her a Goddess the Daughter of Oceanus and Doris and Wife to Neptune the God of the Sea AMPHORA an Earthen Vessel with two handles wherein were put things dry and liquid as Horace says in his de Arte Poetica v. 21. Amphora cepit Institui currente rotâ cur urceus exit The Potter had a Design in turning the Wheel to make an Amphora and nevertheless he made a Pitcher only This Vessel contain'd four Sextaries and an half of Wine which is about nine Gallons Suetonius tell us a Story of a Man who stood for the Quaestorship and who drank an Ansphora of Wine at one Meal with the Emperour Tiberius Ob Epotam in Convivio propinante se vini amphoram This Measure contains also three Bushels of dry Measure the Standard of it was kept at Rome in the Capitol to prevent false Measures as Rhemnius Fannius Polemon who was Lucan's Master testifies from whence it was called Amphora Capitolina It was a foot square in all its Dimensions as Length Breadth and Depth and consequently it was Cubical AMPLIARE and AMPLIATIO Terms of the Roman Law to delay the Judgment of any matter for better Information to declare that we must proceed in Law by Writing and Allegations when a matter is not sufficiently discover'd or prov'd for when such a thing happen'd in Suits the Judg pronounc'd with a loud Voice Amplius or he cast into a Pot a Ballot mark'd with an N and an L which is as much as to say Non Liquet that is The Matter cannot be determin'd as it stands M. Acilius Glabrio and Calpurnius Piso forbad Ampliation or Pleadings by Writing in Law-suits as Cicero testifies in his first Oration against Verres AMULA a sort of Vessel wherein the Lustral Water in the Roman Sacrifices was put AMULIUS SYLVIUS King of Alba the Son of Procas and Brother of Numiter The Kingdom of right belonged to Numitor and his Father gave it him at his death but Amulius invaded it and to secure his Usurpapation he caus'd Egestus the Son of Numitor to be slain in hunting and forc'd his Daughter whom some name Ilia and other Rhaea and Sylvia to become a Vestal Virgin She grew big as she was sacrificing to Mars in a Wood and was after deliver'd of Twins Rhemus and Romulus who reveng'd their Uncle's Death by slaying Amulius the Usurper and restoring Numitor to the Throne AMYMONE one of the fifty Daughters of Danaus whom her Father forced every day to go and draw Water in the Lake of Lerna a City of Argos and who had her Water-pot in her hand says Lucian because the City was very dry But Neptune having seen her fell in love with her and took her away and striking a Rock with his Trident he rais'd up a Fountain in her stead She was the only one of all her Sisters who after her Death was not condemn'd to fill a Tub full of holes with Water ANALEMMA a Greek Word that signifies those sorts of Sun-Dials which shew only the Height of the Sun at Noon every day by the Largeness of the shadow of the Gnomon 'T is not properly a Dyal because it does not shew the Hours but the Signs and Months only Of late Analemma's and Dials are joined together which shew the Month by the length of the shadow and the Hours by the Declination ANCAEUS the Son of Neptune and Astypalaea who much delighted in tilling the ground and planting Vines when he had spent several Nights in planting a Vineyard one of his Servants told him that he should never drink of the Wine of that Vineyard but when he had gather'd his Vintage and caused some of the New Wine to be brought him to drink he call'd that Servant to convict him of a Lye he nevertheless held firm to his Prediction repeating the Proverb Multa cadunt inter calicem supremaque labra Or this Inter os offam multa cadunt While these things pass'd News came to Ancaeus that a Boar was got into his Vineyard and had made much waste in it he thereupon let fall his Cup and went to hunt the Boar which run at him and slew him Pausanias in his Arcadica makes mention of another Ancaeus the Son of Lycurgus who went in an Expedition to Cholchos and was slain by the Calydonian Boar hunting with Meleager ANCHISES the Son of Capys lived in the Desarts of Phrygia where he spent his days in keeping his Flocks The Fable says that Venus often came down upon Mount Ida to enjoy his Love and of her Aeneas the Trojan Prince was born who in the Destruction of Troy sav'd him from the flames carrying him upon his shoulders He dy'd at Drepanum and his Son celebrated anniversary Games in honour of him of which Virgil speaks in his fifth Book ANCILE see ANCYLE ANCULI and ANCULAE the Gods and Goddesses of Slaves whom they honour'd and pray'd to in the Miseries of their Bondage ANCUS MARTIUS the Grandson of Numa and fourth King of the Romans He succeeded Tullus Hostilius and was valiant contrary to the Hopes of his Neighbours He subdu'd the Vejentes in two several Fights and took some of their Towns He enlarg'd Rome and fortifi'd Janiculum He built the City Ostia at the mouth of Tiber to facilitate and secure Navigation He reign'd 24 years ANCYLE or rather ANCILIA a sort of Buckler so call'd from the Greek Word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies an Elbow The Bucklers were cut and hollow'd into a Semicircle in the middle and larger at the two ends There was a Festival kept at Rome in March called The Feast of the Holy Bucklers The Occasion of its Institution was thus In the Reign of Numa Rome was afflicted with so great a Plague that all seiz'd with it dy'd without any Possibility of Cure One day as Numa was going in one of the Streets of the City there fell down from Heaven upon him an Holy Buckler or Ancyle which he took as a Token of the Divine Protection for the Plague began to decrease and the Nymph Aegeria told him that the Fate and Happiness of his City were annexed to it as heretofore those of Troy were to the Palladium of Minerva He found no great Difficulty to persuade the People to these things and that their Enemies might not take away this Fatal Buckler he caus'd Veturius Mamurius to make Eleven others so exactly like it that the Holy Buckler could never be distinguished from the others He put them into the Temple of Mars under the Conduct of twelve Priests call'd Salii of whom I shall speak in their place Mamurius received this Reward to be celebrated in the Hymns compos'd in honour of the God Mars as Ovid tells us in these Verses lib. 3. Fastorum v. 391. Inde Sacerdotes operi promissa vetusto Praemia persolvunt Mamuriumque vocant Plutarch explains this otherwise for he says That when the Salii made mention of Veturius Mamurius in the Hymns of Mars
invicto comiti which signifies that they had vanquish'd and subdu'd many Provinces by the Assistance of Apollo or the Sun Lucian in his Dea Syria informs us that there si a Temple in that Country where the Statue of Apollo has a Beard and appears to be of perfect Age and not like a young Man as he is usually represented because say they this is an Imperfection His statue there has also this peculiar to it that it is clothed whereas all the other Statues of this God are not In this Temple Apollo delivers his Oracles himself whereas in other places it is done by his Priests When he has a mind to fore-tell any thing he shakes himself then the Priests take him up upon their Shoulders and if they do not he moves of himself and sweats When they hold him he leads them whither he will and guides them as a Coachman does his Horses turning here and there and going from one place to another As soon as the High-Priest asks him what he has a mind to know if the thing displeases him he goes backward if not he goes forward Thus they divine what his Will is and they do nothing either in publick or private until they have first consulted him and he foretells the Change of Times and Seasons and even Death it self Among Animals the Wolf the Raven the Crow the Cigale the Cicada of the Antients a flying Insect like a Grashopper the Cock and the Spar-Hawk as also the Laurel and Olive-Tree among Trees were consecrated to him by the Antients Apollo was esteem'd a God different from the Sun for the latter was suppos'd to be the Son of Hyperion one of the Titans from whence he was call'd Hyperione natus and Titania proles whereas Apollo was the Son of Jupiter and Latona nevertheless they are frequently confounded Vossius thinks that the Jubal mentioned in Holy Scripture was Apollo to whom the Pagans attributed the Invention and Honour of Vocal and Instrumental Musick Bochart has observed that the Isle of Delos where Apollo was born takes its name from Dahal i. e. Terror Deus that the name of Mount Cynthus where Latona was brought to bed is deriv'd from Chanat i. e. in lucem edere This Fable then of Apollo comes originally from the East and Apollo is an Egyptian God according to Pausanias who relates that a Senator call'd Antoninus built at Epidaurus a Temple to Apollo and Aesculapius Egyptian Gods for of the four Apollo's mentioned by Cicero the three latter were certainly of Greek original but the most antient was he of Egypt Lactantius proves that Apollo was no more than a mere Man and that he was like other Men not only in his Birth but in his Crimes which tho the Fable did not invent yet could not conceal Vossius further tells us That the Fable of the Raven sent by Apollo is plainly copied from the History of the Raven sent by Noah for as the Raven sent to discover whether the Waters of the Deluge were gone off from the Face of the Earth did not return again into the Ark so the Poets feign'd that Apollo having sent a Raven to fetch Water this lazy and unfaithful Bird rested on a Fig-tree and waited till the Figs were ripe to eat them as Ovid tells us Bochart remarks with great probability that the Fable of the Serpent Python kill'd by Apollo took its original from Phoenicia because the Name of Python or Pethon in the Hebrew Tongue signifies a Serpent and from thence Apollo was call'd Pythian APOLLONIUS TYANAEUS a Philosopher and Magician who was for some time one of the Friends of the Emperour Domitian but this Happiness lasted not long for being accused of having foretold his Accession to the Empire and sacrificing an Infant upon this occasion he was first ignominiously shav'd and then sentenc'd to die but when the Sentence was just ready to be put in execution he made himself invisible and vanish'd out of their sight who were present by the Help of a Demon who transported him to Pouzol The Church of Christ never had a greater Enemy than this Magician for by the seeming Innocence of his Life and his deceitful Tricks which were accounted true Miracles he gave occasion to Hierocles a Philosopher to compose a Book wherein he compares him with mischievous artifice to JESUS CHRIST After he had a long time deceiv'd the World by his Prodigies he died all alone having no body with him to bear witness of his Death not so much as Damis his dear Disciple and the Companion of all his Impostures No doubt he had a mind to make People believe that his Body which never appear'd any more upon Earth was carried up into Heaven and that in this also he resembled JESUS CHRIST whom he pretended to imitate in his Life-time Philostratus has given a large account of it but it is rather a well-contriv'd Fable than a true History As he was one day haranguing the People of Ephesus he stopt all on a sudden and going back two or three paces while he look'd down upon the ground with frightful Eyes he cry'd out Smite the Tyrant smite the Tyrant meaning Domitian his Auditors were mightily astonisht at this Discourse and all of them expected he should explain himself which he did immediately by telling them That in that very Hour Domitian was killed the News of his Death came quickly after and the Curious finding that his Words did so exactly agree with the Action which happen'd at so great a distance from him this wonderfully increas'd his Reputation to the Prejudice of the Christian Religion The Emperour Caracalla and the Ephesians erected a Statue to him under the Name of Hercules 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or He that drives away Evils and the Emperour Severus had his Image together with that of JESUS CHRIST in his Oratory APOPHRAS a Greek word us'd among the Athenians to signifie an Unhappy Day on which nothing was to be undertaken or for some great Defeat which happen'd on that day or for any other publick Calamity APOTHEOSIS the Consecration or Deification of Great Men after their Death The Greeks and Romans plac'd the Inventors of Liberal and Mechanical Arts amongst the Gods so they did Ceres Bacchus and Vulcan they deified also the Founders of Cities great Generals and in process of time their Kings and Emperours This we learn from Horace lib. 2. Ep. 1. where he writes thus to Caesar Augustus Cùm tot sustineas ac tanta negotia solus Res Italas armis tuteris moribus ornes ........... Praesenti tibi maturos largimur honores Jurandasque tuum per nomen ponimus aras The Description which Ovid gives of the Apotheosis of Hercules made by Jupiter himself cannot be read without Admiration and every one must apply it to the Brightness of a pure Soul when it goes out of the Filthiness of Body and Matter that then being purified from all the Stains of this Mortal Life it enters upon a
the Patricians and the other five among the Plebeians This Magistracy was never before this time exercised but by two men called Duum-viri both Patricians A. M. 3687. R. 386. T. QUINTIUS SERVIUS CORNELIUS SERVIUS SULPITIUS SP. SERVILIUS L. PAPYRIUS L. VETURIUS M. Furius Camillus was chosen Dictator for the fourth time and to bring the people to reasonable terms abdicated his Office which the Senate conferr'd upon P. Manlius who to give some satisfaction to the People consented to the creation of the Decem-viri or ten Men appointed to manage the affairs of Religion A. M. 3688. R. 387. AULUS and MARCUS CORNELIJ M. GEGANIUS P. MANLIUS L. VETURIUS P. VALERIUS The Gauls came again into Italy and M. Furâ—us Camillus was chosen again Dictator to oppose them Livy says that the Gauls were beaten near the Lake Albanus but Polybius a Greek born from whom Livy has taken many things affirms that the Gauls were not beaten but came and plundered the Country as far as Albanus and retired with a great Booty The Senate consented to the creation of a Consul out of the body of the people and the people agreed that a Praetor and two Aediles Curules should be chosen out of the body of the Patricians or the Nobles CONSVLS A. M. 3689. R. 389. AEMILIUS MAMERCUS L. SEXTIUS A. M. 3690. R. 388. L. GENUTIUS AVENTINUS Q. SERVILIUS AHALA The Plague swept away a great many People in Rome and amongst them M. Furius Camillus A. M. 3691. R. 390. T. or C. SULPITIUS PETICUS C. LICINIUS STOLO CALVUS The Plague continued in Rome but to stop it they solemniz'd the Lectisternium and voted and celebrated for the first time the Senick Games which were very inconsiderable at first for they were neither compos'd in measur'd Verses nor attended with any other Musick but only some Flutes The Tyber overflowed its Banks and the whole Country about it was laid under Water A. M. 3692. R. 391. L. GENUTIUS L. AEMILIUS MAMERCUS Rome was still afflicted with Pestilence and the Romans were forc'd to have recourse to the Ceremony of driving the Nail which was only practised at first to mark out the number of years according to the ancient Law Let the greatest Praetor drive the Nail the third day of September since that time this political ceremony was turn'd into superstition and they perswaded the common people that it had the virtue of turning away any publick Plagues This Nail was of Brass and they drove it into the back wall of the Temple of Minerva in the Capitol at the right hand of the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus and upon this ceremony L. Manlius Imperiosus was made Dictator A. M. 3693. R. 392. Q. SERVILIUS HALA L. GENUCIUS A great Abyss open'd of it self in the place where the Assemblies met they endeavoured all they could to fill it up but to no purpose they had recourse to the South-sayers who answer'd that this Abyss should never be closed up but by throwing into it that in which the Romans excell'd Q. Curtius a young Roman Knight presented himself to the Senate which was in a great perplexity about this Answer who acquainted him that the Gods asked for nothing else but a Roman to remové that prodigy upon which he freely offer'd to lay down his Life to fill up that Pit and then compleatly Arming himself riding on Horseback threw himself into the Gulph in the presence of all the People who immediately flung Flowers and Offerings into it and a while after this Hole shut up of it self and that place was since called Lacus Curtianus for an everlasting Monument of Curtius's bravery A. M. 3694. R. 393. C. or C. SULPITIUS PETICUS C. LICINIUS CALVUS STOLO The Gauls made a third irruption into Italy and upon the first advice of this Invasion they made Titus Quintius Poenus Dictator He with all the Roman Forces incamped upon the Banks of the Anio in the sight of the Gauls the River being betwixt them both Then a Gaul of a prodigious stature came up to challenge the Roman Forces to a single Combat T. Manlius got leave of the Dictator to fight this Enemy and succeeded so well that he kill'd him at one blow The Gaul fell down dead upon the ground and Manlius kept for himself nothing of his Spoils but a rich Collar for a Token of his Victory from whence afterwards he took the Sirname of Torquatus which afterwards distinguish'd his posterity from the other Manlii A. M. 3695. R. 394. C. PETILIUS LIBO BALBUS M. FABIUS AMBUSTUS The Tiburtini were at war with Fabius and called the Gauls to their assistance who were then in Campania The Armies engag'd near the Gate Collina and the Fight was lasting and bloody but at last the Romans got the Victory Q. Servilius Hala was made Dictator A. M. 3696. R. 395. M. POPILIUS LAENAS C. MANLIUS IMPERIOSUS The Inhabitants of the City of Tyber now Tivoli scaled Rome in a very dark night This unexpected alarm put the Town into a great Confusion but the Romans at last repuls'd their Enemies with loss A. M. 3697. R. 296. C. FABIUS AMBUSTUS C. PLAUTIUS PROCULUS War was proclaimed against the Tarquinians who had plundered the Roman Territories Fabius was beaten and a great slaughter was made of the Romans besides seven hundred Prisoners who were all put to death after the Fight was over The Gauls coming again and incamped at Pedum near Rome C. Sulpitius was made Dictator and got a victory over them A. M. 3698. R. 397. C. MARTIUS RUTILIUS CN MANLIUS IMPERIOSUS The Tribunes got a Law to be made to reduce the use of money to one per Cent. Licinius Stolo the Author of the Law whereby it was forbidden to possess more than five hundred Acres of ground was himself convicted of possessing a thousand Acres and thereupon fined A. M. 3699. R. 398. M. FABIUS AMBUSTUS M. POPILIUS LAENAS Popilius plundered the Fields about the City of Tyber now Tivoli after he had forced the Inhabitants to retire within their Walls Fabius offered Battle to the Falisci but they mistrusting their Forces made use of a stratagem Their Priests placed themselves at the head of their Batalions dressed in their priestly habits their heads surrounded with Serpents and holding up lighted Torches in their hands This spectacle at first stopt the Romans out of respect to Religion but that scruple being vanished they fell upon them and overthrew the Enemies and all their Bugbears The Tuscans afterwards joyning themselves to the Falisa C. Martius Rutilius was created Dictator the first of the Plebeians that enjoyed that Dignity he made C. Plautius a Plebeian General of the Horse at which the Senate grumbled very much The Dictator got an entire victory over the Enemies and took eight thousand Prisoners The Senate would have denied him the honour of Triumph but he triumphed notwithstanding and the people never before expressed so much joy The Senate made all their endeavours to get two Consuls chosen out of their Body but
but his own Soldiers mutinied and killed him in his Camp Carbo would have no Colleague A. M. 3969. R. 668. L. SCIPIO ASIATICUS C. NORBANUS FLACCUS The two Consuls with the young Marius opposed Sylla with two powerful Armies but he defeated them and pursued Norbanus so closely that he besieged him in Capua A. M. 3970. R. 669. CN PAPYRIUS CARBO C. MARIUS Sylla engaged Marius near Signium and got a full victory having killed twenty thousand of his men and taken eight thousand Prisoners Offella one of Sylla's Generals besieged Marius in Praeneste where he retired after his defeat and kept him so close that he could not get off whereupon he murthered himself Then Praeneste was delivered up to Sylla who got all the Inhabitants together in the place of Arms and had them murthered by his Soldiers Pliny affirms that Sylla found in Praeneste three thousand pounds weight of Gold and seven thousand pounds of Silver Sylla came again to Rome where he took the Name of Faustus He caused himself to be created perpetual Dictator and obliged the Senate to approve by a decree all that he had done and all that he should do afterwards He changed many ancient Laws and made new ones and created three hundred Senators whom he chose himself out of the Equestrian Order besides he freed ten thousand Slaves to whom he gave the freedom of Citizens and called them by his name Cornelians When he walk'd in the City he was attended with four and twenty Lictors and a great Guard At last he quitted the Dictatorship being guilty of many Murthers Assassinations Prescriptions and Banishments A. M. 3972. R. 671. M. TULLIUS SILLIUS CN ORTILLIUS DOLABELLA These two Consuls are recorded in this order in the Chronologies but 't is very likely that they were both Consuls during the Year of Sylla's Dictatorship for we find that there were Consuls during the perpetual Dictatorship of Caesar and the Soveraign Authority of the Emperours A. M. 3973. R. 672. L. CORNELIUS SYLLA FAUSTUS Q. CAECILIUS METELLUS PIUS This year all things were very calm A. M. 3974. R. 673. P. SERVILIUS ISAURICUS APPIUS CLAUDIUS PULCHER Sylla refus'd the Consulship and retired into the Country where he liv'd the rest of his days in quiet The Consul Claudius went into Macedonia where he died of a fit of Sickness His Colleague passed over Mount Taurus where the Romans never had been before He brought Cecilia and Licia under the Roman subjection and having in three years time performed the Expedition returned to Rome where he receiv'd the honours of Triumph with the Name of Isaurieus A. M. 3975. R. 674. M. AEMILIUS LEPIDUS Q. CATULUS LUCTATIUS Sylla died Lepidus would not permit the Magnificent Funeral designed for him because of the Murthers he had committed yet Catulus was allowed to pay to the body of his Friend all the testimonies of his acknowledgment Pompeius growing in credit sided with the Nobility and marched at the head of an Army that Catulus trusted him with against Brutus and besieged him in Modena Pompeius got the Government of Spain with the Character of Pro-consul A. M. 3976. R. 675. M. AEMILIUS LEPIDUS SCAURUS DECIUS JUNIUS BRUTUS Scaurus made Laws to regulate the Expences of private men Pompey and Metellus had several Engagements in Spain with Sertorius but Pompey was always beaten and Metellus always victorious whereupon Sertorius passed a biting Jest upon Pompey as Eutropius and Plutarch relate If that old woman said he rallying the Physiognomy of Metellus was not here I would send this Boy to School meaning Pompey who was then but a Youth A. M. 3977. R. 676. CN OCTAVIUS COSCONIUS CN SCRIBONIUS CURIO This last Consul succeeded Claudius in the Government of Macedonia He carried on his Conquests as far as the River Danube He spent three years in these wars and afterwards came to Rome to make his triumphas entry Octavius routed the Dalmatians took Salonica and triumphed likewise over that Nation A. M. 3978. R. 677. L. OCTAVIUS C. AURELIUS COTTA There was nothing remarkable transacted during their Consulate A. M. 3979. R. 678. L. LICINIUS LUCULLUS M. AURELIUS COTTA Lucullus got a Commission to march against Mithridates who had increased his Forces during the civil wars of Marius and Sylla yet he defeated him in several Battels A. M. 3980. R. 679. M. LICINIUS LUCULLUS C. CASSIUS Spartacus a famous Gladiator got out of the Prisons of Capua with seventy of his Companions and being at the head of sixty thousand men who joined themselves to him undertook to make war against the Roman people He routed all the forces that oppos'd him and beat Cassius the Praetor who would dispute with him the passage of the River Po with ten thousand men A. M. 3981. R. 680. L. GELLIUS CORNELIUS LENTULUS The Senate committed the care of the war against Spartacus to Crassus who was followed by the most part of the Nobility This General order'd a Trench to be made of fifteen Leagues long from one Sea to the other to inclose Spartacus and prevent his escape but he overcame this obstacle by filling up the Trench in a certain place with Fascines in a very dark and cold night A. M. 3982. R. 681. CN AUFIDIUS ORESTES P. CORNELIUS LENTULUS SURA Crassus pursued Spartacus who retired towards the Alps after having lost twelve thousand men that Crassus had cut off in several skirmishes But two of Crassus's Generals pursuing him with too much precipitation were beaten and the Army they commanded cut in pieces This Victory was the cause of his ruin for his Soldiers growing proud of these advantages forced Crassus to an Engagement and were quite routed and Spartacus himself lost his life Lucius was victorious in the famous Battle of Cizicenna against Mithridates his Lieutenant General beat the Fleet of the King and Lucullus having subdued Paphlagonia Bithinia Pontus and taken Synopae its capital City he again defeated Mithridates near Cabyra and took away from him the lower Armenia This unfortunate Prince fled to Tigrannes King of the upper Armenia who stil'd himself King of Kings Lucuilus followed Mithridates into Armenia besieged and took Tigranocerta the chiefest City of the Kingdom which Tigrannes had built Tigrannes who had besieged Ptolomais hearing of the great progress of the Romans rais'd the siege and march'd against Lucullus but he was overcome and Lucullus took the Town of Nisiba where Tigrannes was taken prisoner A. M. 3983. R. 682. M. LICINIUS CRASSUS CN POMPEIUS Pompey taking notice that Crassus's opinion prevail'd in the Senate made it his business to gain the Love of the People wherefore he restored the Tribunes the authority that Sylla had taken away from them and referred the trial of civil and criminal Causes to the Equestrian Order A. M. 3984. R. 683. Q. CAECILIUS METELLUS CRETICUS Q. HORTENSIUS The Isle of Candia revolted and gave a fair opportunity to Metellus to signalize himself He subdued the whole Island in the space of three years
had not done it for Reward but only for the love of Virtue EMPOUSA An ancient Fantome and an excellent Dancer as Lucian says Eustathius tells us that it was a frighting Hobgoblin dedicated to Hetate and this Fantome turn'd herself into several shapes as Suidas and Aristophanes report And was called Empousa because she walked only upon one Foot Some Writers assure that it was Hecate herself or one of the Lamiae or She-Devils ENCHALABRIS A kind of a Table that the Priest set up whereupon the Victim that was killed was stretched out to view its Inwards ENCHALABRIA The Vessels wherein they put the Inwards of the Victims after they were viewed ENCELADUS The Stoutest of the Giants who according to the Fable made war against the Gods Jupiter struck him with his Thunderbolt and threw Mount Aetna upon him having his Body half burnt as Virgil tells us after Homer Fama est Enceladi semi-ustum fulmine corpus Vtgeri mole hac He was the Son of Tartarus or Abyssus and the Earth ENDYMIO A Shepherd who was stolen away by Night in a deep Sleep and made King of the Lunar-Globe according to the Fable as Lucian tells us But the truth is that Endymion gave himself much to the contemplation of the Moon to observe her changes and motions and improved so far in that study that it was reported that he had lain with her Some Writers tell us that Endymion was a very Just King of Elis who obtained of Jupiter to sleep for ever Some others say that Endymion loved much to Sleep whereupon arose that Proverb of a sleepy and slothful Fellow Endymionis somnum dormit He sleeps like Endymion ENEAS See Aeneas ENNIUS An Ancient Latin Poet born at Tarentum or in Calabria He had written several Books whereof some Fragments are yet Extant His stile was harsh and unpolished ENTAEUS A prodigious Giant the Son of the Earth who was threescore Cubits high He inhabited the Wilderness of Lybia and dwelt in a Cross-way where he committed many Robberies and obliged Men who passed that way to wrestle with him But at last he met with Hercules as he was coming from the Garden of Hesperides who took him up into the air and strangled him with his Arm having observed that his strength renewed every time he threw him on the Earth his Mother Entaeus is the Emblem of Voluptuousness and Hercules of Reason which overcomes Sensuality Superata tellus Sidera donat says Boetius and the greatest Victory that a Man can obtain is to overcome Voluptuousness And Scipio ordered the following words to be engraved upon his Tomb. Maxima cunctarum Victoria victa Voluptas ENYALIUS A God of the Sabins called by them and the Romans Quirinus 't is not well known whether it be Mars or some other Divinity bearing an equal sway with him They danced sacred Dances in his Temple EOLUS See Aeolus EPEUS The Son of Endymion who was an excellent Ingineer among the Greeks and among other war like Engines invented the Battering Ram or Raven to beat down the Walls of the Towns Virgil says that he made the Horse that was carried into Troy EPHEBEUM A place for young Boys in Greece For Hebe in Greek signifies Râ—pe-age which is at fourteen Years and this is the time that the Boys begun to wrestle and exercise themselves and all the Interpreters agree that the Ephebeum was a place for these Exercises and Vitruvius establishes this opinion when he says that it was a place where was many Seats EPHEMERIDES Registers or Day-Books calculated by Astronomers to mark the state of Heaven every day at mid-day i. e. the place where all the Planets meet at noon and these Journals are made use of draw Horoscopes or Celestial Schemes EPHESTIO A Favourite of Alexander the Great whom he ranked among the Gods after his Death and those who refused to acknowledge Ephestion for a God were guilty of a high crime against Alexander for he had not only been at the charges of many Millions for his Funeral Pomp but the Cities had built Temples and Altars in his honour and there was no greater Oath taken but by his name and to ridicule these things was a crime deserving death For the Courtiers to flatter the Passion of Alexander told him many tales and visions that Ephestion had appeared to them in a dream that he cured men who called upon him relating false Oracles and acknowledging him for their Protector wherefore Alexander having his ears continually battered with these discourses at last believed them and applauded himself that he could make a God which was a greater thing than to be a God himself And there were then many good men who fell into his displeasure because they would not comply with his passion or shew'd some distaste for this madness Captain Agathocles had been exposed to be devoured by Lyons because he had shed tears at Ephestion's Grave as if he had been Mortal had not Perdical took his Oath by the Gods and especially by Ephestion that this new God had appeared to him while he was a hunting and had bid him to report to Alexander that he should pardon Agathocles for having shed tears at the remembrance of his Friend and that he was to take pity of humane infirmity EPHESUS A City of Asia very famous for the Temple of Diana which was accounted one of the seven wonders of the world This City was built by the Amazons and then augmented by Androcus the Son of Codrus Asia was two hundred years about the building of the Temple of Diana and all her Provinces had contributed towards the charges of that great design This City was from all times much given to Magical Arts and there were spells publickly sold Eustathius observes that there were spells ingraven on the Feer the Girdle and the Crown of the Statue of Diana EPHORI Overseers of the Common-wealth or Lacedemonian Magistrates like the Tribunes among the Romans their office was to restrain and curb the authority of the Kings of Sparta They were chosen five in number thirty years after the death of Lycurgus during the the reign of Theopompus to be Ministers and assistants to the Kings in the administration of Justice But their Authority grew so great that they attempted to reform their Kings and punish them as they did in the person of Archidamus whom they fined because he married a woman of little size And they imprisoned Agis as Pausanius relates EPICHARMUS A Pythagorean Philosopher who first invented Comedies and has left us some rules concerning the same EPICTETUS A Stoick Philosopher born at Hierapolis in Phrygia Slave to Epaphroditus Nero's Favorite who comprehended all Philosophy in these two words bear and forbear and was so much esteemed that Lucian says that his Lamp though it was but Earthen-ware was sold for 3000 Attick Groats which is about 92 Pounds of English Money This Philosopher lived till the time of M. Antoninus and has left us a Manual which seems rather the work
second and third Hour of the Day the Sun being in Taurus the Moon in Libra Saturn Mars Venus and Mercury in Scorpio and Jupiter in Pisces according to the Testimony of Solinus Pliny and Eutropius Titus Terentius Firmianus a learned Astrologer rejects the foresaid Time and according to his Computation makes it to be on the 21st of April at full Moon and when the Sun Mercury and Venus were in Taurus Jupiter in Pisces Saturn and Mars in Cancer about the third Hour and Plutarch observes that the Moon on the said Day suffered a great Ecclipse Romulus divided the Inhabitants of his City into Three Tribes or Classes under Tribunes or Collonels and each Tribe into Ten Curiae or Parishes and each Curia into Ten Decuriae the first being under the Command of an Officer named Curio as the other was under one called Decurio he picked out of all the Tribes such Persons whose Birth Age and Vertue made them remarkable and called them Patricii or Patres and the rest of the People Plebeians This City was governed by Seven Kings for the Space of 243 Years and became afterwards a Republick which was sometimes governed by Consuls and other whiles by Decemviri Tribunes Dictators and lastly by Emperors The Ancients represented Rome in the Form of a Goddess clad like Pallas with a youthful Air to intimate that Rome was always in the Vigour of her Youth and did not grow old They put an Helmet on her Head and a Pike in her Hand with a long Robe to denote that she was alike prepared for War and Peace since she was drest like Pallas whom they represented with a Helmet and Pike and like Minerva who was habited with a long Robe This Head of Rome is very often found on the Consulary Medals and even on some Greek ones the Inscriptions that are on the Greek Medals for Rome and the Senate are 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Goddess Rome and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The God of the Senate or the Sacred Senate They also erected Temples throughout the Empire to the Honour of the Goddess Rome and at last the meanest flattering Titles they used were Roma Victrix Victorious Rome Roma invicta Invincible Rome Roma Aeterna Eternal Rome and Roma Sacra Sacred Rome The Medals of Maxentius represent Eternal Rome fitting upon Military Ensigns armed with an Helmet and holding a Scepter in one Hand and a Globe in the other which she presents the Emperor who is crowned with Lawrel to let him know that he was the Master and Preserver of the whole World with this Inscription Conservatori Vrbis aeternae The Medals of Vespatian represent her with an Helmet on her Head and lying upon the Seven Hills of Rome with a Scepter in her Hand and the Tiber in the Form of an old Man at her Feet but upon the Medals of Adrian she holds a Lawrel-branch in her Left-hand and Victory upon a Globe in the Right as being victorious over all the World The People of Smyrna were the first who erected a Temple to the City of Rome under the Consulship of Cato Major when she was not yet come to that Pitch of Grandeur she afterwards attained to before the Destruction of Carthage and the Conquest of Asia See Regio ROMULUS the Son of Mars and the Vestal Rhea otherwise called Silvia and Ilia Lucius Terentius Firmianus a Person well skilled in the curious Sciences of the Chaldaeans having exactly observed the Life and Death of Romulus says He was born the 21st Day of Thoth which is our August at Sun-rising and that he was begot the 23d of Cheac which is our November at Three in the Afternoon in the first Year of the second Olympiad Plutarch says that the Sun on the Day of his Conception suffered a great Ecclipse from Eight to Nine in the Morning Ant. Contius will have him to be born in the first Year of the first Olympiad and Fuccius asserts he was born in the 3d Year of the second Olympiad He with his Brother were by Amulius his Command exposed to be drowned in the Tiber but Faustulus who was Numitor's Shepherd saved him and his Brother Remus and they were both nursed by his Wife The Story is that they were suckled by a She-wolf because of the Leudness of Laurentia Faustulus his Wife which gave occasion to the Fable but the Thing has been even so represented on the Consulary Medals where you have a She wolf and Two Twins sucking her Romulus traced out the Plan of his new City and prescribed Laws to his People who coalesced together from all Parts into a Body for he made an Asylum of a Vale lying at the Foot of Mons Capitolinus for all those that came thither which increased the Number of his Subjects in a very little time He regulated Matters of Religion dividing his People into Three Tribes and each Tribe into Curiae or Parishes Each Curia chose it 's own Priests Priestessess Augurs and Camillae who were to supply what was requisite for the Charge of the Sacrifices and sacred Feasts that were solemnized throughout a Curia at certain Times Pliny speaks of a Society instituted by Romulus somewhat like unto the Knights of the French King's Order and they were called Fratres Arvales Romulus was the Sovereign or Grand-master of the Order the Ensigns of which was a Crown of Ears of Corn tied with a white Riband and this Dignity they held for Life He was killed in a Scufflle others will have it that he was cut in Pieces by the Senate who gave out that the Gods had carried him into Heaven he was deified and worshipped under the Name of Quirinus according to the Relation of Proculus Dionysius of Hallicarnassus says he lived 55 Years and Plutarch 54 and that he reigned 37. We have Medals of the Emperor Antoninus Pius where Romulus is represented habited like Mars with a Javilin in one Hand and with the other holding a Trophy on his Shoulders with this Inscription Romulo Augusto Gronovius excepts against all that has been said by such a Multitude of Authors concerning the Origin of Romulus for near 2500 Years He pretends that a Greeck named Diocles was the first who invented the Fable of the She-wolf's suckling Romulus and Remus who were exposed by Amulius his order to be destroyed and begotten by Mars upon Rhea Silvia a Vestal and he is so assured that there is no need to refute this Fable that he lays it down as an established Principle that Romulus was not born in Italy but that he came thither from another Country and the Proof he gives for it is That no People of Italy would supply the first Inhabitants of Rome with Wives But 't is by no means to be thought in case Romulus was owned to be the Grandson of Numitor after his expelling of the Usurper Anulius and re-establishing his Grandfather upon the Throne but that he would have found the Albans inclined
in Numinibus Ab-addires Thus the Gods Ab-addires of the Carthaginians were without doubt those whom the Greeks and Latins sometimes called Magnos petentes selectos Deos. ABALIENARE a Term of Roman Law to make a pure and simple Sale to a Roman Citizen of the Goods which were called Res mancupii or mancipli which were Estates situate in Rome or some place of Italy and consisted in Lands of Inheritance in Slaves and Cattel This Sale or Allenation was not valid but between Roman Citizens and for the Payment a certain Ceremony was observed with a Balance and Money in hand or else the Seller was to transfer and renounce his Right before a Judge as we learn from Cicero in his Topicks Abalienatio ejus rei quae mancipii erat aut traditio alteri nexu aut in jure cessis ABATON a Greek word which signifies a Building so very high that no Man can come at it and which is inaccessible We have a fine piece of Antiquity concerning this sort of Building in Vitruvlus l. 8. c. 2. The Rhodians being vanquish'd by Queen Artemisia the Wife of Mausolus the Story says that she erected a Trophy in the City of Rhodes with two Statues of Brass whereof one represented Rhodes and the other was her own Image which imprinted on the Front of that which represented the City the Marks of Slavery A long time after the Rhodians who scrupled the demolishing of these Statues because it was not lawful to destroy such Statues as were dedicated in any place consulted how they might hinder the View of them by raising a very high Building round about them after the manner of the Greeks who call'd it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ABAZEA or ABAZEIA ancient Ceremonies instituted by Dionysius the Son of Caprius King of Asia so called from the Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies silent because these Feasts were observ'd with a profound Silence Cicero speaks of them in his third Book Of the Nature of the Gods ABDERA a City of Thrace so called from one Abderus a Favorite of Hercules who was torn in pieces by the Horses of Diomedes Hercules reveng'd the Death of his Friend causing his own Horses to eat him up and then beating out their Brains with his Club he built also this City in his honour which he called from his Name It was afterwards called Claxomena because the Claxomenians who came from Asia into Thrace enlaarged it very much It is now called Pelistylo according to Sophian and was the place where Pretageras the Sophist and Democritus the great Laugher were born Near to this Place is a Lake called Bistonis in which nothing will swim and the Pastures round about it make the Horses mad that feed in them ABDERITAE or ABDERITANI The Inhabitants of Abdera in Thrace who were esteemed stupid and dull because of the Grossness of the Air in which they breath'd from whence comes that Expression of Martial Abderitanae pectora plebis haber i. e. You are a stupid Fool in which place he speaks to a certain Criminal who was pardoned upon condition that in a full Theatre he would represent upon himself the Action of Mutius Scavola who burn'd his Hand with a Stoical Constancy in the presence of King Porsenua to punish himself because he had not kill'd him but miss'd his Aim by striking one of his Courtiers instead of him The Natives of Abdera says Lucian were formerly tormented with a burning Fever which ceased on the seventh day either by a Sweat or by Loss of Blood and which is very strange all that were seiz'd with it repeated Tragedies and particularly the Androâ—eda of Euripidâ—â— with a grave Air and a mournful Tone and the whole City was full of these Tragedians who started up on a fudden and running to and fro in frightful and horrid Disguises cry'd out O Love the Tyrant of the Gods and Men and in this mad Frolick acted the rest of Perseus's Part in a very melancholy manner The Original of this Mischief was the Actor Archelaus who being in mighty Vogue had acted this Tragedy with much Applause in the hottest time of Summer for by this means it came to pass that many upon their return from the Theatre went to bed and the next day fell to imitating him having their Heads still full of those tragical and bombast Terms they had heard the day before ABDICARE a Term of the Roman Law to Abdicate a Son is to abandon him to turn him out of your House to refuse to own him for your Son it is also a common Phrase abdicare Magistratum or se Magistratu to renounce the Office of a Magistrate to lay it down to abandon it either before the time prescribed for some private Reason or for some Defect that happened in the Election or at last after the time is expir'd for the discharge of that Office We read also in the Law Abdidicare se statu suo to renounce his Condition to become a Slave and be degraded from the Privileges of a Roman Citizen when any one was abandon'd to his Creditors not being able to make them Satisfaction ABDICERE a Term of Roman Law which signifies to debar any one of his Demands and Pretensions or not to allow them And in this Sense 't is said Abdicere vindiciam or vindicias i. e. Not to allow one the possession of the thing which is controverted on the contrary dicere addicere vindicias is to grant and allow them the Possession of that which is contested Abdicere is also an Augural Term and signifies to disapprove to reject a Design or Enterprise not to favour it For understanding this piece of Antiquity we must know that the Romans never undertook any thing of consequence till they had first consulted the Will of the Gods by the mediation of the Augurs who for this end consider'd the flying and singing of the Birds their manner of eating and drinking and according to the Rules and Observations of this Augural Science they approv'd or disapprov'd of any Design and answer'd those who consulted them Id aves abdicunt the Gods disapprove this Design whose Will has been manifested to us by the Birds which we have observed ABIGEI and ABACTORES in the Law are the Stealers of Cattle who carry away whole Flocks or at least a great part of them The Lawyers do put a great difference between the words Fures and Abactores for the former say they are those who steal only a Sheep or two whereas the Abactores are those who carry off a whole Flock or the greatest part of it ABIRE This Word besides the Significations I have already given of it in my Latin and French Dictionary has also some other relating to the Roman Law as Abire ab emptione to fall off from a Bargain to break it to refuse to hold it so in Cicero we find Res abiit à Sempronio Sempronius fail'd in this Affair it slipt out of his hands
to the People that all the Commonwealth was but one great Body of which the Senate is the Head and Stomach which seems alone to devour all that the Labour and Industry of the other Parts can get but in Reality 't is only to distribute it to the rest of the Body to nourish and strengthen it and if the Members do not daily supply them with the usual Nourishment they themselves would soon be found to be without Vigour Heat or Life This excellent Comparison was so aptly apply'd and so zealously explained by Agrippa that the People were reconciled to the Senate who consented to the Election of a Tribune chosen out of the People to protect them against the Authority of the great Ones This Magistrate had a right to oppose the Consultations of the Senate by saying this Word Veto i. e. I oppose it and forbid you to proceed further AGRIPPA named Marcus a Man of a mean Original a Favourite of Augustus Admiral of the Empire a great Captain and a Companion of that Prince in his Victories He assisted him much in obtaining that Victory which he had in the Sea-fight against Sextus Pompeius of which Virgil speaks Augustus bestow'd the Consulship upon him twice together and as a Surplus of his Favour he made him his Son-in-Law by marrying his Daughter Julia to him who had been first married to Marcellus his Nephew who died without Children This Agrippa had two Daughters and three Sons viz. Calus Lucius and Agrippa who was a Posthumous Child i. e. born after his Father's Death Augustus adopted Caius and Lucius before they were seventeen years of Age he had them proclaimed Princes of the Youth and earnestly desired that they might be chosen Consuls The first married Livia the Sister of Germanicus These two Princes were soon taken from him by the Wickedness of another Livia their Mother-in-Law or by their own Misfortunes one in a Voyage to Spain whither he went to command the Armies and the other in his Return from Armenia from whence he came ill of a Wound As for Agrippa the posthumous Child Augustus complain'd of him and caused him to be banish'd by a Decree of the Senate into the Isle Planasia He was indeed a stupid and brutish Prince and withal a simple Man Tiberius who succeeded Augustus made his Access to the Empire remarkable by the Death of Agrippa who being surpriz'd was slain by a Centurion whom he sent on purpose without making any Defence Tacit. Annal lib. 1. AGRIPPA Herod the Son of Aristobulus whom Herod the Elder put to Death He was King of the Jews and had the Favour of the Emperour Caligula who at his coming to the Crown released him from Prison where Tiberius had shut him up for wishing Caligula had his place This Emperour besides his Liberty gave him a Chain of Gold of the same weight with that which he had worn out of Love to him while he was in Prison and gave him the Tetrarchy of his Uncle Philip who died without Children and allow'd him to take upon him the Title of The King of the Jews He made himself infamous at his Arrival at Jerusalem by the Death of St. James the Great and the Imprisonment of St. Peter But his Cruelty was not long unpunish'd for as he was in Caesarea Palaestine busied in the Celebration of the Publick Plays for the Health of the Emperour he was struck on a sudden as he was making a Speech to the People with a surprising terrible Pain of which soon after he died AGRIPPINA the Grand-daughter of Augustus and Daughter of Marcus Agrippa was the Wife of Germanicus the Son of Drusus the Brother of Tiberius Some believe that her Husband was poisoned by Cn. Piso tho this Crime was but weakly proved at the Condemnation of Piso She carried her Husband's Ashes to Rome and laid them in the Tomb of the Caesors Tacitus says she was a Woman of an haughty and untameable Spirit but she aton'd for her Passions by her Chastity and the Love she bare to her Husband AGRIPPINA named Julia who married at her second Marriage the Emperour Claudius who was her Uncle but she soon after poison'd him with what she put into Mushrooms which afterwards at Rome were called The Food of the Gods Britannicus who was Claudius's Son by his first Marriage ought to have succeeded him in the Empire but Agrippina advanc'd her Son Nero to it contrary to his Right that she herself might reign under the Name of her Son She had him by Domitius Aeneobarbus her first Husband and Claudius adopted him into his Family which opened a way for his Accession to the Sovereign Dignity But this ambitious Princess was well rewarded for it for Nero caused her to be slain by Anicetus and for compleating her Infamy order'd that the Day of her Nativity should be reckon'd among the unfortunate Days AJAX the Locrian the Son of Oileus so named from the City and Country of Locris near Mount Parnassus He signaliz'd himself at the Siege of Troy by many notable Exploits After the taking of the City he pluck'd Cassandra the Daughter of King Priam from the Altar of Minerva to which she was fled as an Asylum Some say he ravish'd her and that Minerva being provok'd reveng'd the Fact by slaying him with a Thunderbolt which sir'd his Ship and so drowned him in the Sea But Philostratus says the contrary that Ajax offer'd no Force to Cassandra but that Agamemnon took her away from him having seen her in his Tent and to avoid the Mischief he might design against him fled by Sea in the night and suffer'd Shipwrack by a Tempest that overtook him The Greeks much lamented him and made an extraordinary Funeral for him for they fill'd a Ship with Wood as if they would make a Funeral-Pile for him slew several black Beasts in honour of him and having also set up black Sails in the Ship they set it on fire about break of day and left it to run into the Main Sea all in a flame till it was consum'd to Ashes AJAX TELAMONIUS the Son of Telamon King of Salamis and the fair Eriboea according to Pindar He was one of the most valiant Greeks that was at the Siege of Troy After the Death of Achilles he pretended that his Armour belonged to him as the next of kin but Thetis exposing them to the Publick that every one that pretended a Right to them might claim them V lysses disputed it with him and gained them Ajax was thereupon so much enraged that he fell upon a Flock of Sheep with his Sword drawn and brandished and slew them supposing them to be Grecians and then he thrust himself through with his own Sword and died AIUS LOCUTIUS a Speaking Voice to which the Romans erected an Altar according to Cicero and Aulus Gellius or a small Temple according to P. Victor in the New-street The occasion of it as Cicero and Livy relate was thus One named M. Ceditius a Plebeian
went and acquainted the Tribunes that passing through the New-street in the night he heard a Voice more than human over the Temple of Vesta which gave the Romans notice that the Gauls were coming against Rome This Information was neglected upon account of the Person who gave it but the Event prov'd the Truth of it Hereupon Camillus thought that to appease the angry Gods he ought to acknowledge this Voice as a new Deity under the Title of The Speaking God and to build an Altar to offer Sacrifice to him ALA a Wing in the Roman Armies was made up of the Cavalry and Infantry of the Confederates and which cover'd the Body of the Roman Army as the Wings cover the Bodies of Birds There was a Right and a Left Wing both mix'd with the Cavalry and Infantry which they called Alares or Alares Copiae They were made up each of four hundred Horsemen divided into ten Squadrons and 4200 Foot Some say that Pan the Indian a Captain of Bacchus was the first Inventor of this way of drawing up an Army in Battle whence it comes to pass that the Antients have painted him with Horns on his Head because what we call Wings they called Horns ALADUS or ALADINUS SYLVIUS Eutropius calls him Romus Cassiodorus and Sextus Victor names him Aremulus Titus Livius Messala and Sabellicus call him Romulus But tho there are different Opinions about the Name of this Prince there is an universal Consent in the Abhorrence of his Tyranny and a general Agreement about his exttaordinary Death His Pride transported him so far as to equal himself with Jupiter the King of the Gods in his Age. He counterfeited the Noise of his Thunder by certain Engines but at last he perished by a Tempest and Thunder as real as his own were vain Fire from Heaven consum'd his Palace the Lake in the middle of which it was built flowed extraordinarily and contributed to the Destruction of his Family He reigned nineteen years ALAPA a Box on the Ear. Majoris Alapae mecum veneunt Phaed. I do not grant them Liberty so easily Boxes on the Ear were usually given to Slaves when they were set at Liberty ALAUDA a Lark The Poets say it was Scylla the Daughter of Nisus King of Megara whom she deliver'd into the hands of Minos King of Crete having cut off his fatal Hair which was of a purple Colour The Gods changed her into a Lark and her Father into a Hawk which continually pursues her says the Fable to punish her horrible Treason ALAUDA the Name of a Roman Legion of a French one according to Bochart the Soldiers of which carried a Lark's Tuft upon the top of their Helmets ALBA a Name given to three or four Cities of which the principal was Alba Longa so called by the Antients because it extended to a great Length in the Territory of Rome it was built by Ascanius the Son of Aeneas from whence the Inhabitants are called Albini Ascanius built it in a place where he had observ'd a white Sow thirty years after the Foundation of Lavinium which his Father had built This number of Years was signified to him by the thirty Pigs which that Sow then suckled He would have transported the Gods of Troy which Aeneas had brought with him into this new City but he found the next day they were carried to Lavinium whereupon Ascanius left them there and contented himself with settling a College of six hundred Trojans to serve them according to the Worship used in Phrygia Aegistheus was chosen to be the Chief of those Priests This City had several Kings and maintained fierce Wars against the Romans which did not cease till the famous Combat between the three Curatii on the Albins parts and the three Horatii on the Romans side The three Curatii were slain and and by their Death their Country became subject to the Romans as both Parties had agreed before the Combat Metius Suffetius was made the first Governour of it ALBINUS a Native of Adrumetum in Africk He was descended of a Noble Family which came from Rome having the Whiteness of the Europeans but a frizled Beard like those of that Country his Stature was tall and proportionably thick he was of a melancholy Temper and had a wide Mouth he was also a great Eater A certain Writer named Codrus has told incredible things of him saying That he eat at one Breakfast five hundred Figs one hundred Peaches ten Melons twenty pounds of Raisins one hundred Wood-peckers and four hundred Oysters which without doubt is rather an Hyperbole than a Truth After the Death of the Emperour Pertinax Albinus was chosen Emperour by the Troops which he commanded in Great-Britain and at the same time Severus who had just defeated Pescennius Niger was likewise chosen Emperour by the Eastern Troops Albinus fearing least he should be seiz'd in England went into France with fifty thousand Men and Severus had about as many Albinus being secure because the City of Lyons took his part gave Severus battel He had an Advantage at the first Onset and Severus himself being faln from his Horse had thoughts of giving over the Battel but at last Albinus was conquer'd and the Conquerour caus'd his Head to be cut off and sent to Rome and cast his Body into the River Rhosne ALBION or BRITANNIA England Caesar l. 5. c. 3. of the War with the Gauls gives this Description of it the interiour part of Britannia is inhabited by the Natives of the Country but on the Coasts by the Gauls which for the most part keep still their Names the Island is well peopled and their Houses much like the Gauls they have much Cattel they use Copper Money or Iron Rings by weight for want of Silver they have Mines of Tin in the middle of the Country and of Iron on the Coasts which yield no great Revenue but the Copper which they use is brought them from abroad all sorts of Wood grow there as in France except Beach and Firr the People scruple to eat Hares Geese and Hens altho they breed them up for Pleasure the Air is more temperate than in Gallia and the Cold less violent the Isle is triangular the side which is opposite to Gallia is above an hundred and twenty Leagues in length from the County of Kent which is the furthest end towards the East and where almost all the Ships from Gallia do land to the other which is Southward the Western Coast which lies overagainst Spain and Ireland contains near 180 Leagues in length Ireland is not half so big as England between them lies the Isle of Mon or Anglesea where some say there are thirty Days all Night in Winter but I found no such thing only I have observ'd by Water-Clocks that the Nights are shorter in those Parts than they are in Gallia The most civiliz'd People of England are those of the County of Kent which lies along the Coasts The inward parts of the Countrey
eo me solvat amantem Ovid in like manner says that they call'd him Forgetful Love Lethaeus Amor who had a Temple at Rome near the Colline-Gate Est propè Collinam templum venerabile portam Est illic Lethaus Amor qui pectora sanat Inque suas gelidam lampadas addit aquam In Remed Amoris Some have had recourse to Magicians and Charms to make 'em love Lucian brings in an Harlot named Melissa who desired Bacchis to bring some Magician to her who gave Philtres to cause Love and allure Lovers She tells her That she knew a Syrian Woman who made a Lover return to her again after Four Months absence by an Enchantment which she then declar'd to her She shall hang says she the Calces or Sandals of the Lover upon a Peg and shall put upon them some Perfumes then she shall cast some Salt into the Fire pronouncing thy Name and his then drawing a Magical Looking Glass out of her Bosom she shall turn every way muttering several words with a low voice We meet also with other Enchantments set down in Theocritus's Pharmaceutria in Virgil and Juvenal Josephus also the Jewish Historian testifies that Moses having learn'd the Aegyptian Philosophy made Rings for Lovers and Forgetfulness as also did King Solomon against Witchcraft Whatever Effects these Love-Potions might have what Ovid tells us is more probable That Beauty and something else not to be mention'd are the only Philtres which engage any Man to love Fallitur Aemonias siquis decurrit ad artes Datque quod à teneri fronte revellit equi Non facient ut vivat amor Medeides herbae Mixtaque cum magicis Marsa venena sonis Phasias Aesonidem Circe tenuisset Ulyssem Si modò servari carmine posset amor Nec data profuerint pallentia philtra puellis Philtra nocent animis vimque furoris habent Sit procul omne nefas Ut ameris amabilis esto Quod tibi non facies solave forma dabit Art Amand. Lib. II. v. 99. AMPHIARAUS the Son of Oecleus or according to some of Apollo and Hypermnestra being unwilling to go with Adrastus King of Argos to war against Etheocles King of Thebes hid himself to avoid the Death which he knew would happen to him in that Expedition but Eriphyle his Wife being gain'd by Adrastus with the promise of a rich Chain betray'd him and discover'd the place where he was hid Amphiaraus enrag'd that he was so basely betray'd by the Treachery of his own Wife commanded his Son Alcmeon before his departure That as soon as he heard of his death he should revenge it upon his Mother Eriphyle as the only cause of his Misfortune The Enterprize against Thebes prov'd very unsuccesful for of the Seven chief Commanders Five of them were slain at the first On-set and Amphiaraus was swallow'd up alive in the Earth with his Chariot as he was retreating Philostratus gives this account of Amphiaraus in his Second Book of the Life of Apollonius Amphiaraus the Son of Oecleus at his return from Thebes was swallow'd up in the Earth He had an Oracle in Attica whither he sent the Dreams of those who came to consult him about their Affairs but above all things they must be 24 hours without Meat or Drink and Three days entire without the use of Wine Pausanias in his Attica speaks of a Temple consecrated to him At the going out of the City Oropus upon the Sea-Coasts about 12 Furlongs from thence there stands the Temple of Amphiaraus who flying from Thebes was swallowed up with his Chariot Others say that it was not in that place but in the way that leads from Thebes to Chalcis Nevertheless 't is evident that Amphiaraus was first deifi'd by the Oropians and afterwards the Greeks decreed him divine Honours His Statue was made of white Marble with an Altar of which only the third part is dedicated to him and the rest to other Gods Near to this Temple there is a Fountain call'd the Temple of Amphiaraus out of which 't is said he came when he was plac'd among the number of the Gods None were permitted to wash or purify in that Fountain but when they had an Answer from the Oracle or found their trouble remov'd then they cast some pieces of Silver or Gold into the Fountain Jopho of Gnossus one of the Interpreters of Amphiaraus's Oracles publish'd them in Hexameter Verse which brought the People to his Temple Amphiaraus after he was deifi'd instituted the way of fore-telling things to come by Dreams and they that came to consult his Oracle must first sacrifice to him as to a God and then observe the other Ceremonies prescribed They sacrificed a Sheep and after they have flead it they spread the Skin upon the ground and slept upon it expecting a Resolution of what they asked which he gave them in a Dream The same Author in his Corinthiaca tells us also That in the City of the Phliasium behind the great Market there is an House which is called the Prophecying or Divining-place where Amphiaraus having watch'd one Night began to fore-tell things to come Plutarch speaking of the Oracle of Amphiarans says That in the time of Xerxes a Servant was sent to consult it concerning Mardonius This Servant being asleep in the Temple dreamt that an Officer of the Temple chid him much and beat him and at last flung a great Stone at his head because he would not go out This Dream prov'd true for Mardonius was slain by the Lieutenant of the King of Lacedaemon having receiv'd a Blow with a Stone upon his head of which he dyed This is almost all that Antiquity has left us about Amphiaraus and his Oracles AMPHICTYON the Son of Helenus This was he says Strabo who appointed that famous Assembly of Greece made up of the most vertuous and wise of Seven Cities who were called after his Name as were also the Laws which they made Caelius would have us believe that he was the first that taught Men to mingle Wine with Water There was another of that Name the Son of Deucalion Governour of Attica after Cranaus who is said to be an Interpreter of Prodigies and Dreams AMPHILOCHUS Lucian in one of his Dialogues entituled The Assembly of the Gods tells us That he was the Son of a Villain that slew his Mother and that had the confidence to prophecy in Cilicia where he foretold all that Men desired for about Two pence so that he took away Apollo's Trade And the same Lucian in his Lyar brings in Eucrates speaking thus about Amphilochus As I return'd says he from Egypt having heard of the Fame of the Oracle of Amphilochus which answer'd clearly and punctually to every thing any person desired to know provided they gave it in writing to his Prophet I had the curiosity to consult him as I passed AMPHINOMUS and ANAPIUS two Brothers who were eminent for their Piety having saved their Parents by carrying them upon their Shoulders with the peril of their
it was only through a Corruption of their Language and that they ought to have said ob veterem memoriam Varro is of the same Opinion lib. 5. Itaque Salii qui cantant Veturium Mamurium significant veterem memoriam But the greatest number of Authors are for the former Opinion which seems the most natural and least strained The Feast of Holy Bucklers began the first of March and lasted three days It had several Names some call'd it Saliorum Festum Saliares or Martiales Ludi Ancyliorum festum Mamuralia The Salii carry'd the Bucklers through the City dancing and the Festival was ended with a sumptuous Feast which was by way of Eminency call'd Saliaris Coena Horace describes this Feast and what pass'd in it lib. 1. Od. 37. Nunc est bibendum nunc pede libero Pulsanda tellus nunc Saliaribus Ornare pulvinar deorum Tempus erat dapibus sodales None could marry nor go about any Business when these Bucklers were carry'd because as Ovid says Arms denote Discord which ought not to be found in Marriages Arma movent pugnam pugna est aliena maritis Condita cum fuerint aptius omen erit Fast lib. 3. v. 395. Tacitus in the first Book of his History attributes the ill Success of the Emperour Otho against Vitellius to his Departure from Rome while these Holy Bucklers were carrying ANDROMEDA the Daughter of Cepheus King of Aethiopia and Cassiope who was so rash and presumptuous to dispute with Juno and the Nereides for Beauty to punish this Sauciness her Daughter was condemn'd to be expos'd naked upon a Rock to be devour'd by a Sea-monster but she was rescu'd by Perseus who flew through the Air with the Wings which Minerva lent him to fight against the Gorgons and who by the help of the Buckler of that Goddess wherein he saw the Image of Medusa as in a Looking-glass had taken her by the Hair and cut off her Head and then escap'd while her Sisters were asleep for as he was on his Return on the Coasts of Aethiopia he saw Andromeda just ready to be devour'd by the Monster and being mov'd with Love as well as Pity for the Misfortune of such a fair Unfortunate turn'd the Monster into stone by shewing it the Head of Medusa after he had stun'd it with a Blow of his Sword then loosing the Virgin who was ty'd half naked to the Rock he help'd her to get down the steep Precipice and carry'd her back to her Father who to reward him gave her to him in Marriage Lucian gives us a further Description of this History in his Commendation of an House Behold says he Perseus who slew a Sea-monster and rescu'd Andromeda Consider how in a small space the Painter has well express'd the Fear and Modesty of this young Fair one who all naked view'd the Combat from an high Rock Consider the terrible Looks of the Monster who come to devour her and the amorous Courage of the Hero See how he held up his Buckler against the Monster which turned him into stone by the force of Medusa ' s Look whilst he gave him a full Blow upon his Head with a Back-sword The History of Andromeda may be compar'd to that of Iphigenia Andromeda being expos'd to a Sea-monster to expiate for the Pride of her Mother who prefer'd her own Beauty before that of the Nymphs she was deliver'd from it by Perseus who marry'd her after he had slain the Monster This Perseus is nothing else but an Horseman according to the signification of the Hebrew word Pharas Equus The place where Andromeda was expos'd is Joppa or Japha upon the Coasts of Phoenicia as Pliny says In quo vinculorum Andromedae vestigia ostendunt The same Author assures us that the prodigious Bones of this Fish to which Andromeda was expos'd were carry'd by Scaurus of Joppa to Rome Belluae cui dicebatur fuisse exposita Andromede ossae Romae apportata ex oppido Judaeae Joppe ostendit inter reliqua miracula in aedilitate suâ M. Scanrus 'T is evident that it was some Whale taken at Joppa whose Skeleton Scaurus shew'd at Rome and that he might make his new Story more plausible he set it off with the old Fable of Andromeda Vossius is of opinion that this Sea-monster to whom Andromeda was expos'd and from whom Perseus deliver'd her was nothing else but a Ship or the Captain of a Ship who had such a Monster for his Flag and courted Andromeda to marry her ANDRONES a Greek Word which signifies The Apartment of Men where they were accustom'd to make their Feasts into which Women were not allow'd to come ANGELI Angels These are spiritual Intelligences which God makes use of as his Ministers to do Men Good or Evil and to execute the Commands of his Divine Providence upon them The Greeks and Latins acknowledg'd Angels under the Name of Good or Evil Genii or Daemons It is a Truth which Homer was well satisfi'd in that Angels or Daemons do stir up many Motions and divers Passions in the Mind and Heart of Man Hesiod tells us that there are thirty thousand Gods or Angels dispers'd over all the Earth to observe the Conduct of Men Ter enim decies mille sunt in terra Dii Jovis custodes mortalium hominum qui judicia observant prava opera aere induti passim oberrantes per terram these Words Dii Jovis signifie Angels 'T is the Doctrine of the Church which even the Poets acknowledg'd with Hesiod That the Providence of God watches over the Universe and that he hath thirty thousand i. e. an infinite number of Angels the Ministers of his wrath In fine These Divine Guardians and Observers of our Actions are invisibly yet most certainly in the midst of us and encompass us on all sides Euripides in Cicero makes the unfortunate OEdipus say that he withdrew himself for fear lest the Evil Genii should hurt the City upon his account 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. That 's the Name he gives those Genii or Daemons which he believ'd were appointed to every particular Person and were dispos'd to hurt them as there were others who delighted to help and benefit them This Opinion of Hesiod agrees with Varro's and Plato's who also assign several Orders of Daemons or Intelligences in the Heavens the Air the Earth and the subterraneous parts that all the Universe might be fill'd with Life Reason and Understanding and consequently have a perfect Beauty Nevertheless this Difference is remarkable that Plato will have those Intelligences which people and fill the whole Universe to be created and appointed to their Offices from the beginning of the World whereas Hesiod supposes them to be partly the Souls of the deceas'd ANGERONA a Goddess who is pray'd to against a certain Distemper call'd a Quinsie in Latin Angina Pliny will have her the Goddess of Silence and Calmness of Mind who banishes all Disturbances and heals all sorts of Melancholy The Romans instituted a
King of the Latines who was killed by a Thunderbolt after he had reigned 19 Years ARENA the bottom and middle of the Amphitheatre so called because that Place was covered with Sand for concealing from the View of People the Blood of the Gladiators that was spilt there at the Combates which was done either by removing the Sand which was stained with Blood or laying some fresh upon it AREOPAGUS a famous Place in the City of Athens so called from the Temple of Mars the Greek Word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifies a Burrough and Town and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifies Mars There the first Grecians passed a favourable Sentence on Mars who was accused by Neptune for killing his Son Hallirrothius for violating the Chastity of his Daughter Alcippe Varro as St. Austin tells us B. 18. Ch. 10. of the City of God will not allow the Areopagus i. e. the Village of Mars to be so called because Mars whom the Greeks called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 being accused of Homicide before 12 Gods who judg'd him in this Village was there acquitted though he had but Six Votes for him according to the common custom of that Place which was always favourable to the accused He rejects therefore this common Opinion and endeavours to find out another Original of this Name in some old obsolete Histories upon pretence that it is a reproach to the Deities to attribute to them Quarrels and Law-suits And he maintains that the History of Mars is no less Fabulous than that of the three Goddesses Juno Minerva and Venus who contested before Paris for the Golden Apple the Prize of the most beautiful Areopagitae the Areopagites the Judges of Athens who decided all Causes as well publick as private in the Areopagiu with a Sovereign Authority and whose Decisions were esteem'd impartial They heard Causes only in the night time and did not allow the Advocates to use the Ornaments of Rhetorick in defending their Clients ARETHUSA the Daughter of Nereus and Doris the Companion of Diana with whom Alpheus of Areadia was in Love but Arethusa to shun his Courtship fled into Sicily to an Isle near Syracuse where she was chang'd into a Fountain and her Lover into a River whose Water runs so swiftly that it passes through several Rivers and even thro' the Sea itself without mingling with them until it comes to the Fountain of Arethusa and then it unites so with that that they are no longer two but one Channel See Alpheus Arethusa is a Fountain of Greece which as the Poets feign'd was belov'd by the River Alpheus who pursues it even in the subterraneous Channels through which it fled away as far as Sicily where Diana receiv'd it in the little Isle Ortygia Strabo takes a great deal of pains to refute this Fable and has prov'd that the River Alpheus discharg'd itself into the Sea like other Rivers 'T is alledg'd that such things are found in the Bason of Arethusa as were thrown or had fallen into the River Alpheus which seems to be a proof of the subterraneous Communication between them Bochart has given a very ingenious explication of this Fable For he says that the Arethusa is a Phaenician Word that Arith in Syriac signifies a Brook that 't is probable the Phaenicians call'd this Fountain Hen-Alphe i. e. The Fountain of Willows or the Fountain for Ships because it held a very great quantity of Water and its Banks were all cover'd with Willows which occasion'd the Ships to put in there and take in fresh Water Ovid calls this Fountain Alphcias in his Metamorphoses The Greeks after this having discover'd this Fountain to contain such abundance of Waters that as Cicero describes it 't is fons aquae dulcis incredibili magnitudine and understanding that it was call'd not only Arethusa but Alpheias hereupon feign'd that it receiv'd its Waters from the River Alpheus in Greece by subterraneous passages ARGEI or Argea in the Neuter Gender were certain Places at Rome consecrated by Nama in memory of some Greek Princes who were buried there Every Year a Sacrifice was offer'd to them on the 15th of May and the Vestal Virgins threw into the Tiber Thirty Images made of Rushes which were call'd Argei from off the Pons sublicius at Rome The Flaminica or Priestess of Juno was then clad in Mourning with her Hair dis-shevell'd in a careless dress without any Ornament in a word in a pensive and sorrowful silence as we learn from Aulus Gellius Flaminica cum eat ad Argeos neque caput comito neque capillum depectito Plutarch in his 32d Roman Question says that the Inhabitants of Latium had so inveterate an hatred against the Grecians whom they call'd Argivae that they never forgot to throw them into the Tiber from the top of the Pons sublicius till Hercules coming to Rome dissuaded them from this Violence And yet to satisfie in some measure their hatred they dress'd up every Year Thirty Men of straw after the Greek fashion and caus'd them to be thrown headlong from the top of this Bridge into the Tiber by the Vestal Virgins and the Chief Priests after they had offer'd Sacrifice to the Manes of the Greeks whom they had formerly put to death Fabius Pictor about the end of his Book says that this word comes from one Argus who was the Host of Evander and came with Hercules to dwell at Rome in ancient times when it was called Saturnina as being under the Rule of Saturn and that the Plain which is at the bottom of the 7 Hills was called the Argean Field Subsidens septem collibus campus Argeus dictus est ab Argo Evandri hospite ecmitibus Argivi Herculis qui ad Evandrum venerunt in Saturnia subsederunt Argentum Silver a Metal dug out of the Bowels of the Earth which holds the 2d rank among Metals Argentum signifies also Money which is us'd in Trade and Commerce It has in all times been us'd somewhere though not in all Nations Josephus in B. â—st of his Jewish Antiquities says that Cain amass'd together great Riches which he had extorted 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 And 't is observ'd in the 20th Chap. of Genesis that Abimelech King of Gerar made a Present to Abraham of a Thousand Pieces of Silver Ecce mille argenteos dedi fratri tuo Plutarch in the Life of Theseus the 10th King of Athens says that he stamp'd Pieces of Silver of the Weight of two Drams Servius Tullus was the first King who stamp'd Money of Copper at Rome but pieces of Silver begun first to be coined in the Year 483. to the value of a Denarius i. e. 10. Asses which in English Money is 7 Pence half penny Argentei or Sicli are the same thing as may easily be proved by the Septuagints Translation of the Bible and by the Latin Version of St. Jerom. in the 2d B. of Kings ch 18. Ego dedissem tibi says Joab decem argenti siclos and the
Refuge into the Areopagus to the Altars of the Goddesses The same Pausanias tells us that the Phliasians very much rever'd a Temple of the Goddess Hebe to which this Privilege was granted that all Criminals should find there the Pardon of their Crimes without any Exception whatsoever and that they fasten'd their Chains to Trees which were before the Temple This Author elsewhere mentions a Temple of Minerva in Peloponnesus where Criminals were so strongly protected that none durst so much as demand them back again But this Historian has also given us what is more remarkable concerning the Antiquity of Sanctuaries or Places of Refuge For he says that because Neoptolemus the Son of Achilles had put Priamus to Death although he retir'd near the Altar of Jupiter Hercienus yet he was kill'd near the Altar of Apollo of Delphos from whence it is called the Punishment of Neoptolemus when one suffers the same Mischief which he had done to another Thus the Asyla of Altars and of Temples was ancient in his time About the time of Solomon and of the Foundation of the Temple of Jerusalem there is an Asylum mentioned in the Book of Kings But the Asylum of the Altar among the Israclites is far more ancient than that of the Temple of Solomon and the time of Homer or the Trojan War for it is mentioned in Exodus as a thing establish'd in Moses's Days The Asylum of the Temple of Diana at Ephesus was one of the most Famous Strabo tells us that several Princes allowed it sometimes a larger and sometimes a less extent beyond the Temple itself There were whole Cities of Refuge among the Israelites which were counted Asylum's also the League of the People of Smyrna with King Seloucus shews us that that King granted the Privilege of being an Asylum to the whole City of Smyrna The whole Island of Samothrace likewise enjoyed the same Privilege according to Titus Livius Herodotus assures us that from the Trojan War there was a Temple of Hercules in Aegypt whither Bond-slaves fled and after they had received the Marks or Badges of that God to whom they had devoted themselves they could never be retaken by their Masters Statius has made a curious Description of the Asylum and Altar of Clemency founded by the Posterity of Hercules who were particularly careful of that Protection Sic sacrâsse loco commune animantibus agris Confugium c. There are some Authors that attribute Asyla's to Cadmus who invented that Expedient to People his new City of Thebes which Romulus imitated when he built Rome for he left a place cover'd with Wood o◠purpose between the Capitol and the Tarpeian Rock which he promised to make a safe Asylum to all Persons that fled thither whether Slaves or Freemen as Ovid tells us in his 3d. Book of his Fasti Romulus ut saxo lucum circumdedit Alto Cuilibet huc dixit confuge tutus eris v. 431. This Asylum at Rome remained sacred and was not violated till the Reign of Augustus and Tyberius who seeing its abuses abolished it For the Liberty of Asylum's as Tacitus reports Lib. 3. of his Annals was come to so great an height that at Rome and in the Cities of Greece all the Temples were full of Debtors Fugitives and Criminals so that the Magistrates could not regulate them nor stop the Fury of the People who defended these Superstitions as the most sacred Mysteries Upon which account it was resolved that the Provinces should send their Deputies to the Senate The Ephesians came first in and represented that Apollo and Diana were not Born in the Isle of Delos as the ignorant People believed but that they had in their Country a River and sacred Forest where Latona being big with these Deities was happily deliver'd that Apollo had fled into that place to avoid the Anger of Jupiter after he had conquer'd the Cyclops and that Bacchus having vanquished the Amazons did pardon all those who had escaped to the Altar That Hercules being Master of Lydia did enlarge the Immunities and Privileges of the Temple Then the Magnesians were heard who pleaded that Scipio after the Defeat of Antiochus and Sylla after the Victory ove Mithridates had rewarded their Fidelity and Courage with an inviolable Asylum in the Temple of Diana Leucophryna The People of Aphrodisium and Stratonice alledged their Privileges granted them by Caesar and confirmed by Augustus for the Service they did their Party and were publickly commended for continuing constant in their Alliance during the Parthian Invasion The Deputies of Hierocaesarea derived their Asylum's higher and said that their Temple consecrated to the Persian Diana was built by Cyrus and honoured by Perpenna Isauricus and several other Captains who had enlarged the Privilege of it two Miles round on every side The Inhabitants of Cyprus maintained the Glory of the Goddess of Paphos and Amathusia of whom they had two Temples in their Island they defended also the Privilege of that of Jupiter of Salamis built by Teucer when flying from the Anger of his Father Telamon he took Sanctuary in their Country The Senate says Tacitus retrenched this Privilege and ordered that these Decrees should be graven upon Brazen Tables and put in their Temples to preserve the Memory of this Regulation and to prevent any Attempts for the Future contrary to the Determinations of the Senate under a pretence of Religion Afterward it was discovered adds Tacitus which was concealed with much Grief for the more Vitious tock the Liberty to reproach the Virtuous and to stir up envy against them by embracing the Statue of the Prince The Magistrates themselves upon this account were afraid to offend their Slaves and Freemen which obliged Sestius to declare in a full Senate that Princes were like the Gods but the Gods would not hear wicked Mens Prayers nor allow a retreat into their Temples to the Feet of their Altars or to the Capitol for Criminals to abuse them These Declarations were the cause that these words were set and engraven upon many Statues à servo tangi ne fas est as I have seen these words written upon a Statue of Mars Mavortio sacrum hec signum à servo tangi ne fas est At last Asylum's would protect only those who were guilty of small Faults for notorious Offenders were taken by force from the Altars and Statues of the Gods and often burnt as Plautus teaches us in his Comedy entitled RUDENS where he makes Labrax speak thus to the Old Daemons LA. Mihi non liceat meas Ancillas Veneris dè arâ abdacere DAe. Non licet ita est Lex apud nos LA. Imo hasce ambas hic in arâ ut vivas comburam c. Ast. 3. Sc. 4. ATALANTA the Daughter of Schaeneus King of the Isle of Scyrus who being of an extraordinary Beauty attracted several Lovers to her whom after she had overcome in a Race she put to Death for as she excelled all in her time for
ruled by turns 50 at a time and after by Nine Magistrates of whom the Chief was called ARCHON This Government did not continue above 460 Years and their Commonwealth or somewhat like it being often interrupted by Tyrants who assumed an absolute Authority This City anciently so great is now reduced to a small Castle and a few Fishermens Huts but the Ruins of it gives us a sufficient Proof of its Antiquity Varro gives this Account of the Original of the word Athens An Olive Tree says he growing up out of the Earth on a sudden in a certain Place and a Spring of Water rising in another these Prodigies astonished the King who sent to Apollo at Delphos to know the Signification of them and what he should do The Oracle answered that the Olive Tree signifyed Minerva and the Water Neptune and it belonged to them to see from which of those two Gods they would name their City Hereupon Cecrops assembled all his Citizens as well Men as Women for the Women at that time had a Voice in their Councils When then they came to vote all the Men were for Neptune and all the Women for Minerva and because there was one Woman more Minerva carried it and the City was named Athens which is taken from that of Minerva whom the Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Neptune being incensed at it depopulated the Country of the Athenians with his Waves and to appease him says the same Author the Women suffered 3 sore Punishments First that from that time they should never have a Voice in their Councils the 2d that none of their Children should bear their Name and lastly that they should not be called Athenians but Atticks Varro gives us also an historical and not fabulous Reason of the Name of Athens and tells us that there happened so great a Difference between Neptune and Minerva about it that Apollo durst not be an Arbitrator between them but left the Decision of it to Men as Jupiter did that of the three Goddesses to Paris and adds that Minerva carried it by the number of Votes ATHENIENSES the Athenians a People of Attica whose chief City was Athens very civilized and polited by Learning and being brought up in the Poverty of Philosophy were such Enemies to Luxury that they reformed even Strangers who came among them so far were they from suffering themselves to be corrupted by them They particularly honoured the Goddess Minerva to whom they built a Temple where certain Virgins kept Celestial Fire near the Image of the Goddess and their Money as also their Banners bore her Image They also gave a special Worship to Ceres appointing a Feast to her during which time the Women were not allowed to marry and abstained from eating lying upon the Ground Nine whole Days They put Malefactors to Death by making them drink the juice of Hemlock We read in the Discourse of Philostratus Of the Nativity of Minerva That the Rhodians wanting fire for the Sacrifices the Goddess left them and went to the City of Athens to which she gave her Name The Inhabitants having a fine and polished Mind gave her a particular Worship building her a Temple in their Castle under the name of Parthenos which signifies a Virgin where they set her Image of Gold and Ivory made by the Hands of Phidias 39 Foot high who engraved on her Shield or Buckler the Battel of the Amazons with the Athenians as also that of the Giants with the Gods and upon her Slippers the Fight between the Centaurs and Lapithae The Athenians says Elian wore Purple Garments having their Hairs tyed with Ribbons of Gold and Silver adorned with golden Grashoppers Thucydides in the beginning of his History calls the Athenians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is to say Wearers of Grashoppers and the reason he gives for it is this He says 't was to distinguish Free-men from Slaves Lucian tells us the same thing Tretzes teaches us that the Grashoppers which the Athenians wore were to shew that they were great Speakers and very prolix in their Discourse ATHLETAE Wrestlers or Combatants courageous and strong Men who addicted themselves to bodily Exercises as running fighting and others of like Natures among the Greeks and Romans and for whom the Ancients appointed Prizes These Athletae were in great esteem among the Greeks but were infamous at Rome for some time Ulpian the Lawyer freed them from the Marks of Infamy This is the way by which they were matched in the Plays of the Cirque They took an Earthen Pot into which they put certain Balls about the bigness of a Bean on which was set an A or a B or some other Letter and always two Letters alike Then the Champions come forth one after another and made their Prayer to Jupiter before they drew and then put their Hands into the Pot but the Herald of the Plays stretching out of his Rod hindered them from reading their Tickets till they were all drawn Presently one of the Judges or some other Person took every ones Ball and joined them together who had the same Letters If the Number of the Athletae were odd he that had the single Letter was to fight with the Conqueror which was no small Advantage because he came fresh to the Combate with him who was weary Their Food was Barly Bread which was the Reason they were called Hordearii i. e. Barly-eaters and also another sort of Bread called Coliphia of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Membra and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Robusta because it made their Bodies strong and robust Some fed them with soft Cheese and Dromeus was the first who fed them with Meat according to the Testimony of Pausanias in his Eliaca who gives us the History of Four famous Athletae of extraordinary Strength of whom the first was POLYDAMAS the Thessalian who in his Youth encountred and slew a Lion of a vast Bigness which harboured in Mount Olympus and infested the whole Country round about Another time he took a fierce Bull by the hinder part and pulled off both his Feet and with one hand he stopped a Chariot in its full Course The 2d was Milo of Crotona who knocked down a Bull with a Blow of his Fist after he had carried him a long way upon his Back The third was THEAGENES the Thasian who took a Brazen Image off its pedestal and carried it a great way The 4th was EUTHIMUS a Native of Locris in Italy who fought against an evil Spirit which very much disturbed the Inhabitants of Themessa and conquered him insomuch that he married the Damosel who was carrying to be sacrificed to it and freed the Country from that mischievous Daemon ATHOS Mount Athos situate between Macedonia and Thrace Xerxes cut a way through it to make a Passage for his Army when he went into Greece Lucian relates that the Architect Dinocrates who was in the Army of Alexander offered him to cut Mount Athos into the Shape of a
one Day to these Four Months April June September and November and so made them consist of 30 Days and to the Month of February he left 28 Days for the common Years and 29 for the Year called Bissextile that so there might be no Change made in the Ceremonies of the Sacrifices which were offered in this Month to the Infernal Gods As soon as these Things were thus order'd and Sosigenes had finished his Work the Emperor publish'd an Edict wherein he set forth the Reformation he had made of the Calendar and commanded it to be used through all the Roman Empire And because of the Negligence of those to whom the Care was committed of distributing the Intercalatory Months the Beginning of the Year was then found to anticipate its true Place 67 whole Days therefore this Time must be some way spent to restore the first Day of the next Year to its due Place at the Winter-â—oâ—stice and to this end Two Months were made of these 67 Days which were ordered to be intercalated between the Months of November and December from whence it came to pass that the Year of the Correction of the Calendar by Julius Caesar which was called the Julian Correction consisted of 15 Months and of 445 Days and upon this Account it was called the Year of Confusion because in it that great Number of Days was to be absorbed which brought so great Confusion into the Account of Time But to accommodate the Matter in some measure to the Genius of the Romans who had been so long accustomed to the Lunar Year the Emperor would not begin his Year precisely on the Day of the Winter solstice but only on the Day of the New-Moon which followed next after it which happened by Chance at the time of this Correction of the Calendar to be about Eight Days after the Solstice from hence it comes to pass that the Julian Year in all succeeding Times hath still preserved the same Beginning i. e. the first Day of January which is about Eight Days after the Solstice of Capricorn Julius Caesar drew a great deal of envy upon himself by this Correction of the Calendar of which we have an Instance in that picquant Raâ—llery of Cicero upon this Occasion One of his Friends discoursing with him happen'd to say that Lyra was to set to Morrow Cras Lyra occidit said he to whom Cicero immediately reported Nempe ex Edicto yes quoth he by vertue of an Edict Yet this did nowise hinder this Reformation from being generally received and observed after the Death of Caesar which happened the next Year after it And to give the greater Authority to this Usage it fell out also that Marcus Antonius in his Consulship order'd that the Month called Quintilis which was that in which Julius Caesar was born should bear his Name and for the Future be called Julius as it happened afterwards to the Month Sextilis to which was given the Name of Augustus both which Names are still continued down to our Time 'T is true the Priests by their Ignorance committed a considerable Error in the Observation of the first Years for not understanding this Intercalation of a Day was to be made every Four Years they thought that the Fourth Year was to be reckoned from that wherein the preceeding Intercalation was made and not from that which follow'd next after it by which means they left only Two common Years instead of Three between the Two Intercalary Years from whence it came to pass that they intercalated Twelve Days in the Space of 36 Years whereas Nine only should have been intercalated in that Space and so they put back the Beginning of the Year Three Days Which being observ'd by Augustus Successor to Julius Caesar he presently caused this Error to be amended by ordering that for the first Twelve Years no Intercalation should be made that by this means these Three superfluous Days might be absorbed and Things might be restored to their first Institution which continued eversince without any Interruption until the End of the last Age when some thought themselves oblig'd to take Pains in making another Correction of the Calendar Here follows the Copy of an ancient Roman Calendar which some curions Antiquaries have gathered together out of divers Monuments that it might be published There are Six different Columns in it the first contains the Letters which they called Nundinales the Second notes the Days which they called Easti Nefasti and Comittales which are also signified by Letters the Third contains the Number of Meto which is called the Golden Number the Fourth is for the Days in Order which are marked with Arabick Figures or Characters the Fifth divides the Month into Calends Nones and Ides according to the ancient Way of the Romans and the Sixth contains their Festivals and divers other Ceremonies of which we shall treat more largely hereafter In this Calendar to which we have given the Name of the Calendar of Julius Caesar although it appears to have been made since Augustus's Time is to be seen 1. The same Order and Succession of the Months which was instituted by Numa Pompilius and such as we have set down before 2. These Seven Months January March May Quintilis or July Sextilis or August October and Decembor have each of them 31 Days and these Four April June September and November have only 30 but February for the common Years has only 28 Days and for the Intercalary or Bissextile it has 29. 3. This Series of Eight Letters which we have called Literae Nundinales is continued without Interruption from the first to the last Day of the Year that there might always be one of them to signifie those Days of the Year on which those Meetings were held that were called by the Romans Nundinae and which returned every Ninth Day to the end that the Roman Citizens might come out of the Country to the City to be informed of what concerned either Religion or Government These Letters are so placed that if the Nundinal Day of the first Year was under the Letter A which is at the 1st the 9th the 17th the 25th of January c. the Letter of the Nundinal Day for the next Year must be D which is at the 5th the 13th the 21st of the same Month c. for the Letter A being found at the 27th of December if from this Day we reckon Eight Letters besides the Letters B C D E which remain after A in the Month of December we must take Four other Letters at the Beginning of January in the next Year A B C D and so the Letter D which is first found in the Month of January will be the 9th after the last A in the Month of December preceeding and consequently it will be the Nundinal Letter or that Letter which notes the Days set apart for these Meetings which may be also called by the Name of Faires or publick Markets Thus by the same way of
according to Agreement To remedy this Disorder many Laws were made which were call'd leges de ambitu but still they found out from time to time several ways to evade them The time of Election being come the Magistrate appointed an Assembly to be held three several Market days that so those in the Country who liv'd in the Municipal Cities and Colonies and had the Right of Voting might have time to come to the City When the Day of Election was come the Candidates or Pretenders to Offices being cloath'd in white were present very early in the Morning accompanied with those who befriended them at the Quirinal Mount or upon the little Hill of Gardens call'd Collis Hortulorum which overlook'd the Campus Martius that so being upon a high Place the People might the better see them From thence they descended into the Campus Martius where they continued their Sollicitations and Canvassings as Horace informs us in these Verses Hic generosior Descendat in Campum petitor Moribus hic meliorque famâ Contendat illi turba clientium Sit major Odar L. 3. Od. 1. Then the President of the Assembly after he had named aloud the Pretenders to the Offices and related the Reasons which every one had to stand for them call'd the Tribes to give their Votes and these being counted he who had most was declar'd Magistrate who after this Declaration never fail'd immediately to return Thanks to the Assembly and from thence he ascended to the Capitol there to say his Prayers to the Gods This good Order was a little chang'd under the Emperors Augustus canvass'd for his first Consulship after a Manner something new being no more than 20 Years old for he caused his Army to march near to Rome and sent a famous Embassy to desire the Office for himself in the Name of the Legions and the Captain of this Embassy call'd Cornelius perceiving that the Answer to his Petition was delay'd laid his Hand upon the Hilt of his Sword and had the Boldness to speak these Words Hic faciet si non feceritis In process of Time when Augustus was advanc'd to an absolute Power he himself canvass'd for those whom he had a Mind to favour until he went to give his Voice in his Tribe and these Candidates were call'd Candidati Casaris Suetonius adds that afterwards he left to the People only the Power of naming the Inferior Magistrates reserving to himself the Right of naming to the greater Offices Caesar comitia cum populo partitus est ut exceptis Consulatûs competitoribus de catero numero candidatorum pro parte dimidiâ quos populus vellet renuntiarentur Moreover he encroach'd upon the People's Power of electing to Offices which he had granted them by making them disperse Tickets in his Name among the Tribes who by this means were forc'd to chuse such as he recommended to them edebat per libellos circum Tribus missos scripturâ brevi Caesar Dictator illi tribui commendo vobis illum illum ut vestro suffragio suam dignitatem teneant Tiberius Successor to Augustus took away the Right of Election from the People and transferr'd it to the Senate Nero restored it to them again yet they never made use of it afterwards and the Senate did only take care to proclaim in the Campus Martius such as were chosen to Offices thinking by this means still to retain some Shadow of the ancient Manner of Elections Of all the Magistrates which were chosen none but the Censors entred immediately upon the Discharge of their Office the other Magistrates continued some Months before they entred upon it in which time they were instructed in the Duties belonging to them for they were chosen in the Beginning of August and they did not enter upon their Office till the First of January and so they had the Space of Five Months for Instruction CANEPHORIA a Feast of Diana among the Greeks at which all the Maids that were to be married offer'd to this Deity Baskets full of little Pieces of Work wrought with the Needle and by this Offering signified that they were weary of their Virginity and had a Desire to taste the Pleasures of Matrimony The Athenians also celebrated a Feast to Bacchus during which the young Women carried Baskets or little Chests of Gold full of Fruit from whence this Feast was called Canephoria and the Women Canephorae Basket-carriers Suidas speaks of these Baskets consecrated to Bacchus Ceres and Proserpina as also the Poet Theocritus in his Idyllia They had a Cover to preserve the Mysteries of Bacchus and conceal them from the Eyes of those who were not initiated into them and who upon that account were treated as prophane CANIS the Coelestial Dog is a Constellation of which there are two sorts the Great Dog call'd Sirius which is a Constellation consisting of Eighteen Stars according to Piolomy of the Nature of Jupiter and Venus the principal Star whereof is held to be greater than any other Star nay than the Sun it self The little Dog which is otherwise call'd Canicula or Procyon has only Two Stars whereof one is of the first Magnitude and of the Nature of Mars which is the Cause of the great Heats in Summer CANIS a Dog an Animal which was kept in the Temple of Aesculapius and which was consecrated to the God Pan. The Romans never fail'd to crucifie one of this Kind every Year because the Dogs had not given Notice by their barking of the Arrival of the Gauls who besieg'd the Capitol which was intended for a Punishment to the Species whereas on the contrary to do Honour to a Goose they carried one of Silver in an Elbow-Chair laid upon a Pillow because she had advertised them of the Coming of the Gauls by her Noise Aelian relates that the Egyptians held the Dog in great Veneration because they look'd upon it as a Symbol of the Coelestial Dog whose rising gives encrease to the Nile This Author says elsewhere that there was a Country in Ethiopia where they had a Dog for their King and they took his Fawnings or Barkings to be Signs of his Good-will and for his Authors he cites Hermippus and Aristotle Plutarch also speaks of this Dog which some of the Ethiopians held for a King and to whom all the Nobility paid Homage CANICULARIS PORTA a Gate at Rome according to Festus where Dogs of Red Hair were sacrific'd to the Dog-star to ripen the Corn. CANOPUS the Sovereign Deity among the Egyptians of whose Original Suidas gives the following Account There arose says he one Day a great Controversie between the Egyptians Chaldeans and the Neighbouring Nations concerning the Supremacy of their Gods and while each Nation maintain'd that their own God was Supreme it was at last decreed that he among the Gods who should conquer the rest should be acknowledg'd for Sovereign over them all Now the Chaldeans adored the Element of Fire which easily melted down or consum'd all the other Gods
made of Gold Silver and other fusile or combustible Matter but when this God was about to be declar'd the Sovereign Deity over all the rest a certain Priest of Canopus a City of Egypt stood up and advised them to take an Earthen Pot that had many little Holes made in it such as the Egyptians used for purifying the Water of Nile then having stopt up those Holes with Wax he fill'd it with Water and placed it over the Head of the God which they adored whereupon the Contest was presently begun between it and the Fire whose Heat having melted the Wax the Water run out immediately and extinguish'd the Fire whereupon the God of Canopus was acknowledg'd for the Sovereign over all the Gods among these Nations CANOPUS is also a Star which we have no knowledge of says Vitruvius but by the Relation of those Merchants who have travell'd to the uttermost Parts of Egypt as far as these Countries which are at the End of the World and in the other Hemisphere because it turns round about the South-Pole and so is never visible to us since it never rises above our Horizon CAPENA a Gate so call'd at Rome according to Festus from a Neighbouring City near the Fountain Egeria It was also call'd Appia because it was the Gate thro' which they went to the Via Appia and Triumphalis because the Generals to whom a Triumph was decreed made their Entrance into the City thro' this Gate and Fontinalis from the Aquaeducts which were raised over it whence Juvenal calls it madida Capena and Martial Capena grandi porta quae pluit gutta CAPETIS SILVIUS King of Alba-Dionysius calls him Capetus Eusebius Titus Livius Messala and Jacobus of Auzol call him barely Atis and Cassiodorus names him Egyptus He reign'd 24 Years CAPIS SILVIUS King of Latium He is said to have laid the Foundation of Capua in the Terra Laboris tho' others attribute this Foundation to the Trojan Capis the Father of Anchises but without any probability Suetonius speaks of certain Plates of Brass which were found at Capua in the Tomb of Capis in that Year that Julius Caesar was kill'd on which Greek Letters were engraved which signified that at such time as the Bones of Capis should be discover'd one of the Posterity of Julius should be killed by his own People from whence we may draw an uncontestable Proof that Capis was not a Trojan for if he had 't is very probable that Greek Characters would not have been used in his Monument CAPITOLIUM or MONS CAPITOLINUS the Capitol or the Capitoline Mount which was called at first Saturnius because Saturn dwelt there afterwards it was called Tarpeius from the Vestal Virgin Tarpeia who was smothered there under the Bucklers of the Sabines at last Capitolinus from the Head of a Man called Tolus which was found by the Workmen when they were digging the Foundation of the Temple of Jupiter who upon this Account was called Jupiter Capitolinus This Mountain was the most considerable of all those that were at Rome as well for its Extent as for the Buildings that stood upon it which were one Fortress and Sixty Temples whereof the most famous was that dedicated to Jupiter under this Title J. Opt. Max. which was begun by Tarquinius Priscus finished by Tarquinius Saperbus dedicated by Horatius Pulvillus It was burnt 424 Years after its Dedication Sylla begun to rebuild it and Quintus Catulus finished it and consecrated it anew 330 Years being expired after the Renewing of this second Consecration the Souldiers of Vitellius set it on fire and Vespasian caused it to be built again In this Temple Vows were made and solemn Oaths here the Citizens ratified the Acts of the Emperors and took the Oaths of Fealty to them and lastly hither the Magistrates and the Generals that kept a Triumph came to give Thanks to the Gods for the Victories they had obtained and to pray for the Prosperity of the Empire CAPRICORNUS Capricorn one of the Twelve Signs of the Zodiac into which the Sun enters at Winter-solstice The Poets feign that Capricorn is the God Pan who to avoid the Pursuit of the Giant Typhon changed himself into a He-goat whose lower Parts were of Fish Jupiter admiring his Cunning placed him in the Heavens under this Figure Others think that Capricorn was the Foster-brother of Jupiter for Amalthea to whom he was put out to nurse having no Milk of her own suckled him with the Milk of a Goat which Jupiter in Acknowledgment for the Kindness placed among the Signs of the Zodiac CAPROTINA JUNO and CAPROTINAE NONAE the Occasion of giving this Name to Juno and to the Nones of the Month of July which were called Caprotinae was a follows The Gauls having drawn off their Army after they had sack'd Rome the Latins had a mind to make an Advantage of this Misfortune of their Neighbours and therefore entred into a League with the Gauls and resolved utterly to destroy the Roman Empire and that they might give some Colour to their Design they sent to desire of the Romans all their Maids to be given in Marriage which they refused to grant and thereupon the Gauls presently declared War against them This War happening just after their late Misfortune mightily perplexed the Senate and put the Romans in great Trouble and Consternation who could not resolve with themselves thus to abandon their Daughters While they were in this Consternation a certain Woman-slave called Philotis or Tutola proposed to the Senate that she and the other Female Slaves should be sent to the Latins instead of the young Roman Maids being dress'd up in Cloaths like them This Design was approved and presently put in Execution for those Female Slaves resorted to the Enemies Camp who upon their Arrival presently fell a drinking and rejoycing When Philotis perceived that they were plunged into an Excess of Riot she climbed up a wild Fig-tree and having from thence given a Signal to the Romans with a lighted Torch they came presently and fell upon the Latins and finding them buried in Wine and Luxury they easily destroyed them In Memory of this Victory the Romans ordained that every Year a Festival should be kept at the Nones of July to Juno who was called Caprotina from the wild Fig-tree which in Latin is called Caprisicus These Female Slaves having by this Stratagem preserved the Empire were set at Liberty and on this Day they give always a Treat to their Mistresses without the City where they sport and jest with them and throw Stones at one another to represent the Stones wherewith the Latins were overwhelmed CAPULUS a Bier on which the Bodies of the Dead were carried to the Grave from whence it comes to pass that old Men who are on the Brink of the Grave and just ready to die are called Capulares senes and those Criminals who are condemned to die are called Capulares rei CARACALLA Antoninus the Son of Septimius Severus and Marcia
execution of the Treaty Camillus who tho absent had been named Dictator arrived and charged the besiegers of whom they killed a great number The Gauls being retired the Tribunes proposed again to go to inhabit Veii and leave the smoaking ruins of Rome but Camillus prevented it restored the service of the Gods and marked out a Temple in honour of that voice that they had despised when it gave warning of the coming of the Gauls and instituted sacrifices to it under the name of the God Locutius Pliny affirms that a while before the taking of Rome they had numbred one hundred fifty two thousand five hundred and fourscore heads of Families A. M. 3667. R. 366. AULUS VALERIUS PULLICOLA L. VIRGINIUS P. CORNELIUS AULUS MANLIUS L. AEMILIUS L. POSTHUMIUS The Romans remembring that the eighteenth day of July says Livy or the fifteenth according to Sabellicus they had been defeated at Cremera where all the Fabians were kill'd and that upon the same day they were routed on the banks of the Allia by the Gauls they did mark out that day in their Fasts or Calendar for a fatal and unlucky day and forbad by a solemnal decree to undertake any thing for the future upon that day Camillus was made Dictator â—he reduced the Volsoi to the Romans obedience after they had maintained their Liberty for seventy Years says Eutropius He marched afterwards against the Aequi whom he overcame as he did also the Tuscans His Triumph lasted three days together for having subdued these three Nations and out of the Spoils that he had got he repaid the Roman Ladies the price of the Jewels they had bestowed to enrich the Offering that the Roman People had made to Apollo A. M. 3688. R. 367. T. Q. CINCINNATUS Q. SERVILIUS FIDENAS C. JULIUS JULUS L. AQUILIUS CORVUS L. LUCRETIUS TRICIPITINUS The Fields of the Aequi were plunder'd and the Romans took from the Tusoans Cortuosa and Contenebra A. M. 3669. R. 368. L. PAPYRIUS CN SERGIUS L. AEMILIUS L. LICINIUS M. MENENIUS L. VALERIUS PUBLICOLA C. CORNELIUS The Tribes called Pometina Sabina Stellatina Arniâ—nsis were added to the former and so made in all thirty five A. M. 3670. R. 369. M. FURIUS CAMILLUS SEXTUS GORN. MALUGINENSIS L. SERGIUS FIDENAS L. QUINTIUS CINCINNATUS L. HORATIUS PULVILLUS T. VALERIUS Camillus and Valerius march'd against the Antiates whom they defeated and took Satricum A. M. 3671. R. 370. AULUS MANLIUS P. CORNELIUS T. and L. QUINTIUS CAPITOLINUS L. PAPYRIUS CURSOR C. SERGIUS M. Manlius attempted to make himself Sovereign of Rome and in order to it spread abroad several reports against the Senate who thereupon made Aulus Cornelius Cossus Dictator who oppos'd Manlius and summon'd him to appear before the People and discover the place where the Senate had hid the Gold which he accused them to keep for themselves Manlius shifted off this Question with ambiguous Answers which discovered his Calumny wherefore the Dictator caus'd him to be arrested but the people grumbling at it and threatning the City with a Sedition the Dictator thought fit to release Manlius A. M. 3672. R. 371. SERGIUS CORNELIUS MALUGINENSIS P. VALERIUS POTITUS L. POSTHUMIUS M. FURIUS CAMILLUS SERVIUS SULPITIUS T. QUINTIUS CINCINNATUS C. PAPYRIUS CRASSUS M. Manlius renewed his Intreagues and the Senate having won to their Interest the Tribunes of the People Manlius was summon'd again he appeared and was convicted of aspiring to a tyrannical Government and condemned to be thrown headlong from that same Rock that he had defended against the Gauls in the Siege of the Capitol his House was razed and they forbid his Family to take for the future the fore-name of Maâ—â—â— The Plague and the Famine did a world of damage both in the City and the Country A. M. 3673. R. 372. L. VALERIUS AULUS MANLIUS L. LUCRETIUS L. AEMILIUS M. TREBONIUS SERVIUS SULPITIUS Colonies were sent this year to Pâ—â—ptine and Nepete A. M. 3674. R. 373. SPUR and L. PAPYRIUS SERVIUS CORNELIUS MALUGINENSIS Q. SERVILIUS C. SULPITIUS L. AEMILIUS Rome was a little mortified for the loss of Satricum which was taken by storm by the Volsci and all the Romans of that Colony were put to the Sword A. M. 3675. R. 374. M. FURIUS CAMILLUS AULUS and L. POSTHUMII REGILLENSES L. FURIUS L. LUCRETIUS M. FABIUS AMBUSTUS Camillus with Furiâ—â— his Colleague made war against the Volsci defeated them and took their Camp by storm and because he found some Tusculans among the Prisoners this was a sufficient reason for proclaiming war against them but the Tusculans opened their Gates without offering to make any defence thereupon Camillus granted them the freedom of Citizens of Rome A. M. 3676. R. 375. LUCIUS and P. VALERIJ C. SERGIUS LICINIUS MANCINUS L. PAPYRIUS SERGIUS CORNELIUS MALUGINENSIS The Tribunes of the people rais'd a Sedition and demanded the releafe of Usuries but the Senate denying their request they stopt the raising of Forces to oppose the Inhabitants of Praeneste who made Incursions to the very Gate Collina Quintias Cincinnatus was thereupon created Dictator and march'd against the Enemy who made a stand on the banks of the River Allia but he vanquish'd them and took in twenty days nine of their Towns and Praeneste their capital City was surrender'd by Capitulation A. M. 3677. R. 376. C MANLIUS P. MANLIUS L. JULIUS PATRICIUS C. SEXTILLIUS M. ALBINUS L. ANTISTIUS The Volsci got this year some advantage over the Tribunes A. M. 3678. R. 377. SP. FURIUS Q. SERVILIUS LICINIUS MANCINUS M. HORATIUS P. CLAELIUS L. GEGANIUS The Tribunes of the people propos'd that all persons in debt should be relieved and the Senate consented that no man should be put in prison for debt so long as the war against the Volsci should last A Tax was laid upon the People for the lining with Stonè the Ramparts of Rome A. M. 3679. R. 378. L. AEMILIUS B. VALERIUS C. VETURIUS SERVIUS SULPITIUS L. and C. QUINTIJ CINCINNATI The Tribunes of the people made several Demands to the Senate 1. That the Interest that had been paid by the Creditors might be deducted from the Principal and that the remaining part should be paid off at several times in three years 2. That no Roman Citizen should be allowed to possess above five hundred Acres of Ground 3. That one of the Consuls for the future should be a Plebeian The Senate oppos'd these Laws and the Tribunes on their side would not consent to the creation of the Magistrates Curules so that Rome was five years without Magistrates of the first Order A. M. 3685. R. 384. L. FURIUS AULUS MANLIUS SERVIUS SULPITIUS L. CORNELIUS AULUS and CAIUS VALERIJ The two last raised the siege of Tusculum which was besieg'd by the Vilitrians A. M. 3686. R. 385. Q. SERVILIUS C. VETURIUS A. and M. CORNELIJ Q. QUINTIUS M. FABIUS The Tribunes propos'd to create ten Magistrates to take care of the affairs of Religion and the Books of the Sibylt and that five of them should be taken out among
time of that Illustrious Roman nor Livy do not confound him with Iudibilis whom they call King of the Illergetes A. M. 3843. R. 542. Q. FABIUS MAXIMUS CUNCTATOR Q. FULVIUS FLACCUS Twelve Roman Colonies refused their usual Supplies of Men and Money whereupon the Senate was obliged to have recourse to the Treasure called Aerarium vicessimarum which never was made use of but in very urging necessities They took out of it four thousand pound weight of Gold which were applied to the most pressing exigencies Scipio went on with the Conquests in Spain He made a Confederacy with Iudibilis and Mandonius the two greatest Princes of Spain whose friendship he had gained by setting at liberty their Wives and Children whom he had taken in Nova Carthago He defeated Asdrubal and possess'd himself of his Camp where he got a great booty A. M. 3844. R. 543. M. CLAUDIUS MARCELLUS TITUS QUINTIUS CRISPINUS Both Cousuls fell into an Ambuscado of the enemy where Marvellus was killed and Crispinus so wounded that he died in few days after of his wounds having named Dictator T. Manlius Torquatus A. M. 3845. R. 544. C. CLAUDIUS NERO MARCUS LIVIUS whom Cassiodorus calls SALINATOR Asdrubal Barcha came into Italy to the relief of Hannibal his brother and besieged Placentia but hearing that the Consul Livius was drawing near him he raised the Siege and encamped upon the banks of Metaurus in Umbria Nero joined his Colleague with such of the Troops as were able to march with the utmost diligence and before the Carthaginians had notice of it the Consuls offered Battel to Asdrubal who accepted of it and was killed in this fight with five and fifty thousand of his men and five thousand made prisoners Nero being returned to his Camp ordered the head or Asdrubal the only booty he had brought with him to be thrown among the Carthaginians and at the sight of this sad spectacle Hannibal uttered these words Now I deubt no more of the misfortune of Carthage Both Consuls triumphed Livius on a Triumphal Chariot and Nero only on Horseback because he had fought in the Army of his Colleague Nero named Dictator his Colleague Livius to preside in the Assemblies A. M. 3846. R. 545. L. VETURIUS PHILO Q. CAECILIUS METELLUS Scipio went over into Africa having made a league with Sifax King of part of Numidia and upon his return from that journey fell so dangerously ill that they gave him over for dead This false report being spread in Spain Iudibilis rebelled and the Roman Army itself mutinied and requested to return into Italy but the recovery of Scipio calmed their minds The Carthaginians perverted Sifax from the Confederacy made with Scipio and gave him to wife Sophonisba Asdrubal Gisco's daughter who was promised a long time before to Prince Massanissa A. M. 3847. R. 546. P. CORNELIUS SCIPIO AFRICANUS P. LICINIUS CRASSUS Mago came into Italy to the relief of Hannibal C. Octavius Praetor of Sicily crossing the Sea took eight Ships laden with Corn design'd for Hannibal's Army The Praetor of Spain routed the Spaniards and Indibilis their Commander was kill'd in the fight wherein he behaved himself with a great deal of courage A. M. 3848. R. 547. M. CORNELIUS whom Cassiodorus calls CETHEGUS P. SEMPRONIUS TUDITANUS Scipio besieged Utica Sifax and Asdrubal came to relieve it with four and fifty thousand foot and thirteen thousand horse Scipio raised the Siege and marched against them A general review was made of all the Roman people and the number of them amounted to two hundred and fiftteen thousand heads of Families A. M. 3849. R. 548. CN SERVILIUS CAEPIO CN SERVILIUS GEMINUS Scipio being reinforced with the Numidian horse that Massanissa had brought along with him beat the Carthaginians from several Posts Massanissa took Sifax Prisoner and pursued his routed Army as far as Cirtha the chief City of the dominions of that unfortunate Prince which was delivered up to him with all the Towns of Numidia upon advice that their King was taken Prisoner Scipio took Utica which put the Carthaginians into such a consternation that they sued for Peace Q. Caecilius Metellus was elected Dictator A. M. 3850. R. 549. M. SERVILIUS GERMINUS T. CLAUDIUS NERO. Hannibal returned to Carthage and was made commander of a very considerable Army to oppose Scipio The Armies engaged but the Carthaginians were beaten and lost twenty thousand men and as many Prisoners This loss obliged the Carthaginians to sue again for Peace which they obtained on the following conditions that they should pay a yearly Tribute to the Romans that they should keep but four Galleys in their Harbour and that they should reimburse in ready Money the charges of the War Scipio came back again to Rome where he made his Triumphal Entry A. M. 3851. R. 550. CN CORNELIUS LENTULUS P. AELIUS PAETUS A Confederacy was concluded with the Rhodians and King Attalus A. M. 3852. R. 551. P. SULPITIUS GALBA L. AURELIUS COTTA The War was proclaimed against Philip King of Macedon because he had attacked Illyrium during the Carthaginian War L. Furius Praetor of the Gauls defeated Amilcar and killed thirty thousand Gauls both Insubres and Caeromani and took two thousand Prisoners A. M. 3853. R. 552. L. LENTULUS P. VELEIUS TAPPULUS L. Bebius Praetor of the Gauls was beaten by the Gauls called Insubres and lost six thousand men A. M. 3854. R. 553. SEXTUS AELIUS PAETUS T. QUINTIUS FLAMINIUS Quintius had a Parley with Phllip King of Macedon but that interview had no effect for at last they came to an engagement wherein the Romans got a Booty tho the slaughter was not very great on either side for King Philip lost but two thousand men After this victory Quintius besieged Corinth but without any success A. M. 3855. R. 554. CN CORNELIUS CETHEGUS Q. MINUTIUS RUFUS Cassiodorus doth not mention these two Consuls in his Chronology The two Consuls made War one in Luguria and the other in the Country of the Boii Cornelius engaged the Ligurians and Milaneses broke them and killed fifteen thousand of them and took seven thousand Prisoners and among them Amilcar their Commander the last of the Carthaginian Generals that remained in Italy A battle was fought between King Philip and the Consul Quintius in a place called Cynocephalum in Thessalia where the Romans were victorious The Consul Cornelius triumphed over the Milaneses and Minutius obtained but the small Triumph or Ovation on Mount Albanus A. M. 3856. R. 555. L. FURIUS PURPUREO M CLAUDIUS MARCELLUS Son to Marcellus the Great Flaminius concluded the Peace with King Philip and thereby restored the liberty to Greece causing the same to be proclaimed at the Olympick Games A great many Slaves of the Romans got into a Body and rebelled and had courage enough to make a stand against a Legion designed to reduce them to their duty they were all disarmed and very severely punished A. M. 3857. R. 556. L. VALERIUS FLACCUS M. PORTIUS CATO Valerius fought against
order to disband his Army Aemilius on the contrary added to the reasons alledg'd the foregoing year by Sulpitius that Caesar offered to disband his Army if Pompey who was his declared Enemy would also break his Forces The Tribune Curio seeing that the Senate favour'd Pompey made that proposal to the people who approv'd the same and Anthony Curio's Colleague openly read Caesar's Letters in the presence of the people notwithstanding the opposition of the Consul Marcellus who made all his endeavours to prevent it Marc. Antony who was on Casar's side was made their chief Pontiff and Galba was debarred of the Consulate because he had been Caesar's Lieutenant A. M. 4004. R. 703. L. CORNELIUS LENTULUS G. CLAUDIUS MARCELLUS The two Consuls favour'd the party of Pompey and proposed to recal Caesar and disband his Army but Curio and other Friends to Caesar opposed boldly the Consuls who dismiss'd the Assembly upon pretence that they grew too hot Labienus one of the chiefest General Officers of Caesar forsook him and went over to Pompey The Consuls found out another way to bring their design about they exaggerated the shame or disgrace that the defeat of Crassus by the Parthians had brought upon Rome and that to revenge that affront it was necessary to send two Legions of Caesar's and two other of Pompey's with some other Forces to make war against them As soon as Caesar had notice of this order he sent two of his Legions with two more that Pompey had lent him Fabius came to Rome from Caesar and delivered his Letters to the Consuls who were hardly prevailed upon by the Tribunes that the same should be read to the Senate and would never consent that his offers should be taken into consideration but ordered to consider of the present state of the affairs of the Republick Lentulus one of the Consuls said that he would never forsake the Commonwealth if they would speak their mind boldly Scipio Pompey's Father-in-law spoke to the same purpose and said that Pompey would never forsake the Republick if the Senate would stand by it Whereupon it was ordered that Caesar should disband his Army by a certain time or otherwise he should be declared Criminal Marc-Anthony and Q. Massius Tribunes of the people opposed this resolution The Censor Piso and the Praetor Roscius offered themselves to go to Caesar to inform him how the affairs went but they were not allowed to go and all the proceedings were stopt They had recourse at last to the last remedies and to a Decree by which it was ordered That the Magistrates should take care of the safety of the Commonwealth The Tribunes went out of Rome and retired to Caesar at Ravenna where he was expecting an answer suitable to the equity of his Demands The following days the Senate met out of the City that Pompey might be present at the Assembly for being Proconsul by his Office he could not be at Rome Then they raised Forces throughout Italy and took Money out of the Exchequer to bear Pompey's charges Caesar having intelligence of all these proceedings assembled his Soldiers and represented to them in a pathetical way the injustice of his Enemies and exhorted them to stand by him against their violence The Soldiers cried out presently that they were ready to protect his Dignity and that of the Tribunes Caesar trusting himself to their fidelity brought them towards Rimini where he met the Tribunes of the people who came to him to implore his assistance All the Towns of Italy where Caesar appear'd open'd their Gates and sent away Pompey's Garrisons This great progress surpriz'd Pompey's Followers and obliged them to quit Rome and Caesar pursu'd them as far as Brundusium where Pompey cross'd over the Sea with the Consuls Caesar having no Ships to follow them return'd to Rome The Magistrates and the Senators that remain'd there made Lepidus Inter-Rex who created C. Julius Caesar Dictator who recall'd the banish'd Citizens and restor'd them to the possession of their Estates He laid down that great Office after having kept it eleven days only and then was made Consul A. M. 4005. R. 704. C. JULIUS CAESAR P. SERVILIUS VATINIUS ISAURICUS Caesar had then no other thoughts but to pursue Pompey but first of all he thought fit to make himself Master of Spain where Pompey had fortified himself a long while ago He had several skirmishes on the Segra near Laerida and so closely pursued Afranius one of Pompey's Generals that he was obliged to disband his Army composed of seven Roman Legions and of a great many Confederates Varro another General of Pompey's attempted to defend Calis and Cordua but all the Neighbouring Provinces declared themselves for Caesar so that he was forc'd to yield to his good Fortune and delivered up his Forces Ships and all his Ammunitions In the mean time Pompey got together a very strong Fleet compos'd of several Squadrons from Asia the Cyclades Islands Corsou Athens and Egypt making in all five hundred Ships besides the Tenders and other small Ships His Land Forces were not inferior to his Naval Strength but he had dispersed his Army into several places to keep the Provinces in his Interest and had then with him but forty five thousand Foot and seven thousand Horse Caesar was not so strong for his Army consisted only of a thousand Horse and twenty two thousand Foot These two Armies engaged in Thessalia near Pharsalia and Pompey's Army was defeated and himself forc'd to escape in disguise to Amphipolis where he attempted to rally his scatter'd Forces but Caesar pursued him so close that he had no time to do it and fled away into Egypt where King Ptolomy caused him to be murther'd before he landed Caesar was so concerned at the news of his death that the murtherers thought they could not avoid a punishment suitable to their Crime but by the death of Caesar himself Photinus the Eunuch and Archaelas attacked Caesar but Methridates King of Pergamus came to his relief and deliver'd him from these Murtherers A. M. 4006. R. 705. Q. FURIUS CALENUS P. VATINIUS Tho' Caesar was absent from Rome yet he was made Dictator the second time and his Dictatorship continued for a whole year He reduced the Kingdom of Pontus into a Roman Province and bestow'd the Government of it upon Celius Vincinianus It was concerning this Victory that Caesar obtained over Pharnaces King of Pontus that he wrote to his Friend Anicius veni vidi vici I am come I have seen I have overcome to shew with what swiftness he had subdued the Kingdom of Pontus Caesar return'd by way of Asia Minor and gave the Kingdom of Bosphorus to Mithridates King of Pergamus and from thence came to Rome where his presence was necessary After his arrival he disbanded a great part of his Forces giving one hundred Crowns to each Soldier with Lands enough to live there rich and contented A. M. 4007. R. 706. C. JULIUS CAESAR M. AEMILIUS LEPIDUS Caesar did not stay
But the next morning by break of day a Wolf crossing the Country fell among a herd of Cattle that were feeding along the Walls and assaulted a strong and vigorous Bull. The Inhabitants went upon the Walls and stood there to see the event of the fight and ascribed Gelamor's Party to the Bull and the Party of Danaus to the Wolf The Bull was overcome and the Wolf victorious whereupon the Inhabitants adjudged the Kingdom to Danaus who thought that Apollo had sent this Wolf on purpose to favour his right who built him a Temple for an acknowledgement of his good offices DAPHNE Daughter of the River Peneus according to the Fable who was beloved and courted by Apollo but had rather be changed into a Laurel or Bay-tree than to yield to his violent pursuits DAPHNE The Daughter of Tiresias was also one of the Sybils as Diodorus tell us l. 4 c. 6. Chrysippus calls her Sybilla Delphica because after the destruction of Thebe the Argives sent her to Delphi where she learned the Art of Divination Pausanias calls her Herophila she lived a long time before the War of Troy she foretold that Helena should be brought up at Spartâ— for the ruin of Asia and Europe and that for her sake the Greeks should destroy the City of Troy The Inhabitants of Delos pretend that she has made Hymns in the praise of Apollo DAPHNIS Son of Mercury born in Sicily Diodorus tells us that he was the first composer of Pastorals Having passed his word to a Nymph whom he loved upon pain of losing both his Eyes in case of falsehood he afterwards fell in love with another and was struck blind DARDANUS Son to Jupiter and Electra who killed Janus his Brother and then fled away and retired into Phrygia where he married the Daughter of King Teucer who made him his Partner in the Government of the Country which was called after their names sometimes Teucria and sometimes Dardania This happened about the time that according to holy History Joshua succeeded Moses in governing the Israelites seven hundred years before the City of Rome was built and in the time that the Assyrians reigned in the greater Asia Dardanus left Erichthonius Heir to his Dominions who had a Son whose Name was Tres Great Grand-Father to Priamus who was King and changed the Name of his capital City and called it after his own Name Troy His Children were Ganimedes whom Jupiter stole away under the figure of an Eagle and Assaracus the Father of Capys who begot Anchises the Favourite of Venus who was Aeneas's Mother DEA BONA The good Goddess whom some Writers call Fauna Fatua and Dryas Wife to Faunus sirnamed Bona Dea because she was so true to her Husband that she never came out of her apartment and saw no Man besides himself Yet Varro and Macrobius say that she was Faunus's Daughter and not his Wife Others tell us that Bonn Dea was one Flora Faunus's Wife who being so much given to drinking was once whipt by her Husband with a Rod of Myrtle This Chastizement reclaimed her and she became a Goddess and when they offered her Sacrifices they never carried Myrtle because of the accident that befel her All the Roman Ladies assembled to make her a Sacrifice in May at the House of the High Priest in the most retired Room or as Plutarch says at the Consul's House This Sacrifice was made in the Night and it was required too that they should have had no company with Men during nine days before There was no Man admitted to it neither any representation of Man or Dog suffered there and if there was any they were obliged to cover them with a Vail as we learn it from Juvenal Satyr 2. Ubi velari pictura jubetur Quaecunque alterius Sexus imitata figuram est The Wine that was used in this Sacrifice which the chief Priestess and the others then drunk was called by them Milk This Ceremony in process of time degenerated into Drunkenness and shameful Debaucheries which Juvenal describes in the 6th Satyr Nota Bonae secreta Deae cum tibia lumbos Incitat cornis pariter vinoque feruntur Attonitae crinemque rotant ululante Priapo Maenades c. DEA NUNDINA A Divinity who presided on the ninth day after the birth of Children at which time the Romans were us'd to give them a Name DECANUS MILITARIS A Leader who commanded ten Soldiers DECEM The Number Ten which the Romans figured thus X. We learn from Ovid that this Number was very much regarded by the Ancient Romans The Cabalist Hebrews and Pythagorean Philosophers are of opinion that every number of Ten is full of Divine Mysteries Romulus says Ovid made up the Year of ten Months only he composed his Senate of one hundred Men which Number is made up of Ten multiplied by it self divided still each of the three Tribes into ten Hundred of Footmen and ten Tenths of Horsemen This number is so very perfect that Faith is represented with two right hands join'd together and each of them being composed of five Fingers both together make up the number Ten Numbers also don't go beyond Ten and after Ten we begin again with Unites so ten and one make eleven Plato teaches us in his Timeus that Ten is composed of the four first Numbers one two three four which joined together make Ten that one represents the Point two the Line three the Superficies and the Triangle which is the first plain Figure and four the Square and the solid Body in length breadth and depth or the Cube DECEMBER The tenth Month in the Year of Romulus consecrated to Saturn Under the Reign of Commodus this Month was called out of flattery Amaxonius in honour of a Courtezan whom that Prince passionately loved and had got painted like an Amazon but it kept that Name but during that Emperors Life Upon the Kalends of this Month they made a Sacrifice to the Feminine Fortune because she had appeased Coriolanus The day of the Nones fell out upon the Feast of Faunus called Faunalia which was solemnized by Countrymen in the Fields with Games Mirth and Feastings The Eleventh of the Month or the third of of the Ides they kept the Feast Agonulia The thirteenth or the day of the Ides they celebrated the Feast Septimontium which was instituted upon the inclosing the seventh Mount within the compass of the City of Rome The seventeeth day of the Month or the sixteenth of the Kalends was the Feast Saturnalia of which more afterwards in its place In this great Feast was comprehended the Feasts called Sigillaria Angeronalia The two and twentieth they solemnized the Feast Lararia in honour of the Gods Lares The three and twentieth they made a Feast called Laurentiualia in honour of Acca Laurentia the Wife of the Shepherd Faustulus At the latter end of the Month they had the Juveniles Ludi and the Country-people kept the Feast of the Goddess Vaouna in the Field having
in one single Divinity All that was said concerning Diana has respect rather to a Fable than the History or is rather it self a natural History Yet Tully has spoken of her as an Historian when he distinguishes three Diana's One born of Jupiter and Proserpina who brought forth winged Cupid another better known born of Jupiter and Latona and a third who had Vpis for her Father and Glauce for her Mother whom the Greeks call often Vpis after her Fathers Name Dianae item plures prima Jovis Proserpinae secunda notior quam Jove tertio Latona natam accepimus tertiae pater Vpis traditur Glauce mater cam Graeci saepe Vpim paterno nomine appellant And yet these were probably but the Diana's of Greece in imitation of the Diana's of Aegypt For Diana was among the Dieties in Aegypt when Typhous made war against them and she changed herself into a Cat wherefore the Aegyptians call'd her Bubastis Ovid speaking of these Transformations of the Gods doth not forget that of Diana Fele soror Phaebi latuit Herodotus tells us that there was in the Town of Bubastis in Egypt a Temple of Babastis called by the Greeks Diana and that the Egyptians said that Diana and Apollo were born of Dionysius and Isis Sanchoniathon says that Saturn and Astarte begot seven Girls or seven Diana's Strabo mentions one of the Grecian Diana's whom they called Britomartis and was also named Dictynna from the word Dicte And Solinus affirms as Gasaubon observes that the Inhabitants of Crete called Diana by that name because it signifies a mild and sweet Virgin Quod Sermone nostro sonat Virginem dulcem Hesychius says that the People of Crete called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that which was sweet 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Casaubon is of opinion that the other part of this word comes from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. Companion because a Virgin never forsakes the company of her Mother In fine Diodorus Siculus affirms that the Cretans who introduce the Theology of Phaenicia and Egypt into their own Country said that Jupiter begot Venus and the Graces that Diana took care of new born Infants and Lucina presided over Women in Labour She was called Diana because she was the Daughter of Jupiter as it is intimated by her Name for the ancient Latins said Dius instead of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Jupiter She was named Delia because she was born in the Island of Delia. This Goddess made a Vow of Virginity which she carefully kept wherefore the Poets called her Casta Diana She was the Goddess of Woods Hunting and Cross-ways All the Nymphs are her Companions but when they married they forsook her company and were obliged to carry Baskets full of Flowers and Fruits into her Temple to pacify her The Ides of August was a day kept holy in her honour and it was not then allowed to hunt because they imagine that that day she permitted her Hounds and all things that appertained to her Hunting Equipage to rest every one crown'd his Hounds and they lighted Torches in the Forrests where they offered her in Sacrifice an Ox a Boar and a white Hind They presented her still the first Fruits Oenus King of Aetolia forgot it in an offering he made to the Country Gods which so highly provoked her anger that she sent the Calydonian Wild-boar who destroyed all his Country The Sythians says Lucian offered Men in sacrifice upon her Altar Among all the Temples that were built to her honour that of Ephesus was most remarkable for its largeness and magnificence It was 425 foot long and 220 foot broad adorn'd with an hundred and twenty seven Pillars of threescore foot high wrought with so much art and enrich'd with so much excellent carved work that nothing finer was ever seen There was a Stair-case to go up on the Temple made of one intire piece which was the Wood of a Vine This Temple was built by the Architect Ctesiphon in sixscore Years time and was burnt by a profliigate Fellow called Erostratus who by this Conflagration designed to transmit his Name to posterity not being able as he confess'd himself to do any thing more remarkable The Ephesians built it again as magnificent as before Diana had also a Temple in the Town of Magnesia built by Hermogenes Alabandinus a famous Architect This Goddess had another Temple at Rome upon Mount Aventine in the Reign of Servius Tullius which was built by the Romans and Latins at both their Charges and there they met every year to offer a Sacrifice in commemmoration of the League made between both Nations This Temple was adorned with Cows-horns Plutarch and Lavy tell us the reason of it when they relate that Autro Coratius a Sabin who had a very fine Cow was advis'd by a Southsayer to offer it in a Sacrifice to Diana of Mount Aventine promising him if he offered that Sacrifice that he should never want any thing and that the City whereof he should be a Citizen should subdue all other Towns of Italy To that purpose Autro came to Rome but a Slave of King Servius having acquainted his Master with Autro's design who being gone to purifie himself in the Tiber before he offered his Sacrifice Servius made use of that opportunity sacrificed the Cow to Diana and hung the Horns in her Temple She was commonly drawn Goddess-like with dishevelled Hair cloathed with a hairy Gown of purple colour trimm'd with golden Buckles which she tuckt up to the very knees She held a Bow in her Hand and carried a Quiver full of Arrows on her Shoulder They also represented her sitting on a golden Chariot drawn with Hinds Albricus the Philosopher in his Pictures of the Gods says that Diana was represented holding a Bow and Arrow with a Half-moon on her Forehead and about her a great company of Dryades Hamadryades Naiades Nercides and Choires of the Nymphs of the Woods Mountains Fountains and Seas and even Satyrs who are Country Divinities Strabo l. 14. de descriptione Mundi relates that in the Isle of Icarus there was a Temple of Diana called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Taurica Livy l. 4. Dec. 4. calls it Tauropolum and the Sacrifices that were offered in that Temple Tauropolia However Dionysius in his Book Deâ—situ Orbis says that Diana was not called Tauropola from the People but from the Bulls that abound in that Country DIAPASON This Greek word signifies a Chord which includes all Tones we call it an Octave because all its tones are eight in number Aristotle says that the Greeks did no not call it Diocto i. e. Octave because the Harp of the Ancients which included all the tones had but seven Strings DIATONUM A kind of Song which proceeds out by tones and semi-tones and is more natural and less forced than other kinds of Musick DIAULON Is a kind of Race which was a Furlong in length and at the end thereof they returned back along the same Course DICHALCA The foruth part
Temple to Jupiter Feretrius FERIAE Holy-days when People rested from labour from the Verb feriari i. e. to rest to cease from work for the Feriae of the Ancients were Festival-days Now the Church marks the days of the Week by the word Feria secunda feria tertia c. tho' these days are not Holy-days but working-days the occasion thereof was that the first Christians to shew their Joy at the celebrating of Easter were used to keep the whole Week holy and forbear from all servile work that they might give themselves wholly to the contemplation of the Mysteries contained therein wherefore they called the Sunday the first Holy-day the Monday the second Holy-day the Tuesday the third Holy-day and so forth and from thence the days of every week were afterwards called Feriae in the common Language of the Church tho' they are not to be kept Holy The Romans had two kinds of Feriae the publick Feriae common to all the People in general and the private Feriae which were only kept by some private Families The publick Feriae were four-fold Stativae unmoveable and Holy-days Imperativae commanded Conceptivae moveable Nundinae days for keeping Fairs Stativae Feriae were set Holy-days mark'd in the Calendar which always fell out upon the same day the three chiefest thereof were Agonalia Carmentalia and Lupercalia I shall give an account of them in their order Conceptivae were Holy-days appointed every Year upon uncertain days according to the Pontiffs will such were Feriae Latinae Paganales Sementinae and Compitales Imperativae commanded or extraordinary Holy-days kept according as the occasions of the Commonwealth required either to give thanks to the Gods for some extraordinary Favours or to pacific their Wrath and pray to them to keep the People from publick misfortunes Unto these kind of Holy-days the Processions Games Lectisternium or the Bed of the Gods may be referred Nundinae days for Fairs and extraordinary Markets Before Flavius made the Calendar publick the unmoveable Feasts were publish'd by the Curio's who waited the Nones of each Month upon the King of Sacrifices to know what Holy-days were to be kept that Month and then acquainted each Parish with the same And this was still practiced after the publishing of the Calendar As for the Ferae conceptivae and imperativae they were published in the publick places by a Herald in these words Lavatio Deûm Matris est hodie Jovis epulum cras est and the like And these Holy-days were so religiously kept that the opinion of the Pontiff Mutius Scaevola was says Macrobius that the breaking of a Holy-day was unpardonable unless Men had done it out of inadvertency and in this case they were acquitted by sacrificing a Hog FERIAE LATINAE The Latin Holyday Some Writers say that the Consuls Sp. Cassius and Posthumius Caminius instituted these Holy-days by a Treaty that they made with the Latius in the name of the Senate and the Roman People But Dionysius Hallicarnasseus and almost all the Writers tell us that Tarquinius Supurbus instituted them and that having overcome the Tuscans he made a league with the Latins and proposed them to build a Temple in common to Jupiter sirnamed Latialis where both Nations might meet every Year and offer Sacrifice for their common Conservation Wherefore they chose Mount Albanus as the center of these Nations to build there a Temple and instituted a yearly Sacrifice and a great Feast in common and among their Rejoycings they swore a mutual and eternal Friendship Each Town of both Latins and Romans provided a certain quantity of Meat Wine and Fruits for the Feast A white Bull was sacrificed in common and the Inhabitants of every Town carried home a piece thereof When this Ceremony was at first instituted it held but one day but after the Kings were expell'd out of Rome the People demanded that another day might be added to it afterwards the Senate added a third day a fourth and so on till they came to ten days After the Expulsion of Kings the Consuls appointed a time for the celebrating of this Feast during which the People left the guard of the City to a Governor called Praefectus Urbis While this Feast was celebrated on Mount Albanus there were Chariot-Races at the Capitol and the Conqueror was treated with a great draught of Wormwood-drink which is very wholsom as Pliny says Laâ—norum feriis quadrigae certant in Capitolio victorque absynthium bibit credo sanitatem praemio dari homorificè FERONIA A Goddess of the Woods and Orchards This Divinity took her name from the Town of Feronia scituated at the foot of Mount Soracte in Italy where a Wood and a Temple were consecrated to her 'T is said that the Town and the Wood having both taken fire whereupon the People carrying away the Statue of the Goddess the Wood grew green again Strabo relates that the Men who offered her Sacrifices walked bare-footed upon burning Coals without burning themselves She was honoured by freed-men as their Protectrefs because they received in her Temple the Cap that was the Token of their Liberty FESTUM and FESTA Holy-days The Romans kept many Feasts as it appears by their Calendar We shall speak of them according to their Alphabetick Order They were very careful of observing Feasts and during that time they did forbear to work Tibellus tells us that the Romans abstain from working upon the days of Expiations and Lustrations of the Fields Quisquis adest faveat fruges lustramus agros ...... Omnia sint operata Deo non audeat ulla Lanificam pensis imposuisse manum These words express the true end of ceasing from work to employ themselves to the service of the Gods and Religious Duties 'T is not certain if Plâ—â—ghmen rested from all kind of work during the Holy-days Virgil relates many exercises and other small things that Men were allowed to do in Holy-days Quippe etiam festis quaedam exercere diebus Fas jura sinunt Rivos deducere nulla Relligio vetuit segeti praetendere sepem Insidias avibus moliri incendere vepres Balantumque gregem fluvio mersare salubri Saepè oleo tardi costas agitator aselli Vilibus aut onerat ' pomis Georg. lib. 1. v. 270. as to make Drains to drain the water inclose a Field with Hedges laying snares for Birds set Thorns on fire wash a Flock in the River and load an Ass with Fruits These works were not disagreeable to the celebrating of the Holy-days And yet working was not left to the liberty or humours of Men's fancy but were regulated by the Laws and Ordinances of the Pontiffs who ruled matters of Religion They were so exact in keeping Holy-days that the following day was accounted a day of bad Omen to undertake any thing Wherefore the Romans and the Greeks have consecrated the next day after the Holy-days to the Genij or the dead And they were so careful of ceasing from work that the keeping of their
these Gallows and then drawing them again with a Hook they cast them into the Tiber Tandem apud Gemonias minutissimis ictibus excarnificatus atque confectus est inde unco tractus in Tiberim This Historian seems to intimate that they were tied there before they were dead These Gallows stood in the fourteenth Ward of the City GENETHLIUS An Epithet given to Jupiter because Poets represent him presiding over the Generation and Nativities of Children GENIUS A Divinity whom ancient Phllosophers esteemed to be the Son of God and the Father of Men. They allowed a Genius or Intelligence to each Province Town and Person who took care of the Affairs of this World They allowed also Genius's to Forests Fountains Trees Eloquence Sciences and Joy and it appears by several Medals particularly one of Nero GENIO AUGUSTI GENIO SENATUS GENIO P. ROMANI GENIO EXERCITUUM Upon these Medals the figure of God Genius is represented veiled at the middle of the Body holding with one hand a Horn of Plenty and with the other a Cup for the Sacrifice and before the Statue there was an Altar and a Fire thereon Which agrees with the description that Ammianus Marcellinus has given us of the same in the 25th Book of the Emperor Julianus's Deeds Censorinus in his Book intituled de Die Natali says that as soon as Men are born they are put under the tuition of God Genius and Euclid tells us that Men have two Genins's one good and the other bad Plutarch relates in the life of Brutus that he saw by night in a Dream a Fantome by the light of a Lamp that was in his Chamber and having asked him who he was he answer'd him that he was his bad Genius Each person offered Sacrifice every year to his Genius and particularly upon Birth-days with leven and salted Dough and sometimes with a Pig two months old and scattered Flowers and sprinkled Wine to him and the Sacrifice being over they made a great Feast for their Friends and thus the Comedians was called Genio indulgere or Genio volupe facere In the beginning it was not permitted to swear by the Genius of the Prince but afterwards the most solemn Oaths were those that were sworn by the Genius of the Emperor and Suetonius assures that Caligula put many to death because they refused to swear by his Genius Apuleius has writ a Treatise of the Genius or evil Spirit of Socrates The name of Genius among some who call themselves Christians is given to the good Angels attending Men or States The Pagans rank'd Venus Priapus and Genius among the number of the Gods who are intrusted with the care of Men's Generation By these three Divinities the Heathens understood nothing else but the fecundity of nature that brings forth every day so many living Creatures as Festus says Genius est Deorum filius parens hominum ex quo homines gignuntur propterea Genius meus nominatur quia me genuit the Genius is the Son of the Gods and the Father of Men and my Genius is called Genius because he has begotten me This worship was rendered to Nature not only because of the celestial Intelligence who presides over our Generation but also because of the fecundity of the Stars and Elements giving Being to so many Creatures Censorinus affirms that there was no bloody Sacrifice offered to Genius wherefore Persius says funde merum Genio for Men would not shed Blood upon their birth-day He is called Genius because he is the God who is intrusted with the care of Men as soon as they are born And this Author tells us still that this Genius never leaves Men from the first instant of their life to the last and has a very great Authority over them and that some Men confounded him with the God Lar and admitted two Genius's in Houses where Husband and Wife lived together Eundem esse Genium Larem multi veteres memoriae prodiderunt hunc in not maximam quinimo omnem habere potestatem creditum est Non nulli binos Genios in its duntaxat domibus quae essent maritae colendos putaverunt The Tabula Caebetis says that Genius directs those who come into the World the way they should observe that many forget the Directions but that yet he gives them warning that they are not to mind the Goods of Fortune which might be taken away from them Monet Genius id Fortuna esse ingenium ut quae dederit eripiat and tells them still that Men who don't hearken to his precepts come to a bad end GERMANIA See after GERMANICUS GERMANICUS The Son of Drusus and Nephew to the Emperor Tiberius He married Agrippina the Grand-Daughter of Augustus and had six Children by her viz. three Sons and three Daughters Nero Drusus Caligula Agrippina Drusilla and Livia In the time he commanded six Legions in Germany he refused the Empire that the Legions offered him after the death of Augustus He took the sirname of Germanicus because he had subdued Germany and triumphed over the Germans at last he died in Syrla being poisoned by Piso's order and was lamented by all the Inhabitants of Syria and Neighbouring Provinces thereof A Hero says Tacitus worthy of respect both for his discourse and presence whose Fortune was without Envy his Reputation without blemish and his Majestick Countenance without arrogance his Funeral Pomp tho' without splendor and great show was yet Illustrious only by the commemoration of his Virtues and celebration of his Glory Some more nicely observing his Life his Age his Gate and the Circumstances of his Death have compared him to Alexander the Great Both fine Men of good meen and great birth who died something more than thirty years old by a Conspiracy of their own Men in a foreign Country Before his Corps was reduced to Ashes it was exposed in the publick place of Antioch which was appointed for his Burial The Senate ordained great Honours to his Memory viz. That his Name should be solemnized in the Salian Hymn that in all the places where the Priests of Augustus should meet they should set him an Ivory Chair and a Crown of Oak upon it that a Statue of Ivory should be carried for him at the opening of the Circian Games that no body should be chosen Augur or Pontiff in his room but that a Triumphal Arch should be erected to his Memory at Rome Mount Amanus in Syria and on the Banks of the River Rhine and that his Atchievements should be engraven upon them with this Inscription That he Died for the Commonwealth That a Monument should be fet up for him in the City of Antioch where his Corps was burnt and a Tribunal at Epidaphne where he was dead They ordered also his Picture drawn in a golden Shield of an extraordinary bigness should be set up amongst the Orators The Squadron of the Youth was called by Equestrian Order the Squadron of Germanicus and they ordered that at the Ides of
Egyptiorum est Terra quam Isim volunt esse They ascrib'd many Breasts to Isis wherefore she was called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to shew that the Moon or the sublunary world affords food to all Creatures The opinion of Julius Firmicus is that according the Egyptian Poetry Isis was the Earth Isis was also the same with Ceres as Herodotus says Isis secundum linguam Graecorum est Ceres c. ut Aegyptia linguâ Isis est Ceres St Austin declares that this was the opinion of the Egyptians Isis invenit hordei segetem atque inde spicas marito Regi ejus conciliario Mercurio demon travit unde eandem cererem volunt ITALIA Italy a very famous Country of Europe Italy had several names sometimes it was called Hesperia either from Hesperus brother to Atlas King of Mauritania or Hesperus the Star of Venus called Lucifer at the rising of the Sun and Hesperus or Vesper in the evening when the Sun sets Wherefore the Greeks have called the Western parts of Italy Hesperia magna to distinguish it from Spain called minor Hesperia Italy was also called Oenotriae of Oenotrus King of the Sabins or Oenotrus the Son of Lycaon King of Arcadia or rather from the Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Wine which Janus brought into this Country by planting there the Vine They gave her also the name of Ausonia from Ausonius the son of Ulysses and Calypso That Countrey is now called Italia Italy either of Italus King of Sicily or from Oxen called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in the old Greek Italiam dixisse minores Virg. Strabo speaking of Italy gives it this following encomium There says he men breathe a temperate air there are abundance of fountains the waters thereof cure several distempers and preserve health There are all sorts of excellent Fruits and quarries of Marble of several colours The Inhabitants thereof are witty subtle and cunning fit for learning and principally Poetry and Eloquence but are great dissemblers and revengeful even to the very Altars The chiefest City of Italy is Rome famous for the birth of several great men both in War and Peace The Romans have represented Italy in their medals like a Queen sitting upon a Globe holding with her right hand a horn of plenty having the other arm and the breast uncovered With this title Italia ITALUS sirnamed Kitim or Marsitalus left his son Sicor in Spain and came into Italy where he asurped the throne of his brother Hesperus Natales Comes says that he was one of the Captains of Hercules whom this Hero left Governour of Italy Cato and Fabius Pictor tell us that these two brothers one called Hesperus and the other Italus reigned both in Italy wherefore that Country was called by their names sometimes Hesperia and sometimes Italia The word Kitim says Bochart signifies hid which is the proper name of Latium a latendo Wherefore Dionysius Hallcarnassius and other Writers who will derive the Etymology of Italy from a noble origine take it from the name of that King but others derive it from a Calf that Hercules lost at his return from Spain whereupon he called it Vitalia and since Italia This is Cato's opinion upon the origine of the word Italia ITALUS had a daughter called Rome whom he established Queen of the Aberigines who built the City of Rome as it will be said upon the word Roma JUBA King of Mauritania whom Julius Caesar vanquished and reduced his Kingdom into a Province This Prince is represented in one of his Medals with a long face and an arrogant and cruel air his hair curled and set by degrees It was the custom of the Kings of that Country to curl their hair and powder it with Gold powder Petretus and this King killed one another lest they should fall into the hands of Caesar after the defeat of Pompey whose part they had taken JUBAL the posterity of Cain mentioned in the Book of Genesis invented Musical Instruments Jubal was the father of all such as handle the harp and organ The opinion of Vossius is that Jubal mentioned in the Scripture is Apollo whom the Ancients esteemed the inventer of Song and Musick JUDAEI The Jews Some Authors says Tacitus reports that the Jews came from Candia as if the word Judea was made of the word Ida which is a mountain in that Island and says that they were driven out of that place when Saturn was divested of his Empire by Jupiter and went to settle themselves in the furthermost parts of Libia Others write that they came from Egypt and that during the reign of Isis their number being extraordinarily increased they inhabited the neighbouring Country under the command of Jerusalem and Juda. And many others assure us that they came out of Ethiopia either out of fear or hatred of King Cepheus some say also that the Jews were a multitude of Assyrian Mob got together who not being able to live in their Country possessed themselves of a part of Egypt and built afterwards the Towns of Judea in the neghbouring Syria Some allow them a more illustrious origine and affirm that they were already famous in the time of Homer and call them Solymes from whence came the name Solyma or Jerusalem notwithstanding the greatest number of writers agree in this point that Egypt being infected with leprosy King Bocharis by the advice of the Oracle of Hammon drove them out of this Country as a multitude unprofitable and odious to Diety and that being scattered in the wilderness and courage failing them Moses one of their Leaders advised them to expect no relief neither from Gods nor Men who had forsook them but to follow him as a celestial Guide who should deliver them out of dangers which they did without knowing where he led them They say that nothing was more troublesome to them than thirst and that they were ready to perish for want of water When on a sudden a herd of wild asses that came from feeding got into a Rock covered with a wood which Moses having perceived he followed them fancying that he should meet with some fountain in a place covered with green which succeeded according to his desire for he found there abundance of water wherewith they quenched their thirst After they were thus refreshed they continued their Journey for the space of six days then they found a cultivated Country and took possession of it having driven away the inhabitants thereof and there they built their Temple and City Moses the better to get their affection and fidelity instituted a Religion and Ceremonies amongst them contrary to those of all other Nations For all that is holy amongst us is accounted profane by them and all that is forbid to us is lawful to them Moses consecrated in the Sanctuary the Figure of the animal that was their guide and offered in sacrifice the Ram out of the hatred he bore to Jupiter Hammon and the Ox because it was adored in Egypt
Julius or July under Jupiter's Protection JULIUS viz. MENSIS July This Month was called in the Calender of Romulus Quintilis because it was the fifth Month of the Year according to this King's Calender who made up the Year of Ten Months only beginning the Year with the Month of March But afterwards this name was changed by the orders of Marc. Antony and it was called Julius in honour of Julius Caesar who had reformed the Calender of Romulus The first of this Month was a time appointed for removing Lodgings and paying Houses Rents as we learn by this Epigram of Mâ—â—tial l. 12. Epigr. 32. O Juliarum dedecus Calendarum Vidi Vacerra sarcinas tuas vidi Quas non retentas pensione pro bimâ Portabat uxor rufa crinibus septem He means that his House Goods were so inconsiderable that the owner of the House refused to keep them for payment of Two Years Rent due to him The fifth of this Month or the third before the Nones was a Holy Day called Poplifugia the flight of the People when Romulus was killed and a dreadful storm put them to flight The seventh or the day of the Nones was called Caprotinae Nonae from the Latin Word Caprificus a wild Fig-Tree in remembrance of a Servant Maid called Tutola or Philotis who got upon a wild Fig-Tree holding a burning Torch in her hand as a token to the Romans to surprize the Army of the Latins The next Day after this Feast they kept another rejoycing Day called Vitulatio in honour of the Goddess Vitula because the following Day after the Victory obtain'd over the Latins there were publick Rejoycings all over the City The 12th was Julius Caesar his Birth-day kept holy The Games called Apollinarii Circenses and Minervalus were represented in this Month. And a Temple was Dedicated to Female Fortune in acknowledgment of the great Service that Veturia and Volumnia the Mother and the Wife of Coriolanus had done to the Commonwealth by hindering him to take revenge of the affront of his Banishment At the Ides of the Month they made a general Muster of the Roman Knights called Transvectio Crowned with Branches of Olive Tree and riding their own Horses from the Temple of Honour to the Capitol The Censors were present at this Ceremony to see if their Horses were in good case and if they march'd in good order The same Day the Feast of Castor and Pollux was kept in their Temple built by the Son of Aulus Posthumius in the great place of Rome because they had fought for the Romans against the Latins who attempted to restore Tarquinius Supurbus to Rome The 18th was accounted fatal because upon that Day the Romans were defeated near the River Allia and put to flight by the Gauls The 23d Women with Child offered a Sacrifice to the Goddess Opigena and carried small Wax Figures into her Temple and prayed to her to grant them a happy Deliverance The 24th the Feasts of the Pontifs were kept The 25th they went in Processions about the Fields which were called Ambervalia The 28th a Sacrifice of Wine and Honey was offered to Ceres and the remainder of the Month was bestowed to Sacrifice reddish Dogs to the Dog-star to moderate the excessive heat of that Season JULUS The Son of Aeneas and Creusa sirnamed Ascanius who came with his Father into Italy and Reigned there after him He built a City called Alba Longa in a place where he had found a wild Sow with her young ones JUNIUS June the sixth Month of the Year wherein the Sun enters the Sign Cancer which makes the Summer Solstice This Word comes from the Latin Junius which some derive à Junone as Ovid in the 5th of his Fast introduces this Goddess saying Junius a nostro nomine nomen habet Others take the Etymology of this word a Junioribus from young people Junius-est Juvenum Ovid. And some others from Junius Brutus who expelled the King of Rome and settled the government upon the people This month was under the protection of Mercury The first day of the month they solemnized four feasts one dedicated to Mars out of the City because upon the like day F Quintius Duumvir of the Sacrifices had dedicated a Temple to him out of the gate Capena on the via Appia by the title of Mars Extra-Muranus The other feast was kept in honor of Carna in remembrance of the Temple that Junius Brutus consecrated to him upon mount Celius after he had driven away Tarquinius The common opinion was that this Divinity presided over the heart of children and inclined them which way she pleased They offerd Pap Bacon and Beans to her in Sacrifice The third feast was celebrated in honor of Juno Moneta to perform the vow that Camillus had made to build her a Temple The fourth feast was solemnized in honor of Tempest and instituted in the time of the second Punick war The fourth or the day before the Nones the feast of Bellona was kept whereof I have spoken under the word Bellona This same day a feast was celebrated in honor of Hercules and the Senate dedicated him a Temple in the Circus by Sylla's Order who gave stately entertainments to the people and presented Hercules with the tenth part of his wealth The 5th or the day of the Nones they offered a sacrifice to God Fidius to whom the Romans built a Temple on mount Quirinal after the peace was concluded with the Sabins and they honoured this God because the oaths taken in his name were inviolably kept Upon the 7th day happened the Fishermens Feast which was solemnized in the field of Mars with games mirth and banquetting The 8th or the 6th day of the Ides a solemn sacrifice was offered to the Goddess Mens in the Capitol to whom Attilius Crassus vowed a Temple after the defeat of the Consul C. Flaminins at the lake of Trasimenes praying her to remove out of the mind of the Romans the fear occasioned by the rout of the Consul The 9th or the 5th of the Ides was kept the great feast of the Goddess Vesta whereof I shall speak in its place The 11th or 3d of the Ides was solemnized the feast of the Goddess Matuta which shall be mentioned afterwards Upon the Ides of June fell out the feasts of Jupiter sirnamed Invictus or Invincible to whom Augustus dedicated a Temple for the victories he had obtained And this same day was kept the feast of Minerva called Quinquatrus minores the Fiddlers feasts mentioned in this book according to its order The 19th a sacrifice was offered to Pallas on mount Aventinus The 20th another was offered to Summanus to whom a Temple was dedicated upon such a day during the war of Pyrrhus The 22d was reckoned a fatal day because that day F. Flaminius was overcome by the Carthagimans The 23 Syphax was vanquished by Masinissa and the same day was called Dies Fortis Fortunae because King Servius dedicated her a Temple out of the
City beyond Tiber where Workmen and Slaves crowned with flowers went by water to divert themselves and be merry as inhabitants of great Cities commonly do upon holy days The 27th was the feast of the Lares or houshold God 's ' The 28th the feast of Quirinus was celebrated on the mount of the same name and the 30th the feast of Hercules and the Muses were kept in a Temple dedicated to them both JUNO The daughter of Saturn and Rhea and Sister to Jupiter 'T is reported that she was born at Argos a Town of Greece whereupon she was sirnamed by Poets Argiva Juna Others assure us that she was born at Samos and have called her Samia She Married her Brother Jupiter who got into her bosom according to the Fable under the shape of a Cuckow and then re-assuming his own form enjoyed her upon condition he should marry her which he performed The truth is that in that time Brothers and Sisters married together after the custom of the Persians and Assyrians Wherefore Juno is represented by the Figure of a Goddess setting on a Throne holding a Scepter in her hand with a Cuckow on the top of it Poets don't agree among themselves neither about the number of Children she had of Jupiter nor the way she conceived them Pausanius reports that she had Mars Ilithyia and Hebe by him Lucian asserts in one of his Dialogues that she was brought to Bed of Vulcan without having lain with her Husband and that she was big with Hebe for having eaten too much Lettice Dionysius Halicarnasseus writes that King Tullus ordered that a Piece of Money should be brought into her Temple at Rome for every one that was born as they were obliged to bring one to the Temple of Venus Libitina for all those who died and another to the Temple of Youth for those who put on the Viril Gown And thus they kept in their Records a very exact account of all those who were born or died at Rome or were at an Age fit to bear Arms. This Juno who presided over the birth of Men was named by the Romans Lucina and by the Greeks Ilithyia Statuit quanti pretii nummos pro singulis inferre deberent cognati In aerarium Ilithyiae Romani Junonem Lucinam 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 vocant pro nascentibus in Veneris ararium in Luco situm quam Libitinam vocant pro defunctis in Juventutis pro togam virilem sumentibus Some Writers report That Lucina is either Diana or another Goddess than Juno but the Pagans confound often the Goddesses with Juno Here is what Lucian says about this matter in his Deo Syria In Syria not far from Euphrates stands a Town called the Holy City because 't is Dedicated to Juno of Assyria Within are the Golden Statues of Jupiter and Juno both in a sitting posture but the one is carried upon Oxen and the other upon Lions That of Juno has something of several other Goddesses for she holds a Scepter in one hand and a Distaff in another Her Head is Crowned with Rays and Dressed with Turrets and her Waste girt with a Scarf like the Celestial Venus She is adorned with Gold and Jewels of divers Colours that are brought from all parts But what is most marvellous is a precious Stone she has upon her Head which casts so much light that by Night it illuminates all the Temple for which reason they have given it the name of Lamp but by day it has hardly any light and only seems like Fire And indeed as some Men have confounded all the Gods with Jupiter those who made the Image of Juno mentioned by Lucian had the like design to Incorporate all the Goddesses in Juno's Person Lactantius tells us that Tully derives the names of Juno and Jupiter from the help and sucour that Men receive of them à Juvando Juno presided over Weddings and Womens Labours and was called upon in these Exigencies as we see in Terence where Glyceria being in Labour has recourse to her Juno Lucina far opem When the Roman Matrons were barren they went into her Temple where having pulled off their Cloaths and lying on the Ground they were lashed by a Lupercal Priest with Thongs made of a Goat's Skin and thus became fruitful wherefore Juno was represented holding a Whip in one hand and a Scepter in the other with this Inscription JUNONI LUCINAE Poets have given many Epithets to Juno calling her Lucina Opigena Juga Domeduca Cinxia Unxia Fluonia She was called Lucina à Luce because she helped Women to bring forth Children and show them the Light and for the same reason she was also named Opigena and Obstetrix because she helped Women in Labour Juga Juno was called because she presided at the Yoke of Matrimony and consequently over the Union of Husband and Wife and because of that Qualification she had an Altar erected to her in one of the Streets of Rome therefore called Vicus Jugarius the Street of Yokes Domiduca because she brought the Bride to the House of her Bridegroom Unxia because of the Bride's anointing the side Posts of the Door of her Husband going in thereat Cinxia because she helped the Bridegroom to unite the Girdle the Bride was girded with in fine she was called Fluonia because she stopp'd the flux of Blood in Womens Labours In one word Juno was like a Guardian Angel to Women in the like manner that God Genius was the keeper of Men for according to the Opinion of the Antients the Genius's of Men were Males and those of Women Females Wherefore Women swore by Juno and Men by Jupiter The Romans gave her several other names and called her sometimes Juno Caprotina Meneta Sospita and sometimes Regina and Calcadaris She was sirnamed Caprotina because as Plutarch reports in the Life of Romulus the Gauls having taken the City of Rome the Sabins and several other Nations of Italy fancying that the Romans were weakened thereby took this opportunity to destroy them Wherefore they raised a considerable Army and proclaimed War against them unless they would send them their Virgins to sport with them The Romans unwilling to comply with their demand accepted the Proposal of Philotis a Maid-Slave who offered herself to go over to them with her Companions promising withal that she would give warning to the Romans when their Enemy should be deeply ingaged in Debaucheries Which she performed thus She got up into a wild Fig-Tree from whence she gave a Signal to the Roman Army who thoroughly routed the Enemy In remembrance of this Victory the Romans ordered a Feast to be kept every Year at Nonae Caprotinae in honour of Juno called also Caprotina from the wild Fig-Tree à caprifico at which time the Maid Slvaes diverted themselves played the Ladies and entertained their Mistresses JUNO MONETA Juno was called Moneta à monendo i. e. to advise or because when the Gauls took Rome she advised the Romans to Sacrifice to her a Sow great
with young or because that the Romans being at War with Pyrrhus they called upon Juno to be relieved with Money Wherefore having driven Pyrrhus out of Italy they built her a Temple with this Title JUNONI MONETE and in that Temple the Money was kept JUNO REGINA or Queen Juno Under this Title Camillus after the taking of the City of Veiae where she had a very rich Temple asked if she was willing to come to Rome there to be adored and her Statue having made a sign that she consented to it he built her a Temple upon Mount Aventine JUNO CALENDARIS Because the first days of every Month called the Calends were consecrated to her and a White Cow or a She Goat was commonly Sacrificed in her Honour wherefore she was sirnamed Aegophagos or She-Goats Eater She was represented with Birds that were under her protection viz. the Goose the Peacock and the Vulture The Assyrians and Affricans and after them the Greeks and Romans have given the name of Juno to the Air and for that reason some Writers assure us that the name of Juno in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is but a transposition of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Tully speaking of the nature of the Air explains the Fable of Juno Aer ut stoici disputant interjectus tuter mare caelum Junonis nomine consecratur The Air between Heaven and the Sea is called by the name of Juno quae est sorer cusjux Jovis quod ei similitudo est atheris cum eo summa conjunctio And hereupon is grounded the Kindred and Marriage between Jupiter and Juno i. e. Heaven and Air. And this is plainly discovered in a Fable of Homer wherein he tells us that Jupiter tied Juno to a Chain with two Anvils hanging at her Feet to shew that the Air is independant on Heaven and the Earth and the Sea are dependant on the Air. In fine Poets have ascribed to Juno the quality of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 albis ulnis because of the transparency of the Air. JUNONALIA A Holy-day kept in Honour of Juno not mentioned in the Fasts of Ovid but fully described by Livy 1. 7. Decad. 3. This Feast was instituted on occasion of certain Prodigies that happened in Italy Wherefore the Pontiffs ordered that seven and twenty young Girls divided into three bands should walk singing a Song composed by Livius the Poet. But while they were learning the Song by heart in the Temple of Jupiter Stator the Thunder fell upon the Temple of Queen Juno on Mount Aventine Whereupon the Southsayers having been consulted answered that the Roman Matrons were concerned in this Prodigy and that they should pacifie the Goddess by some Sacrifices and Offerings Wherefore they collected Money and bought a Golden Bason and presented the Goddess with it on Mount Aventine Then the Decemviri appointed a day for a solemn Sacrifice which was thus ordered Two white Cows were led from the Temple of Apollo into the City through the Gate called Carmentalis and two Images of Queen Juno made of Cyprus Wood were carried Then marched seven and twenty Girls cloathed with long Gowns singing an Hymn in Honour of the Goddess Then followed the Decemvirs crowned with Laurel and clad with Robes edged with Purple This pomp passed by the Vieus Jugarius and stopp'd in the great Field of Rome where the Girls fell a Dancing keeping time with the Hymn From thence they marching by the Tuscanstreet and Velabrum through the Market for Oxen they arrived at the Temple of Queen Juno where the Victims were Sacrificed by the Decemviri and the Images of Cyprus Wood set up therein JUPITER Varro reckons three hundred Jupiters of several sorts and Countries The great Multitude of these Jupiters is doubtless grounded upon the first who went by that name who had been kind to Men and had assisted them in their wants wherefore after his Death each Nation gave the sirname of Jupiter to their King either out of flattery or because he was really a good Prince and imitated the Vertues of the true Jupiter by the name whereof Poets meant the true God In the like manner that the name of Hercules was abscribed to all great Men because the first of that name was very valiant and generous as the Roman did who gave the name of Caesar to all their Emperours tho' they were not of Julius Caesar's Family Tully lib. 3. de natura Deorum records but three Jupiters two whereof were born in Arcadia one the Son of Aether and the other of Caelus who begat Minerva The last was a Native of Crete or Candia the Son of Saturn and Rhea or Ops to whom all the actions of the two other are ascribed and was called Jupiter quasi juvans Pater as Macrobius and Aulus Gellius report and not from the word Jehova i. e. God for the Romans had then no acquaintance at all with the Hebrews After his Mother Rhea was delivered she did not put him to Death as she had promised Saturn but sent him to the Curetes Inhabitants of Mount Ida where he was secretly Nursed up and she put in his room a Stone wrapp'd up in swaddling Cloaths which as 't is said Saturn swallowed down thinking it was his Son This Child was then delivered up to the Nymps to take care of him and Amalthea suckled him with the Milk of a She Goat which Jupiter being grown up ranked amongst the Number of the Celestial Signs in acknowledgment of her kindness by the name of Olenia Capella from the Town of Olenus in Baeotia Oleniae surget sidus pluviale Capellae Quae fuet in cunis Officiosa Jovis Some relate that Rhea being afraid that her Son should not be safe upon Mount Ida in Phrygia sent him to a Mount of the same name in Candia Jupiter being grown up delivered his Father Saturn and his Mother Rhea from the hands of the Titans for having got together a Troop of Creteans he marched against the Titans routed them and restored his Father to the Throne Before he went to this Expedition as he was offering Sacrifice in the Isle of Naxos an Eagle came flying before him which he took for a good omen and after he had obtained the Victory he ordered that the Eagle should be consecrated to him Poets say that he turned himself into an Eagle to steal away Ganymedes upon 〈◊〉 Ida. However Saturn resoved the ruine of Jupiter but Prometheus having acquainted him with his design he tied him up with Woollen Bands as the Fable says gelded him and threw him headlong into Hell from whence being got out he came to Janus in Italy of whom he was kindly received Primus ab aetherio venit Saturnus Olympo Arma Jovis fugtens Regnis exul ademptis In the mean while Jupiter took possession of the Kingdom of Crete Then maintained a War against the Giants under the command of Aegon who had an Hundred Arms and as many Hands and blew Flames out of as many
his Companion throws him violently down upon the Ground squeezing his Throat with his Elbow and pressing his Body with his Knees insomuch that I have been afraid he would have choaked him tho' the other clapp'd him on the Shoulder to desire him to let him go as acknowledging himself overcome LUCULLUS an illustrious Roman who defended the Republick and overcame Mithridates in Two pitch'd Battles He had the Misfortune to contract the Hatred of his Followers and the Soldiery by his contemptible Usage of them He received the Honour of Triumph wherein never was such vast Riches seen Mithridates his Statue all of Gold and Six Foot in Height was carried before him with his Buckler all covered over with precious Stones He had several Mules laden with Ingots of Gold and Silver and a great many rich Moveables After he had triumphed he retired from publick Affairs and lived the rest of his Days a delicious and voluptuous Life He built Gardens and stately Houses every-where but more particularly on the Sea-side His Magnificence and luxurious Living appear'd by his Table he having Halls on purpose for the Feasts he made wherein was expended more or less according to occasion but among others there was one which they called Apollo's Hall where the Entertainment he made cost Five Thousand Crowns He erected a stately Library well furnish'd with Books that was free for any Body's perusal Sometime before his Death he was disturbed in Mind and put under the Care of his Brother 't is thought Calistenes his Freed-man gave him Poison which thus distempered his Brain LUDI Games or Plays in the Plural Number A Term used for the Shows and publick Representations made by the Ancients such as the Olympick and Pythian Games were among the Greeks and those of the Circus among the Romans Ausonius has observed the following Difference between the Four famous Games of Greece that Two of them were dedicated to the Gods and Two to Heroes Ancient Authors give an Account of Three sorts of Diversions which they named Races Combats and Shows the First were called Iudi Equestres sive Curules which were the Races made in the Circus dedicated to the Sun and Neptune the Second they called Agonales or Gymnici which were Combats and Contests as well of Men as Beasts performed in the Amphitheater and dedicated to Mars and Diana the Third were named Scenici Poetici and Musici which consisted of Tragedies Comedies and Balls that were acted at the Theaters dedicated to Venus Bacchus Apollo and Minerva There was an old Decree of the Senate of Rome that enjoyn'd the publick Plays should be consecrated and united to the Service of the Gods Constantine was the first who put down the Sanguinary Plays of the Amphitheater after he was baptized See an Account of these different sorts of Plays under their particular Heads in the Alphabet LUGUDUNUM according to Dio Lugdunus by Corruption when the Goths in the Fourth and Fifth Centuries ravaged the Roman Empire and Lugdunum by way of Abbreviation is the City of Lyons in Gallia Narbonensis concerning which Dio who wrote the Roman History in the Reign of Alexander Severus speaks in this manner The Senators says he when they understood that Syllanus sided with Mark Antony and were afraid left Lepidus and Lucius Plancus should take to the same Party they sent Deputies to them to let them know that the Republick had then no occasion for their Arms that so they might contrive no ill Designs and not begin any hostile Act. They received the Senate's Orders about building a City for such as the Allobroges had before drove out of Vienna a City in the Province of Narbonne and who had withdrawn themselves to a Place scituate upon the Confluence of the Rhosue and the Saone so that fixing themselves there they built Lyons formerly called Lugudunum It was in the Year DCCXI from the Building of Rome which according to the exactest Chronology answers the Year XLIII before the Coming of our Saviour that the said City was built according to an old Inscription by Lucius Munatius Plancus Son of Lucius Grandson of Lucius Great Grandson of Lucius Consul Censor and declared General of the Army a second time one of the Seven Officers appointed to take Care of the Banquet of the Gods who triumphed over the Rhetians built the Temple of Saturn with the Spoils of his Enemies made a Distribution of the Lands about Beneventum to the Soldiers and settled Two Collonies in Gaul one at Lyons and the other at Aost or August Five Leagues from Basil L. Munatius L. F. L. N. L. P. Plancus Cos Cens. Imper. Iter. VII Vir Epul Triumph Ex Rhoetis Aedem Saturni fecit de Manubiis Agros Divisit in Italia Beneventi in Galliam Colonias Deduxit Lugdunum Rauricam Plutarch seems to say that Lyons is older than Plancus his Words are these Adjoining unto the Soane says he there is a Mountain called Lugdunus which took its Name upon this Occasion when Momorus and Atepomarus were expelled the Kingdom of Seserone and were about to build a City upon this Hill and by Order of the Oracle had laid the Foundation thereof several Ravens appeared unto them all on a sudden with extended Wings and covered all the neighbouring Trees from which Sign Momorus being skilled in the Art of Augury named the Town Lugdunum because that a Raven in their Dialect was called Lugum and an high Place Dunum as Clitophon witnesseth in L. 13. concerning the Founding of Cities Nothing certain can be offered concerning the Etymology of the Word Lugdunum Some will have it that the Place was named Lugdus in Memory of one of the Kings of the Celtae others in Remembrance of a Legion under Julius Caesar that was called Lugda and was wont to winter-quarter in this Country Becanus deduces it from a German Word that signifies Fortune Glukdunum being as much as to say a fortunate Mountain As for the Word Dunum it is agreed that in the ancient Gaulish Tongue it signified a Hill or Mountain Some ancient Authors there are who say the Word Lug signified a Raven in the Language of the Celtae and that because the Mount of Fourviere which some have thought to have been once called Corviere was a Place frequented by Ravens the City which had been built upon the said Mountain retained the Name thereof after the Roman Eagles had chased them away Some there are who say that Lugdunum or Lucdunum as 't is sometimes found written signifies as much as Lucii Dunum the Praenomen of Plancus Lastly Others having read in Eusebius that at first when Lyons was built there was a great Steel-mirrour placed upon Mount Fourviere which by the reflected Rays of the Sun taught those who came from Savoy the Way to Lyons which was not yet become a beaten Road they have thought it Cause enough to affirm the Place was so called quasi Lucis Dunum It is true some others who are not so credulous but doubtful
from under the Rays of the Sun or its Conjunction with it The old Moon when she is upon the Decline or in the Wam the full Moon when she is in its Opposition The Ancients were superstitiously guilty of making great Lamentations during the Ecclipse of the Moon and the Romans made many mournful Noises upon the said Occasion LUPERCI and Lupercalia The Luperci were the Priests of Pan God of the Arcadians surnamed Lycaeus the Son of Mercury and Penelope and God of Shepherds Authors do not agree concerning the Manner of instituting these Priests nor their Sacrifices and Ceremonies observed at Rome in Honour of God Pan. Some refer it to Romulus and others with more Likelihood to Evander King of Arcadia who having been miserably driven out of his Country came into the Territories of the Latins where he was not only favourably entertained by Faunus who was then King there but also received Part of his Territories from him so as that he was free to settle himself towards Mount Palatine where he built a small City and Temple which he dedicated to Pan the Lycaean at the Foot of the said Mountain with a Statue erected in Honour of him which was covered with a Goat's skin like the Dress of the Shepherds of those Times There he appointed Sacrifices to be offered and constituted a Number of Priests called Luperci from Lupus Lycaeus being the same thing as Lupus with the Latins And this makes it evidently appear that the instituting of those Priests and Festivals is to be attributed to none but Evander and not to Romulus Thus when Numitor's Men seized on Remus they surprized him as he was offering Sacrifice to the God Pan at the Foot of Mount Palatine according to the Report of Dionysius of Halicarnassus and Aelius Tubero L. 1. of the Roman Antiquities which also does suppose that the said Sacrifices were before instituted by Evander unless any should say that Romulus increased the Ceremonies and Magnificence of these Feasts after he had built Rome the Foundations whereof had been laid by Evander And here note that in the Solemnities used at this Feast which was celebrated at Rome February 15th the Priests met together early in the Morning in the Temple of this God where after they had made the usual Prayers they sacrificed white Goats to him in whose Blood when they had dipt two Knives they marked two young Men in their Faces therewith then they wiped them with Wool steeped in Milk after which they provided themselves with Thongs made of these Goat-skins and run stark naked about the City slapping the Women with them who willingly received them because they had an Opinion these Blows would make them fruitful Some have held that this Ceremony was added by Romulus because that finding the Sabin Women which he had ravished became barren he consulted the Augurs thereupon and they made answer that in order to remedy the said Evil the Woman must offer Sacrifice to Juno on a Mountain of Rome called Esquiliae each being covered with a Goat-skin which is interpreted to be the Skins of the Goats the Luperci sacrificed The Custom of these People's running naked came from Pan's running so after his Flocks Ipse Deus nudos jubet ire ministros Ovid. or rather for preserving still some Remains of the Savage Life which the first Inhabitants of the Earth led before some extraordinary Men were raised up to polish and civilize the Savages and of whom afterwards they made Gods This Feast lasted a long Time among the Romans and Augustus himself reformed several base Abuses that had crept into it and forbad the Youth of the City that exceeded the Age of Fourteen to run naked thereat Lupercalibus vetuit currere imberbes says Suetonius in the Life of Augustus and this makes Cicero in his second Philippick to reprove Antony that when he was Consul he had run about stark naked at this Feast Ita eras Lupercus ut te esse Consulem meminisse deberes LUSTRATIO was a Ceremony or Sacrifice made by the Romans after they had done numbering the People which was performed every Five Years LUSTRUM that is to say the Space of Four or Five Years The Romans numbred their People by Lustra's The Word comes from Luo according to Varro which signifies to pay because that at the Beginning of every fifth Year they paid the Tribute laid upon them by the Censors Their Charge which afterwards became Annual having been established at first for this Space of Time Servius was the first that purified the People in this manner He put them into Battle-array and made a Bull and an He-goat which he sacrificed to pass round them three Times and that was the first Lustrum of the Romans and the first Tax which was continued from Five Years to Five Years LUTETIA or Paris some Authors being not able to discover the Original Institution of the Arms of Paris which are a Ship have gone so far to enquire after the same as Isis as well as for the Name of this Illustrious City For many have thought the Name of Paris to have been Greek and to come from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is near the famous Temple of the Goddess Isis It must then be supposed as it has always been thought that there was a Temple there dedicated to the said Goddess within the Bounds of the Ground which belong now to the Abbey of St. Germain des Prez This Temple stood till the Time that Christianity was established in France and when it was demolished Curiosity led some to preserve the Idol of Isis that had been worshipped there and the same was put into a Corner of the Church of St. Germain des Prez when it was built by Childebert and dedicated to St. Vincent to serve as a Trophy that Idolatry was subdued The said Idol was preserved to the Year 1514. when Cardinal Briconnet who was then Abbot of the Place coming to understand some silly Women through Simplicity and Superstition had burnt Candles before the said Idol caused the same to be taken away and cut into Pieces This City at first bore the Name of Paris which it took from its Proximity to the Temple of Isis and communicated it to all the Country round it whereof it was the Capital City but received that other Name of Lucotecia or Lutetia from the Greek Word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies Whiteness because of the Whiteness of the Plaister the Masons used in the Building thereof and none ought to wonder why the Name of Paris should be taken from the Greek considering the Affinity there is between the French and the said Language of which divers Authors have treated The Word Paris therefore extended it self throughout the Country as it does still to this Day the same being called Parisis and the City Lucotecia or Lutetia Parisiorum They are Names even to be met with in Caesar's Commentaries Strabo and Ptolomy LYAEUS an Epithet given to Bacchus from the
ought not to rely upon what Pliny says in respect to the Romans having no Physicians for above 600 Years seeing he contradicts himself when he says that Archagatus came thither in the Year 535. So that he misreckons near 100 Years But to shew you more exactly how he is mistaken we must observe what Dionysius of Halicarnassus says upon the Year CCCI Hist Rom. wherein he shews that a Plague breaking out at Rome it swept away almost all the Slaves and half the Citizens there being not Physicians enough to attend so many sick Persons So that here is at least a Rebate of 300 Years in Pliny's Account seeing according to the Testimony of the said Dionysius who was an Author of good Credit there had been Physicians at Rome from the Year 301. In the succeeding Age viz. in the Year CCCCLXI the Plague raged again in the City of Rome and the Art and Care of the Physicians being not able to withstand the Contagion the Romans sent Deputies into Greece to setch Esculasius the God of Physick thither who at Epidaurus had done Wonders in the Curing of Diseases In the 6th Century Archagatus was the first that came from Greece to Rome Terence adapts a Comedy to the Year DLXXXVIII wherein he brings Physicians upon the Stage which he would have taken care not to have done if they had none of them at Rome or if they had been banish'd thence Plautus before him in his Mercator brings in a discontented Man who said that he would go for some Poyson to a Physician Ibo ad Medicum atque me ibi toxico morti dabo Herophilus came in the 7th Century who as Pliny says resisted the Principles of Erasistratus and settled the Differences between Diseases according to the Rules of Musick Asclepiades towards the End of the said Century flourished and after him his Scholar Themiso and the famous Craterus of whom Cicero speaks often in his Epistles to Atticus and indeed he was a Person of very great Reputation as Horace witnesseth Non est cardiacus Craterum dixisse putato Hic Aeger It is of him Porphyric speaks who having a Person for his Patient that lay ill of an extraordinary Distemper wherein his Flesh fell away from his Bones he cured him by feeding him with Vipers dressed like Fish In the 8th Age besides the famous Antonius Musa Augustus his Physician and Eudemus Celsus Scribonius Largus and Charicles flourish'd also at Rome in the Reigns of Augustus Tiberius and Caligula Vectius Valens and Alco lived under Claudius and so did Cyrus Livia's Physician During the 9th Century there flourish'd at Rome Statius Annaeus Nero's Physician old Andromachus the Inventer of the Theriaca Andromacha Thessalus who got himself the Name of Iatronices i. e. Conqueror of Physicians because he boasted he had overthrown their Principles Crinas of Marseilles and Charmis of the said City who being desirous to go beyond their Brethren condemned the Use of Hot Baths and made their Patients bath in cold Water even in Winter time In the 10th Century after the Building of Rome Galen a Native of Pergamus was in Request at Rome he being Physician to the Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus In the 11th Century there were divers famous Physicians in the Empire and at Rome but the 12th was fertile in them among whom were Zeno of Cyprus Ionicus of Sardis Magnus of Antioch and Oribassius of Pergamus who were his Disciples This was the last Age of the Roman Empire which according to the Appearance of the 12 Vultures to Romulus was to last but so many Centuries MEDIMNUS or MEDIMNUM it was a Measure among the Greeks containing Six Roman Bushels which is about Lifty English Quarts MEDITRINALIA were Feasts instituted in Honour of the Goddess Meditrina à Medendo because the Romans then began to drink new Wines which they mixed with old and that served them instead of Physick It was celebrated on the 30th of September MEDUSA the Daughter of Phorcus who dwelt in one of the Islands of the Aethiopian Sea with her two Sisters Euryale and Sthenion who were called Gorgons Modusa was exceeding beautiful beyond her Sisters and had the finest Head of Hair in the World Neptune enjoy'd her in the Temple of Minerva who resenting so base an Action turn'd the Hairs of Medusa's Head into so many Serpents and made her Aspect so terrible as to transform all that looked upon her into Stones Perseus rid the Earth of so horrible a Monster and by the Help of Mercury's Wings and Minerva's Shield cut off her Head the which Pallas fixed to her Shield and with which she petrified all her Enemies MEGAERA was one of the Furies of Hell the Name being derived from the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Odiosa and who by Virgil is placed in Hell with her Head drest with Serpents and a frightful Aspect which punishes the Guilty MEGALESIA they were Feasts instituted in Honour of Cybele the Grand-mother of the Gods and the same was solemnized on the Nones of April i. e. the Fifth Day with Plays and Rejoycings The Priests of this Goddess who were called Galli carried her Image along the City with the Sound of Drums and Wind-musick in order to imitate the Noise they made who were entrusted by this Goddess with the Education of her Son Jupiter that so they might hinder Saturn from hearing the Child's Cry and not devour him as he had done his other Children MELAMPUS the Son of Amithaon the Argian and of Doripe he was an Augur and a very experienced Physician he had the Art perfectly to imitate the Volces of all Sorts of Animals There were Temples erected for him and Divine Honours paid him Proetus gave him his Daughter Iphianassa in Marriage whom by his Art he had brought to her right Senses MELANTHO the Daughter of Proteus who was wont to divert her self in the Sea riding upon a Dolphin's Back but Neptune being taken with her Beauty assumed the Shape of a Dolphin and after he had carried her on his Back for some Time in the Sea he took her off and enjoyed her MELEAGER the Son of Oeneus King of Calydonia and of Althaea Diana being angry that this King had forgot her at a Sacrifice sent a furious Boar into his Country which he with the Help of Theseus killed from whence came the Proverb Non fine Theseo This Victory proved fatal to Meleager for having made a Present of this Animal's Head to his Mistress the Jealousie of some Persons who were present occasioned a Quarrel wherein his Two Uncles were killed and whose Death Althea their Sister and the Mother of this Prince revenged upon him in a very strange Manner For Althea perceiving at the Time that Meleager was born that the Destinies had limitted the Life of the said Child so long as a Firebrand should last she took care to put the Fire out and to preserve that Firebrand very carefully But being now desirous to revenge the Death of her
the Horizon the Ancient Gauls and Germans divided Time not by the Day but by Nights as you may see in Caesar and Tacitus NUMA called Pompilius the Son of Pomponius Pompilius He was born at Cures the Capital City of the Sabines the Fame of his Vertue made the Romans chuse him for their King after Romulus his Death He revived all the Ancient Ceremonies of Religion and instituted new Ones and writ down a whole Form of Religious Worship in Eight Books which he caused to be laid with him in his Tomb after his Death But one Terentius says Varro having an Estate haid by the Janiculum as his Servant was ploughing near unto Numa's Tomb he turn'd up the Books wherein the said Prince had set down the Reasons of his instituting such Mysteries Terentius carried them presently to the Praetor who when he had read the Beginning of them thought it was a Matter of that Importance as deserved to be communicated to the Senate The Principal Senators having read some things therein would not meddle with the Regulations of Numa but thought it conducive to the Interest of Religion to have the said Books burnt Numa had had Recourse to the Art of Hydromancy in order to see the Images of the Gods in the Water and to learn of them the Religious Mysteries he ought to establish Varro says that this kind of Divination was found out by the Persians and that King Numa and after him Pythagoras the Philosopher made use thereof To which he adds that they also invoked Mens Souls upon this Occasion by sprinkling of Blood and this is that which the Greeks called Necromancy and because Numa made use of Water to perform his Hydromancy they said he married the Nymph Egeria as the said Varro explains it It was therefore by this way of Hydromancy that this inquisite King learnt those Mysteries which he set down in the Pontiff's Books and the Causes of the same Mysteries the Knowledge whereof he reserved to himself alone He boasted he had very often Conversation with the Moses to whom he added a Tenth which he named Tacita and made the Romans worship her He somewhat rectified the Calender and added Two Months to the Year which at first consisted but of 10 Months and so made them 12 adding every Two Year one Month consisting of 22 Days which he called Mercedinum and which he immediately placed after the Month of February he lived about 80 Years and of them reigned 40. This Numa Pompilius second King of Rome was indeed both a King and a Philosopher who gave himself up so much to the Doctrine which Pythagoras afterwards publish'd to the World that many through a gross Ignorance of the Time took him to be a Disciple of Pythagoras Dionysius of Hallicarnassus has refuted this Error by shewing that Numa was more ancient than Pythagoras by Four Generations as having reigned in the 6th Olympiad whereas Pythagoras was not famous in Italy before the 50th The same Historian says that Numa pretended his Laws and Maxims were communicated to him by the Nymph Egeria which others believed to be a Muse at last the said Historian says Numa pretended to have that Conversation with a Coelestial Mistress that so they might believe his Laws were the Emations of the Eternal Wisdom it self NUMERUS a Number is a Discrete Quantity being a Collection of several separate Bodies Euclid defines it to be a Multitude composed of many Unites The perfect Number establish'd by the Ancients is Ten because of the Number of the Ten Fingers of a Man's Hand Plato believed this Number to be perfect inasmuch as the Unites which the Greeks called Monades compleated the Number of Ten. The Mathematicians who would contradict Plato herein said that Six was the most perfect Number because that all its Aliquot Parts are equal to the Number Six And farther to make the Perfection of the Number Six to appear they have observed that the Length of a Man's Foot is the 6th Part of his Height There is an even and an odd Number the Even is that which may be divided into Two equal Parts whereas the odd Number cannot be divided equally without a Fraction which is more of an Unity than the even Number The Golden Number is a Period of 19 Years invented by Metho the Athenian at the End of which happen the Lunations and the same Epact tho' this Period be not altogether true Its thought to have been thus called either because of the Benefit there is in the Use of it or because it was formerly written in Gold Characters See Arithmetica NUPTIAE Marriages from the Verb nubere which signifies to vail because the Bride had a Vail on of the Colour of Fire wherewith she covered her self They carried a lighted Torch and sung Hymen or Hymenaeus which was a fabulous Deity of the Pagans whom they believed to preside over Marriages The Poets called him fair Hymenaeus See Matrimonium NYMPHA a Nymph a false Deity believed by the Heathens to preside over Waters Rivers and Fountains some have extended the Signification hereof and have taken them for the Goddesses of Mountains Forests and Trees The Ancients took the Nymphs to be Bacchus his Nurses whether it were because the Wine wanted Water to bring its Grapes to Maturity or because 't is requisite Water should be mixed with Wine that it may not disorder the Head They have been sometimes represented each of them with a Vessel into which they poured Water and holding the Leaf of an Herb in their Hands which grows in Water and Wells or else another while with that of a Water-Plant called Nymphaea that took its Name from the Nymphs and again with Shells instead of Vessels and naked down to the Navel the Nymph were sometimes honoured with the Title of August as other Deities were which appears by this Inscription NYMPHIS AUGUSTIS MATURNUS V. S. L. M. That is Votum solvit libens meritò Maternus has freely and fully discharg'd her Vow to the August Nymphs This Epithet has been given them by way of Honour because 't was believed they watched for the Preservation of the Imperial Family NYMPHAEA the Baths which were consecrated to the Nymphs and therefore so called from them Silence was more particularly required there whence we read in an Inscription of Gruter NYMPHIS LOCI BIBE LAVA TACE to the Nymphs of the Place drink bathe your selves and be silent O. O Is the Fourteenth Letter in the Alphabet and the Fourth Vowel The O by its long and short Pronounciations represents fully the Omega and Omicron of the Greeks the Pronunciation whereof was very different says Caninius after Terentianus for the Omega was pronounced in the Hollow of the Mouth with a great and full Sound including two oo and the Omicron upon the Edge of the Lips with a clearer and smaller Sound These two Pronounciations they have in the French Tongue the Long O they distinguish by the Addition of an S as coste hoste motte
all for besides that I am worshipped in Arcadia where I possess 1000 Flocks I am famous for my Skill in Musick and have shewed my Valour in the Battle of Marathon insomuch that the Athenians for my Reward have given me a Grot under their Cittadel whether if you will ever come you shall see how I am honoured there Pausanias says that it was in the Reign of Pandion the Second at Athens that those Plays and Combats called Lupercalia Lycoea were instituted in Arcadia by Lycaon who was King of the Country near unto the Temple of Pan tho' they were consecrated to Jupiter Lycaeus When Evander went from Arcadia into Italy he carried the Celebration of the Lupercalia in Honour of Pan thither and Dionysius of Hallicarnassus gives a Description thereof as of a Custom which was still in Force in his Time Pausanias tells us that Lycaon consecrated these Plays to Jupiter Lycaeus but Dionysius of Hallicarnassus says they were consecrated to Pan which gives occasion to believe that the Arcadians confounded Jupiter with Pan of which the said Historian gives also a convincing Proof when he says elsewhere that the greatest and most ancient of the Arcadian Gods was Pan As Arcadia was a mountainous and woody Country It s not strange they should make the God of the Mountains and Woods to be the greatest of all the Gods montes nemora Pani dicari Ovid himself in his Fasti testifies that Pan's Chief Priest was named Flamen Dialis as well as Jupiters And this is clear that they have either put the Name of Pan upon Jupiter himself or invested Pan with the Majesty of Jupiter Those who would make the ancient Fables to be a kind of Philosophy which under those Disguises conceal the greatest Secrets of Nature take Pan which in Greek signifies All for the Universe as Plutarch says in his Treatise of Osiris That Part of Pan which has Humane Shape from the Wast upwards represents Heaven and that Intelligent Being whereby all the World is govern'd His red and fiery Face denotes the Region of Elementary Fire His Wrinkles and stern Looks the various Changes of the Air and Seasons His Hairs are the Beams of the Sun and his Horns denote the Moon which receives all the Influences of the Coelestial Bodies and disperses the same again over the Earth His lower Part is rough and hairy which denotes the Earth with the Forests Herbs and Plants growing thereon his Two Legs are the Two Hemisphears that compose the World his Belly is the Sea and his Horn feet denote the Stability of the Earth The Panther's Skin which he carries upon his Shoulders the which is full of round Spots represents the Firmament full of Stars says Probus the Grammarian upon Virgil's Georgicks The Seven Reed-pipes joined together denote the Seven Planets and their Spears the Harmony of the Seven Tones that of their Courses and Revolutions says Cicero in his Somnium Sciâ—â—â—â—is the Breath wherewith he makes them sound is the Spirit of Life which is in these Stars He holds a crooked Staff in his Hand that signifies the Year his amourous Complexion and the Laciviousness wherewith he pursues the Nymphs is the Desire of Generation which spreads it self thro' all the Beings of this World who attract Matter proper for that End from the Moisture which is represented by the Nymphs PANATHENAEA Feasts celebrated at Athens in Honour of Minerva which were instituted by Theseus when he brought all the People of Attica to coalesce into one Body The Latins called these Feasts Quinquatriâ—â— Wrestling was one of the Exercises practised here they also danced the Pyrrhick Dance upon the Theater which was done with Arms and was instituted by Pyrrhus These Games were of two sorts the great ones which were performed every Five Years and the lesser ones annually See Quinquatria PANES the Satyrs of whom Pan was the Chief and who for that Reason were often confounded with Pan which is justified by this Verse of Ausonius Capripedes agitat cùm laeta protervia Panes They were the Gods of Woods Fields and of Hunting and often were taken for a Symbol of Impudence and Unchastity PANDORA whom Hesiod says was the first Woman in the World was made by Vulcan of a little moistned Earth afterwards animated by all the Gods and endued with their Perfections For Venus gave her her Beauty Pallas her Wisdom Mercury his Eloquence Apollo his Musick and Juno her Riches and this made her to be named Pandora from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies All Cift Jupiter being angry with Prometheus because he had made a Man and stolen Fire from Heaven gave Pandora a Box wherein he enclosed all sorts of Evils with Order she should carry it to Epimetheus the Brother of Prometheus who upon the receiving thereof rashly opened it when all the said Evils flew abroad into the Earth and there was only Hope left in the Bottom which he kept PANTHEA or SIGNA PANTHEA Panthean Statues they were ancient Statues that by the different Figures that were upon them represented all the Gods or at least a great Part of the most considerable of them 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek signifies All and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 God And so they called the Temples wherein all the Gods were worshipped together Panthea and wherein all their Representations might be seen Of this sort was the famous Pantheum at Rome built by Agrippa and dedicated to Jupiter Vindex according to Pliny It was afterwards consecrated by Boniface 3. to the Virgin Mary and all the Saints It was of a round Form and is at this Day called Santa Maria della Rotonda There was one at Athens which Pausanias calls the common Temple of the Gods and these sorts of Temples might be seen in many other Cities Lucian says that he had observed the Statue of a Goddess in Syria which indeed was made for Juno but that it had something in it of Pallas Venus Luna Rhea Diana Nemesis and the Destinies Ruffinus in his Ecclesiastical History writes that there was still at Alexandria in Theodosius his Reign an Idol of Serapis made of all sorts of Mettles and all kinds of Deities The Ancients therefore made Statues which by their different Figures denoted all the Gods There were Panthean Inscriptions Panthean Gravings and Panthean Feasts PANTHEON the Pantheon or a Temple built by M. Agrippa Augustus Caesar's Son in Law of a round Form in Honour of all the Gods it was made of Brick on the Out-side and within was adorned with Marble of various Colours There were Niches in the Walls wherein were placed the Statues of the Gods especially that of Minerva which was made of Ivory by Phidias the Statuary and that of Venus at whose Ears hung a very rich Pearl of Queen Cleopatra's which Augustus ordered to be cut in two because it could not be matched which the said Queen at a Feast with Mark Antony caused to be dissolved and drunk
amounted to 8 in all At last Sylla being desirous to fill up the Senate which was exhausted by the Civil Wars and having given an Account to them how Things stood with them in particular made up the Number of Quaestors to because that Charge was as a kind of an Antroduction into that Body The Quaestorship was always conferred either upon Persons of Merit or Reputation till it came to be as it were exposed to sale by the Shews they gave Julius Caesar raised the Number of them to 40 in order to fill up the Senate and their Business was to assist the Generals of the Army that went to War to receive the Money that arose from the Spoils and Booty taken from the Enemy and to pay the Soldiers The City Questors received the Taxes and Impositions laid upon the People went to meet Foreign Embassadors took care to treat them in their Journey and to furnish them an House at the Charge of the Common-wealth QUAESTORES PARRICIDII they were Questors sent into the Provinces by Order of the Senate to try criminal Cases their Power was great they had Lictors and other Officers to attend them they were chosen annually tho' they continued them sometimes longer QUERCETULANA See Porta QUINQUATRIA they were certain Feasts celebrated at Rome in Honour of Pallas like unto those called Panathenaea by the Athenians This Name was given them because they lasted for Five Days on the first of which they offered Sacrifices and Oblations without the Effusion of Blood the Second Third and Fourth were spent in the Fights of the Gladiators and on the Fifth they went in Procession through the City These Feast Days began on the 18th of March and Scholars had a Vacation for all that While and presented their Masters with a Gift which was called Minerval They also acted Tragedies now and there were Disputations held between the learned Poets and Orators concerning polite Learning wherein the Conqueror received a Prize appointed for that Purpose by the Emperor Domitian Here it was Stacius vauntingly gloried that he had conquered and received a Present from the Emperor himself Lux mihi Romanae qualis sub collibus Albae Cùm modò Germanas acres modò Daca sonantem Praelia Palladio tua me manus induit auro QUINQUENNALES LUDI Games celebrated every Five Years in divers Cities in Honour of such Emperors as had been deified QUINQUE-VIRI MENSARII Five Men appointed extraordinarily by the Consuls to discharge the Debts of the People that had been ruined by the Usuries exacted from them QUIRINALIS see Mons. QUIRINUS the Surname of Romulus and he was so called from a Javelin which the Sabins named Quiris according to the Testimony of Festus or else from the Sabins themselves who were called Cures to whom he gave a Part of Rome to live in and this after they had coalesced into one Body with the Sabines made the Romans be called Quirites or lastly upon the Account of God Mars from whom Romulus said he was descended and who was called Quiris because he was pictured holding a Lance in his Hand Junius Proculus swore he appeared to him upon the Via Albina in an august and glorious Manner with glittering Arms and commanded him to tell the Romans that God Mars his Father had taken him up to Heaven that they should set up Altars and worship him as a God by the Name of Quirinus Lactantius gives an Account of the Prayers that were made to this new Deity which he has taken out of Ennius O Romule Romule dico ô Qualem te patriae custodem Dî genuerunt Tu produxisti nos intra luminis auras O pater ô genitor ô sanguen Dîs oriundum They celebrated a Feast called Populi-fugium in Memory of his Deification beause of the Storm which made the People run into their Tents It was kept on the Fifth of July QUIRITES thus the People of Rome were called from Cures a City of the Sabines with whom Romulus made an Alliance and shared his City with them so that the said Two People being united into one Body were called by one common Name Quirites R. R Is a Liquid Consonant and the 17th Letter of the Alphabet it was formerly a Numeral Letter and signified 80 and when there was an Accent above it implied 80000. RAMNENSES a Troop of 100 Horse that took their Name from Romulus RATITI Pieces of Money that weighted Four Ounces on which was graven the Figure of a round Vessel called Ratis RECINIUM and RECINUM and RECINUS was a kind of a square Mantle or Vail wore by Women or their Heads Salmasius will have it to be a sort of a Gown wore by Roman Ladies and tucked up before with a square Pin of a Purple Colour RECUPERATORES Judges delegated by the Prator to take Cognizance of a Fact REDDIIIO The Third part of the Sacrifice of the Heathens when they put in the Entrails of the Victim after they had inspected the same REGIFUGIUM a Feast celebrated every Year at Rome on the 24th of February in Commemoration of the Expulsion of Tarquinius Superbus and the Overthrow of the Monarchy It was also performed on the 26th of May when the King of the Sacrifices in the Place where the Assemblies were held offered Bean-flour and Bacon and when the Sacrifice was over they hasted away with all speed to denote the precipitate Flight of King Tarquin REGIO a Part of the City of Rome Tullius Hostilius was the first that divided Rome into Four Parts the same being called Suburana Esquilina Collina and Palatina Things continued in this State till Augustus his Time who divided it into Fourteen Parts over each of which he settled Two Surveyors called Curatores viarum who were made annually and took their Divisions by Lot They wore a Purple Robe and had each of them Two Lictors that walked before them in the Division where they presided They had Slaves under them who were to take care of the Fires that should happen Their Charge was to provide for the Tranquillity of their respective Divisions and to keep them clean to take care that new Buildings did not increase too much and were not built higher than the Law did prescribe They had 2 Officers called Denunciators to assist them in each Division who gave them an Account of all Disorders that happened also a Watch to prevent all unlawful Meetings in the Night and to seize Vagabonds and Rogues These Fourteen Divisions contained 424 Streets 31 of which were called Great or Royal Streets which begun at the gilt Pillar which stood at the Entry into the open Place in the Middle of the City and to each of these Streets belonged Four Vico-Magistri who took care of them and carried the Orders of the City to each Citizen Alexander Severus increased the Number to Fourteen more Surveyors who served as Assessors to the Governour of the City The first Division began at the Gate Capens and was 12222 Feet in Circumference The same
to make an Alliance with him and to supply him and his People with Wives Whereas it is supposed he had Recourse to the Sabines or some other People who having refused him he resolved upon the entire Extirpation of them Other Authors will have Romulus to be a Greek by Birth for this his Name implies as Salmasius says who thought the Word Romulus to be a Diminitive of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that in the Eolick Dialect signifies Strength Grorovius is of Opinion that Romulus was neither a Gaul nor Affrican but a Syrian since Josephus and Nicephorus translate the Name by 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Son of Romelia of whom mention is made in Scripture ROSTRA Stages or raised and spacious Theaters which were adorned with the Prows of the Ships that were taken from the Antiatae in the first Sea-fight obtained by the Romans It was the Place from whence Orations were made to the People RUDIS a knotty rough Stick which the Praetor gave the Gladiators as a Mark of their Freedom whence the Latin Phrase Rude donare to make a Gladiator free to discharge him from fighting any more they were also called Rudiarii RUDUSCULANA PORTA an Ancient Gate of Rome built after a rustick clumsie manner or called so because it was adorned with Brass according to Valerius Maximus RUMA or RUMINA this Goddess presided over the Nursing of Children at the Breast there was a little Temple built her at Rome wherein they offered Milk unto her RUTUMENIA an Ancient Gate of Rome so called from a Charioteer of that Name who proving victorious in a Horse-race from Veii to Rome entred through this Gate into the City S. SIs a Consonant and the 18th Letter in the Alphabet it was a Numeral amongst the Ancients which signified Seven It 's called a hissing Letter by reason of its Sound and has met with a different Reception from the Ancients some having been much for rejecting it while others affected the Use of it Pindar calls it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 adulterinam and has avoided the Use of it almost in all his Verses Quintilian says 't is rough and makes an ill Sound in the Conjunction of Words which made it be often totally rejected as dignu ' omnibu ' and the like are to be met with in Plautus and Terence Some of the Latins also chang'd it into a T in Imitation of the Atheneans saying Mertare for mersare pultare for pulsare c. But others on the Contrary affected the Use of it every where as Casinoenae for Camoenae dusmosae for dumosae And Quintilian says that from Cicero's Time and so onward they often doubled it in the Middle of Words as in Caussa Divissiones c. SABAZIA the Feasts of Bacchus see Bacchanalia SABAZIUS Bacchus or according to some the Son of Bacchus See Bacchus SABATHUM the Sabbath the Jeros reckoned their Years by Weeks the Seventh whereof was the Sabbathick Year wherein it was not lawful to till the Ground and their Slaves then were made free They had also their Year of Jubilee or Remission which was every 50th Year or as some will have 49th insomuch that every Jubilee was also a Sabbathick Year but more famous than the other and the Years comprehending these Two Terms i. e. the proceeding and following Jubilee were always comprized within the Number of Fifty and then all Estates and whatever had been alienated returned to the Possession of the first Owner SACERDOS a Heathen-Priest whereof there were different Orders consecrated to the Service of several Deities There was a Society of Priests named Luperci who were engag'd in the Worship of Pan Lycaeus and on his festival-Festival-Day ran stark naked through the City with Thongs in their Hands which were made of the Skin of a Goat that they had sacrificed to their God and with which they lash'd the Women who willingly received the Blows out of a supersticious Belief they had that the same contributed to make them fruitful Hercules his Priests called Potitii and Pinarii were instituted by Hercules they being taken out of those Two Noble Families in Evander's Time because they had assisted Hercules at a Sacrifice which he offered to Jupiter of the best Cow he had in his Herd Fratres Arvales to the Number of 12 were appointed by Romulus to sacrifice to Ceres and Bacchus and to pray to them to make the Earth fruitful Romulus was their Institutor Curiones they were Priests establish'd with Supream Power as to Spiritual Matters in the Curiae to the Number of 30 into which the Three Tribes of the People of Rome were at first divided Numa added Two Priests more in every Parish to assist the Curiones and these he called Sacerdotes publici The Curiones had the Tenths and Parish-Offerings allowed them for their Maintenance and this was called aes Curionum quod dabatur Curioni ob sacerdotium curionatûs says Festus Titii Sodales the Titian Priests to the Number of 25 whom Titus Tatius introduced formerly to Rome in order to retain somewhat of the Sabines Religion as Tacitus says L. 1. Annal. C. 7. However this Author seems to contradict himself when he attributes the Instituting of this Priesthood to Romulus Titii Sodales faces Augustales subdidere quod sacerdotium ut Romulus Tatio Regi ita Caesar Tiberius Juliae genti sacravit It may be said if Tatius instituted this Priesthood Romulus after his Death having made the Sabines and Romans coalesce into one Body ordered these Priests to offer an Yearly Sacrifice in Honour of Tatius King of the Sabines Varro will have these Priests to have been called Titii from some Birds of that Name from which they took Auguries Titiae aves quas in auguriis certis Sodales Titii observare solebant They dwelt without the City of Rome from whence they observed the Augury of the said Birds Flamines Priests consecrated to the Worship of each particular Deity every one of which bore the Name of his God as Flamen Dialis Martialis and Quirinalis the Priests of Jupiter Mars and Romulus See Flamen Salii an Order of Priests instituted by Numa who danced a Sacred Dance in Honour of Mars carrying the Sacred Shields named Ancilia and striking upon them musically This was a very honourable Priesthood at Rome and held by the chiefest Men in the Empire Augustales 25 Priests instituted by the Emperor Tiberius in Honour of Augustus for whom they erected Temples and Altars and instituted Sacrifices The same was also done for other Emperors who came afterwards to be deified thro' Flattery for we find there were such as they called Sodales Flavii Adrianales Aeliani Antonini c. SACRIFICIA Sacrifices they did not anciently sacrifice Animals if we believe Porphyry but the Fruits of the Earth or Perfumes which were altogether bloodless Sacrifices Porphyry in his Books concerning Abstinence treats of this Matter at large he says upon the Relation of Theophrastus that the Egyptians were the first who made an Offering of the
the first Year after the Expulsion of the Tarquins the City of Rome being afflicted with the Plague Publius Valertus Publicola who was then Consul freed the People from this Evil by offering in the same Place a black Ox to Pluto and a black Cow to Proserpina and he caused this Inscription to be graven on the same Altar Publius Valerius Publicola hath consecrated a Fire to Pluto and Proserpina in Campus Martius and celebrated Games in Honour of the said Gods for the Deliverance of the People of Rome Rome being after that afflicted with Wars and Pestilence in the Fourth Consulship of Marcus Potitus 352 Years after the Foundation thereof the Senate ordered the Sibyll's Books to be consulted by those whose Business it was They answered that those Evils would be at an end if they did but offer Sacrifices to Pluto and Proserpina They presently sought out the Place where the Altar of these Gods was buried found it and consecrated it anew and they had no sooner finish'd their Sacrifices thereon but the Romans found themselves freed from the Evils they laboured under after which they buried the said Altar again and the same is in a certain Place at the End of Campus Martius but these Sacrifices having been neglected from the Consulship of Lucius Cénsorinus and Manlius Puelius and new Misfortunes befalling them in Augustus his Reign the said Prince renew'd those Plays under the Consulship of Lucius Censormus and Caius Sabinus after Ateius Capito had informed them of the Ceremonies they were to observe thereat and that the Quindecim-viri in whose Custody the Sibyll's Books were had found out the Place where the Sacrifices and Shews ought to be performed The Emperor Claudius after Augustus caused the same Games to be celebrated without any regard had to the Law that required they should not be performed but once every Age. Afterwards Domitian not minding what Claudius had done celebrated them at the full Revolution of an Age from the time of Augustus his solemnizings of them Lastly Severus assisted by his Sons Caracalla and Geta renewed the same Games under the Consulship of Chilo and Libo Here follows the Manner how these Plays are set down in the publick Registers the Heralds went about to invite the People to a Shew which they had never seen and should never see again but this once Harvest-time being come a few Days before this Feast the Quindecim-viri whose Business it was to look after the Ceremonies of Religion sate upon a Tribunal before the Capitol and Apollo's Temple from whence they distributed Torches of Sulphur and Bitumen to the People which every one used to purifie himself with They gave none to the Slaves but only to such as were free Afterwards all the People went to the Temples we have mentioned and to that of Diana upon Mount Aventine every one of which carried some Wheat Barley and Beans thither and kept the sacred Eve there all Night in Honour of the Destinies with a great deal of Company Lastly They solemnized this â—east for Three Days and Three Nights beginning with offering Sacrifices in Campus Martius upon the Banks of the Tiber in a Place named Terentum The Gods to whom they offered were Jupiter Juno Apollo Latona and Diana as also the Destinies Lucina Ceres Pluto and Proserpina The first Night Two Hours after Sun-set the Emperor being assisted by the Quidecim-viri of whom before sacrificed Three Lambs upon Three Altars raised upon the Banks of the Tiber and when he had sprinkled the Altars with the Victims Blood he burnt them all whole during which Time the Musicians who were set upon an advanced Place sung an Hymn made for that Purpose They lighted Fires and Lamps every where and gave Shews that agreed with those Sacrifices Those who were to provide for Ceremonies by way of Recompence receiv'd the first Fruits of the Earth after some of them had been distributed to all the People In the Morning they met in the Capitol from whence after they had sacrificed the usual Victims they went to the Theater to celebrate Games there in Honour of Apollo and Diana On the second Day the Women of Quality went to the Capitol at the Hour assigned them in the Sibyll's Books and there sacrificed to Jupiter and sung Hymns in his Praise Lastly On the third Day a Company of Youths of good Birth to the Number of 27 and as many young Girls all whose Parents were alive in fix Chorus's sung Hymns in Greek and Latin and Sacred Songs for the obtaining all manner of Prosperity to the Cities of Rome There were moreover many other Things done according to the Prescription of the Gods and as long as these Ceremonies were observed the Roman Empire remained entire but to the end you may know the Truth of what has been said I 'll here recite the Oracle of the Sibylle her self as others have already done Roman remember every 110th Year which is the longest Time of the Duration of a Man's Life I say remember to offer Sacrifice to the immortal Gods in the Field that is watered by the Tiber. When the Night is come and that the Sun is set then offer Goats and Sheep to the Destinies afterwards offer proper Sacrifices to Lucina who presides over Child-bearing next sacrifice a Hog and a black Sow to the Earth and this done offer white Oxen on Jupiter's Altar and this must be performed in the Day-time and not by Night for those Sacrifices that are made in the Day-time please the Coelestial Gods by the same Reason thou shall offer to Juno a young Cow that has a good Hide the like Sacrifices thou shall make to Phoebus-Apolio the Son of Latona who is also called the Sun and let the Roman Boys accompanied with Girls sing Hymns with a loud Voice in the Sacred Temples but so that the Girls sing on one side and the Boys on the other and the Parents both of the one and the other must be then alive let married Women fall upon their Knees before Juno's Altar and pray that Goddess to give Ear to the publick Vows and theirs in particular let every one according to his Ability offer first Fruits to the Gods to render them propitious and these first Fruits ought to be kept with Care and they must not forget to distribute some of them to every one that assists at the Sacrifices let there be a great Number of People Night and Day at the Resting-places of the Gods and there let serious and diverting Things be agreeably intermix'd See therefore O Roman that these Injunctions be always kept in mind by thee and thus the Country of Italy and that of the Latins will always be subject to thy Power SELLA SOLIDA a Chair or Seat made of a piece of Wood wherein the Augurs sate when they were taking their Augury SELLA CURULIS the Curule-Chair which was adorned with ivory and on which the great Magistrates of Rome had a Right to sit and to be carried SEMELE
saying any thing to the People to whom the Sentiments of the said Body were communicated in these Terms Senatus decrevit populus jussit It was the Senate's Right to give the first Audience to Foreign Embassadors to dispose of Provinces appoint Triumphs and recerve Letters from the Generals of their Armies concerning the Success of the Republick's Arms. Their Power came somewhat to be lessened under the Emperors for Augustus constituted to himself a Privy-Council consisting of a certain Number of Senators with whom he consulted concerning the most important Affairs of State Tiberius endeavoured by little and little to assume the Power into his own Hands Nero on the contrary ordered that the Senate should retain their ancient Rights and Priviledges but we may say with Tacitus that all this was but a specious Pretence wherewith he was minded to colour his Usurpations All Authors are agreed that the Senate of Rome was of great Dignity and Authority but had not a full Power nor an absolute Dominion they having none to command and much less to execute their Orders as Dionysius of Hallicarnassus has well observed and so we meet with divers Passages in Livy to this Purpose Senatus decrevit populus jussit that is the Senate have thought it good and the People commanded it And in short the least Tribune that opposed the Senate could obstruct all their Decrees and the Senate gave out their Orders to the Consuls and Praetors no otherwise than if it pleased them si eis it a videtur All the great Magistrates had a Right to enter into the Senate but not to give their Opinions there unless they were Senators The Senators Children had also the same Right that they might betimes use themselves to the Affairs of the Republick The Tribunes of the People at first stood at the Door of the Senate to know their Deliberations and to oppose them in case they were contrary to the Rights of the People but they were afterwards admitted in The Consuls Dictators Tribunes of the People and the Governour of Rome in the Consul's Absence had a Right to call the Senate together which they did in these Words Quod faustum felixque sit P. Cornel. Cos edicit sic Senatores quibusque in Senatu sententiam dicere licet conveniant ad XIII Cal. Jan. They notified the Place and Day which was pitched upon sometimes in one and sometimes in another Place The Senate usually met three times a Month viz. on the Calends Nones and Ides according to Suetonius and this stated Assembly was called legitimus Senatus and all the Senators were obliged to be present under the Penalty of a Fine They might be extraordinarily called together any Day in each Month and this they called Senatus indictus or edictus These Assemblies might be held from Morning to Evening in three places in the City appointed for this Purpose viz. in the Temple of Concord between that Place and the Capitol at the Gate Capena and in the Temple of Bellona where they gave Foreign Embassadors Audience before they were introduced into the City There were also a great many more places appointed for this Purpose as Curia Hostilia Pompeia and Julia which the Augurs first consecrated according to Aulus-Gellius and Varro The Assembly of the Senate began with a Sacrifice offered to the Gods but Augustus altered this Custom and ordered every Senator to offer a Sacrifice of Wine and Incense upon the Altar of the God in whose Temple the Senate met before he took his Seat or could consult about any Business as Suetonius in his Life C. 35. informs us After which he was obliged to take an Oath by touching the Altar and calling the Gods to witness it that he would give his Opinion with Sincerity and without Hattery This Ceremony was exprest by these Words Jurejurando obstringere Senatum and from thence came Juratus Senatus as we read in Tacitus Lib. 4. Annal. This being done the Senators took their Places when the Consul or he who sate as President proposed both the publick and private Affairs which they were to consult about and ended with these Words P. Conscripti quid fieri placet When the Question was put about the choosing of an Emperor to succeed Aurelian the Senate having met in Curia Pompilia Cornificius Gordianus the Consel proposed the Thing in this manner Referimus ad vos P. C. quod sapè retulimus Imperator est deligendus Exercitus fine Principe diutiùs stare non potest and concluded Quare agite P. C. Principem dicite Aut acciptet exercitus quem elegeritis aut fi refutaverit alterum faciet He asked their Opinion and began with the Highest and so on to the Lowest This Method was not always observed for sometimes they asked the Opinion of one and then of another without any regard had to their Quality these Votes were given either Viva voce or only by holding up the Hand or else by separating into two Parties and this is comprehended by Flavius Vopiscus in a single Passage of Aurelian's Life Post haec says he interrogati plerique Senatores sententias dixerunt deinde aliis manus porrigentibus aliis pedibus in sententias euntibus plerisque verbo consentientibus conditum est Senatûs consultum When the Debate contained several Heads which required several Opinions to be given they debated each of them in particular dividebatur sententia When any Business was determined by a Plurality of Voices the Consul pronounced the Decree of the Senate in these Words S. C. A. By these Three Letters they meant Senatus-Consulti Authoritates the usual Title of all the Decrees of the Senate Pridie Kalend. Octobris in aede Apollinis scribendo adfuerunt L. Domitius Cn. filius Aenobarbus Q. Caecilius Qu. F. Metellus Pius Scipio c. Quod Marcellus Consul V. F. i. e. verba fecit de Provinciis Consularibus D. E. R. I. C. that is de eâ re ita censuerunt uti L. Paulus C. Marcellus Coss cùm Magistratum inissent c. de Consularibus Provinciis ad Senatum referrent c. and after having explained the Matter in Debate and the Senate's Resolution he adds Si quis huic Senatus-consulto intercesserit Senatui placere auctoritatem perscribi de eâ re ad Senatum populumque referri After which if any one opposed it they wrote his Name underneath Huic Senatûs-consulto intercessit talis Auctoritatem or auctoritates perscribere is to register the Names of those who have agreed to the Decree and caused it to be registred The Consuls at first carried the Minutes of the Decrees to their own Houses but because of the Alterations sometimes made therein it was ordered in the Consul hip of L. Valerius and M. Horatius that the Senate's Decrees should be laid up in the Temple or Ceres under the Custody of the Aediles and at last the Censors carried them into the Temple of Liberty putting them up in the Armories called Tabularia SENECA
and by his wise Conduct effaced all the evil Impressions that had been entertained of him so far that he was stiled The Delight of Mankind being of a sweet Disposition liberal and benificent to every Body which made him utter these excellent Words to his Domesticks who put him in mind he should not promise more than he could perform No Man said he ought to return with Dissatisfaction from his Prince TITYUS the Son of Jupiter and Terra this Giant was killed by Apollo or as others will have it Thunder-struck for endeavouring to enjoy Lacona the Poets feigned he was racked in Hell and that a Vulture tore his Heart without killing him TOGA It was a great Woollen Mantle without any Sleeves very large and used both by Men and Women but in Process of time none wore them but leud Women hence that of Horace In matronâ peccesve togata If you commit Sin with a Woman of Quality or a Courtizan The Toga was of divers Colours and admitted of various Ornaments There was that called Toga domestica wore within Doors Toga forensis abroad Toga militaris used by Soldiers and tucked up after the Gabinian Fashion and Toga picta or triumphalis wherewith the Victorious triumphed with imbroidered Palms that which had no Ornaments was called Toga pura TRAGOEDIA a Tragedy a Drammatick Poem which upon the Theater represents some signal Action performed by Illustrious Persons and has often a fatal End Suidas says that Thespis was the first Author of Tragedy who began by making his Actors ride in a Chariot painting their Faces with Wine-lees in order to disguise them for Masks were not yet invented Horace de arte Poetica gives us all these Particulars Ignotum Tragicae genus invenisse Camoenae Dicitur plaustris vexisse poemata Thespis Qui canerent agerentque peruncti fecibus ora Eschylus was the first who invented Masks and Habits to disguise the Actors and in short 't was he that advanced the magnificent and noble Character of Tragedy to the highest Pitch Post hanc personae pallaeque repertor honestae Aeschylus modicis instravit pulpita tignis Et docuit magnumque loqui nitique cotburno Diogenes Laertius in Plato's Life and Aristotle in his Ars Poetica say that at first there was but one Person in a Tragedy who alone made the Chorus Thespis added a Comedian thereto in order to give the Chorus Leasure to take Breath Eschylus added a second and Sophocles a third and so Tragedy came to its Perfection he that won the Prize in a Tragedy received a He-goat which he was to sacrifice to Bacchus from whence came the Name of Tragedy 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Hircus signifying a He goat TRAJANUS Trajan a Spaniard by Birth and the first Emperor of a Stranger that mounted the Throne of Rome His Head was like a Mallet broad at Top and with very considerable Eminences before and behind his Forehead broad and Neck thick which was an infallible Sign of a prudent vigorous Man and one that was steady in his Designs rather than of a lively and brisk Wit and so indeed he performed great Things having extended the Bounds of the Roman Empire much beyond any of his Predecessors Armenia and Mesopotamia being fallen under the Yoke of the Roman Power He had a Fit of an Apoplexy which turned into a Palsie in some Part of his Body but he died of a Dropsie aged 64 when he had reigned full 20 Years and most justly acquired the Title of an excellent Prince TRIBUNI PLEBIS Tribunes of the People being Magistrates taken from among the People and chosen of the People themselves to withstand whatever the Senate might attempt against their Liberty and Sovereignty insomuch that no other Power could do any thing if they opposed it The Occasion of creating them was this The People finding themselves opprest by the great Ones by the Instigation of Sicinius withdrew to a Mountain Three Miles off from Rome which afterwards was called Mons Sacer and would not return to Rome but by the Perswasion of Menenius Agrippa and being allowed two Tribunes to protect them against the Oppressions of the great Ones and this happened in the Year 266 and the two Tribunes were Sicinius Bellutus and L. Junius The Law for creating them was called Sacred and the same declared the Tribunes to be sacred and inviolable Persons who must not be injured upon Pain of Death and the Mountain whither the People had retired was called Mons Sacer because of the Oath which the Deputies of the Senate made to the People for allowing this Magistrate to them These two Tribunes took in three more and their Number increased to ten They had a Right to withstand the Deliberations of the Senate and the Orders of the very Consuls there being nothing to be concluded on without their Consent which they exprest by putting a T under the Order and if the same did not please them they hindred it to be put in Execution by subscribing the Word Veto without giving any Reason for it They wore a Purple Robe and they were the only Persons whose Office did not cease upon the nominating of a Dictator They could banish or imprison such as they thought criminal They summoned a Consul and a Dictator to be tried before the People when they were out of their Offices and they could not tarry above one Day out of the City The Doors of their Houses were open Night and Day that so the People might have Recourse to them at all times they had no Curule Chair nor a Seat at first in the Senate but their Seats were at the Door where they examined the Deliberations of that Body They had no Lictors to walk before them but only one Usher By the Atinian Law they were admitted into the Senate and had a Right to give their Advice there but their Authority was much lessened by the Cornelian Law in point of publishing of Laws and haranging the People and the same also supprest Appeals to the People but afterwards the Consuls Q. Aurelius Cotta and L. Octavius in the Year of Rome 678 admitted them to the Exercise of the highest Offices in the Republick and allowed them the Honour of having the Fasces carried before them and the same was confirmed to them by Pompey The Office of Tribune became yet more considerable and illustrious under the Emperors who took the Quality of Tribunes upon themselves Augustus began it and held the Power of Tribune for 57 Years A Quality says Tacitus that was invented for preserving of the Sovereign Authority above the other Magistrates without taking that of King or Dictator upon them Tiberius also held this Office for Five Years and so did all the succeeding Emperors to Constantine the Great It 's true they annually created Tribunes of the People but this was only nominal the Emperors carried all the Power from them Vlpian places the Tribunes among those who administred Justice at Rome
vento gravidae Georg. L. 3. They turned up their Mouths to the West-wind and conceived by the Power of it without a Stallion ZETES one of the Sons of the Wind Boreas and Nymph Orithya whom he stole away from Athens he was engaged with the Argonauts in the Expedition to Colchos and being descended from King Phineus the Son of Agenor who was persecuted by his own Daughters the Harpies he expelled them and pursued them as far as the Isles of Strophades he was afterwards put to Death by Hercules and changed into a Wind that blew Eight Days before the rising of the Dog-star Hyginus says he was buried and that his Grave-stone trembled when the Wind Boreas blew ZETHUS the Son of Jupiter and Antiope and the Brother of Amphion whom he helped to build the City of Thebes ZEUXIS an ancient Painter very famous in Antiquity Tzetzes makes him to be a Native of Ephesus and Cicero Pliny and Elian would have it that he was born at Heraclea near Crotonia in Italy He flourished in the 29th Olympiad towards the Year of Rome 355 and about 400 Years before our Saviour's Nativity Having found the Art of Painting in the Intancy of its Lustre he raised it from the Beginning of the Glory Apollodorus had brought it to great Perfection Quintilian says it was he that found out the Way of ordering Lights and Shadowings Luminum umbrarumque rationem invenisse traditur And 't is agreed on all hands that he was excellent at Colours Aristotle found this Fault with his Painting that Manners and Passions were not exprest therein however Pliny witnesses quite the Contrary in respect to Penelope's Picture wherein say he it seems as if Zeuxis had painted her Manners He got a great Estate and once appeared very gay during the Celebration of the Olympick Games with his Cloak embroidered with Letters of Gold which formed his own Name says Pliny and after he grew so rich he would sell no more of his Works but gave them away saying plainly he did not know how to set a Price upon them equal to their Value Before he made People pay for the Sight of them and none were admitted to see his Helen without Money in hand and hence by way of Raillery the Picture was called Helen the Courtizan Etian L. 4. C. 22. He scrupsed not to put those Three Verses of the Iliads under this Picture wherein Homer says that good King Priamus and the venerable Senators of his Council agreed that the Grecians and Trojans were not to be blamed for exposing themselves for so long a Time to so many Evils for the Love of Helen whose Beauty was equal to that of the Goddesses Val. Max. L. 3. C. 7. We cannot well say whether this Helen of Zeuxis was the same as that at Rome in Pliny's Time or that which he made for the People of Crotona to be set up in Juno's Temple Valerius Maximus says Marsyas bound painted by Zeuxis was to be seen in the Temple of Concord It will not be impertinent in this Place to take Notice of what Zeuxis required of the Inhabitants of Crotona for this Picture they had got him to come thither by the Power of Money that they might be furnished with a good Quantity of Pictures by his Hand wherewith to adorn that emple and when he told them he had Thoughts of painting Helen they were very well satisfied because they knew his Talent lay in painting of Women He afterwards asked them what fine young Women they had in their City and they brought him to the Place where their Boys performed their Exercises and he had all the Conveniency imaginable to discern whether they were handsome for they were naked and as he appeared much satisfied therewith they gave him to understand by that that they had handsome Girls in the City since those Boys whom he most admired had Sisters He then desired he might see the prettielt of them and the Council of the City having ordered all of them to assemble in one Place that Zeuxis might take his Choice he pitch'd upon Five of them and taking what was most beautiful from each of them he made the Picture of Helen by that Cicero and Pliny tell us all this Inspexerit eorum nudas virgines quinque elegerit ut quod in quaque laudatissimum esset pictura redderet Pliny will have it that he wrought for the Agrigentines and not for the Crotonians and he does not say whose Picture it was We find he does in a manner tell the same Story as Cicero We must not forget that Zeuxis having disputed with Parrhasius which of them was the best Painter Zeuxis lost it the Story is this Zeuxis had painted some Grapes so well that the Birds alighted upon them to peck them Parrhasius painted a Curtain so ingenuously that Zeuxis taking it for a real Curtain which hid his Antagonist's Work he very confidently desired that Curtain might be quickly drawn that so he might see what Parrhasius had done but coming to know his mistake he acknowledged he was outdone since he had deceived none but Birds but Parrhasius had deceived the Masters even of the Art it self Another time he painted a Boy carrying Grapes the Birds flew also to that Picture which made him angry and ingenuously confess his Work was not compleat enough seeing if he had drawn the Boy as well as he did the Grapes the Birds would have been affraid of him It 's said he rubbed out the Grapes and that he reserved nothing but the Figure wherein he had the least Success Sen. Controv. 5. L. 5. The best Picture made by this Painter was an Hercules in a Cradle who killed the Snakes in his frightened Mother's Presence but he valued his Champion more than any of the rest under which he put a Verse that afterward became famous It 's said that having painted an old Woman the Sight of that Picture put him into such a Fit of Laughter that he died with it 'T is Verrius Flaccus who relates this with these Two Verses that allude to this Accident Nam quid modi facturus risu denique Ni pictor fieri vult qui risu mortuus est We have the Description of a Picture of Zeuxis in Lucian that deserves Commendation ZODIACUS the Zodiac an imaginary Circle in the Heavens containing the Twelve Signs or Constellations which the Sun runs thro in a Year's Space it 's interfected into Two equal Parts by the Equator one of which contains the Six Northern Signs towards the Artick Pole and the other the Six Southern Signs towards the Antartick It 's called the Zodiac that is Life-bearer by reason of the Figure of the Animals in it that represent the Twelve Signs viz. Aries Taurus and Gemini for the Spring Cancer Leo and Virgo for Summer Libra Scorpio and Sagittarius for Autumn Capricornus Aquarius and Pisces for Winter In Verse thus Sunt Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Lec Virgo Libraque Scorpius Arcitenens
Caper Amphora Pisces ZONAE the Zones are the Five Circles which divide the World and Sphear into Five Parts one is called the Torrid Zone because of its great Heat Two more temperate and the other Two Frigid Zones Virg. in L. 1. Georg. gives a Description of these Zones as Ovid does also L. 1. Met. Those Five Circles have obtained this Name because the Word Zona in Latin signifies a Girdle The Torrid Zone is under the Equator included between the Two Tropicks the Two Temperate Zones lie between the Tropicks and Polar Circles and the Frigid Zones reach from the Polar Circles to the Poles The Ancients thought the Torrid Zone was altogether uninhabitable but now all the World know the Contrary and that it is rendered very temperate by an Intermixture of Heat in the Day-time and of Coolness in the Night They also find it very cold there in the Months of June July and August as to the Frigid Zones we could never yet sail beyond 75 Degrees In the mean time the Lapland History informs us that the Heat is sometimes so great there that they cannot let their bare Feet rest a Minute upon a Stone without burning them ZOROASTER whom Pliny makes to be so much ancienter than Moses is believed by Clemens in his Recognitions to be Cham and to have been worshipped for a Deity Justine says positively that Zoroaster was King of the Bactrians and the Inventor of Magick Rex Bactrianorum Zoroaster qui primus dicitur artes magieas invenisse It was the same Zoroaster against whom Ninus made War Suidas also places Zoroaster in Media or Persia and makes him to be the Chief of the Magi and Magicians Several Authors make Zoroaster to have lived more lately and place him no higher than the Time of Darius Histaspes but 't is like they might confound several Zoroasters in one and that this being a common Name to several Magi they attributed something of what appertained to the firsâ—t to the others that came after FINIS BOOKS Printed for and Sold by John Nicholson at the King 's Arms in Little-Britain where may be had all sorts of School-Books and most Chymical-Books THE Characters or Manners of the Age. 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by his Litter and killed one of his Servants who carried a Torch whereupon the Emperor vowed a Temple to Jupiter Tonans for having preserved him in so great a danger Jovi Tonanti says Suetonius edem consecravit liberatus periculo cum expeditione Cantabrica pur nocturnum iter lecticam ejus fulgor perstrinxisset servumque praelucentem exanimasset JUPITER ULTOR Jupiter the Revenger of Crimes had a Temple dedicated to him by M Agrippa JUPITER HERCEUS from the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Jupiter of private houses where an Altar was erected This privilege was only allowed to the Citizens of Rome says Arnobius Quicunque Herceum Jovem habebant jus civitatis etiam habebant JUPITER AMMON or Hammon had a Temple in Libya and a Statue under the Figure of a Ram from whence he was called Corniger Hammon This Temple was very famous on the account of his Oracles Jupiter is represented on several Medals sometimes carrying Victory in his right hand and a Spear instead of a Scepter in the left sometimes riding on a Kam or a She Goat with this Inscription JOVI CRESCENTI because he had been Nursed up with her Milk sometimes sitting in the midst of the Four Elements holding a Dart with one hand and laying the other upon the Head of his Eagle with two Figures that lay along under his Feet which represent the Two Elements of Water and Earth having the Zodiack round about him where the Twelve Signs are represented JUPITER OLYMPIUS sirnamed Eleus famous for his Oracle and the publick Games performed in Elis called Olympick Games On the Silver Medals of Lucius Lentulus and Caius Marcellus both Consuls is represented the Head of Jupiter holding his Thunder Bolt with his right hand and his Eagle with his left having before him a little Altar and the Star of Jupiter This Medal was stamp'd to pacifie Jupiter after the Thunder was fallen upon the Capitol Jupiter Conservator was also represented holding his Thunder-bolt with one hand and a Dart with the other and the Figure of the Emperour under his Thunder to shew that he was under Jupiter's protection or else his Figure was Ingraven laying upon a Globe and holding Victory which he endeavours to Crown and the Eagle at his Feet with these words JOVI CONSERVATORI AUGUSTORUM NOSTRORUM On the Medals of Nero and Vespasian Jupiter was named Custos and represented sitting on a Throne holding his Thunder in his right hand with this Inscription JUPITER CUSTOS or JOVIS CUSTOS JUPITER was sirnamed Anxurus in Italy and is represented like a young Boy without a Beard Crowned with Branches of Olive and holding a Goblet or Patera in his right hand and his Scepter in the other JURAMENTUM An Oath taken to confirm a thing The solemnal Oath of the Gods was by the Waters of the River Styx The Fable says that Victory the Daughter of Styx having assisted Jupiter against the Giants he order'd for a Reward of her Service that the Gods should Swear by the Waters of that River and in case they forswore themselves they should be deprived of Life and Feeling during Nine thousand Years as Servius reports and gives this reason for this Fable that the Gods being Immortal and happy swear by the Styx which is a River of sorrow and grief which is very contrary to their temper and that Oath was a kind of Execration in lib. 6. Aeneid Hesiod in his Theogonia relates that when any of these Gods had told a lye Jupiter sent Iris to fetch some Water out of Styx in a Golden Vessel whereupon the Lyer takes the Oath and if he forswears himself he is a whole year without life and motion but a very long one including many Millions of Years Diodorus Siculus l. 11. Pag. 67. tell us that the Temple of the Gods called Palici famous in Sicily was there much respctred and very ancient and that two very deep Basons were kept therein full of boyling Water mix'd with Brimstone always full and never flowing over In this Temple solemn Oaths were taken and Perjuries were immediately punished very severely some of them being condemned to have their Eyes put out Silius Italicus has expressed in Verse what Diodorus has here reported Et qui praesenti domitant perjura Palici Pectora Supplicio To this purpose Virgil speaks thus Lib. 9. Aeneid v. 584. .......... Symethia circum Flumina pinguis ubi placabilis ara Palici The two Basons where the Oaths were taken and the Divine vengeance broke out upon the Purjured were called Delli Macrobius after Callias makes mention of them saying Nec longe inde lacus breves sunt quos incolae Crateres vocant nomine Dellos appellant featres que eos Palicorum aestimant Aristotle assures us that the Person who took the Oath wrote it upon a Ticket which he threw into the Water The Ticket floated over if the Oath was true if it was false the Ticket appeared no more Appollonius Tyaneus l. 1. c. 4. in his Life written by Philostratus mentions a Spring of Water at Tyana in Cappadocia which was very like this above-mentioned This my Story of taking the Oath and punishing Perjuries was doubtless an imitation of what is written in the Book of Numbers concerning the trial of Waters which Women impeached of Adultery were obliged to drink The Rom ans swore by their Gods and Heroes ranked in the number of Gods as by Quirinus Hercules Castor and Pollux c. Suetonius relates that under the Empire of Julius Caesar the Romans began to swear by the health of the Emperours and by their Genius However Tiberius did not allow it but Caligula ordered that all those who should refuse to do it should be put to Death and came to such an excess of folly and madness that he commanded that the People should swear by the Health and Fortune of a fine Horse which he intended to take for his Colleague in his Consulat as Dion tells us lib. 59. They also Swore by one anothers Genius as appears by a place of Seneca Jurat per Genium meum JUS The Law There are three kinds of Laws the Law of Nature the Law of Nations and the Civil Law The Law of Nature is what Nature teaches all living Creatures and is in a manner common to Men and Beasts as Marriage Procreation and Education of Children The Law of Nations is what natural Reason has inspired and dedicated to all Men and is practised by all Nations as Religion towards God Piety towards Parents and Love of our Country From thence comes the difference and division of Nations settlement of Kingdoms share of Demesn Trade and most sort of Obligations From hence also arises the right of War to take Prisoners to accept of their ransom to set them at liberty or to detain them in slavery The Civil Law is what each City or State has established or enacted for a Law For natural reason having taught Men to live together and for that purpose
to build Towns and create Magistrates has also taught them to make Laws and assume to themselves a private and particular right to be the tye and rule of their Societies and this is called the Civil Law i. e. the Law of the City or Countrey The Civil Law which is now taught in Schools is a body composed of Roman Laws viz. a Collection of the Law received introduced and observed in the City of Rome and all the extent of the Roman Empire during the space of more then twelve hundred years during which time the Roman people who seem'd born to command not only made a considerable Progress by their Valour towards the general Empire of the Universe but also carefully and diligently inquired after the best methods and rules to govern themselves and their Subjects with Justice and Equity and render to every particular Man what was due to him keeping withal all Men in their Duty And to succeed in their design not being satisfied with their own they lent to Greece then flourishing in all kinds of Learning to inquire after their Laws Wherefore the Body of the Roman Law is not the work of a man only nor of some few Years but the work of many Nations and Ages together brought to perfection by a long and laborious Observation of humane affairs that the greatest wits of that flourishing State fully instructed by the exercise of inferiour Magistrates and from thence raised to the highest Offices of the Empire have collected and reduced under certain Principles and general Maxims of which it was formed and perfected And because so many Men having put their hand to this work the number of Volumes were grown almost infinite Justinian the Emperour gave order to Trebonianus his Chancellor and some other great Lawyers of his Age to reduce it to a perfect Body which they divided into three Volumes which are remaining still viz. Pandectae or Digests the Code and Institutes as we may see in the Preface of the Institutions of Justinian and by the title of the Code de veteri jure enucleando The Digests contain the Opinions and Resolutions of antient Lawyers The Code is composed of the Constitutions and Rescripts of the Emperours since Adrian to Justinian The Institutes is an excellent Abridgment of all that is contained in the two former Volumes i. e. an Abridgment of the Roman Law To these three Volumes they have since added the Constitutions of Justinian called Novellae or Authenticae which altho' they are not contained in the body of the Law collected and published by the order of Justinian yet they have obtained such an Authority that tho' they were published last by Justinian's order yet they have exceeded the former in many things And this Work was so excellent that even after the ruine of the Roman Empire the best polited Nations in the World make still use thereof to decide all their differences The Civil Law is twofold the written and the unwritten The written Law is that which being collected into Writing is published in a manner usual to each state In the Roman Dominions there were six kinds of this written Law called by several names viz. Lex Senatur Consulta Plebiscita Principum Placita Magistratuum Edicta Responsa Prudentium These several Definitions are related by Justinian in the 2. Cap. of his first Book The unwritten Law is that which has introduced it self by Practice and Tacit consent of them who use it and this is called Custom These two several kinds of Laws are much in request in France for they have there the Edicts and Ordinances of their Kings for a Written Law and as for Custom there is almost no Province but has Laws called customs particular to themselves The Canon Law is nothing else but a collection of Ecclesiastical rules definitions and constitutions taken out of the antient General and Provincial Councils the writings and resolutions of the Fathers of the Church and constitutions and rescripts of the Popes whereby are decided all controversies of the Ecclesiastical State not only concerning the administration of Sacraments management of the Estates and regulating of Clergymen but also in what concerns the Laity and Secular men in Spiritual matters and this Law which was lately collected and composed on the Model of the Civil Law is contained and reduced into three Volumes the first whereof is called the Decree of Gratian composed of the ancient Canons or rules taken from the ancient Councils and Writings of the Fathers The Second is called the Decretals containing the Decretal Epistles i. e. the constitutions or rescripts of the Popes chiefly since Alexander III. till Gregory IX by whose authority it was compiled and some Chapters taken out of the Epistles of Pope Gregory and some other Antients The last volume is called Sextum containing the rescripts of the Popes since Gregory IX till Bonifacius VIII by whose authority it was collected but this volume is hardly received in France because of the difference between Bonifacius and Philip called le Bel King of France and for many things inserted therein contrary to the liberties of the Gallican Church At the end of this volume are added the Clementina which are the constitution of Clement V. decreed in the Councel of Vienna and some rescripts of John XXII and other Popes commonly called extravagantes because they are out of the Body of the Canon-law composed in three volumes JUSTITIA Justice A Goddess called by the Ancients Astraea Daughter of Jupiter and Themis She is reprenseted by the figure of a naked and blindfolded Virgin holding an even ballance with one hand and a naked Sword with the other to shew that Justice has no regard to persons and punishes and rewards equally Hesiod says that Justice the Daughter of Jupiter is tied to his Throne in Heaven and demands revenge of him every time that her Laws are violated whereupon a long Succession of calamities is poured upon Nations who are punished for the Crimes of Kings and great men Aratus in his Phaenomena gives us still a finer description of the Goddess Justice who during the Golden Age was conversant night and day on the earth amongst People of all sorts of Age Sex and Condition teaching her Law During the Silver Age she appeared only in the night and in secret reproaching men with their unlawful ways but in the Iron Age she was forced to quit the Earth and retire into Heaven because of the multitude and enormity of Crimes JUTURNA A Fountain in Latium disimboguing itself into the River Numicius The Fable tells us that she was Daughter of Danaus and Sister to Tutnus King of the Rutnll whom Jupiter loved and enjoyed she assisted her Brother against Aenaeas but having perceived that the Fates were averse to him out of despair she cast herself headlong into the River Numicius Ovid in the 6th Book of his Fasti speaks of the Temple of Juturna the Sister of Turnus so often mentioned by Virgil in his Aeneids
a Name the Greeks had but one Name but the Romans had sometimes Three or Four which they called Praenomen Nomen Cognomen and sometimes Agnomen The Praenomen is that which belongs to every Person in particular the Name is that which denotes the House from whence one is descended and the Surname is that which belongs to a particular Family or to a Branch of that House It was a Custom among the Romans to give to their Children the Name of the Family to Boys on the 9th Day after their Birth and to Girls on the 8th But according to Festus and Plutarch the Praenomen was not given them before they put on the Virile Robe that is at the Age of 17. Thus Cicero's Children were always called Ciceronis pueri till those Years after which they called them Marcus filius and Quintus filius As for the Slaves they had no other Name than that of their Master as Lucipor Lucius his Slave Lucii puer Marcipor Marcus his Slave Marcipuer But yet afterwards they gave them a Name which generally was that of their Country as Syrus Geta Davus and when they were made free they took the Praenomen and Name of their Master but not the Surname in the room of which they retained their own Name Thus that learned Freedman of Cicero was called M. Tullius Tyro and this was also observed with Respect to Allies and Strangers who took upon them the Name of the Person by whose Favour they had obtained the Priviledge of being Citizens of Rome Varro says that the Women formerly had their own proper and particular Names as Cala Caecilia Lucia Volumnia and those Names as Quintilian observes were distinguish'd by Letters inverted thus C. L. M. However afterwards they gave them no Names but if there was only one Girl they did no more than give her the Name of her Family and sometimes softened the same by the Way of a Diminution as Tullia or Tulliola But if they were two they called one Major the other Minor and if more they were named according to their Age Prima Secunda Tertia Quarta Quinta c. or they made a Diminutive of the same as Secandilla Quartilla Quintilla c. NOMENCLATOR He was a Person among the Romans who accompanied those who laboured under-hand to be made Magistrates and who told them the Names of all the Citizens they met with that they might salute them and call them by their Names which was a very civil Custom and much in use at Rome NONAE the Nones quasi Novae being as much as to say new Observations tho' its more likely the Name came because that from the said Day to the Ides there were always Nine Days They computed Six Days in the Nones of May October July and March and in the other Months only Four Some believe that Romulus began the Month on the First Day of the Moon 's appearing in the Evening on which the Country People were obliged to come to Town in order to know of the Pontiffs the Time when the Feasts and other Ceremonies were to be celebrated and in short whatever they were to do or let alone during the whole Month. And as the Sacrificer was on the same Day wont to cry the Word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 with a loud Voice Five times successively if the Nones contained but Five Days or Seven times if they comprehended Seven so the Nones perhaps got their Name in that at first they were called Nono Idus the 9th of the Ides as they are put indeed in the place of the IX of the Ides Besides seeing there were Three different Variations and such as are very considerable in the Course of the Moon the 1st When she is entirely hid by the Sun-beams 2d On the first Day of her appearing when she rises at Night and appears with Horns at her coming forth from under the said Beams 3d When she is at the Full 't is thought that Romulus from thence took occasion to divide the Days of his Months which he began always with the Calends at the time when the Moon sub radiis Solis celaretur was hid by the Sun-beams and afterwards gave the Name of Nonae or Novae Lunae to the Day whereon the New Moon appear'd and that of the Idus when she was at the Full or appear'd with a beautiful Face the same Word coming from the Greel 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Idus which signifies as much from whence they give a Reason for the Inequality of the Days of the Nones For as it happens by a Composition of the Sun and Moon 's Motions that the Moon comes forth sometimes sooner from under the Beams of the other and sometimes latter and that this Difference is usually confined within the Space of Two Days It s very likely say they that at the Time when Romulus instituted this Calender the Moon continued longer hid by the Sun-beams in the Months of March May July and October and that upon this Occasion he allowed Seven Days to the Nones of these Four Months and only Five to the rest during which the Moon got sooner from under the said Beams and was visible NOVEMBER 't was formerly the 9th Month of the Year instituted by Romulus which consisted of Ten in all and now 't is the 11th The Emperor Commodus called it Exuperatorius but after his Death it reassumed its former Name In this Month the Sun enters into Sagitarius and it was under the Protection of Diana On the first Day thereof they made a Feast to Jupiter and performed the Circensian Games On the Day of the Nones or Fifth were the Neptunalia celebrated which lasted Eight Days On the 7th was held the Show of Ornaments On the 3d of the Ides the Inclosure of the Sea On the Ides the Feast called Lectisternia On the 18th of the Calends the Trial of Horses On the 17th of the Calends the popular Plays in the Circus for Three Days On the 14th the Traders Feast lasting Three Days On the 13th the Pontiff's Supper in Honour of Cybele On the 11th the Liberalia On the 10th they offered Sacrifice to Pluto and Proserpina On the 8th were the Brumalia celebrated which lasted for Thirty Days On the 5th were performed the Mortuary Sacrifices to the frighted Gauls and Greeks NOVENSILES were Heroes newly received into the Number of the Gods or the Gods of the Provinces and Kingdoms which the Romans had conquered and to which they sacrificed under the Name of Dii Novensiles NOX the Night the Daughter of Terra and Chaos which the Poets represented in the Form of a Woman in Mourning crowned with Poppies and having black Wings and riding in a Chariot drawn by Two Horses surrounded with Stars which served as her Guides They sacrificed a Cock unto her Cic. L. 3. de Nat. Deor. Says her Children were Love Deceit Fear Old Age Miseries Distinies c. The Night is part of the Natural Day during which the Sun is not above