be had in Lisbon for l. 4000. in Barselona Example Proof The proof of this Rule is apparent when that Lisbon doth rechange back for Barselona CHAP. CCCCXXXIII Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances in Barselona Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances in Barselona ACcording to my proposed method I will here briefly insert some Examples of Draughts and Remittances made in this City by Order and Commission from other places 1 Example To Sevil then cometh Order from Barselona to draw upon them at Duc. 93½ and remit to Placentia at Marvedes 413 clear of all charges the partido being for Crow 3000 of Mark. Now there is found money for Barselona at duc 93 and Bills for Placentia at Marvedes 413 I demand if at these rates the Commission may be accomplished and performed You must say by the Rule of Three taking one of the prices which are found for divisor because that Sevil giveth to Barselona the certain and to Placentia the incertain price saying If duc 93 the price found for Barselona give Marvedes 413 what will duc 93½ give the price inordered and it maketh vedes 415â…• out of which deduct â…– per cent for Provision which is taken there will remain Marvedes 413 11 20 incirca so that the said Commission may be effected to profit seeing that drawing to Barselona at the said price of Duc. 93 it may be delivered for Placentia at Mar. 413 20 21 and there present Bills at less that is at 413 Marvedes as by Example 2 Example Again in Barselona cometh Order from Valentia that Remittance may be made to them at Duc 108¼ and to prevail from Placentia at Sol. 23 the Partido made for 3000 Crow Mark Now there is Bills found for Valentia at Duc. 107 I demand then for the loss that is given by the Remittance at what price may the Draught be made for Placentia Say by the Rule of Three taking one of the prices found for Divisor because then Barselona giveth the certain to Valenria and the uncertain price to Placentia saying if Duc. 107 the price found for Valentia give Sol. 23. what will Duc. 108¼ give being the price inordered and it will come to Sols 23¼ and at less price cannot be drawn for Placentia remitting to Valentia at Duc. 107. Examples CHAP. CCCCXXXIV Of the Terms of Payments of Bills of Exchange in Barselona Terms of payment of Bills of Exchange in Barselona c. THE Terms of Payment found accustom'd in Barselona is noted to be thence To Venice at 2 months after date and so back To Florence at 2 months after date and so back To Avignon at 18 days sight and so back To Bruges and Antwerp at 50 days after date and so back To Genoa at 20 days after date and so back To Lisbon at To Sevil at To Saragosa at To Valentia at To Lions for the Fair and so from Fair to Fair To Placentia and from Fair to Fair. And thus much shall serve to have said of the Exchanges in general practised in Barselona Valentia Saragosa Sevil and Lisbon in Portugal CHAP. CCCCXXXV Examples of Exchanges practised in Antwerp and how the same are to be calculated Exchanges practised in Antwerp I Have shewed before in the general Exchanges of Antwerp with how many other places this City is found to exchange and there also observed the common current rates thereof which in it self is found every day so subject to alteration that no positive rule can be set down therein however the same is so beneficial to the unexperienced that he may easily make his calculation thereby either in his Draughts or his Remittances there resteth now to be
handled the way and method how the same is cast up which I shall only observe with such other principal places as may be sufficient for instruction and as a guide to rule that which is here omitted Accounts kept in Antwerp And the better to understand what shall ensue it is to be noted that in Antwerp Bankers and Exchangers do keep their accounts in pounds shillings and pence Flemish or gross which are cast up by 20 and by 12 because that 20 Sols or shillings make a pound and 12 pence or gross makes shilling CHAP. CCCCXXXVI Of the Exchanges of Antwerp with Lions Exchanges of Antwerp with Lions ANtwerp doth exchange with Lions and giveth posito 121⅓ gros to have in Lions one Crown of the Sun of Gold of 3 l. I demand then for l. 3486. 1. 9. money of Antwerp how many Crowns must I have in Lions First reduce the said sum of Livers into grosses multiplying the same by 20 and then by 12 adding to the multiplications 1 Sol. and 9 pence which are with the pounds and divide by 121⅓ gros the sum of Grosses which shall come of the said Livers reducing both them and others into thirds of Grosses and of the Division will come Crowns and multiplying the remainder of the Division by 20 and 12 to make them Sols and Deniers of Gold they will make Crow 6895. 11. 1. of Gold of the Sun which you shall have in Lions for the said sum delivered in Antwerp Example Proof the Proof of the said Rule is seen when that Lions doth exchange for Antwerp CHAP. CCCCXXXVII Of the Exchanges of Antwerp with Placentia Exchanges of Antwerp with Placentia ANtwerp doth exchange with Placentia and giveth posito Gros 124½ to have in Placentia one Crown of Mark I demand for l. 363. 10. 3. money of Antwerp how many Crowns of Mark shall I have in Placentia First reduce the said sum of Livers into Gros multiplying the sum by 20 and by 12 adding to the Multiplication 10 s. and 3 d. which are with the pounds and divide the Grosses that come thereof by the said Gros 124½ the price of the Crown of Mark bringing both the one and the other into half Grosses and by division it will come to Crow multiplying the remainder by 20 and by 12 to bring the same into pence and then they will be Crow 700. 14. 11 of Mark which will be due at Placentia for the said sum of Livers or pounds in Grosses Proof The Proof of the said Account is seen when that Placentia shall exchange with Antwerp CHAP. CCCCXXXVIII Of the Exchanges of Antwerp with Florence Exchanges of Antwerp with Florence ANntwerp doth exchange with Florence and giveth posito 112½ gross to have in that place one Crown of Gold I demand for l. 656. 10. 11. money of Antwerp how many Crow of Gold do they make and doing as in the precedent Rule it will appear to be Crow 1400. 12. 7. of Gold which I shall have in Florence for the said pounds Flemish Proof The Proof of the said Account is seen when that Florence shall be found to exchange with Antwerp CHAP. CCCCXXXIX Of the Exchanges of Antwerp with Venice Exchanges of Antwerp with Venice ANtwerp doth exchange with Venice and giveth posito 92½ Grosses to have in that place one Ducat of l. 6⅕ money of Venice I demand for l. 1468 14 6 money of Antwerp how many Ducats shall I have in Venice and doing as in the precedent Accounts it will come to Ducats 3810 17 24 and so many Ducats of l. 6⅕ will be due in Venice Example Proof The Proof of this Account is seen when that Venice shall exchange for Antwerp CHAP. CCCCXL. Of the Exchanges of Antwerp with London Exchanges of Antwerp with London ANtwerp doth exchange for London and giveth posito Shillings 33⅓ to have in that place one pound sterling I demand for l. 748 18 6 money of Antwerp how many pounds sterling shall I have in London First reduce as well the said sum of pounds sterling as the said sum of pounds Flemish into Grosse and Pence multiplying the pounds by 20 and then by 12 adding the shillings 18 6 d. which are with the pounds Flemish and the shillings Flemish 33⅓ multiplied by 12 adding 4 Gross for ⅓ of a shilling Flemish and the Gross which shall come thereof must be taken for Divisor against the sum of Grosses come of the said pounds and dividing the sum will come pounds sterling multiplying the remainder of the division by 20 and then 12 to make them shillings and pence sterling they will make pounds sterling 449 7 1 due in London for the said sum of pounds Flemish 748 18 6. Proof And for proof of the said Exchange multiply the said pounds sterling 449 7 1 by 1 l. 13 shillings 4 d. with the said 33⅓ shillings and it will make the abovesaid l. 748 18 5 pounds Flemish so that the account will appear to be just cast up And thus much shall serve to have said here of Exchanges Now to the Terms of Payments of Bills in Antwerp CHAP. CCCCXLI Of the Terms of Payment of Bills of Exchange in Antwerp Terms of payment of Bills of Exchange in Antwerp THE Terms of Payments of Bills of Exchange observed in Antwerp and to go from thence to other Cities is To Venice 2 months after date and so back To Florence at two months after date and back the same To Genoa at 2 months after date and thence the same To Avignon at 2 months after date and so back To Barselona at 50 days after date and so back To Valentia one month after sight and back 30 days after date To London one month after date and so back To Pisa 2 months after date and so back To Millan 2 months after date and so back To Paris one month after date and so back To Montpellier 20 days after sight and so back To Lions for the succeeding Fair. To Placentia for the next succeeding Fair. To Rouen one month after date and so back Now for the Orders and Commissions given in Antwerp I will here insert a word also according to my method CHAP. CCCCXLII Of Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances in Antwerp Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances in Antwerp ACcording to my proposed method for the better understanding of what is said I will insert some Examples of Draughts and Remittances made by Order and Commission in the City of Antwerp 1 Example At Venice then is found an Exchange for Antwerp posito at Gross 90 and for Placentia at Duc. 135 Order being given to Venice that at these prices they draw to Antwerp and remit to Placentia I demand at how much will come the Remittance from Antwerp to Placentia First you must multiply the said Ducats 135 the value of 100 Crow of Mark at the said
price of 90 Gross per Ducat and of the Grosses which shall come thereof you must cut off the two last sigures and there will remain Gross 121½ and so many Gross and ⅖ more per cent for provision which is payable in Venice is disbursable in Antwerp for one Crown of Mark in credit in Placentia 2 Example Again at Venice is Exchange found for Antwerp at gro 90⅓ and for London at 56 pence sterling there is hereupon Order given to Venice that at these prices they draw for Antwerp and remit to London the question is At what price will the Remittance be from Antwerp to London To do this say by the Rule of Three If 56 pence sterling give gros 90⅓ seeing that the one and the other is the value of a Ducat of Venice what will 240 pence sterling give being the price of the pound sterling of London It will be gros 387 which reducing to shillings in taking the 1 12 and it will be 32¼ shillings and so many shillings Flemish and ⅖ more per cent for the provision payable in Venice comes to be disbursed in Antwerp for one pound sterling money Credit in London 2 Example Again a Merchant of London is Creditor in Antwerp 2000 l. Flemish who inordereth that it be remitted him at Shillings 33¼ or to Placentia at 121 gro where the most profit shall be found that is to that place which shall be most beneficial or to least loss of the prices limited Now there are found Bills for London at Shillings 33½ and for Placentia at gro 121¼ I demand to which of the said places should the Remittance be made seeing that by both there is found Remittance to loss And to know where is the least say by the Rule of Three If shil 33¼ give gros 121 the price inordered what will shil 33½ give being the price found for London It will come to gros 121 9 10 so that the Remittance should be made to Placentia because that remitting to London at shil 33½ to go to the Par should be delivered for Placentia at gro 121 9 10 and there is found Bills for loss that is at 121¼ gross And thus much for the Exchanges practised in Antwerp CHAP. CCCCXLIII Of the Exchanges practisd in London and how the same are to be calculated Exchanges practised in London I Have shewed in the general Exchanges of London with how many other places this City is found to Exchange and there also set down the common current prices and rates thereof which every day is found to be so subject to alteration that no positive rule can be observed rightly to set down the same yet it is in it self so beneficial that thereby the unexperienced may know how to make his calculation thereof and that as well in his Draughts as in his Remittances Now only there resteth to conclude this Tract of Exchanges and this Map of Commerce to handle the way how the same is cast up and how by Arithmetick it is performed which I will observe here with some other principal places which may serve for a sufficient ground and instruction to those here omitted Accounts kept in London It is here to be noted for the better understanding of what ensueth That all Bankers or Exchangers do keep their Accounts in London in pounds shillings and pence commonly called sterling and cast up by 20 and by 12 for 20 Shillings make a pound and 12 pence make a shilling And morcover that London exchangeth in the Denominator of pence sterling with all other Countreys Antwerp and those Countrys neighbouring of Flanders and Holland excepted with which it exchangeth by the entire pound of 20 shillings sterling CHAP. CCCCXLIV Of the Exchanges of London with Lions Exchanges of London with Lions LOndon exchangeth with Lions and giveth posito 61 pence more or less to have in Lions a Crown of Gold of the Sun of 3 l. piece I demand then for 348 l. 15 shillings sterling how many Crowns of the Sun shall I have Credit for in Lions First reduce the said sum of pounds sterling into shillings multiplying the same by 20 and adding thereto 15 shillings and then by 12 pence adding thereto the pence if any were and then divide the same by 61 pence and the Divident will make Crowns multiplying the remainder of the Division by 20 to make them Sols and by 12 to make them Den. of Gold and then they make in all Crow 1372008 Pence of the Sun of Gold that I shall have in Credit at Lions for the said sum of 348 l. 15 sterling delivered in London Proof The proof of this rule is manifested when that Lions shall exchange the said sum of 1372⅛ Crowns for London Exchanges of London with Paris Rouen c in France And here also it is to be noted that the rule is the same when London shall exchange with either Paris or Rouen or any other City of the Kingdom of France CHAP. CCCCXLV Of the Exchanges of London with Florence Exchanges of London with Florence LOndon doth exchange with Florence and giveth posito 70 pence ster more or less to have in Florence a Crow of Gold I demand then for pounds 656 10 6 d. ster how many Crowns shall I have Credit in Florence This is to be cast up as in the precedent rule of London with Lions and it will appear That for the said 656 10 6 sterling I am to have Credit in Florence the sum of Crow 2250⅛ as per Example Proof Note That this Exchange is seldom practised from London and therefore not in use in these days but when many Florentine Merchants resided in London it was much in use yet the Rule is right and the proof thereof is evident when Florence rechangeth again for London CHAP. CCCCXLVI Of the Exchanges of London with Venice Exchanges of London with Venice LOndon is found to Exchange for great Sums with Venice and giveth posito 50 d. sterling to have in the said place one Ducat in Banco of l. 6⅕ money of Venice I demand then for 555 l. 17 6 d. sterling how many Ducats shall I have Credit for in Venice This is done as in the precedent rule reducing the pounds sterling into shillings by the multiplication of 20 and adding 17 and then multiplying that again by 12 to bring it into pence and adding thereto 6 d. and it will make Duc. 2668⅕ which should be rendred in Venice for 555 l. 17 6 d. sterling in London as per Example Proof Difference between money in Banco and current money in Venice Note that for distinction of the current money in Venice which is 21 per cent at present worse than the money payable by Exchange it is termed in Banco in which all Bills of Exchange are payable and the proof of this rule is apparent when that the said sum of 2668⅕ Ducats is rechanged for London CHAP. CCCCXLVII Of the Exchanges of
is with this proviso that protest be made in due time and lawful diligence used for receipt of the mony by the party to whom it is payable according to his duty that so the Drawer may not suffer through his neglect It is good to walk securely there is no danger at all in protesting within the three days after a Bill of Exchange is due but there may be danger in forbearing to protest within that time Wherefore my advice is let the party up on whom the Bill is drawn be never so good and able a man if he do not pay within the time accustomed cause the Bill presently to be protested for non-payment Bill payable at a prefixt day A Bill of Exchange made at any part beyond the seas where they dousually write new stile which is ten days before our English stile being old stile and such a bill being made payable on such or such a day of such or such a month you must know in this case that you have nothing to do with the date of the Bill but you are only to look to the day of the month positively expressed in the Bill and that very day of the month according to our stile here in England must be expired before the bill will be due and a bill so made payable is not to be understood on such or such a day new stile except the same be so particularly expressed but on such or such a day old stile according to the stile and usual computation observed at the place where it is made payable As for instance suppose a Bill of Exchange were made payable in this manner following Laus Deo in Amsterdam the 7th of February 1655. for 200 l. sterling ON the ninth day of March next pay this my first Bill of Exchange to Mr. Robert W. or his assigns the sum of two hundred pounds sterling for the value received of Mr. Charles D. and put it to account as per advice Francis P. To Mr. George H. Merchant in London P â— This Bill of Exchange will not be due until the ninth day of March English stile and it cannot be accounted due as some would have it on the twenty seventh of February old stile which is the ninth of March new stile for it relates to the stile of the place where the bill is made payable and not to the computation of the place or country where the Bill is dated For suppose now Mr. Robert W. in the Bill mentioned should demand payment of this Bill on the last of February and first of March old stile and Mr. George H. should tell him that he would pay it the ninth of March our stile when due according to the tenor of the Bill and not before I would fain know how any Notary if he understand himself can protest upon such an answer or can draw out any legal protest for non payment before the ninth of March old stile be expired For pray observe if the Notary dateth his protest for non-payment on any day before the ninth of March old stile according to the computation of the place where the bill is payable he will make his protest bear date before the bill is due and so will be illegally made and even the protest it self will carry that along with it which will certainly cut its own throat for the bill is made payable the ninth and the protest will bear date before the day of payment be come as may evidently appear And yet this very case to my knowledge hath stumbled a Merchant of no small rank and commerce in Bills of Exchange who having such a Bill of Exchange payable to him would fam have persuaded himself for the acceptor nor me he could not that the bill would be due the 27 old stile and if the party on whom the bill was drawn would not so accept it my Merchant was very earnest to have a protest made whereupon to make things plain and thereby convince him of his errour I directed the acceptor to underwrite the Bill thus Accepted to pay the ninth of March according to the tenor of the Bill which when my Merchant beheld and well considered he perceived his error and well approved of the acceptance for it was good and so tarryed till the ninth of March for his mony as he ought to do Acceptance by Wife or Servant A Mans Wife or Friend or Servant cannot accept a Bill of Exchange for him in his absence without sufficient authority from him by a Letter of Attorny under his hand and seal delivered in the presence of sufficient witness for the doing thereof a mans word as if he should say to his Wife Friend or Servant If any Bills of Exchange shall come drawn on me in my absence accept them for me is not sufficient neither will a bare Letter serve written to his Wife Friend or Servant but there must be hand and seal and witnesses which if occasion be may prove his legal consent to such acceptance For indeed it is against reason that any man should be bound to the payment of any sum of mony without valuable consideration or without his own free consent It is true if the Wife or Servant have formerly accepted several Bills of Exchange in the like kind and when the party on whom they were drawn hath come to town he hath approved thereof and paid the bills at the time and so the Wife or Servant are wont to do from time to time and that this can be proved I conceive it will come very close to him but we hold a legal order for acceptance ought to be granted by Letter of Attorny under hand and seal as I have already shewed A Bill drawn at one place and payable at another IF a Bill of Exchange be drawn upon a man living at one place or City and pay able to a man living at another place and that the mony is not to be paid in the City or Town where the party on whom the bill is drawn doth dwell but in some other City or Town where the party to whom the Bill is payable doth live or at a place for and at which there is a usual course of Exchange and that the party on whom the Bill is drawn doth dwell some score of miles off from thence Such a Bill as this so soon as it comes to your hands you may send it down to some friend in the same Town where he on whom it is drawn doth live to get acceptance thereof and then to be returned to you but when the Bill falls due you need not seek farther for payment than at the house or in the place where the Bill is made payable and in default thereof you must there cause protest to be made in due form As for instance suppose a Bill of Exchange be drawn from Rouen and directed thus To Mr. William P. Merchant at Southampton but made payable thus Pay this my first of Exchange to Mr. Samuel B.
THE MERCHANTS Map of Commerce WHEREIN THE Universal MANNER and MATTER RELATING TO Trade and Merchandize Are fully TREATED of THE STANDARD and Current COINS of most PRINCES and REPVBLICKS observ'd The Real and Imaginary COINS of ACCOUNTS and EXCHANGES express'd The Natural PRODUCTS and Artificial COMMODITIES and MANUFACTURES for Transportation declar'd The WEIGHTS and MEASURES of all Eminent CITIES and TOWNS of Traffick in the VNIVERSE collected one into another And all reduc'd to the MERIDIAN of COMMERCE practis'd in the Famous CITY of LONDON By LEWIS ROBERTS Merchant Useful for all PERSONS who shall be employ'd in Publick Affairs of PRINCES in Foreign Parts for GENTLEMEN and others Travelling abroad and for all MERCHANTS and their FACTORS who Negotiate in any part of the WORLD The FOURTH EDITION carefully Corrected and Enlarg'd To which is ANNEXED ADVICE concerning BILLS of EXCHANGE Wherein all MATTER relating to BILLS of EXCHANGE both Foreign and Domestick is fully Treated of Together with that most PERFECT TREATISE of TRADE ENTITLED ENGLAND 's Benefit and Advantage by Foreign TRADE demonstrated By THO. MVN of London Merchant LONDON Printed for THOMAS HORNE at the South Entrance of the Royal Exchange in Cornhill 1700. THE AUTHORS EPISTLE Dedicated to the MERCHANTS of ENGLAND in general Giving a prospect of the ensuing Work Gentlemen I Was not ignorant when first I undertook this task and busied my self to compass this Work how difficult it would prove to be in it self what slender furtherances I had to accomplish the same and how weak my own abilities were to give it perfection Yet notwithstanding all these obstacles when I had duly consider'd the general want thereof and the common benefit and advantage that would redound thereby especially to Merchants I resolv'd to take the same in hand and cheerfully and willingly laid both my hand to the Work and my shoulder to the burthen collecting and gathering with laborious industry and industrious labour all those principal points and heads as might either conduce to the accomplishment of the Building or any way further my intended Fabrick So that by my continual toil and search after fit and apt materials I hoped that at length a good issue would crown my endeavours and finish this my intended undertaken task But after long and tedious inquisition I found that the farther I sailed in this Ocean the vaster were my desires and the fewer were my furtherances to my wished Port so that perceiving the Work thus to increase upon me beyond my expectation and first purpose I was constrained with the wind-scanted Sea-man to cast about again and limit my self to a narrow scantling for that to do it at large and as the matter punctually required was far beyond the reach of my knowledge yet because I could not do as I would I resolved to do as I could and thereupon begun again to cast these my first scatter'd Collections into a lesser mould and reduce my first thoughts and observations into such a second limit and order as might best befit my experience and the compass to which now I had confin'd it conceiving that as my intentions joyn'd to my labour and pains herein tended only to the good of others and principally of Merchants and their Factors that reside or negotiate in Foreign Parts so they will in requital be induced to have a good Opinion thereof as a reward to me for the benefit that shall redound to them by the same excusing those errors which peradventure the better experienc'd may by tryal find in the perusal of this Work and the defects which my ignorance hath inforc'd me to let pass which by reason of the diversity and rarity of the matter the same is most subject unto and the rather because I have been constrain'd oftentimes in this Desert to travel without a certain guide and not seldom to Navigate by anothers Compass having not in any Language or Country met with any Author that could either totally conduct me or truly rectifie my steps when I went astray Yet I must confess I met with some that shot at the mark I aimed at but it was at random and came not home to my purposed blank Others I found who took up stuff upon trust but at length I was further'd by some Friends whose Star led me when I was benighted and whose Candle lighted me when otherwise I should have stumbled by which means and my own Twelve Years Collections during my abode and imployment in many parts of the World I have at last by due sounding of the Channel safely sailed over the Ocean afore-mentioned and brought my Bark to an Anchor in her desired Harbour and I hope so well observed the Depths Shoals Rocks and Sands thereof that he that Navigates after me and by this my Map shall be secured from all dangers and thereby bring his accompts to that wished Port that may prove both to his own Profit and Commodity Now Gentlemen having thus then understood with what Industry and Care the materials of this Edifice have been collected what pains have been used to bring it to this conclusion and perfection and having truly weighed the benefit arising thereby all these I suppose are effectual inducements to challenge a fair acceptance from you Yet notwithstanding all these real arguments I cannot deny but the Work it self may not only suffer in the opinion of the censorious but be also subject to the verdict of the judicious But I am certain the foundation of it is laid upon the Knowledge of Geography and the use of Maps and Sea-Cards in General So delightful profitable and necessary to the Merchant the study of which must not be neglected by any Person who would be esteem'd an expert Trader In raising our Structure I describe First the Empires Kingdoms and Republicks of this habitable World Next the particular Provinces of each and then the most celebrated Towns of Traffick therein together with their natural Products Artificial Commodities and Manufactures Then I have given an Account of the several Coins there in use and current with the Value and Denomination of them and the Species wherein Merchants do there frame and regulate their Accompts by also the Weights and Measures of those places together with their Exchanges and how those are found to be calculated amongst the Italians who are accounted the most expert Bankers and Exchangers in the World Lastly I have added a Table of the Longitude and Latitude of all these eminent Places of Traffick not only thereby to satisfie the curious but the better to guide the inquirer to any such City or Town sought for And in all this Work my chief ambition hath been to please all Merchants in general and if I may not be thought to judge too favourably of my own endeavours I hope shall not fail therein But I am almost confident were my Labours duly weigh'd my Work might challenge acceptance However I offer it to the publick for their Benefit and from the great Respect
the fifth Arguer the sixth is Alcaser near to which the three Kings Sebastian of Portugal Mahomet of Fesse and Abdelmelech of Morocco competitors for this Kingdom were slain in one day together with many others of eminent quality and Stuckley that famous infamous English Rebel in An. 1578. and seventh FESSE the Metropolis which for its greatness merits a more serious consideration CHAP. XXI Of the City FESSE and the Trade thereof City of Fesse and the Trade thereof THis City bears the name of Fesse from the abundance of Gold as Writers record that was found in digging the Foundation thereof it is beautified with many goodly Buildings both publick and private it is divided by the River Sabu into three parts containing in all 82000 Housholds having 700 Moschs or Temples 50 of them being adorned with Pillars of Alabaster and Jasper and one seated in the heart of the City called Carucen is the most sumptuous containing a mile in compass in breadth cantaining 17 Arches in length 120 and born up by two thousand five hundred white Marble Pillars under the chiefest Arch where the Tribunal is kept hangeth a most huge Lamp of Silver incompassed with 110 lesser under every the other Arches hang also very great Lamps in each of which burn 150 Lights it hath 31 Gates great and high the Roof is 150 yards long and 80 yards broad and round about are divers Porches containing 40 yards in length and 30 in breadth under which are the publick Store-houses of the Town about the Walls are Pulpits of divers sorts wherein the Masters of their Law read to the people such things as they imagine appertain to their salvation the Revenues thereof in Anno 1526 was 200 Ducates a day of old rent accounted 100 l. sterling until the late Civil Wars it was a City of great Traffick and many Merchants of divers Nations resorted hither and were allowed a publick Meeting-place for their Commerce and lodging for their residence being in form of a Court or Exchange inclosed with a strong Wall with 12 Gates and limited with 15 Streets for several Nations to meet for their business and for the laying up of their Commodities and every night for security of their Goods and Persons the same was kept guarded at the Cities charge resembling the Besistens or Canes now in use in Turkey and other Southern Countreys There is here also divers Colleges where the Sciences are taught amongst which Madorac is the chief and accounted for one of the excellentest Pieces for Workmanship in all Barbary It hath three Cloysters of admirable beauty supported with eight squares Pillars of divers colours the Roof curiously carved and the Arches of Mosaique of Gold and Azure the Gates are of Brass fair wrought and the Doors of the private Chambers of in-laid work It is recorded that this Colledge did cost the Founder King Abuchenen 480 thousand Sultanies in Gold which is in English Money 192 thousand pound which would hardly in these days were it now to be built perform the twentieth part thereof and this was not above 150 years past and about that time Henry the Seventh King of England did build that sumptuous Chappel in Westminster which as I have been informed did in those days coâ— 7448 l. and let it be judged by Artists how much more would build the fellow of it in these our days They have also here for the commodity and pleasure of the Citizens 600 Conduits from whence almost every house is served with water besides what goeth to their religious uses at the entries of their Temples and Moschs but I have staid too long in surveying this City I will now see what Commodities and Merchandize this Kingdom affords Commodities in the Kingdom of Fesse The Commodities found in general as well in the Kingdom of Fesse as of Morocco and found transportable for Merchandize is Fruits of all kinds such as is principally of Dates Almonds Figs Raisins Olives also Honey Wax Gold and sundry sorts of Hides and Skins especially that excellent sort of Cordovant from this Kingdom of Morocco called Maroquins famoused throughout Spain France and Italy also Corn Horses Wools whereof the Inhabitants are observed of late days to make some Cloath here is found also for Merchandize fabricated here some sorts of Stuffs of Silks as Sattins Taffataes and some sorts of Linnen much in use in this Countrey made partly of Cotton and partly of Flax and divers other Commodities Moneys of Fesse and Morocco The Moneys of this Kingdom and generally of all the Kingdoms of Morocco is the Xeriff or Ducate in Gold deriving the name thereof from the Xeriffs who within these few years made conquest of these Kingdoms under Pretext and colour of the Sanctity of their Religion and is accounted to be about ten shillings sterling Money divided into 8 parts and esteemed â…› each part which may be compared to be about 14 d. in 15 d. sterling Accounts in Fesse and Morocco They keep their Accounts in these places by Ducates or old Xeriffs now almost out of use divided into 8 parts accounted in common value but 12 d. every â…› though worth more as above is declared Weights in Fesse Their Weight here is two one used in all ordinary Commodities which is the Rorolo containing ounces or drams it having been found by observation that the 100 l. Averdupois London hath made here 64 Rotolos and 100 Rotolos is here a Cantar The second Weight is here the Mitigal used in the weighing of Silver Gold Pearl Musk and the like agreeing with the Mitigal used in Argier and Tunis spoken of before Measures in Fesse The common Measure for length is here the Covado 12 whereof is accounted to a Cane and it hath been observed by Barbary Merchants hither trading that the 100 Yards of London make here about 181 or 182 Covadoes Customs of Fesse and Morocco The Customs of Fesse and Morocco are paid at the entrance thereinto as is likewise due at the entrance of any other the Cities of this Kingdom and is by the Subjects Natives upon all Commodities paid two in the hundred and by all Strangers ten in the hundred collected for what is sold or landed without leave for Exportation again if once landed which causeth divers of our Merchants bound for those parts to make their Ships their Shops and consequently land so much of their Commodities as they imagine their Market will vend and no more But because the Kingdom of Morocco obeyeth the same Rules in matters of Trade I will speak a word of that place likewise and then survey the Trade of them both together as they are known now to us to be as it were but one though indeed different Kingdoms CHAP. XXII Of the Kingdom of MOROCCO and the Provinces thereof Morocco and the Provinces thereof THE Kingdom of Morocco once of great splendor is now divided into six Provinces the first Tangovista having a Town also of that
for all other Commodities I will begin with the Sear which varies here in several parts of this Country A Sear of Surrat is 18 Pices weight of Copper money which is 13â…“ ounces Averdupois A Sear of Agra called the Sear Acoberg is 30 Pices which is 22 ounces Averdupois A Sear of Agra called the Sear Janquery is 36 Pices being the common Sear of all India and double the Surrat Sear which is 26â…” ounces A Sear of Puttana and Ganges is 37 Pices and those that have made a strict calculation have found that 22 common Pices makes 16 ounces Averdupois They have also in use in these Countreys two Maunds A Maund small of Surrat is 40 Sears of Surrat and the said Maund is 33 l. Averdupois But they have for some Commodities another Maund in Surrat about 27 l. Averdupois A Candil of Surrat Cambaia c is 20 of the said Maunds Sears 40 makes a small Maund of 33 l. English Sears 40 great make a great Maund of 54 3 â— l. English and some have observed it to be 55 l. English and this is the Maund of Agra Amadever In Amadever this difference is found in the said weight A Maund is 40 Sear which is 18 Pices and 33 l. English And the 100 Maunds of Amadever is 63 Maunds of Agra For Gold Silver Musk Civet Bezoar-stone they have another weight which they call the Toll being 12 Masses and is 7 d. 16 grain Troy weight in England as hath been observed both by the English and Portugal Merchants It is not to be questioned but that this so large tract of Country must admit of more diversity of Weights which I am inforced to pass over in silence by reason of my ignorance and refer what is here omitted to the better experienced Measures in Cambaia Surrat Agra and Mogul's Country There is used in these parts two common measures and both called a Covato a short and long Covado The short Covado of Surrat Cambaia c. used in the sales of many Commodities as Linnen and Silk is 27 inches English The long Covado of Surrat used for woollen cloth is 35 inches But in Agra Labore Dilly Brampore c. the ordinary and common Covado is found to hold 32 inches and called in some places of this Country Elahy At Puttana they have a Covado of 38 inches and by the observation of some it hath been found that 1 â— 3 Covado of Puttana is 5 Covado's of Agra which makes four Yards English And note That in all the Moguls Country they use no concave measures for any grain or liquid commodities but sell the same by weight in the same nature as they do all ponderous and massie commodities They measure their ground and days journeys by a measure which they call a Corso which is one thousand five hundred Geometrical paces and is accounted in common estimation of our late Travellers a mile and a half English Lahore In this tract and belonging to this Prince are many famous Towns of Trade the chiefest is Lahore famous for the Indico there growing and prepared and for that admirable High way to Agra of twenty days journey beset on each side with Mulberry-trees and whence there departeth yearly above twelve thousand Camels laden with Spices to Hispahan which are brought hither from India Amadabar The next principal town is Amadabar famous in these parts for the great trade and excellent situation thereof as being the most eminent City of the Gusurates Tutta Neither is Tutta here to be forgotten though an Island Town yet seated on the famous River of Indus and having dependency and belonging thereunto Lowribander and that excellent Port of Lowribander three days journey distant from it on the shore commonly intituled the Coast of Sindie wherein it hath been observed by our European Navigators that Ships may safely ride without receiving harm by the Worms which do much hurt in SURAT and all alongst the coast of India CHAP. XCI Of GOA and the Trade thereof Goa and the trade thereof GOA is the Metropolis of India I mean of those that are under the command of the Portugal or Spaniard where the Viceroy Archbishop and the King his Consul and Chancery do reside here is also the Staple of all India Commodities whereto Merchants of Arabia Armenia Persia Cambaia Bengala Pegu Siam Malacca Java Molucco China and of sundâ—y other Countreys do resort It is seated in an Island of three miles circuit but is but little distant from the firm Land the Port is capacious of good Ships but if they exceed 200 Tuns they unlade short of the Town a place called Bardes well built with fair houses both publick and private after the Portugal manner and hath in it many Cloisters Churches and Priories but is not fortified with any walls but the contrived and continued buildings of the houses serves both for the defence and inclosure in the heart of the City is a Street called the Leilon where a daily assembly is made from 7 to 9 in the morning not only of Merchants from all parts but also of Gentry and during the said hours the said Street is replenished with all Commodities and Merchandize from all the afore-named Kingdoms set forth in manner of our Fairs in England which daily is thus practised and wherein the rich Commodities of those Countrys are vended and put to sale besides which there are particular Streets where the native Indians do dwell together being found to be here great Merchants and for the most part inhabit near together especially such as are found to be of one and the same Art and Profession being bound by the strict Laws of this Country every man to marry within his own and the same Trade and to bring up likewise their children in their own and the same Profession which law being strictly observed giveth great perfection to all Arts here practised Their Winter begins here the last of April continuing till September and is called Winter not for the cold but for the continual rains that are found all this time the rest of the time is accounted Summer which is without rain and the pleasantest of all other seasons upon this Coast Commodities of Goa The Commodities natural of this place are not observableâ— the Island small and the firm Land plentiful in Palm trees Cocus and the like the City is the common Staple for all India Commodities brought hither by others and here bartered and exchanged for other but of it self not affording any of note or consequence Coins current in Goa They have here two sorts of Moneys a good and a bad and therefore in all contracts they are as well to bargain for the money that is to be received as for the commodity that is to be sold but because this place is neighboured with sundry great Nations that traffick hither it will be fit I should inlarge my self a little further on this subject The
Deniers per l. is only paid and no more Their payments in Customs and all other ways are in Valentia money and worth 3 per cent to be converted into Spanish Rials There is also a Duty called a Mottahecos which is a pound of Pepper on each Quintar and so upon other fine Goods And this is as much as I remember needful in this Argument and so I will proceed to the next Province which is Catalonia and as for the Exchanges here practised see farther in the 291 and 426 Chapters Catalonia In Catalonia is only famous the City of Barcelona the principal of this Province where having good cause of the remembrance of my being here by reason of my imprisonment in the Inquisition Anno 1618. I must according to my Method afford the Cities Traffick a 〈◊〉 of observation in acknowledgment of their love and pains in my Release moved thereto partly by the affection I had gained with many the chief Merchants but especially left the same might deter other English from coming to traffick and inhabit amongst them and furnish their necessities with English Commodities which they seem much to desire and oftentime much stand in need of CHAP. CXIX Of Barcelona and the Trade thereof Barcelona BArcelona is seated on the Mediterranean shore and entring into that Gulph which is so terrible to Navigators in these parts called The Gulph of Lions It hath a reasonable commodious and safe Harbour and the Citizens do winterly enlarge and lengthen the same by adding to their Mould that Ships of burthen may come within the same what I obserred here Anno 1618. I will briefly declare Coins in Barcelona Their Moneys current in Merchandize besides the Rial of Castile is a Liver which passeâ— here at 20 sold and a Ducate of Gold of Castile is worth 24 sold of the said money and the soldo is twelve Deniers of that money wherein they are found to keep their Accounts Weights in Barcelona Their Cantar is a 100 l. which is English 92 l. or thereabouts and hath made by observation In Florence 123 l. Genoa 130 l. Valentia 106 l. Marselia 104 l. Venetia Sotle 140 l. Measures of length Their Measure is a Can consisting of eight Palms and hath been found to make thâ—… Braces in Florence and in England found to produce 1â…œ Yards English and in Naples 〈◊〉 been found to make 6â…œ Palms Of Corn. Corn is sold by a Measure called the Quarter one Salmo is four Quarters sold always 〈◊〉 of all Customs 2â…“ Quarters making a Cargo or load which is accounted 360 l. as is that 〈◊〉 mentioned aforegoing in Valentia Woolls are sold by the Rove which is 30 l. making 26 l. of Venetia gross whither the same is commonly transported and in Florence 36 l. All gross Goods are sold by the Cargo accounted 3 Kintars which is 440 l. Sutle of Venâ—… and 278 l. gross there which is 372 l. in Florence and hath been found to make English 3000â— Averdupois Tortosa In this Province lieth also Tortosa a fine small City but the principal of the Inhabitants â—…ing accounted as Moors were some years before my being here banished this Country 〈◊〉 therefore most places lie waste and many Villages are here along found without Inhabitâ—… and the Grounds to want Labourers Aragon The next Province is Aragon wherein is Tarragon a fine and handsome City but 〈◊〉 the banishment of many of the Inhabitants as above is said now made poor in my 〈◊〉 there in 1618. I found it most to consist in making of Silk here bought and carried to Irlentia to be wrought Saragosa The principal City hereof is Saragosa which should challenge a 〈◊〉 particular relation as being commodiously seated for Traffick on the banks of the River 〈◊〉 Ebro but being an University it were too great an honour for an inland Town to prodâ— famous Scholars and eminent Merchants yet in the current Coins it is observed to rule as 〈◊〉 Vâ—dentia and because there is found practised here a great Exchange I have inserted 〈◊〉 same by it self Chapter 292 in the end of this Tract with all circumstances thereunto appeâ—taining And these are all the principal Cities of Traffick found at this day comprised 〈◊〉 the Kingdom of Spain CHAP. CXX Of the Weights and Measures of Spain reduced to the English hundred Weights of Spain reduced to the 100 l. of England THE principal Cities of Spain and Portugal thus surveyed it will not be unworthy our observation first to see how the Weights and Measures of some other lesser Cities here omitted concur with the Weights and Measures of England and then take a general view of the Trade which is in general found in the compass of those Kingdoms now united and subject to the Crown of Castilia First then to begin with the weights of Spain and Portugal I will reduce them to the suttle 100 l. of London which by observation hath been found to make in Sevil 108 l. by great Quintar of 144 l. of four Roves of 36 l. smaller Quintar of 112 l. of 4 Roves of 28 l. by lesser Quintar of 120 l. of 4 Roves of 30 l. Granado and Almeria bona 104 l. is the pound of 16 ounces 89 l. is of Silk and Copper of 18 ounces 52 l. great weight for Flesh 32 ounces Castilia Medina del Campo 98 l. Burgos 89 Rot. Aragon and Barcelona 102 l. 92 l. great weight for Woollen 126 l. small weight for Saffron Valentia 102 l. by Quintar of 4 Roves of 30 l. for Spices 129 l. by Quintar of 4 Roves of 36 l. the Cargo is those Quintars of 360 l. and the greater of 432 l. The 100 l. of London Leon 105 l. Saragosâ—… 108 l. and by the small Quintar 126 l. Savalonâ—… and Salanico 126 l. Viliaco 77 l. Note here that the Islands of the Canaries and all the Islands of Spain use the weights of Sevil as foresaid now for the Kingdom of Portugal 100 l. London makes in Portugal Rot. 104 l. the great Quintar of 128 l. the small Quintar of 112 l. containing each 4 Roves of 32 l. and 28 l. Note here that there is allowance made four upon the hundred upon Sugars and two and 3 per cent upon Cotton Woolls and such like the small Quintar is the weight of the Contractation-house of the Indies All Spice is weighed thereby but all are weighed by the great Quintal and reduced upon the lesser Quintar one Quintar of Wax is one Quintar and half of 112 l. is 168 l. Madera 104 Rotolos Cape Verd. 104 Rot. Saint Thomas 104 Rot. Guinea 104 Rot. Marocâ—… in Barbary 104 Rot. or Pounds by the Quintar of 128 l. Feas and Suus in Barbary 92 l. Calicut 77 Aracoles Note here they sell by the Baccar or Bahar being at Lisbon four Quintars of 112 l. and observe That the Bahar is 4 Quintars for 120 Aracoles The Bahar or Bahor is 20 Faracoles of
Linnen is measured and is accounted 1¼ yards English but those that have made tryal thereof find it is be 46 inches but it is here to de noted that in buying of Linnen Cloth of this Country there is allowed in the account of Measure 24 Aulns for 20 and is called the Merchants Auln or measure and by the same is oftentimes here again sold in England and it is found that Diep Caen and some other Cities of Normandy afford also this over-measure in the sale of Normandy Canvas here made so that it may be said this place hath a great and a small Auln the one exceeding the other 20 per Cent. or 120 for 100 and the smaller agreeing with 〈◊〉 English Ells. Fairs in Rouen Rouen is found to have 3 Fairs in a year at two whereof there is liberty given for fifteen days to buy and transport any Commodities in this City free of all Customs and Taâ—… provided the said Goods be laden and departed down the said River to a certain limited 〈◊〉 stance below the City by fifteen days after otherwise to pay the Custom as is accustomed The Fair beginneth the 3d of February and lasteth fifteen days The second beginneth the morrow after Whitsunday and lasteth fifteen days The third is not accounted a free Fair for Customs as the former and beginneth the 〈◊〉 day of October and continueth only eight days where note that these days are accounted so many working days Sundays and Holy-days according to the Church of Rome excepted The English Hall of Rouen for sale of woollen Cloth Here is in this City a publick Hall granted to the English for the Sale of all English Woolls Cloath whereto they are enjoyned to carry the same and have certain set days to lay open and sell the same and for the hire and custody they pay a Duty of Halledge or Warehousdoâ— they have had formerly here many Immunities and Priviledges and were accounted as hâ— Citizens but the civil wars of France the insolency of the Inhabitants and the great Authority of their Court of Parliament daily give new fashions and new Laws to the English Merchants here resident This City is the prime of Trade in this part of France and is accounted the principal Northern Scale of Traffick in the French Dominions for from hence are exported great quantity as I said before of Buckrams Canvas fine and course playing Cards Box Combs Paper Threal Teasles for Clothworkers and some Plushes and other Stuffs lately here made and in fine all the principal Commodities of Normandy Paris and those parts adjoyning to the River Sein Exchanges of Rouen as for the Exchanges here used see Lions in the Tract of Exchanges following which gives Rules thereto in Chapter 277 and Chapter 302. The Isle of France The next division of this Kingdom is the Isle of France which is in the heart of the Frend Dominions the principal City Paris being the Metropolis of the Kingdom here situated whâ—… though it consist not much in Trade save what may serve happily to feed and clothe the Court and Inhabitants yet all the other Cities taking hence the Rule of Government for Traffick may challenge justly a Chapter by it self CHAP. CXXVII Of Paris and the Trade thereof Paris and the Trade thereof PAris being the principal City of France and the ordinary residence of the King is esteemed to be ten miles in compass through which the River of Sein doth gently run and so to Rouen thence to the New-Haven or Haure de Grace and thence to our British Oceam It is not of great consequence in matter of Trade as neither affording Commodities to be exported nor yet venting store of Commodities imported though an ignorant French-man which had not seen further than this City calls it the greatest in the world for the Trade found therein and for the multitude of Merchants which I imagine he understood Shop-keepers some Cloth Lend Tin Baies and Stockings it venteth from England Satins and other Silk and Plushes from Italy some small wares from Germany and that is all the most important It is one of the three Cities in France where Exchanges have been placed Rouen and Lions being the other two and though I have divers times been here yet I could never find any remarkable observations in Trade which incleed is no where in France much practised because of the base esteem the French Nation do hold of Merchants and Merchandising every Cobler honouring his old Shooes with the Title of sa Merchandise with as great confidence as he that never handled any Commodity but Silks or Jewels in which foolish humour I will leave them and come to my purpose Paris giving rule in the matter of Coin to all other Cities of France I have purposely referred it here to avoid the reiteration in any other City of this Kingdom Coins of France The least piece then of Coin Current in France is a Denier two whereof makes a Double and twelve thereof is a Souls and Souls twenty make a Liver which some call a Frank and thus in Livers Souls and Deniers their Accounts are kept Accounts in France Their common Coins are pieces of 8 Sol which is the â…œ of a French Crown in Silver a piece of 16 Sold. which is the quarter Crown 4 of which makes 64 Sold. accounted for a French Crown and 4 Solds which is of 3 Livers Turnois They have also pieces of 21 Sold. 4 Deniers being the 〈◊〉 of the said Crown called by some Testons and the ½ and ¼ thereof and as the quarter Crowns were at first raised from 15 Sold to 16 Sold and thereby the 60 Sold to 64 Sold so were the said Testons also in proportion raised accordingly The Gold Coins are only two which is the common Crown of 3 Livers or 60 Sold. and the Crown of the Sun being 3 Livers 16 Sold or 76 Sol. All which Coins in their first coinage bare this true worth and value and then were conceived to hold equality with England thus 10 Sold to make 12 pence sterling 23 Sold to make 2 shillings sterling which is their Liver 60 Sold. to make 6 shillings or 72 pence which is the French Crown Note of Moneys inhansed lately in France But these inhansed to such rates as the necessities of the Prince or Commerce inforce them find net now any settled rate but according to the will of the payer and receiver for he that sells his Commodities in France now for ready moneys must contract it if he be wise at what rate he must have these Coins in payment lest he imagine he sell to good profit and yet by experience find he sells the same to a great loss and disadvantage And note That since the writing of the abovesaid the piece of 16 Sol. is raised to 20 Sol. 〈◊〉 on the whole which I place here as a Caveat for such as shall have occasion to traffick in these Kingdoms that he
places These Observations I have found true by my own experience Rotolo of Aleppo gave in Marselia 5 l. 6 ounces Rotolo of Damasco gave 4½ l. Rotolo of Tripoli in Syria 4½ l. Rotolo of Mantua 5½ l. Cantaro of Genoa 118 l. Cantaro of Civita Veccia in Allom 130 l. Cantaro of Alicant in Barsilia 133½ l. Rotolos 100 l. Malta in Olives 200 l. Loderos 100 l. of Constantinople 135 l. Cantaro of Sardinia in Cheese 100 l. Cantaro of Zant in Currans 116 l. Cargo of Valentia in Pepper 320 l. Cantaro of Argier 150 l. Rotolo of Cyprus in Cottons 5¼ l. Cantaro of Valentia in Cochineal 88 l. Hundred of London 112 l. gave in Tin 125 l. And the 120 l. English Stannery in Tin made 134 l. These Towns are said to agree with Marselia in their Quintal Measures of Marselia First Lepanto 100 l. Arches 100 l. Candia Sotile 100 l. Petras 100 l. Rochel 100 l. Tholosa 100 l. Montpelier 100 l. Avignion 100 l. which I refer to trial of him that shall have occasion because I question the truth of some of them The Measures of length is the Cane which is divided into eight Palms the Cane making 2â…› yards English Corn is sold by the Mine the Sack of Pisa and Legorn is found to be 1â…˜ Mines of Marselia Customs in Marselia The Customs here out and in are 1½ per cent but the City by reason of cleansing the Harbour and some Ships set out against Pyrats have made the 1½ inwards 3¼ per cent and only 1¼ out this is meant of Commodities of the growth of the Countrey but in Spices brought in as Pepper Ginger Indico or such as come not out of the Levant but as they call it out of the Ponent or out of the West-Seas it pays the King's Custom which is now about 15 per cent besides the City's Custom above named and thus much for Marselia Avignion The next Province is that of Avignion the principal City thereof called by that name it is a fair Town and seated upon the River of Rhone but hath no Trade that I could observe though I have often been there it is subject to the Pope and he permitting Jews to inhabit here are found the principal Pedlers for Merchants I cannot call them The City is said to have 7 Palaces 7 Parishes 7 Monasteries 7 Nunneries 7 Inns and 7 Gates and other things of note I observe not and as for Commerce the Weights and Measures differ not much from Marselia and the great Custom here paid is some prejudice to Passengers and Merchandise that passeth from Provence to Lions or from Lions to Marselia Orange The next Province is Orange the capital City here bearing that name belonging to the Prince of Orange a strong Town and sweetly seated near upon the Rhone here all Protestant Passengers are really welcomed and Papists narrowly lookt unto in requital of the contrary courtesie practised at Avignion not above six leagues off Picardy The next is Picardy wherein I find Amiens and Abbeville for fair Towns but of little or no Traffick Calais Calais also the In-let of France is strong but hath sent away its Trading with the Staple which by the English was planted and continued here for 200 years whilst it was in possession of the English the French Kings were accustomed to have the same put daily into their remembrance till it was regained and were it not that the Merchant Adventurers make mention thereof in their Oath taken at the entrance into that Brotherhood it is almost forgot that ever it was English which I the rather mention here that some noble English heart would daily put our Sovereign in mind thereof till it return again to be English in the mean time a word of the Trade thereof CHAP. CXXXII Of Calais and the Trade thereof Calais and the Trade thereof CAlais formerly was the great Staple for the Woolls of England and settled here Aâ—… 1347. by Edward the Third to make good his Conquest after eleven months siege bâ—… afterward it was hence removed and this place lost by Queen Mary Anno 1557. after 20â— years possession of the English and was by our then Kings of England ever called the Key thâ—… gave their Armies entrance into France the place is not now of any great noted Traffick though it and Bullen be accounted the best Maritime Ports in Picardy opposite to Dover from whence this is seven leagues distant The Coins here current are those in general of France Weights of Calais The Weights here in use are three First is the Weights proper of the Town the 100 l. whereof is in London about 92 l. The second is called the Merchants Weight the 100 l. whereof make in London 113 l. and the 100 suttle of London is here 88 l. The third is called the English Wooll hundred or Staple hundred 100 l. whereof is in London about 89 l. or 90 l. about 3 per cent different from the Town-weight The Measures used here is the Auln and makes in London inches Champaign The next is Champaign wherein is Rhemes the principal City where the Kings of France are anointed and where there is a College for the entertainment of the English Fugitives Jesuits I mean Burgundy The next is Burgundy famous for Dijon which is notable through France for good Mustard a note worthy our Tukesbury Bress The next is Bress Chastilion being the principal City and the last that I shall handle appeâ—taining to the King of France or under his Government Besanson The next in order according to my Method is the Franche Comte the principal City thereof is Besanson which in time past strove for precedency of Trade with Lions but being an Inland Town she hath lost that honour the Inhabitants of this Countrey bringing home great and more honourable Titles as famoused abroad for good Soldiers known by the name of Walloons and now is under the command of Spain The Exchanges of Placentia was once here seated from Cambray but the Merchants being not well used returned to Placentia 100 l. Besanson is 112 l. English Lorain The next is Lorain the principal City is Nants yielding plenty of Corn and Wine store of fresh-water Fish and Salt and famous in that it was the Dukedom of Godfrey Surnamed of Bulloign which won Jerusalem from the Saracens and was the first Christian Crowned Kitz of that Kingdom And now to Savoy as partaking with the French in the Trade as well as in their Garb. CHAP. CXXXIII Of Savoy and the Provinces thereof Savoy and the Cities thereof THE Dukedom of Savoy comprehends only this Dutchy and the Principality of Piedmont in the former is Cambray the residency of the Duke when he is in these parts in the latter is Nisa and Villa-Franca two Sea-Ports but not capacious nor safe for Ships of burthen next Aste a great Mart for all Italian Commodities and lastly
These are only worth the mentioning as to our business of Trade CHAP. CXLIV Of the Dukedom of Millan Dukedom of Millan THE Dukedom of Millan being under the command of the Spaniard is rich in Natures gifts as esteemed the Garden of Italy affording plenty of Corn Rice Wines Oils Silks Raw and Wrought and sundry other Commodities it hath therein also many fair Cities the principal whereof are First Millan the principal of the whole Dutchy Secondly Pavia Thirdly Alexandria de la Pallia Fourthly Cremona And fifthly Como of as many of which as is needful I shall touch the particulars CHAP. CXLV Of Millan and the Trade thereof Millan and the Trade thereof MIllan is a fair City and the greatest of Lombardy the Castle whereof is accounted impregnable it is very populous and contains seven Miles in Circuit it is furnished in matter of Trade with many great Merchants or rather as I may more properly call them Shop-keepers abounding in many rich Manufactures of Silks and Iron for Sword-blades for Cannons Muskets and Pistols c. as Silk-Stockings Chamlet Fustians Gold-Thread and sundry other Commodities here dispersed into Savoy France and other adjoyning Countries Accompts in Millan Their Accompts are kept in Millan by Pounds Shillings and Pence Or as they call them Livres Sol and Deniers 12 Deniers make a Sol and 20 Sols a Livre which Livre may be sterl 12 pence as I shall shew in the Tract of Exchanges in 280 and 410 Chapters Coins in Millan The Coins Current in Millan are these A Ducate of Gold of Millan is incirca 100 Sol of that Money A Crown of Gold of the Sun is worth about 96 or 98 Sol. A Crown of Gold Italian is 5 Livres and 6 Sol Imperial A Ducate of Gold of Livres 5 and 18 Sol is Livres 6 Imperial A Ducace Imperial is esteemed 4 Livres A Ducate of Millan or Imperial of Livres 4 per Duc. and so they count it in Exchange the which they pay in Crowns of Italy at 101 Sol per Duc. Note that the Crown in Millan runs in Merchandise for Sol 110 and the Ducate for the same Note also that the Imperial Coins are the current of this Country but French Italian and Spanish pass here also in Merchandise as being placed between the two former and subject to the last Weights in Millan The Weight of Millan is the Pound and the 100 l. which is the Quintal which 100 l. is In Venetia sotile 108 l. Venetia gross 66  Florentia 97  Genoua 106  Lions 69  London 70  Measures of Millan In Millan they have two Braces the Cloth and the Silk upon the 100 Braces Silk hath been made these Observations and to have made In London 43 Ells. Antwerp 72  Frankfort 90  Dantzick 60  Vienna 63  Lions 44 Aulns Paris 41  Genoua 207 Palm Rouen 37 Auln Lisbon 43 Var. Sevil 58  Madera 44  Venetia 78 Brac. Lucques 86  Florence 88  Exchanges of Millan Which I refer to the experience of him that shall have occasion to make trial herein farther and so I will proceed to Cremona as for the Exchanges here practised I refer you to the general Chapter thereof in the end of this Tract viz. 280 and 410 Chapters CHAP. CLXVI Of Cremona and the Trade thereof Cremona and the Trade thereof CRemona is the second City of Trade in this Dutchy which endeavoureth by the Industry of the Inhabitants to imitate and second Millan in her Manufactures of Silk Gold-Thread c. Weights Their common Weight is the Pound and the 100 l. which hath by tryal been found to make in Venctia Sotile 104 l. and by the Gross of Venetia 65 in 66 l. in Florence 86 l. Measures Their Measure is the Brace agreeing the same as that of Florence Oil is sold by the Carigas 18 thereof is 1000 l. Venetia in Oil Carrigas 15 are accounted for a 1000 l. of Cheese in Venetia Carigas 11 are accounted of Honey 8¼ Staios of Venetia CHAP. CLXVII Of Como and the Trade thereof Como and the Trade thereof COmo is made more famous by the Lake whereon it is seated being 50 Miles about than by the Trade thereof though it may well be imagined the same doth add a good furtherance thereto by the benefit and commodity thereof and by Transporting Wares to Neighbouring places seated thereabout Weights The Weight thereof is the Pound and 100 l. which hath been observed to produce in Venice Suttle 108 and Gross 67 l. which in London is 72 l. Averdupois or thereabout Measures Their Measure is a Brace accounted to be Corn is sold by the Mosa which are here 14 Pesos and every Peso is 10 l. at â—0 oun per l. which in Venetia is 378 l. Suttle which is 305 l. Gross so that the said 14 Pesos is in Venetia 1â…› Staios And thus have I done with the Dutchy of Millan and proceed to Mantua and the Dukedom CHAP. CLXVIII Of Mantua and the Trade thereof Mantua and the Trade thereof MAntua hath some other Cities of quality subject thereto but being debarred from the Sea and environed with potent Neighbours that hinder the Commerce thereof I will therefore reduce what I have collected more-worthy to the City of Mantua it self which is a very fair and strong Town environed on three parts with a Lake of good breadth and with a strong Wall on the rest through this Lake runneth a River that leadeth into the Po which is a famous stream in these parts and much enricheth this Country and furthers the Trade of this Dutchy Commodities of Mantua The chief Commodities of this Dukedom are certain Fabricks of Silks such as are Taffetaes Sattins Camlets watered and the like Accompts in Mantua Their Accompts are kept in Livres Sols and Deniers 12 Deniers make a Sol and 20 Sols a Livre 5 of which Livres make a Ducate of Gold large 9. 12 Sol making a Ducatoon of Mantua or 115 Sols of Millan which is accounted Sterl Weights in Mantua They weigh in Mantua by a Peso and by the 1000 l. 25 l. being the Peso and 100 l. the Quintal which hath made in Venice Suttle 108 l. and Venice Gross 66â…” l. in Florence 98 l. and in London by Observation of some 71 l. Averdupois Measures in Mantua Their Measure of length is the Brace which doth agree with the Cloth brace of Venice within a small matter Corn is sold by the Staio 100 whereof are in Venetia 40 Staios and 1 Staios weighs about 80 l. of Mantua weight Aste a Fair. In this Dukedom is also Aste where is yearly kept a great and notable Fair for many sorts of Merchandise where many Immunities are granted to Merchants during the time that the said Fair doth continue and is held in the beginning of September and thus much I have observed of this Dutchy
CHAP. CLXIX Of Urbin and the Trade thereof Vrbin and the Trade thereof URbin is a fair City seated on the bottom of the Appennine where it hath for Sea-Ports Pisauro and Fano the English here do enjoy many Immunities and sundry Privileges the original whereof did arise in the Reign of Henry VI. of England who created the Duke of this place a Knight of the Noble Order of the Garter and he to requite the Honour to himself done returned it thus to the said King his Subjects It now affordeth the common Commodities of other parts of Italy which it also followeth in matter of Trade Accompts in Vrbin Their Accompts are here kept in Livres Sols and Deniers 12 Deniers making a Soldo and 20 Sols a Livre The Current Coins of this place are the Romaine and do as in most parts of these Italian Principalities partake one anothers Coins which passeth Current with some small distinction from one City to another Weights The weight is here the Pound and the Quintal being 100 l. which produceth in Venetia Suttle 112½ and Gross 72 l. and hath produced in London 77 l. Averdupois Measures in Vrbin Their Measure of length is the Brace the 100 Braces of Cloth in Venice rendring here 94 Braces and the 100 Braces of Silk rendring here 102 in 103 Braces which is in England Inches CHAP. CLXX Of Parma and the Trade thereof Parma and the Trade thereof PArma the chief City of this Principality affording the Commodities common with the rest of Italy doth over and above afford that excellent Cheese known through Europe by the name of Parmesane it is not noted for any eminency in Trade the greatest fame that of late it obtained was by being subject to that Alexander Farnese who was Duke thereof and made such a noise in the Netherlands during his Regency there to his Masters great Expence but to little purpose Accompts in Parma For Trade observe That their Accounts are kept in Livres Sols and Deniers 12 Deniers to the Sold and 20 Sols to the Livre which is Sterling The Coins current of Parma are Weights in Parma The Weight is the Pound of 12 Ounces and 100 l. to a Quintal which is in England about 60 l. and in Venice sotile Measures in Parma Their Measure is the Brace agreeing with the Brace of Florence and now to Placentia also subject to this Principality CHAP. CLXXI. Of Placentia and the Trade thereof Placentia and the Trade thereof PLacentia is a commodious City for Trade and seated properly to that end upon the River Po affording the ordinary Commodities of Italy but in nothing so famous as for the Fairs in Exchanges here quarterly hept to which place all Italy Germany and other Countries do make their Exchanges rather for the Fairs than for any Commodities wherein they intend to have the said Monies invested and for the Monies of the Country there is no account had therein thereof but only of that wherein the Exchanges is made which is called the Crown of Marque wherein only Bankers and Exchangers do keep the account of this City and of those Crowns Accompts in Placentia their Accompts are framed in Crowns Sols and Deniers of Marque as I have more at large treated of in several Chapters of Exchanges vide 276 and 382 and others following which by reason of the great concurrency I have there amply specified and to which I refer you Weights in Placentia The weight of Placentia is the Pound and 100 l. the Quintal which 100 l. is in Venice gross 66 l. Venice suttle 108 l. and by that computation in London suttle Pound 72 l. incirce Measures in Placentia The Measure is a Brace which is 27 Inches English in this Principality is Mirandola accounted of which a word passando CHAP. CLXXII Of Mirandola and the Trade thereof Mirandola and the Trade thereof MIrandola being a City also belonging to this Principality I thought good to insert in my way what I have observed in the Weights and the Measures thereof Weights The Weight of Mirandola is the l. 12 Ounces 100 l. whereof is a Quintal and found to be Averdupois 75 l. Measures The Measure is the Brace found to be 26½ Inches English and so much for Mirandole and now to Legorn therewith to finish the Trade and Commerce of Tuscany and of these petty Dukedoms CHAP. CLXXIII Of Legorn and the Trade thereof Legorn and the Trade thereof LEgorn is situated on a sandy Plain close to the Sea-side it hath an inward Mould where the Grand Duke of Tuscany's Gallies are kept and some small Vessels permitted to Ride and is accounted the strongest modern City in the Mediterranean Seas purchased not many years past for 120000 Ducates of the Genoese by the Duke of Tuscany who reedifying or rather building a new City to the old new fortified and walled the same giving safe Conduct to all Men of what quality and degree soever to live here so that at the first it was a Sanctuary for all Thieves Pirats Murtherers and wicked Rascals and because here was also granted a liberty in Conscience the Town was also stored with all Religions but as the City became populous and Merchants being granted a freedom in Customs the place became in a short time to be filled with Inhabitants and to add to these Immunities there were Dwellings for seven years given to any that would come hither to reside and all such should be free from all Arrests or Punishments for Acts committed in all other Countries of what nature soever they were found to be and by these means at first and since by the incouragement of the Great Duke of Tuscany it is become one of the principal Towns of Trade in all those Seas and is properly accounted the Scale of the Florentine Dominions In matters of Commerce it is ruled by Pisa and Florence which are the principal Cities of this Dutchy and which yield the Commodities that drives the Traffick of this place the principal Notes that I observed at my being in this place in several Voyages are as followeth Accompts in Legorn Their Accompts are kept in Livres Sols and Deniers 12 Denters to a Soldo and 20 Soldo accounted to a Livre which is Nine Pence Sterling Coins in Florence Their Monies are those of Florence which current is the Ducate of 10½ Julios or of seven Livres which is five Shillings three Pence Sterling and a Scudo or Crown of Gold is 7½ Livres and one Crown of Gold in Gold or as they say De Oro in Oro is 8 Livres Also Note That 12 Craches make a Livre which is 9 d. 8 Craches make a Julio which is 6 d. Sterling 5 Quadrins make a Crache â—0 Quadrins a Livre 3 Quadrins make a Sol. Mote That the Craches are ½ Silver and the Quadrine Copper To bring Ducates of Florence of seven Livres the Ducate into
Genoua Their Measure of length is the Cane containing 9 Palms which 9 Palms have made 4 Braces of Florence and the Measure is for Silks and Stuffs but 10 Palms in Linen makes a Cane and is in Florence 4 Braces and the said Cane by observation hath made in Venice 3½ Braces of Cloth and 3 11 16 of Silk Braces and upon the 100 Palms have been made these observations and to have rendred In London 27 Yards Anvers 34 Ells. Frankford 43  Dantzick 23¾  Vienna 30½  Lions 21 Aulns Paris 19  Rouen 18  Lisbon 20¾ Vares Sevil 28  Madera 21  Venice 37 Braces Lucca 41 1 20  Florence 42  Millan 47  1 Cane is in Barcelona 1⅗ Canes 9 Palms in Genoua is in Florence 1 1 16 Canes 1 Cane in Genoua is in London 2⅞ Yards Note that it hath been observed that five Palms hath made almost an Ell English or 25 Palms 6 Ells and ½ and 100 Palms thus is 26¼ Ells and 50 Yards have made here 17 Canes Of Corn. Corn is here sold by the Mine whereof 64 make the 100 Saches at Pisa and 100 Mines make 137½ Staios in Venetia and the Mine pays 6½ Sols for Custom in Genoua and weighs 170 l. and half a Mine is called a Corno the quarter of Harwich measure hath made here 2½ Mines but the London quarter not so much Of Oil. Oil is sold by the Barrel 7½ Barrels making a Neapolitan But called here Botta dimena Of Wine Wine is sold by the Meserole and 5 Meseroles is a Botta dimena and 2 barr make 1 Meserole which is also 100 Pints so that 500 Pints of Wine make a Botta dimena All Goods entring into Genoua pays for Consolato of the River 6 Deniers per Livre and is by the Buyer according to the price bought if a Contract be not made with the Seller for discharging of it And he that Lands Commodities here in his own name and cannot make sale thereof hath had formerly leave to carry the same out again without paying any Charges but this Privilege is now disannulled Many Silk Fabricks are here made common with all Italy the principal being Velvets watred Chamlets c. sold by the Pound weight as is usual through Italy Exchanges This City is famous for the Exchanges here practised as doth more fully appear in the Chapter of the Exchanges here in use vide Chapter 279 and so forward where all Circumstances are inserted And now to Lucca CHAP. CLXXV Of Lucca and the Trade thereof Lucca and the Trade thereof LUcca is the principal City of this Republick and is pleasantly seated on the River Serchio in compass about three Miles in a Plain the Walls being adorned with Trees make the City appear to the Travellers to be in a Wood till approaching near the Bulwarks give testimony of her strength and that these Trees are planted on the Walls where the Citizens in Summer walk for shade It doth wholly consist upon the Fabricks here made of Silk such as is Damasks Satins Tassaties c. which hence is vended in Forein Countries which are all sold by the Pound weight according as it is accustomed in Italy and as for other matters in Trade what I observed in 1619. is thus Accompts in Lucca Their Accompts are kept divers ways some in Livres Sols and Deniers of Picoli as in Florence 12 Deniers to a Sol and 20 Sols to a Livre some again in Crowns Sols and Deniers of Gold of Livres 7½ per Crown accounted by 12 and 20 as is abovesaid but Silks are sold by so many Ducates the Pound so that to reduce Ducates into Crowns the number of Ducates is to be multiplied by four and divide the Product by 71 adding what may rest with the Ducates and they shall be Crowns of 7½ Livres Note that to bring Ducates of Florence or as they term them Piastres of seven Livres the Ducate into Crowns of Gold of Florence of 7½ per Crown divide by 15 and subtract the Quotient from the sum divided and the remainder is the demand Again to bring Crowns of Gold of Florence of 7½ into Ducates of 7 Livres divide by 14 and the Quotient added to the sum divided will answer your desire Again to bring Livres of Lucca into Crowns of Lucca or Ducates of Florence take the sum of Livres and add as many more unto them the Product being divided by 15 then the same are Crowns of Lucca of 7½ Livres I say Livres for Crowns and Ducates of Florence of 7 Livres per Ducate for that the Crown of Lucca and Ducate of Florence are all one in value but in the Livre of Lucca and in that of Florence is some difference because the Livre of Florence is 7½ per cent greater than that of Lucca Note also that 75 Bolonins make a Florence Ducate of 7 Livres and 79 Bolonins make a Lucca Ducate by which they account in sale of Silk The Crown is commonly thus charactered C. The Piastre or Ducate is thus D. The Livre is thus L. The Sol is thus and the Denier d. Monies in Lucca Their Monies common is that of Florence Current called Bolonini the Crown of Gold is 7 Livres 10 Sol in Picoli as at Florence The Ducatoon is worth 7 Livres and is called the Crown of Silver but the Exchanges are made by Ducatoons Sols Deniers as more fully doth appear in the 283 Chapter of Exchanges practised in this City to which in that particular I refer you Weights in Lucca They have in Lucca two weights one of the Ballance weight whereby all Goods are bought and sold and the other whereby Merchants do pay the Customs wherein is about 12 per cent difference The Ballance pound is 12 ounces 100 l. whereof hath made in Lins 72½ l. The Customers pound is also 12 ounces 100 l. thereof hath rendred in Lions by tryal 81 l. The Ballance 100 hath made in Florence 97 l. Measures in Lucca The Measure of Lucca is a Brace which is 23 Inches of London and two Braces hath made an Auln of Lions and upon this 100 Braces have been made these Observations that it rendreth In London 50 Ells. Antwerp 83⅓  Frankford 104⅙  Dantzick 69⅙  Vienna 72½  Lions 50⅚ Aulns Paris 47½  Rouen 43½  Lisbon 50 Vare Sevil 67½ Vare Madera 51½ Vare Venetia 90 Braces Florence 102 Braces Millan 115 Braces Genoua 240⅓ Palms Accompts of Sale of Silks in Lucca Silks have been thus sold in Lucca Damasks were sold at 4 Ducates and 18 Sold the Pound Sattins were sold at 4 Ducates and 14 Sold the Pound Rich Taffeta sold at 4 Ducates 16 Sols the Pound It is here to be noted That in Lucca there is paid ¼ more for the colours than for Blacks therefore the Custom is to add for the colours that are in the parcel ¼ to the Weight reducing them all
or otherwise Secondly by reason that the King of Portugal having discovered the East-Indies in Anno 1500 and diverted the course of Trade driven by the Venetians from Alexandria and the Red-Sea to his Port of Lisbon kept here his Factors and sent hither those Indian Commodities to seek their vent and this first drew the English Merchant-Adventurers from Bruges hither to reside The third was the Wars that fell between the French and Charles the Fifth which brought hither many Gentlemen from Villages and petty Towns for safety sake here to reside and build Now as the causes of her rising have been noted to be three so the causes of the loss of that Trade may be reduced also to three First the Wars here and in general in these Provinces between the Spaniards and the Dutch Nation wherein this City suffered pillaging and indured the command of new Laws Secondly the abrogation of part of those Privileges that were granted here to the English Merchant-Adventurers and others that the new and great Customs imposed upon their Goods and Merchandize Thirdly the Navigation of the English and Dutch to the East-Indies whereby the Portugal Factors decreasing thereby and the City of London in England and Amsterdam in Holland increasing thereby were also sharers in the India Trade and Commodities leaving by this means this City bare and to subsist upon the Traffick of her own Inhabitants in that nature as now the same is found to be Accounts in Antwerp Their Accounts are here kept by Livers Sol and Deniers which they term Pounds Shillings and Pence of grosses 12 grosses making a Sol and 20 Sol a Liver or Pound Flemish which may be accounted 12 Shillings Sterling or by their computation 240 grosses by which Species they do make their Exchanges with all other Cities Coins in Antwerp The Current Moneys here and in general through all the Arch-Duke's Countries are besides the Spanish and Imperial these current are Doits four makes a Stiver and ten Stivers a Shillings Sterling two Blanks makes a Stiver and half Stivers 6 makes a Shilling Flemish Stivers 28 makes a Guilder which is three Shillings four Pence Flemish Shillings 20 makes a Pound which is 6 Guilders Pounds 100 Flemish makes 60 Pound English so that 20 Stivers is or may be computed for two Shillings Sterling and one Pound Flemish for 12 Shillings Sterling and then 20 Shillings Sterling is 33 Shillings 4 Pence Flemish Weights in Antwerp The Weight of this Country is the Pound of 16 Ounces and the 100 l. of that Pound which is their Quintar which rendereth in London 104 l. The conceived original of our Tret in London and thereupon it comes as some imagine that upon Spices the tret of 4 l. upon 104 l. was allowed here to the Buyer for the English being supplyed hence in those days with their Spices found the 100 l. there to give here in the City of London 104 l. and made that allowance here willingly as desiring the 100 l. there would yield them a neat 100 l. here and take the same by the Factory without further allowance or garble which was not then in use Many observations have been made upon the weight and measure of this City which being reduced into a general Table by Mr. Malines and the same being there accorded with all the principal Cities in the World I will refer you thereunto for larger satisfaction and content my self according to my method to insert the same as I find it with some other particular places because I have found some errors in the said Concordance Weights of Antwerp compared with that of other places The Weights then in use in Antwerp being the 160 l. neat have been observed to have rendred thus In London 104 l. Marselia 115¾  Venice sotile 155  Ditto gross 97¾  Sicilia 68  Lisbon 84½  Florence 132½  Lions 110  Sevil 101â…ž  Dantzick 120  Ormus 108 Rot. Aleppo common 228 R. Ditto silk weight 240 R. Tripoly Soria 272 R. Tripoly Barbaria 97 R. Baruti 219 R. Alexandria Zeroi 519 R. Alexandria Forsia 1165 R. Constantinople 92 R. Rhodes 201 R. Acria 181 R. Babylon 156 R. And what other inlargements are here wanting I willingly omit and refer the same to Lex Mercatoria Measures of Antwerp compared with those of other Countries Now in the same manner it will be needful I do calculate the Measures of Antwerp which is the Ell which also by observation hath made in these places Acria 115 pico Aleppo 108 pico Argier 136 covad Alexandria 124 pico Amsterdam 101 ells Barcelona 43 canes Bruges 98â…” ells Candia 108 pico Castile 78 vares Constantinople 113 pico Corfu 116 braces Damasco 111 pico Dantzick 122 ells Florence Cloth 116 ells Ditto for Silk 102½ braces Genoa 122 braces Hamburgh 122 ells Holland 103½ ells Lisbon long 63 vares London for Linnen 60 ells Ditto for Wollen 75 yards Ditto for Frises 59 goads Lucca 120 braces Millan for Silk 141 braces Naples for Silk 33½ can Paris 59 aulns Rouen 58 aulns Sevil 83½ vares Venice for Woollen 101â…” braces Ditto for Silk 108 Valentia 73 canes Urbin 101 braces Note that this is for the common Measure of Antwerp besides which they use another El for Silk and these Ells make of that but 98½ Ells. The other Measure of sundry Commodities here in use are these Of Beer Beer is sold in Antwerp by the Barrel which is accounted throughout Flanders and Brabant to be 54 Stoops the 81 whereof is in Dantzick a Fat and contains there 180 Stoops but 50 Stoops of Antwerp make the Barrel of Lubeck and the English Gallon of Beer is 2 Stoops of Flanders and 1â…” Stoops of Amsterdam Of Corn. Corn is here sold by a Measure called the Vertule and 37½ Vertules is a Last of Corn in Ansterdam and 10¼ Quarters in London vide there further Of Wine Wine is sold by the Ame the Stoop and the But and is found thus to accord together 1 Aâ—… is 50 Stoops and one Stoop is six Pound and a But is 152 Stoops so that by this Rule 6 Ame which is 300 Stoops or 1800 l. is in London 252 Gallons so that the Ame is by this Calculation found to be 42 Gallons and the Stoop is about 3â…“ quarters of London Wine-measure or as some account it about 7 Pints vide London for more certainty Exchanges of Antwerp The Exchanges practised in this place are great and for very great sums of Money especially when as the King of Spain hath any general disbursements in this Country by reason of his continual Armies here in Action maintained against the Dutch the particulars whereof I have inserted in the end of this Tract in the Chapter 289 and in the Chapter 435 and some others following where I have at large declared the Practice and Use among the Machants of that place in the Calculation thereof whereto I refer
Silk which because it very nearly agrees with Frankfort of which I have made mention before I pass the same over Bavaria Bavaria is the Tenth Province the chief Towns are Munchen on the River Aser and the Duke's Seat 2 Ingolstat an University 3 Ratisbona 4 Passave 5 Salsburgh and many other great Cities Northgoia Northgoia or the Upper Palatinate is the Eleventh and belongeth totally to the Palatines of the Rhine the chief Towns are Amberg whose Silver Mines yield yearly 60000 Crowns rent to the Prince's Coffers 2 Neuburg and others Austria Austria is the Twelfth wherein are found the famous Cities of Vienna seated on Danubius one of the most beautiful Towns of Germany and walled as Stories say with the Moneys that Leopold the Duke had for King Richard I. his Ransom being by him taken in his Return through Palestine Gratse 2 Gratse from whence the present Emperors have their Name 3 Santo Vitti the Metropolis of Carinthia 4 Newark the chief of Carniolo and in Triolis are found the Cities of Inspurg Triol Bolson and Trent famous for the Council here held and concluded after 40 years lingring and politick Delays CHAP. CXCV. Of Vienna and the Trade thereof Vienna and the Trade thereof VIenna is at present the Seat of the German Emperors and is now the Bulwark of this Country against the Incursions of the Turks who have more than once in vain attempted it on the North-side runneth the River Danow which here divideth it self into three Arms incompassing a good space of ground and then meeting again and all this is again united by three Stone Bridges one containing 29 Arches another 57 Arches and a third 15 Arches each Arch being 60 foot asunder Here are many Merchants of great quality who have their Factors in Venetia Florence and other parts of Italy to supply them with the Fabricks of Silks made there such as are Sattins Damasks Taffeta Velvets Cloth of Gold and such like Weights of Vienna The Weight in use here is the Pound which is in some Commodities divided into 32 Loots in some into 128 Quints and in somo into 512 Fennings of which Pound the Quintar is made which is 100 l. which doth render in London about 123 l. incirca and therewith are found Idra and Erford to agree the 100 l. of London making here 81 l. ½ Measures in Vienna Their Measure for Length is two one in Linen and the other in VVoollen the 100 Yards in London make here in Linen 103 Ells and in Cloth and Silk 113 Ells. Exchanges of Vienna There is here as being the Court of the Emperor a great Exchange in use and they are found to account and exchange by Rix Dollars of 8 s. Flemish and by Ducats of Gold of 12 s. Flemish Bohemia The Kingdom of Bohemia is the Thirteenth wherein are accounted about 780 Cities walled Towns and Castles the chief whereof is Prague the Metropolis of this Kingdom 2 Eger 3 Buates 4 Melmuke Pilsen and others Preslau and in this Tract is found Preslau the chief City of Silesia Gorlitse also Gorlitso the chief City of Lusatia and Brin and Olmuts Olmuts the chief of Moravia but the Trade of Bohemia I will comprise under the Title of Prague here following as being the Metropolis thereof CHAP. CXCVI. Of Prague and the Trade thereof Prague and the Trade thereof THE City of Prague includeth three Towns as new Prague old Prague and a City inhabited by Jews incompassed with one Wall neither strong nor beautiful the River Molda doth run through the same but is not navigable nor commodious for Carriage or Transportation of Merchandize to which the Inhabitants are not much addicted Corn and Wine being the prime Commodities the Country affordeth and Timber abundance of which the Walls of their Houses are for the most part made and that in whole pieces as the same grow and not so much as the Bark thereof taken away Weights of Prague and of Bohemia The Weight of Prague is the Pound of 16 ounces the 100 l. suttle of London hath made here about 83 l. Pasau and Regenborge agreeing also therewith as doth also the most part of this Country Measures of Prague and of Bohemia Their Measure is the Ell of which they have two one in Linen and the other in Cloth and Silk the 100 Yards of London hath made in Linen 148 Ells and in Woollen 160 Ells. Vide Coins current in Bohemia Brandenburg Brandenburg is the fourteenth wherein are reckon'd 50 Cities and 64 walled Towns the chief of which is Brandenburg then Frankfort for distinction called upon Oder next Berlin the residence of the Marquess Havelburg seated upon Havel and many others of consequence whereof little is come to my Observation therefore I will in silence pass them over Pomerania Pomerania is the fifteenth Province wherein is found Statin the residence of the Prince and Metropolis of this Country Wallen then Wallen once the famous Mart-Town of all these Countries the Russians Danes Saxons and Vandals had here their particular Streets of abode for Commence and Trade but ruin'd by War the Trade was removed to Lubeck where yet in some measure it is found to continue still Mecklenburg Mecklenburg is the sixteenth Province wherein are found the Cities of Malchan Sternbâ—…g Wismar and some others Saxony Saxony is the seventeenth Province wherein are found many Cities of Note the principal is first Erford one of the fairest in Germany 2 Irne an University for Physicians 3 Smalcald famous for the Protestant League here made 4 Dresden seated on the Albis and the Duke's Magazine for War and Arms for 30000 Horse and Foot over in readiness at a days warning 5 Lipsick an University which yearly doth yield the Duke for Custom of Beer drank and transported 20000 l. sterling 6 Wittenberg an University and the chief Seat of the Electâ— of Saxony and 7 Maidenburg where it is said Luther studied Divinity Of some of these a word CHAP. CXCVII Of Lipsick and the Trade thereof Lipsick and the Trade thereof LIpsick is seated in a Plain of most fruitful Corn ground the Streets fair and the chief Houses built of Free-stone of Roofs high it is accounted also an University but found to be of no great Note by reason of the Neighbourhood of Wittenberg they have for some trespass lost those great Privileges they formerly enjoyed and therefore their Trade is not accounted great they may now neither fortifie their Town nor wind a Horn in the night-watches as other Cities in Germany do nor yet use Red Wax in their publick Seals or Contracts which are all of them accounted in Germany Signs of Freedom The Weights and Measures in use are these Weights of Lipsick The Weight is the Pound of which are made three Quintars one of 100 l. another of 120 l. and a third of 132 l. Vide more
Their Coins current are these 1 Stiver of their Money here and in Hamburgh is 2 pence 32 Stivers make a Dollar which is 5 s. 4 d. there 4 Stivers which are 8 d. make a Spanish Rial of 6 d. Sterling 1 Rix Dollar is worth 33 Stivers and is 4 s. 4 d. Sterling or more 1 Mark is 16 Stivers or 2 s. 8 d. Flemish 7½ Marks make 20 s. I say 20 s. Flemish Weights of Stoad Their Weight is the Pound of 16 ounces 100 l. is their Quintar which hath made in London 107 and some have observed 109 l. Measures of Stoad Their Measure is the Ell as in Hamburgh following CHAP. CCIV. Of Hamburg and the Trade thereof Hamburg and the Trade thereof HAMBURG is a Free City of the Empire and one of them which enjoy the privilege of a Hans-Town and for the building and populousness much to be praised the Senate-House is a beautiful Fabrick and the Exchange where Merchants do meet together is likewise as pleasant The Haven is guarded and shut up with an Iron Chain the City it self compassed with a deep ditch and on the East and North sides with a double ditch and wall Water is conveyed into the same from a hill distant some miles off it is seated on a large plain and sandy soyl and adorned with nine Churcher and six gates on the South side it is washed with the River Elve which also putteth a branch into the Town but on the North-east the River Alster runneth by towards Stoad from which it is five miles distant and falleth into the Elve the streets in general are narrow excepting one which hath the name of Broadstreet and their buildings is all of Brick and all the beauty of their houses is in the first entrance which as in all the other Sea-bordering Cities lying from these parts towards Flanders have for the most part broad and fair gates into a large hall the lower part whereof on both sides is used for a ware-house and in the upper part lying to the view of the door their chief houshould-stuff is placed and especially their vessels of English Pewter which being kept bright make a glittering shew to them that pass by so that their Houses promise more beauty outwardly than they have inwardly The present Trade of this City is great principally by reason of the residence of the English Merchants and some quantity of shipping of reasonable burthen is found belonging to the Citizens Weights of Hamburg The weight of Hamburg is the pound of which is made the 120 pound their quintar divided into three denominations the first of 12 stone of 10 pound to the stone 300 pound thereof to the Skip pound which is the second and 20 Lispound of 15 pound to the said 300 pound which is the third so that it may be more properly said to be two quintars one of 120 pound another of 300 pound Measures of Hamburg Their measure of length is an Ell wherewith they measure both Linen Woollen and Silk the 100 whereof hath been found to make in London about 48½ ells for Linen and the 100 yards of London hath been found to yeild here about 162 or 163 yards agreeing with Embden and Brem◠before mentioned Exchange in Hamburg The Merchants here are found to exchange for London by the pound sterling and for all other places upon the Rix Dollar of 54 s. Lapisto or 54 stivers Dollar A Dollar is here noted to be worth three whitpence one whitpenny to be 18 shillings one shilling to be 12 pence and one penny two hellers Of Corn. Corn is here measured by the Schepel ninety making a Last and 83 Schepels making a Last of Corn in Amsterdam or 10 quarters English CHAP. CCV Of Lubeck and the Trade thereof Lubeck and the Trade thereof LUBECK is an Imperial and free City and one of those that are accounted Hans-Towns it is seated on the top of a fair and spacious Hill upon the very crown whereof is a beautiful Church from whence leadeth streets to all the gates of the City It is incompassed with a double wall one of Brick and narrow the other of earth and broad In some parts there is also deep ditches where Ships of a 1000 tuns are brought up to winter from Tremuren the Maritime Port of this City seated on the Baltick Sea a mile distant from this Town the buildings hereof are very beautiful of Brick having many pleasant walks without the walls The government of this Town is much commended for their neatness pleasant gardens courteous carriage to strangers civility of manners and strict execution of justice Their water is conveyed hither by pipes and have each of them a Cock of water in his own house also all the poor inhabitants are constrained to live in a street by themselves where they are set on work and provided for This City adorned with ten Churches one whereof being a decayed Monastery they have converted to an Armory of all Ammunitions for war S. Maries the Cathedral Church being the principal and seated as I said before on the very summit of this hill whereon the City standeth Beer of Lubeck famous The Trade of this City at present is great partly by the industry of the inhabitants and partly by reason of the commodious situation of the place and the neighbourhood of the Baltick Sea the place of it self is famous for the Beer made and hence transported into other Regions and by some used medicinally for bruises of the body and such like accidents though by them in use commonly both for their ordinary drink and food and rayment Weights of Lubeck The common weight of Lubeck is a pound of which is made a Centiner and a Skip-pound for 112 pound is the centiner or quintar the stone 10 pound and 32 stone to the Skip pound which is 320 pound and the 20 Lispound of 16 pound mark is also accounted for a Skip-pound which is in London pounds Measures of Lubeck The measure of length of Lubeck is the Ell 120 ells whereof makes in London 60 ells and the 100 yards London hath made here 160 ells incirca Of Corn. In Lubeck Corn is measured by the Last 96 Schepels making a Last which is 10¼ quarters of London and 85 Schepels is found to make a Last in Amsterdam Lasts 7 of 18 Barrels in Lubeck is found to make 100 Sacks of Salt being 122 small Barrels for the 100 Sacks at Armuiden in Zeland which is found to be 7½ Lasts of 18 Barrels of Salt in London but accounted by the weight in London to make 11½ Weyes and it is accounted 40 Bushels to a Wey water measure of ten gallons of Beer Beer is here sold by the Barrel which is 50 Stoops of Antwerp and every Stoop hath been observed to hold about 7 pints of Beer measure in England which is about 44 Gallons CHAP. CCVI. Of the Coins current in
briefly run over the Shires of England it will be necessary I should here add the like cursory View of Wales comprehended under the Government of England and included within the same Limit and omitted to this place as having parts of the said Kingdom which I find to be in number these Anglesey 1. Anglesey I account the first which is toucht amongst the Islands being esteemed a County of Wales Beaumaries being the principal Town of the County Flint 2. Flintshire is the second plentiful in Corn and Pasture famous for the Spring of Holy Well called here St. Winifreds Well and Flint Town being the chiefest of the County Denbigh 3. Denbighshire is the next affording some Mines of Lead wherein are found Wrexham that boasts of its Holy Tower and Musical Organs and Denbigh the chief of the County Canarvan 4. Canarvanshire is the next antiently called Snowden Forest before that Wales was reduced to Counties wherein are found the high Hills the Alps of Britain also Aberconway a strong and fair little Town Bangor the Seat of a Bishop and Canarvan the chief of this Province Famous for the Birth-place of Edward II. the first Prince of Wales of English Blood Merioneth 5. Merionethshire is the next a mountainous Country affording notwithstanding good Pasture for Cattel The chief Town is Balla tho poor yet principal of these Mountaincers Montgomery 6 Montgomeryshire is the next having its chief Town of the same Name Cardigan 7. Cardiganshire is the seventh and hath the Town of Cardigan for the chief of the County Pembroke 8. Pembrokeshire is the eighth Pembrâ—… is the chief Town and here a long Neck of Land makes a Haven called Milford Haven than which Europe hath not a more noble more safe and more large with many Creeks and safe Roads wherein 1000 Sail may ride out of sight one of another and made more famous by the Landing of Henry VII Caermarden 9 Caermardenshire is the next abounding in Corn Sheep and Pit-Coal Caermarden being the chief Town Glamorgan 10 Glamorganshire is the next Cardiff is the chief Town having a commodious Haven for Shipping Monmouth 11 Monmouthshire is the next wherein are found Chepstow and Monmouth the last is glorious in giving Birth to Henry V. Conqueror of France Brecknock 12. Brecknockshire is the next Brecknock being the chief Town Radnor 13. Radnorshire is the last wherein is sound Radnor the chief These are in brief the Shires of Wales Commodities of England To observe now my former Method having thus particularly survey'd the Continent let me now search into those Commodities which England in general affords for Merchandize and is thence exported into forein Regions as being the principal Motives of Trade in all Kingdoms which it produceth several ways First by Manufactures it yieldeth Woollen Cloths of all sorts broad and narrow known and called by the name of several Shires also Perpetuanos Bays Says Scrges Cottons Kersies Buffins Mocados Grograms Sattins Calimancas Velvets Plâ—shts Worsteds Fustians Durances Tukes and infinite others there is made in this Island yearly 250000 Cloths by computation and by this may be guess'd the Quantity of the resâ— of other sorts also Furs and Skins as Coney-skins Squirrel-skins Fitches Calf-skins Hides and sundry others Also it produceth by Mines out of the Earth 1. Tin 1200000 l. yearly Lead 800 Foders yearly Allom 800 Tuns yearly Copper 500 Tuns yearly Iron of all sorts 800 Furnaces daily set on work besides Ordnance of Iron and such like Sea-coal yearly Chaldrons Salt Tuns also all manner of Grain Oats Pease Barly Rye and Wheat in great plenty also Linen Cloth all Iron Wares Tallow Leather Glass and Glasses of all sorts Venice Gold and Bilver Train-Oyl Salmons Pilchards and Herrings Hake Conger and Haberdine Hops Wood Butter Cheese Beer Salt-petre Gun-powder Honey Wax Alabaster and some other Stones Wools Woolfels Yern Yernsey c. and to conclude many other good and rich Commodities is here found Beauty of England The Beauty and Wealth of this Kingdom is demonstrated in 325 Rivers 8 thereof being great and navigable for some Miles whereon are found 857 Bridges 30 Chases 55 Forests 745 Parks here are also reckoned 26 Deanries 60 Archdeaconries 504 Dignities and Prebends 5439 Parochial Benefices besides Impropriations and Vicarages and the whole divided into 6 Circuits for the Administration of Justice into 22 Episcopal Dioceses for Ecclesiastical Discipline and into 2 Archbishopricks under whom the rest are subordinate and lastly into 40 Shires over each of which is yearly a Sheriff appointed who is to assist the Itinerary Judges in executing Justice and to gather in the King's Amercements and these Shires are divided into Hundreds and these Hundreds into Tithings and to conclude in England are found 145 Castles 9527 Parishes besides Chappels whereof 585 are Market Towns and 22 Cities the principal whereof are these 1. Oxford 2. Cambridge both being Universities 3. Exeter in Devonshire 4. Norwich in Norfolk 5. Bristol watered by Severn accounted the second for Trade in this Country 6. York on the River Ure accounted the second City for Beauty and Greatness in England and lastly London under which I will comprise the Trade of this whole Island CHAP. CCLXX. Of London and the Trade thereof London and the Trade thereof LOndon the Metropolis of England the prime City of Trading this day in the World is pleasantly seated on the River Thames which divideth it into two parts her Circuit may be 8 miles wherein are found 122 Parish Churches with the Palace of the King the Houses of the Nobility Colleges for the Study of the Laws and divers other stately publick Edifices and may contain 400000 People Merchants of London Here have their Residence the rich and most eminent Merchants of this Island whom divers Princes of this Kingdom have incorporated into several Societies and Companies partly to encourage their Endeavours and partly in reward of the Discoveries of those Countries and Regions whereof they take their Name and by the Power and Immunities granted them do make Acts and Orders for the Benefit of Commerce in general and of their Companies in particular Merchants Adventurers and their Original and places of Residence The antientest of which Companies have had their Original and Continuance since Edward I. his Reign called the Company of Merchant Adventurers grounded at first upon the Exportations of Wool only as the prime and Staple Commodity of this Kingdom since which it is grounded upon Clothing into which this Wool is now converted for he at the request and being in league with the Cities and Towns in Flanders made Bruges which was then the greatest Mart of Christendom the Staple for his Wools where it continued for 15 years whenas by some Discontent with the Flemings and by experience seeing what the Benefit of these Staples were removed them from Bruges to England and for the ease as well of his Subjects
Tongue which extends it self into two parts 1. An Exchanging of one sort of Moneys for another and 2. An Exchanging from one City or Country to another Rates Terms Fairs and Usances of Exchange in which is also considerable both a Rate and Term wherein and whereby this is brought to perfection which are principally performed by certain Fairs or Usances accustomed in the Art of Exchanging and which are set down by Merchants Bankers and Exchangers at their Assemblies and Meetings in a fair and regular Order by a certain Course of Justice and by peculiar Laws and Ordinances amongst themselves both which Fairs and the Rates and Terms thereof have a constant expiration within certain months as the Usances have that are likewise included within the Rules of the said Fairs which are found to end within certain prefixt days according to the received Custom of those two Cities wherein the said Exchanges are found mutually and respectively to be setled and placed What is observed in Exchanging in the usual manner thereof Moreover in the Practice of Exchanging Bankers and Exchangers are found to observe this Custom amongst themselves in the usual manner of Exchanging from one place to another that is One propounds his Money in a whole Number or Denomination and the Other consequently and necessarily in a Fraction broken Number or lesser Denomination in which Contract or Bargain it is imagined that these two either Persons or Places would negotiate one and the self same thing so that the one would be the Seller and the other the Buyer thereof to perform which it is questionless needful that he that hath the thing makes the Rate and Price the which shall happen without any Contract or difference of much or little and as it chanceth in the sale of any Commodity so falleth it out by the Exchanges of Moneys for of the two places that would exchange the one propounds a gross Sum and the other the Condition and Price in a lesser Sum which may admit either an increase or decrease in estimation or value according as they fall to agreement upon the lesser or greater esteem of the said Sum propounded the use of which is exemplified thus Example If Placmtia would exchange with any other place the said Placentia or as Exchangers term it the said Fair or Fiera propounds and gives always the entire Sum or greater denomination and by consequence the other that would exchange therewith gives the other which is the lesser denomination This Sum which I thus term an entire or whole Denomination falls in some places to be sometimes one Crown and in other places sometimes 100 Crowns Florins or Ducats the same is likewise found to be practised between any two places Exchanging for each place giveth either a Denomination entire of one to another or of one Hundred to another Hundred or else of a lesser Divident than one or than one Hundred which I here term the Fraction broken Number or smallest Denomination as shall be more plainly expressed in the calculated Table following What an Entire Sum in Exchanges is and what a broken Number or Fraction Now as touching the Moneys which are thus given as entire or whole Sums viz. One or one hundred these are either found to be Crowns Ducats Pounds Florins c. according to the received quality of the gross and whole Moneys which that place is found to have current that would give so in like manner it falleth out in the smaller or lesser Denomination in the places that would take which in themselves is also various and consequently of divers sorts as Pence Sols Deniers c as shall also appear by the said Table Liberty of Exchanging to the judicious And though it fall out to be the Custom that one place giveth an Exchange in gross Moneys and another place in small as is before related and that this gross and small Moneys must be of such or such a quality and kind this Observation and Rule prescribed notwithstanding is not always necessary but that Exchangers may though I confess it is seldom seen at their pleasure propound the one or the other differing or contrary hereunto and that the wise and judicious Exchanger may for his Profit Ease or Commodity propound his own intentions and thereby if he can obtain a beneficial Bargain or Issue according to his Design and Plot. As for Example Ignorant Exchangers consure the judicious of varying from the Custom of Exchanging If it should be said that Exchanges may be made in a method differing from this or the common Rule or contrary to that way that hath been received and taken some would soon censure him of folly that should be of that Opinion and conceive such a one to be little versed in exchanging Affairs that should either propound or seek to perform such a thing but yet no great heed is to be taken to the raw Conceits and childish Opinions of such self-will'd Merâ—…nts which may for the most part be said to be either drench'd in ignorance or drown'd in cary because that a skilful Merchant may as I have alledged frame his Exchanges as he sees good and to his own Commodity the which very oftentimes is observed to be done by others and practised daily by those of this City of excellent judgments Example In Example whereof posito I would exchange Genoua with Naples between which two places the use and custom is that Genoua giveth the entire Sum or greater denomination which is the Crown of Gold for the which Naples gives the Grain 135 a little more or less I demand why may not Genoua give that whole Sum which is the Crown of 4 Livres as it is accustomed to give with other places and estimating the same by 120 Grains Naples and thereby the Exchange will prove to be equal with the first manner before mentioned And further why may not the contrary be practised Naples giving the whole Denomination which may be Decats one for Sold. 66 8 d. and so vary in as many forms as they please wherein I confess I never yet found any Exchanges made neither do know any true reason that the common Cuâ—…oms should be altered tho' I have thought good to note the same here that each knowing Merchant may boldly use which he please for to him that truly understands the value and course of both the places Exchanging there will appear no difficulty therein and I wish that those which know no other ways but their own content themselves within the limits of their own manner and understanding and suffer others of better Judgments without their censure to follow their own when it is to their Benefit or Commodity CHAP. CCLXXV The Declaration of the Table of Exchanges following Declaration of the Tables of Exchanges THE Table of Exchanges of the Cities here following are formed and disposed in this nature first in the front thereof there is placed the Name of the Town or
Exchanging this place giveth the whole Sum to all excepting Placentis and Lions the which are either one Crown or 100 Crowns the which Crowns are accounted of Gold for all the Places excepting Millan Venice and Germany to which they are accustomed to give the Crown of 4 Livres current Genoua doth exchange with Placentia Sold. 66 of Gold for 1 Crown Lions Sol. 664 of Gold 1 Crown Rome Crown 100 of Gold 98½ Ducats Millan Cro. 1 of 4 Liv. cor 119 Sold Venice Cro. 1 of 4 Liv. cor 7 Liv. 10 Sol. Pico Florence Crown 100 of Gold 106¼ Crowns Lucca Crown 100 of Gold 118 Ducats Naples Crown 1 of Gold 134 Grains Lechi Crown 1 of Gold 135 Grains Bari Crown 1 of Gold 134½ Grains Palermo Crown 1 of Gold 29â…“ Carlins Mesina Crown 1 of Gold 29½ Carlins Antw. Col. Crown 1 of Gold 124 Grosses London Crown 1 of Gold 83 d. sterling Valentia Crown 1 of Gold Sol. 23. 9. Saragosa Crown 1 of Gold Sol. 23. 10. Barcellona Crown 1 of Gold Sol. 23. 8. Siv al. Med. Crown 1 of Gold Marved. 436. Lisbon Crown 1 of Gold Raies 470. Bollonia Crown 101 of Gold Ducat 118½ Bergamo Crown 110 of Gold Ducat 118â…“ Frankford Cro. 1 of 4 Liv. cor Quarentin 92. Vide Chap. 360. how the Exchanges of this place are calculated CHAP. CCLXXXI Of the Exchanges of Millan in Lombardy The Exchanges of Millan IN Millan Exchangers keep their Accounts in Livres Solds and Deniers Imperial and some in Crowns Sols and Deniers of Gold The Moneys current is accounted the Imperial Moneys there is also the Crown of Gold of no settled Price but now worth Sol. 135. The Crown of 6 Livres is it which some do use in Exchange with Genoua The Crown of 117 Sol is in use for the Exchange of Venetia In the Custom of Exchanging this place giveth the broken Number to Placentia Lions and sometimes to Genoua and to all the other the whole Number which is either one or 100 Crowns of Gold excepting only to Venetia which is of Sol. 117 as aforesaid Millan doth exchange with Placentia Sold. 134 for 1 Crown Lions Sold. 135½ 1 Crown Rome Gold Crowns 100 98¼ Ducats Genoua Gold Crown 1 Liv. 4. 10 current Venice Cro. 1 of 117 Sol. 1 Liv. 7. 6. Florence Gold Crowns 100 Crowns 105. Lucca Gold Crowns 100 117 Ducats Naples Gold Crowns 100 133 Ducats Lechi Gold Crowns 100 134 Ducats Bari Gold Crowns 100 133½ Ducats Palermo Gold Crown 1 29¼ Carlins Mesina Gold Crown 1 29â…“ Carlins Antw. Col. Gold Crown 1 124 Grosses London Gold Crown 1 84½ d. sterl Valentia Gold Crown 1 24 Sol. Barcelona Gold Crown 1 23. 9 Sol. Siv al. Med. Gold Crown 1 434 Marvedes Lisbon Gold Crown 1 465 Raies Bollonia Gold Crowns 100 118 Ducatoons Saragosa Gold Crown 1 23. 10 Sol. Bergamo Gold Crowns 100 118 Ducatoons Franckford Gold Crown 1 103 Quarentins Vide Chap. 440. how these are calculated CHAP. CCLXXXIII Of the Exchanges of Venice in the Adriatick Seas The Exchanges of Venice IN Venetia they keep their Accounts in Livres Sols and Deniers of Picol and some in Livres Sols and Deniers gross and others in Ducats and Grosses The Moneys which here is called Picoli is the current Moneys of the place The Moneys which we here call Gross is worth 1 Livre Sol. 62 of Picols or 10 Ducats The Ducat is always worth Livres 6. Sol. 4. of Picol or else accounted 24 Grosses The Gross is worth Sol. 5. 2 d. of Picol and in the Livre of Grosses it is accounted and reckoned as in Deniers In the Custom of Exchanging it giveth the broken Number only to Placentia Lions Genoua Millan and Bollonia and to all the rest the whole Number either by one Ducat or by 100 Ducats Venetia doth exchange with Placentia Ducats 129 for 100 Crowns Lions Ducats 129½ 100 Crowns Rome Ducats 100 77½ Ducats Geno Liv. Pic. Ducats 7. 10 1 Crown of 4 Liv. current Mill. Liv. Pic. 7. 6 5 1 Crown of 117 Sol. Florence Ducats 100 82 Crowns Naples Ducats 100 100 Ducates Lechi Ducats 100 100¼ Ducats Bari Ducats 100 99¼ Ducats Palermo Ducat 1 Tarins 11. 2 Mesina Ducat 1 Tarins 10. 18. Antw. Col. Ducat 1 91 Grosses London Ducat 1 60 d. sterling Valentia Ducat 1 Sol. 7 6. Saragosa Ducat 1 Sol. 17 8. Barcellona Ducat 1 Sol. 17 10. Siv al. Med. Ducat 1 Marvedes 320. Lisbon Ducat 1 Rates 350. Bollonia Ducats 115 Ducatoons 100. Bergamo Ducats 100 Ducatoons 117. Frankford Ducats 100 Florins 127. Lucca Ducats 100 Ducatoons 91. Vide Chap. 368. how these are calculated CHAP. CCLXXXIII Of the Exchanges of Florence the Ducal City of Tuscany The Exchanges of Florence IN Florence the Exchangers keep their Accounts in Livres Solds and Deniers Picoli and Exchange in Crowns Sols and Deniers The Moneys which is here called Picol is the Money current of the place the Crown is always worth Livres 7. Sol. 10. of Picol wherein the Custom of other places is divers in which the Crown of Gold with the current Moneys and here the variety is accorded by the Exchange They use also a Ducat which is worth Livres 7. or else Bolonini 70. In the use of Exchanging it giveth the broken Number to Lions Placentia Genoua Millan and Venice and to all others the entire or whole Number found to be either one Crown or 100 Crowns Florence doth exchange with Placentia Crowns 105 for 100 Crowns Lions Crowns 105½ 100 Crowns Rome Crowns 100 96 Ducats Genoua Crowns 106 100 Crowns of Gold Millan Crowns 106½ 100 Crowns of Gold Venetia Crowns 82½ 100 Ducates Lucca Crowns 100 112 Ducatoons Naples Crowns 100 130 Ducats Lechi Crowns 100 129 Ducats Bari Crowns 100 129¼ Ducats Palermo Crown 1 28½ Carlins Mesina Crown 1 28â…“ Carlins Antw. Col. Crown 1 118 Gross London Crown 1 80 Pence sterl Valentia Crown 1 23 4 Sold. Saragosa Crown 1 23 6 Sol. Barcelona Crown 1 23 2 Sol. Siv al. Med. Crown 1 432 Marvedes Lisbon Crown 1 460 Rais Bollonia Crowns 100 115½ Ducatoons Bergamo Crowns 100 115 Ducatoons Franckford Crown 1 89 Quarentins Vide Chap. 400 how these are calculated CHAP. CCLXXXIV Of the Exchanges of Lucca a Republick in Tuscany The Exchanges of Lucca IN Lucca Exchangers do keep their Accounts in Livres Sol. and Deniers of Picols and do change in Ducatoons Sol. and Deniers the Moneys here called Picols is the current Câ—… of the place The Crown of Gold is always worth Liv. 7. Sol. 10. of Picols as in Florence the Ducatoon is worth 7 Livres of Picol and is commonly called the Crown of Silver In the Custom of Exchanging it giveth the broken Number to Placentia Lions Genous Millan and Venetia and to all other the entire or whole which is one Ducatoon or 100 Ducatoons Lucca doth Exchange with Placentia Ducate 117¼ for 100 Crowns Lions Ducat 118¼ 100 Crowns Rome Ducat 119 100 Duc. Genoa Ducat 118 100 Crowns of Gold
here properly in the general said to be of two distinct kinds the one as appertaining to the State and Prince and belonging to the Profit and Loss of the Kingdom and the other to the Merchant or Exchanger and appertaining to the Profit and Loss of his private Estate and Interest The first I hold proper and fit the knowledge of Counsellors and Statesmen and the other is proper and fit the knowledge of the Trading-Merchant the finding out of both which Pars in Exchanges is thus 1. Princes Par. The first Par in Exchanges which I term here the Prince's Par or the Sovereign's Value for Value is grounded upon the weight fineness and valuation of the Moneys of each several Kingdom City or Place the several Standards thereof so equally proportioned so truly and justly by the Art of the Mint rectified that each Prince his Coin in Exchanges may have its due allowance according to the goodness and fineness coarsness and badness thereof and therefore herein to make and to settle this above-named Par exactly betwixt one Kingdom and another we are to examine and compare not only the weight and fineness of our own Coins as they are in themselves but also the weight and fineness of those of other Princes and Countries with the real proportion that happeneth therein not only between our own Gold and Silver but also between the Gold and Silver of other Countries This examination comparison and proportion duly rightly and really examined compared and proportioned and no difference inequality or disproportion found or admitted therein then may our Exchanges run at one and the same Price and Rate both for Gold and Silver taking the denomination according to the valuation of the Money of each Country and Kingdom hereby finding how much fine Silver or Gold our own Pound sterling containeth and what quantity of other Moneys either of France Italy Germany Netherlands Eastland c. this Kingdom is to have in Exchange to countervail the same in the weight and fineness answerable to our own be it by the Pound Dollar Ducat Crown or any other real or imaginary Coin giving always a Value for Value and receiving the like which by reason of the great Consequence depending thereon I here call the Prince his Par in the Exchanges of his Moneys by Bills of Exchange with other Countries and Kingdoms 2. Merchants Par. The second Par I call the Merchants or Exchangers Par in Bills of Exchange and is grounded partly upon the Sovereign or Prince's Par above-mentioned but principally upon the current value of the said Coins the plenty and scarcity thereof the rising and falling inhansement and debasement of the same and therefore such Merchants as are Exchangers do endeavour by certain Rules of Exchanges to equalize the valuation of the Moneys of one Prince or Country with another And therefore every Man that delivereth his Money in one Country or Place to have it in another is and ought to be ever curious to understand either the Loss or Gain that cometh thereof which is only and properly distinguished by the knowledge and finding out this Par afore-mentioned For finding out of which it is requisite for him that remitteth to know either by his own Advice Judgment or otherwise how much the Crown Dollar Ducat or Pound whence he remitteth is worth in the place whither he would make his remittance unto As for Example having Money in Lions in France which I would remit for Antwerp I ought to know how much the Crown of France is really worth in Antwerp as presuppose that the Crown of France of 67 Sols or 3 l. 7 Sols Turnâ—… is worth by Exchange according to the course thereof 100 Grosses there I would then know what a real Crown of 60 Sols or 3 l. Turnois the Crown wherein Exchanges are made is worth multiplying and dividing as the Rule requireth it it will appear to be Sols 89 â—… 67 Gross which is indeed the true value of the Crown if then the Bill of Exchange be made for less than 89 â—… 67 Gross per Crown of 3 l. Turnois there is a loss thereby and if for more there is a Gain thereby so that it is hereby evident that 89 â—7 67 Gross is the Par in Exchanges between these two Countries in the Crown of France and in the Gross of Antwerp the which Rule may serve as an Example in Remittances for all other places for it is not otherwise to be imagined that any positive Rule can be set down herein considering the diversity of species which as I said before daily riseth and falleth and the Price of the Exchanges which every day according to presenting occasions likewise altereth found to be sometimes at one Rate and sometimes at another And this Par is the matter whereupon all Merchants Exchanges for Profit and Loss is grounded and is the Par or Value for Value which in this following Tract I principally and fundamentally aim at Now the last thing considerable in this place and now to be observed is the method form and manner how the Accounts of these divers Exchanges from one Country to another is between one Merchant and another cast up and calculated which indeed principally is the work of the Pen and Hand of the Aâ—ithmetician which as a necessary adjunct and needful furtherance to the mystery of Exchanging I have hereto inserted and have herein pitched upon the principal places here mentioned willingly omitted the least and rest of them having fitted to such as I have conceived the most worthy apt Questions and their Solutions from one Town or City to another with the denomination of their several Accounts and Species the manner of the brief calculations thereof and the short proof of each prescribed Rule and Position adding for conclusion to each general City of Exchanges some Examples of Orders and Commissions given and received in Draughts and Remittances made according to the common Custom and use of the place omitting some other principal Points wherein I might have enlarged both this Matter and Subject that the ingedious Head and Hand of the Learner may have room and scope to work upon according either to his Desire Capacity or Inclination CHAP CCCIII. Of Examples upon the Exchanges practised at Lions and how the the same are calculated Examples upon Exchanges in Lions I Have formerly noted that the payments of Bills of Exchanges at Lions is only in use four times a year which are first 1. The payment of Roys beginneth the 6th of March after their Stile and continueth the rest of that Month. 2. The payments of Pasques or Easter the 6th of June 4. The payments of August the 6th of September 4. The payments of All-Saints the 6th of December The Custom of acceptation of Bills of Exchange in Lions The Acceptance of all Bills of Exchange here is always made the first day of the Month of each payment which Acceptances hold in themselves both a promise and
called by us interest upon interest it will be needless further to insist thereupon and therefore before I proceed to the Exchange of Lions I must not omit to shew one particular circumstance much in use upon this place which is the account of discounting which falls out in many occasions but principally when a Merchant doth here sell his commodities at 4 9 or 10 payments time and that he would pay the same at any payment before the prefixed time at a covenanted rate an example or two in this kind I will also show serving for other Countries also where the like manner of discounting is used with a brief manner how the same is easily cast up contrary to the method of many of our common Arithmeticians CHAP. CCCVI Of the Account of Discounts or Rebates and the manner thereof used as well in Lions as in many other places of Trade Accounts of Discounts or Rebates in Lions and elsewhere AMerchant selleth a commodity for l. 3709 12 9 payable at a year to discount at pleasure at 2 per cent for a payment or Fair now if the buyer pay the same content or in ready mony how much ought the seller to rebate him for a discount for the 4 payment or fairs at the said price To do this succinctly and briefly I first draw the discount of the said l. 3709 12 9 at 108 per cent and then multiply the said sum by 2 and of the product take 1 ◠of a 1 9 or more facilely 3 thirds the one of the other the last whereof shall be the discount of the said parcel and so much must the seller rebate to the buyer the which discount deducted from 3709. 12 d. 9. there resteth 343 ◠◠l. 17. 0 d. which the buyer ought to pay in ready mony the which for better declaration I will lay down by example with the proof of the rule for the trial of the certainty thereof Example proved Now the reason why out of 108 per cent there must three thirds be taken one out of the other is because that 8 which is the discount or Rebate is contained 13½ times in 108 the which is 13½ doubled are 27 and therefore must be divided by 27 or for the briefer and readier way take ⅓ of a ⅓ or three thirds one out of the other and therefore to make the proof take ⅛ of the said 3434 17. 0. and in drawing ⅕ of the said ⅓ the rest giveth 274. 15. 9 l. which declareth that the rule is well and rightly made Because that in this manner of discounting or as we term it of rebating the time and price is found diversly to alter I will set down a brief Table for the casting up of any sum for any Fair or Payment and an example or two for the understanding thereof thereby the better to come to the main and principal point of our account of Exchanges CHAP. CCCVII The Table of casting the Accounts of Discounts or Rebatements A Table for casting up all accounts of discounts or rebatements IMprimis At 101 per cent divide by 101. At 101¼ per cent divide by 81 or take 1 9 of a 1 9. At 102 per cent divide by 51. At 102½ per cent divide by 41. At 102⅔ per cent for 38½ divide by 77 or take 1 7 of one ◠At 104 per cent divide by 26 or take ½ of a ◠At 105 per cent divide by 21 or take ◠of a 1 7. At 106 per cent for 17⅔ divide by 53. At 106¼ per cent divide by 17. At 107½ per cent for 14⅔ divide by 43. At 108 per cent for 13½ divide by 27 or take ⅓ of a 3 9. At 108⅓ per cent divide by 13. At 100 per cent divide by 11 or take ◠At 112 per cent for 9⅓ divide by 28 or take ◠of one 1 7. At 112½ per cent divide by 9 or take 1 9. At 113½ per cent for 8½ divide by 17. At 114 per cent for 8½ divide by 57. At 115 per cent for 7⅔ divide by 23. At 116 per cent for 7¼ divide by 29. At 116⅔ per cent divide by 7 or take 1 7. At 117½ per cent for 6 5 7 divide by 47. At 118 per cent for 6 9 5 divide by 59. At 120 per cent divide by 6 or take ⅙ At 122½ per cent for 5 4 9 divide by 49 or take a 1 7 of a 1 7. At 125 per cent divide by 5 or take ⅓ Example of Discounting or Rebate For the better understanding of the precedent Table note that for Example to take the discount at 122½ I divide the 22½ in 2 which make 45 and the like of the 100 making 200 which divided by 45 the product giveth 4 4 9 and so many times 22½ are contained in 100 and because that the Discount or Rebate is always upon the 100 one more is to be added thereto which makes 5 4 9 so that the said 22½ are contained 5 4 9 in 122½ and therefore it must be divided by 4 4 9 the which to do it is needful that all the same be put into ninths multiplying by 9 as well the sum out of which the discount is to be made as the said 5 4 9 amounting to 49 for Divisor and for to divide by 49 as the briefest and shortest way take the 1 7 of a 〈◊〉 because that 7 times 7 makes 49. Another Example of Discounting at 105. Again to draw the discount at 105 per cent I divide a 100 by 5 taking ⅓ which is 20 to the which number I always add one for the reason before-mentioned making thereby 21 for divisor and for to divide by 21 you must take ⅔ of the sum which the discount is to be made of and the ⅓ of the said 〈◊〉 shall be the discount Another Example at 107½ Again for to make the discount at 107 〈◊〉 I double 7½ in two parts which making 15 and so of the 100 making 200 which I divide by 15 taking ⅕ of ⅕ his product giving 13 〈◊〉 to which I add 〈◊〉 making thereby 14⅓ and so many times 7½ are contained in 107⅓ and therefore you must divide the sum of which the discount must be made by 14⅛ and thus do in all other sums and parcels CHAP. CCCVIII Of the Exchanges of Lions with Rome Exchanges of Lions with Rome I Have declared before in the general Chapter of the Exchanges of Lions how many Cities Lions is found to Exchange with and there also shewed the common rates how the same doth govern which notwithstanding is found at every Fair and payment to alter yet it standeth the Merchant so far in stead that thereby he is able to make the account both of his draughts and remittances though otherwise altering from their noted prices which is the thing now resteth to be handled that it may be discerned how the Exchange at Lions is cast up with any other place
whatsoever Accounts kept in Lions and there likewise it is observed how the Merchants Exchangers do keep their accounts which for the most part is in Livers Tournois Sols and Deniers 12 Deniers making a Sol and 20 Sols a Liver and yet some there be that keep their accounts in Crowns of Exchange called Crowns of the Sun and is as the Liver distinguished into Sols and Deniers of Gold accounted by 12 and 20 as the former this Crown being accounted worth 3 Livers upon which the Exchange of the place is made and marked with Crowns Livers Sols and Deniers the question then upon the Exchange of Lions with Rome is thus 100 Crowns of Gold of 3 l. is given in Lions to have in Rome 85 Crowns of Gold Estampe or de Camera more or less as the Exchange passeth I demand for Crowns 4520. 12. 6 d. of Gold of the Sun how many Crowns of Estampe shall Lions have at Rome To know which you must multiply the said Crowns of the Sun by 85 and from the Product cut the two last figures the which must multiply by 20 to make them Sols and then by 12 to make them Deniers which will come to be 3842. 10. 7 of Gold of Estampe which Lions ought to have in Rome for the said sum of Crowns of Gold which this calculation following maketh more apparent Example Proof The proof of the said account will appear in the same question propounded where Rome Exchangeth at the same terms with Lions CHAP. CCCIX Of the Exchanges of Lions with Florence Exchanges of Lions with Florence LIms Exchangeth with Florence and giveth 100 Crowns to have in the said place 954 Crowns of Gold more or less I demand for Crowns 1324. 15. 0 of Gold of the Sun how many Crowns of Gold I shall have in Florence to know which I multiply the said Crowns of Gold by 95¾ in cutting the two last figures of the Product as I did in the precedent account the which are to be multiplied by 20 and 12 to make the same Sols and Deniers and I find I must have in Florence Crowns 1268. 8. 11 of Gold for the said Crowns of the Sun as in the following Example Proof Facit Crowns 1268 8 11 which shall appear when Florence Exchangeth with Lions CHAP. CCCX Of the Exchange of Lions with Lucca Exchanges of Lions with Lucca LIons Exchangeth with Lucca and taketh Crowns 100 to pay in Lucca posito 103â…™ of Livers 7½ the Crown I demand for Crowns 1234 5 6 of Gold of the Sun how much must I pay in the said City of Lucca To know which I multiply the said sum of Crowns of the Sun by Crowns 103â…™ and from its Product cut off the two last figures the which I multiply by 20 to come to Sols and then by 12 to come to Deniers and it will make Crowns 1273 7 2 which I must pay in the said place of Lucca Example Payment made in Mony Note that if in Lions it be paid in mony there is one per cent given more so that receiving in the said place of Lucca the said Crowns 1273 7 2 in mony of the said place the Debtâ—… shall be bound to pay more Crowns 12. 14 8 which is in all Crowns 1286 1 10 as for Example thus cast up The proof of the said Exchange you shall find in the account when Lucca doth Exchange with Lions made by the Rule of Three saying If Crowns 103â…™ give 100 how many shall the abovesaid 1273 7 2 d. give which will be Crowns 1234 5 6. of Gold of the Sun CHAP. CCCXI. Of the Exchanges of Lions with Naples Exchanges of Lions with Naples LIons Exchanges with Naples and giveth Crowns 100 of the Sun to have in that place Duc. 127½ more or less of Taries 5 per Ducate I would know for Crowns 2584. 9. 6. of Gold of the Sun how much Lions shall have credit for in Naples The which to do you must multiply the said sum of Crowns by the said 127½ Duc. cutting the two last figures of the Product the which must be multiplied by 5 to make them Taries and then by 20 to make them Grains because that the Ducate is worth 5 Taries and the Tarie 20 Grains so that it will give in Naples Duc 3295 Tarie 1. The proof of the said Rule shall appear in the Exchange of Naples with Lions CHAP. CCCXII Of the Exchanges of Lions with Palermo or Mesina Exchanges of Lions with Palermo and Mesina LIons exchangeth for Palermo or Messina and giveth 1 Crown of Gold of the Sun to have in the said place posito 38 Carlins I would know for Crowns 4692. 11. 3. of the Sun how many Ounces shall Lions have credit in Palermo or Messina first multiply the said Crown of the Sun by the said 38 Carlins the value of the Crown and taking the rest of the multiplication for parts of 10 because the Carlin is worth 10 Grains and the product shall be Carlins and Grains to make the which Ounces you must take â…™ in cutting the last figure because that 60 Carlins make an Ounce and of that which resteth cut off add with the last figure you must take ½ to make Taries one whereof being 2 Carlins and 30 worth one Ounce and if you find a rest of the said Taries you must take ½ which is 10 Grains because that one Tary is worth 10 Grains and ½ of 20 which is 10 to the which must be added the resting Grains if any be so that the said sum of Carlins will make Ounces 2189 Tar. 25 Grains 17 and so many Ounces will Palermo or Messina give and over and above the said sum of Ounces one Carlin per Ounce is given for to make it good mony and to add the said Carlin per Ounce in the shortest way it is to be considered that for the said Ounces 2189 is given the same sum of Carlins for the Laggio of the monies as they term it which reduced into Ounces cutting the last figure and taking â…™ of the rest as hath been said before will give Ounces 36. resting two 〈◊〉 of Carlins which is twenty to which must be added the last figure cut off and it will be 29 Carlins which is 14 Taries and there will rest 1 Carlin which is 10 Grains to which must be added 8 Grains for 25 Taries which are with the Ounces seeing that for 3 Taries cometh one Grain for Laggio of the said mony and they will be Ounces 2226. 10. 15. and so much will the credit of Lions be in Palermo and because that the said Carlin per Ounce comes to 1â…“ per cent the account may be made in taking 〈◊〉 per cent of the said sum of Ounces and it will make the same sum as Example Proof The proof of the said account shall appear in the Exchange of Palermo and Mesina back to Lions CHAP. CCCXIII. Of the Exchanges of Lions with Genoa Exchanges
govern which every day is observed to alter that no set Rule can be Peremptorily laid down for the same yet is in it self so beneficial that thereby the ignorant may make his calculation either in his Draughts or Remittances the way of making which account now remaineth to be handled observing the same with so many other places as may be fit to understand the ground thereof It is also there noted for the understanding of what is to follow That Bankers and Exchangers in Rome do keep their accounts in Crowns of Stampe or Camera Sols and Deniers of Gold named of the Eight Stampe which are numbered by 20 and 12 because that 20 Sols of Gold makes a Crown and 12 Deniers a Sol. The Crown of Stampe being worth 12 Julio's The Crown in Money worth 10 And the Julioâ— worth 10 Baio's CHAP. CCCXXVII Of the Exchanges of Rome with Lions Exchanges of Rome with Lions FIrst then Rome exchangeth with Lions and giveth Cro. 85 of Gold of the Eight Stampe to have in the said City of Lions Crowns 100 of the Sun I demand for Crowns 3842. 10. 7. of Estampe how many Crowns of the Sun shall Rome have in Lions To know which you must say by the Rule of Three If Crowns 85 give 100 Crowns of the Sun how much will 3842. 10. 7. Crowns give and it will come to Crowns 4520. and the Remainder of the Divident multiply by 20 and by 12 to make Sols and Deniers of Gold and it will be Crowns 4520. 12. 5. of the Sâ—… that Rome ought to have in Lions for the said sum as may be seen by the following Example Proof The proof of this account is seen when Lions doth exchange with Rome CHAP CCCXXVIII Of the Exchange of Rome with Placentia Exchanges of Rome with Placentia ROme exchangeth with Placentia and giveth posito 99¼ Crowns of Gold of Estampe to have here Crowns 100 of Marc. I demand for Crowns 1382. 5. 8. of Estampe how many Crowns of Marc. Placentia shall have You must reduce the price and the sum of Crowns into Deniers multiplying the same by 20 and by 12 and adding 15 for the ¼ of a Crown then say by the Rule of Three if the Deniers come of the said price give Crowns 100 of Marc. how many will the Deniers come of the said sum of Crowns give and multiplying the remainder of the division by 20 and by 12 to make them Sols and Deniers of Gold in doing which they will amount to Crowns 1385. 14. 11. of Marc. which must be had in the said place of Placentia for the said sum of Crowns of Estampe as may be seen by the following Example Proof The proof of this account is seen when Placentia doth exchange with Rome CHAP. CCCXXIX Of the Exchange of Rome with Florence Exchanges of Rome with Florence ROme exchangeth with Florence and giveth posito Crowns 92¼ of Gold of Estampe to have in this place 100 Crowns of Gold I demand for Crowns 1476. 2. 3. of Estampe what Credit shall Rome have in the said Florence To know which you must reduce as afore is said the price and the sum of Crowns into Deniers of Gold multiplying by 20 and by 12 and adding 5 Sol for the ¼ Crown then say by the Rule of Three If the Deniers come of the said price give Crowns 100 of Gold how many will the Deniers of the abovesaid sum of Crowns give and multiplying the remainder of the division by 20 and by 12 to have Sols and Deniers of Gold it will appear to come to Crowns 1600. 5. 2. of Gold and so much Credit must Rome have in Florence As for Example Proof The proof of this account is seen when as Florence doth exchange with Rome CHAP. CCCXXX Of the Exchange of Rome with Venetia Exchanges of Rome with Venice ROme exchangeth with Venice and giveth Crowns 73½ posito of Estampe to have in that place Ducats 100 de Banco of Livers 6â…• per Ducat I demand for Crowns 850. 15. 8. of Estampe what Credit in Banco shall I have at Venice To do which I must reduce as in the precedent accounts the price and the sum of Crowns into Deniers of Gold multiplying the same by 20 and by 12 and add 10 Sols for the ½ Crown and then say by The Rule of Three If the Deniers come of the price give Ducats 100 how many will the Deniers give me that come of the abovesaid sum of Crowns and multiplying the remainder of the Division by 24 to bring them into Gross because that 24 Grosses are worth in the said City of Venice 1 Ducat of l. 6â…• then it will make Ducats 1157½ which Rome hath Credit at Venice as for Example Proof The proof of this account may be discerned when as Venetia doth exchange with Rome back CHAP. CCCXXXXI Of the Exchanges of Rome with Millan Exchanges of Rome with Millan ROme exchangeth with Millan and giveth posito Crown 87â…˜ of Estampe to have in that place Crowns 100 of Livers 5. Sol. 17 per Crown I demand for Crowns 2140. 16 of Estampe how many Livers of Millan shall I have First reduce the price and the Crowns into Sols of Gold multiplying them by 20 and to the multiplication add 16 Sol. â…˜ of a Crown and then say by the Rule of Three If the Sols coming of the price give Crowns 100 how many will the Sols coming of the abovesaid sum of Crowns give and multiplying the remainder of the Division by 20 and by 12 to make them Sols and Deniers of Gold they will make Crowns 2438. 5. 4 d. the which you must reduce into Livers by multiplying them by l. 5. 17. and they will make l. 14263. 17. 2 d. which I must have at Millan for the said sum of Crowns of Estampe as appeareth plainly by this Example Proof The proof of this Rule is apparent when Millan shall exchange with Rome CHAP. CCCXXXII Of the Exchanges of Rome with Naples Exchanges of Rome with Naples Rome Exchangeth with Naples and giveth Crowns 100 of Gold of Estampe to have in that place posito Ducates 135â…” I demand for Crowns 2346. 15. 4 of Estampe how many Ducates shall I have To do which you must multiply the said sum of Crowns by Grains 135â…” per Crown seeing it is the same grains 135â…” per Crown as in Ducates 135â…” per cent because the Ducate is worth in Naples grains 100 and of the product will come Grains 318377 off the which you must cut the two last figures to make them Ducates and then it maketh Ducates 3183 Taries 3 Grains 17 and these Taries and Grains make Grains 77 because that the Tarie is worth Grains 20 and so much you are to have in Naples for the said Crow of Estamp as appears by this Example following Proof The proof of the said account is seen when Naples doth exchange this sum back with Rome CHAP. CCCXXXIII Of the
Crow calculating for 12 Den. one Sols and for 20 Sols in Money one Liver and it will make l. 4314. 14. 2 which one shall have in the said place of Millan for the said Ducates 850. As for Example Proof The proof of this account is manifested when this parcel is Exchanged back from Millan to Naples as aforesaid CHAP. CCCL Of the Exchanges of Naples with Lechy and Bary Exchanges of Naples with Lechy and Bary NAples exchangeth with Lechy and Bary Cities within that Kingdom and giveth posito 98½ Ducates to have in the said places Ducates 100. I demand then for Ducates 3850. 1. 15 of Naples how many Ducates shall I have in these two places This Rule must be cast up as in the precedent Exchange for Millan and multiplying the remainder of the division by 100 to bring it into grains and thereof will come 98 which are 4 Taries and grains 18 and in all Ducates 3908 Taries 4 grains 18 which Naples shall have credit in the said places And note That when Naples exchangeth with Montetion with Cosense or any other part of this Kingdom the account is made as above As for Example Proof The proof of this Rule and Account is thus made up CHAP. CCCLI Of the Exchanges of Naples with Mesina Exchanges of Naples with Mesina NAples exchangeth with Mesina and giveth posito Duc. 115⅛ to have in Mesina Crowns 100 of Tar. 13 of that money I demand how many Crowns of Taries 13 shall I have there for Duc. 2348. 3. 8. To do which working as by the precedent Rules I say If Grains 115⅜ make one Crown of 13 Taries what will Grains 234868 make And multiplying the remainder of the division by 52 to bring them into half Carlines because that 13 Taries are worth 26 Carlins and by this working it maketh Crowns 2035 36 32 which abridged are 9 13 or otherwise multiplying the remainder of the division by 13 and then by 20 to bring them into Taries and Grains which will be the easier to comprehend but the reason why I have otherwise demonstrated it is because herein I would follow the method and manner of the Merchants of Naples who in their accounts are accustomed to do as above is shewed and to reduce the said Crowns 2035 9 13 into ounces you must multiply by 13 to bring them into Taries adding to the multiplication 9 for 9 13 and they will be Taries 26464 from which cutting the last figure and take ⅓ of the rest to make them Ounces because that 30 Taries is an ounce and the remainder of these thirds are tens of Taries to the which adding the figure cut off which are so many Taries as must be placed after the ounces and it will make ounces 882. 4 and for so much shall Naples have credit in the said place of Mesina for Duc. 2348. 3. 8. Proof The proof of this Rule is manifested when that Mesina shall be found to Exchange for Naples CHAP. CCCLII. Of the Exchanges of Naples with Palermo Exchanges of Naples with Palermo NAples exchangeth with Palermo and giveth one Ducate to have in the said place posit◠166½ Pontos I demand for Duc. 2846. 2. 10. what credit shall I have in ounces in Palermo to do which multiply the said sum of Duc. by 166½ Pontos per Ducates and it makes Pontos 473942 to which add ⅓ to make them Grains because that 1 Pontos is 1 Grain and ⅓ and for as much as one Grain is worth 6 Piccolis and 1 Pontos is 8 Piccolis and it maketh Grains 631922 to reduce which into ounces you must cut off the two last figures and take ⅙ of the rest because that 600 Grains make an ounce which in all make ounces 1035 and there remaineth 1 which is worth with the two figures cut off 122 grains which are 6 Taries and 2 grains because that 20 grains is 1 Tarie and they will be ounces 1053 Taries 6 and Grains 2 and so many ounces by the said Exchange shall you have in Palermo Aggio allow'd in Palermo And note That over and above they give credit 1 Carl. per ounce for good money to add which said Carl. per ounce do thus considering that for the said ounces 1053 will come the same sum of Carlins for the Aggio of the money and to make the said Carlin into ounces you must cut the last figure and take ⅙ of the rest will make ounces 17 and there will remain 3 tens of Carlins which are 30 in value to which adding the figure cut and it is 33 Carlins for which taking ⅓ to make them Taries a Carlin being ½ a Tarie which are 16 Taries and the remainder is 1 Carl. in worth 10 grains and adding 2 grains for the 6 Taries which is with the ounce because that for 3 Taries which are 60 gra the Aggio will be 1 grain and it will be in all ounc 17 tar 16 and gra 12. which added to the abovesaid ounces it makes 1070 Tar. 22 and gra 14 and so much credit you shall have in Palermo for Duc. 2846 2. 10. in Naples at Pont. 166½ per Duc. Example Proof The Proof of this account is shewed when Palermo doth exchange back with Naples this same parcel CHAP. CCCLIII Of the Exchanges of Naples with Genoa Naples Exchangeth with Genoa NAples exchangeth with Genoa and giveth one Ducate to have posito in Genoa 66⅔ Sols I demand for Duc. 1345. 4. 5 how many Livers current money shall I have in Genoa the which is done by Multiplication in taking of grains 85 which are the 4 Taries and grains 5. the ⅓ Seeing that it may be calculated for one grain of Naples ⅔ of a Sols and it will come to Sol. 89723 and Deniers 4 which to reduce into Livers you must cut the last figure and take the ⅓ of the rest and if any rest it will be a tenth to which must be added the figure cut off and it will be Sols and thus it will appear to be Livers 4486. 3. 4. and so much will your credit be in the said place of Genoa as by this Example Proof The proof of the said Rule is more evident when this sum cometh to be rechanged from Genoa to Naples as is aforesaid CHAP. CCCLIV. Of the Exchanges of Naples with Antwerp Exchanges of Naples with Antwerp NAples exchangeth with Antwerp and giveth one Ducate to have in Antwerp posito 90 gross I demand then by this Exchange what credit shall Naples have in Antwerp for 3200 Duc. to do which you must multiply the said sum of Duc. by 90 and it maketh 288000 gra which reduced to pounds Flemish will make 1200 l. 00. 0 d. and so much credit shall Naples have in Antwerp for the said sum of Duc. 3200. As in the following Example Proof The proof of this Rule is more apparent when this sum of 1200 l. Flem. is rechanged from Antwerp to Naples
CHAP. CCCLV. Of the Exchanges of Naples with London Exchanges of Naples with London NAples doth exchange with London and giveth one Ducate to have in London posite 52 pence sterling I demand then for 1528 Duc. how many pounds sterling shall Naples have credit in London this must be done as in the precedent account of Naples and Antwerp and it will be found that the same will give in London 331 l. 1 s. 4 d. which is the sum that Naples shall have credit there for 1528 Duc. delivered As for Example Proof The proof of this Rule will appear when as 331 l. 1 s. 4 d. shall be rechanged from London to Naples CHAP. CCCLVI. Of the Exchanges of Naples with Valentia Exchanges of Naples with Valentia NAples doth exchange with Valentia and giveth one Ducate for posito 21 Sols in Valentia I demand then for Duc. 2306 of Naples how much shall I have credit in Valentia to know which you must do as in the Exchange preceding multiplying the said sum by 21 Sols and they will make 2421 l. 6 s. which Naples shall have answered in Valentia at the price above shewed the like is to be observed in the Exchanges of Saragosa and Barselona which I here omit for brevity to which this Example shall suffice Proof The Proof of this Rule is seen when this sum shall be rechanged from Valentia to Naples CHAP. CCCLVII Of the Exchanges of Naples with Sevil. Exchanges of Naples with Sevil. NAples doth exchange with Sevil and giveth one Ducat to have in Sevil posito 402 Marvedes I demand then for 2634 Ducats in Naples how many Marvedes shall I have in Sevil To do which you must multiply the said sum of Ducats by 402 Marvedes and they make Marvedes 1058 868 which Naples must have credit in the said place And moreover it is here to be noted That throughout all Castilia the Exchanges are made in the same manner as at Sevil and they likewise keep their Account in the same denomination of Marvedes which when amounting to one million they term it in Spanish a Quinto marked thus V. Example Proof And accounted 1058 V. or Quintos 868 mar The proof whereof is seen when Sevil rechangeth with Naples CHAP. CCCLVIII Of the Exchanges of Naples with Lisbon Exchanges of Naples with Lisbon NAples doth exchange with Lisbon and giveth one Ducat to have in Lisbon posito 498 Res I demand for 1200 Ducats in Naples delivered how many Res I shall have credit in Lisbon This question is wrought as in the precedent with Sevil and it will appear that Naples hall have in Lisbon the Sum of 597 V. 600 as by the following working thereof Proof The proof of this Rule is manifested when that Lisbon shall have occasion to rechange for Naples CHAP. CCCLIX Of the Terms of the Payment of Bills of Exchange in Naples Terms of Bills of Exchange in Naples From Naples the Terms are TO Rome at 10 days sight and at 8 days back To all other places of that Kingdom at 8 days sight and so back To Florence at 20 days after date and thence at 10 days back To Venice at 15 days sight and the like thence To Avignon at 60 days from the date and thence at 20 days sight To Valentia at 40 days sight To Genoa at 10 days sight and thence at 15 days sight To Pisa at 10 days sight and so thence To Palermo at 10 days sight and the same back CHAP. CCCLX Of Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances in Naples Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances in Naples ACcording to my intended method I will here add an Example or two of Draughts and Remittances by Commission and Order performed in this place of Naples posito 1 Example To Naples cometh Order from Venice that the Remittance is made to the said place at Duc. 98â…“ in drawing from Placentia at Duc. 135½ but there do Bills present for Venice at Duc. 99â…“ I demand then considering the loss that falleth out in the Remittance at how much ought I to draw for Placentia To know which you must say by the Rule of Three If Duc. 98â…“ give Duc. 135½ what will 99â…” Duc. give and it will come to 137â…“ Duc. and at that rate the draught must be made for Placentia in the Remittance for Venice at Duc. 99â…” and thâ—… the Commission will remain effected according to the order given As for Example 2 Example Again presuppose that at Naples cometh Order from Florence to remit to Rome at 134â— and to prevail for Naples at 121â…• there is found Bills for Rome at 136â…• and money for Farence at 122â…— I demand then if at these presenting prices the Commission may be accoâ—plished To know which work by the Rule of Three and say If Duc. 134â…– give Duc. 121â— what will Ducates 136â…• give and it will come to Ducats 122 and grains 58 so that as it is apparent the Commission may be effected because that Remitting to Rome 136â…– the drâ—…s for Florence must be made at Duc. 122 grains 58 and it is found at 122â…— which is 60 grains more as by the following Example 3 Example Again at Naples cometh Order from Palermo to draw to the said Palermo at Pont. 168 and to remit to Placentia at 134½ Now there is found Money for Palermo at 166â…“ aâ—… Bills for Placentia at 136. I demand then if the said Commissions may be effected at the Rates presented To do which you must work by the Rule of Three taking one of the prices which are found for the Divisor as hath been shewed by the instruction given upon Commissions and say If Pontos 166½ give 134½ what will 168¼ give And it will make Ducats 135 9 10 or thereabouts So that it appears this Order and Commission may not be performed seeing that drawing to Palermo at 168¼ the remittance cannot be made for Placentia at more then 135 8 10 and there is found Bills but at 136 as by this Example 4. Example Again at Naples cometh Order from Genoa to remit for Placentia at 133 and to prevail from Mesuia at 114 clear of charge There are found Bills for Placentia at 131â…“ I demand considering the benefit which is given in the remittance at what price may the parcel be made To know which say by the Rule of Three If 133 give 114 what shall 131â…“ And it will come to Duc. 112 and 57 Gr. To the which must be added 44 Grains for the provision which is there taken at â…– per cent and it will be Ducats 113 And at a lesser price may not be taken for Mesina The Example will make it evident And this is as much as I conceive sitting to have said of the Exchanges Orders and Commissions practised in the City of Naples And next to Genoa CHAP. CCCLXI. Examples of the Exchanges practised at Genoa and how
l. 28179. 8. 6. the which divided by Sol. 59. 9. the price of the Crown of the Sun it will be Crowns 9432. 8. 10. And so many Crowns of the Sun will Lions give for those Livers of câ—…rent Money as above propounded Example Proof The proof of this rule will appear when this parcel shall be rechanged back from Lions to Genoa CHAP. CCCLXIV Of the Exchanges of Genoa with Millan Exchanges of Genoa with Millan GEnoa doth Exchange with Millan and giveth 1 Crown of Livers 4 of current Money to have in this place posito Sol. 118½ I would know then for Livers 3850. 14. 8. of current Meney what credit shall Genoa have in Millan First take the quarter of the said sum of Livers to make the same into Crowns of Livers 4 and they will make Crowns 962. 13. 8 the which must be multiplied by Livers 5. 18. 6. per Crown which are the said Sol. 118½ and they will make l. 5703. 17. 11 d. And so much shall the said credit be in Millan as doth appear by the Example in the work following Proof The proof of this account will more evidently appear when this parcel is rechanged for Genoa from Millan CHAP. CCCLXV Of the Exchanges of Genoa with Venice Exchanges of Genoa with Venice GEnoa doth Exchange with Venice and giveth one Crown of Livers 4 current money to have in Venice posito 146½ Sol de Banco and of that money I demand for l. 8340. 12. 0. turrent Money of Genoa how many Ducats de Banco of l. 6â…• per Duc. shall one have credit in Venice To do this then first take the ¼ of the said sum of Livers to reduce them into Crowns of 4 l. and they will make Crowns 2085. 3. 0. the which by l. 7. 6. 6. per Crowns which are the said Sol. 146½ and of the Product thereof will come l. 15273. 14. 6. which must be reduced to Ducats dividing them by 124 the price of the Ducat of 6 l. 4 Sol. and multiplying the rest of the Division by 24 to bring them into Grosses because that 24 Grosses maketh one Ducat and by thus working the same will be Ducats 2463. ½ and so many Ducats of lib. 6â…• shall you have credit in Banco for at Venice as for Example Proof The proof of this rule is seen when Venice doth Exchange back for Genoa this said sum CHAP. CCCLXVI Of the Exchanges of Genoa with Naples Exchange of Genoa with Naples GEnoa doth Exchange with Naples and giveth posito 66â…” Sols of current money to have in this place one Ducat of 5 Taries I demand then for liv 4486. 3. 4. current Money how many Ducats in credit shall I have in Naples First reduce all the said sum of Livers with the said l. 66â…” of current Money into Deniers multiplying the Livers by 20 and the Sols that come thereof by 12 doing the same by the Sols of the price of the Exchange multiplying the same by 12 and by the Division thereof it will make Ducats 1345 and multiplying the remainder of the Division by 100 by reason that 100 Grains doth make one Ducat and there will come Grains 85 which are worth 4 Taries and Grains 5 seeing as hath been before remembred that 1 Tary is in Naples 20 Grains And by thus working it will make Ducats 1345. 4. 5. and so much shall the credit be in Naples as by the Example Proof The proof of this account is seen when Naples shall Exchange back with Genoa I could much more inlarge the Exchanges practised at Genoa with other places but for brevity I willingly omit the same and therefore now come to the Commissions and Orders given in matters of Exchanges at Genoa CHAP. CCCLXVII Of Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances in Genoa Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances in Genoa 1. Example ACcording to my proposed method I will here add one or two Examples of the Orders and Commissions given and thereby received in Draughts and Remittances at Genoa First the posito from Venice there is order given to Genoa to remit to Venice and to prevail for Millan at such a Price that the Draught from Millan to Venice comes but to 148 l. clear of all charges now then there do present Bills for Venice at 149 and money for Millan at 148. I demand if at these prices the said Commission may be performed To do which say by the Rule of Three If Sols 148 of Venice give at Millan Sols 117 being the price of the Crown of the said Millan what will Sols 149 give the price of the Crown of Livers 4 l. at Genoal And it will come to 117¼ Sol. the which without deduction of provision is apparent that the Commission cannot be performed because that the remitting to Venice at 149 the Draught cannot be made for Millan at more then 117¾ besides the provision and the patido is found at 118 Sols as the Example sheweth See Example Again to Genoa cometh order from Antwerp to buy some Velvets and to prevail for the same by Placentia at such a price that the Palm of Velvets in Genoa amount not being bought to more than Sol 8½ money of Gross and the Draught for Placentia at Gross 123. Now there is found Velvets at 72¼ Sols the Palm and Money for Placentia at Sol 88. in current Money I demand then if at these prices the said Commissions may be effected To know which say by the Rule of Three if Gross 123 the price of the Crowns of Mark give at Genoa Sol. 88. what will Gross 102. which are the said Sol. of 8½ of Grosses give and it will come to Sol. 72. 11 so that as it will appear the said Commissions may be performed to benefit because that in drawing for Placentia at 88. Sol the Velvets may be bought at 72 Sol. 11 Den. the Palm and iâ— is found at 72 1 â— Sol. CHAP. CCCLXVIII Of the terms of payment of Bills of Exchanges in Genoa Of the terms of payment of Bills in Genoa From Genoa the terms of Bills are TO Venetia at 15 days sight and at 16 dayes back To Avignon at 15 days sight and so back To Barselona at 20 days sight and so back To Valentia at 20 days sight and so back To London at 3 months from the date and so back To Millan at 5 days sight and so back To Rome at 10 days sight and so back To Pisa at 5 days sight and so back To Gaietta at 10 days sight and so back To Bridges and Antwerp at 10 days sight and thence at two months from the date To Paris the same as to Bridges and Antwerp To Naples and Palermo at 15 days sight and back at 20 days sight And thus much shall serve for Exchanges practised at Genoa together with the Comnissions given and received there and so proceed to the next eminent place of Exchanges
of Venice with Millan VEnice doth exchange with Millan and giveth posito Sols 148½ to have in Millan one Crown of Livers 5 and 17 Sols of that Money I demand for Duc. 1486⅕ of Liv. 6¼ what credit in Livers shall Venice have in Millan First multiply the said sum of Duc. by 124. Sol. the value of the Duc. of Li. 6⅕ and it will make Sol. 184295. the which divided by Sol 148½ to see how much the Crowns of Millan are worth and multiplying the remainder of the division by 20 and by 12 to make them Sols and Deniers of Gold and they will make Crowns 1241 and 10 Deniers the which multiplyed by Li. 5. 17. the price of the Crown to make them Livers beginning to multiply the Livers 5 by the 10 Deniers which are worth the Crown and then with the Sols if any be calculating for 12 Deniers 1 Sol and for 20 Sols 1 Liver and of the product thereof will come Li. 7260. 1. 10. And so much Credit shall Venice have in Millan for the said Ducats 1486¼ of Livers 6⅕ of Venice as by the Example following Proof The proof of this rule is seen when Millan doth exchange with Venice CHAP. CCCLXXVI Of the Exchanges of Venice with Antwerp Exchanges of Venice with Antwerp VEnice doth exchange with Antwerp and giveth one Ducat of Livers 6⅕ to have in that place posito Grosse 92½ I demand then for Duc. 3810¾ how many Livers Grosse shall Venice have credit in Antwerp You must multiply the said sum of Ducats by the said Gross 92½ and it will make Gross 352494 out of which take 1 12 to make the same Sols of Gross and they will be Sels 29374 and Gross 6 the which must be reduced into Livers by cutting the last figure and by taking the ½ of the rest and it will come to be Livers 1468 and the tenth that is remaining is ten Sols and adding 4 the figure cut off shall be 14 Sol. so in all 1468. 14. 6 which Antwerp will give As for Example Proof The proof of this rule is seen when Antwerp rechangeth this sum with Venice And here it is to be noted that Venice doth exchange with Colonia and Amsterdam and the Nethelands after the same manner as with Antwerp and the account is made up as the precedent whereto needeth no further example for Illustration CHAP. CCCLXXVII Of the Exchanges of Venice with London Exchanges of Venice with London VEnice doth exchange with London and giveth one Ducat of Liv. 6⅕ to have there posite 56¼ pence sterling I demand then for Ducats 740 how many Livers of Sterling shall Venice have credit in London This must be done as in the precedent account is shewed of Venice with Antwerp and it will come to pounds 173. s. 8. and pence 9 which Venice shall have credit in London as by the Example more at large appeareth Proof The proof of this account is manifested when London doth rechange this sum of 173. 8. 9 d. for Venice and here note that Vsance from Venice to London is 3 months or 90 days and double Vsance the said time doubled and the like accounted back from London to Venice CHAP. CCCLXXVIII Of the Exchanges of Venice with Genoa Exchanges of Venice with Genoa VEnice doth Exchange with Genoa and giveth posito Sols 146½ to have in Genoa one Crown of 4 Livers money of Genoa I demand then for Duc. 2463½ of Livers 6⅕ how many Livers of current money shall I have credit in Genoa First reduce the said sum of Duc. into Sols multiplying them by 124 the value of the Ducat and divide the Sols that shall rest of the said multiplication by 146½ to make them Crow of 4 Livers and multiply the remainder of the Division by 20 and by 12 to make them Sols and Deniers of Gold and they shall be Crow 2085. 2. 11 which must be multiplied by l. 4 per Crown beginning the multiplication by Deniers and then by Sols calculating for 12 Deniers 1 Sol and for 20 Sols 1 Liver and of the product will come Livers 8340. 11. 8 current Money and so much will the credit be in Genoa as in the following Example Proof The proof of this account is seen when Genoa doth rechange this parcel for Venice CHAP. CCCLXXIX Of the Exchanges of Venice with Norimberg Exchanges of Venice with Norimberg VEnice doth exchange with Norimberg and giveth Duc. 100 of lib. 6⅕ to have in the said place posito Florins 130¼ of 60 Quarent per Florin I demand then for Duc. 2645 5 14 what credit in Florins must I have in the said place Multiply the said sum of Ducats by Florins 130¼ per cent and the broken numbers of the multiplication divide by 20 to have an account of the Sols and of the remainder cut off the two last figures the which being multiplied by 20 to bring the same into Sols and then by 12 to bring them into Deniers and in doing thus there will be found Florins 3210. 18. 8. which must be had in credit at Norimberg for the said Duc. in Venice remitted As by this Example following appears Proof The proof of this account is manifest when Norimberg shall exchange this sum back with Venice And note That for Augusta and Francfort the Exchange from Venice is made as with Norimberg whereto needs no other Examples CHAP. CCCLXXX Of the Exchanges of Venice with Bergamo Exchanges of Venice with Bergamo VEnice doth Exchange with Bergamo and giveth one Crown of 7 Lib to have in Bergamo Sols 145½ posito I demand then for Duc. 4220⅔ how many Livers will it amount unto Multiply the said sum of Ducats by 6 l. ⅕ and it will amount to lib. 26168. 2. 8 of which take the 1 7 to make them Crowns and the remainders divide by 20 and 12 and they will be Crowns 3738. 6. 1. the which must be multiplied by lib. 7. 5. 6. which are the said lib. 145½ Sols and of the multiplication will come lib. 27196. 3. 2. which must be had in credit in the said place of Bergamo as by this Example following Proof The proof of the said Rule is discerned when this parcel is Remitted back from Bergans to Venice And thus much shall serve to have said of the Exchanges of Venice a word of the Orders and Commissions here practised in matters of Exchanges CHAP. CCCLXXXI Of Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances in Venice Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances in Venice ACcording to my proposed method I will here add an Example or two of Draughts and Remittances ordered by Commission in the City of Venice posito 1. Example Into Venice cometh Order from Francfort that they may draw thither at Florins 130 and remit thence to London at 56 pence not of charges or provision the partido being for Ducats 3500 Now there is Bills found for London at 57¼
100 and dividing the same it will make Duc. 2500 which Florence is to have in Venice and if there were any remaining of the division they must be multiplied by 24 to make them Grosses because that 24 Gross make a Duc. of Lib. 6. 4 Sols Example Proof The proof of the said Account is more evident when Venice doth rechange for Florence CHAP. CCCCIV Of the Exchanges of Florence with Rome Exchanges of Florence with Rome FLorence is said to Exchange with Rome and giveth 100 Crowns of Gold to have in the said place posito Crowns 92¼ of Gold of Estampe I demand then for Crow 1600 2 Sols 5 Den. of Gold of Florence how many Crowns of Gold of Estampe shall Florence have credit for in Rome First multiply the said Sum of Crowns of Gold at 92¼ per cent and multiply the remainder by 20 and by 12 to bring them into Sols and Deniers of Gold and they make Crowns 1476 2 Sols 2 Den. of Gold which should be had in Rome As for Example Proof The Proof of the said Rule is evident when this parcel is rechanged from Rome to Flounce CHAP. CCCCV. Of the Exchanges of Florence with Naples Exchanges of Florence with Naples FLorence Exchangeth with Naples and giveth Crow 100 of Gold to have in Naples posito Duc. 119⅔ of Taries 5 per Duc. I demand then for Crow 780. 15 of Gold what credit in Duc. shall Florence have in Naples To do which first multiply the said sum of Crow of Gold by Grains 119⅔ per Crown because it is so many Grains per Crow as it comes to be Duc. for Crow 100. and they make Grains 93429. of which cut off the two last figures to make them Ducats saying that the Duc. is worth 100 Grains and they make Duc. 934. and for the Grains 29 Taries 1 and Grains 9. And so much Credit shall Florence have in Naples as by this Example is shewed Proof The proof of this Rule is manifested when Naples is seen to exchange with Florence CHAP. CCCCVI Of the Exchanges of Florence with Antwerp Exchanges of Florence with Antwerp FLorence doth Exchange with Antwerp and giveth one Crown of Gold to have in the said place Groff 112½ posito I demand then for Crowns 1400. 12. 8. of Gold how many pounds of Groff am I to have in Antwerp To do this multiply the said sum of Crowns by the said price of Gross 112½ and it maketh Grosses 157571. of which take the 1½ to make them Sols and they make Sols 13130 and Gross 11. which to reduce to pounds cut off the last figure of the said Sols or Shillings and take ½ of the rest and it maketh pounds 656 and for the tenth that is remaining it is to be accounted 10 Sols and if the figure cut off had been any number it should have been added to the 10 Sols and it thus makes pounds 656. 10. 11. Money of Antwerp Proof The proof of the said Account is seen when that Antwerp doth exchange with Florence Note Florence with London Note That when Florence doth Exchange for London which is seldom in use the rule of casting up the same in sterling Money is this as above with Antwerp in Flemish Pounds CHAP. CCCCVII To Reduce Crowns of 7 l. in Florence into Crowns of Gold of Lire 7½ IF in Florence you would reduce any sum of Crowns of money of Lire 7 l. per Crow into Crowns of Gold of Lire 7 l. ½ you must take the 1⅕ of the Crow of money and the remainder will be Crowns of Gold And if again you would reduce Crowns of Gold into Crowns of Money you must add contrarily to the Crow of Gold 1¼ and they will be so many Crowns of Money As for Example CHAP. CCCCVIII Of the Terms of Payment of Bills of Exchange in Florence THE Term of Payment of Bills of Exchange is found to be from Florence To Naples at 10 days sight and from thence at 15 days sight To Rome at 10 days sight and so back To Venice at 5 days sight and thence at 20 days after date To Bollonia at 3 days sight and so back and so for Pisa To Ferrara at 5 days sight and so back To Perugia and Sciena at 2 days sight and so back To Genoa at 8 days sight and so back To Avignon at 30 days after date and thence 45 days after date To Gaietta at 10 days sight and so back To Paris 2 months after sight and so back To Padua at 5 days sight and so back To Palermo and Mesina at 15 days sight and so back To Ancona at 10 days sight and so back To Barselona at 2 months after date and so back To Valentia at 40 days sight and so back To Bruges and Antwerp at 2 months after date and so back To London at 3 months after date and so back To Genoa at the Fairs and thence 15 days sight back To Lions to the Fair and from Fair to Fair. To Millan at 10 days fight and so back To Aquila and Sermona at 11 days sight To Comerino at 8 days sight and so back CHAP. CCCCIX. Of Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances by Exchanges in the City of Florence in Tuscany Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances by exchange in Florence ACcording to my proposed method I will here set down an Example or two of Draughts and Remittances made by Order and Commission in Florence 1 Example To Florence then cometh advice from Venice that the Exchange for the said place of Florence cometh at Crow 80½ and for Placentia at Duc. 135½ they inorder in the said place of Venice That at this rate they make a Remittance to Florence and draw from Placentia at how much then will the Draught of Florence for Placentia come unto To do this Multiply Duc. 135½ which is the value of 100 Crow of Mark by Crow 80½ of Gold per cent because the said Crow of Gold is the rate of the Duc. 100 of Venice and it will be Crow 109. 19. from which take 2 ◠per cent for the provision payed at Venice and there will rest Crow 108. 12. 10. and so many Crow of Gold is imbursed at Florence for 100 Crow of Mark for a debt at Placentia As thus for Example 2 Example Again one of Venice is Creditor in Florence Crow 3000 of Gold who inordereth that the same be remitted unto him at Crow 81½ or by Placentia at Crow 110 where the most advance and profit shall appear to be that is to say That finding a Remittance in both places to benefit of the price limited the Remittance should be where the profit and benefit is greatest and finding the Remittance to loss the Remittance be made where the damage is least there is then Bills found for Venice at Crow 82¼ and for Placentia at Crow 110⅚ I demand by which of the two
Carlins 28 and for Placentia at Carlins 33 and from hence there is an exchange for Lions at Crow 81½ I demand if at these prices there will be a benefit to remit from Mesina to Placentia and draw for Lions to remit from Placentia to the said Lions at the said price of Cro. 81½ Say by the Rule of Three If Carlins 33 the value of a Crown of Mark to reduce the exchange to the value of 100 Crow give 100 Crow of Mark what will 28 Carlins give the value of the Crown of the Sun And it will be Crow 84 11 20 out of which must be abated â…” per cent for provision payable â…“ at Lions and another â…“ at Placentia and there will remain Crow 84 3 10 and at this price the remittance may be made from Placentia to Lions to satisfie that debt and finding to remit at less that is at Crow 81½ it appeareth plainly to be to profit to draw and to remit according to the aforesaid Order in which also lies this consideration that the money of Placentia for Lions may also vary from the said price Example 1 Example Again from Venice there is Order given to Mesina to draw upon them at l. 6. 14 and to remit to Placentia at Carlins 29 the partido being for Crowns 2000 of Mark. Now there are Bills for Placentia found at Carlins 29½ and money for Venice at l. 6. 12. 6 I demand if at these prices the said Commission may be effected Say by the Rule of Three taking one of the prices that is found for divisor because that from Mesina to Venice it giveth the price certain and to Placentia the incertain saying thus If Carlins 29½ the price found for Placentia give Sol. 134 which are the said l. 6. 14. what will Carlins 29 give the price inordered And it will make Sol. 131¼ or thereabout so that the said Commission may not be effected but to loss seeing that remitting to Placentia at the said price of 29½ Carl the draught cannot be made to Venice at more than Sol. 131¼ and money is not found but at Sol. 132½ which are the said l. 6. 12. 6 d. Example 2 Example Again from Naples there is an exchange made for Mesina at Duc. 118 1 31 and for Placentia at Duc. 132â…“ Now there is order given in Naples that at these rates they draw for Mesina and that they remit to Placentia I demand then at how much will the remittance be from Mesina to Placentia Say by the Rule of Three If grains 118â…“ make disbursed in Mesina Carl. 26 the price of the Crow of Taries 13 how many will 132â…“ grains disbursed be the value of the Crow of Mark It will make Carlins 29 and â…” of a grain and so many Carlins and then â…– per cent for the provision that is paid at Naples comes to be disbursed in Mesina for one Crown of Mark of credit in Placentia And thus much shall serve to have said of the Exchanges that are practised in Palermo and Mesina to which the whole Island of Sicilia hath reference CHAP. CCCCXXVI Of Examples upon the Exchanges that are practised in Barselona and how the same are calculated Exchanges practised in Barselona I Have shewed in the general Exchanges of Barselona how many other places Barselona is found to Exchange with and there also set down the common rates how the same for the most part is found to govern which every day is so subject to alter that no positive Rules can be set down for the same howbeit the same is in it self so available that thereby the unexperienced may know how to make the account thereof at what rate soever the Exchange is found to be either in remittance or draughts the which only now remaineth to be handled observing the same with so many other Towns as may be fittest to understand the ground thereof Accounts kept in Barselona It is then to be noted That Bankers and Exchangers here do keep their accounts in Lire Sold and Deniers which are cast up in 20 and 12 because that 20 Sols makes a Liver and 12 Deniers make a Soldo and it is to be noted that The Ducat is worth sold 24 The Crown is worth sold 22 The Rial is worth sold 02 Note concerning the exchanges practised in Valentia and Saragossa Sevil and Lisbon Note also here that the same order which is observed in the Exchanges which are made in this City of Barselona with the other places of Spain should be observed in the Exchanges which are made in Saragosa Valentia Sevil and Lisbon seeing that when the said places of Spain Exchange the one with the other always that place which Exchangeth giveth Duc. 100 to have the more or the less and therefore the money of the place where the Exchange is made must first be reduced into Ducats and multiplying the Ducats which come thereof which are of the place to which it Exchangâ—th by the price it is worth for to reduce the same into the money wherein their accounts are there kept and this considered to abreviate my labour the rules being easie I shall forbear to trouble my self with any further particulars concerning the said place of Valentia Saragossa Sevil and Lisbon CHAP. CCCCXXVII Of the Exchanges of Barselona with Lions Exchanges of Barselona with Lions BArselona doth Exchange with Lions and giveth posito Sols 22. 8 to have in Lions one Crown of the Sun of 3 l. I demand for l. 8865. 12. 10 how many Crow am I to have in Lions First reduce the said sum of Livers into Deniers multiplying the same by 20 and adding of 12 Sols and then by 12 and adding 10 Deniers then reduce into Deniers the said Sol. 22. 8. d. and they make 272 for divisor against the sum of Deniers come of the said Livers and multiplying the rest of the divisor by 20 and by 12 to make them Sols and Deniers of Gold and they make Crowns 7822. 12. 6 Of Gold of the Sun which is due to have in Lions Example Proof The proof of this account is manifested when that Lions doth Exchange for Barselona CHAP. CCCCXXVIII Of the Exchanges of Barselona with Placentia Exchanges of Barselona with Placienta BArselona doth Exchange with Placentia and giveth posito Sols 23 2 12 to have there a Croâ—… of Mark I demand for Livers 1850. 12. 0. how many Crow of Mark shall I have First reduce the said sum of Livers into Deniers multiplying them by 20 to make them Sold and add the 12 and then by 12 to make them Deniers and do the same with the Sols 23 â— 12 multiplying them by 12 and adding thereto 7 Deniers the Deniers come thereof are to be taken for divisor against the Deniers come of the said Livers and by division they will come to Crow of Mark multiplying the rest by 20 and by 12 to make them Sols and Deniers of Gold and then they make Crow 1569. 8.
London with Antwerp Exchanges of London with Antwerp LOndon doth exchange with Antwerp and giveth one pound sterling to have in Antwerp posito Shillings 35. 6 pence or gross money of Antwerp I demand then for 445 l. 15 and six pence sterling how many pounds Flemish shall I have in Antwerp First multiply the pounds sterling by 20 and bring them into shillings and then by 12 to bring them into pence sterling do also the same with the pounds Flemish bringing them first into shillings Flemish by a multiplication of 20 and then to pence or gross by multiplication of 12 d. accounting the 35 s. 6 d. for l. Flem. 1. 15. 6 d. and say then by the Rule of Three If one pound sterling give 35. 6 d Flemish the price proposed what will 445 l. 15. 6 sterling give which will make l. 791. 5. 0 d. Flemish for which you must have credit in Antwerp Proof The proof of the Rule is more apparent when that Antwerp doth Exchange for London London Exchange with Amsterâ—… Câ—olondâ—… and note That the account is the same when that London doth exchange for Colonia Amsterdâ—m and other places in the Low-Countries CHAP. CCCCXLVIII Of Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances in London Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances in London ACcording to my proposed method I will here for conclusion of the Exchanges practised in London briefly insert some Examples of Draughts and Remittances made by Commission and Order in the City of London Example 1. To London then cometh Order from Venice to remit to them at 60 pence and to draw for Placentia at 82 per sterling the partido being for Crow 40000 of Mark I find then Bills for Venice at 61 pence I would know considering the loss that presenteth in the Remittance at how much should I draw my Draughts for Placentia you must say by the Rule of Three If pence 60 give pence 82 the price inordered how many will pence 61 give the price found for Venice and it will be pence 83â…“ sterling or thereabouts and at less must not the Draught be for Placentia Example 2. Again posito Florence is found to exchange for London at pence 83 sterling and say for Placentia at Crow 108 and that there is Order given to Florence that at these rates they draw for London and remit to Placentia at how much then will the remittance come from London to Placentia to do this I multiply the said Crow of Florence which properly are to the value of Crowns 100 of Mark by pence sterling 83 as is above-mentioned and out of the pence that are thence produced I cut off the two last figures and there will remain pence sterling 89â…” incirca and so many pence together with â…– per cent for the provision that is commonly paid in Florence comes to be disbursed in London for one Crown of Mark credit in Placentia 3 Example Again to Antwerp cometh Order from London to draw thither and to remit to Venice at such a price that the remittance from London for Venice come but to 55 pence sterling clear of charges the partido being 1000 pound sterling now there is found money for London at s. 33â…“ and Bills for Venice at gro 90â…” I demand if at this price the said Commission may be essected First reduce the said s. 33½ into gros and they make 400 then say by the Rule of Three if pence 240 the value of the pound sterling give 400 gro what will 55 pence sterlâ—…g give being the price of the Ducats of Venice it will make gross 91â…” from whence mull be deducted â…– per cent for provision taken and there will remain gro 91 3 10 so that the said Commission may be effected to profit because that drawing for London at s. 33 â— â— may be delivered for Venice at gross 91 3 10 and there present Bills at less that is at gross â…– 90 Example And this is as much as I conceive needful at this time to insert concerning the Exchanges practised in London now there only resteth Terms of payment of Bills of Exchange in London CHAP. CCCCXLIX Of the Terms of Payments of Bills of Exchange in London Terms of payment of Bills of Exchange in London THE Terms for the Payment of Bills of Exchange in London are observed to be with other Cities thus To Venice at 3 months after date and so back To Antwerp at one month after date and so back To Genoa at 3 months after date and so back To Florence at 3 months after date and so back To Pisa at 3 months after date and so back To Lions for the Fair and so from Fair to Fair. To Placentia the same as Lions To Rouen and Paris at one month after date and so back CHAP. CCCCL Of the Abreviation of Division and Multiplication after the Italian and foreign manner and method Of Division and Multiplication abreviated after the Italian manner FOr as much as I have in many parts of this particular Tract of Exchanges followed the Arithmetical method and manner of those rules practised in the calculation of these Exchanges by the Bankers and Exchangers of Italy it will be here needful for the better enlightning of the same and the easier casting up and calculation thereof that I shew how the Italian Brokers and Exchangers do abreviate their labour and shorten their task therein and the rather I have presumed to add the same here and in this place partly in regard that I have not found it published by any of our English Arithmeticians but princinally to shew the learner the ways how the same are there wrought and Arithmetically calculated It is generally confest by all Arithmeticians that the whole Art of Arithmetick depends upon five principal Rules now commonly in all Countreys received and taught that is by Numeration Addition Substraction Multiplication and Division and that no one proposed question in Arithmetick can be perfected without the help of some of these for the three former I find not any disagreement in the common received manner by them and us and therefore I will omit to speak any thing thereof but of the two latter whereby is observed that most Rules and Questions of all Exchanges are perfected and performed I will here insist upon induced principally as I said before to enlighten thereby the precedent Examples that I have handled in the calculations of the Exchanges before-mentioned I will then in the first place contrary to the custom of our English Masters in this Science begin with that part of Arithmetick which we call Division and by an example or two of the working thereof explain the same to such as either shall be desirous to learn it or such as shall desire to make use of the before-mention'd Tables Division abreviated in Calculations of Accounts A certain Merchant then bought 46 Cloths which cost him 673 l.
these Examples But I have wandered too far and proceeded farther in this subject than I intended therefore here will conclude both the calcuations of Exchanges and these methods of abreviating the rules of Division and Multiplication referring what is here by me omitted in both the said subjects to the ingenious hand and head of the mysterious Exchanger FINIS An Alphabetical Table comprehending the most Notable Things contained in this Merchants Map of Commerce A. AFRICA bounded with longitude and latitude 1 Asia bounded with its longitude and latitude ibid. America bounded its longitude and latitude ibid. Art of Merchandizing and the general parts thereof 2 A Merchant should know the form of Acquittances Letters of Atturny of Account-keeping and Arithmetick ibid. To Abbreviate the labour of Weighing 6 How to Accord the weights of any two places ibid. Of Accounts and Account-keepings 7 Accounts kept diversly in divers Cities and Countreys ibid. The method used in Accounts is divers ibid. Four rules required in an Account ibid. Artificial commodities what 9 America and the Provinces thereof 11 Andalusia nova 13 Africa and the Provinces 14 Argier and the Trade thereof comaining the Commodities coins weights measures accounts and customs thereof 10 Aian and the Commodities thereof 27 Alexandria 28 and the Trade of the commodities weights measures 30 Asia and the Provinces thereof 40 Anatolia or Natolia 41 Alexandretta Scanderone 42 Angora with weights and measures 50 Amasia 51 Armenia and the Cities Chap. 67 52. Mount Ararat ibid. Acria and the Trade thereof 56 Containing weights measures and Coins ibid. Amano and the Trade thereof 58 Aleppo and the Trade thereof cont aining commodities weights coins measures accounts customs thereof c. 63 Arabia and the Provinces thereof 68 Assyria and the Cities thereof 69 Aden and the Trade thereof 71 Astracan and the Trade thereof containing the weights measures thereof c. 85 Aracan and Ava 88 95 Agria 90 Amadavar ibid. Adam's hills the Paradise of Siloners 102 Amboina Islands 103 Achin and the Trade thereof 105 Andalusia 112 Alicant and the Trade thereof containing coins accounts weights measures c. 115 Alcala ibid. Aragon 119 Aquitania 122 Anjou 125 Avergno 127 Avignon 131 Abruzzo 139 Apulia and the Trade thereof 141 Anco and the Trade thereof 149 Aste a great Mart 168 Antwerp and the Trade thereof 179 Artois ibid. Arras ibid. Amsterdam and the Trade thereof 180 Albis River in Germany 182 Alsatia 185 Anspache 186 Ausburge and the Trade thereof 194 Austria ibid. Amber 209 Archangel in Moscovia 220 Avalona or Valona and the Trade thereof 243 Argos in Morea 245 Arcadian Plains ibid. Achaia 246 Athens ibid. Albania and the Cities thereof 246 Mount Athos the holy Mountain ibid. Adrianopolis ibid. Adriatick Islands 254 Anglesey Island 269 262 Merchant Adventures their original and places of residency in London 267 Antwerp Exchanges 289 Alcala Exchanges 294 Augusta Exchanges 298 Custom of Acceptations of Bills of Exchanges in Lions 302 Account of Discounts and the manner thereof used as well in Lions as in many other places of Trade 305 Account-keeping in Lions how 307 Aggio of moneys practised in the payment of Bills of Exchanges in Rome 340 Examples of Exchanges practised in Antwerp and how calculated 435 Exchanges of Antwerp with Lions 436 Of Antwerp with Placentia 437 Of Antwerp with Florence 438 Of Antwerp with Venice 439 Of Antwerp with London 440 Of Terms of Payment of Bills of Exchanges in Antwerp 441 Orders and Commissions given and received in Exchanges at Antwerp 442 B. BArtering in use of old 2 Bargaining ibid. Things considerable in Bartering ibid. Things considerable in Bargaining ibid. A Merchant ought to know the form of a Bill of Exchange ibid. Of Bills of lading ibid. Of Bills of debt ibid. The Burse or Exchange 3 The Book of Rates of Customs 4 Bartering and Exchanging before the use of Gold and Silver 5 Brasilia 13 Barbada Island ibid. Barmuda or Summer Islands ibid. Barbary 14 Barbary Merchants 23 Borneo 25 Boro 27 Bithinia and the Cities thereof 47 Brusia in Bithinia the Trade commodities coins weights measures and customs thereof 48 Baruti with the Trade of the coins measures weights thereof 59 Babylon and the Trade containing the weights and measures c. thereof 72 Balsara and the Trade thereof containing the customs commodities weights and measures 77 Bindamir 79 Balasia 88 Bengala ibid. Barma ibid. Boroche and the Trade thereof 90 Bassain 92 Bengala and the Trade of that coast 94 Banda and Islands of Moluccos 103 Batavia olim Jacetra 104 Bantam and the Trade thereof ibid. Borneo Island and the Trade thereof 106 Beniermasa an English Factory ibid. Baiona and Biscay 114 Barselona and the Trade thereof 119 Burdeaux and the Trade thereof 124 Brittany 125 Burbon 127 Berry and la Beuse ibid. Burges and Beauvois ibid. Beaucarre 129 Burgundy 132 Bresse ibid. Bisanson ibid. Bolonia and the Trade thereof 143 Bressia and the Trade thereof 155 Brussels 178 Breda ibid. Bruges 179 Breme the Trade thereof 184 Baccrai 186 Baden ibid. Bainsberge ibid. Basil and the Trade thereof 193 Bavaria 194 Bohemia 195 Brandenburge 196 Brunswick and the Trade thereof 200 Beer of Lubeck famous 205 Baltick Islands 210 Bornholm ibid. Blesida ibid. Bergen one of the 4 ancient Mart Towns of Europe 216 Bodia in Sweden 217 Buda in Hungary 234 Bulgaria 235 Bosna ibid. Beaumares in Anglesey 262 Britain and the Provinces 268 Barkshire 269 Buckinghamshire ibid. Bedfordshire ibid. Barwick ibid. Brecknockshire ibid. Beauty of England ibid. Barbary Merchants of London their original and decay 270 Barry Exchanges 286 Barselona Exchanges 293 Bolonia Exchanges 296 Bergamo Exchanges 297 Bilan what 302 Examples upon Exchanges practised in Barselona and how calculated 426 Exchanges of Barselona with Lions 427 Exchanges of Barselona with Placentia 428 Exchanges of Barselona with Saragosa 429 Of Barselona with Valentia 430 Of Barselona with Sevil 431 Of Barselona with Lisbon 432 Of Orders and Commissions given and received in draughts and remittances in Exchanges made in Barselona 433 Terms of Payment of Bills of Exchanges in Barselona 434 C. The Commodity of the knowledge of Geography to Merchants 1 Cancer and Capricorn Tropicks ibid. Commutations distinguish'd into three manners 2 A Merchant should know the form of all Charter-parties ibid. Cities and Towns eminent in Trade only mentioned in this Map 3 Six parts required in a compleat City and Town ibid. What Cities are found sit for Traffick and Commerce ibid. Two sorts of Cities of Traffick ibid. Sea Cities of Trade what ibid. Land Cities of Trade what ibid. Cities of Trade in manual Arts ibid. The Cities of Trade mentioned in this Map of Commerce ibid. Five places in a City depending upon Trade ibid. The Custom-house ibid. The Customs Impositions and other duties paid by Merchants upon Goods 4 Customs not always alike in all places ibid. Customs due upon all commodities ibid. Customs differing in regard of times of places of Cities
of Commodities and of weight ibid. Coins of sundry Countries used in Traffick of Merchandizing 5 Coins made of Silver and Gold ibid. A Capital crime to debase or alter any Princes Coin ibid. Cargos in weight what 6 Cain the Inventer of Weights and Measures 8 All Cities of Trade have sworn and publick measures ibid. Of Commodities used in Merchandizing and the knowledge thereof 9 All Commodities are either natural or artificial ibid. All Commodities known by the Sensce ibid. All Coins brought into one by exchanging 10 Castella aurea 13 Chilo ibid. Cuba ibid. Caffaria 27 Cape bona speransa ibid. Carro 29. and the Trade thereof 31 Casir in the red Sea 29 Captus ibid. Caffa in the Euxine Sea ibid. Cilicia and the Cities thereof 42 Colloso 46 Cappadocia and the Cities thereof 51 Celosyria and the Cities thereof 61 Colcos 67 Caldea and the Cities thereof 69 Cabin and the Trade thereof 76 Cusestam 77 Cusan and the Trade thereof 78 Caramania ibid. Carriage of Commodities by Caravans 81 Capha and the Trade thereof containing the Coins Weights Measures and Accounts thereof 85 Cathay and the Provinces 86 Cambalu and the Trade thereof 87 Cannor 88. and the Trade 92 Cambaia 88 Canora ibid. Camboia ibid. Cauchinchina ibid. Cambaia and the Trade thereof 90 Chaul and the Trade thereof 92 Cochin and the Trade thereof ibid. Calicut and the Trade thereof ibid. Coast of Cormandle and the Trade thereof 93 Custom in India for debtors 94 China and the Provinces thereof 98 Commodities of China ibid. Cloves in abundance in Molluccos 103 Celebs Island and the Trade thereof containing Coins Weights c. thereof 107 Cyprus and the Trade thereof containing Commodities Coins Weights Measures 108 Cartagena 114 Castilia and the Trade thereof containing Exchanges Coins Weights Measures 116 Catalonia 118 Callais and the Trade thereof 132 Champaign ibid. Callabria and the Trade thereof 140 Crema and the Trade thereof 157 Cremona and the Trade thereof 166 Como and the Trade thereof 167 Cambray 179 Charlemont ibid Collen and the rade thereof 185 Cleveland ibid. Coins in general of Germany 206 Coins of Stoad Hamburg and Lubeck ibid. Coins of Embden Breme Edenburg Brunswick Mainburg Lipsick Vpper Germany Bohemia Switzerland ibid. Copenhagen 210. and the Trade thereof 211 Candroa in Moscovia 219 Cracovia and the Trade thereof 223 Coninburg and the Trade thereof 226 Corn-measures of Eastland reduced to that of sundry other Countreys 231 Croatia 236 Corono and the Trade thereof 239 Catarro and the Trade thereof 240 Caranto anciently Corinth a samous Mart in Morea 245 Constantinople and the Trade thereof 247 Coos Island 249 C 〈◊〉 ia Island and the Trade thereof 251 Cerigo Island ibid. Cursolari Islands ibid. Corfu Island and the Trade thereof 235 Corsica Island 258 Callary and the Trade thereof 259 Capre Island 261 Cadis or Gades ibid. Conaught in Ireland 263 Four Circuits in Wales 268 Cornwal 269 Cambridgshire ibid. Cheshire ibid. Cumberland ibid. Canarvanshire ibid. Cardiganshire ibid. Caermarthenshire ibid. Six Circuits in England ibid. Cities of Exchanges in Europe 273 Collen Exchanges 290 The Captain of Mosambick the greatest Merchant of that Coast. 28 D. DEscription of Countries conduceth to the description of Cities 1 Division of the World into four parts ibid. Distance of places how found out ibid. Duty of building a Ship belonging to the Shipwright 2 Duty of Ships provision belonging to Owners and Out-readers ibid. Duty of sailing a Ship belonging to Navigators ibid. Duty of Imploying of Ships belonging to Merchants ibid. Denarius how called 5 The best way of Accounts is by Debtor and Creditor 7 Divers Countreys have a diversity in their measures 8 Decaying Commodities what 9 Damietta 29 Damascus and the Trade containing the Coins Weights Measures Commodities thereof c. 62 Derbent 73 Dellia 88 Dieu and the Trade thereof and of that Coast and the Commodities 89 Damain in India 92 Customs in India for Debtors 94 The Dutch Forts and Trade in Amboina Islands 103 Denia and the Trade thereof 118 Dolphine 127 Duke of Florence a great Merchant 159 Dry measures of several Cities in the Levant Seas compared 161 Dukedom of Millan 164 Dunkirk 179 Doway ibid. Delph ibid. Dort ibid. Danubius River 182 Dresden and the trade thereof 199 Denmark and the Provinces 210 Dithmar in Denmark ibid. Dantsick and the trade thereof 224 Dacia and the Cities thereof 235 Dalmatia 236 Delos or Delphos 249 Dublin the Metropolis of Ireland and the Trade thereof 264 Four Dioceses in Wales 268 Devonshire 269 Dorsetshire ibid. Darby-shire ibid. Durham ibid. Denbighshire ibid. Declaration of The Table of Exchanges 274 DoubleVsance what 299 Account of Discounts used in Lions and elsewhere 305 Days and Nights differ according to the Latitude 1 E. Aequinoctial what 1 Europe and its bounds Latitude and Longitude ibid. Eclipse of the Sun and Moon when seen ibid. Exchanging the third manner of Commutation 2 Exchanging drawn into a profitable Art and the reasons thereof ibid. Things considerable in Exchanging ibid. Esterlin moneys in England 5 Of Exchanges in general used by Merchants 10 The Excellency of a Bill of Exchange ibid. The Exchanger rectifieth the disorders of Mints and the necessity of Prices ibid. Estotiland 12 Aethiopia and the Provinces 26 Elephants Teeth 27 Aegypt and the Provinces 29 The Trade of Aegypt in times past ibid. Aegypt weights compared with others 34 Euphesus 44 Eolis the first Merchants 46 Ephrates 54 Three Excellencies in Casbin 76 Exendu and the largeness thereof 87 The English the last Traders into India 107 English Consul at Cyprus 108 Europe and the Kingdoms thereof 110 Escurial 115 English subjection at Blois upon the River of Gerond 124 English Hall in Rouen for Wool 126 East-Frisland 182 Embden and the trade thereof 183 Elsmore and the Trade thereof 212 Elbin and the Trade thereof 225 Epidaurus 245 Epirus 246 The English the greatest Traders of any Christians into Constantinople 247 Mount Aetna in Sicilia 256 Elba Island 261 Edenburgh and the Trade thereof 266 Essex 269 East-India Merchants of London their original 270 Eastland Merchants their original ibid. Of Exchanges in general with the method and manner thereof as practised in Christendom 273 Exchanging places ibid. What Exchanges are c. ibid. Declaration of the Table of Exchanges 274 Of the Exchanges of Placentia 276 The Exchanges of Lions Paris 277 The Exchanges of Rome 278 The Exchanges of Genoa 279 Exchanges of Millan 280 Exchanges of Venice 281 Exchanges of Florence 282 Exchanges of Lucca 283 Exchanges of Naples 284 Exchanges of Leccy 285 Exchanges of Barry 286 Exchanges of Palermo 287 Exchanges of Mesina 288 Exchanges of Antwerp and Collen 289 Exchanges of London 290 Exchanges of Valentia 291 Exchanges of Saragosa 292 Exchanges of Barselona 293 Exchanges of Sevil Alcala Medina del campo in Castilia 294 Exchanges of Lisbon 295 Exchanges of Bolonia 296 Exchanges of Bergamo 297 Exchanges of Frankfort Norimberg Augusta Vienna 298 How the Rates and
Prices in Exchanges are setled amongst Merchants 300 Of Examples upon Exchanges practised at Lions and how the same are calculated 302 Examples of the Exchanges of Lions with the profit of the presits thereof as interest upon interest 304 Certain and incertain prices in Exchanges what 323 Examples of Exchanges in Rome and how the same are calculated 325 Examples of Exchanges in Naples and how the same are calculated 342 Examples of Exchanges in Genoa and how the same are calculated 360 Examples of Exchanges practised in Venice and how to be calculated 368 Examples of Exchanges practised in Placentia and how calculated 382 Questions of Exchanges in Placentia 399 Examples of Exchanges practised in Florence and how calculated 400 Exchanges practised at Millan and how the same are to be calculated 410 Exchanges practised at Palermo and Mesina and how to be calculated 419 Exchanges of Barselona Sevil Lisbon Valentia and Saragosa and how the same is calculated 426 Examples of Exchanges practised in Antwerp and how calculated 435 Examples of Exchanges practised in London and how calculated 443 The Excellency of the Palm Tree 30 F. FLorida 12 Fishing in New-found-land ibid. Fess and the Provinces thereof 20 The City of Fess with the commodities moneys weights measures and customs thereof 21 The manner of farming the Pepper in India by the Portuguese 92 The Fortune of Siam and Pegu 96 Firando and the Trade thereof 101 France and the Provinces thereof 122 French not addicted to Trade 127 Foreign Weights compared with the Weights of Lions 129 Farara and the Trade thereof 144 Florence and the Cities of that Dukedom 159 Florence and the Trade of that City 160 Flushing 180 Franconia 186 Francfort and the Trade thereof 191 Fountain of Salt in Limburg 201 Friburg and the Trade thereof 202 Fionia 210 Fincria ibid. Finmark 216 Finland in Siden 217 The French Nation the Third eminent Traders into Turky 247 Fromentary 261 Frisland 262 Flint 269 French Merchants of London their original 270 Florence Exchanges 282 Francford Exchanges 298 Fairs and Marts what 299 Fairs in Lions when 324 Examples of Exchanges used in Florence and how calculated 400 Exchanges of Florence with Lions 401 Of Florence with Placentia 402 Of Florence with Venice 403 Of Florence with Rome 404 Of Florence with Naples 405 Of Florence with Antwerp 406 To reduce Crown of 7 Livers in Florence to Crown of Gold of 7½ l. 407 Terms of payment of Bills of Exchange in Florence 408 Orders and Commissions in Exchanges practised in Florence 409 G. GEography dilightful profitable and necessary to Merchants 1 Geography demonstrated in Maps and Sea-cards ibid. Gold and Silver the most excellent of Metals 5 Nova Granada 13 Guiana ibid. Goaga 25 Genin and Benin and their Trade with their customs coins weights measures and manner of accounting ibid. Gordion 46 Gallacia and the Cities thereof 50 Grogram Trade ibid. Galelia 66 Gasa and the Trade thereof 66 Georgia 67 Gedrosia 78 Gombrone and the Trade thereof 80 Ganges the famous River 88 Goa and the Trade thereof containing the commodities coins weights and measures 91 The greatness of China 98 Granado and the Trade thereof 113 Geneva and the Trade thereof 136 Genoa and the Trade thereof 174 Guelderland 178 Gante 179 Graveling ibid. Groining 180 Germany and the Provinces thereof 182 Grats 194 Gorlits 195 Germany accounts and coyns 206 Gothland in Sweden 217 Grecia and the Provinces thereof 238 Galipolis or Calipolis 246 Gallata 247 The Government of the Trade of the English into Constantinople ibid. Groanland 262 Garnsey Island ibid. Glocestershire 269 Glamorganshire ibid. Greenland Merchants of London their original 270 Genoa Exchanges 279 Genoa Exchanges and how calculated 360 Exchanges of Genoa with Placentia 361 To reduce Livers of current money into Livers of Gold in Genoa ibid. Exchanges of Genoa with Lions 362 Of Genoa with Millan 363 Of Genoa with Venice 364 Of Genoa with Naples 365 Orders and Commissions in Genoa 366 Terms of payment of Bills of Exchange in Genoa 367 Galetta in Tunes 15 Granatins or Moro francos ibid. H. HUndred weights what 6 Hispaniola 13 Hispahan and the Trade thereof containing the commodities coins accounts weights measures thereof and Persia 81 The Hollanders the second Traders into India 107 Holland 179 Henalt ibid. Harlem ibid. Hans-Towns in Germany 182 Hidleberg and the Trade thereof 189 Helvetia 191 Hasia 201 Hamburg and the Trade thereof 204 Holfatia 210 Hungaria and the Cities thereof 234 The Hollanders the least Traders into Turkey of the Western Christians 246 Mount Hibla in Sicilia 256 Hebrides Isles 262 Hampshire 269 Hartfordshire ibid. Huntingtonshire ibid. Herefordshire ibid. HalfVsance what ibid. I. A Merchant should know the form of Intimations and Protests 2 Impositions upon Goods 4 An Instrument to find out the argreement of measures in any two Cities or Places 8 Jucatan 12 Isles of Salomon 13 Isles of Baccalos ibid. Island of Beriquen ibid. Jamaica ibid. Island St. Thomas 37 Islands Canaries and the Trade thereof 38 Island Tarceras or Asores 39 Ionia and the Cities thereof 44 Jordan the River 65 Idumea ibid. Judea ibid. Jerico 66 Jerusalem ibid. Jasques in Persia 80 India and the Provinces thereof 88 Islands of Asia and their Trade 100 Islands of Japan and their Trade containing their coyns weights measures c. 101 Island of Silon and the Trade 102 Inhabitants of Silon excellent and rare Tumblers and Moris-dancers ibid. Islands of Moluccos and the Trade 103 Islands of Java and the Trade 104 Jacetra baptized Batavia ibid. Japarra and the Trade thereof ibid. Jambe and the Trade thereof 105 Isle of France 126 Italy and the Provinces thereof 137 Imperial Towns in Germany 202 Juitland in Denmark 210 Julin an ancient Mart 229 Illyria 236 The Trade of the Islands seated in the Ionian Egron Mediterranean and Adriatick Sea 248 Ithecca and the Trade thereof 252 Ivisa Island and the Trade thereof 261 Iscia Islands ibid. Island 262 Jarsey Island ibid. Ireland and the Trade thereof 269 Ingland and the Cities thereof 269 Levant Merchants of London their original and splendour 270 Ignorant Exchangers censure the judicious if varying from the custom of Exchanging 273 Dates of Exchanges in Lions which may serve for the rate of Interest in any other place 303 Interest paid upon Rebate 304 K. The King's Beam or Weigh-house 3 How a Merchant may have a knowledge in all Commodities 9 The Kingdoms now in subjection to the Grand Seignior 67 Kent 26 Kings of Portugal great Merchants into India 28 L. Latitude how accounted 1 The Longitude of a place how to be found out ibid. The Latitude of a place how to be found ibid. Latitude and Longitude found out by the Meridians ibid. Lucay Islands 13 Lybia and the Provinces 24 Lydia 46 Liconia and the Cities 52 Lahoare 90 Lawibander ibid. Lisbon and the Trade thereof containing coyns weights measures and customs of Portugal 117 Locrams 125 Limosin 127 Lions and the Trade thereof 128
Languedoc 129 Lorrain 132 Loretta 147 Leghorn and the Trade thereof 173 Lucca and the Trade thereof 175 Limburge 178 Liege ibid. Luxenburg ibid. Lovain ibid. Lisle 179 Leiden ibid. Lipsick and the Trade thereof 197 Luneburg and the Trade thereof 201 Lubeck and the Trade thereof 205 Lappia in Swethland 218 Livonia 222 Lituania ibid. Larta and the Trade thereof 244 Lepanto and the Trade thereof 245 Lemnos 248 Lesbos 249 Lipar Island 261 Lemster in Ireland 263 Liecestershire ibid. Lincolnshire ibid. Lancashire ibid. London and the Trade thereof 270 Liberty of Exchanging 273 The Exchanges of Lions 277 Lucca Exchanges 283 Leccy Exchanges 285 London Exchanges 290 Lisbon Exchanges 295 Examples upon Exchanges in Lions and how calculated 302 Customs of acceptions of Bills of Exchanges in Lions ibid. The price of Exchanges settled in Lions for succeeding Fairs ib. Recounters in Lions what ibid. Rules of casting up the Exchanges made in Lions ibid. Rates of Exchanges in Lions which may serve for the rates of interest in many other places 303 The reason and benefit of the Rules of Exchanges in Lions ibid. Examples of the Exchanges of Lions with the profit of the profits thereof 304 Accounts of disaccounts in Lions in many other places 305 Exchanges of Lions with Rome 307 Exchanges of Lions with Florence 308 Exchanges of Lions with Lucca 309 Exchanges of Lions with Naples 310 Exchanges of Lions with Palermo 311 Exchanges of Lions with Genoa 312 Exchanges of Lions with Millan 313 Exchanges of Lions with Venice 314 Exchanges of Lions with Bolonia 315 Exchanges of Lions with Placentia 316 Exchanges of Lions with Antwerp 317 Exchanges of Lions with London 318 Exchanges of Lions with Francfort 319 Exchanges of Lions with Sevil 320 Exchanges of Lions with Lisbon 321 Exchanges of Lions with Barselona 322 Orders and Commissions for Exchange in Lions 323 The Fairs of Lions 324 Exchanges of Lisbon 426 Examples of Exchanges practised in London and how calculated 443 Exchanges of London with Lions 444 Exchanges of London with Florence 445 Exchanges of London with Venice 446 Of London with Antwerp 447 Orders and Commissions in draughts and remittances in Exchanges in London 448 Terms of payments of Bills of Exchanges in London 449 M. MErchandising the first School of the present government of many Countreys 1 The use of Maps and Sea-Cards in general ibid. Meridian what ibid. Meridians and their use ibid. Merchandising accounted an Art 2 The materials of Merchandising are Commodities and Moneys ibid. The duty of Merchants ibid. A Merchant ought to know 1. the Form of a Bill of Exchange 2. of all Intimations and Protests 3. of Charter-parties 4. Bills of lading 5. Policies of Assurance 6. of Bills of Debt 7. of a Release 8. of Letters of Atturney 9 of Account-keeping and 10. Arithmetick ibid. The Merchant's purse and person supplies many defects in a City 3 Magazines for commodities ibid Met-house ibid. Merchants must learn what customs are and duly pay them 4 Moneys of Leather in Saint Dominico 5 Moneys of Shells in Tombuto ibid. Moneys of Iron in Massa ibid. Moneys of Lumaches in Congo ibid. Moneys of Glass in Melinda ibid. Moneys of Salt and Paper in Cathay ibid. Moneys of Gansa in Pegu ibid. Moneys of Almonds in Bengala ibid. Moneys of dead mens Sculls in Sumatra ibid. Moneys of Pepper and Cocos in India ibid. Moneys called by three several names ibid. Moneta what and how called ibid. The Merchant must be versed in all weights 6 Of Measures in general 8 False Measures are punishable by the Magistrate ibid. Measures of solid Bodies of dry and liquid Commodities ibid. All Measures to the Merchant must be as one measure ibid. A Merchant must be seen in all Commodities and in all Trades 9 A Merchant must know the value of all Commodities ibid. A Merchant must reduce the knowledge of commodities to a profitable end ibid. Merchants should know how to preserve all commodities ibid. Merchants should know how to better their commodities ibid. The Mystery of Exchange reduced to profitable principles 10 Mexicana and the Provinces 12 Mexico and the commodities ibid. Manoa the Golden City 13 Margarita ibid. Kingdom of Morocco 22 City of Morocco with the Trade containing the commodities coins weights measures and customs thereof 23 Mosambique and the Trade thereof containing coins weights measures and commodities thereof 28 Monomotapa 27 Manica ibid Manicongo ibid. Merchants of six sorts in Cairo 31 Madagascar otherwise Saint Laurence 35 Midium 46 Medina Talnabni and Mecha 68 Mesopotamia and the Cities 69 Mocha and the Trade containing the coins weights measures thereof 70 Media and the Cities thereof ibid. Mallavar Chap 88. and the Trade of that Coast 92 Mandoa ibid. Macin ibid. The Merchants that in general are found to traffick in India ibid. Musulapatam and the Trade of the coast of Cormandil with the coins weights measures of that place and coast 93 Maccau in China 95 Mallaca and the Trade thereof as the weights measures coins c. thereof 97 Moonsons at Mallaca ibid. Maccau and the Trade thereof containing the commodities coins weights c. thereof 99 Macasser and the Trade thereof containing weights measures coins c. 107 Malaga and the Trade thereof containing coins customs weights measures 114 Murcia ibid. Madrid 115 Measures of Spain reduced to the English Yard of London 120 Main 125 St. Mallos and Morlais in Britanny ibid. Moneys lately inhansed in France 127 Molins ibid. Mart of Lions formerly in Geneva 128 Marselia and the Trade thereof 131 Modena and the Trade thereof 145 Millan and the Trade thereof 165 Mantona and the Trade thereof 168 Mirandola and the Trade thereof 172 Mastricht 178 Marquisate ibid. Middleburge 180 Maclin ibid. Measures of the Netherlands reduced to the measures of London ibid. Mentz 186 Meclinburge 196 Measures of Germany reduced to London 208 Measures of Denmark to London 214 Moscovia and the Provinces 219 Mosco and the Trade thereof 220 Massovia 222 Moldavia 235 Modona and the Trade thereof 239 Morea and the Trade thereof ibid. Misene in Morea 245 Marathron 256 Megara ibid. Macedonia ibid. Migdonia ibid. Mastique 248 Mesina and the Trade thereof 257 Malta Island ibid. Majorque and Minorque and the Trade thereof 260 Man Island 262 Munster in Ireland 263 Meth in Ireland ibid. Middlesex 269 Mcrionethshire ibid. Mountgomeryshire ibid. Monmouthshire ibid. Merchants Adventurers of London their Original and places of residence 270 Moscovia Merchants of London their Original ibid. Measures used in England 272 Manner of Exchanging 273 Millan Exchanges 280 Mesina Exchanges 288 Medina del Campo Exchanges 294 Exchanges practised at Millan and how the same are calculated 410 Exchanges of Millan with Lions 411 Of Millan with Placentia 412 Of Millan with Venice 413 Of Millan with Rome 414 Of Millan with Naples 415 Of Millan with Genoa 416 Terms of Payments of Bills of Exchanges in Millan 417 Orders and Commissions given and received in Exchanges in Millan 418 Exchanges of
Mesina and Palermo 419 N. THe duty of Navigators 2 Nummos what 5 Natural commodities what 9 The Necessity and commodiousness of Exchanges 10 Nicaragua 12 Norumbega ibid. Nova Francia ibid. Nombre de dios 13 Numidia and the Provinces 24 Negrita and the Trade thereof 25 Navigation to India 21 Nilus River 29 Narsinga 88 Nanquin 98 Normandy 125 Nevers 127 Naples and the Cities therein 138 Naples and the Trade thereof 139 Nemingen 178 Newport 179 Namurce ibid. Normbierg 186 And the Trade thereof 190 Northgoia 195 Norway and the Provinces 216 Nodrosia in Norway ibid. Novegrade in Moscovia 219 St. Nicholas in Moscovia 220 Negroponte 249 Northern Islands 262 Norfolk ibid. Northamptonshire ibid. Nottinghamshire ibid. Northumberland ibid. Naples Exchanges 298 Norimberg Exchanges 298 Exchanges of Naples how calculated 342 Exchanges of Naples with Lions 343 Exchanges of Naples with Placentia 344 Exchanges of Naples with Rome 345 Exchanges of Naples with Florence 346 Exchanges of Naples with Venice 347 Exchanges of Naples with Millan 348 Exchanges of Naples with Leccy and Barry 349 Exchanges of Naples with Mesina 350 Exchanges of Naples with Palermo 351 Exchanges of Naples with Genoa 352 Exchanges of Naples with Antwerp 353 Exchanges of Naples with London 354 Exchanges of Naples with Venice 355 Exchanges of Naples with Sevil 356 Exchanges of Naples with Lisbon 457 Terms of Payment of Bills of Exchanges in Naples 358 Orders and Commissions in Naples 359 O. THe duty of Owners of Ships 2 The Original of Customs 4 Officers Fees of Custom-houses to be known and discharged ib. Merchants should write down their Observations upon Commodities 9 Ocknam's brave Attempt 13 Oran with the coins weights and measures thereof 17 Original of the company of Merchants of Turkey and East-India 23 Ormus and the Trade thereof 80 Restored to the Persian Scepter by the valour of the English ibid. Orders of Caravans from Syria to Balsara ibid. Orleans 127 Oyls of Provence how bought 130 Oyls how measured in Thollon ibid. Orange 131 Ottranto 139 Oversels 180 Ordera River 182 Ossenbregs 184 Olmuts 195 Olympian Games 245 Ocean Islands 262 Orcades ibid. Oxford-shire 269 Orders and Commissions given and received for draughts and remittances of Exchanges in Lions 323 Orders and Commissions given and received for draughts and remittances of Exchanges in Rome 341 Orders and Commissions given and received for draughts and remittances of Exchanges in Naples 359 Orders and Commissions for draughts and remittances in Genoa 366 Orders and Commissions for draughts and remittances in Venice 380 Orders and Commissions for draughts and remittances in Placentia 398 Orders and Commissions for draughts and remittances in Florence 409 Orders and Commissions for draughts and remittances in Millan 418 Orders and Commissions for draughts and remittances in Palermo and Mesina 425 Orders and Commissions for draughts and remittances in Barselona 434 Orders and Commissions for draughts and remittances in Antwerp 442 Orders and Commissions for draughts and remittances in London 448 Original of Burses or places for meeting of Merchants 181 P. PArallels what 1 Poles artick and antartick ibid. A Merchant should know the form of Policies of Assurance 2 Pecunia what and how called 5 A Principal part of Merchandising consists in the knowledge of Commodities 9 How to find out the Par of Exchanges 10 The Price of the Exchanges at the disposal of the Exchanger ibid. The Particulars observed in the Map of Commerce ibid. Peruana and the Provinces 13 Panama ibid. Peru ibid. Pamphilia 43 Phrigia 46 Pontus and the Cities thereof 49 Pompey's Pillar ibid. Paphlagonia and the Cities 50 Pisidia and the Cities 52 Phoenicia and the Cities 55 Palestine and the Cities 65 Place of Paradice 71 Pidgeons Letter-carriers 72 Persia and the Provinces thereof 75 Persis ibid. Policies of Casan 78 Parthia 10 Pegu 88 The manner of framing the Pepper in India by the Portuguese 92 Pegu and the Trade of that coast 95 Pottana and the Trade thereof 96 Priaman and the Trade thereof 105 Philippine Islands 107 The Portuguese the first Masters of the Trade of India 107 Portugal 116 Poitou 125 Paris and the Trade thereof 127 Perigort ibid. Provence 129 Picardy 131 Popacie and the Cities thereof 142 Padua and the Trade thereof 153 Pisa and the Trade thereof 162 Parma and the Trade thereof 170 Placentia and the Trade thereof 171 Principalities in Germany 182 Preslave 195 Prague and the Trade thereof 196 Pomerania 197 Plescovia 212 Permia ibid. Petrosa ibid. Polonia and the Provinces thereof 222 Podolia ibid. Podlasia ibid. Prussia ibid. The Trade in general of Poland and East-land 233 Presburg 234 Pretras and the Trade thereof 239 Parnassus Mount 246 Pera ibid. Pathmos Island 249 Palermo and the Trade thereof 257 Panteleria Island 261 Progita ibid. Pomonia Isles 262 Pembroke-shire 269 The Exchanges of Placentia 277 The Exchanges of Paris 277 Palermo Exchanges 288 The Par in Exchanges what 301 Princes Par in Exchanges 301 Merchants Par in Exchanges ibid. Examples of Exchanges practised in Placentia and how calculated 388 Exchanges of Placentia with Lions 382 Of Placentia with Genoa 384 Of Placentia with Rome 385 Of Placentia with Florence 386 Of Placentia with Palermo 387 Of Placentia with Venice 388 Of Placentia with Millan 389 Of Placentia with Naples 390 Of Placentia with Sevil 391 Of Placentia with Valentia 392 Of Placentia with Antwerp 393 Of Placentia with Bergamo 394 Of Placentia with Lucca 395 Of Placentia with Francfort 396 Of Placentia with London 397 Of Orders and Commissions given and received in Exchanges in Placentia 398 Questions upon Exchanges in Placentia 399 Exchanges practised in Palermo and Mesina and how the same are calculated 419 Exchanges of Palermo and Mesina with Lions 420 Of Palermo c. with Placentia 421 Of Palermo c. with Naples 422 Of Palermo c. with Venice 423 Of Palermo c. with Barselona 424 Of Palermo c. with Saragosa and Valentia ibid. Orders and Commissions in Palermo and Mesina given and received in Exchanges there 425 Piratical Trade of Tunis and Argier 19 Q. QUivira 12 Quiloa 27 Quitiana ibid. Quinsay 98 Quinto of money what 116 Quercu 127 The Quality of money Exchanged 273 Questions upon Exchanges that are practised in Placentia 399 R. ROves in weighing what 6 Rotolos in weighing what ibid. 〈◊〉 de la plata 13 〈◊〉 Contracts 28 Rosâ—… on Nilus 29 Rovenas of Aegypt 31 Rhubarb 85 River of Martaban 95 River of Menan 96 Rarities found in Sumatra 105 Rochel and the Trade thereof 125 Rouen and the Trade thereof 126 Runano and the Trade thereof 146 Ravenna and the Trade thereof 147 Ricanti and the Trade thereof 148 Rome and the Trade thereof 150 Rotterdam a seat of the Merchant-Adventurers of London 179 River of Rhine 182 Rivers of Moscovia 219 Rhesian ibid. Russia Niger 222 Riga and the Trade thereof 227 Revell and the Trade thereof 228 Rasia 235 Rhagusa and the Trade thereof 237 Rhodes and the Trade thereof 250
Rutland-shire 269 Richmondshire ibid. Rhadnorshire ibid. The Exchanges of Rouen 277 The Exchanges of Rome 278 Rescounters in Lions what 302 Rules of casting up the Exchanges made in Lions ibid. Rates of Exchanges in Lions which may serve for rates of interest in many other places 303 A Table for casting up the Account of Rebatements 305 Examples of Exchanges practised in Rome and how the same are to be calculated 326 Exchanges of Rome with Placentia 327 Exchanges of Rome with Florence 328 Exchanges of Rome with Venice 329 Exchanges of Rome with Millan 330 Exchanges of Rome with Naples 331 Exchanges of Rome with Genoa â—… Exchanges of Rome with 〈◊〉 lermo 333 Exchanges of Rome with Antwerp 334 Exchanges of Rome with London 335 Exchanges of Rome with Valentia Saragosa and Barselona 336 Exchanges of Rome with Sevil 337 Exchanges of Rome with Lisbon 338 Terms of Payments of Bills of Exchange in Rome 339 Aggio of moneys in Rome 340 Orders and Commissions by Exchange in Rome 341 S. SHipping distinguished into four parts as the duty of four distinct Persons 2 The Ship-wright's duty ibid. Strictness for not paying customs in Russin Denmark Sweden Spain in England Scotland Germany France Italy Netherlands and Turkey 4 Several forts of moneys in use in several Countreys 5 Ship-ponds in weights what 6 Stones in weights what ibid. Staple-commodities what 9 Sugar-trade 25 Sossala 27 Sues in the Red-sea 29. and the Trade thereof 33 Sauchen and the Trade containing the commodities measures and weights thereof 32 Smyrna with the commodities coins accounts weights measures customs and the Trade thereof 45 Mineral Salt 51 Syria in general 54 Sidon and the Trade containing coins weights and measures thereof 58 Syrophoenicia and the Cities thereof ibid. Samaria 65 Sciras and the Trade thereof 79 Sarmacand 86 Siam 88 Surat and the 〈…〉 the coins 〈…〉 c. thereof â—… Ships of 〈…〉 〈…〉 coast of Bengala weights c. 94 Strange manner of buying and selling in Pegu and that coast 95 Spinals digged at Coplan ibid. Siam and the Trade of the coast thereof their weights measures c. 96 Ten thousand sail of Ships belonging to the King of China in one River 98 A Ship yearly at Maccau from Goa going to Japan 99 Summatra and the Trade thereof 105 Socodana an English Factory 106 Spain and the Cities thereof 111 Sevil and the Trade thereof containing accounts coins Exchanges weights commodities measures c. thereof 112 Segovia 115 Salamanca ibid. Saragosa 119 Savoy and the Trade thereof 133 Sienna and the Trade thereof 163 SeventeenVnited Provinces 178 Sidan ibid. Sluis 179 The ancient Staple of Bridges 181 Strasburg and the Trade thereof 186 Stutgard ibid. Spiers and the Trade thereof 188 Saxony 196 Silver Mines in Friburg 202 Stoad and the Trade thereof 203 Sealand in Denmark 210 Scania ibid. Scandia ibid. Sweden and the Cities thereof 217 Stockholm and the Trade thereof 218 Seruca 219 Smaleusco ibid. Samogitia 222 Stralsond and the Trade thereof 229 Stetin and the Trade thereof 230 Servia 235 Sclavonia 236 Spallata and the Trade thereof 237 Schenico and the Trade thereof 241 Scuttari and the Trade thereof 242 Sparta 245 Salonica and the Trade thereof 246 Sidrocapse rich in Mines of Gold ibid. Samothrasia 248 Scio or Chios and the Trade thereof 249 Sciros Island ibid. Salamis Island ibid. Samos Island ibid. Suda a brave Harbour in Candia 251 Strucalli Islands ibid. Santo Mauro 252 Sicilia and the Provinces thereof 256 Sardinia Island 258 Sorlings Islands 262 Scotland and the Provinces thereof 264 Twelve Shires in Wales 268 Somersetshire 269 Surry ibid. Sussolk ibid. Sussex ibid. Staffordshire ibid. Shropshire ibid. Saragosa Exchanges 291 Sevil Exchanges 294 Sight what 299 Exchanges of Sevil 426 Exchanges of Saragosa ibid. T. TRopicks of Cancer and Capricorn 1 Things considerable in bartering bargaining and exchanging 2 Terra Cotterialis 12 Trindado 13 The Trade of America by Spaniards ibid. Tunis and the Trade thereof with the coins weights measures commodities and customs thereof 15 The Trade in general of Argier and Tunis 19 Of Trade in general of Barbary 23 Tarradant ibid. Tombotu 25 Troys Ruines ruin'd 46 Trapesond Chap. 51. with the weights and measures thereof 55 Tyre and the ancient Trade thereof 60 Tripoli in Syria with the Trade containing weights measures c. thereof 64 Turcomania 67 Tauris and the Trade thereof 74 The general Trade of Persia 82 Tartary and the Provinces thereof 83 Tartaria Precopensis ibid. Tartaria Asiatica and Antiqua 85 Tutta 90 The Trade in general of the Sea-coast of India 92 Ticco and the Trade thereof 105 Trade in general of Asia 109 Toledo 114 Tortosa 119 The Trade in general of Spain and Portugal survey'd 121 Thoullousa and the Trade thereof 123 Torrian 125 Thollon and the Trade thereof 130 Turino and the Trade thereof 134 The Trade in general of France 135 Tarranto 139 Treviso and the Trade thereof 152 The Trade in general of Italy 177 Tornay 179 The Trade of Antwerp augmented by three occasions and decayed by three occasions 179 The Trade in general of Netherlands 181 The Trade in general of Aermany 209 The Trade of Prussia ibid. The Trade of Denmark 215 The Trade of Moscovia 221 Transilvania 236 Thebes 246 Thermophilae Straights famous ibid. Thessalia ibid. Thracia ibid. The Trade of the Citizens of Constantinople 247 Tenedos 248 Terra Sigillata 248 Temple for the cure of Lovers 252 Turky or Levant Merchants their original in London 270 Though the Tables of Exchanges differ from the present rates yet the use thereof is no way lessened 274 Terms of payments of Bills of Exchange 299 A Table for casting up the account of Discounts or Rebatements 304 Tripoly in Barbary 15 V. VIrginia 12 Una and the Trade thereof containing the coins weights measures thereof 12 The Undermining tricks of the Dutch in the Trade of Guiny 25 The matchless Villany of the Dutch in the Amboina Islands 103 Validolide 115 Valentia and the Trade thereof 118 Vienne in France 127 Valentia in France ibid. Republick of Venice and the Cities 131 Vicentia and the Trade thereof 154 Verona and the Trade thereof 156 Venice and the Trade thereof 158 Urbin and the Trade thereof 169 Valencourt 179 Utrecht 180 Vienna and the Trade thereof 195 Veteravia 201 Valadomira 219 Volmia 222 Valona or Avalona and the Trade 243 Venetians the second Traders of eminency in Turky 247 Ulster in Ireland 263 The Use of the Table of Exchanges 275 Venice Exchanges 281 Valentia Exchanges 291 Vienna Exchanges 298 Usance what 299 Examples of Exchanges practised in Venice and how calculated 368 Exchanges of Venice with Lions 369 Of Venice with Placentia 370 Of Venice with Rome 371 Of Venice with Naples 372 Of Venice with Florence 373 Of Venice with Millan 374 Of Venice with Antwerp 375 Of Venice with London 376 Of Venice with Genoa 377 Of Venice with Norimberg 378 Of Venice with Bergamo 379 Of Orders and Commissions given
Parcel will amount to with the Exchange from one sort of Mony or Species to another in regard the same hath been already published by Mr. Lewis Roberts in his Map of Commerce but I have given my Advice in the Practical part of Exchanges according to the Custom of Merchants used in England And I have generally back'd my Advice with some Reasons which amongst Wise Men is esteemed more prevalent than Law it self I dare warrant the proceedings of any that shall walk after this my Advice to be good and justifiable by the Law of Merchants but I think I need not hang out a Bush if the Palat be right I know the Wine cannot be disrelished It is the Crop of four and twenty Years Experience in my Employment in the Art of a Notary Publick Reader let not one Perusal suffice thee this Labour is mine the Gain will be thine I am but the Adviser be thou Advised by J. MARIUS Exchange Excellent and Necessary EXCHANGE is by some held to be the most mysterious part of the Art of Merchandizing and Traffick being grounded upon Custom and Experience and the Necessity and Commodiousness of Exchanges is seen in that it hath found a general Allowance in all Countries time out of mind and yet is maintained with the general Consent of all for it prevents the Danger and Adventure of Carriage of Moneys from one City or Country to another And this is done only by two or three Lines written on a small piece of Paper termed A Bill of Exchange which is so noble and excellent that tho it cannot properly as I conceive be called a Specialty because it wanteth those Formalities which by the Common-Law of England are thereunto required as Seal Delivery and Witnesses yet it is equivalent thereunto if not beyond or exceeding any Specialty or Bond in its punctuality and precise Payment carrying with it a commanding Power tho directed from the Servant to the Master for if by him accepted it concerneth him every whit as much to see it be paid with Honour at the time as the Servant can desire or the Party to whom it is payable can expect in regard the Acceptor's Credit lieth at stake And if he fail of Payment at the precise day presently there will issue forth a Protest which may tell tales and soon make a Dilemma in his Commerce for he must not expect to continue his Credit long that doth not pay his accepted Bills at the time appointed and besides his own his Servant or Friend the Drawer's Credit will also be wounded besides the Charges which are incident thereunto and unavoidable Payment of Principal and Charges at the end if the Party or Parties are able for both Acceptor and Drawer are bound till Payment as shall be more particularly shew'd in this ensuing Treatise Thus much in general for I love not to spend more words than need or tell a large Story to little or no purpose Exchange what it is REal Exchange is nothing else but to give or take up Mony in one City or Town to the End to have it again or to restore the just Value thereof in Mony in another Town according to the Price which shall be agreed upon between the Taker and the Deliverer to allow or pay for the Exchange of the Mony and the Loss of Time which will be from the time that the Mony is taken up or delivered till it be restored or received again Inland and Outland Bills all alike AND by this it appeareth That a Bill of Exchange which shall be made for Monies taken up at Edenborough York Bristol Exon Plimouth Dover or any other part of England or Scotland and payable at London is in all things as effectual as any Bill of Exchange made beyond the Seas and payable here in England which we use to call an Outland Bill and the other an Inland Bill both the Inland and Outland being made for Monies taken up by Exchange and Exchange of Monies being a thing which may be done as well from one Town to another as from one Country Kingdom or Nation to another it must needs be that the Bills of Exchange which shall be made as well at one part as at another I mean Inland and Outland ought to be esteemed of equal Worth and the Custom of Merchants on both equally observed howbeit Mr. John Trenchant in his Book of Arithmetick printed at Lions Anno 1608. saith that an Exchange made in the same Realm as from Lions to Paris is not real for that the real Exchange is appointed only for Exchange between Towns in subjection to divers Lords who do not allow Monies to be transported out of their own Territories or because the Monies are not conveyed from one place to another without great Loss Four Persons to make an Exchange and how called ORdinarily there are four Persons requisite to be imployed in taking up or remitting any Parcel of Money by Exchange besides the Broker who doth procure the Parcel as namely two at the Place where the Mony is taken up and two at the Place where the Mony is payable 1. The Party who delivers the Mony by Exchange whom we use to call the Deliverer or the Giver and the French le Banquier because there are who keep a Stock of Mony only to negotiate by Exchange as our Usurers do Mony to deliver at Interest altho these Bankers will as well take up as deliver Monies by Exchange according as they see it most advantagious to them by the Rise or Fall of the Price of Monies by Exchange 2. The Taker or Party who receives or takes up Mony by Exchange and this Party we usually call the Drawer because he may be said to be the chief occasion of the Draught of those Monies from one place to another by virtue of his Bill of Exchange 3. The Party who is to pay the Mony or he upon whom the Bill is drawn or to whom the Bill of Exchange is directed And 4. The Party to whom the Mony is made payable or he to whom the Bill is sent to get accepted and to receive the Mony when due according to the Bill So that by setting down these four Parties and what use there is of them in Exchange of Monies it is apparent that there must be a Correspondency and familiar Acquaintance between the Party who delivers Monies by Exchange and he to whom the same is made payable and the Party who takes up Monies by Exchange and he on whom the Bill is drawn Three Persons to make an Exchange BUT sometimes there are but three Persons needful in the doing a parcel of Mony by Exchange as First the Taker Secondly the Deliverer and Thirdly the Party upon whom the Bill is drawn 1. The Taker he makes and subscribes a Bill of Exchange for so much Mony by him received of the Deliverer 2. The Deliverer he orders the Bill to be made payable to himself or Assigns for the value of himself And
3. The Party that is to pay the Bill for the Taker directs the Bill to his Friend or Servant to pay the same Now this way of Exchange is very useful according as occasion may be For suppose I were to go from London to Plimouth there to employ some Monies in the buying of some Coromodity I deliver my Monies here in London to some body who gives me his Bill of Exchange on his Friend Factor or Servant at Plimouth payable to my self so I carry the Bill along with me and receive my Mony my self by virtue thereof at Plimouth Another way wherein only three Persons are needful in the Negotiation of Monies by Exchange namely First the Drawer Secondly the Party on whom it is drawn Thirdly the Party to whom it is payable 1. The Drawer having Monies in his hands belonging to the Party to whom he orders the Bill to be paid doth make a Bill of Exchange himself confessing the value received in his own hand 2. Charging it on his Friend or Factor 3. Payable to the Party to whom he was indebted There is yet one way more wherein Monies may be remitted by Exchange only with the help of three Persons 1. The Taker 2. The Deliverer 3. The Party to whom payable As thus If I were at Dartmouth or Exon and intended to come to London I would take up Monies by Exchange at Dartmouth or Exon and subscribe Bills of Exchange for the same confessing the Value received of the Deliverer directed or drawn on my self payable to whom the Deliverer should appoint in London Two Persons to make an Exchange LIkewise a Parcel of Money may be done by Exchange between two Persons First the Drawer and secondly the Party on whom it is drawn the Drawer he makes a Bill of Exchange payable to himself or Order for the Value in himself and subscribes the Bill and directs it to the Party that owes him Money and is to pay it by Exchange by which Bill when the Party on whom it is drawn hath accepted it he becometh Debtor to the Drawer and he before the Bill falls due doth negotiate the Parcel with another Man and so draws in the Money at the place where he liveth and makes only an Assignment on the Bill payable to him of whom he hath received the Value The Usefulness of framing Bills of Exchange after these several Forms before-mentioned will be found out according as each Man's Occasion shall present in his Trade and Commerce by Exchange which is so necessary that there is fearce a Merchant but at some time or other one way or other doth either receive or pay Monies by Bills of Exchange All these manner of Exchanges before-mentioned are termed Real Exchange because it is a thing really done and the Mony really Exchanged from one place to another There are other Exchanges of Monies so called but improperly as Dry Exchange Feigned or Imaginary Exchange Small or Petty Exchange Dry Exchange DRY Exchange is when I having occasion for Monies desire a Banker to lend me 100 l. at Interest for a certain time the Banker unwilling to deliver at Interest offers me 100 l. by Exchange for Amsterdam whereunto I agree but not having any Correspondence there the Banker bids me make my Bills of Exchange for so much Mony to be paid at double or treble Usance at Amsterdam by any imaginary Body at the Price the Exchange shall there go at which I do the time being run out comes a Protest from Amsterdam for Non-payment with their Exchange of the Mony from Amsterdam to London all which with Costs I must repay him here in London for the Mony he lent me Feigned Exchange FEigned Exchange is when I ow a Banker Monies and have none at present to pay I desire time the Banker grants it me but I am to pay him his Mony by Exchange at the time at Rouen yet we are agreed between our selves that if I pay it him here in London at the time then I am free otherwise I am bound as above In the interim the Banker writes to his Friend at Rouen that against such a time he send him from thence a Bill of Exchange for the like Sum feigning that he oweth it him there After the time is expired comes a Bill of Exchange from Rouen to pay here so much as he owed there with the Rechange all which the Banker puts to my Accompt and per our Agreement will force me to pay in case I do not pay him here at the time agreed upon Petty Exchange PEtty Exchange is the Changing of one sort of Mony for another as to exchange 20 s. in Silver for 21 s. in Brass or Copper Farthings and the like But these three last-mentioned kinds of Exchanges I intend not to insist upon in this ensuing Treatise in regard they are not so commendable as the Real Exchange nor as I conceive much practised in these parts PAIR PAir as the French call it is to equalize match or make even the Mony of Exchange from one place with that of another when I take up so much Mony per Exchange in one place to pay the just Value thereof in other kind of Mony in another place without having respect to the price currant of Exchange for the same but only to what the Monies are worth and do currantly pass for in each place according whereunto is easily found out the Profit and Loss which from time to time is made in whatever Parcels of Mony drawn or remitted by Exchange and it is likewise delivering Mony at Pair when there is received in one Town just so much Mony as was delivered by Exchange in another Town as when I deliver by Exchange 100 l. sterling at York to receive 100 l. sterling at London which is done only by the Loss of time For what Parts the Exchange is made THE Price of Exchange of Monies from one Country to another is usually made from and to the most eminent Cities or Towns in each Place or Country where Commerce and Trade is held between Merchants in Exchange of Monies and the Trade ceasing at any Town the Price currant for Exchange for that Town ceases with it As for instance when the English Merchant-Adventurers had their Factors and Company at Delft then there was a Price currant of Exchange from London to Delft but the Company removing from Delft to Rotterdam where they are at present there is now no Price currant of Exchange from London to Delft but from London to Rotterdam Upon what the Exchange is valued NOW most Countries using several kinds of Monies different in Value one from another the Exchange is valued or rated upon some one certain most considerable Species or sort of Mony for each Country or Town as followeth The Exchange of Monies from London to Antwerp Amsterdam Middleborough Lisle and Rotterdam is usually accounted and valued on the Pound sterling of 20 s. English Mony that is to say to pay after the
you must protest for Non-payment Bill without Assignment IN like manner if you have a Bill of Exchange sent to you to get to be accepted payable to another Man and the Bill being accepted and due you have not an Assignment on the Bill from the Party to whom it is payable ordering it to be paid unto you according to Custom of Merchants you must make demand of the Mony upon that accepted Bill without an Assignment and you must offer to give Security to save harmless against the Party to whom the Bill is made payable and all others and if your Proffer be refused you must protest for Non-payment No such Man to be found IF your Bill of Exchange be directed suppose to Nathaniel Q. Merchant in London and you shall have enquir'd on the Royal Exchange and other parts of the City for such a Merchant and shall not be able to find him out or any body that knows him or that indeed there be none of that Name in London then you must carry your Bill to a Notary publick and he must protest thereupon in due form No body at home IF a Bill of Exchange is sent you to get accepted and there be no body at home at the House or Place of abode of the Party on whom the Bill is drawn Or if when your Bill is due you cannot meet the Party at home nor any one else to pay the Mony on his behalf you must cause Protest to be made either for Non-acceptance or Non-payment at his Dwelling-house or Lodging in his Absence which is as effectual according to the known Law of Merchants and the Rules of Equity being made in seasonable time as if the same had been made speaking to him in Person for you cannot be bound it being beyond your power to make him on whom the Bill is drawn abide at home but in reason he is bound to attend his own business at seasonable hours and it concerns him to keep a good Correspondence with his Friends especially in matters of Bills of Exchange whereof he cannot be ignorant No avoiding a Protest AND the truth is if no Protest could be made legally but in speaking to the Party himself a Protest might be prevented at pleasure but it lies not in the power of him on whom a Bill is drawn to hinder the protesting of the Bill if not by him accepted and paid according to the tenour thereof Figures and Words disagreeing A Bill of Exchange tho written in few Words and contain'd in a small piece of Paper yet is of great Weight and Concern in point of Trade between Merchant and Merchant and therefore ought to be writ very plain and legible and without any Blots Mending or altering any word thereof that so there may not arise any Doubt or Scruple in the Payment thereof And therefore it is that Merchants do usually write the Sum to be paid as well in figures as in words at length as you may observe in the several Forms of Bills of Exchange contained in this Treatise And if it so fall out through Inadvertency or otherwise that the Figures and the Words at length of the Sum that is to be paid upon a Bill of Exchange do not agree together if either the Figures do mention more and the Words less or the Figures do specifie less and the Words more in either or in any such case you ought to observe and follow the order of the Words at length and not in Figures until further order be had concerning the same because a Man is more apt to commit an Errour with his Pen in writing a Figure than in writing a Word And also because the Figures at the top of the Bill do only as it were serve as the Contents of the Bill and a Breviat thereof but the Words at length are in the Body of the Bill of Exchange and are the chief and principal Substance thereof whereunto special regard ought to be had and tho it may so fall out that the Sum mention'd in Figures in the Letter of Advice and the Sum mention'd in Figures in the Bill of Exchange do agree yet if the Words at length in the same Bill do differ you ought to follow the order mention'd in Words at length in the Bill and not the order in Figures for the Reasons before alleg'd A Name mended or interlined IF the Name of the Person to whom a Bill of Exchange is made payable chance to be mended or interlin'd in the Bill and the same be accepted by the Person upon whom it is drawn tho it is an Error and justly to be reproved especially in Merchants which indeed doth seldom happen yet the same cannot be a sufficient Excuse for the Party who hath accepted it or any legal warrant for him to refuse Payment thereof at the time unto the Party whose Name is mended or interlin'd in the Bill or unto his Order by his Assignment if the Bill was so mended before it was accepted and be made payable to him or his Assigns for he could not chuse but take notice of the Error when he accepted the Bill and ought to have satisfi'd himself therein before he accepted it if he say it hath been mended or interlin'd since he accepted it he must prove that Bill payable positively to such a Man BUT if the Bill be made payable positively to such a Man and not to such a Man or his Assigns or Order then an Assignment on the Bill will not serve turn but the Mony must be immediately paid to such a Man in person and he must be known to be the same Man mention'd in the Bill of Exchange that so the Mony may not be paid to a wrong Person and the Acceptor forc'd to pay it twice And if the Bill be made payable positively to such a Man as hath been before observ'd such a Man's Name writ on the backside of the Bill in blank is no sufficient warrant for another Man to come as in his name to receive the Mony but the Man himself to whom the Bill is payable must appear in person Bill without Direction IN case a Bill of Exchange do come without a Direction on it that is if it be not directed to any Man only the Drawer has set his Name to it but not directed it to the Party on whom he design'd to charge it yet if in his Letter of Advice to his Friend to whom the Bill is payable or to whom it is sent to get accepted the Bill is mention'd to be drawn on such a Man naming a Man's Name this Friend to whom the Bill is sent ought to present the Bill to that Man to be accepted according to Advice And in case he shall refuse to accept it because it is not directed to him the Party to whom the Bill was sent ought to make Protest for Non-acceptance for he protests against the Drawer in not having taken sufficient care that the Bill might be accepted by some body according
Cleveland The third Province is Cleveland containing the Earldom of Cleve the Dutchies of Gulick and Berge wherein are found the fair Cities of Cleve Calker Wesel Emrick Aken Gulick Dulkins and others which I omit for Brevity Alsatia The fourth Province is Alsatia wherein are found the Towns of Psaltberg Wesenberg Colmar and principally the famous City of Strasburg of which a Word CHAP. CLXXXVI Of Strasburg and the Trade thereof Strasburg and the Trade thereof STraâ—burg is one of the Imperial Cities before-mentioned seated a Musket-shot from the Rhine whereto there is a Channel cut for conveyance of all Commodities There is here also a wooden Bridge over the Rhine but of no great Strength The Circuit of the City may be aboâ—t 8 miles well fortified and is famous for many Rarities the principal being their Clock which cost so many years Labour to perfect and the Steeple of the Cathedral Church is numbred amongst the Seven Miracles of the World for its excellent Structure and Beauty The Courtesie of the Inhabitants to Strangers is not to be forgotten And here they are accustomed at the City's cost to give all Handicrafts entertainment that they may either teach if expert or learn if ignorant by which means they are found to have confluence of Artisans which doth both much further their City's Stock and inrich the Inhabitants Weights of Strasburg In Strasburg are found two Weights gross and suttle and by observation it hath been found that the 100 l. suttle of London hath made here incirca 70 in 71 l. of the gross weight for gross Goods of 16 ounces the Pound and 107 l. suttle weight of 12 ounces the Pound by which they use to weigh all fine Commodities as Drugs and Spices as Sugars Pepper Cloves Mace Cinnamon Almonds Dates and the like Measures of Strasburg The Measure of Length of Strasburg is the Ell which is in London inches The Coins current are the Bohemico gross or Blaphace whichis three Crusters one Cruster is two Pence and one Penny is two Hellers and one Heller is two Orchins by which Coins they keep their Account Vide further Chap. 206. Franconia The fifth Province is Franconia divided into eight Parts the lower Palatine is the first part wherein are found Worms Spiers and Heidelberg the chief City belonging to those Princes Bacarac Bacarac famous for the excellent Rhenish Wines here growing Coub Openham Frankendak and others Wittenberg The second part is Wittenberg the chief Towns are Toubing Stutgard 2 Stutgard the Duke's Seat 3 Marlach and others Auspach The third part is Auspach Haibram and others Baden The fourth is Baden wherein the City Baden Durlach and others Ments The fifth is Mentz wherein Lantsem Beinge and others Bainberg The sixth is Bainberg a fair City and some others Westberg The seventh is Westberg a City Arustine and some others The eighth part belongs to the Emperour Noremberg wherein is found Noremberg the fairest and richest City of Germany and seated in the Centre thereof Frankfort and also here is Frankfort seated on the River Menus famous for the two Book-marts here kept annually in Mid-lent and Mid-September A word of the most eminent of these before I proceed to the next Province CHAP. CLXXXVII Of Worms and the Trade thereof VVorms and the Trade thereof WOrms is a Town of great antiquity and yet wanteth not Magnificence in her Buildings On the West-side thereof grow in great abundance those Wines known to us by the name of Rhenish It is more famous for the many Imperial Parliaments held here of old than it is for Trade therefore I shall not have cause to insist much thereupon Near to this City stands the City of Frankendale a new modern strong fair and beautiful Piece which has made it self famous in the late Wars of these parts these Coasts affording the most excellent Wines above-mentioned here in great plenty abounding and are sound to grow especially on the West-side of the River which is the prime Commodity of the Inhabitants both of the City and Province The Weights and Measures here are found to accord with Spiers to which I refer the Inquirer CHAP. CLXXXVIII Of Spiers and the Trade thereof Spiers and the Trade thereof SPiers is half a mile from the Rhyne seated in a Plain on the west-side of the said River having more Antiquity than Beauty and yet more Beauty than Trade Here the Imperial Chamber is held in which Court the Differences of the Empire are judged and the Electâ—…s themselves may be called hither to Trial of Law The Weights and Measures are these Weights of Spiers First for the Weights of this place the common is the Pound of 16 ounces or 32 loots of which are made two several Quintals one of 100 l. another of 120 l. and the 100 l. here is in London 111 l. and the 100 l. of London is about 88 l. here of 32 loots per pound Measures of Spiers The Measure of Length used is the Ell which is in London inches CHAP. CLXXXIX Of Heidelberg and the Trade thereof Heidelberg and the Trade thereof THE City of Heidelberg is seated in a Plain invironed on three parts with high Mountains the fourth part open and beholding the River from which it is a mile distant and to which it conveyeth all Commodities by a small River that runs by the Walls thereof This is an University and the Seat of the Palsgraves and hath not been much famoused for the Trade thereof The Weights and Measures here in use are these Weights of Heidelberg The Weight common in use here is the Pound of 16 ounces of which are made three several Hundreds or Quintars the first of 100 l. for fine Goods the second of 120 l. for gross Goods and the third of 132 l. for Provision of Food as Butter Flesh c. The 100 l. hath been found to make in London 108 l. and the 100 l. suttle makes then here about 92 or 93 l. Measures of Heidelberg The Measure of Length is an Ell which makes in London inches CHAP. CXC Of Noremberg and the Trade thereof Noremberg and the Trade thereof NOremberg is seated in a barren Soil yet this Defect is supplied by the Industry of the Inhabitants It is absolute and of it self and accounted one of the Imperial Cities of the Empire and the richest of all the rest the Inhabitants by their subtle Inventions in manual Works and cunning Arts with the Encouragement they daily give to Artificers draw thereby the Riches of other Countries to them Every Child tho but seven or eight years old is here put to work and enabled thereby to get his own Livelihood and by this means is all Europe filled with the trivial Commodities of this Town known by the Name of Noremberg Ware which makes this City rich strong and powerful their Trade is not
assurance of the payment of the Sum included in the said Bills so accepted And because there is no other time accustomed wherein Bills of Exchange are accepted the Merchants here resident have invented by means of a little Book a way of registring their several Bills which they commonly call in French a Bilan A Bilan in which Book or Bilan they accustomarily use to make a little Cross or Mark upon each Bill there registred and thus orderly accepted But if the Party to whom the same is presented make a Question whether he shall accept it or not and demandeth time to think upon it then they place upon that Bill so there registred the letter V. signifying in French Voir la lettre or the Bill seen or if in conclusion he refuse the same either because he holdeth not the Party that chargeth the same sufficient or solvent or for any other just occasion they commonly note the same in their Bilan with S and P signifying that the same is Soubs Protest that is under Protest The which Bilan of Acceptations Draughts and Remittances thus quoted and thus registred I observed at my residence in that City to carry so much Credit amongst the Merchants of the place as if the same had been done with Witnesses by a Publick Notary The price setled for the succeeding Fairs The third day of the Month of the said payments the price of the said Exchange is cut and settled as well for the succeeding course of Lions it self as for all the principal exchanging places of Christendom in all which it is found that Lions gives the Law and Rule ordering in some sort the price of all other places excepting for Placentia Discounters or transferring of Bills of Exchange and Debts in Lions The sixth day all the Merchants residing upon the place appear in certain publick Rooms near the Burse or place of daily meeting with their Book or Bilan containing both their Debit and Credit of both Debts and Bills of Exchanges and there address themselves to one another and to whom they are indebted intimating unto them to transfer Parcels or as they term it Vâ—…er partie and give for Debtor one or more who doth owe and stands indebted unto them the like Sum or Parcel the which being accepted by the Creditors the Sum is respectively registred and noted in the Bilan abovesaid and after that time that Parcel is understood to be transferr'd and remaineth entirely upon the Risgoe peril and fortune of the Party that did accept the same And in this manner here I have observed a Million of Crowns hath in a morning been paid and satisfied without the disbursement of a Denier in Money and therefore to this purpose all Merchants resident here or their Servants for them are compelled in this manner to appear with their Bilan thus to satisfie Accounts with their Creditors and make good their payments or in default of this appearance are by the Custom of the place declared as Bankrupts and this in brief is the remarkable Custom of Lions in matters of Exchanges upon every payment Rules of casting up the Exchanges in Lions It now remaineth I should shew the Rules how the Exchanges are made in this place for at every payment the current Moneys of the place are found increasing or decreasing being sometimes worth from one payment to another 2 per Cent. or 2¼ more or less to understand then there Rules I will first lay down some Examples for the help of those that are not well acquainted with the Custom of this City Presuppose that a Merchant hath taken in Banco 455 Livres at 2½ per Cent. from the payments of Roys as they call it or Kings until the payment of Pasques or Easter and to know what the Exchange may amount unto at the rate abovesaid do this briefly the ½ of the said At 2½ per Cent. 455 l. is first to be taken and the ¼ of the said tenth shall be the Exchange forasmuch as the tenth of an hundred is ten and the ¼ of ten is 2½ which is the Exchange aforementioned and therefore ¼ of the tenth is to be taken as for Example At 2 â— 3. Again a Debtor oweth unto his Creditor l. 3141. 16 s. 6 d. to pay at the rate of 2â…“ per Cent. for Exchange the which most facile and briefly is thus performed Take the 1 1â— of the said Sum and of the proceed ½ and of the ½ the â— 3 adding the said fifth to the â…” And thus the value of the Exchange is found out as here followeth The reason of this brevity is that if from 100 one taketh as is before said â…• of 1 10 and â…“ of the said â…• the product of the said â— 5 with the â…“ gives just 2â…” as is above specified Again at 2 â— 4 per Cent. how much amounteth the Exchange of l. 842. 17. 6. you must here take â— 3 of a 1 10 and a â— 10 of the said adding the two last products the Exchange will appear as At 2â…“ Again a Debtor oweth to his Creditor l. 1435. 17. 8 d. to be paid at the rate of 2½ per Cent. for the Exchange To do this take the 1 10 parts of the said Sum and of his Product â…• and of the ½ the â…› adding the said â…• to the said â…› and the Exchange will appear At 2¼ Again at 2¼ per Cent. what will the Exchange of 7661 l. 17 Sols amount unto To do which the â…• of 1 10 and the â…› of the said â…• is to be taken adding the â…• and the â…› and it giveth the Exchange At 3 per Cent. Again at 3 per Cent. I would know the Exchange of 7000 l. herein take ¼ of 1 10 and â…• of the said ¼ adding the two last products it giveth the Exchange as for Example At 2½ Also presuppose that a Merchant hath sold some Goods for the value of 5312 l. 10 s. at a years time conditionally to have the allowance of 2½ per Cent. for every payment what ought the Buyer to give the Seller at the said term In this case consider that 2½ per Cent. for a payment is 10 per Cent. for the year and therefore the 1 10 is to be taken and to be added to the Total and it giveth l. 5843. 15. But I have stayed upon this Point too long and therefore will omit further Examples and will only insert a brief method of these forms of Exchanges in this place because the ingenious may make it serve his occasions in any Country where Moneys are either given or taken at Interest serving as compendious Tables for casting up of any Exchange here or of Interest elsewhere for any space and term of time whatsoever and fitly serveth as a necessary introduction to what I shall here further insert as concerning the Exchanges made by Lions for other Countries CHAP. CCCIV. Brief Rates of Exchanges in Lions which may serve for the