readily found by travelling from the Mouth of the Rivers towards their Heads Therefore Remarkable Branches of the Dwina are Wayma Running S. W. Juga W. Volga are Sosowoia S. Occareca N. E. Seine are L'Oyse S. W. Marn Yonne N. W. Loir are Mayenne S. Le Sarte S. W. Le Loir Vienne N. W. Indre le Chere Allier Rhone are Durance S. W. Isere Saene S. Garrone are Dardonne W. Lot Tarne Danube are Pruth S. Misone S. E. Alouta S. Morawa N. Teyssa S. Drave E. Save Inn N. E. Iser Lech N. Iler Scheld are Ruppel running W. augmented by Senne N. Dyle Demer W. Dender N. Lis N. E. Scarpe Haisne W. Elme are Sost W. Haise Rhine are Lippe W Roer Moselle N. E. Lahn S. W. Maine W Neckar Maese are Dommel N. Niers N. W. Roer Ourt Sambre N. E. Semoy W Chiers Wiser are Aller W. augmented by Leine N. Ocker Fuld Elbe are Ilmenow N. W. Havel Saaldre N. Muldaw Oder are Warta W. Bober N. Westritz N. E. Nieper are Dizna S. W. Przypiecz or Pereptus N. E. Vistul is the Bugg N. turn W Niemen is the Vilna W. Ebro are Segre S. W. Cinca S. E. Gallega S. W. Xalo N. E. Guadalquivir Xenil W. Guardamena S. W. Guadiana are none remarkable Tago are Zatas W. Zezer S. Guadarran Xaruma Douro are Tonroes N. W. Tormes Arlanza S. W. Po are Oglio S E. Adda Tesine Tanero running E. turning N. augmented by Bormida  Stura N E. Sesia S. E. Dora Baltea Adige is Bachiglione S. Arno are Elsa N. W. Sieve E. turning S. Tiber are Quartitio W. Nera S. W. Chiane S. E. Volturno its chief Branch is Sabate W. These are all the Remarkable Branches of the Chief Rivers on the Continent of Europe And thus we are come to a Period not only of this Section but also of the First Part of this Treatise having now perform'd those five Things at first propos'd which was to entertain the Reader with some Geographical Definitions Problems Theorems and Paradoxes as also a Transient Survey of the whole Surface of the Terraqueous Globe as it consists of Land and Water And so much for a General View thereof Now followeth Modern Geography PART II. Comprehending a PARTICULAR VIEW OF THE Terraqueous GLOBE BY a Particular View of the Terraqueous Globe we understand a clear and exact Prospect of all remarkable Countries on the Face of the whole Earth according as they are represented by particular Geographical Maps as also a true and compendious Narrative of the chief Observables relating either to them or their Inhabitants All which may be briefly reduc'd to these following Heads viz. their Situation Extent Division Subdivision Chief Towns Name Air Soil Commodities Rarities Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Arms Religion In taking such a Prospect of all remarkable Countries we shall begin with Europe and travel through the various Divisions thereof in the same order as they are set down page 43. Therefore CHAP. I. Of EUROPE The Continent of Europe being divided Pag. 43. into VIII great Parts Viz Scandinavia Swedeland Capital City Stockholm Denmark Copenhagen Norway Bergen Moscovia or Russia Moscow France Paris Germany Vienna Poland Cracow Spain Madrid Italy Rome Turky in Europe Constantinople To these add the European Islands The Chief of which are Great Britain Cap. C. Those of London Edinburgh Ireland That of Dublin Of all these in their proper Places SWEDEN NORWAY SECT I. Concerning Scandinavia  d. m.  Miles Situated between 26 20 of Long. It s greatest Length is about 1030. 53 10 between 54 10 of Lat. Breadth is about 840. 71 06 Divided into the Kingdoms of Swedeland Ch. T. Stockholm Denmark Copenhagen Norway Bergen Swedeland comprehends Scania Chief Town Lunden from S. to N. Gothland Calmar Swedeland prop. Stockholm Lapland Tornia Finland Abo from N. to S. Ingria Notteborg or Oresca 〈◊〉 Riga Denmark â—â—â—tland Sleswick from W. to E. 〈◊〉 Islands Copenhagen Norway comprehends five Governments Of which hereafter More Particularly §. 1. SWEDELAND Scania contains the Provinces of Halland Ch. Town Helmstat W. to E. Bleking Christianstat Schonen Lunden Southward Gothland contains the Provinces of Vermelandia Chief Town Carolstadt N. to S. in the West part Dallia Daleburge Westrogoth Gottenburge Ostrogothia Norkoping N. to S. in th E. part Swedeland Smalandia Calmar Swedeland properly so call'd contains the Provinces of Sudermania Nikoping from S. to N. Nericia Orebro Westmania Arosen Uplandia those of Opsal and Stockolm Gestricia Geval Dalcarlia Hedemore Helsingia Hadswickwalt Medelpandia Selanger Jemptia Ressundt Angermannia Hernosand Lapland contains the Provinces of Uma Lapmark Uma from S. to N. Pitha-Lapmark Pitha Lula-Lapmark Lula Tornia-Lapmark Tornia Kimi-Lapmark Kimi Finland contains the Provinces of Cajania Cajaneburgh upon the Ula N. Finland Biorneberge W. to E. Tavastia Tavastus Savolaxia Nyslot Kexholmia Kexholm Carelia Wiborg E. to W. Nylandia Borgo S. Finland Abo Ingria contains the Provinces of Ingria propria Orcsca or Notteborg N. to S. W. Ingermania Caporio Solouski Juanagorod Livonia contains the Provinces of Lettenland Riga S. to N. Estland Narva §. 2. DENMARK Being divided into The Peninsula of Juitland The Danish Islands The Peninsula of Juitland comprehends North Juitland Ch. Town Wiborg South Juitland Sleswick D. of Holstein of which in Lower Saxony Juitland divided into North comprehends the Diocesses of Aalborg Chief Town Idem from N. to S. Wiborg Idem Arhusen Aarhus Ripen Idem South comprehends the Praefectures of Hedersleve Idem from N. to S. upon the Baltick Sea Appenrade Idem Flemborge Idem Gottorpe Sleswick Tonderen Idem N. to S. upon the Germany Sea Husum Idem Eyderstede Tonningen The chief of the Danish Islands are Zeland Funen c. Of which hereafter when we come to treat of Islands §. 3. NORWAY Divided into the Governments of Bahus Chief Town Idem S. to N. E. Aggerus Agger Bergenus Bergen Dronthemus Dronthem Wardus Idem This vast Continent of Scandinavia comprehending as aforesaid three distinct Kingdoms viz. those of Swedeland Denmark and Norway Of each of these seperately and in their Order Therefore §. I. SWEDELAND THIS Country formerly Succia a Part of Ancient Scandinavia is term'd by the Italians Suezia by the Spaniards Suedia by the French Suede by the Germans Schweden and by the English Sueden or Swethland so call'd from its Ancient Inhabitants the Sueones Suevi or Suethidi with the Addition of Land for Termination The Air of this Country is generally very Cold but if not too nigh some Lake or Marish very pure and wholesome yea so healthful to breath in that many of its Inhabitants do frequently live to an hundred years especially they who abstain from excessive drinking a thing too much practis'd by many of them The Antipodes to this People or the opposite Place of the Globe to Swedeland is that Part of the vast Pacifick Ocean comprehended between the 220th and 230th Degree of Longitude with 50 and 70 Degrees of South Latitude The Soil of this
Jaen Chief Town Idem E. to S. W. upon the Guadalquivir or nigh to it Cordova Idem Archbishoprick of Sevilla Idem Bishoprick of Cadiz Idem D. of Medina Sidonia Idem Southward §. 6. Granada a Kingdom Cont. the Bishoprick of Almeria Ch. Town Idem Southward upon the Sea-Coast Guadix Idem E. to S. W. Archbishoprick of Granada Idem Bishoprick of Malaga Idem §. 7. Murcia a Kingdom Contain Murcia properly so call'd Ch. T. Murcia E. to W. Territory of Lorca Idem Cartagena Idem Southward upon the Sea-Coast §. 8. Valencia a Kingdom Contains the Provinces of Millares Chief Town Villa Hermosa N. to S. Xucar Valencia Segura 〈◊〉 §. 9. Catalonia a Principality Contains the Territ of Puigcerda Chief Town Idem N. E. to S. W. upon the Ebro La seu d' Urgel Idem Balaguer Idem Lerida Idem Tortosa Idem Girona Idem E. to W. nigh unto or upon the Sea-coast Barcelona Idem Villa Franca de Panades Idem Terragona Idem To these add the Country of Rousillon Chief Town Perpignan S. of Narbone in Lower Languedoc §. 10. Arragon a Kingdom Contains the Bishopricks of Jaca Chief Town Idem N. W. to S. E. Huesca Idem Balbastro Idem Archbishopr of Saragosa or Caragoca Idem upon the Ebro Bishopricks of Taracona Idem N. to S. Alborazin Idem Tervel Idem §. 11. Navarr a Kingdom Contains the Majorships of Pampelona Chief Town Idem N. to S. Olita Idem Tudela Idem Estella Idem W. to E. Sanguesa Idem §. 12. Old Castile a Province Contains the Territories of â—â—rgos Chief Town Idem W. to S. E. Rioja Logronno Calahorra Idem Soria Idem E. to W. on the Douro Osma Idem Valladolid Idem Segovia Idem 56 m. S. E. of Valladolid Avila Idem 63 m. S. §. 13. New Castile comprehending Extrema Dura Being divided into North the Tago Middle between the Tago and Guadiana South of Guadiana North contains the Towns of Coria W. to E. Placentia Toledo Madrid All 3 N. E. of Toledo Alcala de Henares Guadalaxara Middle contains the Towns of Alcantara upon the Tago Merida upon the Guadiana Truxille 36 miles N. E. of Merida Cuensa upon the Xucar South contains the Towns of Badajos From W. to E. Ellenera Cividad Rea Alcaraz §. 14. Leon a Kingdom Being divided into North the Douro C. T. in N. are Palencia E. to S. W. on the Douro Toro Zamora Leon N. to S. W. Astorga South C. T. in S. are Salamanca N. to S. E. S. W. of Alva Cividad Rodrigo S. W. of Salamanca THIS large Continent being now Subject to two distinct Sovereigns viz His Catholick Majesty and the King of Portugal I shall separately consider these two Sovereignities Therefore SPAIN THIS Country formerly Iberia Hesperia and by some Spania is term'd by the Italians Spagna by its Natives EspaÌ„na by the French Espagne by the Germans Spamen and by the English Spain so call'd as some fancy from a certain King nam'd Hispanus others from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 raritas vel penuria because of its scarcity of Inhabitants But the most receiv'd Opinion is That it came from Hispalis now Seville the chief City of the whole Country in former times The Air of this Country is generally very pure and calm being seldom infested with Mists and Vapours but in the Summer so extreamly hot especially in the Southmost Provinces that 't is both dangerous ' and inconvenient for the Inhabitants to stir abroad about Noon from the middle of May to the last of August The opposite Place of the Globe to Spain is that part of Zelandia nova or some of the ill known Continent lying between 190 and 202 Degrees of Longitude with 36 and 44 Degrees of South Latitude The Soil of this Country it lying in the 6th and 7th North Climate is in many places very Dry and Barren several of the Inland Provinces being either overgrown with Woods or cumbered with Sandy and Rocky Mountains and others whose Soil is naturally fertil are for the most part wholly neglected lying waste and uncultivated for many Years and that by reason of the fewness or rather the detestable Laziness of its Inhabitants But this defect of Corn and other Grain which ariseth partly from the Nature of the Country but more from the Temper of the People is sufficiently supplied by various sorts of excellent Fruits and Wines which with little Art and Labour are here produc'd in great plenty The longest Day in the Northmost part of this Country is about 15 Hours ¼ the shortest in the South is 9 Hours ¼ and the Nights proportionably The chief Commodities of this Country are Wines Oyls Sugar Metals Rice Silk Liquorish Honey Flax Saffrom Annifeed Raisins Almonds Oranges Lemons Cork Soap Anchovies Sumack Wooll Lamb-Skins and Tobacco c. Nigh to the City of Cadiz is an old ruinous Building now converted into a Watch-Tower which some would fain perswade themselves to be the Remains of Hercules his Pillars so much talkt off by the Ancients In the City Granada is the large Sumptuous Palace of the Moorish Kings whose inside is beautifi'd with Jasper and Porphery and adorn'd with divers Arabick and Mosaick Inscriptions At Terragona in Catalonia are to be seen the Ruins of an Ancient Circus in the Street call'd la Placa de la Fuente and at Segovia in Old Castile are the Remains of a Noble Aqueduct built by the Emperor Trajan and supported by an Hundred and Seventy seven Arches in double Rows reaching from one Hill to another Without the Walls of Toledo was an ancient large Theatre some part whereof is yet standing Here also is an admirable Modern Aqueduct contriv'd by Joanniltus Turrianus a Frenchman according to the Order of Philip II. At Orense in Gallicia are several Springs of Medicinal hot Waters wonderfully esteem'd off by the ablest Physicians At the City of Toledo is a Fountain whose Waters near the Bottom are of an Acid Taste but towards the Surface extreamly Sweet Near Guadalaxara in New Castile is a Lake which never fails to send forth dreadful Howlings before a Storm The Cathedral Church of Murcia containing above four hundred Chappels is remarkable for its curious Steeple which is so built that a Chariot may easily ascend to the Top thereof Many talk of a Ship of Stone with Masts Sails and Tackling to be seen in the Port of Mongia in Gallicia As to the River Guadiana its diving under Ground from whence 't was formerly call'd Anas the same iâ— so notorious that we need say nothing of it Archbishopricks in this Kingdom are those of Compostella Granada Tarragona Burgos Sevil Valentia Saragossa Toledo Bishopricks in this Kingdom are those of Oviedo Malaga Jacca Segovia Lugo Cartagena Balbatro Cuenza Mondonedo Segorve Terver Cividad Reale Corunna Origuella Albarazin Siguenza Tuy Barcelona Pamplona Leon Orense Tortosa Valladolid Salamanca Cordova Lerida Calahorra Toro Cadiz Solsona Placentia Astorga Jaen Vich Coria Palencia Guadix Tarazona Avila Zamora Almeria
S. Maurice from E. to W. Monstiers Beaufort Constans M. Melian Chambery Arc are those of S. Michael from E. to W. S. Jaen de Maurienne Seran are those of Rumilly from S. to N. Annacy Arve are those of Salanches from E. to W. Cluse Bonne Ville la Roche PIEDMONT Comprehends the Dukedom of Aouste Chief Town Aouste 44 m. N. of Turin Marquisate of Jurea Jurea 22 m. N. Susa Susa 24 m. N. W. County of Asti Asti 26 m. E. Seignory of Vercelli Idem 12 m. N. of â—â—sal Territories of Nizza Idem upon the Sea-Coast Princip of Piedinont properly so called Turin upon the River Po. Piedmont properly so called Comprehends the Territories of Turino Chief Town Idem N. to S. upon the Po. Chieri Idem Carignan Idem Carmagnola Idem Salutzo Idem Cavîgliano Idem Lucerna Idem 5 m. S. of Pignerol Cherasco Idem N. to S. upon the Tanaro Mindovi Idem Ceva Idem Tossano Idem N. to S. upon the Stura Coni Idem MONTFERRAT Comprehends the Territories of Trino Chief Town Idem N. to S. Casal Idem Alba Idem Acqui Idem Spin Idem 8 m. S. W. of Acqui MILAN Comprehends the Territories of Angiera Chief Town Idem from W. to S. E. Novarese Novara Vigevanasco Vigevano Pavese Pavia Lodegiano Lodi Cremonese Cremona Milaneze Milan S. to N. Comese Como Allessandrinese Allessandria W. to E. Laumelline Valenza Tortonese Tortona Bobbiese Bobbio PARMA Comprehends the D. of 〈…〉 so call'd 〈…〉 Idem 〈◊〉 E to W. 〈…〉 Idem 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of 〈…〉 〈…〉 N. to S. 〈…〉 〈…〉 MODENA Comprehends the D. of Modena prop. so call'd Chief Town Idem Eastward Regto Idem Westward Mirandula Idem Northward Corregie Idem 11 m. N. E. of Regio Principality of Carpi Idem 14 m. MANTOVA Comprehends the D. of Montoua prop. so call'd Chief Town Mantoua Northward Sabionetta Id. 18 m. S. W. of Mantoua 〈…〉 Idem 18 m. S. Principality of Bozzolo Id. 18 m. S. W. Marquisate of Castiglon Castillan-de-Silver 6m N. E. of Mantua VENICE Comprehends the Territories of Dogado Chief Town Venice from E. to W. Paduano Padua Vicentino Vicenza Veronese Verona Brescâ—ano Brescia Bergamasco Bergamo Frluli Uddine W. to E. Istria Cabo d'Istria Aquileija Idem in Friuli 22 m. S E. of Uddin Cremasco Crema 24 m. S. of Bergamo Polâ—sin-de-Rovigo Rovigo 22 m. S. of Padua Marca Trevigiano Trevigio 17 m. N. W. of Venice Trevigiano contains the Territories of Trevigiano prop. Trevigie S. to N. Feltrino Feltri Bellunese Belluno Cadrino Codore GENOVA Comprehends the Principality of 〈◊〉 Chief Town Idem W. to E. Territory of 〈◊〉 Idem Principality of 〈◊〉 Idem Marquisate of 〈◊〉 Idem Territory of 〈…〉 Idem 〈…〉 Idem  〈…〉 Idem 〈…〉 Idem TRENT Comprehends only the Bishoprick of Trent Chief Town Idem upon the A. dige §. 2. In the Middle Part. The Land of the Church of Papacy Comprehends the D. of Ferrara Chief Town Ferrara N. W. to S. E. Bolognese Bologna Prov. of Romagna Ravenn 〈…〉 D. of Urbine Urbino Marq. of Ancona Ancona C. of Citta de Castello Citta de Castello N. to S. Terr of Perugiano Perugia Orvietano Orvieto D. of Castro Castro St. Peters Patrimony Viterbo 14 m. S. E. of Orvieto Campagnia 〈…〉 Rome S. to N. Sabino Magliano 20 m. N. of Rome D. of Spoleto Spoleto TUSCANY Comprehends the Terr of Florence Chief Town Idem N. E. to S. W. Pisa Idem Sienna Idem N. E. to S. W. Princip of Piombino Idem Isle of Elbai Cosmopoli D. of Carrara and Massa Massa 24 m. N. W. of Pisa State of Presidii Orbitello 55 m. E. of Cosmopoli The Republicks of Luca S. Marino Comprehend only the Territories of these two free Cities of Luca Sltuated 8 m. N. E. of Pisa S. Marino 17 m. N. W. of Urbine §. 3. In the Lower Part. The Kingdom of NAPLES Comprehends the Provinces of Abruzzo the 〈◊〉 Chief Town Aquila From N. W. to S. E. upon the Adriatick Gulph Abruzzo the nigher Civitta di Chie Molissa Bojano Capitinate or Puglia Mandfredonia Terra di Bari Bari Terra di Otranto Otranto Terra di Lavoro Naples From N. W. to S. E. upon the Tyrrhenean Sea Further Principate Benevento Nigher Principate Salerno Basilicate Cirenza Calabria the nigher Cosenze Calabria the farther Regie THIS Country known of old by the Names of Hesperia Saturnia Latium Ausonia Oenotria and Janicula is term'd by its Natives and Spaniards Italia by the French Italie by the Germans Italien and by the English Italy so call'd as most Authors conjecture from Italus an Ancient King of the Siculi who leaving their Island came into this Country and possessing themselves of the middle part thereof called the whole Italia from the Name of their Prince The Air of this Country is generally Pure Temperate and Healthful to breathe in except the Land of the Church where 't is ordinarly reckon'd more gross and unwholesome as also the Southern Parts of Naples where for several Months in the Summer 't is scorching Hot being of the like Quality with the Air of those Provinces in Spain which lie under the same Parallels of Latitude The opposite Place of the Globe to Italy is that part of the vast Pacifick Ocean lying between 205 and 220 Degrees of Longitude with 38 and 48 Degrees of South Latitude The Soil of this Country it lying in the 6th and 7th North Climate is very fertile generally yielding in great abundance the choicest of Corn Wines and Fruit. Its Woods are for the most part continually green and well-stor'd with the best of wild and tame Beasts Its Mountains do afford several kinds of Metal particularly those in Tuscany and Naples which are said to yield some rich Mines of Silver and Gold Here is also a great quantity of true Albaster and the purest of Marble In short this Country is generally esteem'd the Garden of Europe and so stately and magnificent are its numerous Cities that I cannot omit the following Epithets commonly bestow'd on divers of them as Rome the Sacred Naples the Noble Florence the Fair Venice the Rich Genoa the Stately Milan the Great Ravenna the Ancient Padua the Learned Bononia the Fat Leghorn the Merchandizing Verona the Charming Luca the Jolly and Casal the Strong The chief Commodities of this Country are Wines Corn Rice Silks Velvets Taffaties Sattins Grograins Fustians Gold-wire Allom Armour Glasses and such like To reckon up all those things in Italy that truly deserve the Epithet of Rare and Curious would far surpass our designed brevity I shall therefore confine my self to one sort of Rarities namely The most noted Remains or Monuments of Reverend Antiquity which in effect are most worthy of our regard they being very useful in giving some Light to several parts of the Roman History In viewing of which Antiquities I shall reduce them all to Three Classes viz. Those that are to be seen in the City of Rome it self Secondly In the Kingdom of Naples And lastly In
after Ages 7. They imagine that the Sabbath-day is to be so strictly observ'd that Works even of Necessity and Mercy are to be neglected Lostly They believe a Resurrection from the Dead at the end of Time and expect a General Judgment at the last Day These we may reckon the chief Articles of the Jewish Creed at present but besides them they admit of many other things which only Use and Custom have authoriz'd and those are very different according to the different Countries in which they now reside They are still observant according to their Circumstances not only of the various Festivals appointed by God in the Jewish Church but also several others of Human Institution particularly that which they yearly Celebrate in Memory of their Deliverance from the projected Ruin of wicked Haman During which Festival the Book of Esther is thrice read over in their Synagogues and whenever the Name of Human is mention'd they all with one accord best furiously with Hammars upon their Desks as showing thereby their abhorrency of that Person who intended so bloody a Massacre of their Forefathers The joyful Tidings of the Blessed Gospel were proclaim'd in this Country by Christ himself and his Apostles but the obstinate Jews did shut their Eyes against the Light and still persist in their inflexible Obstinacy to this very Day §. 4. The Euphratian Provinces THE remaining Parts of the Asiatick Turky being Georgia Turkomania and Diabereck Georgia formerly Iberia is so call'd from Georgi a People anciently inhabiting these Parts Turkomania formerly Armenia Major so call'd from the Turks a Scythian People who broke through the Caspian Straits and possess'd themselves of these adjacent Provinces And Lastly Diabereck formerly Mesopotamia and Padan-Aram of the Scriptures but why so call'd I find no satisfactory Account We choose to consider all these three under the assum d Title of Euphratian Provinces because they lie near the Body and Branches of that once famous River of Euphrates The Air of these Countries is generally very pleasant healthful and temperate especially in the first and last The opposite Place of the Globe to these Provinces is that part of the vast Pacifick Ocean lying between 255 and 265 Degrees of Longitude with 37 and 45 Degrees of South Latitude The Soil of these various Provinces they lying in in the 6th and 7th North Climate is generally reckon'd very fit for Pasture on the Banks of the Tygris and Euphrates and in many places it produceth abundance of Fruits with variety of Grain As also Georgia is said to afford great plenty of excellent Wine The longest Day in the Northmost Part of these various Provinces is about 15 Hours ½ the shortest in the Southmost is 9 Hours ¾ and the Nights proportionably These being Inland Provinces do not manage any brisk or considerable Trade with Foreign Parts and therefore their Commodities are not very numerous those they Export or Barter with their Neighbours being chiefly Pitch Fruits Silk and such like At Ourfa in Diarbeck is a large Fountain well stockt with Fishes call'd by the Turks Abraham's Fountain and Fishes and of so great Veneration among 'em that the Banks of it are cover'd with curious Carpets for above twenty Paces in breadth 2 Nigh to the aforesaid Ourfa is a Mountain remarkable for several Grotto's in which are to be seen very Ancient Sepulchres of many Primitive Christians 3. Adjacent to Carasara another Town in Diarbeck are many little Rooms hewen out of the firm Rock which were probably some private Cells for Ancient Christians who affected such Retirements each of 'em having as 't were a Table and Bench with a Reposing Place all artificially cut out of the hard Stone and over each of their Doors is a lively Impression of a Cross 4 On the East of Tygris over-against Mosul are the Ruins and those hardly discernable of the once great and famous City of Nineveh the very prospect of which may strike the Beholder with just Apprehensions of the fading Glory of all Sublunary Magnificence and that the largest of Cities are not too big a Morsel for devouring Time to consume 5. About a day and half 's Journey from Bagdat is the Sepulchre of the Prophet Ezekiel which is yearly visited by the Jews of Bagdat with great Devotion 6. About the same distance from Bagdat but between the Euphrates and Tygris is a prodigious heap of Earth intermixt with a multitude of Bricks bak'd in the Sun whereof each is thirty Inches square and three thick the whole being three hundred Paces in Circuit is call'd Nemrod by the Christians and Jews in those Parts and commonly believ'd by the Vulgar sort of 'em to be the Remains of the renowned Tower of Babel but others rather follow the Opinion of the Modern Arabs who call it Agartouf and believe it to have been rais'd by an Arabian Prince as a Beacon or Watch. Tower to call his Subjects together upon all Occasions 7. Nigh to Carkliguen a Town of Turcomania is a vast Rock in which are divers artificial private Appartments generally reckon'd the retiring Place of St. Chrysostome during his Exile as the Christians of those Parts alledge For Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities See Natolia The Inhabitants of these different Provinces are very different in their Tempers and Manners The Armenians or those of Turcomania are Persons of a good Behaviour and Just in their Dealings and some of them addicted to Trassick are disper'd through most Parts of the Trading World But the People of Georgia are said to be extremely given to Thieving Drunkenness and most sorts of other Vices Those of the Female Sex are generally reckon'd the most beautiful Women of any in all the Oriental Countries and so highly esteem'd are they by the Grand Signior and King of Persia that their respective Seraglio's are well stor'd with them The Turkish Persian and Armenian Tongues are all understood and much us'd in these Provinces especially the Turkish In Diaberick the Armenian Tongue is chiefly made use of in Divine Service and in Georgia the corrupted Greek The Western Parts of these Provinces do own Subjection mostly to the Grand Signior and the Eastern to the King of Persia and that purely as the necessity of their Affairs requires Those subject to the Grand Signior are govern'd by various Beglerbegs of his appointment and those in Subjection to the Persian Power are rul'd by several Princes some bearing the Title of Kings as one in the East of Georgia who are elected by the King of Persia and Tributary to him Nevertheless there are in these Provinces several Kings and Princes who fear neither the Ottoman Slavery nor the Persian Power but eagerly maintain their Freedom and keep all the Passes of the Mountains notwithstanding of many Efforts hitherto made to the contrary See the Ensigns Armorial of the Grand Signior page 182. The prevailing Religion in many Parts of this Country is that of the
Geography Anatomiz'd Or The Compleat Geographical Grammar Being a Short and Exact ANALYSIS Of the whole Body of Modern Geography after a New and Curious Method COMPREHENDING I. A General View of the Terraqueous Globe Being a Compendious System of the true Fundamentals of Geography Digested into various Definitions Problems Theorems and Paradoxes With a Transient Survey of the whole Surface of the Earthly Ball as it consists of Land and Water II. A Particular View of the Terraqueous Globe Being a clear and pleasant Prospect of all remarkable Countries upon the Face of the whole Earth Shewing their Situation Extent Division Subdivision Cities Chief Towns Name Air Soil Commodities Rarities Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Arms Religion Collected from the best Authors and Illustrated with divers Maps The Second Edition much Improv'd and Enlarg'd By PAT GORDON M. A. And Fellow of the Royal Society Omne tulit punctum qui miscuit utile dulci. Hor. LONDON Printed for Robert Morden and Thomas Cockerill at the Atlas in Cornhill and in Amen-Corner 1699. THE Geographical Grammar IMPRIMATUR Liber cui Titulus Geography Anatomiz'd c. John Hoskyns V. P. R. S. TO The Right Honourable THOMAS Lord Viscount Deerhurst Eldest Son and Heir Apparent of The Right Honourable THOMAS Earl of COVENTRY THIS New Edition of the following Tract of MODERN GEOGRAPHY is with the profoundest Respect Dedicated by Your Lordship's Most Humbly Devoted Servant PAT GORDON THE PREFACE MY principal Design in publishing the following Treatise is to present the younger Sort of our Nobility and Gentry with a Compendious Pleasant and Methodical Tract of MODERN GEOGRAPHY that most useful Science which highly deserves their Regard in a peculiar manner If it be alledg'd That the World is already overstockt with Composures of this Nature I freely grant the Charge but withal I 'll be bold to say That there 's none as yet publisht which is not palpably faulty in one or more of these three respects Either they are too Voluminous and thereby fright the Young Student from so much as ever attempting that Study Or Secondly too Compendious and thereby give him only a bare Superficial Knowledge of Things Or finally Confus'd being writ without any due Order or Method and so confound him before he is aware But all these are carefully avoided in the following Treatise for in framing of it I 've industriously endeavour'd to make it observe a just Mean between the two Extreams of a large Volume and a narrow Compend And as to the Method in which it now appears the same is I presume so Plain and Natural that I may safely refer the tryal thereof to the Impartial Judgment of the Severest Critick To descend to Particulars The whole consists now of Two Parts whereof the first gives a General and the second a Particular View of the Terraqueous Globe Part I. In giving a General View of the said Globe I 've perform'd these five Things viz. 1. I 've illustrated by way either of a Definition Description or Derivation all those Terms that are any ways necessary for the right understanding of the aforesaid Globle as also the Analytical Tables of the following Treatise 2. I 've set down all those pleasant Problems performable by the Terrestrial Globe together with the manner of their performance 3. I 've subjoin'd divers plain Geographical Theorems or self-evident Truths clearly deducible from the foregoing Problems 4. I 've advanc'd some Paradoxical Positions in Matters of Geography which mainly depend on a thorough Knowledge of the Globe and are equally certain with the aforesaid Theorems though many of them may possibly appear to some as the greatest of Fables Lastly I 've taken a Transient Survey of the whole Surface of the Terraqueous Globe as it consists of Land and Water as its sole constituent Parts This is the Substance of the first Part and before I proceed to the Second I must here desire the Reader may be pleas'd to observe these two Things viz. 1. That in defining the various Geographical Terms mention'd Sect. I. I have not strictly ty'd my self to the Logical Rules of a Definition for if the Term propos'd be only explain'd that is all required here 2. In advancing those Geographical Paradoxes mention'd Sect. iv which will probably so startle the Reader at first being a meer Novelty in Tracts of this kind as that he can't readily comprehend either their Meaning or Design let him therefore be pleas'd to know that the main Drift of such an uncommon Essay is in short To whet the Appetite of our Geographical Student for a compleat Understanding of the Globe upon a thorough Knowledge of which these seeming Mysteries do mainly depend or more briefly 't is to set our young Student a thinking Although the Soul of Man is a cogitating Being and its Thoughts so nimble as to surround the Universe it self in a trice yet so unthoughtful and strangely immur'd in Sense is the generality of Persons that they need some startling Noise like a sudden Clap of Thunder to rouse and awake them Now as a strange and unheard-off Phenomenon suddenly appearing in the Natural World doth attract the Eyes of all Men and raiseth a Curiosity in some to enquire into the Reason of it even so is the Proposal of a Paradoxical Truth to the Intellectual for it immediately summons all the Powers of the Soul together and sets the Understanding a-work to search into and Scan the Matter To awaken the Mind of Man to its Natural Act of Thought and Consideration may be justly reckon'd no trivial Business if we consider that 't is to the want thereof or a stupid Inconsideration that we may chiefly impute all the Enormities of Mankind whether in Judgment or Practice If therefore those Paradoxes above-mention'd shall obtain the End propos'd the rousing of the Mind to think it matters the less if some of them upon strict enquiry should be found to consist of Equivocal Terms or perhaps prove little more than a Quibble at the Bottom Proceed we now to Part II. Giving a Particular View of the Terraqueous Globe By such a View I understand a clear and exact Prospect of all remarkable Countries and their Inhabitants on the Face of the whole Earth and that in these following Particulars viz. Their Situation Extent Division Subdivision Chief Towns Name Air Soil Commodities Rarities Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Arms Religion What is said upon each of those Heads will best appear by the following Table Concerning Situation are briefly declar'd The Degr. of Long. between which any Country lies Latit Extent Its due Dimentions from E. to W. in English Miles S. to N. Division 2 Things viz. The general Parts or Classes to which any Country is reducible How those Parts or Classes are most readily found Subdivision 2 Things viz. The particular Provinces which any Country contains How those Provinces are most readily found Chief Towns 2 Things viz. The Modern Names
of those Towns How such Towns are most readily found Name 3 Things viz. How term'd by the Ancients The various Modern Appellations The Etymology of the English Name Air 2 Things viz. It s Nature as to Heat and Cold c. The Antipodes of that part of the Globe Soil 3 Things viz. The proper Climate thereof It s natural Product The Extent of Days and Nights Commodities Those in particular which the Country produceth Rarities 2 Things viz. Those of Nature where certain Those of Art especially Monuments of Antiquity Archbishopricks 2 Things viz. their Number Bishopricks 2 Things Universities 2 Things Names Manners 2 Things viz. The Natural Temper of the People The most noted Customs Language 2 Things viz. It s Composition and Propriety Pater-Noster as a Specimen thereof Government 2 Things viz. It s Nature or Real Constitution The Publick Courts of Judicatory Arms. 2 Things viz. The true Coat quartered The proper Motto Religion 2 Things viz. The chief Tenets thereof When and by whom Christianity was planted if ever The Reader can't here exspect a very large Account of all these several Heads it being impossible in so little room as the narrow Compass of a Compend allows to say the half of what might be said upon many of them however he may here find all those things that are most essential These few Sheets being an Abstract of what is more largely express'd in the greatest Volums Several of those Heads abovemention'd being Subjects that don't much admit of new Relations I reckon my self no Plagiary to grant that I 've taken th' assistance of others esteeming it needless sometimes to alter the Character either of a People or Country when I found it succinctly worded by a credible Pen. Here the Reader may be pleas'd to know That in treating of all Countries I 've made their Situation my only Rule beginning still with those towards the North excepting North America where I thought good to end at the Pole But as touching the Analytical Tables of this Treatise the main Business of the Book their Design and Use in short is To present to the Eye at one view a compleat Prospect of a Country in all its remarkable Divisions Subdivisions and Chief Towns with the manner how all these are most readily found The Letters of N. S. W. E. signifying the four Cardinal and N. W. N. E. S W. S. E. the four Intermediate Points of the Compass being affixt to the outside of the various Braces in the aforesaid Tables do express the Situation of the Parts of any Country there mention'd as page 44. where the Divisions of Africa are said to be found from N. to S. If only Cities and Towns and no Divisions of a Country are set down then these Letters have the same Relation to them shewing their Situation in respect of one another If a little Brace fall within a greater as page 44. where Egypt and Barbary have their peculiar Brace this is to show that those two Countries are taken together and consider'd as one Division when reckon'd with the following Countries in respect of their Situation express'd on the backside of the outmost Brace the same is to be said of Cities and Towns if only such are set down But finally if neither Divisions nor Towns can be so ordered as to have their Situation express'd in a conjunct manner then the respective Distance of such Towns from some remarkable City is particularly declar'd in English Miles as page 144. where those in the Circle of Suabia are so set down If it be objected that not all but only the Chief Towns of every Country are mention'd in these Tables To this I answer That to mention all were needless for I presume that he who knows the true Situation of the fifty two Counties of England and can readily point at the Chief Town in each of 'em may easily find any other in the same County if express'd in the Map Besides the business of a Geographical Tract is not so much to heap up a vast multitude of Names as to shew the Divisions and Subdivisions of every Country with the Principal Town in each of 'em and how all such are most readily found If it be farther objected that neither the Analytical Tables of this Treatise nor the various Descriptions of Countries annext to them are any thing of a new Discovery in the Science of Geography but only the bare Crambe recocta of those who have gone before us To this I answer That the Tables are indeed materially the same with others and otherways it cannot be unless we of this Age were so extremely fortunate as to make a compleat Discovery of all the Countries and Towns as yet unknown or so absurdly ridiculous as to Coin new Names for those we know already yet notwithstanding of this they are highly preferable to all others whatsoever For such Tables hitherto publish'd whether English French or Dutch being only a bare Catalogue of Names confus'dly set down without any due Order and Method are of so little use to the Reader that his Pains are still the same as before to find out those Names in the Map Whereas the Tables of the following Treatise are so contriv'd by particular Directions on the out-side of their respective Braces that he may point at those various Countries and Towns in the Map almost as fast as he can read their Names in the Table And as touching the Descriptions of those Countries and their Inhabitants 't were indeed most unreasonable to exspect a Narrative of them compleately new unless it be in those Countries which have undergone such wonderful Changes that the very face of Things is compleatly New or some remote Parts of the World where latter Intelligence hath rectifi'd former Mistakes Besides 't is not so much my present Design in the following Tract to present the Reader with perfectly new Relations except in such Cases abovemention'd as to Abridge and Methodize those already known And this sufficiently answers the proposed End of the Treatise being calculated as I already binted for those who are mere Strangers to Geography or at least but young Proficients in that excellent Science I mean the generality of them who either attend our Publick Schools or Study under the Care and Conduct of private Tutors And so much for the Second Part. To these Two Parts is annext an Appendix comprehending the European Plantations whether Countries Towns or Factories in Asia Africa and America As also some Proposals I hope very reasonable and I wish acceptable concerning the Propagation of the Blessed Gospel in all Pagan Countries This in short is the Sum and Method of the following Geographical Treatise which as I said is principally design'd for the use and benefit of the younger Sort of our Nobility and Gentry And did such Persons apply their Minds in their younger Years to this most useful and diverting Science 't is more than probable that they might thereby avoid these many and gross
some Paradoxical Positions in Matters of Geography or a few infallible Truths in Masquerade which mainly depend upon a thorough Knowledge of the Globe and are equally certain with the aforesaid Theorems though many of them may possibly appear to some as the greatest of Fables Lastly We shall take a Transient Survey of the whole Surface of the Terraqueous Globe as it consists of Land and Water as its sole constituent Parts Of these five General Heads separately and in their order Therefore SECT I. Containing some necessary Geographical Definitions Def. 1. GEography a Science both pleasant and profitable doth mainly consist in giving a true Description of the exterior Part or Surface of the Earthly Globe as 't is compos'd of Land and Water especially the former That Geography doth merit the Title of Science in several Respects and that the knowledge thereof is attended both with Pleasure and Profit is so universally granted by all who make any considerable Progress therein that to enter upon a Probation of it would be every whit as superfluous as if one should go about to evince that the Sun is risen at Noon-day It derives its compound Name from the two Greek Primitives of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Terra and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 scribo vel describo and differeth from Cosmography quasi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 vel 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. Mundi Descriptio as a part doth from the whole as also from Chorography and Topography quasi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. Regionis ac Loci Descriptio as the Whole from its Parts By a true Description of the Exterior Part of the Globe of the Earth we understand purely an Account of the Situation Extent Divisions and Subdivisions of all remarkable Countries on the Surface of the said Globe together with the Names of their Cities and Chief Towns and that accordingly as those Countries are already projected to our Hands upon particular Geographical Maps and not an actual Survey or Mensuration of them which the Science of Geography presupposeth and which properly belongs to Geodaesia or the Art of Surveying Land In giving such a Description of Countries as aforesaid doth the Science of Geography properly consist as for other Narratives relating either to Countries themselves or their Inhabitants and which commonly swell up Geographical Tracts we reckon them though the more pleasant part of this Study rather the Fringes of Geography than its real or essential Parts In the foregoing Definition we intirely restrict the Science of Geography to the exterior Part or Surface of the Earthly Globe and that as it 's compos'd of Land and Water as its sole constituent Parts designing thereby to distinguish it from Natural Philosophy which in its curious and pleasant Enquiries reacheth not only the said Surface in all its constituent Parts but also the whole Globe of the Earth with the whole Body of the Atmosphere surrounding the same yea and even the outmost imaginable Expanse of the Firmament it self We again restrict that Science mainly to one Part of the aforesaid Surface viz. the Dry Land thereby to distinguish it from Hydrography which particularly treateth of the other namely Water The Object therefore of Geography in a large Sense is the whole Surface of the Ball of the Earth consisting of Land and Water as its sole constituent Parts or in a strict and more proper Sense only One of those Parts to wit the Firm Land For the more distinctly viewing of which Parts and the better comprehending of the Science of Modern Geography in the true Fundamentals thereof we shall begin with that Artificial Representation of the Earthly Ball commonly call'd the Terraqueous Globe Def. 2. The Terraqueous Globe is an Artificial Spherical Body on whose Convex Part is truly represented the whole Surface of the Ball of the Earth as it consists of Land and Water That this Globe is term'd Terraqueous from Terra and Aqua the two constituent Parts of its Surface or Terrestrial to distinguish it from the Coelestial or finally the Artificial Globe as a differencing Mark from the Natural or Real Globe of the Earth are all so notoriously known that the least Illustration were wholly superfluous We reckon it also superfluous to show that there is a true Resemblance in Figure between the Artificial and Natural Globe or that the Body of the Earth is truly Spherical This being now beyond all dispute and never at least very rarely call'd in question except it be only by Women and Children But here note That in the following Treatise we intirely restrict our selves to this Globe so that wheresoever the Name of Globe is indefinitely mention'd we are never to understand the Coelestial Note also that wheresoever we are upon the Surface of the Natural Globe that the Point in the Heavens exactly Vertical to us is term'd our Zenith and that Point diametrically opposite thereto is stil'd our Nadir which are two corrupted Arabian Terms in Astronomy importing what is here asserted of them The first observables that present themselves to our view in treating of the Globe are its Axis and Poles Def. 3. The Axis is an imaginary Line passing through the Center of the real Globe of the Earth upon which the whole Frame thereof is supposed to turn round It s term'd Axis from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quod circa illam agatur Terra As this Axis in the Natural Globe is an imaginary Line so in Artificial Globes its a real one it being a streight piece of Iron or solid Wood passing through the middle of the Globe as the Axle-tree of a Wheel Def. 4. The Poles are the two Extremities of the Axis one whereof is term'd the North or Arctick and the other the South or Antarctick They are call'd Poles from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 verto because upon them the whole Frame of the Globe turneth round The North is term'd Arctick from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifying a Bear because the real North Pole in the Heavens is commonly taken for a certain noted Star in that Constellation which bears the Name of the Little Bear And the South is stil'd Antarctick from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 contra and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Ursa because of its Diametrical Opposition to the other The Terraqueous Globe being a Spherical Body as aforesaid turning round upon its own Axis For the better understanding of that Globe in all its exterior Parts and the various Operations perform'd by the same we are to conceive it not only as a bare Spherical Body but also as such a Body surrounded with many imaginary Circles the chief of which are Eight divided into Five Parallel viz. The Equator The two Tropicks The two Polar Circles Three not Parallel viz. The Horizon The Meridian The Zodiack Otherwise divided into Four Greater viz. The Horizon The Meridian The Equator The Zodiack Four Lesser viz. The two Tropicks The two Polar Circles Def. 5. The Horizon is that great Circle which
where the reckoning ends for that is the place of the Antaeci The given Place continuing under the brazen Meridian set the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon and turning the Globe about till the same Point at Midnight or the lower 12. the place which then comes to the Meridian having the same Latitude with the former is that of the Perioeci As for the Antipodes of the given Place reckon from the said place upon the brazen Meridian 180 Degrees either South or North or as many Degrees beyond the farthest Pole as you are to the nearest and observe exactly where the reckoning ends for that is the place desir'd Prob. 10. To know what a Clock it is by the Globe in any place of the World and at any time providing you know the Hour of the Day where you are at the same time Bring the place in which you are to the brazen Meridian the Pole being raised according to the Latitude thereof and set the Index of the Horary Circle at the Hour of the Day at that time Then bring the desired Place to the brazen Meridian and the Index will point out the present Hour at that place where ever it is Prob. 11. To know by the Globe when the Great Mogul of India and Czar of Moscovia sit down to Dinner This being only to know when its Noon at Agra and Moscow the Imperial Seats of those Mighty Monarchs which we may very easily do at what time soever it be or wheresoever we are For finding by the foregoing Problem the present Hour of the Day in the Cities above-mention'd supposing withal that Mid-day in the aforesaid Cities is dining-Dining-time we may readily determine how near it is to the time desir'd Prob. 12. To find the Hour of the Day by the Globe at any time when the Sun shines Divide your Ecliptick Line in Twenty four equal Parts and in small Figures set down the Hours of the Natural Day after the following manner At the Intersections of the Ecliptick and Equator place the Figure 6 and bring both those Figures to the brazen Meridian one being in the upper and the other in the lower Hemisphere Which done place the twelve Figures in the Western Hemisphere in this order following 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6. Beginning then at the same Figure of 6 and proceeding Eastward set down the other twelve Figures thus 6 5 4 3 2 1 12 11 10 9 8 7 6. The Equinoctial being thus divided and mark'd elevate the Globe according to the Latitude of the place where you are and bring the Intersection of the Vernal Equinox to the upper Part of the brazen Meridian and situating the Globe duly South and North observe exactly that half of the Globe upon which the Sun doth actually shine for the last part of the enlightned Hemisphere doth always shew the Hour of the Day upon the Equinoctial Line Prob. 13. The Latitude of the Place and Height of the Sun being given at any time to find thereby the Hour of the Day The Globe being rectifi'd according to the Latitude of the given Place and the Height of the Sun at that time being found by an exact Quadrant mark his place in the Ecliptick for the given Day and bring the same to the brazen Meridian After this fix the Quadrant of Altitude in the Zenith and mark in the said Quadrant the particular Degree of the Sun's Altitude and placing the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon move the Globe together with the Quadrant of Altitude till the Sun's place markt in the Ecliptick and his Degree of Altitude markt upon the said Quadrant do come both in one Which done observe what Hour the Index doth point at for that is the Hour desir'd Prob. 14. The Latitude of the Place being given as also the true bearing of the Sun in the said Place at any time to find thereby the Hour of the Day The Globe being rectifi'd and the Sun's Place markt in the Ecliptick fix the Quadrant of Altitude in the Zenith and by the Mariners Compass observe the true bearing of the Sun then bring the Quadrant of Altitude to the observed Point of the Compass upon the wooden Horizon and move the Globe till the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick coincide with the said Quadrant Which done and the Globe continuing in that Position the Index of the Horary Circle will point at the Hour of the Day at the time desir'd Prob. 15. The Latitude of the Place and Sun 's Place in the Ecliptick being given to find thereby the Hour of the Day Elevate the Pole according to the given Latitude and situate the Globe duly South and North by the Mariners Compass then fix a small Needle perpendicularly in the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick and bringing the same to the brazen Meridian set the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon Which done turn the Globe till the Needle cast no Shadow at all and then observe the Index for it will then point at the true Hour of the Day Prob. 16. Any Place being given to move the Globe so as that the wooden Horizon shall be the Horizon of the same Bring the given Place to the brazen Meridian and reckon from it upon the said Meridian the number of 90 Degrees towards either of the Poles and where the reckoning ends place that part of the Meridian in the Notch of the wooden Horizon and it will prove the Horizon of the given Place Prob. 17. To find the Meridian-Line by the Globe in any place and at any time of the Day The Latitude of the Place being known and the Globe elevated accordingly observe the height of the Sun above the Horizon at that time and draw upon a true Plain a streight Line in or Parallel to the Shadow of a Stile perpendicularly erected upon that Plain In which describe a Circle at any opening of the Compasses and find the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick and mark his observed height in the Quadrant of Altitude Then move the Globe together with the said Quadrant till that Mark in the Quadrant and the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick come both in one which done count upon the wooden Horizon the number of Degrees between the Quadrant of Altitude and the brazen Meridian and set off the same number of Degrees upon the aforesaid Circle drawn upon the Plain by making a visible Point in the Circumference where the reckoning ends beginning still at the side towards the Sun and proceeding East or West according to the time of the Day Then draw a Line from that Point in the Circumference through the Center of the said Circle and the same will prove the true Meridian-Line of that Place at what time soever the Observation is made Prob. 18. A Place being given in the Torrid Zone to find those Days in which the Sun shall be vertical to the same Bring the given Place to the brazen Meridian and
demonstrated by the Terrestrial Globe That it is not above Twenty four hours Sailing from the River of Thames in England to the City of Messina in Sicily at a certain time of the Year providing there be a brisk North Wind a light Frigat and an Azimuth Compass These are the chief Paradoxical Positions in matters of Geography which mainly depend on a thorough Knowledge of the Globe and though it is highly probable that they 'll appear to some as the greatest of Fables yet we may boldly affirm That they 're not only equally certain with the aforesaid Theorems but also we are well-assur'd that there 's no Mathematical Demonstration of Euclid more infallibly true in its self than is every one of them However we think it not fit to pull off the Vizor or expose those masked Truths to publick View since to endeavour the unmasking of them may prove a private Diversion both pleasant and profitable to the Ingenious Reader at his more vacant Hours we hastning in the mean time to the last Thing propos'd viz. SECT V. Concerning Land and Water THE Surface of the Terraqueous Globe to which we intirely restrict our selves both here and in the following Part of this Treatise being always considered by Geographers as a Supersicies compos'd of Land and Water as its sole constituent Parts and these Parts being subdivided page 13. as followeth viz. Land into Continents Isthmus Islands Promontories Peninsula's Mountains Water into Oceans Straits Seas Lakes Gulfs Rivers Of all these separately and in their Order Therefore §. 1. Of CONTINENTS Commonly reckon'd Four viz. those of Europe Africa Asia America Europe North Scandinavia found from W. to E. Muscovia or Russia Middle France found from W. to E. Germany Poland South Spain found from W. to E. Italy Turky in Europe Asia North comprehending the vast Body of Tartary South China found from E. to W. India Persia Turky in Asia Africa Egypt found from N. to S. Barbary Bildulgerid Zaara or the Desert Land of the Negroes Guinea Nubia Ethiopia Interior Exterior America North Mexico or New Spain from S. to N. New Mexico or Nova Granada Florida Terra Canadensis Terra Arctica South Terra Firma from N. to S. Peru Land of the Amazons Brasil Chyli Paraguay Terra Magellanica Terra Antarctica §. 2. Of ISLANDS They belong either to Europe Africa Asia America Europe The Scandinavian Islands Lying in the N. and Baltick-Sea The Island of Ice-land W. of Scandinavia The Britannick Islands N. of France The Azores W. of Spain The Mediterranean Islands S. of Europe Asia The Japan Islands E. of China The Philippin S. W. of Japan The Isles des Larrons E. of the Philippin The Moloccoes S. of the Philippin The Islands of the Sund W. of the Moluccoes Ceylon and the Maldives W. of the Isles of Sund. Africa more Remarkable Madagascar E. of Ethiopia The Isles of Cape Verde W. of Negroland The Canary Islands W. of Bildulgerid The Madera W. of Barbary Less Remarkable The Isles of Comore N. W. of Madagascar St. Thomas's Island W. of Ethiopia Lat. 00 The Princess Island W. of Ethiopia Lat. 3. St. Helena S. W. of St. Thomas Isle of Ascention N. E. of St. Helena America North are California W. of Nova Granada Newfoundland E. of Terra Canadensis Middle are the Antilles Greater Cuba E. of New Spain Jamaica Hispaniola Port-rito Lesser Caribees S. E. of the greater Antilles Lucayes S. E. of Florida Sotovento N. of Terra Firma Bermudas E. of Florida South is Terra del Fuogo S. of Terra Magellanica §. 3. Of PENINSULA's Europe Juitland adjacent to Germany Morea Greece Taurica Chersonesus Little Tartary Asia Peninsula Indiae intra Gangem the Continent of Asia extra Gangem the Continent Mallaca or Chersonese d'or Peninsula Indiae intra Gangem In Africa is none but Africa it self the W. of Asia America Mexico or North America South America Peru or South America North §. 4. Of ISTHMUS In Europe are the Isthmus of Corinth joining Morea to Greece Taurica Chersonesus Taurica Chersonesus to Little Tartary In Asia is the Isthmus of Malacca Malacca to Penins Indiae intra Gangem In Africa is the Isthmus of Swez Africa to Asia In America is the Isthmus of Panama Mexico and Peru. §. 5. Of PROMONTORIES or CAPES In Europe Cape Nord Extending from The Northmost part of Norway Cape la Hogue The N. of France The Lands-End The S. W. of England The Lizard The S. The Start The S. Cape de Finisterra The W. of Spain Cape de Rocca The W. Cape St. Vincent The W. Asia Cape Ningpo The E. of China Cape Comorin Penins Indiae inter Gangem Cape Razalgate S. E. part of Arabia Africa Cape Spartel The W. of Barbary Cape Verde The W. of Negroeland Cape of Good Hope The S. of Ethiopia exterior Cape of Guardifeu The N. E. part of Ethiopia exterior America Cape de Florida The S. of Florida Cape de Coriente The W. of New Spain Cape Froward The S. of Terra Magellanica Cape Hoorn The S. of Terra del Fuogo Cape de S. Augustine The E. of Brasil §. 6. Of MOUNTAINS Remarkable Mountains in Europe The Dolfrine Hills To be seen Between Sweden and Norway Boglowy In the Souther part of Moscovia Hyperborean Mountains In the Norther part The Sevennes In the South part of France Auvergne The Vauge In Lorraine Fitshtelberge In circulating Bohemia Schwartzwaldin In the S. of Germany viz. Suabia The Carpathean Mount In the South parts of Poland The Pyrenaean Hills Between Spain and France The Alps Between Italy and France Germany The Appenine Hills Dividing Italy into East West Vesuvius à Vulcano In the Kingdom of Naples Balkan In the N. of Macedon The Holy Mount In the E. of Macedon Lacha Between Thessaly and Macedon The Grampion Hills In Scotland viz. S. of the River Dee The Cheviot Hills Between Scotland and England Malvern Hills In England viz. Worcestershire The Peake In England viz. Darbyshire Snowdon In Wales viz. Carnarvenshire Plinlimmon In Wales viz. Cardiganshire Knock Patrick In Ireland viz. in the C. Limerick Stromboli à Vulcano In a little Island W. of Naples Aetna à Vulcano In the Island of Sicily Remarkable Mountains in Asia Imaus To be seen In Tartary Caucasus Between Tartary Mogul's Empire Sardonix On the N. of Penin intra Gangem Guaco In Peninsula Indiae intra Gangem Taurus reaching from E. to W. of all Asia Adam's Pike In the Island of Ceylon Africa Montes Lybici Between Zaara and Egypt Atlas In the W. of Barbary Bildulgerid Basili In the N. of the Abyssine Empire Amara Under the Eq. in the same Empire Montes Lunae Between Abyssine Empire Monomotapa Tenerife In the Island of Tenerife America The Apalachin Hills Between Florida Terra Canadensis The Andes In S. America running from S. to N §. 7. Of OCEANS Europ The Hyperborean Ocean Enclosing Europe in the North. The vast Western West Asia Tartarean Ocean Asia on the North. China East Indian South
Apt Forcalquier Sisteron Middle part whose chief Towns are Arles W. to E. on the S. of the Durance Salon Aix Riez Senez Glandeves Lower whose chief Towns are Marseilles W. to E. nigh unto or upon the Sea-Coast Toulon Hyeres Frejuls Grace Vence Antiâ—e After these Twelve Governments we may here subjoin two other Countries adjacent to the East part of France Namely Loraine French County LORAINE Divided into Loraine properly so called Ch. Town Nancy Dutchy of Barr Westward Bar le Duc. More particularly Loraine properly so called Chief Town Nancy towards the middle D. of Bar Bar le Duc Westward Principality of Phaltzbourge Idem Eastward The Territor of Toule Idem S. to N. Metz Idem Verdun Idem Also those of Clermont Idem 15 Miles W. of Verdun Bitch Idem N. to S. upon the E. part of Loraine Sarward Idem Sarbruck Idem Salme Idem Vaudemont Idem 18 Miles S. E. of Toul FRENCH COUNTY Divided into Higher Northward Chief Town Montbeliart Middle part Besanson Lower Southward Salins More particularly Higher its chief Towns are Montbeliart E. to W. Vesoul Middle its chief Towns are Besancon or Besanson E. to W. upon the Doux Dole Lower its chief Towns are Salins N. to S. S. Claude THis Country formerly Gallia from its Ancient Inhabitants the Gauls otherwise the Celta is term'd by the Italians and Spaniards Francia by its Natives la France by the Germans Franckreich and by the English France so call'd as most Authors agree from the Franks a German Nation inhabiting that Part of Germany still call'd Franconia who invading Gaul and by degrees subduing a great Part of it gave it a New Name from its New Masters who in the Opinion of some Judicious Writers had theirs from certain Franchises granted them by the Roman Emperors beyond what the Neighbouring Nations enjoy'd or according to others from the German words Fraâ—n and Ausen the former signifying Free and the other an Heroe The Air of this Country is very Temperate Pleasant and Healthful being in a good Medium between the great Excess of Heat and Cold which ordinarily attend those Countries of a more Northern and Southern Situation yea so healthful is it that this Kingdom is generally observ'd to be less subject to Plagues and Sickness than most other Nations of Europe and the Air about Mompelier in particular is universally esteem'd Medicinal for Consumptions The opposite Place of the Globe to France is that part of the vast Pacifick Ocean between 190 and 207 Degrees of Longitude with 42 and 51 Degrees of South Latitude The Soil of this Country it lying in the 6 7 and 8. North Climate is extraordinary fruitful particularly in Corn Wine Fruits Hemp c. The Fields being here both large and open are generally intermingl'd with Vines and Corn as also bordered and interlin'd with variety of Fruits Here are many and vasts Forests and these well-stor'd with most sorts of wild Beasts fit for Hunting several Mountains and these cover'd over with numerous Flocks and some of them lin'd with rich and valuable Mines Here also are divers excellent Pits of Coals and Quarries of Stones The longest Day in the Northmost Part of this Country is about 16 Hours ¼ The shortest in the Southmost is 9 Hours ¼ and the Nights proportionably The Chief Commodities of this Country are Salt Fish Corn Wine Almonds Coral Canvas Oade Linnen Paper Wood Skins Alamodes Lusting and rich flower'd Silks Verdigris Cremor Tartaris c. Among the chief Rarities of France we may reckon some remarkable Remains of the Roman Antiquities as yet to be seen in that Country And they are reducible to these following Heads viz. 1. Triumphal Arches particularly that in the City of Rheims as yet entire compos'd of Three Arches and adorn'd with many Figures and Trophies but uncertain for whom erected There are also the Ruins of several others near Autun in Burgundy one at Saintes in Guienne another almost entire at the City of Orange erected by Caius Marius and Luctatius Catulus upon their Victory obtain'd over the Cimbres and Teutones where are likewise the Ruins of a Roman Circus To these we may add that stately Bridge twelve Miles off Nismes consisting of three Stories of Arches one above another the last of which was an Aqueduct 2. Amphitheaters as the Ruins of a stately one at Chalons in Burgundy another at Perigueux in Guienne another at Tholouse in Langaedoc another at Arles in Provence another at Vienne in Dauphine but the chief of all is that at Nismes of an extraordinary bigness and as yet adorn'd with several Pillars and divers Roman Eagles as also the Fable of Romulus and Romus sucking the She-wolf 3. The Remains of some Heathen Temples particularly those of Templum Jani now call'd the Jenetoye at Autun in Burgundy those of the Goddess Venus at Perigueux in Guienne and that of Diana near Nismes in Languedoc 4. The Ruins of some Ancient Aqueducts as those near Coutance in Burgundy those at Dole in Britaign some at Autun in Burgundy and those at Tholouse in Languedoc 5. Remarkable Pillars particularly those Ancient Columes and Pyramids near Autun in Burgundy but more especially is that famous Roman Obelisk of Oriental Granat at Arles in Provence which is much admired by the Curious being fifty two Foot high seven Foot Diameter at the Base and yet all but one Stone Among the Monuments of Antiquity we may mention that large Passage cut through the middle of a Rock about two Leagues from Brianson in Dauphine which being a stupendious piece of Work gives occasion to various Conjectures some Persons imputing it to J. Caesar and others rather to Hannjbal To these we may add that large and round Buckler of Massy Silver fish'd out of the Rhone near Avignion 1665. being twenty Inches in Diamiter and weighing twenty one pounds 't is 1900 Years old and is charg'd with Scipio Africanus half Mantled grasping his Pike and Roman Officers attending with the Spaniards supplicating for a fair Virgin the same being consecrated to that Virtuous General upon his restoring a beautiful Captive to Allucius Prince of Celtiberia who had espous'd her These being the principal Remains of Reverend Antiquity observable in this Country next to such Curiosities we may subjoin some Rarities of Nature the most noted of which are these following 1 Waters of remarkable Qualities particularly Those nigh to Dax or D'Acque in Gascoign so reputed of old for Bathing that from them the whole Province of Aquitaine did derive its Name As also the Mineral Waters of Bourbon much resorted unto even in time of the Romans together with that famous Fountain near to Grenoble which appeareth as if covered with Flames and boileth up in great Bubbles and yet is never hot Likewise another boiling Fountain about a League from Montpellier much observ'd by Travellers and finally that Oily-spring near Gabian in the Road from Montpellier to Beziers Add to these a Spring near Loches in
prop. so call'd Chief Town Prague S. to N. Lusatia higher Northward Soraw 〈◊〉 lower Southward Pantzen Moravia Eastern Weiskirk Olmutz Western Olmutz D. of Silesia higher Southward Troppaw Breslaw lower Northward Breslaw After the 10 Circles of Germany followeth Switzerland comprehending 13 Cantons with several Confederate Cities and Proefectures 1. The thirteen Cantons are those of Zurick Switz Glaris Solothurn Bern Underwald Basil Schafhousen Lucern Zug Friburg Apenzel These Cantons are set down according to their Votes in the general Diets each of them hath a capital City of its own Name except Uri chief Town Altorf and Underwald chief Town Stant and are reduced to three Classes Viz. West comprehending Basil from N. to S. Soloturn Bern Freiburg Middle comprehending Schafhouse from N. to S. Zurich Zug Lucern Switz Underwald Uri East comprehending Apenzil from N. to S. Glaris 2. The chief Confederates of the Switzers are the Grisons ch T. Coire W. of the County of Tirol City of Geneva Lake of Geneva 3. The chief Praefectures of the Switzers are Baden on the W. N. W. of Zurick Bremgarten Mellingen Sargans N. of the Grisons To the German Empire we might here annex the Kingdom of Hungary it being now almost intirely under the Emperour But of it when we come to Turkey in Europe THIS great Body being divided as aforesaid into Ten Circles and the first of these viz. Belgium or the Netherlands being most observable upon several accounts we shall take a particular View of the same as it consists of Holland and Flanders and then treat of all the rest conjunctly under the general Title of Upper Germany Therefore §. 1. HOLLAND THis Country of old Batavia a part of Ancient Belgium is 〈◊〉 by the Italians and Spaniards Holanda by the French Hollande by the Germans and English Holland so call'd as many imagin from Hol and land two Teutonic words signifying a low or hollow sort of Land But others choose rather to dâ—â—ive the Name from Oeland an Island in the Baltick Sea whose Inhabitants being great Pyrats and frequently ranging these Seas at 〈◊〉 did seize upon and settle themselves in this part of the 〈◊〉 The Air of this Country is generally thick and moist by reason of the frequent Fogs which arise from the many Lakes and Channels with which this Country abounds And to Moistness of the Air it is that we may impute the Cause of the â—ency of Agues to which the Inhabitants are so subject The â—site Place of the Globe to Holland is that part of the vast Paciâ—â—â— Ocean between 205 and 210 Degrees of Longitude with 51 and 54 Degrees of South Latitude This Country lying very low and in the Tenth North Climate Its Soil is Naturally wet and fenny but the industrious Inhabitants do so drain it by a vast Multitude of Artificial Channels that the Ground is made very fit both for Pasture and Tillage especially the former they imploying the greatest part of their Land in Grazing vast Herds of Kine The Length of the Days and Nights is the same as in England South of the Humber Although the Commodities of this Country proceeding from its natural Growth may strictly speaking be reckon'd only Butter and Cheese yet by reason of the many useful Manufactures which this People encourage at home the very Materials of which are brought from other Nations and that wonderful Trade which they manage abroad in most Parts of the known World we may reckon it as a Publick Warehouse of the richest and best Commodities of all Nations The chief Remarkables in Holland are these following viz. 1. The vast Multitude of Artificial Sluces and Canals being a Work of prodigious Expence and great Convenience both for Traffick and Travelling 2. The Burg in Leyden being reckon'd a notable Piece of Antiquity with the many rare Curiosities to be seen in the famous University there 3. The Curious Fountains especially that call'd The Basin of Venus and the two great Cascades or Water-falls in the pleasant Gardens belonging to Loo 4. The brazen Font in St. Peter's Church in Zutphen Remarkable for its admirable Workmanship 5. The two brazen Dishes in the Village of Losdun in which were Baptiz'd Anno 1276. by Don William Suffragan Bishop of Treves 365 Children born at one Birth by the Countess of Heneberg Daughter to Florent the 4th Earl of Holland 6. The Remarkable Stone Quarry near Maestricht which looks like a vast Subterraneous Palace it reaching under a large Hill supported by some Thousands of square Pillars commonly 20 Foot high between which are spacious Walks and many private Retirements of great Use in time of War they serving as a sure Refuge to the neighbouring Country People who commonly resort thither with their Goods when alarm'd by an approaching Enemy 7. The Room where the Synod of Dort was held Anno 1619 with the Seats as they then stood is shewn to Strangers as another Curiosity of this Country To these we may add the stately brazen Statue of the famous Desid Erasmus in the City of Rotterdam as also the little obscure House where that Great and Eminent Man was born which is likewise shewn to Strangers having this Distich over its Door Aedibus his ortus Mundum decor avit Erasmus Artibus ingenuis Relligione Fide Here is but one Archbishoprick in this Country viz. Utricht and that only Titulary Under the Archbishop of Utrecht are Five Titular Suffragans viz. Those of Deventer Groningen Harlem Leuwarden Middleburgh Universities in this Country are those of Leyden Utrecht Franeker Groningen Harderwick The Natives of this Country are reckon'd none of the Politest sort of People either in Thought or Behaviour especially the latter in which they so little endeavour to follow the various Modes and nice Punctilio's of Ceremony in Use among their Neighbours the French that they choose rather to run to the other extream The chief if not only Quality of this People besides the singular Neatness of their Houses is that wonderful Genius to a laudable Industry wherewith they seem to be Universally inspir'd Persons of all Ages Sexes and Stations being some way or other usefully imploy'd By which industrious Hand in carrying on several profitable Manufactures at home and managing a prodigious Trade abroad they have of late advanc'd themselves to such a height of Power and Treasure as to become even terrible to crown'd Heads The Language here spoken is the Low Dutch a Dialect of the German having several corrupted French and Latin words intermixt a Language that hath nothing to recommend it to Strangers How it differs from the High German will best appear by their Pater Noster which runs thus Onse Vader die in de hemelen Ziit Uwen Naem werde geheylight Uw ' koninckritche home Uwen wille geschiede geliick in den hemel alsoo oock op der atrden On s ' dagelicks broot geef on s heden Ende vergeeft on s onse schulden geliick
on purpose to come at the same Another call'd Grotto-Popetschio with many other subterraneous Caverns in Carniola near the Zirchnitzer-Sea above-mention'd And finally that near Hamelen about 30 miles from Hanover at whose mouth stands a Monument expressing the Loss of 130 Children who were swallowed up alive in that very place above 400 Years ago 4. Stately Edifices especially some famous Cathedrals as particularly those of Strasburg and Magdeburg in the latter of which are 49 Altars as also that of Ulm Remarkable for its curious Organ so much talked off it being 93 Foot high and 28 broad being likewise furnish'd with 16 pair of Bellows and having Pipes of such a prodigious Bigness that the largest of them is 13 Inches Diameter 5. Some Observable Rocks and Stones particularly those two Rocks nigh to Blackenburg above-mention'd which naturally represent two Monks in their proper Habits and that as exactly as if design'd for such and near to Blackenburg are several Stones dug out of the Ground having on them the Representation of divers Animals especially Fishes in a neighbouring Lake and sometimes the Resemblance of a Man In another Lake in the Earldom of Mansfeild are Stones exactly shap'd like Frogs and various sorts of Fishes Add to these the Remarkable Stones commonly found upon Count Calenberg about two German miles from Vienna having the lively Impression of Trees and Leaves of Trees upon them As also a Quarry in those Parts out of which are dug some Stones equally transparent with refin'd Sugar-Candy 6. Many choice Cabinets of Rarities especially That in the Palace of Inspruck with another at Dresden but the chief of all is that in the Emperour's Palace at Vienna whose Curiosities are so vastly numerous that a bare Catalogue of them makes a compleat Volume in Folio To all these add that modern Curiosity kept at Mentz and commonly shewn to Strangers viz. a Leaf of Parchment on which are fairly written twelve different sorts of Hands with variety of Minatures and Draughts curiously done with a Pen and that by one Thomas Schuveiker who was Born without Hands and perform'd the same with his Feet As for the famous Tun of Heidelberg being 31 Foot long and 21 high 't is so notoriously known that we need say nothing of it Arch-Bishopricks in this Country are those of Mentz Magdeburg Triers Saltzburg Cologn Bremen Prague Bishopricks in this Country are those of Metz Brandenburg Paderborn Brixen Toul Havelberg Constance Gurk Verdun Spire Halberstadt Vienna Liege Worms Bamburg Newstadt Munster Strasburg Freisenghen Lubeck Minden Wirtzburg Ratisbon Ratzburg Osnaburg Aichstat Passaw Scheweirin Meissen Verden Chiemse Olmutz Maesburg Ghur Seckaw Leutmeritz Maumburg Heldesheim Lavant Koningsgratz Universities in this Country are those of Vienna Leipsick Francfort on Oder Helmstadt Prague Erfurt Marpurg Sigen Mentz Friburg Strasburg Paderborn Cologn Ingoldstadt Gipswald Altorfe Triers Tubingen Dillinghen Olmutz Liege Rostock Jena Kiel Heidelberg Wittenberg Lewenghen Gratz This People hath a mighty Genius for Mechanical sort of Learning and several of them are famous for some singular Inventions particularly that of the fatal Instrument the Gun accidentally discovered by one Bartholdus Swart a Friar when making a Chimical Experiment with a Crucible set over the Fire having Saltpetre and Sulphur and other such like Ingredients intermixt They are also said to have found out that most useful Art of Printing but the Hollanders do eagerly deny them the honour of that Invention ascribing the same to one Laurence Coster of Harlem and upon strict enquiry it appears that the Germans had indeed the first hint of this Art from Holland and that they only improv'd and perfected the same at Mentz The most noted of the many mechanical Operations of this People of late is that curious Watch of the Emperour Charles the Fifth set in the Jewel of his Ring as also that Clock of the Elector of Saxony's fixt in the Pommel of his Saddle As for the Iron Fly and Wooden Eagle of Regiomontanus they are so well known that it 's superfluous even to name them The Language here us'd is that call'd the High Dutch a Language very Ancient and generally esteem'd both Noble and Manly in the Pronunciation more becoming a General than a Courtier None of the Western European Tongues hath less Affinity with the Latin than it has The Maternal Languages of several Kingdoms and different States in Europe are Originally from the German It 's now divided into a great many Dialects very different from one another The purest of which is generally esteem'd that spoken in Misuia Pater-Noster in the High German runs thus Unser Vatter der du bist in himmel geheyliget werde dein Nahim Zukomm uns dein Ritch dein Wille geschene uf erden wte im himmel Unser taeglich brodt gibbuns heut und vergibuns unser schuldt al 's wir vergoben unsern schuldigern und fuchr uns nicht in Versuchung sonder erlaese uns vom ubel Amen This great Body comprehends above three hundred different Soveraignties but all or most of them are Homagers to one Head own'd as Supream viz. the Emperour of Germany The Empire is Elective and Govern'd by Dyets almost like the General Estates of France The standing Law of the Empire which bindeth all the several States as the various members of one Body is the Civil or Roman mix'd with the Canon to which add the ancient Customs of the Germans and the various Statutes of the Dyets made from time to time The several States have their peculiar Laws obligatory within themselves The whole Empire being divided into Ten Circles each of them excepting Belgium or the Circle of Burgundy which now is allow'd no Vote in the Dyet hath one or more Directors who preside at their Assemblies viz. For Westphalia the Bishop of Munster and Duke of Neuburg are Directors For Lower Saxony are the Marquess of Brandenburg and Duke of Brunswick by turns For Upper Saxony is the Elector of Saxony For the Lower Rhine are the Elector Palatine and Bishop of Worms For Franconia are the Bishop of Bamberg and Marquess of Gulemback For Suabia are the Duke of Wirtenberg and Bishop of Constance For Bavaria are the Elector of Bavaria and Arch-Bishop of Saltzburg And lastly Austria its Director is the Arch-Duke of Austria or his Imperial Majesty Two or three Circles may meet when one of them is attackt from without or in any Confusion within The General Dyets consist of three Bodies viz. Electoral Princes other Princes and Imperial Cities But more particularly In this great Body we may reduce all Soveraignties to these Five namely The Emperour The Ecclesiastick Princes The Electors The Secular Princes The Free Cities I. The Emperour who being of the House of Austria doth claim three sorts of Dominion viz. that of Austria as Hereditary Bohemia as his Right and Hungary by Election In his life-Life-time he causeth his own Son or Brother or failing of these one of his nearest Kinsmen to be
Crowned King of Hungary afterwards King of Bohemia and then if the Electors are willing he is also Chosen King of the Romans whereby he is Successor Presumptive to the Empire The Power of the Emperour is much impar'd by several Capitulations betwixt him and the Princes of the Empire It 's true that only he can confer Honours create Princes affranchize Cities institute Universities and such-like Yet as to the Legislative Power and that of Levying Taxes upon the whole Empire that is wholly lodg'd in the General Dyet conjunctly with him and by a late Capitulation he is not to enter into Alliance or make War with any Foreign Prince without Consent of the Electors However if we consider only his own Hereditary Dominions he is a Powerful Prince and to support the Grandeur of the Imperial Dignity he is served by the greatest Princes of the Empire is addressed unto by the August Title of Caesar and the Ambassadors of all Crown'd Heads and Free States in Europe give place to those sent by him at what Foreign Court soever it be II. Electors who are now Nine in Number viz. these following 1. The Arch-Bishop of Mentz who is Great Chancellor of the Empire in Germany sits on the Emperour 's right hand in the Dyet and did formerly Crown the King of Bohemia 2. The Arch-Bishop of Triers or Treves who is Great Chancellor of the Empire in France claims the first Vote in Electing the Emperour and sits over against him in the Dyet 3. The Arch Bishop of Cologn who is Great Chancellor of the Empire in Italy claims the first Vote in choosing the King of the Romans setting the Crown on his Head and sits next the Emperour 4. The King of Bohemia who hath only a Seat in the Election is Cup-bearer and in the publick Procession walks next the Emperour or King of the Romans 5. The Duke of Bavaria who is Great Steward and in time of the publick Procession carrieth the Globe before the Emperour 6 The Duke of Saxony who is Great Marshal of the Empire and at the publick Procession carrieth the naked Sword before the Emperour 7. The Marquess of Brandenburg who is great Chamberlain and at the publick Procession carrieth the Scepter before the Emperour 8 The Prince Palatine of the Rhine who is Great Treasurer and in the Procession at Coronations scattereth Medals among the People 9. The Ninth Elector is Ernestus Augustus Duke of Brunswick Lunenburg Hanover who was added to the Electoral Colledge in the Year 1693. These Princes have much greater Authority and enjoy more ample Priviledges than the other Princes of the Empire To them belongeth not only a Right of electing the Emperour and King of the Romans as aforesaid but also some allow them even a Deposing Power When the Emperour calls a Dyet he is oblig'd to ask their advice and during an Interreign two of them viz. the Elector of Saxony and Prince Palatine of the Rhine have Power to govern the Empire the Jurisdiction of the former extending over the Northern and that of the others over the Southern Circles of the Empire but this Right of the Count Palatins is now disputable by the Elector of Bavaria who upon the Death of the last Emperour did actually undertake and exercise the same III. Ecclesiastick Princes who besides the first three Electors are chiefly these following viz. Arch-Bishop of Saltzburagt Great Master of the Teutonick Order the Bishops of Liege Munster Spire Worms Wurtzburg Strasburg Osnaburg Bamberg Paderborn c. and many Abbots and Abesses who are Absolute over the Temporality of their Benefices The Election to their various Dignities belong wholly to their several Chapters and they govern the People in subjection to them as Soveraign Princes without any cognizance of a higher Power IV. Secular Princes who are chiefly the Dukes of Lunenburg Wurtemburg Mechlenburg Sax-Lauenburg c. Marquess of Baden Culembach c. The Landgrave of Hess Princes of East-Friezland Nassau Anhalt c. Counts of Solms Aversburg c. and many other Dukes Marquesses and Landgraves as also some Earls and Barons who exercise a Soveraign Power over those in their own Dominions V. Free Cities which are either Imperial or Hans-Towns Imperial Cities are those who bear the Eagle of the Empire in their Arms and have Right to send their Deputies to the Dyet of the Empire Hans-Towns are those which about the End of the 13th Century entred into a firm League of mutually assisting one another in time of Distress as also in carrying on such a Regular Commerce as might universally tend to their advantage and the publick good of the Empire which Society encreased to the Number of eighty Cities who enjoy'd great Priviledges and exercis'd a peculiar Jurisdiction among themselves For the better Administration of which they were divided into four Circles distinguish'd by the Names of four principal Cities in which were establisht their Courts of Judicatory viz. Lubeck Cologn Brunswick and Dantzick But this Society hath been on the declining hand almost two hundred Years and is now become very inconsiderable Chief Courts in Germany for hearing and determining the great Causes of the Empire are two viz. The Imperial Chamber and Chamber of Vienna 1. The Imperial Chamber consisting of fifty Judges call'd Assessors whereof the Emperor appointeth the President and four of the Principal Officers each of the Electors chusing One and the rest being nominated by the other Princes and States of the Empire whose business is to determine all Disputes which arise from time to time between the Princes as also other Causes brought thither by Appeal from Inferior Courts The Seat of this Judicatory was formerly at Spires but now at Wetslar in Hesse 2. The Chamber of Vienna whose Office it is also to decide all Causes brought to it by Appeals from Inferior Courts and claims the same Authority with the Chamber of Spires The Seat of this Court is the Emperor's Palace and either he himself or his Deputy sits as Chief being assisted by a competent number of Judges whereof several are Professors of the Protestant Religion In both those Courts the Emperor as Sovereign Judge and President pronounceth Sentence when there in Person and in his Absence those deputed by him who representing himself are allow'd to carry the Imperial Scepter as a Mark of their Dignity In particular Courts they follow the Laws of the Empire which consist in many Ancient Constitutions the Golden-Bull the Pacification of Passaw as also the Treaties of Westphalia in the Saxon-Law establish'd by Charlemain and the Roman by the Emperor Justinian which last they observe wheresoever the Saxon has not been receiv'd All Princes States and Members of the Empire have and actually exercise a Sovereign Power within their own Territories except in some particular Cases wherein People may Appeal either to the Imperial Chamber of Spires or that at Vienna commonly call'd the Aulic Council After the Government of Germany we may add that of Switzerland
Geneva I. Switzerland a large Commonwealth consisting of several little ones viz. Thirteen Cantons every one of them being absolute within their own Jurisdiction is under a Popular Government in the main yet not strictly so in respect of every particular Canton those of Bern Zurich and Lucern being more properly under an Aristocracy than any other since the Authority of the Gentry doth most prevail in them However the whole Body of the State consider'd as one Complex Republick consisteth of three distinct Parts viz. The Switzers themselves distributed as aforesaid into Thirteen Cantons Secondly Those States Confederate with them for their Common Liberty and Protection And Thirdly The Prefectures subject to them whether by Gift Purchase or Chance 1. The Body of the Cantons is govern'd by each Canton having its particular Magistrate of their own chusing by whom with a standing Council consisting of Persons elected out of the People all particular Controversies of the Canton are heard and dertermin'd But when any Publick Cause occurs which relates to all the Cantons then each of them sends its Commissioner to the General Diet which ordinarly meets at Baden where every Canton hath one Vote and Matters are determin'd by the major part 2. Confederate States The Chief of which besides Geneva are the Grisons an adjacent Commonwealth govern'd in like manner as the Switzers Of all the Allies of the Switzers there 's none more Potent than these They entred first into a League one with another Anno 1471. and afterwards with the Switzers in 1491. Their Country lies among inaccessible Mountains and hideous Precipices and they divide themselves into six Parts viz. The Grey League The League of the House of God The League of the Ten Jurisdictions The Valteline And lastly the Countries of Chiavana and Bormio Some believe they deriv'd the Title of Grisons from the Custom of wearing Grey Scarfs when first they entred into the League together 3. Prefectures of the Switzers particularly those Countries and Cities of Baden and Sargans with many other Towns and Villages situated nigh unto or among the Alps. II. Geneva being a Free Republick is govern'd by its own Magistrates and is in Confederacy with the Cantons of Switzerland whom it resembles very much in the Constitution of its Government The Sovereignty of the State is lodg'd in a Council of Two hundred out of which a lesser Council consisting of Twenty five is chosen both which being for Life serve for Checks one to another and finally out of these Twenty five are elected four Principal Officers whom they call the Syndicks who have the sole Management of the Commonwealth except it be in some great Matter as making of Peace or War Offensive or Defensive Leagues hearing Appeals and such like General Concerns which is the Business of the Great Council to consider and determine The Emperor of Germany for Armorial Ensigns bears Quarterly 1. Barwise Argent and Gules of eight Pieces for Hungary 2. Argent a Lion Gules the Tail noved and passed in Saltier Crowned Langed and Armed Or for Bohemia 3. Gules a Fesse Argent for Austria Party and bendwise Argent and Azure a border Gules for Ancient Burgundy 4. Quarterly in the first and last Gules a Castle triple towered Or purâ—led Sable for Castile In the second and third Argent a Lion purple for Leon. The Shield crested with an Imperial Crown closed and raised in shape of a Miter having betwixt the two Points a Diadem surmounted with a Globe and Cross Or. This Shield environed with a Coller of the Order of the Golden Fleece is plac'd on the Breast of an Eagle displayed Sable in a Field Or Diadem'd membred and beck'd Gules holding a naked Sword in the right Talon and a Scepter in the left The two Heads signify the Eastern and Western Empire and for the Motto are these words Uno avulso non deficit alter But the Emperor's peculiar devise is Pax salus Europae The Laws of the Empire give free Toleration to the publick Exercise of three Religions viz. the Lutheran Calvinist and Popish and in some Places all three Parties celebrate Divine Worship in one and the same Church at different times of the Day as among others at Manheim in the Palatinate before it was ruin'd by the French The Reformation of Religion was begun here by Martin Luther about 1517. and embrac'd by the Electors of Saxony Brandenburg Prince Palatine of the Rhine Landgrave of Hesse the Duke of Brunswick and most of the Free Cities Whereupon followed continual Wars and Troubles about Religion and the Lands of the Church which the Protestants had possess'd themselves of till at last by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648. 't was concluded That they of the Confession of Ausburg should not be molested in any manner whatsoever but to be secur'd from all Prosecutions of Law and Violence In this Posture things continued till of late that the French King broke in upon the Empire and took so many Towns and Cities of it In all which he dispossess'd the Protestants of their Rights and establish'd the Exercise of the Roman Religion And this he hath endeavour'd to confirm by the last Treaty at Reswick where his Plenipotentiaries in Conjunction with the Emperor's prevail'd to insert into the said Treaty a Clause whereby 't is agreed That the Roman Catholick Religion shall remain within the Places restor'd by France to the Emperor and Empire in the same Condition as 't is exercis'd at present And though the Protestants long contested and at last sign'd the Treaty with a Protestation that the Clause in dispute should not be drawn into precedent for the future yet there 's too great Reason to fear that the Popish Party hath gain'd a considerable Advantage in this Point The various Parts of this Country receiv'd the Light of the blessed Gospel at various times and that by the preaching of various Apostles especially St. Thomas Sirnamed Didymus one of the Twelve POLAND by Robt. Morden SECT V. Concerning Poland  d. m.  Miles Situated between 34 30 of Long. its greatest Length is about 780. 53 30 between 48 00 of Latit Breadth is about 600. 58 20 Being divided into Three Classes viz. East Middle West East Class comprehends Lithuania Chief Town Vilna N. to S. Volinia Kiou Podolia Camenick Middle Class comprehends Curland Mittaw N. to S. Samogitia Rosâ—â—ie Polaquia Bieâ—â—ko Little Russia Lemberge West Class comprehends Prussia Dantzick N. to S. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Polonia prop. Cracovia Of all these in Order §. 1. Lithuania a Dukedom  Palatinate of Troki Chief Town Idem W. to E. Wilna Idem Braslawen Braslaw Poloczkien Poloczk Contains the Witepskien Witepsk Novogrodeck Idem W. to E. Minskien Minski Mscislawen Mscislaw D. of Sluczk Idem W. to E Territory of Rohaczow Idem Rzeczica Idem Southward §. 2. Volinia a Province Contains the Palatinate of Lucke W. Chief Town Idem W. to E. Territory of Kiow E. Idem §. 3. Podolia a Province
whose Court being of an Oval Form doth still retain the Name of Arena 9. Many stately Tombs of famous Men particularly That of Antenor's in Padua St. Peter's in Rome St. Augustin's and Severinus Boetius both in Pavia with that of St. Ambrose in Milan and many others together with vast multitudes of Statues both of Brass and Marble in most parts of Italy These are the most remarkable Remains of the Roman Antiquities that are now extant throughout all this Country As for Modern Curiosities and other sorts of Rarities which are obvious to the Eye of every ordinary Traveller a bare Catalogue of 'em would swell up to a considerable Volume It were endless to Discourse of magnificent Buildings particularly Churches Ancient Inscriptions rare Waterworks and many bold Pieces of Painting and Statuary to be seen almost in every Corner of Italy Every one is apt to talk of the bending Tower of Pisa the Whispering Chamber of Caprarola the renowned House of Loretto with the rich Treasury of S. Mark in Venice not to mention the famous Vatican Palace and Library with the glorious and splendid Furniture of the Roman Churches To these I may add the several Magazines or large Collections of all sorts of Rarities kept in several Parts of Italy particularly those in Villa Ludovisia belonging to Prince Ludovisio As also those in the famous Gallery of Canonico Setali in Milan but above all are divers Rooms and Cabinets of exotick Curiosities and precious Stones among which is the famous Diamond that weigheth 138 Carats all belonging to the Great Duke of Tuscany and much admired and talkt off in all Parts of the Civiliz'd World Ecclesiasticks of the higest Order in this Country are his Holiness the Pope and the Patriarchs of Venice Aquileia Next to these are the Archbishops of Milan Fermo Benevento Frani Turin Ravenna Thieti Tarento Tarentaise Naples Lanciano Brindisi Bologne Capua Manfredonia Otranto Genoa Salerno Bari Rossano Florence Amalfi Cirenza Consenza Pisa Sorento Nazareth or Barletta Sanseverino Urbin Conza Reggio The respective Suffragans of these Ecclesiasticks are as followeth § 1. Immediately subject to the Pope are the Bishops of Ostia Alatro Perusa Foligni Porto Ferentino Citta di Castello Assisi Sabius Velitri Citta di Sieve Ancona Palestrina Sutri Castro Humana Frascati Nepi Arezzo Loretto Albano Citta Castellana Spoleto Recanali Tivoli Horta Norcia Ascoli Anagni Viterbi Ferni Jesi Veroli Tuscanella Narni Osmo Terracina Civita-Vecchia Amelia Camerin Sezza Bagnarea Todi Cometo Segni Orvieto Rieti Monte Fiascone As also these following being exempt from the Jurisdiction of their respective Metropolitans Mantua Cortona Atella Rapolla Trent Sarzana Cava Monte-Pelozo Pavia Fano Scala and Ravello Trivento Salusses Ferrara Aquila Mon-Pulician Aversa Melfi Marsico Faramo Cassano San-Marco Montellone Bisiguano § 2. Suffragans to the Patriarch of Venice are only those of Torzello Chioza § 3. To the Patriarch of Aquileia are those of Terviso Trieste Petin Vicenza Feltri Cabo d' Istria Citta Nuova Verona Belluno Pola Padua Como Concorde Parenzo § 4. To the Archbishop of Milan are those of Cremona Tortona VerITEMes Acqui Novara Vighenano Alba Savona Lodi Bergamo Ast Vintemiglia Alexandria Brescia Casal § 5. To the Archbishop of Turin are those of Yorée Mondovi Fossano § 6. To the Archbishop of Tarentaise are those of Aoste Sion § 7. To the Archbishop of Bologne are those of Parma Rheggio Carpi Borgo Placenza Modena Crema S. Domino § 8. To the Archbishop of Genoa are those of Albegna Brugnato Mariana Nebio Noli Bobio Accia § 9. To the Archbishop of Florence are those of Pistoya Colle Borgo san Sepulchro Fiesoli Volterra Citta di Sole § 10. To the Archbishop of Pisa are those of Soana Piombino Mont-Alcino Aiazzo Chiusi Massa Livorno Sagona Grossete Pienza Luca Alerta § 11. To the Archbishop of Urbine are those of Senigaglia Engubio Pesaro Fossombrona Cagli S. Leon. § 12. To the Archbishop of Fermo are those of San-Severino Macerati Montalt Tolentin Ripa Transona § 13. To the Archbishop of Ravenna are those of Rovigo Britinoro Sarsina Cervia Comachio Forli Rimini â—â—nestria Faenza Cosena Imola § 14. To the Archbishop of Naples are those of Nola Pozzuolo Cerra Ischia § 15. To the Archbishop of Capua are those of Tiano Caiazzo Sessa Mont-cassin Calvi Carniola Venafro Fondi Caserta Isernia Aquin Gaieta § 16. To the Archbishop of Salerno are those of Campagna Policastro Sarno Nocera di pagni Capaccio Nusco Marsico nuovo Acerno § 17. To the Archbishop of Amalfi are those of Letteri Capri Minori § 18. To the Archbishop of Sorento are those of Vico Massa Castel à Mare di Stabbia § 19. To the Archbishop of Conza are those of Muro Satriano Cedogna Cangiano Bisaccia § 20. To the Archbishop of Benevento are those of Ascol Monte Marano Bovino Tremoli Fiorenzuola Avellino Toribolenza Lesnia Telezi Fricenti Dragonara Guardia S. Agatha di Gothi Ariano Volturata D'alsieres Boiano Larina § 21. To the Archbishop of Thieti are those of Ortona di Mare Civita di Penna Sermona Campti Cali. § 22. To the Archbishop of Lanciano are none § 23. To the Archbishop of Manfredonia are those of Troia Vieste San-Severa § 24. To the Archbishop of Bari are those of Canosa Conversano Bitteta Giovenazzo Poligano Labiello Bitonto Monervino Ravo Molfetta § 25. To the Archbishop of Cirenza are those of Malerano Turfi Gravina Venosa Potenza Tricarico § 26. To the Archbishop of Nazareth none § 27. To the Archbishop of Frani are those of Salpi Andria Biseglia § 28. To the Archbishop of Tarento are those of Montula Castellanetta § 29. To the Archbishop of Brindisi are those of Ostuni Oria. § 30. To the Archbishop of Otranto are those of Gallipoli Castro Alessano Leeche Nardo S. Maria di Leuca Ugento § 31. To the Archbishop of Rossano none § 32. To the Archbishop of Consenza are those of Montallo Mortorano § 33. To the Archbishop of Sanseverino are those of Belcastro Strongoli Cariati Umbriatico Isola Cerenza § 34. To the Archbishop of Reggio are those of Amantea Cortona Squillace Bova Nicastro Oppido Nicotera Taverna Tropea Gieraci Universities in this Country are those establish'd at the Cities following Rome Florence Mantua Venice Bononia Pisa Pavia Padua Ferrara Sienna Naples Verona Perusia Milan Salerno Parma The Natives of this Country once the Triumphant Lords and Conquerors of the World are now less given to the Art of War and Military Exploits than most other Nations of Europe However the Modern Italians are generally reputed a Grave Respectful and Ingenious sort of People especially in those things to which they chiefly apply themselves now-a-days viz. Statuary Works Architecture and the Art of Painting They 're also reckon'd Obedient to their Superiors Courteous to Inferiors Civil to Equals and very Affable to Strangers They 're likewaies in Apparel very modest in Furniture of Houses sumptuous and at their Tables extraordinary neat and decent But these good Qualities of this
People are mightily stain'd by many notorious Vices which reign among them particularly those of Revenge and Lust Jealousy and Swearing to all of which they 're so excessively given that even a modest Narrative would seem incredible As for the Female Sex a vulgar Saying goes of them that they 're Magpies at the Doors Saints in the Church Goats in the Garden Devils in the House Angels in the Streets and Syrenes at the Windows The present Language of Italy is a Dialect of the Latin which was the Ancient Language of this Country Almost every Province and City hath its peculiar Idiom but that of Tuscany is reckon'd the purest and best polisht of all others and is that which Persons of Quality and Learning usually speak Pater-Noster in Italian runs thus Padre nostro che sci ne Cielo sia sanctificato il tuo nome venga il tuo Regno sia fatta la tua volonta st come in ciclo cosi encora in terra Dacci hogli il nostro pane cotidiano é rimettiâ—i i nostri debiti si come encor noigli remettiano a i nostri dâ—bitori E non ci indurre in tentatione ma liberaci dal male Amen The Government of Italy can't be duly considered without looking back unto the Chief Divisions of that Country abovemention'd there being so many different Sovereignties therein independent on one another and not subjected to one Head The whole being therefore divided into Upper Middle and Lower according to the aforesaid Analysis I. The Upper or Lombardy being again divided into one Principality five Dutchies two Republicks and one Bishoprick That one Principality viz Piedmont is under the Duke of Savoy The five Dutchies viz. those of Montferrat Milan Parma Modena and Mantua are under several Sovereigns For Montferrat is partly under the Duke of Savoy and partly under the French King Milan is under the King of Spain for which he is dependent on the Emperor Parma is mostly under its own Duke who is feudatary to the Pope paying yearly ten thousand Crowns Modena is under its own Duke who is dependent on the Emperor And Mantua is mostly under its own Duke who is feudatary to the Emperor The two Republicks being those of Venice and Genoa of whom particularly afterwards are govern'd by their Senare and Magigistrates The one Bishoprick being that of Trent is subject to the House of Austria II. The Middle Part being divided into the Land of the Church the Dukedom of Tuscany and the Republicks of Luca and St. Marino The Land of the Church or St. Peter's Patrimony is for the most part in the Hands of the Pope and rul'd by several Governors set over its various Divisions who are generally not a little severe upon the Subject His Holiness the Pope by Virtue of the Jurisdiction of the Roman See is both Temporal and Spiritual Sovereign thereof and is commonly stil'd by Roman Catholicks the Chief Ecclesiastick of all Christendom the Patriarch of Rome and the West the Primate and Supream Governor of Italy the Metrapolitan of those Bishops Suffragan to the See of Rome and Bishop of the most famous St. John of Lateran The Dukedom of Tuscany is for the most part under its own Duke except the Towns of Siena for which he is Tributary to Spain and Orbitellio which belongeth also to the Spaniard This Duke is esteem'd the Richest and most Powerful of all the Italian Princes but his manner of Government is generally reckon'd too pressing and uneasy to the Subject The Towns and Republicks of Luca and St. Marino are govern'd by their own Magistrates as free States But of them afterwards III. The Lower Part of Italy being the Kingdom of Naples is subject to the Spaniard for which he is Homager to the Pope and accordingly sends his Holiness yearly a White Horse and 7000 Ducats by way of acknowledgment It is govern'd by a Vice-Roy appointed and sent thither by his Catholick Majesty who is usually one of the Chief Grandees of Spain and is commonly renew'd every thrid Year These Vice-Roys as in most other of the Spanish Governments during their short Regency do industriously endeavour to lose no time in filling their own Coffers and that by most grievous Exactions on the poor Subject So severe indeed are the Spaniards upon the Neapolitans that the King's Officers are commonly said to suck in the Dutchy of Milan and to Fleece in the Island of Sicily but to Fley off the very Skin in the Kingdom of Naples so that the People of this Country which is one of the best in Europe are most miserably harrass'd by these hungry and rapacious Vultures Besides these Princes in Italy abovemention'd there are several others who are under the Protection of some higher Power particular that of the Emperor the Pope or the King of Spain To the Government of Italy we may add the four following Republicks viz. those of Venice Genoua Luca. St. Marino I. Venice This Republick is under an Aristocratical Government the Sovereignty of the State being lodg'd in the Nobility or certain number of Families enroll'd in the Golden Book call'd the Register of the Venetian Nobles Their Chief Officer is the Duke or Doge whose Authority is a meer Chimera and he no better than a Sovereign Shadow Precedency being all he can justly claim above the other Magistrates Here are establisht Five Principal Councils viz. 1 That term'd the Grand Council comprehending the whole Body of the Nobility by whom are elected all Magistrates and enacted all Laws which they judge convenient for the Publick Good 2 That term'd the Pregadi commonly call'd the Senate of Venice consisting of above an hundred Persons who determine Matters of the highest Importance as those relating to Peace or War Leagues and Alliances 3 The College consisting of Twenty four Lords whose Office is to give Audience to Ambassadors and to report their Demands to the Senate which alone hath Power to return Answers 4 The Council of Ten consisting of Ten Noblemen whose Office it is to hear and decide all Criminal Matters This Court whose Jurisdiction is extraordinary great is yearly renew'd and Three of these Noblemen call'd the Capi or Inquisitors of State are chosen Monthly to which Triumvirate is assign'd such a Power in judging of Criminals that their definitive Sentence teacheth the chiefest Nobleman of the State as well as the meanest Artificer if they are unanimous in their Voices otherways all the Ten are consulted with II Genoua is under an Aristocratical Government very like to that of Venice for its Principal Magistrate hath the Name or Title of Duke but continueth only for two Years to whom there are Assistant eight Principal Officers who with the Duke are call'd the Seigniory which in Matters of the greatest Importance is also subordinate to the Grand Council consisting of Four hundred Persons all Gentlemen of the City which Council with the Seigniory do constitute the whole Body of the Commonwealth This State is much
Goddess Ceres at Eleusis about four Hours from Athens a part of whose Statue is yet to be seen And at Salonichi are several stately Christian Churches particularly those of S. Sophia Gabriel and the Virgin Mary now converted into Mahometan Mosques the last of which is a Noble Structure environ'd on each side with Twelve Pillars of Jasper Stone and as many Crosses upon their Chapiters remaining as yet undefac'd by the Turks But the Chief Rarities of Greece may be reckon'd those various Monuments of Antiquity to be seen at Athens The Chief of which are these following 1. The Acropolis or Citadel the most Ancient and Eminent Part of the City 2. The Foundations of the Walls round the City suppos'd to be those erected by Theseus who enlarg'd the same 3. The Temple of Minerva now a Turkish Mosque as intire as yet as the Rotonda at Rome and is one of the most beautiful Pieces of Antiquity that 's extent this Day in the World 4 The Panagia Spiliotissa or Church of our Lady of the Grotto 5. Some magnificent Pillars particularly those commonly reckon'd the Remains of Adrian's Palace of which there were formerly six Rows and twenty in each Row but now only seventeen stand upright and are fifty two Foot high and seventeen in Circumference at the Base Here likeways is a Gate and an Aqueduct of the said Emperor 6. The Stadium or Place where the Citizens us'd to run Races encounter Wild Beasts and celebrated the famous Games term'd 〈◊〉 7. The Hill Musaeum now call'd To Seggio by the Inhabitants so 〈◊〉 from the Poet Musaevs the Disciple of Orphens who was wont there to recite his Verses 8. Some Remains conjectured to be those of the Arâ—opagus and Odâ—um or Theater of Musick 9 The Ruins of many Temples especially that of Augustus whose Front is still intire consisting of four Dorick Pillars as also those of Theseus Hercules Jupiter Olympius Castor and Pollux c. 10. The Tower of Andronicus Cyrrhastes or Temple of the Eight Winds still intire 11. The Phanari or Lanthorn of Demosthenes being a little Edifice of White Marble in Form of a Lanthorn which is also intire For a particular Description of all these Rarities both at Athens and other Parts of Greece with many remarkable Inscriptions both in Greek and Latin Vid. Wheeler's Travels Archbishopricks in this Country are chiefly those of Amphipoli Malvasia Saloniki Larissa Patras Adrianople Tarsa Napoli di Romania Janna Athens Corinth Bishopricks in this Country are chiefly those of Scotusa Misitra Glykaeon Granitza Modon Argiro Castro Salona Thalanta Caminitza Delvino Livadia Amphissa Arges Butrinto No Universities in this Country though once the Seat of the Muses but in lieu of them are Twenty four Monastries of Caloyers or Greek Monks of the Order of St. Basil who live in a Collegiate manner on the famous M. Athos now term'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or the Holy Mountain where the younger Sort are instructed in the Holy Scriptures and the various Rites of the Greek Church and out of these Colleges are usually chosen those Bishops who are subject to the Patriarch of Constantinople The Greeks most famous of old both for Arms and Arts and every thing else that 's truly valuable are so wonderfully degenerated from their Forefathers that instead of those excellent Qualities which did shine in them particularly Knowledge Prudence and Valour There 's nothing now to be seen among them but the very Reverse or Contrary of these and that in the highest degree Such is the Pressure of the Ottoman Yoak under which they groan at present that their Spirits are quite sunk within 'em and their very Aspect doth plainly declare a disconsolate and dejected Mind However the unthinking Part of them do so little consider their present Slavish Subjection that there 's no People more Jovial and merrily dispos'd being so much given to Singing and Dancing that 't is now become a Proverbial Saying As merry as a Greek The Trading Part of them are generally very Cunning and so enclin'd to over-reach if they can in their Dealings that Strangers do not only meet with much more Candour among the Turks but if one Turk seem in the least to discredit anothers Word or Promise his Reply is still at hand I hope you don't take me for a Christian Such is that Blot which these Imprudent Professors of Christianity have cast upon our most Holy Religion in the Eyes of its Numerous and Implacable Adversaries The Languages here in use are the Turkish and Vulgar Greek the first being peculiar to the Turks and the other to the Christians a Specimen of the former shall be given in the last Paragraph of this Section As for the other I can't omit to mention the mighty difference there is betwixt it and the Ancient Greek not only in respect of the many Turkish Words now intermixt but also in the very Pronounciation of those which yet remain unalter'd as I particularly observ'd by conversing with several of the Greek Clergy and being present at some of their Publick Prayers Yea the knowledge of the Ancient Greek in its former Purity is not only lost among the Vulgar Sort of People but also almost extinguisht even among those of the highest Rank few or none of their Ecclesiasticks themselves pretending to be Masters of it Pater-Noster in the best Dialect of the modern Greek runs thus Pater hemas opios I se ces tos Ouranous hagiasthito to Onoma sou na erti he basilia sou to thelema sou na ginetez itzon en te Ge os is ton Ouranon To psomi hemas dose hemas simeron Kae-sichorase hemos ta crimata hemon itzon kae hemas sichorasomen ekinous opou mas adikounkae men ternes hemas is to pirasmo alla soson hemas apo to kako Amen So many brave and valiant Generals did Greece formerly breed that Strangers usually resorted thither to learn the Art of War and such were the Military Atchievements of this People both at home and abroad and so far did the force of their Arms extend that under their Great Alexander was erected the third Potent Monarchy of the World But alas such hath been the sad Catastrophe of Affairs in this Country and so low and lamentable is its Condition at present that nothing of its former Glory and Grandeur is now to be seen For its poor and miserable Natives are now strangely cow'd and dispirited its once numerous and flourishing Cities are now depopulated and meer heaps of Ruins its large and fertil Provinces are now laid waste and lie uncultivated And lately the whole and still a great Part of the Country doth now groan under the heavy Burden of the Turkish Yoke and its various Divisions are rul'd by their respective Sangiacs in Subordination to the Grand Signier See the last Paragraph of this Section The establisht Religion in this Country is that of Mahometanism but Christianity for its number of Professors
appoint The Officers of State are eight in number viz. the Lord High-Chancellor Lord High-Treasurer Lord-President of the Council Lord Secretary of State Lord Treasurer-Deputy Lord Register Lord-Advocate and Lord Justice Clerk The Administration of Justice in Civil Affairs is lodg'd in the Lords of the Session who are Fifteen in number whereof One is President and to those are join'd some Noblemen under the Name of extraordinary Lords of the Session This Court is esteemed one of the most August and Learned Judicatories in Europe From it there lies no Appeal but to the Parliament which is now made up of the Peers the Commissioners of Counties and those of Free Burroughs The King's Person is always represented in Parliament by some Nobleman who bears the Title of Lord High-Commissioner The Distribution of Justice in Criminal Matters is commited to the Court of Justice which is compos'd of the Lord Justice General the Lord Justice Clerk and five or six other Lords of the Session who in this Bench are call'd Commissioners of Justiciary Over and above these two Supreme Courts of Justice there are a great many Subordinate Judicatories both for Civil and Criminal Affairs through the Kingdom as Sheriff Courts Courts of Regality and the like The Royal Arms of this Kingdom together with those of England and Ireland as they compose the Ensigns Armorial of the Monarch of Great Britain shall be particularly express'd when we come to England The Inhabitants of this Country excepting a few who still adhere to the Church of Rome and an inconsiderable number of Quakers are all of the Reform'd Religion yet with considerable Variation among themselves in some private Opinions and various Points of Church Discipline However the numerous Professors thereof are very sincere in their Principles and do generally practise conformable to their Professions No Christian Society in the World doth excel them for their exact Observation of the Sabbath day and few can equal them for their singular Strictness and Impartiality in punishing Scandals But lamentable are their Distractions of late in Matters relating to Ecclesiastical Polity and how fatal such Heats and Divisions both in this and the Neighbouring Kingdom may prove at last is alas but too well known to all thinking Persons among us The smallest Privateer belonging either to Brest or S. Malo's may easily Attack Board and Sink the Royal Britannia her self if she chance only to Spring a Leak under Water when her whole Crew are at Blows between Decks The Christian Faith according to the best Accounts was planted in this Country during the Reign of Dioclesian for by reason of that violent Persecution he rais'd in the Church many Christians are said to have fled from the Continent into the Isle of Great Britain and particularly as an Ancient Author expresly testifieth into that Part thereof In quam Romana Arma nunquam penetrârunt which without all doubt is Scotland especially the Northern Parts of that Country they being still possess'd by the Scots and never subject to the Roman Power St Rule or Regulus is said to have brought over with him the Arm or as some affirm the Lig of St. Andrew the Apostle and to have buried it in that place where now the City of St. Andrews stands These first Propagators of Christianity seem to have been a kind of Monks who afterwards by the beneficence of the first Christian Kings of Scotland came into the Seats and Possessions of the Pagan Druides a sort of Religious Votaries to the Heathen Gods and had their principal Residence or rather Monasteries in the Islands of Man and Jona and passed under the Name of Culdees ENGLAND bu Rob t. Morden ENGLAND  d. m. Situated between 12 00 of Long. its greatest Length from N. to S. is about 320 Miles 20 00 between 50 00 of Latit Breadth from E. to W. is about 290 Miles 55 50 Being divided into Six Circuits viz. Western Circuit Chief Town Salisbury Oxford Circuit Oxford Home Circuit Canterbury Northfolk Circuit Norwich Midland Circuit Lincoln North Circuit York Western-Circuit contains Cornwall Chief Town Launceston W. to E. Devonshire Exeter Dorsetshire Dorchester Hampshire Winchester Sommâ—rsetshire Bristol N. of Dorsetshire Wiltshire Salisbury Oxford Circuit contains Barkshire Redding N. of Hampshire Oxfordshire Oxford E. to W. Glocestershire Glocester Monmouthshire Monmouth Herefordshire Hereford S. to N. E. Worcestershire Worcester Staffordshire Stafford Shropshire Shrewsbury W. of Staffordshire Home-Circuit contains Essex Colchester E. to W. Hartfordshire Hartford Kent Canterbury E. to W. Surry Southwark Sussex Chichester South of Surry 〈◊〉 Norfolk-Circuit contains Norfolk Norwich E. to S. W. Suffolk Ipswich Cambridgeshire Cambridge Huntingtonshire Huntington Bedfordshire Bedford Buckinghamshire Buckingham Midland Circuit contains Lincolnshire Chief Town Lincoln E. to W. Nottinghamshire Nottingham Derbyshire Derby Rutlandshire Okeham E. to W. Leicestershire Leicester Warwickshire Warwick Northamptonshire Northampton S. of Leicestershire Warwickshire North. Circuit contains Yorkshire York S. to N. Durham Idem Northumberland Newcastle Lancashire Lancaster S. to N. Westmorland Appleby Cumberland Carlisle To England we here subjoin the Principality of Wales divided into Four Circuits each Circuit comprehending Three Counties vix 1. Those of Denbighshire Chief Town Denbigh N. to S. Flintshire St. Asaph Montgomeryshire Montgomery 2. Those of Anglesey Beaumaris N. to S. E. Carnarvenshire Carnarven Mâ—rionethshire Harlech 3. Those of Cardiganshire Cardigan N. to S. Carmarthènshire Carmarthen Pembrokeshire Pembrook 4. Those of Radnorshire Radnor N. to S. W. Brecknokshire Brecknock Glamorganshire Cardiff Besides the Six Circuits of England containing Thirty eight Counties and these Four of Wales comprehending Twelve there remain as yet two Counties unmentioned and which are not ordinarily reduc'd to any of these Circuits viz. Middlesex and Cheshire the first because of its Vicinity to London and the other as being a County-Palatine having its own Judges and Counsellors peculiar to it self These Two Counties with the Thirty eight abovemention'd in England and Twelve in Wales make Fifty two in all But since England and Wales are Two distinct Sovereignties one being a Kingdom and the other a Principality we shall seperately Treat of them both Therefore ENGLAND THIS Country the Ancient Anglia which with the rest of the Island made up the Renown'd Britannia or Albion is term'd by the Italians Inghilterra by the Spaniards Inglatierra by the French Angleterre by the Germans Engel-land and by the Natives England which Name is deriv'd from the Angles a People of Lower Saxony who Conquer'd the greatest Part of this Country and divided the same into Seven different Kingdoms But Egbert descended from the Angles having united this divided Nation and being the first Monarch of England after the Saxon Heptarchy ordered by special Edict above 800 Years after the Incarnation that the whole Kingdom should be term'd Engle-lond which Title in process of time hath turn'd into the present Name of England The Air of this Country is far more Mild Sweet and Temperate than
and Citta or Civitta Vecchia Archbishopricks and Universities none The Inhabitants of this Island not reckoning the Slaves are for the most part very Civil and Courteous to Strangers and follow the Mode of the Sicilians in Habit. They also resemble the Sicilians in some of their worst Qualities being extremely Jealous Treacherous and Cruel A corrupt Arabick doth here mightily prevail being hitherto preserv'd by the frequent Supplies of Turks taken and brought in from time to time But the Knights and People of any Note understand and speak several European Languages particularly the Italian which is authoriz'd by the Government and us'd in publick Writings This Island after many turns of Fortune was presented by the Emperor Charles V. to the Order of the Knights of St. John of Hierusalem whose place of Residence it hath hitherto been since the loss of Rhodes and is now govern'd by the Patron of that Order stil'd the Grand Master of the Hospital of St. John of Hierusalem and Prince of Malta Gaules and Goza The Knights did formerly consist of eight different Languages or Nations whereof the English was the sixth but now they 're only seven For Arms the Grand Master beareth a White Cross commonly call'd the Cross of Jerusalem with four Points The establisht Religion in Malta is that of the Church of Rome which is made essential to the Order no Person of a different Perswasion being capable to enter therein This Island receiv'd the Blessed Gospel in the Apostolick Times CANDIA THIS Island the famous Crete of the Ancients is term'd by the French Candie by the Germans Candien by the Italians Spaniards and English Candia so call'd from its chief Town Candie built by the Saracens who from their new Town gave the Island a new Name The Air of this Island is generally reckon'd to be very Temperate and Healthful to breath in but the South-winds are sometimes so boisterous that they much annoy the Inhabitants The opposite Place of the Globe to Candia is that part of the vast Pacifick Ocean between 231 and 236 Degrees of Longitude with 34 and 37 Degrees of South Latitude This Island is bless'd with a very rich and fertil Soil producing in great abundance both Corn Wine Oyl and most sorts of excellent Fruits The length of the Days and Nights in Candia is the same as in the Northmost Parts of Barbary Of which afterwards The chief Commodities of this Island are Muscadel-Wine Malmsey Sugar Sugar-Candy Honey Wax Gum Olives Dates Rasins c. North of Mount Psilorili the famous M. Ida is a remarkable Grotto dug out of the firm Rock which divers of our Modern Travellers would fain perswade ' emselves to be some Remains of King Minos's Labyrinth so much talk'd off by the Ancients Before the Turkish Conquest of this Island there was one Archbishop who had Nine Suffragans but since they chang'd their Masters the number of such Ecclesiasticks is neither sixt nor certain The Inhabitants of this Island were formerly given to Piracy Debauchery and Lying especially the last and so noted were they for the same that a notorious Lye was commonly term'd Mendacium Cretense For this detestable Vice were they reproach'd by one of their own Poets Epimenides out of whose Writings the Apostle citeth these words K 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Tit. 1. 12. Their Experience in Maritime Affairs was indeed very great and they 're represented as a very considerable People among the Ancients for their Skill in Navigation The present Inhabitants being Turks and Greeks their respective Characters are already given page 174 181. Languages here in use are the Vulgar Greek and Turkish especially the former the number of Greeks on the Island being far greater than that of the Turks For a Specimen of which Languages Vid. page 175 and 181. This Island after a bloody and tedious War of Twenty four Years between the Turks and Venetians was at last constrain'd to submit to the Ottoman Yoak Anno 1669. under which it hath ever since groan'd and is now govern'd by a Turkish Sangiack whose place of Residence is usually at Candie the Capital City of the whole Island See the Danuubian Provinces page 182. Christianity according to the Greek Church is here profess'd by Tolleration but Mahometanism is the Religion establisht by Authority This Island receiv'd the Light of the Blessed Gospel in the Apostolick Age. CYPRUS THIS Island known anciently by divers Names besides the present particular those of Acamantis Amathusa Aspelia Cryptos Cerastis Macaria and Aerosa is term'd by the Italians Isola di Cypro by the Spaniards Chypre by the French Cypre and by the Germans and English Cyprus so call'd as most imagine from K 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. Cypress wherewith this Island did mightily abound in former times There being several Lakes and some Natural Salt-pits in Cyprus from which abundance of noxious Vapours daily arise these intermixing ' emselves with the Body of the Atmosphere do render the Air very gross and unhealthful to breath in especially during the sultry Heat of Summer The opposite Place of the Globe to this Island is that part of the Pacifick Ocean between 235 and 240 Degrees of Longitu with 33 and 35 Degrees of South Latitude Cyprus was formerly bless'd with so rich and fruitful a Soil that from its Fertility and several Mines found therein the Greeks bestow'd upon this Island the desirable Epithet of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. Beata But now 't is remarkable for neither of these especially the former being in most Parts extremely Barren though commonly represented otherways The length of the Days and Nights in Cyprus is the same as in the Northmost Parts of Barbary of which afterwards they both lying under the same Parallel of Latitude The chief Commodities of this Island are Silk Cotton Oyl Honey Saffron Rubarb Colliquintida Scammony Turpentine Black and White Allum c. On the Eastern Part of this Island stands the famous Famagousta remarkable at present for its Mordern Fortifications and Eterniz'd in Fame for the unfortunate Valour of the Venetians Anno 1571. under the Command of Signior Bragadino against the furious Assaults of Selymus the Second with his numerous Army conducted by Piuli and Mustapha 2. Not far from the present Famagousta are the Ruins of an Ancient City generally esteem'd to have been that call'd formerly Salamina and afterwards Constantia which was ransack'd by the Jews in the time of the Emperor Trajan and finally destroy'd by the Saracens in the Reign of Heraclius 3. Nigh that Promontory commonly call'd The Cape of Cats but formerly Curias are the Ruins of a Monastry of Greek Caloyers which gave the Cape its Name from a remarkable Custom to which these Monks were oblig'd viz. Their keeping a certain number of Cats for the hunting and destroying of many Serpents that infested those Parts of
Vultures Their manner of Living is commonly in Tents in the open Fields which they remove from place to place according to the time of the Year and conveniency of Grazing Many of 'em make excellent Soldiers being not only willing and able to endure great Fatigues but also very dexterous and daring in time of Engagement When they seem many times to fly before their Enemies they 'll unexpectedly send back a dreadful Shower of Arrows in the Faces of their Pursuers and frequently turning about do give them a violent Charge and all without the least disorder When their great Cham dies 't is reportd That many of his chief Officers are immediately kill'd and interred with him that they may also attend him as they imagine in the other World according to their respective Posts here The Language us'd by the Asiatick Tartars is not much different from the Tartaresque spoken by those of Crim Tartary a Specimen of which is already given in Europe and both have a great Affinity with the Turkish The vast Body of Tartary is said to be subject to several Princes who are wholly accountable in their Government to one Sovereign who is commonly term'd the Great Cham whose Government is most Tyrannical and Crown hereditary The Lives and Goods of his People are altogether in his Power His Subjects stile him the Sun and Shadow of the Immortal God and render him a kind of Adoration never speaking unto him Face to Face but falling down upon their Knees with their Faces towards the Ground He looks upon himself as the Monarch of the whole World and from that vain Opinion is reported to cause his Trumpets to sound every Day after Dinner pretending thereby to give leave to all other Kings and Princes of the Earth to Dine For the better management of Publick Affairs he 's said to appoint two Councils each consisting of twelve Persons the wisest and best experienced of any that he can pitch upon of which one doth constantly attend the Affairs of State and the other those which relate to the War Yet after all this mighty Cham is lookt upon by some Judicious Persons as a meer Chimera and those strange Relations concerning him though hitherto current are thought to have a near Affinity unto the Legenda Aurea of the Roman Church The most receiv'd Opinion about the Arms of the Great Cham is that as Emperor of Tartary he bears Or an Owl Sable But what as King of China see the following Section The Inhabitants of this Country are partly Pagan partly Mahometan and partly Christian Paganism doth chiefly prevail in the Northmost Parts the People being generally gross Idolaters in those places In the Southern Provinces they 're for the most part followers of Mahomet's Doctrine especially since the Year 1246. And towards the Caspian Sea are found a considerable number of Jews thought by some to be the Off-spring of the ten Tribes led away Captive by Salmanasser Those of the Christian Religion overgrown of late by Nestorianism are scatter'd up and down in several Parts of this vast Country but most numerous in Cathay and the City of Cambalu The Christian Faith was first planted in this Country as is generally believ'd by the Labours of St. Andrew and St. Philip two of the Apostles SECT II. Concerning China  d. m. Situated between 118 00 of Long. It s greatest Length from N. E. to S. W is about 1380 Miles 141 00 between 20 30 of Latit Breadth from N. to S. is about 1260 Miles 41 10 China contains Sixteen Provinces Viz. 6 North Leaotung Chief Town Leaoyang E. to W. Xantung Chinan Peking Idem aliter Xuntien Xansi Taiyven Honau Kaijung Xensi Sigan 10 South Nanking Id. alit Kiangnan E. to W Chekiang Haugchew Kiangsi Nanchang Fokien Focheu Huquang Unchang Quantung Quancheu Suchuen Chingtu Queicheu Queiyang Quansi Quilin Junnan Idem THIS Country thought by most Geographers to be the Ancient Sinae mention'd by Ptolomy is term'd by the French la Chine and by the Italians Spaniards Germans and English China so call'd according to the best Conjecture from one of its Ancient Monarchs nam'd Cina who is said to have liv'd about fifty Years before the Nativity of our Blessed Saviour Many other Names it hath had since that time for when the Government falls from one Family to another the first Prince of that Name is said to give a new Name to the whole Country the latest of which Modern Names are Tamin signifying the Kingdom of Brightness and Chuinque i. e. The Kingdom of the Middle the Chineses imagining that the Earth is Square and that their Country is situated exactly in the middle of it The Air of this Country is generally very Temperate save only towards the North where 't is sometimes intollerably Cold and that because of several Mountains of a prodigious height whose Tops are ordinarily cover'd with Snow The opposite Place to China is the South part of Brasil together with the East of Paraguay This Country it lying in the 4th 5th 6th North Climate is for the most part of a very rich and fertil Soil insomuch that its Inhabitants in several places are said to have two and sometimes three Harvests in a Year It abounds with Corn Wine and all kinds of Fruits Its Lakes and Rivers are very well furnisht with Fish and some afford various kinds of Pearls and Bezoar of great value Its Mountains are richly lin'd with several Mines of Gold and Silver Its Plains are extraordinary fit for Pasturage And its pleasant Forests are every where stor'd with all sorts of Venison In a word the whole Country in general is esteem'd one of the best in the World The longest Day in the Northmost Parts is about 14 Hours ¾ the shortest in the Southmost is about 10 Hours ¾ and the Nights proportionable The Commodities of this Country are Gold Silver Precious Stone Quicksilver Porcelline Dishes Silks Cottons Rhubarb Sugar Camphire Musk Ginger China-Wood c. Peculiar to this Country is a short Tree with a round Head and very thick which in respect of its Fruit may bear the Name of the Tallow Tree for at a certain Season of the Year 't is full of Fruit containing divers Kernels about the bigness of a small Nut which Kernels have all the Qualities of Tallow being the very same both as to Colour Smell and Consistency and by mixing a little Oyl with them do make as good burning Candles as Europeans usually make of pure Tallow it self 2 Here is a large Mountain full of terrible Caverns in one of which is a Lake of such a nature that if a Stone be thrown into it presently there 's heard a hideous noise as of a frightful Clip of Thunder and sometimes there ariseth a gross Mist which immediately dissolves into Water 3. In the City of Peking is a prodigious big Bell weighing 120000 Pounds surpassing the noted Bell of Erfurd in Upper
Saxony by 94600 Pounds In Dimension 't is eleven foot Diameter forty in Circuit and twelve High 4 In Nanking is another of eleven foot High and seven in Diamiter and weighing 50000 Pounds which also surpasseth the Bell of Erfurd weighing only 25400 Pounds yet hitherto suppos'd the greatest in the World by almost double its weight 5. In China are several Vulcano's particularly that Mountain call'd Lincsung which vomits out Fire and Ashes so furiously as frequently to raise some hideous Tempests in the Air. 6. Here are some Rivers whose Waters are cold at the top but warm beneath as also several remarkable Fountains which send forth so hot a Steam that People usually boil Meat over them 7. In this Country are several Lakes remarkable for changing Copper into Iron or making it just of the like resemblance as also for causing Storms when any thing is thrown into them 8. In the Island Haman there is said to be Water uncertain whether in Lake River or Fountain of such a strange quality that it petrifies some sort of Fishes when they unfortunately chance to enter into it 9. Many are those Triumphal Arches to be seen in most of the noted Cities of this Empire erected in Honour of such Persons as have either done some signal pieces of Service to the State or have been conspicuous in their times for their singular Knowledge 10. In this Country are several remarkable Bridges particularly that over a a River call'd Sâ—ffruny which reaches from one Mountain to another being Four hundred Cubits long and Five hundred high and all but one Arch whence 't is call'd by Travellers Pons volans Here likewise is another of Six hundred and sixty Perches in length and one and a half broad standing upon Three hundred Pillars without any Arches Lastly In China are many very observable Plants Animals and Fossils especially the last among which is the Asbestos But for a particular Account of ' em Vid. Kircherus's China Illustrata Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities are hardly to be expected her however this Country according to the Testimony of Popish Missionaries is furnisht with some of these Pekin Nanquin and Macao having each of 'em a particular Bishop nominated by the King of Portugal and the other Provinces are under the Jurisdiction of three Apostolical Vicars Under which Ecclesiastical Superiors there are by their Relations above Two hundred Churches or Private Chappels dedicated to the True God The Chinois Persons for the most part of a fair Complexion short Nosed black Eyed and of very thin Beards are great Lovers of Sciences and generally esteem'd a very ingenious sort of People They 're said to have had the use of Printing and Guns long before either of 'em was known in Europe Many of 'em are great Proficients in several Parts of the Mathematicks especially Arithmetick Geometry and Astronomy and so conceited are they of their own Knowledge in these things and so mean are their Thoughts of others that 't is generally reported of 'em that speaking of themselves they commonly say That they have two Eyes the Europeans one and the rest of the World none at all They who wholly apply themselves to the study of Sciences and make such proficiency in them as to become Doctors to others are distinguish'd by their long Nails suffering 'em sometimes to grow as long as their Fingers that being esteem'd a singular Characteristick of a profound Scholar and a differencing mark between them and Mechanicks The Language of the Chinois is extremely difficult to be acquir'd by Strangers and differeth from all others both as to its Nature Pronunciation and way of Writing 1. It s Nature They use no Alphabet as Europeans do and are astonish'd to hear that by Twenty four Letters we can express our Thoughts and fill Libraries with Books In lieu of an Alphabet they formerly us'd Hieroglyphicks setting down the Images of things for the things themselves but this being extreamly tedious and likeways defective there being no such Resemblances of pure Abstracts they then made Characters to signify Words numbring them according to the number of Words they needed to express their Idea's which Characters arise to such a prodigious multitude that not only Strangers but even the Natives themselves sind it a very difficult matter to acquire an intimate acquaintance with them all 2. It s Pronounciation Although all the Original Terms of this Tongue are Three hundred and thirty three yet such is their peculiar way of pronouncing them that the same Term admits of various and even contrary Significations according to the various Accent in pronouncing of it And of these Accenrs there are five applicable to every Term which extremely augments the difficulty of either speaking or understanding this Tongue to perfection besides the Pronunciation thereof is accompanied with such variety of Motions of the Hand that a mute Person can speak almost intelligibly by his Fingers And as to the Manner of Writing they differ from all other Nations for whereas Christians write from the Left hand to the Right and the Jews from the Right to the Left they usually make their Lines from the top of the Page down to the bottom This Great Kingdom was formerly under its own particular King or Emperor but of late over-run and conquer'd by the Tartars to whom it 's at present subject acknowledging due Allegiance to the Great Cham whose Government is as Despotical as any of the Oriental Monarchs for he hath full Power over the Lives of his Subjects the Princes of the Blood not excepted His bare Word is the Law and his Commands admit of no delay nor neglect He is seldom seen and never spoke with but upon the Knees Upon his Death-bed he may choose his Successor out of what Family he pleaseth For the better managing the great Affairs of this mighty Empire he 's assisted by two Sovereign Councils one Extraordinary compos'd of Princes of the Blood only and the other Ordinary which besides the Princes doth consist of several Ministers of State call'd Colaos But over and above these two Councils there are at Pekin six Sovereign Courts whose Authority extend over all the Empire and to each of 'em belong different Matters viz. 1. Is that Court call'd Lupou which presides over all the Mandarins and confers upon or takes from them their Offices 2. Hoâ—pou which looks after the Publick Treasury and takes care of raising the Taxes 3. Lipou which inspects into Ancient Customs and to it is committed the care of Religion Sciences and Foreign Affairs 4. Pimpou which hath charge of the Soldiery and other Officers 5. Himpou which enquires and passes Sentence in all Criminal Matters Lastly Compou which looks after all Publick Buildings as the Emperor's Palaces and such like In each of these Courts the Emperor hath one who may be term'd a Private Censor it being his business to observe all that passeth and to acquaint him faithfully therewith which makes all Persons
the Ganges THIS large Country comprehending several Kingdoms abovemention'd was term'd Peninsula Indiae intra Gangem by the Ancients particularly the Romans and that upon the account of its Situation being within or on this side the River Ganges in respect of the Empire of Persia or Western Parts of Asia The Air of this Country is generally very hot yet in most of the Maritime Places 't is frequently qualifi'd by cold Breezes from the Sea The opposite Place of the Globe to this Peninsula is that part of the Pacifick Ocean between 230 and 245 Degrees of Longitude with 17 and 25 Degrees of South Latitude The Soil of this Peninsula is for the most part extraordinary Fertil producing all desirable Fruits Roots and Grain besides vast quantities of Medicinal Herbs The longest Day in the Northmost Parts of this Country is about 13 Hours ½ the shortest in the Southmost is 11 Hours ½ and the Nights proportionably The chief Commodities of this Country are Metals Silks Cottons Pearls Drugs Dates Coco's Rice Ginger Cinnamon Pepper Cassia c. In several places of the Kingdom of Decan is a noted Tree call'd by Travellers the Nure-Tree whose Nature is such that every Morning 't is full of stringy Red Flowers which in the heat of the Day fall down in Showers to the Ground and blossoming again in the Night it daily appears in a new Livery 2. In the Island Salsete adjacent to Goa are vast Receptâ—â—les cut out of the main Rock one above another some of â—em being equal in bigness to a Village of Four hundred 〈◊〉 and adorn'd throughout with strange frightful Statues of 〈◊〉 representing Elephants Tygers Lyons Amazons c. 3 In the Island Conorein near Bombay belonging to the 〈◊〉 is a City of the same Name having divers large Heathen Temples and many other Appartments all cut out of the firm Rock Which stupendious Work is attributed by some to Alexander the Great but that without any shew of probability 4. In another adjacent Island belonging also to the Portuguese and call'd Elephanco from a huge Artisicial Elephant of Stone bearing a young one upon its Back is another Idolatrous Temple of a prodigious bigness cut out of the firm Rock 'T is supported by sorty two Pillars and open on all sides except the East where stands an Image with three Heads adorn'd with strange Hieroglyphicks and the Walls are set round with monstrous Giants whereof some have no less than eight Heads 5. At a City in the Kingdom of Decan known to Travellers by the Name of Dungeness is another Heathen Temple much the same with that above-mention'd Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universittes None The Natives of the various Provinces of this Peninsula are much the same in Manners with those in the Southern Parts of the Mogul's Dominions already mention'd The chief of the Indian Tongues in this Peninsula are Two viz. the Carabine mostly in use about Goa and the Gazarate which is spoken in Bisnagar and the Coasts of Coromandel In this Peninsula are a great many Princes who assume to themselves the Title of Kings the chief of them being those of Calicut Cochin Cananor Crangâ—ner Travancor and Taner besides which are several sorts of People in various parts of this Country who acknowledge Subjection to none of these nor to any other nor can they accord among themselves being commonly divided into various Parties who pitisully harass one another and those on the Coast of Malabar are much addicted to Pyracy What are the true Ensigns Armotial of these Indian Princes or if any is mostly conjectural all we find of 'em is that some in Decan and Cambaia bear Verte enâ—ompass'd with a Coilar of large precious Stones The Inhabitants of this Peninsula are generally Mahometans especially those who live near the Sea-Coasts but People residing in the Inland Parts are gross Idolaters worshipping not only the Sun and Moon but also many Idols of most ugly and horrible Aspects and in some Parts of Decan they look upon the first Creature they meet with in the Morning as the proper Object of their Worship for that Day except it be a Crow the very sight of which will consine them to their Houses the whole Day In most of the Sea-Port Towns and Places of Trade are Jews in considerable numbers and many European Christians especially those of our English Factories Christianity was first planted in this Country much about the same time with the Mogul's Empire Of which already §. 3. The Peninsula of India beyond the Ganges THIS last Division of India is term'd the Peninsula beyond the Ganges because of its Situation it lying beyond that famous River in respect of the other Peninsula or the Western Parts of Asia in general The Air of this Peninsula is somewhat different according to the Situation and Nature of the various Parts of that Country yet generally esteem'd indifferent healthful and temperate enough considering the Latitude of those places The opposite Place of the Globe to this Peninsula is that part of Nova Zelandia between 210 and 230 Degrees of Longitude with 1 to 24 Degrees of South Latitude The Soil of this Country it lying under the 1st 2d and 3d North Climate is extraodinary Fertil producing in great plenty all sorts of desirable Fruits and Grain besides 't is well stockt with invaluable Mines and great quantity of precious Stones yea so vastly Rich is this Country that the Southmost part thereof viz. Chersonese d'or is esteem'd by many to be the Land of Ophir to which King Solomon sent his Ships for Gold The longest Day in the Northmost parts is about 13 Hours ½ the shortest in the Southmost near about 12 Hours and the Nights proportionably The chief Commodities of this Country are Gold Silver precious Stones Silks Porcelline Earth Aloes Musk Rhubarb Alabaster c. Among the Rarities of this Country we may reckon the Golden House in the City of Arracan being a large Hall in the King's Palace whose inside is intirely overlaid with Gold having a stately Canopy of Massy Gold from the Edges of which hang above an hundred Combalenghe or large Wedges of Gold in form of Sugar-Loaves Here also are seven Idols of Massy Gold of the height of an ordinary Man whose Foreheads Breasts and Arms are adorn'd with variety of precious Stones as Rubies Emeralds Saphires and Diamonds In this Hall are also kept the two famous Caneques i. e. two Rubies of prodigious Value about which the Neighbouring Princes frequently contending have drawn Seas of Blood from each others Subjects and all from a vain Opinion That the Possession of those Jewels carry along with them a just Claim of Dominion over the Neighbouring Princes Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities None What was said of the Natives of the other Peninsula in point of Manners the same may be affirm'd of those inhabiting this The various Europeans here residing are much
same in the Apostolick Age. §. 3. Syria by the Turks Suristan MOdern Syria comprehends Syria properly so call'd 2 Phoenicia or Phoenice 3. Palestine or Judaea These Divisions of Syria especially the first and last being remarkable Countries somewhat of each of 'em distinctly and in their order Therefore Syria properly so call'd THIS Country known formerly by the same Name of Syria but different in Bounds is term'd by the Italians Siria by the Spaniards Syria by the French Sourie by the Germans Syrien and by the English Syria but why so call'd is much controverted among our Modern Criticks with little shew of probability for the truth of their various Opinions on either hand The Air of this Country is pure and serene the Sky being seldom overcast with Clouds and in most parts very healthful to breath in only in the Months of June July and August 't is extraordinary hot if it prove either Calm or a gentle Wind from the Desert but as a repeated Miracle of Providence these Months are generally attended with cool Westerly Breezes from the Mediterranean The opposite Place of the Globe to Syria is that part of the vast Pacifick Ocean between 250 and 254 Degrees of Longitude with 33 and 38 Degrees of South Latitude The Soil of this Country it lying in part of the 5th and 6th North Climate is extraordinary fertil where duly manur'd producing most sorts of Grain and Fruits in great abundance Here are indeed several rocky and barren Mountains yet no Country in the World can boast of more pleasant large and fertil Plains than this Plains of such a fâ—t and tender Soil that the Peasants in many places do Till 'em up with Wooden Culters and that commonly by the assistance of one Horse or two Bullocks to draw the Plough But the Beauty and Excellency of this Country is mightily eclips'd by various sad and melancholy Objects that present themselves to the Eye of the Traveller viz. many Cities Towns and Villages which were formerly well-stockt with Inhabitants and compactly Built but now quite depopulated and laid in Ruins as also many Ancient Christian Churches once very splendid and magnificent Structures but now mere heaps of Rubbish and the ordinary Residence of Wild Beasts Quaeque ipse miserrima vidi The longest Day in the Northmost Part of this Country is about 14 Hours ½ the shortest in the Southmost is 9 Hours ¾ and the Nights proportionably Here it may not be improper to rectify a gross mistake of our Modern Geographers who treating of Syria make the River of Aleppo as they call it to fall into the Euphrates and assert it to be Navigable up to the City whereas it hath no Communication with Euphrates at all but is almost of a quite contrary Course to that in the Maps and so far from being a Navigable River that 't is little better than a mere Brook or at best but a small inconsiderable Rivulet having its rise a little way South-East from Aleppo and gliding gently along by the City loseth it self under Ground at a few Miles distance on the other side The chief Commodities of this Country especially those of Aleppo which is the second City of the Turkish Empire and one of the greatest Trade of any in the Levant being the Center of Commerce between the Mediterranean and East-Indies as also the Seat of one of the most flourishing of all our English Factories abroad are Silks Chamlets Valaneed Galnuts Cotton Mohairs Soap Galls Jewels Spices and Drugs of all sorts c. About six days Journey S. S. E. from Aleppa is the famous Pabnyr a or Tadmor now wholly in Ruins yet such Remains of many Porphyry Pillars and remarkable Inscriptions are still extant as sufficiently evince its former State and Magnificence For a particular Draught and Description of it Vid. Phil. Transact N. 217 218. 2. About onâ— hours Riding from the aforesaid Tadmor is a large Valley of Salt which is more probably thought to be that mention'd 2 Sam. 8. 13. where King David smote the Syrians than the other about four hours from Aleppo though commonly taken for such 3. On the side of a Hill nigh to Aleppo is a Cave or Grotto remarkable among the Turks for being as they say the Residence of Mortis Ali for some Days where is also the rough Impression of a Hand in the hard Rock which they believe was made by him 4. Under one of the Gates of Aleppo is a place for which the Turks have a great Veneration keeping Lamps continually burning in it because according to a receiv'd Tradition among 'em the Prophet Elisha did live there for some time 5. In the Wall of a Mosque in the Suburbs of Aleppo is a Stone of two or three Foot square which is wonderfully regarded by the more superstitious sort of Christians because in it is a natural but obscure Resemblance of a Chalice environ'd as 't were with some faint Rays of Light Such strange Apprehensions do the Romanists in these Parts entertain concerning this Stone that for the purchase of it vast Sums of Money have been proferr'd by them to the Turks but as gross Superstition in the former did hatch the Proposal so the same in the latter produc'd the refusal the Turks being inexorable when requested to sell or give that which was once so Sacred as to become the constituent Part of a Mosque 6. Belonging to the Jacobite Patriarch in Aleppo are two fair M. S. of the Gospels written on large Parchment-sheets in Syrian Characters and these either Gold or Silver with variety of curious Miniature 7. Between Aleppo and Alexandretta or Scanderoon are the goodly Ruins of several stately Christian Churches with variety of Stone-Coffins lying above ground in divers places and many Repositories for the Dead hewen out of the firm Rock 8. In the large Plain of Antioch being fifteen Leagues long and three broad is a stately Cawsey crossing almost the breadth of the Plain and passing over several Arches under which some pleasant Rivulets do gently glide all which was begun and finish'd in six Months time by the Grand Visier in the Reign of Achmet and that for a speedy Passage of the Grand Signior's Forces to suppress the frequent Revolts in the Eastern Parts of his Empire 9 Nigh to the Factory Marine at Scanderoon is a large but unfinish'd Building commonly call'd Scanderbeg's Castle being vulgarly suppos'd to have been erected by that Valiant Prince of Albania in the carreer of his Fortune against the Turks but 't is more probably thought to be of an ancienter Date having thereon the Arms of Godfrey of Bulloign Lastly In the Eastmost part of Scanderoon-Bay is a ruinous old Building known commonly by the Name of Jonah's Pillar erected as the Modern Greeks alledge in that very place where the Whale did vomit him forth It 's indeed much and not undeservedly doubted whether that Monument was erected there upon such an Occasion but 't is
highly probable that this individual Part of the Bay was the very place of the Whale's delivery it being the nearest to Nineveh of any in the Levant Which conjecture I humbly suppose is somewhat more reasonable than that of some dreaming Ancients who vainly imagin'd that the monstrous Fish did almost surround one fourth part of the World in seventy two hours and that when big with Child Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities See Natolia The Inhabitants of this Country are mostly Turks and Greeks whose respective Characters are already given in Turky of Europe pages 174 and 181. as also many Jews and Armenians with other sorts of Christians intermixt of whom the Reader may find some Account towards the latter part of this Section when we come to treat of Palestine and the Euphratian Provinces The chief Language of this Country is the Turkish for a Specimen of which Vid. page 181. the Ancient Syriac being lost among ' em The various Europeans here residing do commonly use the Lingua Franca This Country being subject unto and successively rul'd by the Seleucidae the Romans the Saracens the Christians and Sultans of Egypt was at last conquer'd by the Turks in the time of Selimus I. Anno 1517. under whose heavy Yoke it hath ever since groan'd and is at present govern'd by its particular Bassa appointed by the Grand Signior whose place of Residence is ordinarily at Aleppo the principal City of this Province and thought to be the Aram Sobah mention'd in Holy Scripture But the whole Country of Syria according to its Modern Extant is subject to three Bassa's the first commonly residing as aforesaid at Aleppo the second at Damascus in Phaenice and the third at Tripoli of Syria Subordinate to each of these Bassa's both here and in other Parts of the Ottoman Dominions are various Cadi's or Judges who hear and determine the several Causes whether Civil or Criminal which at any time happen between Man and Man And here I can't omit one particular which as 't is a mighty disparagment to this People so I wish 't were peculiar to them viz. their Mercenary Distribution of Justice for not always the Equity of the Cause but the Liberality of the Party does ordinarily determine the Matter As some of our English Factories in these Parts of the World have experienc'd more than once See the Ensigns Armorial of the Grand Signior page 182. The establisht Religion of this Country is that of Mahometanism the Essential Tenets of which are already set down page 182. to which I remit the Reader But since one thing enjoyn'd by that Religion is the most excellent and necessary Duty of Prayer I can't omit one laudable Practice of this People in that Point I mean not only their imitable frequency in performing this Duty but also their most commendable fervency and seriousness in the performance of it For whenever they set about the same they Address themselves to the Almighty with all profound Respect and Reverence imaginable and in the humblest Posture they can sometimes standing often kneeling and frequently prostrating themselves on the Ground and kissing the same and during the whole performance their very Countenance doth plainly declare the inward Fervour and Devotion of their Mind Yea so exact and punctual are they in observing the various Hours appointed for Prayer and so serious and devout in performing that Duty that the generality of us Christians have too good Reason in both these Respects to say with the Poet Pudet haec opprobria nobis c. The Muezans or Marabounds being those Persons who call the People to Prayers use commonly these words Allah ekber allah ekber allah ekber eschadou in la illah illallah hi allc salla hi alle salla allah ekber allah ekber allah ekber la illa illalah i. e. God is great God is great God is great give Testimony that there is but one God Come yield your selves up to his Mercy and pray him to forgive you your Sins God is great God is great God is great there is no other God but God Dispers'd over all this Country and intermixt with the Turks are many Jews and various sorts of Christians particularly Greeks Armenians Maronites c. but most lamentable is the State of those Christians at present not only in respect of that woful Ignorance under which they universally labour and the Turkish Slavery and Insolence to which they 're expos'd but also in point of those dismal Heats and Divisions those numerous Factions and Parties now among 'em For so bitterly inveterate are they against one another and to such a height do their Animosities frequently come as to give fresh Occasion to the Common Enemy to harass them more and more Christianity was planted very early in these parts of the World most of this Country being watered with the Blessed Gospel in the Apostolick Age. Phaenicia or Phaenice THIS Country very famous of old but now of a very sad and melancholy Aspect and groaning under the Turkish Yoke hath undergone such dismal Devastations by the destroying Arabs that there 's nothing now remarkable in it save a few Ancient Maritime Cities mostly in Ruines which yet maintain something of Trade with Strangers as particularly Damascus call'd by the Turks Scham St. John d'Acre formerly Ptolemais and lastly Sure and Said which were the Ancient Tyre and Sydon Leaving therefore this desolate Country we pass on to Palestine or Judaea THIS Country most memorable in Holy Scripture and sometimes stil'd Canaan from Canaan the Son of Cham sometimes the Land of Promise because promis'd to Abraham and his Seed and sometimes Judaea from the Nation of the Jews or People of the Tribe of Juda is term'd by the Italians and Spaniards Palestina by the French Palestine by the Germans Palestinen or das Gelobte-land by the English Palestine or The Holy Land It 's call'd Palestine quasi Philistim from the Philistins once a mighty Nation therein and Holy Land because 't was the Scene of the Life and Sufferings of the ever Blessed and most Holy Jesus the glorious Redeemer of Men. The Air of this Country excepting those Parts adjacent to the Lake of Sodom of which afterwards is so extraordinary pleasant serene and healthful to breath in that many of its present Inhabitants do frequently arrive to a considerable Age. The opposite Place of the Globe to Palestine is that part of the vast Pacifick Ocean between 245 and 250 Degrees of Longitude with 29 and 32 Degrees of South Latitude This Country situated partly in the 4th and 5th North Climate and not exceeding seventy Leagues in length from North to South and thirty in breadth from East to West was blessed with an extraordinary rich and fertil Soil producing all things in such abundance that the Scripture terms it a Land flowing with Milk and Honey yea so wonderful was the fertility thereof and such vast multitudes of People did it maintain that King
scarce The length of the Days and Nights in them is much the same throughout the whole Year the Latitude of the Northmost of 'em being inconsiderable The chief Commodities of these Islands are Cinamon Gold Silver most sort of Spices Rice Honey Precious Stones c. In Ceylon is that remarkable Mountain commonly call'd Adam's Pike which is of a great height and reported to send forth sometimes from its top both Smoke and Flame In many of the Maldive Islands grows that Tree bearing the Cacoa or India Nuts which is very remarkable for its various uses for out of it is yearly drain'd a large Quantity of Juice which being drawn at certain Seasons and prepared after different manners do taste exactly like excellent Oyl Butter Milk as also some sorts of Wine and Sugar Of the Fruit they usually make Bread and the Leaves serve as Paper to write upon And as for the Trunk of the Tree they imploy it either in building of Houses or Ships These Islands likeways abound with variety of pretty white Shells which are much admir'd and pass current as Money in many Parts of the Adjacent Continent Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities None The Natives of these Islands being for the most part Tall and Strait of Body are esteem'd a Lazy Proud and Effeminate Sort of People yet some of 'em are reputed to be good Artificers in Metals Most of 'em go stark Naked except what Natural Instinct prompteth them to cover To wear long Hair is the only priviledge of the King and Soldiers The Inhabitants of the Maldives have a peculiar Jargon of their own Those who reside on the Sea-Coasts of Ceylon understand a little Dutch and something of the Portugueze Tongue The Maldives are mostly subject to one Sovereign who hath his ordinary Residence in Male the chief of all those Islands And Ceylon is govern'd by its own King residing at Candea to whom several little Princes are Tributary but much of the Sea-Coasts is possess'd by the Dutch The Maldive Sovereign is said to assume the Title of Sultan King of Thriteen Provinces and Twelve thousand Islands viz. those of the Maldives their number being generally accounted such The Natives of this mighty Cluster of Islands are partly Mahometans partly Idolaters especially the latter Paganism being the most predominant of the two And so much for Asia and the Asiatick Islands Now followeth AFRICA by R. Morden CHAP. III. Of AFRICA Divided page 44. into Egypt Capital City Cairo Barbary Fez. Bildulgerid Dara Zaara or the Desart Zuenziga The Land of the Negroes Tombute Guinea Arda Nubia 〈◊〉 Ethiopia Exterior or Inf. 〈◊〉 Interior or Sup. 〈◊〉 To these add the African Islands Of all which in Order Therefore SECT I. Concerning Egypt  d. m. Situated between 52 06 of Long. It s greatest Length from N. E. to S. W. is about 650 Miles 62 40 between 21 10 of Latit Breadth from E. to W. is about 310 Miles 30 00 It comprehenâ—◠〈◊〉 or the Lower Egypt Chief Town Alexandria Northward Bechria or Middle Egypt Cairo Sahid or Upper Egypt Sahid Southward The Coasts of the Red-Sea Cossir THIS Country much the same with Ancient Egypt and variously nam'd of old as Misraim by the Jews Augustanica by the Romans Oceana by Perosâ—s Ogâ—gâ—a by Xâ—uophon Potamia by Herodotus and Hefostia by Homer c. is term'd by the Italians Egitto by the Spaniards Egypto by the French Egypte by the Germans Egypten and by the English Egypt so call'd as many imagine from Egyptus Son of Belus and Brother to Danaus The Air of this Country is very hot and generally esteem'd extremely unwholesome being always infected with nauseous Vapours ascending from the fat and sâ—imy Soil of the Earth That it never Rains in Egypt as some have boldly affirm'd may deservedly claim a place among the Vulgar Errors of the World The opposite Place of the Globe to Egypt is part of Mare Pacificum lying between 232 and 242 Degrees of Longitude with 21 and 31 Degrees of South Latitude Egypt â— lying in the 4th and 5th North Climate was and is still accounted as fertil a Country as any in the World the Soil being wonderfully fatned by the yearly overflowing of the Nile It 's exceeding plentiful of all sorts of Grain and for its vast abundance of Corn in former times 't was commonly term'd Horreum Populi Romani The longest Day in the Northmost Parts is about 14 Hours ½ the shortest in the Southmost is 10 Hours ½ and the Nights proportionably The chief Commodities of this Country are Sugar Flax Rice all sorts of Grains and Fruits Linnen-Cloath Salt Balfam Senna Cassia Butargio c. In and near to Ancient Alexandria now term'd by the Turks Scanderick or Scanderie are many considerable Remains of Antiquity particularly the ruin'd Walls of that ancient famous City with a considerable number of Towers several of which are almost intire Here also are divers stately Porphyry Pillars and several curious Obelisks of pure Granet especially that which bears the Name of Pompey's Pillar some of 'em still standing others thrown down and all adorn'd with variety of Hieroglyphicks For a particular Account of such Pillars with a curious Draught of divers of 'em representing both their true Dimensions and Hieroglyphick Characters Vid. Philos Trans N. 161. and 178. To these Curiosities we may add the once proud Palace of Cleopatra now wholly in Ruins being so defac'd that 't is hardly discernible if ever such a stately Structure was in that place 2 In the Ancient Castle of Grand Caire are several Remarkables worthy of Observation which Strangers with some difficulty obtain leave to see The chief whereof are these Three First The Arcane which is a frightful dark Dungeon and that as they tell you into which the Patriarch Joseph was thrown down Secondly A very large Ancient Room with about thirty Pillars of Thebaick Stone as yet standing which still bears the Name of Joseph's Hall Lastly In this Castle is a prodigious deep Pit with a Spring of good Water in its bottom a Rarity in Egypt which the Natives term Joseph's Well From this Pit some Travellers are pleas'd to talk of an Artificial Communication under Ground between the Pyramids on one hand and the Town of Swez on the other For a farther account of these Particulars Vid. Thevenot 's Travels Part I. c. 9. 3. A few Miles West of Grand Caire are the Egyptian Pyramids call'd by the Turks Pharaon Doglary and by the Arabs Dgebel Pharaon i. e. Pharaoh's Hills those famous Monuments of Antiquity which 't would seem devouring Time could not consume The biggest of 'em hath these Dimensions viz. Five hundred and twenty Foot high upon a Base of six hundred and two Foot square two hundred and fifty Steps from top to bottom each Step being two Hands broad and almost four high and its Top being flat is able to contain thirty Men. 4. Adjacent to
whose Top are four Apples of solid pure Gold which all together weigh seven hundred Pounds weight and in another Court of the said Palace is a prodigious high Tower so contriv'd that the Emperor can mount up to the Top of it on Horse-back 5. In the City of Fez is that famous Mosque call'd Caruven which is said to be almost half a Mile in Circuit and furnisht with thirty Gates of a prodigious bigness It hath above three hundred Cisterns to wash in before they go to Prayers and in it are upwards of nine hundred Lamps which are commonly lighted and burn every Night 6 Over a certain River call'd Sabu as it runs between two Hills term'd Beni-jasga and Silego is a remarkable Bridge or rather a ready way of passing from one side of the River to the other and that by the help of two large Stakes fixt fast in the Ground on either side one between which are extended two strong Ropes and to one of them is ty'd a kind of a big Basket able to contain ten Men into which the Passengers being entred and pulling one of the Ropes which runs by a Pulley they waft themselves over much sooner than we Europeans can pass either by Bridge or Boat Vid. Dapper 's late Description of Africa Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities None The Barbarians thus Characteriz'd of old by Herodian Mauri inquâ—t ills Genus sunt hominum suapte naturâ coedit avidissimum nihilque non facile audens despèratis sinâ—les contemptu scilices mortis periculorum are now a People that 's generally very Inconstant Crafty and Unfaithful Active of Body Impatient of Labour and Covetous of Honour Some of 'em â—re Studious in Matters of their Law and others are enclin'd to the Liberal Sciences especially Philosophy and the Mathematicks The Inhabitants of Sallee Tripoli and Algiers are mightily given to Pyracy and many of the Moroccos are much addicted to Merchandizing Dispers'd through all these Countries are the Arabs who especially in Barca exercise their common Trade of robbing and molesting Travellers on the Highway In most of the Sea-Port Towns and over all the Countries bordering on the Sea the prevailing Language is Arabesque or corrupt Arabick In the City of Morocco and several other Places they still retain their Ancient Language or rather a corrupt Dialect of the old African The trading People especially in their Dealing with Strangers do use a certain Jargon compounded chiefly of Spanish and Portugueze not unlike to the Lingua Franca among the Turks This large Country comprehending several Kingdoms and Provinces is chiefly under the Great Turk and Emperor of Morocco To the latter belong the Kingdoms of Morocco and Fez and to him are ascrib'd or rather he assumeth the following Titles viz. Emperor of Africa King of Morocco Fez Sus and Taffalet Lord of Gago Dara and Guinea and Great Xeriff of Mahomet The other Kingdoms or Provinces of this Country are mostly subject to the Great Turk and are govern'd by his particular Bassa's set over 'em only Tunis and Algiers two considerable Commonwealths or rather distinct Kingdoms though each of 'em hath their respective Bassa appointed by the Grand Signior yet they 're so eager in maintaining their Liberties and Priviledges that those Bassa's are little more than meer Cyphers For in the former of these the Inhabitants have a Power of chusing their own Governor or Captain term'd the Dey who Rules the Kingdom Constitutes Cadi's and passeth Sentence in all Affairs whether Civil or Criminal The Divan of Tunis is compos'd of one Aga one Chaya twelve Odabachi twenty four Bouloubachi two Secretaries and four Chiaoux who judge in all Matters after they have heard the Sentiment of the Dey who may accept or reject their Advice as he thinks fit As for Aegiers The Government thereof is lodg'd in the Hands of the Army particularly the Officers of the Janizaries of whom the Council of State is compos'd and of it the Aga of the Janizaries is President It 's true the Grand Signior keeps always in this Place a Bassa with the Title of Vice-Roy but he 's at best but a meer Shadow for he may not so much as enter the great Divan unless invited by the whole Council and when admitted he hath but one single Voice and can only advise in Matters Besides these two Potent Republicks of this Country there 's another viz. That of Tripolt but it is intirely subject to the Grand Signior who governs the same by a particular Bassa sent from the Ottoman Court and renew'd every third Year He is honour'd with the Standart of Tunis and the Title of Beglerbeg The chief Independent Potentate in these Countries being the Emperor of Fez and Morocco he bears for Arms Three Wheels Argent As for the rest of Barbary Vid Turky in Europe page 182. The establisht Religion of this Country is Mahometanism but the Inhabitants of Morocco differ from other Mahometans in several considerable Points particularly those maintain'd by the Followers of Hamet the first of the present Race of the Morocco Emperors who was at first a kind of Monk and quitting his Retirement A. C. 1514. began publickly to Preach to the People that the Doctrine of Hali and Omar and other Interpreters of the Law was only Humane Traditions besides several other things of that Nature which occasion'd such Animosities between other Turks and the Morocco's that a Turkish Slave with them is no whit better treated than a Christian There are also many Persons in and about Algiers who likeways differ from other Mahometans in divers Particulars Some of 'em maintain that to fast seven or eight Months doth merit Eternal Happiness That Idiots are the Elect of God That Sins against Nature are Virtues That the Marabouts among 'em are inspir'd by the Devil and yet they account it an honourable thing to be defil'd by one of ' em These and many other such ridiculous Follies do they believe and avouch The Christian Faith was first planted in this Country by some of the seventy Disciples and St. Simon the Apostle Sirnam'd Zelotis SECT III. Concerning Bildulgerid  d. m. Situated between 02 00 of Long. It s greatest Length from W to E. is about 2040 Miles 55 00 between 22 30 of Latit Breadth from N. to S. is about 300 Miles 32 40 Bildulgerid comprehends the Provinces of Tesset Chief Town Idem From W. to E. Dara Idem Segelmess Idem Tegorarin Idem Zeb Teulachar Bildulgerid prop. so call'd Caphesa Desart of Barca None considerable THIS Country the Ancient Numidia is term'd by the Italians Spaniards French Germans and English Bildulgerid so call'd from the vast numbers of Dates it produceth the Name in the Arabick Tongue signifying a Date The Air of this Country is very hot but generally esteem'd abundantly wholesome to breath in The opposite Place of the Globe to Bildulgerid is that part of Mare de'l Zur and More Pacificum lying between 182
sorts of our English Grain and those Parts possess'd by the French produce some plenty of Vines This Island is sufficiently stockt with Deer Hares Otters Foxes c. Here also is abundance of Land and Water-Fowl but above all things its Coasts are surrounded with incredible multitudes of Cod-Fish The length of the days and Nights in New-found-Land is the same as in the Southmost parts of England and Northern of France they all lying under the same Parallels of Latitude The Commodities of this Island are principally Furs Whale-Oyl and Cod-Fish especially the latter whereof there is such plenty that the Fishing and bringing of them to Europe particularly the Streights is now grown to a settl'd and very advantageous Trade Nothing here deserves the Epithet of Rare unless we reckon that prodigious large Bank of Sand upon the South-East of the Island about 300 miles in length and upwards of 75 in breadth where broadest remarkable for those vast multitudes of Bacalaos or Cod-Fish and Peer John which are taken in great numbers by divers European Nations who yearly resort hither for that end So thick do those Fishes sometimes swarm upon this Bank that they retard the passage of Ships sailing over the same Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities None The Natives of this Island are for the Plurality of 'em Persons of a middle Stature broad-face'd and those of the Masculine Sex are usually beardless They generally colour their Faces with Oker and for Cloathing use Skins of Wild Beasts They live by ten or twelve Families together in poor Cabbins made of Poles in form of our Arbours and cover'd with Skins They ordinarily imploy themselves in Hunting as most of the other Americans usually do The English and French here residing are much the same with those in Europe All that can be said of the Language here commonly us'd among the Natives is that 't is a certain Dialect of the Indian Tongue which prevails among all the Indian Inhabitants with little variation of Accent in the various Parts of the Island The Europeans here residing do still retain the maternal Language of the respective Countries from whence they came In the Year 1623. Sir George Calvert Principal Secretary of State having obtain'd a Patent for a Part of Newfoundland erected the same into a Province call'd Avalon and therein settl'd a Plantation which after him was enjoy'd by his Son Caecilius Lord Baltimore This Island was set upon and master'd by the French in the late tedious War but speedily retaken by the English who are now in full Possession of what they formerly enjoy'd The Natives of this Island upon its first discovery were found to acknowledge a Supreme Being whom they own'd as the Creator of all things but err'd extremely in their Apprehensions about the manner of the Creation alledging that Men and Women were at first made of a certain number of Arrows stuck fast in the Ground They generally believe the Immortality of the Soul and that the Dead go into a far Country there to make merry as they think with their Friends §. 3. Cuba THIS Island discovered by the Spaniards Anno 1494. is term'd by the Italians Spaniards French Germans and English Cuba Which Name is the same it had when first discover'd being so call'd by the Natives and neighbouring Islanders what may be the Etymology of that Indian Appellation we know not The Air of this Island considering its small Latitude is very temperate being mightily qualifi'd by Vapours that daily ascend from the Earth The opposite Place of the Globe to Cuba is that part of the East-Iudian Ocean lying between 110 and 120 Degrees of Longitude with 20 and 23 Degrees of South Latitude This Island lying in the same Climate with the Northern Part of New Spain is not so fertil in Grain as Wood being generally cover'd over with Trees some of which do drop the purest Rozin Here is great plenty of Fish and Flesh and in some Parts are divers kinds of excellent Fruits The length of the Days and Nights in Cuba is much the same as in the North of New Spain they both lying under the same Parallels of Latitude The chief Commodities of this Island are Gold Ginger Cassia Mastick Aloes Cinamon Sugar c. The most remarkable thing in this Island is a noted Bituminous Fountain out of which there flows a sort of Pitchy Substance commonly us'd for calking of Ships Here also is a Valley full of Flint-Stones of different sizes and those by nature so round that they may serve as Bullets for most sorts of Cannons Vid. Heylin's Cosmog page 1079. In this Island is one Bishoprick viz. that of St. Jago Suffragan to the Archbishop of St. Domingo in Hispaniola The Inhabitants of this Island being for the most part Spaniards are the same in Manners with those on the Continent The Spaniards here residing do still retain and commonly use the Spanish Tongue This Island was formerly govern'd by certain Caciques or Captains but is now wholly subject to the King of Spain who still keeps a particular Governor in it whose ordinary Residence is in that Great and Populous City Havana The Spaniards here residing are of the same Religion with that establish'd and universally profess'd in Spain §. 4. Jamaica THIS Island first discovered by Columbus in his Second Voyage to America and brought into Possession of the English by Penn and Venables in the time of Oliver Cremwell is term'd Jamaica by the Italians Spaniards French Germans and English It was at first call'd St. Jago by Columbus which Name was afterwards chang'd into that of Jamaica after King James then Duke of York when it had been subjected for some time to the Crown of England The Air of this Island is more temperate than in most of the neighbouring Islands the Heat thereof being much allay'd by fresh Easterly Breezes that blow in the Day-time and the frequent Showers that fall in the Night Hurricanes and Earthquakes so frequent in the Caribbees are seldom heard of here whereupon we may justly impute that terrible Earthquake Anno 1693. rather to a Moral than a Natural Cause viz. the many and horrid Abominations abounding among the Inhabitants whith without doubt did loudly call for Judgements from Heaven The opposite Place of the Globe to Jamaica is part of the East-Indian Ocean lying between 110 and 120 Degrees of Longitude with 17 and 20 Degrees of South Latitude The Soil of this Island is extraordinary rich and fertil producing great quantity of Corn Herbs and Fruits abounding also in Sugar Cotton Tobacco various kinds of Spices with divers sorts of Physical Drugs and Gums as Sumach Guiacum Aloes Benjamin Sarsaparilla c. The large and pleasant Fields appear constantly Green and Springing they being well stockt with variety of Trees and Plants which are never disrob'd of their Summer-Liveries Here likeways are
improve those choice Opportunities now in our hands for the singular Glory of our Great God and of Jesus Christ our Blessed Redeemer And let our Planters duly consider That to extirpate Natives is rather a supplanting than planting a new Colony and that it 's far more honourable to overcome Paganism in one than to destroy a thousand Pagans Each Convert is a Conquest FINIS CORRIGENDA PAge 50. line 15. for Lancashire read Westmorland p. 70. l. 1. r. Escutcheon p. 74. l. 2. dele § 2. p. 77. l. 7. r. Dominions p. 111. l. 31. r. Religion p. 112. l. 7. r. Buc. p. 116. l. 36. r. Mount p. 120. l. 21. r. Salizburg p. 127. l. 13. r. Cujavia p. 143. l. 16. r. strip him p. 153. l. 37. r. Agrippina p. 176. l. 11. r. He proceedeth p. 192. l. 34. r. Kinross p. 206. l. 15 22. r. Villages p. 235. l. 32. r. very p. 265. l. 40. r. Tapestry p. 292. l. 7. r. Thirteen p. 330. l. 24. r. Archbishoprick Wheresoever the word its importing the Verb Est is found read it either at length it is or contractedly thus it 's or 't is as p. 3. l. 37. f. it s term'd r. it 's or 't is or it is term'd and so in other places To the BOOK-BINDER Place the Maps in Order following The Map of The World Page 1 Europe 59 Scandinavia or Sweden and Norway 61 Moscovia 73 France 79 Germany 95 Poland 125 Spain 133 Italy 145 Turky in Europe 165 Scotland 187 England 197 Ireland 211 Asia 237 Africa 293 America 333 BOOKS Printed for Thomas Cockerill in Amen Corner THE Works of Mr. Charnock In Two Volumes Folio Re-printing Geography Rectified Or a Description of the World in all its Kingdoms Countries Islands Cities Towns Seas Rivers Bays Capes Ports Their Ancient and Present Names Inhabitants Situations Histories Customs and Governments c. As also their Commodities Coins Weights and Measures compared with those of London Illustrated with Seventy eight Maps The whole Work performed to the more accurate Observations and Discoveries of Modern Authors By Robert Morden Quarto Sermons preached on Several Occasions The Third Volume By John Conant D. D. Published by John Lord Bishop of Chichester A Funeral Sermon occasioned by the Death of the Lady Lane late Wife of the Right Worshipful Sir Thomas Lane Kt. and Alderman of the City of London who died November 29. 1698. And of John Lane late Father of the said Sir Thomas Lane who died the 8th of December following Published at the Request of the Relations By Nathanael Taylor Quarto Familiaria Colloquia Opera Christopheri Helvici D. c. Professoris Giessensis Olim Ex. Erasmo Roterodamo Ludovici Vive c. Scottano Hasso Selecta Editio Decima quarta ad pristiva Exemplaria Denuo Recognita English Exercises for School-Boys to Translate into Latin Comprizing all the Rules of Grammar and other necessary Observations ascending gradually from the meanest to higher Capacities By J. Garretson School-Master The Seventh Edition Twelves The School of Manners or Rules for Childrens Behaviour By the Author of the English Exercises The Second Edition A Practical Grammar or the easiest and shortest way to initiate Young Children in the Latin Tongue By the help whereof a Child of Seven Years old may learn more of the Grounds of that Language in three Months than is ordinarily learnt in a Years space by those of greater Age in common Grammar-Schools Published for the Use of such as love not to be tedious To which is added Tables of Mr. Walker's Particles By the Assistance whereof young Scholars may be the better enabled to peruse that most Excellent and Useful Treatise By J. Philamoth Master of a Free-School The Second Edition Memoirs of the Countess Dunois Author of the Lady's Travels into Spain Written by her self before her Retirement By way of Answer to Monsieur St. Evremont Containing withal a Modest Vindication of the Female Sex more frequently injured by Imprudence and Misconstruction than defect of Virtue Made English from the Original a Prob. 2. a Prob. 2. b Prob. 6. a Prob. 2. b Prob. 6. a Prob. 3. a Prob. 3. a Prob. 3. b Prob. 2. a Prob. 2. b Prob. 6. a Prob. 2. b Prob. 6. a Prob. 2. a Prob. 2. b Prob. 6. a Prob. 6. a Prob. 2. a Prob. 6. b Prob. 7. a Prob. 23. a Prob. 24. a Prob. 25. a Prob. 2. b Prob. 6. a Prob. 2. b Prob. 6. a Prob. 2. b Prob. 31. a Prob. 2. b Prob. 6. c Prob. 29 31. a Prob 6. b Prob. 37. a Prob. 38. b Prob. 2. a Prob. 2. b Prob. 6. a Prob. 6. b Prob. 38. c Prob. 9. Name Air. Soil Commodities Rarities Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Arms. Religion Name Air. Soil Commodities Rarities Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Arms. Religion Name Air. Soil Commodities Rarities Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Arms. Religion Name Air. Soil Commodities Rarities Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Arms. Religion Name Air. Soil Commodities Rarities Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Arms. Religion Name Soil Commodities Rarities Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Artns. Religion Name Air. Soil Commodities Rarities A. Bishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Arms. Religion Name Air. Soil Commodities Rarities A. Bishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Arms. Religion Name Air. Soil Commodities Rarities Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Arms. Religion Name Air. Soil Commodities Rarities Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Arms. Religion Name Air. Soil Commodities Rarities Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Arms. Religion Name Air. Soil Commodities Rarities Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Arms. Religion Name Air. Soil Commodities Rarities Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Languages Government Arms. Religion Name Air. Scil. Commodities 〈◊〉 Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Arms. Religion Name Air. Soil Commodities Rarities Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Arms. Religion Name Air. Soil Commodities Rarities Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Arms. Religion Name Air. Soil Commodities Rarities Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Arms. Religion Name Air. 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