england_n thereby_o to_o strengthen_v his_o interest_n against_o his_o brother_n send_v the_o say_a dionysius_n into_o england_n who_o have_v write_v to_o his_o master_n that_o nothing_o be_v want_v to_o make_v up_o the_o match_n but_o his_o presence_n the_o prince_n will_v have_v go_v forthwith_o into_o england_n if_o his_o father_n have_v not_o oppose_v it_o who_o send_v in_o his_o stead_n his_o second_o son_n john_n and_o steen_n stir_v these_o be_v very_o civil_o entertain_v by_o queen_n elizabeth_n at_o their_o return_n home_o tell_v the_o prince_n that_o they_o believe_v nothing_o to_o be_v want_v to_o complete_a the_o marriage_n but_o his_o presence_n which_o be_v very_o joyful_o receive_v by_o the_o prince_n but_o the_o old_a and_o wise_a king_n who_o soon_o perceive_v that_o they_o have_v mistake_v compliment_n for_o reality_n think_v it_o advisable_v to_o communicate_v the_o business_n with_o the_o estate_n assemble_v at_o stockholm_n who_o after_o have_v confirm_v the_o former_a hereditary_a union_n and_o the_o king_n testament_n at_o last_o give_v their_o consent_n to_o this_o marriage_n grant_v a_o considerable_a supply_n towards_o the_o defray_n of_o the_o charge_n of_o this_o marriage_n but_o whilst_o the_o prince_n be_v prepare_v for_o his_o voyage_n part_n of_o his_o baggage_n have_v be_v send_v before_o he_o be_v near_o ready_a to_o follow_v in_o person_n king_n gustave_n die_v at_o stockholm_n 1559._o and_o king_n erick_n not_o think_v it_o advisable_v to_o trust_v his_o brother_n with_o the_o kingdom_n be_v force_v to_o put_v by_o his_o journey_n into_o england_n §_o 10._o fourteen_o king_n erick_n be_v twenty_o seven_o year_n of_o age_n when_o he_o succeed_v his_o father_n in_o the_o kingdom_n his_o first_o business_n be_v to_o prescribe_v certain_a new_a article_n to_o his_o brother_n thereby_o to_o maintain_v the_o royal_a authority_n against_o they_o which_o though_o sore_o against_o their_o will_n they_o be_v force_v to_o subscribe_v at_o the_o diet_n hold_v at_o arboga_n 1561._o at_o his_o coronation_n he_o first_o introduce_v the_o title_n of_o earl_n and_o baron_n into_o sweden_n introduce_v allege_v that_o in_o a_o hereditary_a kingdom_n there_o ought_v to_o be_v also_o hereditary_a dignity_n among_o the_o nobility_n at_o his_o very_a first_o accession_n to_o the_o crown_n he_o be_v engage_v in_o the_o trouble_n which_o then_o sore_o afflict_v the_o liâ—landers_n for_o some_o of_o they_o have_v put_v themselves_o under_o the_o protection_n of_o denmark_n some_o under_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n those_o of_o reval_n and_o the_o nobility_n of_o esthenland_n that_o be_v near_a to_o sweden_n seek_v for_o protection_n to_o king_n erick_n whereupon_o the_o king_n have_v send_v a_o army_n under_o the_o command_n of_o claes_n horn_n who_o be_v joyful_o receive_v at_o reval_n take_v they_o into_o his_o protection_n and_o confirm_v to_o the_o city_n and_o nobility_n their_o former_a privilege_n as_o soon_o as_o the_o pole_n hear_v of_o the_o arrival_n of_o the_o swedish_n army_n at_o reval_n they_o send_v a_o ambassador_n to_o demand_n reval_n from_o the_o swede_n who_o have_v receive_v no_o other_o answer_n but_o that_o the_o swede_n have_v at_o least_o as_o good_a a_o title_n to_o reval_n as_o the_o pole_n return_v home_o again_o and_o the_o swedish_n garrison_n that_o be_v besiege_v by_o the_o â—olish_a force_n in_o reval_n force_v they_o to_o quit_v that_o enterprise_n soon_o after_o the_o king_n be_v full_o resolve_v to_o pursue_v his_o intention_n concern_v the_o marriage_n with_o queen_n elizabeth_n of_o england_n embark_v at_o elshorgth_n to_o go_v thither_o in_o person_n but_o be_v by_o a_o violent_a tempest_n force_v to_o return_v as_o he_o be_v very_o inconstant_a in_o his_o temper_n and_o very_o superstitious_a be_v much_o addict_v to_o astrology_n so_o after_o this_o misfortune_n he_o lay_v aside_o the_o thought_n of_o this_o marriage_n for_o a_o while_n make_v his_o address_n by_o his_o ambassador_n and_o with_o great_a present_n to_o mary_n queen_n scotland_n and_o the_o princess_n of_o lorain_n both_o at_o one_o time_n and_o not_o long_o after_o to_o katherine_n the_o daughter_n of_o the_o landgrave_n of_o hessen_n but_o succeed_v in_o neither_o in_o the_o mean_a while_n his_o brother_n john_n have_v marry_v katherine_n daughter_n of_o sigismond_n king_n of_o poland_n which_o have_v be_v do_v without_o ring_n erick_n good_a like_n who_o be_v both_o mistrustful_a of_o the_o pole_n and_o his_o brother_n put_v he_o into_o such_o a_o rage_n that_o he_o besiege_v his_o brother_n in_o the_o castle_n of_o aboa_n which_o have_v be_v take_v by_o strategem_fw-la he_o cause_v he_o to_o be_v sentence_v to_o death_n which_o sentence_n he_o however_o change_v into_o a_o perpetual_a imprisonment_n for_o that_o time_n but_o seem_v to_o repent_v of_o it_o afterward_o when_o the_o russian_n demand_v the_o say_a katherine_n his_o brother_n wife_n in_o marriage_n for_o their_o great_a duke_n the_o pole_n to_o revenge_v this_o affront_n stir_v up_o the_o dane_n and_o lubecker_n against_o the_o swede_n and_o the_o dane_n have_v affront_v the_o swedish_n ambassador_n at_o copenhagen_n preparation_n be_v make_v on_o all_o side_n which_o soon_o break_v out_o into_o a_o war_n wherein_o the_o swede_n rout_v the_o dane_n and_o lubecker_n in_o several_a sea_n engagement_n but_o also_o lose_v their_o admiral_n which_o ship_n carry_v two_o hundred_o brass_n gun_n and_o by_o land_n there_o be_v great_a havoc_n make_v on_o both_o side_n with_o almost_o equal_a fortune_n except_o that_o the_o swede_n have_v pretty_a good_a success_n in_o livonia_n but_o whilst_o king_n erick_n be_v engage_v in_o war_n with_o all_o his_o neighbour_n round_o about_o he_o the_o inward_a discontent_n begin_v to_o increase_v more_o and_o more_o among_o his_o subject_n by_o the_o ill_a management_n which_o he_o have_v show_v both_o in_o his_o affair_n and_o amour_n be_v surround_v with_o a_o seraglio_n of_o mistress_n among_o who_o one_o katharaine_n a_o ordinary_a country_n wench_n have_v the_o great_a sway_n over_o he_o who_o he_o also_o marry_v afterward_o whereby_o he_o lose_v his_o authority_n among_o the_o nobility_n beside_o this_o he_o be_v guide_v in_o most_o concern_v of_o moment_n by_o one_o joran_n â—erson_n his_o favourite_n and_o his_o former_a tutor_n dionysius_n beuraeus_n who_o foment_v a_o continual_a jealousy_n betwixt_o he_o and_o the_o family_n of_o the_o stir_v which_o at_o last_o break_v out_o into_o a_o fatal_a revenge_n for_o there_o have_v be_v witness_n suborn_v against_o suarte_n stir_v and_o his_o son_n erick_n they_o be_v with_o several_a other_o of_o that_o family_n not_o only_o commit_v to_o prison_n and_o miserable_o murder_v there_o by_o the_o king_n command_n but_o he_o also_o with_o his_o own_o hand_n stab_v nils_n stir_v and_o repent_v soon_o after_o of_o so_o barbarous_a a_o fact_n cause_v his_o former_a tutor_n dionysius_n who_o advise_v it_o to_o be_v slay_v by_o his_o guard_n a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n have_v be_v put_v into_o confusion_n by_o these_o enormous_a cruelty_n of_o which_o the_o king_n fear_v the_o consequence_n he_o think_v it_o his_o best_a way_n to_o prevent_v further_a inconvenience_n to_o set_v his_o brother_n john_n at_o liberty_n under_o certain_a condition_n and_o to_o lay_v the_o blame_n of_o these_o barbarity_n upon_o joran_n peerson_n his_o favourite_n who_o have_v be_v commit_v to_o prison_n the_o intestine_a commotion_n seem_v to_o be_v appease_v for_o the_o present_a but_o the_o king_n have_v not_o long_o after_o be_v very_o successful_a in_o several_a engagement_n against_o the_o dane_n who_o he_o beat_v quite_o out_o of_o denmark_n he_o soon_o after_o release_v his_o favourite_n and_o not_o only_o declare_v he_o free_a from_o any_o imputation_n but_o also_o justify_v the_o death_n of_o those_o lord_n former_o murder_v at_o vpsal_n by_o his_o advice_n also_o he_o will_v have_v take_v from_o his_o brother_n those_o province_n which_o be_v allot_v they_o by_o their_o father_n testament_n in_o exchange_n of_o which_o he_o proffer_v they_o some_o possession_n in_o livonia_n but_o the_o brother_n have_v refuse_v this_o proffer_n he_o again_o resolve_v to_o make_v away_o his_o brother_n john_n at_o the_o nuptial_n which_o be_v to_o be_v celebrate_v at_o stockholm_n betwixt_o his_o mistress_n catharine_n and_o himself_o and_o to_o give_v his_o widow_n in_o marriage_n to_o the_o grand_a duke_n of_o russia_n but_o the_o brother_n have_v be_v advertise_v of_o the_o king_n be_v sinister_a intention_n do_v not_o appear_v at_o the_o wedding_n and_o have_v make_v a_o association_n with_o several_a of_o the_o nobility_n that_o be_v kindred_n of_o the_o lord_n murder_v at_o vpsal_n they_o resolve_v to_o dethrone_v king_n erick_n the_o better_a to_o execute_v their_o intention_n they_o have_v by_o the_o intercession_n of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n
french_a army_n in_o germany_n have_v declare_v for_o that_o side_n but_o he_o be_v fain_o to_o leave_v the_o army_n which_o be_v keep_v in_o duty_n by_o the_o help_n of_o a_o good_a sum_n of_o money_n and_o though_o matter_n be_v afterward_o reconcile_v a_o second_o time_n at_o st._n germains_n yet_o the_o design_n against_o mazarin_n be_v not_o lay_v aside_o the_o prince_n of_o conde_n who_o have_v bring_v over_o the_o slinger_n to_o his_o party_n not_o cease_v to_o stir_v they_o up_o against_o he_o but_o because_o they_o have_v a_o different_a aim_n for_o the_o slinger_n be_v for_o total_o pull_v down_o of_o the_o cardinal_n but_o the_o prince_n of_o conde_n will_v only_o have_v humble_v he_o the_o cardinal_z cunning_o raise_v a_o misunderstanding_n betwixt_o they_o by_o set_v the_o prince_n of_o conde_n against_o the_o slinger_n whereupon_o the_o slinger_n be_v reconcile_v with_o the_o cardinal_n the_o cardinal_n take_v hold_n of_o this_o opportunity_n cause_v the_o prince_n of_o conde_n and_o his_o brother_n the_o prince_n of_o conti_n and_o their_o brother-in-law_n the_o duke_n of_o longueville_n to_o be_v take_v into_o custody_n prince_n this_o be_v put_v fuel_n into_o the_o fire_n every_o body_n be_v dissatisfy_v at_o the_o imprisonment_n of_o the_o prince_n the_o city_n of_o bourdeaux_n open_o rebel_v the_o spaniard_n upon_o this_o occasion_n take_v from_o the_o french_a piombino_n and_o porto_n longone_n in_o italy_n the_o archduke_n leopold_n strike_v terror_n into_o the_o city_n of_o paris_n itself_o on_o the_o side_n of_o the_o netherlands_o and_o though_o the_o cardinal_n beat_v turenne_n near_o rethel_n he_o be_v go_v over_o to_o the_o spaniard_n yet_o the_o hatred_n against_o he_o increase_v daily_o and_o the_o faction_n of_o the_o slinger_n the_o parliament_n and_o the_o duke_n of_o orleans_n be_v absolute_o for_o have_v the_o prince_n set_v at_o liberty_n the_o cardinal_n therefore_o perceive_v that_o nothing_o be_v to_o be_v do_v by_o open_a violence_n resolve_v to_o avoid_v the_o storm_n by_o set_v the_o prince_n at_o liberty_n and_o he_o himself_o retire_v to_o bruel_n the_o court_n of_o the_o then_o elector_n of_o collen_n 1651._o then_o he_o be_v by_o a_o decree_n of_o the_o parliament_n for_o ever_o banish_v the_o kingdom_n of_o france_n france_n mazarini_n be_v thus_o remove_v the_o prince_n of_o conde_n begin_v to_o disturb_v the_o public_a quiet_n with_o more_o freedom_n have_v engage_v himself_o with_o the_o spaniard_n and_o be_v go_v to_o bourdeaux_n he_o begin_v to_o make_v open_a war_n against_o the_o government_n and_o the_o spaniard_n take_v hold_n of_o this_o opportunity_n recover_v barcelona_n and_o with_o it_o all_o catalonia_n he_o then_o the_o queen_n recall_v the_o cardinal_n who_o have_v strengthen_v the_o king_n army_n by_o such_o troop_n as_o he_o have_v get_v together_o fight_v several_a time_n very_o brisk_o with_o the_o prince_n of_o conde_n but_o see_v that_o the_o hatred_n which_o the_o faction_n of_o the_o slinger_n and_o the_o parliament_n have_v conceive_v against_o he_o do_v not_o diminish_v he_o take_v this_o course_n that_o he_o public_o declare_v he_o be_v willing_a to_o leave_v the_o kingdom_n to_o re-establish_a the_o public_a quiet_n he_o hope_v by_o so_o do_v to_o lay_v the_o blame_v of_o the_o intestine_a division_n upon_o the_o prince_n of_o conde_n alone_o which_o design_n prove_v successful_a for_o thereby_o the_o eye_n of_o the_o people_n be_v open_v who_o now_o plain_o perceive_v that_o the_o cardinal_n seek_v the_o good_a of_o the_o king_n and_o kingdom_n but_o the_o prince_n of_o conde_n his_o own_o interest_n dunkirk_n and_o gravel_v be_v lose_v in_o the_o fray_n the_o prince_n of_o conde_n therefore_o perceive_v that_o he_o have_v lose_v the_o favour_n of_o the_o people_n retire_v with_o his_o troop_n into_o the_o spanish_a netherlands_o then_o the_o cardinal_n return_v to_o court_n and_o ever_o after_o have_v the_o administration_n of_o the_o chief_a affair_n of_o the_o kingdom_n till_o his_o death_n without_o any_o further_a opposition_n the_o city_n of_o paris_n return_v to_o its_o due_a obedience_n the_o faction_n of_o the_o slinger_n be_v dissolve_v the_o duke_n of_o orleans_n leave_v the_o court_n rez_n be_v take_v into_o custody_n and_o bourdeaux_n force_v to_o submit_v in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v the_o french_a begin_v again_o to_o make_v war_n on_o the_o spaniard_n 1653._o they_o take_v mommedy_n with_o great_a difficulty_n and_o fortunate_o relieve_v arras_n but_o they_o be_v beat_v from_o before_o valenciennes_n and_o cambray_n france_n have_v just_o make_v a_o alliance_n with_o cromwell_n 1658._o the_o joint_a force_n of_o france_n and_o england_n besiege_v dunkirk_n under_o the_o command_n of_o turenne_n and_o the_o duke_n john_n d'_fw-fr austria_n and_o prince_n de_fw-fr conde_n who_o come_v with_o a_o army_n to_o relieve_v it_o be_v repulse_v with_o great_a loss_n the_o city_n be_v take_v and_o deliver_v to_o the_o english_a from_o who_o the_o king_n afterward_o redeem_v it_o for_o four_o million_o 1662._o about_o the_o same_o time_n gravel_v be_v also_o retake_v 1659._o at_o last_o a_o peace_n be_v conclude_v between_o france_n and_o spain_n near_o the_o pyrenaean_a mountain_n by_o the_o two_o chief_a minister_n of_o state_n on_o both_o side_n viz._n by_o mazarini_n and_o don_n lewis_n de_fw-fr haro_n by_o virtue_n of_o which_o france_n be_v to_o keep_v roussilion_n and_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o place_n which_o be_v take_v in_o the_o netherlands_o marry_o theresa_n the_o daughter_n of_o philip_n iv._o be_v to_o be_v marry_v to_o the_o king_n and_o the_o prince_n of_o conde_n to_o be_v receive_v into_o favour_n again_o this_o last_o point_n meet_v with_o great_a opposition_n for_o a_o considerable_a time_n mazarini_n in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v die_v mazarini_n who_o as_o it_o be_v say_v leave_v the_o king_n among_o other_o this_o lesson_n that_o he_o shall_v govern_v himself_o and_o not_o trust_v entire_o to_o any_o favourite_n the_o first_o thing_n of_o moment_n which_o the_o king_n undertake_v be_v to_o settle_v his_o revenue_n in_o a_o good_a order_n 1661._o he_o begin_v with_o the_o lord_n high_a treasurer_n fouquet_n who_o he_o take_v into_o custody_n and_o make_v a_o strict_a inquisition_n against_o all_o such_o as_o have_v have_v hitherto_o the_o management_n of_o his_o revenue_n have_v enrich_v themselves_o therewith_o the_o sponge_n which_o be_v swell_v up_o with_o riches_n be_v sound_o squeeze_v out_o bring_v a_o incredible_a treasure_n into_o the_o king_n coffer_n ambassador_n in_o the_o year_n 1661._o a_o difference_n arise_v betwixt_o the_o french_a and_o spanish_a ambassador_n in_o london_n about_o the_o precedency_n at_o the_o solemn_a entry_n make_v by_o count_n nile_n break_v the_o swedish_n ambassador_n where_o the_o french_a embassadour_n coach_n be_v put_v back_o by_o violence_n this_o may_v easy_o have_v prove_v the_o occasion_n of_o a_o war_n if_o the_o spaniard_n have_v not_o give_v satisfaction_n to_o the_o french_a and_o agree_v that_o wherever_o there_o be_v any_o french_a ambassador_n resident_a the_o spanish_a shall_v not_o appear_v upon_o any_o public_a occasion_n which_o the_o french_a do_v interpret_v as_o if_o spain_n have_v thereby_o declare_v that_o the_o spanish_a minister_n be_v always_o to_o give_v place_n to_o the_o french_a of_o the_o same_o character_n in_o the_o year_n 1662._o lorraine_n the_o king_n make_v a_o agreement_n with_o the_o duke_n of_o lorraine_n according_a to_o which_o he_o be_v to_o exchange_v his_o dukedom_n for_o a_o equivalent_a in_o france_n and_o his_o family_n to_o be_v the_o next_o in_o right_n of_o succession_n if_o the_o family_n of_o bourbon_n shall_v happen_v to_o fail_v which_o agreement_n the_o duke_n will_v fain_o have_v annul_v afterward_o but_o the_o king_n who_o do_v not_o understand_v jest_v in_o such_o a_o point_n force_v he_o to_o surrender_v to_o he_o marsal_n pope_n in_o the_o same_o year_n the_o duke_n de_fw-fr crequi_n the_o french_a ambassador_n at_o rome_n be_v gross_o affront_v there_o by_o the_o corsi_n guard_n which_o the_o king_n resent_v so_o ill_o that_o he_o take_v from_o the_o pope_n the_o city_n of_o avignon_n but_o the_o difference_n be_v compose_v by_o the_o mediation_n of_o the_o grand_a duke_n of_o tuscany_n at_o pisa_n and_o the_o pope_n be_v fain_o to_o send_v a_o splendid_a embassy_n to_o give_v satisfaction_n to_o the_o king_n about_o the_o same_o time_n the_o french_a will_v have_v get_v foot_v at_o gigeri_fw-la on_o the_o coast_n of_o barbary_n but_o be_v repulse_v with_o considerable_a loss_n by_o the_o moor_n 1664._o the_o king_n also_o send_v some_o troop_n to_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o emperor_n against_o the_o turk_n who_o behave_v themselves_o brave_o in_o the_o battle_n fight_v near_o st._n gothard_n and_o contribute_v much_o to_o the_o victory_n notwithstanding_o which_o the_o
11._o before_o we_o come_v to_o rome_n carthage_n we_o must_v say_v something_o of_o carthage_n this_o city_n have_v long_o contest_v with_o rome_n for_o the_o superiority_n so_o that_o the_o roman_a government_n do_v not_o think_v itself_o well_o secure_v as_o long_o as_o this_o city_n be_v in_o be_v this_o city_n though_o it_o be_v rather_o fit_v for_o trade_n than_o war_n yet_o have_v acquire_v vast_a riches_n by_o its_o traffic_n and_o be_v vast_o increase_v in_o power_n and_o inhabitant_n force_v not_o only_o the_o next_o adjacent_a country_n in_o africa_n to_o pay_v they_o tribute_n but_o also_o send_v vast_a army_n into_o sicily_n sardinia_n and_o spain_n this_o occasion_v the_o war_n betwixt_o they_o and_o the_o roman_n the_o two_o first_o they_o maintain_v with_o extraordinary_a resolution_n and_o valour_n but_o in_o the_o three_o they_o be_v bring_v to_o utter_v destruction_n if_o they_o have_v avoid_v to_o meddle_v with_o the_o roman_a affair_n they_o may_v in_o all_o probability_n have_v be_v able_a for_o a_o great_a while_n to_o defend_v their_o liberty_n ambition_n therefore_o be_v the_o chief_a cause_n of_o their_o ruin_n since_o the_o constitution_n of_o their_o government_n be_v such_o as_o be_v adapt_v for_o trade_n do_v not_o require_v any_o great_a possession_n except_o a_o few_o land_n for_o the_o use_n of_o their_o citizen_n and_o some_o seaport_n in_o spain_n and_o sicily_n for_o conveniency_n of_o commerce_n and_o ship_n but_o the_o conquest_n of_o large_a country_n be_v more_o hurtful_a than_o profitable_a to_o they_o for_o those_o general_n who_o command_v their_o army_n abroad_o prove_v at_o last_o dangerous_a to_o they_o think_v it_o below_o themselves_o after_o so_o much_o glory_n and_o vast_a riches_n obtain_v to_o be_v put_v in_o the_o same_o rank_n with_o their_o fellow_n citizen_n the_o inhabitant_n beside_o of_o this_o city_n be_v not_o so_o well_o fit_v for_o land-service_n so_o that_o they_o be_v oblige_v to_o fill_v up_o their_o army_n with_o mercenary_a soldier_n collect_v out_o of_o several_a nation_n these_o be_v a_o vast_a and_o certain_a charge_n to_o they_o the_o hope_n of_o the_o benefit_n remain_v uncertain_a and_o beside_o this_o their_o faith_n be_v very_o inconstant_a and_o the_o conquer_a place_n can_v scarce_o be_v trust_v to_o those_o who_o faith_n may_v easy_o be_v buy_v by_o money_n after_o their_o first_o war_n with_o the_o roman_n they_o experience_v almost_o to_o their_o utter_a ruin_n how_o dangerous_a it_o be_v to_o wage_v war_n altogether_o with_o foreign_a and_o mercenary_a soldier_n and_o therefore_o they_o can_v not_o possible_o hold_v out_o against_o the_o roman_n who_o fight_v with_o a_o much_o great_a constancy_n for_o their_o native_a country_n than_o these_o foreign_a mercenary_n do_v for_o their_o pay_n it_o be_v a_o capital_a error_n in_o the_o carthaginian_n that_o they_o do_v not_o take_v care_n in_o time_n so_o to_o establish_v their_o power_n at_o sea_n that_o they_o need_v not_o to_o have_v fear_v any_o thing_n from_o the_o roman_n that_o way_n but_o after_o they_o have_v once_o let_v the_o roman_n become_v master_n at_o sea_n they_o can_v not_o but_o expect_v they_o one_o time_n or_o another_o at_o their_o city-gate_n at_o the_o time_n when_o hannibal_n have_v such_o prodigious_a success_n against_o the_o roman_n it_o prove_v also_o a_o fatal_a neglect_n in_o they_o that_o they_o do_v not_o timely_o send_v fresh_a supply_n to_o reinforce_a he_o so_o that_o he_o may_v have_v prosecute_v the_o war_n to_o the_o destruction_n of_o rome_n for_o after_o they_o have_v once_o give_v leisure_n to_o the_o roman_n to_o recollect_v themselves_o they_o conscious_a of_o their_o former_a danger_n never_o rest_v till_o they_o have_v raze_v carthage_n to_o the_o ground_n §_o 12._o city_n it_o be_v worth_a the_o while_n to_o trace_v the_o commonwealth_n of_o rome_n back_n to_o its_o original_a because_o none_o ever_o yet_o equal_v it_o in_o power_n and_o greatness_n and_o because_o young_a student_n be_v first_o enter_v and_o best_o read_v in_o the_o roman_a history_n this_o city_n be_v perfect_o make_v for_o war_n from_o whence_o the_o first_o have_v she_o rise_v and_o afterward_o her_o fall_n its_o first_o inhabitant_n be_v a_o sorry_a rabble_n of_o indigent_a people_n the_o very_a dregs_o of_o italy_n be_v ignorant_a of_o what_o belong_v to_o commerce_n and_o not_o expert_a in_o any_o handycraft_n trade_n for_o the_o carry_v on_o of_o the_o first_o rome_n be_v not_o commodious_o situate_v and_o the_o latter_a be_v at_o that_o time_n unknown_a in_o italy_n that_o small_a parcel_n of_o ground_n which_o at_o first_o they_o have_v possess_v themselves_o of_o be_v not_o sufficient_a to_o maintain_v a_o considerable_a number_n of_o people_n nor_o be_v there_o any_o vacant_a ground_n in_o the_o neighbourhood_n which_o can_v be_v till_v for_o their_o use_n if_o therefore_o they_o will_v not_o always_o remain_v beggar_n nothing_o be_v leave_v they_o but_o their_o sword_n wherewith_o to_o cut_v out_o their_o fortune_n and_o true_o rome_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o den_n of_o wolf_n and_o its_o inhabitant_n like_o wolf_n always_o thirst_v after_o their_o neighbour_n good_n and_o blood_n live_v by_o continual_a robbery_n it_o be_v then_o necessary_a for_o a_o city_n under_o these_o circumstance_n to_o keep_v up_o a_o constant_a stock_n of_o valiant_a citizen_n to_o effect_v this_o the_o better_a populous_a romulus_n command_v that_o no_o child_n shall_v be_v kill_v except_o such_o as_o be_v very_o deform_v which_o barbarous_a custom_n be_v also_o then_o very_o common_a among_o the_o grecian_n beside_o this_o he_o order_v that_o all_o slave_n at_o rome_n together_o with_o their_o liberty_n shall_v have_v the_o privilege_n of_o the_o city_n from_o who_o afterward_o descend_v great_a family_n their_o posterity_n be_v ambitious_a by_o great_a deed_n to_o efface_v the_o memory_n of_o their_o base_a original_a but_o above_o all_o one_o thing_n do_v mighty_o contribute_v towards_o the_o increase_n of_o rome_n that_o romulus_n do_v not_o suffer_v the_o man_n to_o be_v put_v to_o the_o sword_n in_o such_o place_n as_o be_v take_v by_o force_n by_o the_o roman_n nor_o will_v let_v they_o be_v sell_v for_o slave_n but_o receive_v they_o into_o rome_n grant_v they_o the_o same_o privilege_n with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o citizen_n the_o roman_a writer_n give_v this_o for_o one_o reason_n why_o athens_n and_o sparta_n can_v not_o so_o long_o maintain_v their_o conquest_n as_o rome_n do_v since_o they_o seldom_o naturalize_v stranger_n whereas_o romulus_n frequent_o use_v to_o receive_v the_o same_o as_o citizen_n of_o rome_n in_o the_o evening_n with_o who_o he_o have_v fight_v in_o the_o morning_n for_o war_n can_v be_v carry_v on_o without_o a_o good_a stock_n of_o man_n nor_o can_v conquest_n be_v maintain_v without_o a_o considerable_a number_n of_o valiant_a soldier_n upon_o who_o faith_n the_o government_n can_v rely_v in_o case_n of_o a_o attack_z but_o that_o the_o conquer_a place_n may_v not_o be_v leave_v destitute_a of_o inhabitant_n and_o rome_n may_v not_o be_v fill_v up_o with_o too_o much_o rabble_n they_o use_v only_o to_o transplant_v the_o best_a and_o rich_a man_n of_o the_o conquer_a place_n to_o rome_n fill_v up_o their_o place_n with_o the_o poor_a of_o the_o roman_a citizen_n who_o settle_v a_o continual_a good_a correspondence_n betwixt_o the_o conquer_a and_o the_o roman_n serve_v also_o for_o a_o garrison_n in_o these_o place_n by_o these_o mean_v the_o most_o valiant_a and_o rich_a inhabitant_n of_o the_o neighbour_a country_n be_v draw_v to_o rome_n and_o the_o poor_a among_o the_o roman_n obtain_v thereby_o in_o those_o place_n large_a possession_n but_o although_o necessity_n give_v a_o edge_n to_o the_o roman_a valour_n it_o be_v not_o that_o alone_a that_o make_v they_o so_o warlike_a a_o people_n for_o the_o courage_n of_o their_o king_n who_o instruct_v they_o in_o military_a affair_n and_o harden_v they_o to_o danger_n have_v a_o great_a share_n in_o it_o though_o the_o thing_n right_o consider_v it_o be_v not_o always_o adviseable_a to_o lay_v the_o foundation_n of_o a_o state_n upon_o military_a constitution_n since_o the_o change_n of_o war_n be_v uncertain_a and_o then_o it_o be_v not_o for_o the_o quiet_a of_o any_o state_n that_o martial_a temper_n shall_v prevail_v too_o much_o in_o it_o wherefore_o peaceable_a time_n do_v never_o agree_v with_o the_o roman_n and_o as_o soon_o as_o they_o be_v free_v from_o the_o danger_n of_o foreign_a enemy_n they_o sheathe_v their_o sword_n in_o each_o other_o bowel_n §_o 13._o there_o be_v also_o other_o thing_n worth_a our_o observation_n institution_n which_o do_v great_o advance_v the_o military_a affair_n of_o rome_n one_o of_o the_o chief_a be_v that_o their_o king_n servius_n tullius_n have_v order_v that_o only_o the_o
for_o he_o not_o only_o lesien_v his_o authority_n at_o naples_n but_o also_o be_v suspicious_a that_o he_o either_o intend_v to_o keep_v that_o kingdom_n for_o philip_n son-in-law_n to_o ferdinand_n or_o else_o for_o himself_o ferdinand_n undertake_v a_o journey_n in_o person_n to_o naples_n on_o purpose_n to_o bring_v gonsalvus_n handsome_o away_o from_o thence_o and_o take_v he_o along_o with_o he_o into_o spain_n he_o treat_v he_o ill_o for_o his_o great_a desert_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n die_v the_o queen_n isabel_n 1504_o which_o occasion_v some_o difference_n betwixt_o ferdinand_n and_o his_o son-in-law_n philip_n the_o netherlander_n philip._n ferdinand_n pretend_v according_a to_o the_o last_o will_n of_o isabel_n to_o take_v upon_o he_o the_o administration_n of_o castille_n and_o to_o maintain_v his_o claim_n the_o better_a he_o enter_v into_o a_o confederacy_n with_o france_n by_o marry_v germana_n de_fw-fr foix_n sister_n to_o lewis_n xii_o hope_v thereby_o to_o obtain_v a_o powerful_a assistance_n in_o case_n philip_n shall_v come_v to_o attack_v he_o but_o philip_n come_v into_o spain_n and_o take_v upon_o he_o the_o administration_n of_o the_o government_n in_o the_o name_n of_o his_o lady_n joan_n 1506._o ferdinand_n retire_v into_o arragon_n but_o philip_n die_v soon_o after_o who_o queen_n joan_n be_v not_o in_o her_o right_a wit_n yet_o undertake_v the_o administration_n of_o the_o government_n not_o without_o the_o opposition_n of_o some_o of_o the_o chief_a of_o the_o nobility_n wherefore_o the_o administration_n of_o the_o government_n be_v by_o common_a consent_n commit_v to_o ferdinand_n after_o his_o return_n from_o naples_n notwithstanding_o the_o emperor_n maximilian_n do_v pretend_v to_o it_o in_o the_o right_n of_o his_o grandson_n charles_n in_o the_o year_n 1508_o ferdinand_n enter_v into_o a_o confederacy_n against_o the_o venetian_n whereby_o he_o regain_v the_o city_n of_o calabria_n brindisi_n otranto_n trano_n mola_n and_o polignano_n which_o the_o venetian_n have_v former_o obtain_v for_o some_o service_n do_v to_o the_o neapolitan_n but_o as_o soon_o as_o ferdinand_n perceive_v that_o the_o venetian_n be_v like_a to_o be_v swallow_v up_o by_o the_o emperor_n and_o france_n the_o pope_n and_o he_o leave_v the_o confederacy_n think_v it_o more_o convenient_a to_o preserve_v the_o state_n of_o venice_n since_o by_o add_v the_o territory_n of_o venice_n to_o those_o of_o milan_n which_o be_v then_o possess_v by_o the_o french_a they_o will_v have_v grow_v too_o powerful_a in_o italy_n hence_o arise_v a_o war_n in_o which_o john_n do_v albert_n king_n of_o navarre_n take_v part_n with_o the_o french_a be_v upon_o instigation_n of_o ferdinand_n excommunicate_v by_o the_o pope_n under_o which_o pretext_n ferdinand_n take_v a_o opportunity_n to_o possess_v himself_o of_o that_o part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n 1512._o which_o lie_v on_o the_o spanish_a side_n of_o the_o pyrenean_n mountain_n which_o since_o that_o time_n the_o french_a have_v in_o vain_a endeavour_v to_o recover_v naâ—â—arre_o in_o the_o year_n 1510_o the_o spaniard_n take_v bugia_n and_o tripoli_n upon_o the_o coast_n of_o barbary_n but_o be_v rout_v in_o the_o island_n of_o gerbis_fw-la this_o wise_a king_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1516._o §_o 10._o he_o succeed_v his_o grandson_n by_o his_o daughter_n charles_n charles_n the_o five_o emperor_n of_o that_o name_n who_o with_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o cardinal_n ximenes_n immediate_o take_v upon_o himself_o the_o administration_n of_o the_o government_n his_o mother_n to_o who_o the_o same_o do_v belong_v be_v incapable_a of_o administer_a it_o this_o prince_n who_o since_o charles_n the_o great_a be_v the_o most_o potent_a prince_n that_o have_v be_v in_o europe_n spend_v the_o great_a part_n of_o his_o life_n in_o travel_n and_o war_n in_o the_o very_a beginning_n of_o his_o reign_n there_o be_v some_o commotion_n in_o spain_n which_o be_v soon_o appease_v john_n de_fw-fr albert_n also_o make_v a_o inroad_n into_o the_o kingdom_n of_o navarre_n in_o hope_n to_o recover_v it_o but_o be_v quick_o repulse_v but_o with_o the_o french_a during_o his_o whole_a life_n he_o wage_v continual_a war_n for_o though_o in_o the_o year_n 1516_o he_o make_v a_o league_n with_o king_n francis_n i._n whereby_o the_o daughter_n of_o francis_n be_v promise_v to_o he_o in_o marriage_n yet_o be_v this_o tie_v not_o strong_a enough_o to_o withhold_v the_o animosity_n of_o these_o two_o courageous_a prince_n charles_n who_o be_v flush_v up_o with_o the_o great_a success_n of_o his_o house_n have_v always_o in_o his_o mind_n his_o motto_n plus_fw-fr ultra_fw-la but_o francis_n who_o be_v surround_v everywhere_o by_o so_o potent_a a_o prince_n do_v oppose_v his_o design_n with_o all_o his_o may_v fear_v lest_o his_o power_n shall_v grow_v too_o strong_a both_o for_o he_o and_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o europe_n charles_n obtain_v a_o most_o particular_a advantage_n 1519._o when_o the_o imperial_a dignity_n be_v confer_v upon_o he_o to_o obtain_v which_o for_o himself_o or_o somebody_o else_o francis_n have_v labour_v with_o all_o his_o may_v france_n but_o in_o vain_a robert_n de_fw-fr mare_n lord_n of_o sedan_n withdraw_v himself_o from_o the_o emperor_n and_o put_v himself_o under_o the_o protection_n of_o france_n with_o who_o assistance_n he_o attack_v the_o lord_n of_o emmerick_n who_o be_v under_o the_o emperor_n protection_n administer_v new_a matter_n of_o jealsousie_n which_o quick_o break_v out_o into_o a_o open_a flame_n in_o the_o netherlands_o in_o which_o war_n the_o french_a lose_v tournay_n and_o st._n amant_fw-fr but_o beat_v the_o imperialist_n from_o before_o meziores_fw-la charles_n also_o do_v intend_v to_o drive_v the_o french_a out_o of_o milan_n upon_o instigation_n of_o pope_n leo_n x._o charles_n pretend_v that_o francis_n have_v neglect_v to_o receive_v this_o duchy_n in_o fief_n of_o the_o empire_n beat_v the_o french_a near_o bicoque_fw-la fonterabie_n also_o which_o they_o have_v take_v by_o surprise_n be_v retake_a by_o force_n from_o the_o french_a it_o prove_v also_o very_o disadvantageous_a to_o they_o that_o the_o constable_n charles_n of_o bourbon_n side_v with_o the_o emperor_n and_o enter_v provence_n 1524._o besiege_v marseilles_n which_o nevertheless_o he_o be_v force_v to_o quit_v as_o soon_o as_o francis_n march_v with_o all_o his_o force_n that_o way_n into_o italy_n to_o recover_v the_o milaneze_n where_o he_o take_v the_o city_n of_o milan_n but_o at_o the_o siege_n of_o pavia_n be_v attack_v by_o the_o imperial_a general_n who_o total_o rout_v his_o army_n and_o have_v take_v he_o prisoner_n 1525._o carry_v he_o into_o spain_n the_o king_n himself_o be_v in_o part_n the_o occasion_n of_o this_o loss_n he_o have_v send_v a_o great_a part_n of_o his_o army_n towards_o naples_n and_o savona_n and_o those_o that_o remain_v with_o he_o be_v most_o italian_n swiss_n and_o grison_n who_o do_v not_o perform_v their_o duty_n in_o the_o battle_n and_o most_o of_o his_o general_n be_v of_o opinion_n to_o avoid_v the_o hazard_n of_o a_o battle_n by_o retire_v under_o the_o city_n of_o milan_n the_o french_a also_o succeed_v ill_a in_o the_o diversion_n which_o they_o endeavour_v to_o give_v the_o emperor_n for_o by_o the_o help_n of_o charles_n duke_n of_o geldres_n and_o the_o friselander_n for_o they_o be_v at_o that_o time_n worsted_n by_o charles_n force_n there_o be_v some_o that_o advise_v charles_n to_o set_v francis_n at_o liberty_n without_o any_o ransom_n and_o by_o this_o act_n of_o generosity_n to_o oblige_v he_o for_o ever_o but_o he_o follow_v the_o counsel_n of_o such_o as_o do_v advise_v to_o make_v advantage_n of_o so_o great_a a_o prisoner_n he_o therefore_o impose_v very_o hard_a condition_n upon_o he_o which_o francis_n refuse_v to_o accept_v of_o out_o of_o discontent_n fall_v into_o a_o dangerous_a sickness_n so_o that_o charles_n himself_o go_v to_o visit_v and_o comfort_v he_o though_o he_o be_v advise_v to_o the_o contrary_a by_o his_o chancellor_n gallinaca_n who_o allege_v that_o such_o a_o visit_n where_o he_o do_v not_o intend_v to_o promise_v the_o prisoner_n his_o liberty_n will_v rather_o seem_v to_o proceed_v from_o covetousness_n and_o fear_v of_o lose_v the_o advantage_n of_o his_o ransom_n than_o from_o any_o civility_n or_o good_a inclination_n towards_o he_o and_o this_o sickness_n be_v the_o real_a cause_n why_o at_o last_o the_o treaty_n concern_v his_o liberty_n which_o have_v be_v so_o long_o on_o foot_n be_v finish_v the_o emperor_n fear_v that_o his_o discontent_n may_v plunge_v he_o into_o another_o sickness_n or_o death_n itself_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o prodigious_a success_n which_o attend_v the_o emperor_n do_v raise_v no_o small_a jealousy_n among_o other_o prince_n and_o by_o instigation_n of_o pope_n clement_n vii_o three_o army_n be_v raise_v to_o maintain_v the_o liberty_n of_o italy_n to_o prevent_v this_o storm_n
and_o especial_o to_o withdraw_v the_o pope_n from_o the_o confederacy_n the_o emperor_n general_n march_v direct_o against_o rome_n which_o they_o take_v by_o storm_n where_o charles_n of_o bourbon_n be_v slay_v and_o for_o several_a day_n together_o plunder_v the_o city_n and_o commit_v great_a outrages_a the_o pope_n himself_o be_v besiege_v in_o the_o castle_n of_o st._n angelo_n and_o charles_n at_o the_o same_o time_n that_o the_o pope_n be_v enclose_v his_o own_o force_n cause_v prayer_n to_o be_v make_v for_o 40_o day_n together_o v._n for_o his_o deliverance_n at_o last_o force_v by_o famine_n he_o be_v force_v to_o surrender_v and_o to_o renounce_v the_o abovementioned_a league_n 1527._o the_o condition_n on_o which_o francis_n have_v obtain_v his_o liberty_n be_v that_o francis_n shall_v surrender_v the_o dukedom_n of_o burgundy_n to_o renounce_v the_o sovereignty_n over_o flanders_n and_o artois_n quit_v all_o his_o pretence_n upon_o naples_n and_o milan_n to_o marry_v the_o emperor_n sister_n eleonora_n and_o to_o give_v his_o two_o son_n as_o pledge_n for_o the_o performance_n of_o these_o article_n but_o as_o soon_o as_o he_o get_v into_o his_o own_o kingdom_n he_o protest_v against_o the_o treaty_n which_o be_v extort_a from_o he_o during_o his_o imprisonment_n and_o make_v a_o league_n with_o the_o pope_n england_n venice_n the_o suiss_n and_o florence_n send_v a_o army_n into_o italy_n under_o the_o command_n of_o odet_n de_fw-fr foix_n lord_n of_o lautree_n this_o occasion_v not_o only_o that_o very_o gross_a word_n pass_v betwixt_o these_o two_o prince_n but_o they_o also_o give_v one_o another_o the_o lie_n and_o a_o challenge_v pass_v betwixt_o they_o but_o lautree_n who_o have_v at_o first_o great_a success_n be_v destroy_v with_o his_o army_n by_o sickness_n in_o the_o siege_n of_o naples_n cambray_n a_o peace_n be_v at_o last_o conclude_v at_o cambray_n in_o the_o year_n 1529_o by_o virtue_n of_o which_o francis_n pay_v for_o his_o son_n 2550000_o rixdollar_n renounce_v his_o pretension_n to_o flanders_n artois_n milan_n and_o nalpe_n and_o marry_v eleonora_n sister_n to_o the_o emperor_n out_o of_o which_o marriage_n if_o a_o son_n shall_v be_v bear_v he_o be_v to_o be_v put_v into_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o dukedom_n of_o burgundy_n in_o the_o year_n 1530_o charles_n be_v crown_v by_o pope_n clement_n viii_o at_o bononia_n whereby_o he_o obtain_v from_o the_o emperor_n that_o the_o commonwealth_n of_o florence_n shall_v be_v make_v a_o principality_n and_o the_o say_a city_n be_v by_o force_n oblige_v to_o admit_v this_o change_n alexander_n de_fw-fr medicis_n be_v constitute_v duke_n to_o who_o the_o emperor_n marry_v his_o natural_a daughter_n margaret_n in_o the_o same_o year_n the_o bishop_n of_o vtrecht_n resign_v the_o sovereignty_n of_o that_o city_n and_o the_o province_n of_o overyssel_a into_o the_o hand_n of_o charles_n and_o the_o province_n of_o geldren_n zutphen_n groningen_n the_o twente_n and_o drente_a also_o fall_v into_o his_o hand_n in_o the_o year_n 1535_o he_o go_v with_o a_o puissant_a army_n into_o africa_n take_v tunis_n and_o goletta_n restore_v the_o kingdom_n of_o tunis_n to_o muleassa_n who_o be_v banish_v before_o by_o haradin_n barbarossa_n but_o in_o goletta_n he_o leave_v a_o garrison_n in_o the_o year_n 1537_o another_o war_n break_v out_o betwixt_o charles_n and_o francis_n for_o the_o latter_a can_v not_o digest_v the_o loss_n of_o milan_n and_o be_v advise_v by_o the_o pope_n that_o whenever_o he_o intend_v to_o attack_v milan_n he_o shall_v first_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o savoy_n and_o francis_n sforzia_n die_v at_o the_o same_o time_n he_o fall_v upon_o charles_n duke_n of_o savoy_n and_o under_o pretence_n that_o he_o defraud_v his_o mother_n of_o her_o dowry_n drive_v he_o quite_o out_o of_o savoy_n and_o conquer_v a_o great_a part_n of_o piedmont_n but_o the_o emperor_n who_o be_v resolve_v to_o annex_v the_o duchy_n of_o milan_n to_o his_o 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connestable_a anna_n montmorancy_n cajolled_a francis_n into_o a_o belief_n that_o he_o will_v restore_v to_o he_o the_o duchy_n of_o milan_n which_o however_o he_o never_o intend_v to_o perform_v in_o the_o year_n 1541_o he_o undertake_v a_o expedition_n against_o algiers_n in_o africa_n at_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o the_o year_n against_o the_o advice_n of_o the_o pope_n and_o other_o of_o his_o friend_n who_o persuade_v he_o to_o stay_v till_o next_o spring_n he_o there_o land_a his_o army_n with_o good_a success_n but_o a_o few_o day_n after_o such_o prodigious_a storm_n and_o rains_n do_v fall_v which_o disperse_v his_o ship_n and_o spoil_v the_o firelock_n of_o the_o soldier_n that_o the_o emperor_n be_v oblige_v with_o the_o loss_n of_o one_o half_a of_o his_o army_n 1542._o to_o return_v into_o spain_n in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v francis_n break_v with_o he_o again_o under_o pretence_n that_o his_o ambassador_n caesar_n fregosus_n and_o anthony_n rinco_n which_o he_o have_v send_v through_o the_o milanese_n by_o the_o way_n of_o venice_n to_o go_v to_o the_o ottoman_a port_n be_v upon_o the_o river_n po_n murder_v by_o order_n of_o the_o governor_n of_o milan_n wherefore_o william_n duke_n of_o cleves_n enter_v brabant_n on_o one_o side_n the_o duke_n of_o orleans_n on_o the_o other_o side_n take_v luxemburgh_n and_o some_o other_o place_n the_o dauphin_n besiege_v perpignan_n but_o be_v oblige_v to_o raise_v the_o siege_n the_o famous_a pirate_n barbarossa_n do_v by_o the_o instigation_n of_o francis_n great_a mischief_n on_o the_o seacoast_n of_o calabria_n destroy_v nissa_n in_o provence_n by_o fire_n charles_n see_v himself_o at_o once_o attack_v in_o so_o many_o place_n setting_z aside_o the_o difference_n which_o be_v arisen_a about_o the_o divorce_n betwixt_o henry_n and_o his_o aunt_n catherine_n make_v a_o league_n with_o henry_n king_n of_o england_n wherein_o it_o be_v agree_v that_o the_o emperor_n shall_v force_v his_o way_n through_o champagne_n whilst_o henry_n enter_v into_o picardy_n that_o so_o they_o may_v by_o join_v their_o force_n ruin_n the_o whole_a power_n of_o france_n the_o emperor_n therefore_o with_o a_o army_n of_o 50000_o man_n beat_v the_o duke_n of_o cleves_n in_o the_o netherlands_o force_v he_o to_o surrender_v guelderland_n and_o after_o have_v recover_v the_o place_n in_o luxemburgh_n take_v before_o by_o the_o french_a enter_v into_o campaigne_n take_v by_o force_n lygny_n and_o disier_n francis_n keep_v with_o his_o army_n on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o river_n marne_n and_o not_o dare_v to_o fight_v the_o imperialist_n content_v himself_o to_o ravage_v the_o country_n which_o they_o be_v to_o march_v through_o to_o endeavour_v to_o cut_v off_o their_o provision_n nevertheless_o the_o imperial_a army_n find_v a_o sufficient_a quantity_n at_o espernay_n and_o chasteau_n thierry_n this_o occasion_v such_o a_o terror_n and_o confusion_n in_o paris_n that_o the_o citizen_n be_v for_o leave_v the_o city_n if_o the_o king_n by_o his_o presence_n have_v not_o encourage_v they_o to_o stay_v and_o if_o on_o the_o other_o side_n king_n henry_n have_v act_v according_a to_o the_o agreement_n they_o may_v easy_o have_v get_v the_o french_a army_n betwixt_o they_o and_o in_o all_o likelihood_n will_v have_v put_v a_o period_n to_o the_o french_a greatness_n but_o henry_n be_v detain_v at_o the_o sieges_n of_o bologne_n and_o monstrevil_n send_v word_n to_o the_o emperor_n that_o he_o will_v not_o stir_v further_o till_o he_o have_v make_v himself_o master_n of_o these_o two_o place_n charles_n then_o begin_v to_o suspect_v the_o king_n of_o england_n who_o he_o perceive_v mere_o to_o be_v for_o his_o own_o interest_n and_o do_v not_o think_v fit_a to_o trust_v any_o long_o consider_v also_o with_o himself_o what_o vast_a charge_n he_o be_v at_o in_o this_o war_n and_o how_o thereby_o his_o design_n be_v retard_v which_o he_o
extraordinary_a conceit_n of_o their_o own_o ability_n and_o take_v the_o netherlander_n for_o coward_n do_v not_o think_v they_o have_v courage_n enough_o to_o oppose_v their_o design_n the_o spaniard_n also_o be_v well_o please_v to_o see_v the_o netherlander_n to_o begin_v first_o hope_v the_o king_n will_v thereby_o take_v a_o opportunity_n to_o clip_v their_o privilege_n and_o by_o make_v they_o all_o alike_o obtain_v a_o absolute_a dominion_n over_o they_o this_o do_v they_o hope_v to_o make_v these_o country_n their_o armoury_n and_o storehouse_n from_o whence_o they_o may_v with_o more_o ease_n invade_v france_n and_o england_n and_o raise_v the_o spanish_a monarchy_n to_o the_o high_a degree_n of_o greatness_n but_o the_o netherlander_n on_o the_o other_o side_n be_v resolve_v not_o to_o part_v with_o their_o liberty_n nor_o to_o be_v treat_v as_o a_o conquer_a nation_n and_o when_o philip_n at_o his_o departure_n will_v leave_v spanish_a garrison_n in_o the_o netherlands_o and_o to_o soften_v the_o matter_n constitute_v the_o prince_n of_o orange_n and_o earl_n of_o egmont_n general_n over_o they_o yet_o can_v they_o not_o be_v persuade_v to_o accept_v of_o the_o same_o allege_v that_o the_o netherlander_n have_v get_v but_o very_o small_a advantage_n by_o the_o peace_n with_o france_n which_o they_o have_v procure_v by_o their_o own_o valour_n if_o they_o now_o shall_v be_v in_o danger_n of_o be_v subdue_v themselves_o by_o a_o foreign_a power_n the_o neighbour_a prince_n also_o but_o especial_o elizabeth_n queen_n of_o england_n take_v a_o opportunity_n by_o these_o trouble_n to_o empty_a the_o vast_a treasure_n of_o spain_n and_o to_o exhaust_v its_o strength_n the_o protestant_a prince_n also_o of_o germany_n who_o hate_v the_o spaniard_n be_v glad_a of_o this_o opportunity_n and_o assist_v the_o prince_n of_o orange_n upon_o all_o occasion_n and_o the_o emperor_n think_v it_o more_o convenient_a to_o be_v at_o quiet_a and_o to_o please_v the_o german_n than_o to_o be_v too_o forward_o to_o assist_v their_o cousin_n these_o commotion_n in_o the_o netherlands_o do_v also_o occasion_n the_o war_n betwixt_o philip_n and_o elizabeth_n england_n queen_n of_o england_n she_o not_o only_o afford_v assistance_n to_o the_o netherlander_n but_o also_o the_o english_a privateer_n do_v considerable_a mischief_n to_o the_o spanish_a west-india_n ship_n and_o the_o famous_a francis_n drake_n plunder_v the_o very_a southern_a coast_n of_o america_n on_o the_o other_o side_n philip_z by_o support_v the_o rebel_n in_o ireland_n prove_v very_o troublesome_a to_o queen_n elizabeth_n at_o last_o philip_n do_v resolve_v with_o one_o stroke_n to_o put_v down_o the_o whole_a strength_n of_o england_n to_o which_o purpose_n he_o be_v equip_v a_o great_a fleet_n for_o several_a year_n together_o which_o he_o call_v the_o invincible_a the_o like_a never_o have_v be_v see_v before_o those_o time_n the_o fleet_n consist_v of_o 150_o sail_n of_o ship_n which_o carry_v 1600_o great_a piece_n of_o brass_n cannon_n and_o 1050_o of_o iron_n 8000_o seaman_n 20000_o soldier_n beside_o volunteer_n the_o charge_n amount_v daily_o to_o 30000_o ducat_n but_o the_o whole_a preparation_n to_o twelve_o million_o of_o ducat_n the_o pope_n sixtus_n v._o also_o excommunicate_v queen_n elizabeth_n assign_v her_o kingdom_n to_o philip._n but_o all_o these_o preparation_n come_v to_o nothing_o the_o great_a part_n of_o this_o fleet_n be_v destroy_v destroy_v partly_o by_o the_o english_a and_o dutch_a partly_o by_o tempest_n few_o return_v home_o and_o that_o in_o a_o most_o miserable_a condition_n so_o that_o there_o be_v scarce_o a_o noble_a family_n in_o spain_n but_o go_v into_o mourn_v for_o the_o loss_n of_o some_o friend_n or_o another_o but_o the_o evenness_n of_o temper_n be_v much_o to_o be_v admire_v in_o philip_n who_o receive_v this_o bad_a news_n without_o the_o least_o alteration_n give_v only_o this_o answer_n i_o do_v not_o send_v they_o out_o to_o fight_v against_o the_o wind_n and_o sea_n 1588._o afterward_o the_o english_a and_o dutch_a fleet_n be_v join_v beat_v the_o spanish_a fleet_n near_o cadiz_n take_v from_o the_o spaniard_n not_o only_o a_o great_a many_o ship_n rich_o lade_v but_o also_o the_o city_n of_o cadiz_n itself_o which_o nevertheless_o be_v again_o leave_v by_o the_o english_a general_n 1596._o the_o earl_n of_o essex_n after_o he_o have_v plunder_v it_o to_o the_o great_a dishonour_n of_o the_o english_a who_o may_v from_o thence_o have_v do_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o mischief_n to_o the_o spaniard_n neither_o do_v spain_n get_v any_o advantage_n by_o have_v entangle_v itself_o in_o the_o trouble_n and_o as_o it_o be_v call_v the_o holy_a league_n make_v in_o france_n philip_n it_o be_v true_a propose_v to_o himself_o to_o have_v meet_v with_o a_o fair_a opportunity_n by_o exclude_v the_o bourbon_n family_n to_o annex_v the_o crown_n of_o france_n to_o his_o house_n or_o by_o raise_v division_n in_o this_o kingdom_n to_o swallow_v up_o one_o piece_n or_o another_o or_o to_o assist_v one_o of_o his_o creature_n in_o obtain_v that_o crown_n or_o at_o least_o by_o divide_v it_o into_o so_o many_o faction_n so_o to_o weaken_v its_o strength_n as_o that_o it_o shall_v not_o be_v able_a to_o recover_v itself_o for_o a_o considerable_a time_n but_o by_o the_o courage_n and_o good_a fortune_n of_o henry_n iu._n all_o these_o measure_n be_v break_v and_o he_o declare_v himself_o a_o catholic_n take_v away_o the_o foundation_n whereupon_o the_o league_n be_v build_v thus_o philip_n lose_v his_o vast_a expense_n and_o beside_o this_o suffer_v extreme_o in_o his_o affair_n for_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n that_o he_o send_v the_o duke_n of_o parma_n governor_n of_o the_o netherlands_o to_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o league_n in_o france_n the_o confederate_a netherlander_n have_v leisure_n give_v they_o to_o put_v themselves_o and_o their_o affair_n into_o a_o good_a posture_n philip_n act_v in_o this_o business_n according_a to_o the_o old_a proverb_n that_o he_o who_o hunt_v two_o hare_n at_o once_o common_o catch_n neither_o of_o they_o beside_o henry_n iv._o after_o he_o have_v restore_v his_o affair_n in_o france_n 1594._o declare_v war_n against_o philip_n which_o be_v nevertheless_o carry_v on_o in_o the_o netherlands_o with_o various_a success_n the_o count_n de_fw-fr fuentes_n take_v cambray_n in_o the_o year_n 1595_o and_o in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v the_o archduke_n albert_n calais_n on_o the_o other_o side_n henry_n recover_v fere_n from_o the_o spaniard_n in_o the_o year_n 1597_o the_o spaniard_n take_v amiens_n by_o surprise_n which_o henry_n recover_v not_o without_o great_a difficulty_n at_o last_o a_o peace_n be_v conclude_v in_o the_o same_o year_n betwixt_o france_n and_o spain_n at_o vervin_n vervin_n because_o philip_n be_v unwilling_a to_o leave_v his_o son_n who_o be_v but_o young_a entangle_v in_o a_o war_n with_o so_o great_a a_o captain_n as_o henry_n be_v and_o henry_n be_v sensible_a that_o the_o kingdom_n of_o france_n be_v enervate_v do_v great_o want_v a_o peace_n philip_n also_o wage_v several_a war_n against_o the_o turk_n for_o the_o pirate_n dragute_v have_v take_v from_o the_o spaniard_n tripoli_n 1551._o after_o they_o have_v be_v in_o possession_n of_o it_o for_o forty_o year_n to_o retake_v this_o philip_n send_v a_o strong_a army_n 1560._o which_o take_v the_o isle_n of_o gerbis_fw-la but_o be_v afterward_o beat_v by_o the_o turkish_a fleet_n he_o lose_v together_o with_o the_o island_n 18000_o man_n and_o 42_o ship_n in_o the_o year_n 1564_o philip_n retake_v pegnon_fw-fr de_fw-fr velez_n in_o the_o year_n 1566_o maltha_n be_v besiege_v by_o the_o turk_n during_o the_o space_n of_o four_o month_n which_o be_v relieve_v by_o philip_n he_o force_v the_o turk_n to_o raise_v the_o siege_n with_o great_a loss_n in_o the_o year_n 1571_o the_o confederate_a fleet_n of_o spain_n venice_n and_o other_o italian_a state_n under_o the_o command_n of_o don_n john_n of_o austria_n do_v obtain_v a_o most_o signal_n victory_n over_o the_o turkish_a fleet_n near_o lepanto_n whereby_o the_o turkish_a naval_a strength_n be_v weaken_a to_o that_o degree_n that_o they_o be_v never_o afterward_o so_o formidable_a in_o those_o sea_n as_o they_o be_v before_o but_o else_o the_o spaniard_n have_v get_v no_o great_a reputation_n in_o this_o war_n for_o by_o their_o delay_n that_o considerable_a island_n of_o rhodes_n be_v lose_v before_o in_o the_o year_n 1573_o don_n john_n of_o austria_n pass_v with_o a_o army_n into_o africa_n to_o retake_v tunis_n which_o succeed_v so_o well_o that_o he_o force_v the_o city_n and_o add_v a_o new_a fortification_n to_o it_o but_o in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v the_o turk_n send_v a_o puissant_a army_n thither_o and_o retake_v the_o city_n its_o fortification_n be_v not_o quite_o perfect_v as_o also_o goletta_n which_o be_v not_o very_o well_o
thereby_o to_o avoid_v the_o hatred_n which_o the_o spaniard_n natural_o bear_v against_o the_o french_a and_o such_o be_v the_o spanish_a pride_n that_o though_o they_o think_v it_o below_o themselves_o to_o meddle_v with_o those_o trifle_n yet_o they_o do_v not_o think_v much_o to_o be_v a_o poor_a centinel_n in_o some_o fort_n or_o another_o all_o their_o life_n time_n the_o honour_n of_o the_o sword_n and_o hope_n of_o become_v in_o time_n a_o officer_n make_v they_o amends_o for_o what_o hardship_n they_o endure_v their_o pride_n covetousness_n and_o rigorous_a proceed_n make_v they_o hateful_a to_o all_o such_o as_o be_v under_o their_o command_n which_o be_v very_o unfit_a qualification_n for_o the_o maintain_n of_o great_a conquest_n for_o no_o body_n be_v willing_a to_o be_v despise_v by_o foreign_a governor_n spain_n be_v mighty_o exhaust_v of_o man_n and_o therefore_o incapable_a of_o raise_v great_a army_n within_o itself_o be_v very_o unfit_a to_o maintain_v vast_a country_n for_o which_o several_a reason_n may_v be_v give_v for_o the_o woman_n here_o be_v not_o so_o fruitful_a as_o in_o the_o northern_a part_n which_o be_v to_o be_v attribute_v to_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o climate_n and_o the_o constitution_n of_o their_o spare_a body_n those_o part_n also_o which_o be_v remote_a from_o the_o seashore_n be_v not_o well_o people_v some_o of_o these_o ground_n be_v very_o barren_a not_o produce_v any_o thing_n for_o the_o subsistence_n of_o mankind_n whore_v also_o be_v public_o allow_v of_o here_o a_o great_a many_o of_o they_o will_v rather_o make_v shift_n with_o a_o whore_n than_o to_o maintain_v a_o wife_n and_o child_n these_o also_o who_o have_v take_v upon_o they_o holy_a order_n of_o who_o there_o be_v a_o great_a number_n be_v oblige_v not_o to_o marry_v the_o war_n which_o they_o have_v wage_v against_o so_o many_o nation_n but_o especial_o in_o italy_n and_o the_o netherlands_o have_v devour_v a_o great_a many_o spaniard_n a_o vast_a number_n have_v transplant_v themselves_o into_o america_n be_v glad_a to_o go_v to_o a_o place_n where_o they_o may_v with_o a_o small_a beginning_n come_v to_o live_v very_o plentiful_o before_o the_o discovery_n be_v make_v of_o america_n ferdinand_n the_o catholic_n have_v at_o once_o before_o the_o city_n of_o granada_n a_o army_n of_o 50000_o foot_n and_o 20000_o horse_n though_o arragon_n do_v not_o concern_v itself_o in_o that_o war_n and_o portugal_n and_o navarre_n be_v at_o that_o time_n not_o unite_v with_o castille_n at_o last_o this_o country_n be_v mighty_o dispeople_v when_o ferdinand_n after_o the_o take_n of_o granada_n and_o philip_n iii_o banish_v a_o great_a many_o thousand_o of_o jew_n and_o marans_n who_o can_v not_o be_v keep_v in_o obedience_n in_o spain_n these_o settle_v themselves_o in_o africa_n retain_v to_o this_o day_n their_o hatred_n against_o the_o christian_n rob_v their_o ship_n in_o those_o sea_n but_o this_o be_v evident_a enough_o that_o the_o spaniard_n can_v never_o have_v make_v a_o conquest_n of_o those_o vast_a country_n by_o force_n of_o arm_n if_o the_o great_a part_n of_o they_o have_v not_o fall_v into_o their_o hand_n by_o easy_a way_n §_o 16._o country_n concern_v those_o country_n which_o be_v under_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o this_o nation_n spain_n be_v large_a enough_o in_o extent_n for_o the_o number_n of_o its_o inhabitant_n but_o it_o be_v not_o fertile_a alike_o in_o all_o place_n for_o the_o most_o remote_a part_n from_o the_o seacoast_n be_v many_o of_o they_o barren_a not_o produce_v any_o thing_n for_o the_o subsistence_n of_o man_n or_o beast_n but_o for_o the_o most_o part_n near_o to_o the_o seaside_n it_o be_v very_o fine_a and_o fruitful_a there_o be_v abundance_n of_o sheep_n here_o they_o have_v also_o very_o fine_a horse_n but_o not_o in_o very_o great_a quantity_n have_v scarce_o enough_o for_o their_o own_o use_n this_o kingdom_n be_v very_o well_o situate_a for_o trade_n have_v on_o the_o one_o side_n the_o ocean_n and_o on_o the_o other_o side_n be_v almost_o surround_v by_o the_o mediterranean_a where_o they_o have_v most_o excellent_a harbour_n the_o product_n of_o their_o ground_n and_o commodity_n fit_a for_o exportation_n be_v especial_o wool_n silk_n wine_n oil_n raisin_n almond_n fig_n citron_n rice_n soap_n iron_n salt_n and_o such_o like_a in_o former_a time_n the_o spanish_a gold-mine_n be_v most_o famous_a but_o nowadays_o neither_o gold_n nor_o silver_n as_o far_o as_o i_o know_v be_v dig_v out_o in_o spain_n some_o will_v allege_v for_o a_o reason_n that_o it_o be_v forbid_v under_o severe_a penalty_n to_o keep_v it_o as_o a_o reserve_n in_o case_n of_o a_o great_a extremity_n but_o i_o be_o rather_o apt_a to_o believe_v that_o those_o gold-mine_n have_v be_v long_o ago_a quite_o exhaust_v by_o the_o avarice_n of_o the_o spaniard_n §_o 17._o indies_n the_o great_a revenue_n of_o spain_n come_v from_o the_o east_n indies_n from_o whence_o gold_n and_o silver_n like_o rivulet_n be_v convey_v into_o spain_n and_o from_o thence_o into_o the_o other_o part_n of_o europe_n at_o what_o time_n and_o by_o who_o this_o country_n which_o have_v be_v so_o long_o unknown_a to_o the_o european_n be_v first_o discover_v we_o have_v already_o mention_v though_o there_o be_v that_o pretend_v that_o america_n be_v discover_v in_o the_o year_n 1190_o by_o one_o madoe_n son_n to_o owen_n gesn_v a_o prince_n in_o wales_n who_o they_o say_v make_v two_o voyage_n thither_o and_o have_v build_v a_o fort_n in_o florida_n or_o virginia_n or_o as_o some_o say_v in_o mexico_n die_v in_o america_n and_o this_o be_v the_o reason_n why_o in_o the_o mexican_n tongue_n abundance_n of_o british_a word_n be_v to_o be_v meet_v withal_o and_o that_o the_o spaniard_n at_o their_o first_o come_v into_o america_n do_v find_v the_o remnant_n of_o some_o christian_a custom_n among_o the_o inhabitant_n from_o whence_o some_o infer_v that_o if_o the_o first_o discovery_n of_o a_o country_n give_v a_o good_a title_n of_o propriety_n to_o the_o discoverer_n england_n will_v have_v as_o good_a if_o not_o a_o better_a title_n to_o america_n than_o spain_n but_o this_o we_o will_v leave_v to_o be_v decide_v by_o other_o but_o it_o be_v not_o so_o evident_a from_o whence_o spain_n can_v claim_v a_o right_n of_o subdue_a that_o country_n by_o force_n of_o arms._n for_o what_o be_v allege_v among_o other_o pretence_n concern_v the_o bull_n of_o alexander_n vi_o wherein_o he_o do_v grant_v those_o country_n to_o spain_n this_o do_v not_o only_o seem_v ridiculous_a to_o we_o but_o also_o to_o those_o barbarian_n themselves_o who_o have_v ridicule_v it_o say_v the_o pope_n must_v be_v a_o strange_a sort_n of_o a_o man_n who_o pretend_v to_o give_v away_o that_o which_o be_v none_o of_o his_o own_o but_o let_v this_o be_v as_o it_o will_v the_o spaniard_n think_v it_o sufficient_a that_o they_o be_v in_o possession_n of_o it_o and_o if_o a_o exact_a scrutiny_n shall_v be_v make_v into_o other_o matter_n of_o this_o nature_n it_o will_v appear_v that_o the_o title_n to_o most_o conquer_a country_n be_v none_o of_o the_o best_a but_o some_o of_o the_o most_o conscientious_a spaniard_n do_v not_o justify_v what_o cruelty_n their_o countryman_n commit_v in_o the_o begin_n against_o those_o poor_a people_n of_o who_o they_o kill_v without_o any_o provocation_n give_v a_o great_a many_o hundred_o thousand_o or_o destroy_v they_o by_o force_v they_o to_o undergo_v intolerable_a hardship_n and_o make_v the_o rest_n their_o slave_n though_o afterward_o charles_n v._o be_v inform_v of_o their_o miserable_a condition_n order_v all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o american_n to_o be_v set_v at_o liberty_n but_o the_o spaniard_n be_v not_o master_n of_o all_o america_n but_o only_o of_o the_o middle_a part_n of_o it_o viz._n the_o kingdom_n of_o peru_n and_o mexico_n and_o those_o vast_a island_n of_o hispaniola_n cuba_n and_o porto_n ricco_fw-it jamaica_n have_v be_v take_v from_o they_o by_o the_o english_a these_o part_n of_o america_n be_v nowadays_o inhabit_v by_o five_o several_a sort_n of_o people_n indies_n the_o first_o be_v the_o spaniard_n who_o come_v thither_o out_o of_o europe_n these_o be_v put_v in_o all_o office_n the_o second_o be_v call_v criolien_n who_o be_v bear_v in_o america_n of_o spanish_a parent_n these_o be_v never_o employ_v in_o any_o office_n as_o be_v ignorant_a of_o the_o spanish_a affair_n and_o too_o much_o addict_v to_o love_v their_o native_a country_n of_o america_n wherefore_o the_o king_n be_v cautious_a in_o give_v they_o any_o command_n fear_v lest_o they_o shall_v withdraw_v themselves_o from_o the_o obedience_n of_o spain_n and_o set_v up_o a_o government_n of_o their_o own_o especial_o because_o these_o crioliens_n bear_v a_o great_a hatred_n against_o the_o european_a spaniard_n for_o
great_o belove_v both_o by_o his_o father_n and_o the_o people_n and_o cause_v d._n agnes_n de_fw-fr castro_n a_o very_a beautiful_a lady_n who_o be_v without_o his_o consent_n marry_v to_o his_o son_n pieter_n barbarous_o to_o be_v murder_v which_o so_o exasperate_v pieter_n that_o he_o take_v up_o arm_n against_o the_o father_n do_v considerable_a mischief_n till_o at_o last_o the_o business_n be_v compose_v pieter_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1357._o his_o son_n pieter_n be_v common_o call_v the_o cruel_a though_o some_o will_v have_v this_o rather_o to_o have_v be_v speak_v to_o his_o praise_n as_o have_v be_v a_o exact_a observer_n of_o justice_n never_o spare_v any_o offender_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1368._o his_o son_n ferdinand_n contend_v with_o henry_n the_o bastard_n ferdinand_n who_o have_v murder_v his_o brother_n pieter_n surname_v the_o cruel_a king_n of_o castille_n about_o the_o kingdom_n of_o castille_n because_o his_o mother_n beatrice_n have_v be_v daughter_n of_o sanctius_n iv._o king_n of_o castille_n and_o a_o great_a many_o of_o the_o nobility_n and_o some_o city_n of_o that_o kingdom_n declare_v for_o he_o he_o wage_v war_n against_o the_o forementioned_a henry_n but_o he_o be_v too_o strong_a for_o he_o he_o can_v not_o maintain_v his_o pretension_n but_o be_v oblige_v to_o make_v peace_n 1373._o however_o the_o war_n break_v out_o afresh_o again_o betwixt_o they_o because_o ferdinand_n have_v protect_v some_o who_o be_v banish_v out_o of_o castille_n for_o high_a treason_n neither_o will_v upon_o demand_n surrender_v they_o to_o revenge_v this_o henry_n make_v a_o inroad_n into_o portugal_n and_o find_v no_o resistance_n overran_a the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o country_n after_o the_o death_n of_o henry_n ferdinand_n make_v a_o peace_n with_o his_o son_n john_n but_o the_o same_o be_v soon_o violate_v again_o by_o the_o portuguese_n who_o encourage_v the_o duke_n of_o lancaster_n that_o marry_v constantia_n daughter_n of_o pieter_n king_n of_o castille_n to_o pretend_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o castille_n he_o come_v with_o a_o good_a army_n into_o portugal_n but_o the_o english_a be_v quick_o grow_v weary_a of_o the_o war_n in_o spain_n and_o live_v very_o disorderly_a in_o portugal_n a_o peace_n be_v conclude_v on_o both_o side_n at_o last_o ferdinand_n marry_v his_o daughter_n beatrice_n to_o john_n of_o castille_n under_o condition_n that_o such_o child_n as_o be_v bear_v of_o their_o body_n shall_v succeed_v in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o portugal_n which_o be_v afterward_o the_o occasion_n of_o bloody_a war_n this_o ferdinand_n who_o by_o his_o frequent_a war_n have_v prove_v very_o pernicious_a to_o portugal_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1383_o be_v the_o last_o of_o the_o true_a race_n of_o the_o king_n of_o portugal_n §_o 3._o after_o the_o death_n of_o ferdinand_n great_a trouble_n arise_v in_o portugal_n interregnum_fw-la most_o of_o the_o portuguese_n not_o be_v able_a to_o brook_v live_v under_o the_o subjection_n of_o the_o castilian_n who_o they_o mortal_o hate_v it_o be_v it_o be_v true_a agree_v on_o in_o the_o article_n of_o marriage_n make_v betwixt_o the_o king_n of_o castille_n and_o beatrice_n daughter_n of_o ferdinand_n that_o her_o mother_n eleonora_n shall_v have_v the_o administration_n of_o the_o government_n in_o portugal_n till_o such_o child_n as_o shall_v be_v bear_v of_o this_o marriage_n shall_v be_v of_o age_n but_o this_o eleonora_n leave_v all_o to_o the_o management_n of_o the_o count_n of_o ancira_n her_o much_o suspect_a favourite_n she_o draw_v upon_o herself_o the_o hatred_n of_o the_o portuguese_n john_n therefore_o natural_a son_n of_o pieter_n king_n of_o portugal_n private_o murder_v he_o whereby_o he_o get_v both_o the_o favour_n of_o the_o people_n and_o increase_v the_o hatred_n against_o the_o queen_n dowager_n but_o some_o of_o the_o portuguese_n be_v much_o dissatisfy_v at_o these_o proceed_n beg_v the_o king_n of_o castille_n castille_n to_o take_v upon_o he_o the_o crown_n of_o portugal_n which_o he_o may_v in_o all_o likelihood_n have_v obtain_v if_o he_o have_v be_v quick_a enough_o either_o by_o fair_a mean_n or_o by_o force_n to_o have_v put_v himself_o into_o full_a possession_n of_o the_o same_o but_o he_o be_v uncertain_a in_o his_o resolution_n give_v by_o his_o delay_n time_n and_o opportunity_n to_o the_o adverse_a party_n to_o strengthen_v itself_o wherefore_o he_o come_v without_o a_o army_n into_o portugal_n his_o mother-in-law_n resign_v to_o he_o the_o government_n but_o he_o find_v but_o a_o indifferent_a reception_n among_o the_o portuguese_n they_o be_v very_o averse_a to_o he_o because_o he_o use_v very_o rare_o to_o speak_v or_o converse_v with_o they_o nevertheless_o a_o great_a many_o of_o the_o nobility_n and_o some_o city_n do_v side_n with_o he_o but_o most_o out_o of_o a_o hatred_n to_o the_o castilian_n choose_v for_o their_o leader_n john_n the_o bastard_n a_o wise_a and_o brave_a man_n and_o much_o belove_v by_o the_o people_n the_o castilian_n thereupon_o besiege_v lisbon_n but_o their_o army_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n destroy_v by_o the_o plague_n they_o be_v oblige_v to_o leave_v it_o without_o have_v get_v any_o advantage_n 1385._o in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v the_o portuguese_n declare_v this_o john_n their_o king_n bastard_n who_o very_o courageous_o attack_v those_o place_n which_o have_v declare_v for_o the_o castilian_n and_o subdue_v the_o great_a part_n of_o they_o the_o castilian_n then_o enter_v with_o a_o army_n into_o portugal_n but_o be_v entire_o rout_v by_o this_o new_a king_n near_a aliubarotta_fw-it which_o victory_n be_v yearly_o celebrate_v to_o this_o day_n among_o the_o portuguese_n after_o this_o battle_n all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o city_n do_v without_o more_o ado_n surrender_v themselves_o to_o the_o new_a king_n the_o portuguese_n also_o call_v unto_o their_o aid_n the_o duke_n of_o lancaster_n unto_o who_o they_o have_v promise_v the_o crown_n of_o castille_n they_o enter_v into_o that_o kingdom_n with_o a_o army_n but_o the_o english_a have_v suffer_v extreme_o by_o sickness_n the_o duke_n of_o lancaster_n think_v it_o most_o convenient_a to_o conclude_v a_o peace_n with_o the_o castilian_n whereupon_o it_o be_v agree_v that_o the_o son_n of_o the_o king_n of_o castille_n shall_v marry_v his_o only_a daughter_n catharine_n which_o he_o have_v by_o constantia_n daughter_n to_o pieter_n king_n of_o castille_n a_o truce_n be_v also_o make_v betwixt_o portugal_n and_o castille_n at_o that_o time_n but_o the_o war_n soon_o break_v out_o again_o 1399._o at_o last_o a_o everlasting_a peace_n be_v conclude_v betwixt_o both_o kingdom_n so_o that_o john_n have_v the_o good_a fortune_n to_o maintain_v himself_o in_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o crown_n of_o portugal_n and_o reign_v with_o great_a applause_n after_o he_o be_v quiet_o settle_v in_o the_o throne_n he_o undertake_v a_o expedition_n into_o africa_n 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aquitain_n and_o poictou_n be_v immediate_o after_o marry_v to_o henry_n duke_n of_o normandy_n afterward_o king_n of_o england_n the_o second_o of_o that_o name_n who_o by_o this_o match_n annex_v these_o fair_a country_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o england_n in_o fine_a have_v be_v keep_v in_o a_o continual_a alarm_n by_o his_o petty_a vassal_n but_o especial_o by_o henry_n ii_o king_n of_o england_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1180._o §_o 7._o his_o son_n philip_n ii_o surname_v augustus_n conqueror_n or_o the_o conqueror_n be_v at_o first_o engage_v in_o a_o war_n against_o henry_n ii_o king_n of_o england_n from_o who_o he_o take_v several_a considerable_a place_n which_o however_o he_o restore_v afterward_o to_o his_o son_n richard_n with_o who_o he_o enter_v into_o a_o league_n to_o retake_v jerusalem_n from_o the_o saracen_n pursuant_n to_o which_o land_n both_o the_o king_n go_v thither_o in_o person_n with_o a_o considerable_a force_n but_o a_o jealousy_n arise_v betwixt_o 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lewis_n viii_o do_v not_o reign_v long_o for_o he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1226_o leave_v for_o successor_n his_o son_n lewis_n ix_o ix_o surname_v the_o holy_a during_o who_o minority_n his_o mother_n blanch_n of_o castille_n have_v the_o supreme_a administration_n of_o affair_n and_o though_o some_o of_o the_o nobility_n raise_v great_a trouble_n against_o she_o she_o subdue_v they_o all_o by_o her_o singular_a prudence_n in_o the_o year_n 1244_o the_o city_n of_o jerusalem_n be_v ransack_v by_o some_o persian_n who_o call_v themselves_o chorasmii_n lewis_n be_v about_o the_o same_o time_n dangerous_o ill_a make_v a_o vow_n that_o if_o he_o recover_v he_o will_v undertake_v a_o expedition_n against_o those_o infidel_n which_o he_o afterward_o perform_v success_n but_o before_o his_o departure_n he_o issue_v out_o his_o proclamation_n throughout_o the_o kingdom_n intimate_v that_o whoever_o have_v receive_v any_o damage_n by_o his_o soldier_n shall_v have_v restitution_n make_v he_o which_o be_v perform_v according_o in_o this_o expedition_n he_o take_v the_o strong_a city_n of_o damiata_n but_o the_o overflow_a of_o the_o river_n nile_n hinder_v he_o from_o take_v grand_a cairo_n after_o the_o river_n be_v return_v to_o its_o usual_a bound_n he_o vanquish_v the_o enemy_n in_o two_o battle_n but_o they_o have_v receive_v new_a reinforcement_n cut_v off_o the_o provision_n from_o the_o french_a who_o be_v also_o extreme_o pester_v with_o the_o scurvy_a the_o king_n then_o resolve_v to_o retreat_n towards_o damiata_n but_o in_o his_o march_n thither_o they_o attack_v he_o give_v he_o a_o terrible_a overthrow_n and_o take_v he_o prisoner_n yet_o release_v he_o again_o for_o a_o ransom_n of_o 400000_o livre_n he_o be_v oblige_v to_o restore_v also_o to_o they_o the_o city_n of_o damiata_n thus_o he_o march_v with_o the_o remainder_n of_o his_o army_n which_o from_o 30000_o man_n be_v mouldered_a away_o to_o 6000_o to_o ptolemais_n where_o after_o he_o have_v give_v what_o assistance_n he_o can_v to_o the_o christian_n 1254._o he_o at_o last_o return_v home_o under_o the_o reign_n of_o this_o king_n naples_n france_n get_v first_o a_o opportunity_n to_o intermeddle_v in_o the_o affair_n of_o italy_n from_o whence_o yet_o this_o kingdom_n never_o reap_v any_o great_a benefit_n manfred_n natural_a son_n of_o the_o emperor_n frederick_n ii_o having_z first_o kill_v king_n conrade_n his_o brother_n make_v himself_o king_n of_o naples_n and_o sicily_n but_o the_o pope_n on_o who_o this_o kingdom_n depend_v as_o a_o fief_n be_v dissatisfy_v with_o manfred_n offer_v the_o same_o to_o charles_n earl_n of_o anjou_n brother_n of_o lewis_n iv._o king_n of_o france_n which_o he_o have_v accept_v of_o be_v crown_v at_o rome_n 1261._o with_o conditon_n that_o he_o shall_v pay_v to_o the_o pope_n 8000_o ounce_n of_o gold_n make_v a_o yearly_a present_n of_o a_o white_a horse_n as_o a_o acknowledgement_n and_o if_o he_o be_v choose_v emperor_n that_o he_o shall_v not_o unite_v that_o kingdom_n with_o the_o empire_n the_o pope_n be_v unwilling_a to_o have_v any_o one_o more_o powerful_a than_o himself_o in_o italy_n charles_n thereupon_o vanquish_v manfred_n and_o have_v murder_v he_o and_o his_o child_n take_v possession_n of_o the_o kingdom_n the_o young_a conradin_n duke_n of_o swabia_n come_v with_o a_o army_n to_o recover_v the_o kingdom_n which_o be_v his_o inheritance_n from_o his_o grandfather_n but_o have_v be_v overthrow_v in_o a_o battle_n near_o the_o lake_n of_o celano_n 1268._o be_v make_v a_o prisoner_n and_o in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v have_v his_o head_n cut_v off_o at_o naples_n upon_o the_o instigation_n of_o the_o pope_n who_o be_v ask_v by_o charles_n what_o he_o have_v best_a to_o do_v with_o his_o prisoner_n answer_v vita_fw-la conradini_n mors_fw-la caroli_n mors_fw-la conradini_n vita_fw-la caroli_n i._n e._n the_o life_n of_o conradin_n be_v the_o death_n of_o charles_n the_o death_n of_o conradin_n the_o life_n of_o charles_n and_o as_o by_o the_o death_n of_o this_o young_a prince_n be_v extinguish_v the_o noble_a race_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o swabia_n so_o this_o charles_n lay_v the_o first_o pretension_n of_o france_n to_o the_o kingdom_n of_o naples_n in_o the_o mean_a while_n king_n lewis_z be_v not_o satisfy_v with_o his_o former_a unfortunate_a expedition_n against_o the_o infidel_n lewis_n resolve_v to_o try_v again_o his_o fortune_n against_o tunis_n either_o because_o he_o find_v that_o this_o place_n lie_v very_o convenient_a for_o his_o brother_n kingdom_n of_o sicily_n or_o because_o he_o hope_v thereby_o to_o open_v a_o way_n for_o the_o conquest_n of_o egypt_n without_o which_o all_o the_o expedition_n into_o the_o holy_a land_n be_v likely_a to_o prove_v ineffectual_a but_o in_o this_o siege_n he_o lose_v a_o great_a part_n of_o his_o army_n by_o sickness_n and_o he_o die_v himself_o there_o in_o the_o year_n 1270._o from_o a_o young_a son_n of_o this_o lewis_n iu._n viz._n from_o robert_n earl_n of_o clairmont_n spring_v the_o bourbon_n family_n which_o now_o sway_v the_o sceptre_n of_o france_n §_o 8._o hardy_a his_o son_n philip_n surname_v the_o hardy_n succeed_v he_o under_o who_o reign_n that_o considerable_a earldom_n of_o tholouse_n be_v unite_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o france_n alfonsus_n son_n of_o lewis_n ix_o who_o have_v marry_v the_o only_a heiress_n of_o this_o country_n happen_v to_o die_v without_o issue_n in_o a_o expedition_n into_o africa_n under_o the_o reign_n also_o of_o this_o king_n fall_v out_o the_o so_o much_o celebrate_v sicilian_a vesper_n vesper_n whereby_o all_o the_o french_a be_v at_o one_o blow_v extirpate_v out_o of_o sicily_n the_o business_n be_v thus_o some_o frenchman_n have_v ravish_v the_o wife_n of_o john_n of_o porchyta_n bear_v at_o salerno_n who_o inflame_v with_o revenge_n do_v seek_v for_o aid_n of_o pieter_n king_n of_o arragon_n hope_v by_o his_o assistance_n to_o drive_v charles_n
force_v to_o fly_v into_o italy_n 1524._o notwithstanding_o the_o english_a have_v make_v a_o inroad_n into_o picardy_n francis_n send_v again_o a_o army_n into_o the_o milaneze_n under_o the_o command_n of_o the_o admiral_n bonnivet_n which_o be_v beat_v back_o with_o considerable_a loss_n by_o the_o duke_n of_o bourbon_n this_o bonnivet_n persuade_v the_o king_n to_o go_v in_o person_n into_o italy_n with_o this_o prospect_n that_o if_o thing_n succeed_v well_o he_o shall_v have_v the_o glory_n of_o have_v be_v the_o adviser_n but_o if_o they_o succeed_v ill_a the_o misfortune_n will_v be_v cover_v by_o the_o king_n person_n francis_n therefore_o go_v with_o a_o good_a resolution_n into_o italy_n because_o he_o see_v the_o duke_n of_o bourbon_n who_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n have_v enter_v provence_n have_v besiege_v marseilles_n do_v retreat_n before_o he_o and_o have_v lay_v siege_n to_o pavia_n he_o for_o two_o month_n together_o harass_v his_o army_n in_o that_o siege_n in_o the_o mean_a while_o the_o imperialist_n draw_v their_o force_n together_o and_o march_v against_o he_o who_o be_v encamp_v in_o the_o park_n with_o a_o intention_n either_o to_o sight_v he_o prisoner_n or_o to_o relieve_v pavia_n francis_n engage_v with_o they_o in_o a_o battle_n but_o be_v defeat_v and_o take_v prisoner_n and_o thus_o the_o french_a be_v again_o drive_v out_o of_o italy_n francis_n be_v carry_v into_o spain_n and_o keep_v very_o hardly_o 1525._o so_o that_o he_o fall_v sick_a for_o grief_n which_o hasten_v his_o liberty_n it_o be_v fear_v that_o he_o may_v die_v through_o vexation_n beside_o that_o england_n and_o the_o italian_a prince_n enter_v into_o a_o confederacy_n to_o hinder_v the_o grow_a power_n of_o charles_n the_o condition_n upon_o which_o he_o obtain_v his_o liberty_n we_o have_v touch_v upon_o in_o another_o place_n but_o beside_o this_o francis_n give_v his_o parole_n of_o honour_n if_o the_o say_a condition_n be_v not_o fulfil_v that_o he_o will_v return_v a_o prisoner_n perform_v but_o the_o wise_a sort_n do_v sufficient_o foresee_v that_o francis_n will_v not_o perform_v the_o agreement_n wherefore_o gattinata_n the_o chancellor_n refuse_v to_o sign_v the_o treaty_n allege_v that_o charles_n can_v get_v nothing_o else_o by_o this_o treaty_n but_o the_o implacable_a hatred_n of_o the_o french_a and_o to_o be_v ridicule_v by_o every_o body_n that_o he_o have_v be_v bubble_v and_o disappoint_v in_o his_o covetous_a design_n and_o francis_n have_v obtain_v his_o liberty_n after_o thirteen_o month_n imprisonment_n pretend_a that_o what_o have_v be_v do_v be_v do_v in_o prison_n and_o contrary_a to_o his_o coronation_n oath_n which_o he_o have_v take_v at_o rheims_n that_o the_o kingdom_n be_v not_o in_o his_o disposal_n he_o have_v only_o the_o use_n of_o the_o same_o for_o life_n the_o same_o be_v allege_v by_o the_o estate_n and_o especial_o by_o the_o burgundian_n who_o will_v in_o no_o way_n consent_n to_o be_v separate_v from_o the_o crown_n of_o france_n if_o charles_n be_v so_o much_o for_o have_v burgundy_n he_o ought_v to_o have_v take_v care_n to_o have_v be_v put_v into_o possession_n of_o the_o same_o before_o he_o set_v francis_n at_o liberty_n as_o soon_o as_o francis_n have_v get_v his_o liberty_n he_o make_v it_o his_o first_o business_n to_o renew_v the_o league_n with_o england_n and_o the_o italian_a state_n emperor_n and_o the_o new_a treaty_n have_v prove_v fruitless_a which_o be_v set_v on_o foot_n with_o the_o emperor_n both_o king_n denounce_v war_n against_o he_o charles_n afterward_o accuse_v francis_n of_o not_o have_v keep_v his_o parole_n the_o latter_a give_v the_o first_o the_o lie_n send_v he_o also_o a_o challenge_n which_o matter_n be_v look_v upon_o by_o the_o world_n as_o very_o unbecoming_a the_o grandeur_n of_o such_o prince_n italy_n francis_n send_v after_o this_o a_o army_n into_o italy_n under_o the_o command_n of_o odet_n de_fw-fr foix_n lautree_n which_o have_v make_v considerable_a progress_v in_o the_o milaneze_n enter_v the_o kingdom_n of_o naples_n and_o have_v take_v a_o great_a many_o place_n there_o lay_v siege_n before_o the_o capital_a city_n itself_o but_o the_o french_a affair_n receive_v the_o first_o shock_n there_o when_o andrew_n doria_n the_o admiral_n leave_v the_o french_a side_n go_v over_o to_o the_o emperor_n he_o be_v dissatisfy_v that_o the_o king_n have_v refuse_v to_o confer_v upon_o he_o the_o government_n of_o his_o native_a city_n genova_n and_o to_o restore_v to_o the_o genovese_n savona_n this_o doria_n be_v deserve_o praise_v for_o that_o when_o he_o may_v have_v be_v lord_n of_o his_o native_a country_n he_o choose_v rather_o to_o procure_v its_o liberty_n which_o it_o enjoy_v to_o this_o day_n but_o doria_n leave_v the_o french_a side_n be_v the_o occasion_n that_o the_o city_n of_o naples_n can_v not_o be_v cut_v off_o of_o their_o communication_n by_o sea_n and_o the_o plague_n begin_v to_o reign_v in_o the_o army_n during_o this_o long_a siege_n which_o devour_v the_o great_a part_n of_o it_o and_o the_o general_n himself_o the_o remnant_n of_o the_o army_n be_v miserable_o treat_v the_o officer_n be_v make_v prisoner_n and_o the_o common_a soldier_n disarm_v the_o french_a be_v also_o oblige_v to_o quit_v milan_n and_o genova_n at_o last_o the_o emperor_n have_v obtain_v his_o aim_n and_o francis_n be_v very_o desirous_a to_o see_v his_o child_n at_o liberty_n again_o cambray_n a_o peace_n be_v conclude_v betwixt_o they_o at_o cambray_n by_o virtue_n of_o which_o 1529._o francis_n pay_v two_o million_o of_o ducat_n as_o a_o ransom_n for_o his_o son_n and_o renounce_v the_o sovereignty_n over_o flanders_n artois_n milan_n and_o naples_n and_o this_o be_v all_o the_o benefit_n which_o this_o king_n and_o his_o predecessor_n have_v reap_v from_o the_o italian_a war_n 1535._o nevertheless_o some_o year_n after_o afresh_o the_o war_n begin_v afresh_o at_o which_o time_n francis_n find_v a_o new_a way_n to_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o the_o milaneze_n by_o first_o secure_v to_o himself_o the_o dukedom_n of_o savoy_n wherefore_o he_o make_v pretension_n upon_o charles_n duke_n of_o savoy_n concern_v the_o inheritance_n of_o his_o mother_n descend_v out_o of_o the_o house_n of_o savoy_n and_o for_o some_o other_o reason_n he_o fall_v upon_o he_o and_o take_v most_o of_o his_o strong_a hold_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n die_v francis_n sforza_n duke_n of_o milan_n wherefore_o the_o emperor_n be_v resolve_v to_o annex_v this_o country_n to_o his_o house_n but_o francis_n can_v by_o no_o mean_n digest_v the_o loss_n of_o it_o charles_n therefore_o enter_v provence_n in_o person_n with_o a_o army_n of_o 40000_o foot_n and_o 16000_o horse_n ransack_v aix_n and_o besiege_v marseilles_n which_o however_o he_o can_v not_o take_v his_o army_n be_v in_o a_o month_n time_n great_o diminish_v by_o sickness_n a_o army_n of_o 30000_o man_n also_o enter_v picardy_n from_o the_o netherlands_o which_o take_v guise_n but_o be_v beat_v from_o before_o peronne_n yet_o afterward_o take_v st._n pol_n and_o monstrevil_n francis_n summon_v the_o emperor_n before_o he_o as_o his_o vassal_n concern_v flanders_n and_o artois_n allege_v that_o the_o sovereignty_n of_o these_o province_n be_v inseparable_a from_o the_o crown_n and_o make_v a_o alliance_n with_o the_o turk_n the_o first_o seem_v to_o be_v very_o ridiculous_a to_o most_o people_n the_o last_o very_o unbecoming_a a_o christian_a prince_n the_o french_a however_o reply_v that_o this_o alliance_n be_v eager_o seek_v for_o by_o the_o emperor_n himself_o at_o last_o by_o the_o mediation_n of_o the_o pope_n year_n the_o truce_n which_o be_v the_o year_n before_o make_v at_o nissa_n in_o provence_n be_v prolong_v for_o nine_o year_n and_o these_o two_o great_a rival_n give_v afterward_o one_o another_o a_o visit_n at_o aigues_n mortes_n and_o when_o in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v the_o city_n of_o ghent_n rebel_v charles_n have_v such_o a_o confidence_n in_o francis_n that_o he_o take_v his_o journey_n through_o france_n though_o charles_n in_o the_o mean_a while_o have_v cunning_o give_v francis_n some_o hope_n of_o the_o recovery_n of_o milan_n which_o however_o afterward_o he_o will_v not_o acknowledge_v because_o upon_o the_o persuasion_n of_o the_o constable_n montmorency_n the_o king_n have_v not_o take_v from_o he_o any_o security_n under_o his_o hand_n during_o his_o stay_n in_o paris_n which_o some_o allege_v to_o be_v one_o reason_n why_o montmorency_n afterward_o fall_v into_o disgrace_n but_o the_o truce_n be_v break_v again_o truce_n under_o pretence_n that_o the_o governor_n of_o milan_n have_v cause_v to_o be_v kill_v caesar_n fregosus_n and_o anthony_n rinco_n the_o ambassador_n of_o francis_n 1542._o as_o they_o be_v go_v along_o the_o river_n po_n in_o their_o way_n to_o venice_n the_o first_o of_o who_o be_v to_o have_v go_v
intention_n some_o of_o the_o nobility_n make_v the_o first_o beginning_n nobility_n who_o enter_v into_o a_o association_n which_o they_o call_v the_o compromise_n whereby_o they_o engage_v themselves_o to_o oppose_v the_o inquisition_n and_o to_o stand_v by_o one_o another_o if_o any_o one_o shall_v be_v molest_v for_o his_o religion_n but_o solemn_o protest_v that_o they_o have_v no_o other_o aim_n by_o so_o do_v but_o the_o glory_n of_o god_n the_o grandeur_n of_o the_o king_n and_o the_o peace_n of_o their_o native_a country_n this_o association_n be_v draw_v up_o by_o philip_n marnix_n lord_n of_o aldegonde_n and_o subscribe_v by_o 400_o person_n of_o quality_n among_o who_o the_o chief_a be_v henry_n of_o brederode_n lewis_n earl_n of_o nassau_n brother_n of_o the_o prince_n of_o orange_n the_o earl_n of_o culenburgh_n and_o bergh_n these_o meet_v at_o brussels_n 1566._o and_o deliver_v a_o petition_n to_o the_o regent_n wherein_o they_o desire_v that_o the_o proclamation_n issue_v forth_o touch_v religion_n may_v be_v annul_v the_o regent_n answer_v they_o in_o courteous_a but_o general_a term_n tell_v they_o that_o she_o will_v know_v the_o king_n pleasure_n in_o the_o matter_n it_o be_v say_v that_o the_o earl_n of_o barlemont_n who_o stand_v then_o near_o the_o regent_n do_v tell_v she_o that_o they_o be_v no_o way_n to_o be_v fear_v because_o they_o be_v only_a geusen_n or_o beggar_n which_o have_v render_v the_o name_n of_o the_o geusen_n very_o famous_a afterward_o they_o have_v have_v a_o beggar_n pouch_n the_o coat_n of_o arm_n of_o that_o confederacy_n in_o the_o mean_a while_n abundance_n of_o pamphlet_n be_v spread_v abroad_o which_o do_v more_o and_o more_o exasperate_v the_o people_n and_o because_o philip_n have_v give_v but_o a_o very_a indifferent_a reception_n to_o those_o deputy_n which_o be_v send_v into_o spain_n to_o pray_v for_o a_o mitigation_n of_o these_o proclamation_n and_o have_v refuse_v to_o comply_v in_o the_o least_o with_o the_o sentiment_n of_o the_o people_n it_o come_v to_o a_o open_a insurrection_n so_o that_o the_o new_a religion_n be_v not_o only_o public_o profess_v and_o teach_v in_o a_o great_a concourse_n of_o people_n but_o the_o rabble_n also_o fall_v to_o plunder_v of_o church_n and_o pull_v down_o of_o image_n image_n and_o though_o the_o prince_n of_o orange_n and_o the_o earl_n of_o egmont_n do_v what_o they_o can_v to_o appease_v this_o tumult_n yet_o have_v the_o king_n conceive_v a_o shrewd_a suspicion_n as_o if_o they_o have_v be_v in_o the_o bottom_n of_o it_o wherefore_o they_o be_v consult_v their_o own_o safety_n but_o can_v as_o yet_o not_o come_v to_o any_o resolution_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o regent_n have_v raise_v some_o troop_n and_o endeavour_v either_o by_o fear_n or_o fair_a word_n or_o any_o other_o way_n to_o reduce_v the_o dissatisfied_a party_n to_o obedience_n some_o of_o who_o do_v by_o submission_n and_o other_o service_n endeavour_v to_o be_v reconcile_v to_o the_o king_n and_o this_o design_n succeed_v so_o well_o that_o without_o any_o great_a trouble_n and_o the_o punishment_n of_o a_o very_a few_o the_o country_n be_v restore_v to_o its_o tranquillity_n nevertheless_o because_o it_o be_v rumour_v abroad_o that_o a_o great_a army_n be_v march_v out_o of_o spain_n against_o they_o a_o great_a many_o of_o the_o inhabitant_n and_o especial_o of_o the_o handycrafts_n trade_n do_v retire_v into_o the_o neighbour_a country_n the_o prince_n of_o orange_n himself_z dislike_a this_o calm_a retire_v into_o germany_n §_o 4._o it_o be_v then_o the_o advice_n of_o the_o regent_n that_o the_o king_n shall_v come_v in_o person_n without_o any_o great_a force_n into_o the_o netherlands_o and_o by_o his_o presence_n and_o clemency_n endeavour_v entire_o to_o heal_v the_o ulcerate_v mind_n of_o the_o people_n but_o he_o follow_v the_o advice_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o alva_n alva_n who_o advise_v to_o make_v use_n of_o this_o opportunity_n to_o bring_v the_o netherlands_o under_o the_o yoke_n and_o to_o strike_v terror_n into_o the_o rest_n he_o march_v with_o a_o brave_a army_n through_o savoy_n and_o burgundy_n into_o the_o netherlands_o 1568._o and_o have_v immediate_o take_v into_o custody_n the_o earl_n of_o egmont_n and_o hoorn_v who_o he_o pretend_v to_o have_v be_v underhand_o the_o author_n of_o these_o trouble_n declare_v all_o those_o guilty_a of_o high_a treason_n that_o have_v have_v any_o hand_n in_o the_o association_n the_o petition_n and_o pull_v down_o of_o the_o image_n and_o a_o court_n be_v erect_v of_o twelve_o judge_n from_o which_o no_o appeal_n be_v to_o be_v allow_v where_o judgement_n be_v to_o be_v give_v concern_v these_o matter_n this_o court_n be_v common_o call_v the_o bloody_a council_n before_o this_o court_n the_o prince_n of_o orange_n and_o some_o other_o lord_n who_o be_v flee_v be_v summon_v to_o appear_v and_o upon_o non-appearance_n they_o be_v declare_v guilty_a of_o high_a treason_n and_o their_o estate_n confiscate_v the_o same_o severity_n be_v use_v against_o other_o of_o less_o note_n this_o cause_v such_o a_o terror_n among_o the_o inhabitant_n that_o they_o leave_v their_o habitation_n in_o troop_n he_o cause_v also_o citadel_n to_o be_v build_v in_o several_a great_a city_n among_o which_o one_o of_o the_o chief_a be_v that_o of_o antwerp_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o prince_n of_o orange_n have_v bring_v together_o considerable_a force_n in_o germany_n some_o of_o which_o under_o the_o command_n of_o lewis_n his_o brother_n fall_v into_o friesland_n beat_v the_o count_n of_o arembergh_n the_o governor_n of_o that_o province_n behead_v but_o soon_o after_o the_o duke_n of_o alva_n have_v first_o cause_v the_o earl_n of_o egmont_n and_o hoorn_v to_o be_v behead_v march_v against_o he_o in_o person_n not_o long_o after_o the_o prince_n of_o orange_n fall_v with_o a_o great_a army_n into_o brabant_n but_o be_v beat_v back_o by_o the_o duke_n of_o alva_n and_o his_o force_n disperse_v the_o duke_n of_o alva_n puff_v up_o with_o this_o great_a success_n do_v not_o only_o cause_v a_o most_o magnificent_a statue_n to_o be_v erect_v at_o antwâ—rp_n but_o have_v also_o form_v a_o design_n to_o conquer_v the_o netherlands_o with_o their_o own_o money_n he_o impose_v a_o tax_n upon_o they_o of_o the_o hundred_o penny_n to_o be_v pay_v of_o the_o whole_a value_n of_o all_o estate_n and_o beside_o this_o the_o twenty_o penny_n to_o be_v pay_v of_o all_o movable_n but_o the_o ten_o of_o all_o immovables_n as_o often_o as_o they_o be_v sell_v this_o do_v exasperate_v the_o netherlander_n to_o the_o utmost_a degree_n and_o whilst_o the_o duke_n of_o alva_n be_v in_o great_a want_n of_o money_n be_v busy_a in_o squeeze_v out_o these_o tax_n and_o be_v upon_o the_o point_n of_o force_v the_o inhabitant_n of_o brussels_n who_o refuse_v to_o pay_v it_o news_n be_v bring_v that_o the_o banish_a netherlander_n who_o be_v turn_v privateer_n and_o have_v about_o 24_o ship_n of_o indifferent_a strength_n have_v under_o the_o conduct_n of_o the_o earl_n of_o march_n take_v the_o city_n of_o briel_n in_o holland_n 1571._o then_o most_o city_n of_o holland_n out_o of_o a_o hatred_n to_o the_o spaniard_n and_o the_o ten_o penny_n revolt_v from_o the_o spaniard_n except_o amsterdam_n and_o schonhoven_n which_o remain_v for_o some_o time_n under_o the_o obedience_n of_o spain_n it_o be_v a_o grand_a mistake_n in_o the_o duke_n of_o alva_n that_o during_o his_o regency_n of_o four_o year_n he_o have_v not_o secure_v the_o sea_n coast_n the_o revolt_a place_n choose_v for_o their_o governor_n the_o prince_n of_o orange_n swear_v to_o he_o allegiance_n as_o the_o king_n stadtholder_n as_o if_o they_o have_v only_o revolt_v from_o the_o duke_n of_o alva_n and_o not_o the_o king_n a_o great_a many_o privateer_n then_o join_v from_o france_n and_o england_n who_o within_o the_o space_n of_o four_o month_n make_v up_o a_o fleet_n of_o 150_o ship_n who_o have_v their_o rendezvouz_n at_o flushing_n and_o afterward_o do_v great_a mischief_n to_o the_o spaniard_n the_o duke_n of_o alva_n be_v not_o in_o a_o condition_n to_o resist_v this_o storm_n because_o the_o earl_n of_o bergh_n have_v not_o only_o at_o the_o same_o time_n take_v a_o great_a many_o place_n in_o gueldres_n friesland_n and_o overyssel_a but_o also_o lewis_n earl_n of_o nassaw_n have_v with_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o french_a surprise_v mons_fw-la which_o city_n the_o duke_n of_o alva_n endeavour_v to_o recover_v by_o force_n of_o arm_n and_o the_o prince_n of_o orange_n who_o with_o a_o army_n new_o raise_v in_o germany_n have_v make_v prodigious_a havoc_n in_o brabant_n have_v in_o vain_a endeavour_v to_o relieve_v it_o be_v retire_v into_o holland_n wherefore_o this_o city_n be_v surrender_v upon_o article_n to_o the_o duke_n of_o alva_n he_o then_o
try_v all_o way_n to_o reduce_v the_o revolt_a place_n to_o obedience_n by_o force_n have_v among_o other_o pillage_v malines_n and_o zutphen_n quite_o destroy_v naerden_n and_o take_v haerlem_n after_o a_o tedious_a siege_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o which_o city_n be_v most_o barbarous_o treat_v §_o 5._o the_o affair_n of_o the_o spaniard_n in_o the_o netherlands_o be_v by_o the_o rigorous_a proceed_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o alva_n who_o use_v to_o brag_v that_o during_o his_o regency_n of_o six_o year_n he_o have_v cause_v 18000_o to_o be_v execute_v by_o the_o hangman_n put_v into_o confusion_n recall_v he_o be_v recall_v in_o the_o year_n 1573._o lewis_n requesenes_n succeed_v he_o a_o man_n of_o somewhat_o a_o mild_a temper_n governor_n but_o who_o have_v a_o very_a ill_a beginning_n of_o his_o regency_n the_o fleet_n which_o he_o have_v send_v out_o to_o relieve_v middleburgh_n be_v destroy_v before_o his_o eye_n and_o the_o city_n surrender_v to_o the_o prince_n of_o orange_n yet_o the_o prince_n also_o receive_v a_o great_a blow_n for_o his_o brother_n lewis_n who_o lead_v a_o army_n to_o his_o assistance_n out_o of_o germany_n be_v rout_v near_o grave_a upon_o the_o mockerhyde_v where_o he_o and_o his_o brother_n henry_n be_v slay_v in_o the_o field_n after_o this_o victory_n the_o spanish_a soldier_n mutiny_v for_o want_n of_o pay_n and_o live_v upon_o free_a quarter_n in_o antwerp_n till_o all_o be_v pay_v then_o the_o siege_n of_o leyden_n be_v undertake_v which_o be_v reduce_v to_o the_o utmost_a extremity_n by_o famine_n till_o a_o dyke_n of_o the_o maese_n be_v cut_v through_o by_o which_o mean_n and_o the_o help_n of_o a_o north_n west_n wind_n at_o spring_n tide_n the_o country_n round_o about_o be_v put_v under_o water_n the_o spaniard_n after_o a_o great_a loss_n sustain_v be_v force_v to_o leave_v it_o in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v the_o emperor_n endeavour_v by_o his_o mediation_n to_o compose_v these_o trouble_n 1574._o and_o a_o meeting_n be_v hold_v for_o that_o purpose_n betwixt_o the_o deputy_n of_o both_o party_n at_o breda_n which_o prove_v fruitless_a then_o the_o spaniard_n take_v ziricuzea_n after_o a_o siege_n of_o nine_o month_n but_o before_o the_o place_n be_v take_v lewis_n requesenes_n die_v 1576._o after_o his_o death_n the_o council_n of_o state_n take_v the_o administration_n of_o the_o government_n into_o their_o hand_n which_o be_v approve_v by_o the_o king_n §_o 6._o in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o hatred_n of_o the_o netherlander_n against_o the_o spaniard_n be_v more_o and_o more_o increase_v especial_o after_o the_o soldier_n who_o be_v grow_v mutinous_a for_o want_n of_o pay_n and_o have_v commit_v great_a outrage_n that_o the_o council_n of_o state_n have_v declare_v they_o enemy_n give_v leave_n to_o the_o inhabitant_n to_o take_v up_o arm_n against_o they_o during_o which_o disturbance_n maestricht_n and_o antwerp_n be_v plunder_v which_o dispose_v the_o rest_n ghent_n to_o enter_v upon_o a_o treaty_n with_o the_o prince_n of_o orange_n at_o ghent_n which_o contain_v that_o the_o province_n have_v make_v a_o peace_n betwixt_o themselves_o that_o the_o proclamation_n issue_v forth_o during_o the_o regency_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o alva_n shall_v be_v annul_v and_o the_o spaniard_n send_v out_o of_o the_o country_n which_o contract_n though_o it_o be_v ratify_v by_o the_o king_n yet_o he_o have_v take_v a_o resolution_n quick_o to_o disunite_v they_o again_o for_o this_o purpose_n he_o constitute_v don_n john_n d'_fw-fr austria_n governor_n his_o natural_a brother_n governor_n of_o the_o netherlands_o the_o prince_n of_o orange_n forewarn_v the_o netherlander_n that_o he_o ought_v not_o to_o be_v trust_v notwithstanding_o this_o he_o be_v receive_v by_o plurality_n of_o voice_n they_o have_v oblige_v he_o to_o subscribe_v the_o contract_n make_v at_o ghent_n and_o to_o send_v away_o the_o spanish_a soldier_n but_o the_o prince_n of_o orange_n and_o the_o province_n of_o holland_n and_o zealand_n be_v not_o well_o satisfy_v with_o this_o agreement_n and_o the_o rest_n also_o quick_o begin_v to_o mistrust_v he_o he_o give_v they_o sufficient_a occasion_n to_o believe_v that_o their_o jealousy_n be_v not_o ill_o ground_v when_o he_o by_o surprise_n make_v himself_o master_n of_o the_o castle_n of_o namur_n under_o pretence_n to_o secure_v his_o person_n against_o any_o attempt_n which_o so_o disturb_v the_o netherlander_n that_o they_o take_v up_o arm_n to_o drive_v he_o out_o of_o namur_n they_o also_o take_v all_o the_o strong_a hold_n where_o any_o german_a garrison_n be_v leave_v and_o demolish_v the_o castle_n and_o send_v for_o the_o prince_n of_o orange_n to_o come_v to_o brussels_n they_o constitute_v he_o grand_a bailiff_n of_o brabant_n this_o increase_n of_o the_o house_n of_o orange_n make_v some_o great_a man_n envious_a who_o make_v a_o party_n to_o balance_v it_o among_o who_o one_o of_o the_o chief_a be_v the_o duke_n of_o arshot_n matthew_n these_o call_v in_o matthew_n archduke_n of_o austria_n who_o they_o make_v governor_n of_o the_o netherlands_o who_o come_v with_o all_o speed_n be_v also_o receive_v by_o the_o party_n of_o the_o prince_n of_o orange_n under_o condition_n that_o the_o prince_n shall_v be_v his_o lieutenant_n and_o he_o not_o do_v any_o thing_n without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o estate_n 1577._o on_o the_o other_o hand_n parma_n alexander_z duke_z of_o parma_n come_v with_o a_o army_n out_o of_o italy_n to_o the_o assistance_n of_o don_n john_n d'_fw-fr austria_n who_o bring_v with_o he_o a_o good_a number_n of_o old_a spanish_a troop_n beat_v the_o army_n of_o the_o estate_n near_o gemblour_n and_o take_v louvain_n philipville_n limbourgh_n and_o several_a other_o place_n the_o estate_n then_o find_v themselves_o alone_o not_o strong_a enough_o offer_v to_o put_v themselves_o under_o the_o protection_n of_o henry_n iii_o king_n of_o france_n and_o he_o have_v refuse_v to_o accept_v it_o the_o same_o offer_n be_v make_v to_o the_o duke_n of_o alenson_n his_o brother_n who_o have_v accept_v of_o it_o come_v into_o the_o netherlands_o but_o can_v do_v nothing_o of_o moment_n the_o province_n and_o great_a man_n be_v so_o divide_v among_o themselves_o that_o no_o body_n know_v who_o be_v master_n there_o arise_v also_o a_o new_a division_n among_o the_o estate_n when_o upon_o request_n of_o those_o of_o the_o reform_a religion_n liberty_n of_o conscience_n be_v allow_v in_o the_o netherlands_o which_o be_v willing_o consent_v to_o by_o those_o of_o ghent_n and_o other_o but_o artois_n haynault_n and_o some_o other_o wallooon_o city_n that_o be_v very_o zealous_a for_o the_o catholic_n religion_n do_v oppose_v it_o with_o great_a violence_n and_o have_v by_o degree_n separate_v themselves_o from_o the_o rest_n set_v up_o a_o new_a faction_n who_o be_v call_v the_o malcontent_n during_o these_o trouble_n don_n john_n d'_fw-fr austria_n die_v malcontent_n leave_v the_o government_n to_o the_o duke_n of_o parma_n who_o be_v confirm_v in_o his_o place_n by_o philip._n parma_n he_o begin_v his_o regency_n with_o the_o take_n of_o maestricht_n and_o bring_v over_o the_o wallon_n province_n viz._n artois_n haynault_n and_o the_o walloon_n flanders_n to_o the_o king_n party_n by_o accord_n §_o 7._o the_o prince_n of_o orange_n therefore_o perceive_v that_o the_o contract_n of_o ghent_n be_v quite_o break_v commonwealth_n and_o that_o the_o great_a man_n who_o envy_v one_o another_o and_o the_o several_a province_n that_o be_v of_o a_o different_a religion_n be_v scarce_o ever_o to_o be_v unite_v and_o yet_o be_v desirous_a to_o secure_v himself_o and_o to_o establish_v the_o protestant_a religion_n he_o get_v the_o estate_n of_o the_o province_n of_o gueldres_n 1579._o holland_n zealand_n friesland_n and_o vtrecht_n to_o meet_v here_o it_o be_v agree_v that_o they_o will_v defend_v one_o another_o as_o one_o body_n that_o they_o will_v consult_v concern_v peace_n and_o war_n tax_n and_o the_o like_a with_o common_a consent_n and_o that_o they_o will_v maintain_v liberty_n of_o conscience_n this_o union_n make_v at_o vtrecht_n wherein_o also_o afterward_o overyssel_a and_o groningen_n be_v include_v be_v the_o foundation_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n of_o the_o unite_a netherlands_o at_o that_o time_n their_o affair_n be_v in_o so_o low_a a_o condition_n that_o they_o coin_v a_o medal_n wherein_o their_o state_n be_v represent_v by_o a_o ship_n without_o sail_n or_o rudder_n leave_v to_o the_o mercy_n of_o the_o wave_n with_o this_o inscription_n incertum_fw-la quo_fw-la fata_fw-la ferant_fw-la the_o fortune_n of_o the_o prince_n of_o orange_n absolute_o depend_v now_o on_o this_o union_n he_o make_v it_o his_o business_n to_o hinder_v the_o conclusion_n of_o the_o treaty_n of_o a_o general_a peace_n which_o by_o the_o mediation_n of_o the_o emperor_n be_v set_v on_o foot_n at_o collen_n because_o a_o general_a peace_n may_v
easy_o have_v dissolve_v this_o union_n and_o because_o the_o affair_n of_o the_o netherlands_o grow_v worse_a and_o worse_o every_o day_n the_o spaniard_n have_v take_v one_o after_o another_o the_o city_n of_o bois_n le_fw-fr duc_n breda_n tournay_n valenciennes_n malines_n and_o other_o and_o a_o great_a many_o of_o the_o great_a man_n be_v go_v over_o to_o the_o spanish_a party_n the_o prince_n of_o orange_n on_o the_o other_o hand_n be_v well_o assure_v that_o the_o spaniard_n one_o time_n or_o another_o will_v revenge_v themselves_o upon_o he_o and_o his_o friend_n and_o find_v himself_o not_o in_o a_o capacity_n to_o maintain_v the_o cause_n against_o they_o he_o persuade_v the_o estate_n of_o the_o netherlands_o that_o they_o shall_v renounce_v all_o obedience_n to_o philip_n who_o have_v violate_v their_o privilege_n confirm_v to_o they_o by_o oath_n and_o make_v the_o duke_n of_o alenson_n their_o sovereign_n with_o who_o he_o have_v underhand_o make_v a_o agreement_n that_o the_o unite_a province_n shall_v fall_v to_o his_o share_n and_o the_o estate_n of_o holland_n zealand_n and_o vtrecht_n be_v then_o for_o make_v he_o their_o sovereign_n except_o the_o city_n of_o amsterdam_n and_o gouda_n and_o questionless_a it_o will_v have_v be_v do_v afterward_o if_o his_o unexpected_a death_n have_v not_o prevent_v it_o §_o 8._o alenson_n the_o duke_n of_o alenson_n have_v obtain_v the_o sovereignty_n raise_v the_o siege_n of_o cambray_n which_o be_v besiege_v by_o the_o spaniard_n and_o in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v be_v at_o antwerp_n proclaim_v duke_n of_o brabant_n and_o at_o ghent_n earl_n of_o flanders_n but_o his_o power_n be_v confine_v within_o very_o narrow_a bound_n by_o the_o estate_n he_o by_o the_o advice_n of_o his_o friend_n resolve_v to_o make_v himself_o absolute_a he_o propose_v to_o the_o estate_n that_o if_o he_o shall_v die_v without_o issue_n these_o country_n may_v be_v unite_v with_o the_o crown_n of_o france_n which_o be_v deny_v he_o he_o take_v a_o strange_a resolution_n viz._n by_o surprise_v to_o make_v himself_o absolute_a master_n of_o antwerp_n and_o some_o other_o city_n for_o this_o purpose_n several_a thousand_o of_o french_a be_v already_o get_v private_o into_o antwerp_n which_o be_v beat_v out_o by_o the_o citizen_n with_o considerable_a loss_n they_o make_v the_o like_a attempt_n upon_o several_a other_o place_n on_o the_o same_o day_n which_o everywhere_o miscarry_v except_o at_o dendermond_n dunkirk_n and_o dixmuide_v and_o thus_o the_o french_a have_v lose_v at_o once_o all_o their_o credit_n and_o the_o affection_n of_o the_o netherlander_n the_o duke_n of_o alenson_n full_a of_o shame_n and_o confusion_n return_v into_o france_n where_o he_o die_v soon_o after_o the_o french_a intermeddle_v with_o the_o affair_n of_o the_o netherlands_o have_v draw_v with_o it_o another_o evil_n which_o be_v that_o foreign_a soldier_n be_v again_o bring_v into_o the_o netherlands_o which_o be_v against_o the_o agreement_n make_v with_o the_o walloon_n then_o the_o duke_n of_o parma_n retook_a dunkirk_n 1583._o newport_n winoxbergen_n menin_n alost_n and_o some_o other_o place_n in_o flanders_n 1584._o ypres_n and_o bruges_n do_v also_o submit_v and_o in_o the_o same_o year_n the_o affair_n of_o the_o estate_n receive_v a_o great_a blow_n by_o the_o death_n of_o william_n prince_n of_o orange_n who_o be_v stab_v in_o his_o palace_n at_o delft_n by_o a_o burgundian_n who_o name_n be_v balthasar_n gerhard_n murder_v by_o who_o death_n the_o netherlands_o be_v without_o a_o head_n be_v leave_v in_o great_a confusion_n §_o 9_o after_o the_o death_n of_o prince_n william_n the_o estate_n do_v make_v maurice_n stadtholider_n son_n of_o the_o decease_a stadtholder_n of_o holland_n zealand_n and_o vtrecht_n and_o he_o be_v but_o eighteen_o year_n of_o age_n they_o constitute_v the_o earl_n of_o hohenloe_n his_o lieutenant_n but_o the_o sovereignty_n they_o proffer_v to_o the_o king_n of_o france_n who_o be_v at_o that_o time_n distract_v with_o intestine_a war_n be_v not_o at_o leisure_n to_o accept_v of_o it_o the_o duke_n of_o parma_n in_o the_o mean_a while_n take_v advantage_n of_o this_o juncture_n of_o affair_n reduce_v antwerp_n by_o famine_n within_o a_o twelve_o month_n time_n as_o also_o dendermond_n ghent_n brussels_n malines_n and_o nimeguen_n by_o force_n after_o the_o loss_n of_o antwerp_n the_o estate_n who_o be_v for_o submit_v themselves_o to_o any_o body_n but_o the_o spaniard_n confederacy_n offer_v the_o sovereignty_n over_o they_o to_o queen_n elizabeth_n which_o she_o refuse_v to_o accept_v of_o yet_o she_o enter_v with_o they_o into_o a_o more_o strict_a alliance_n by_o virtue_n of_o which_o she_o oblige_v herself_o to_o maintain_v a_o certain_a number_n of_o soldier_n at_o her_o own_o charge_n in_o the_o netherlands_o which_o with_o all_o the_o other_o force_n of_o the_o estate_n be_v to_o be_v command_v by_o a_o english_a general_n and_o the_o estate_n do_v surrender_v to_o the_o queen_n as_o a_o security_n for_o the_o charge_n she_o be_v to_o be_v at_o the_o city_n of_o flushing_n briel_n and_o rammaken_v or_o sceburgh_n upon_o walchorn_n which_o be_v afterward_o restore_v to_o the_o estate_n for_o the_o sum_n of_o one_o million_o of_o crown_n 1616._o the_o queen_n send_v robert_n dudley_n 1586._o earl_n of_o leicester_n as_o general_n into_o holland_n leicester_n who_o be_v arrive_v there_o be_v make_v by_o the_o estate_n their_o governor-general_n and_o that_o with_o a_o great_a power_n than_o be_v acceptable_a to_o the_o queen_n but_o he_o do_v no_o great_a feat_n for_o the_o duke_n of_o parma_n not_o only_o take_v grave_a and_o venlo_n and_o force_v he_o from_o before_o zutphen_n but_o he_o also_o administer_v the_o public_a affair_n at_o a_o strange_a rate_n to_o the_o great_a dissatisfaction_n of_o the_o estate_n to_o who_o he_o have_v render_v himself_o suspect_v their_o discontent_n be_v much_o augment_v after_o william_n stanley_n who_o be_v by_o the_o earl_n of_o leicester_n make_v commander_n in_o chief_a in_o deventer_n have_v betray_v that_o city_n to_o the_o spaniard_n the_o year_n next_o follow_v the_o earl_n of_o leicester_n attempt_v the_o relief_n of_o sluice_n in_o flanders_n but_o to_o no_o purpose_n and_o be_v return_v into_o holland_n where_o he_o by_o several_a suspicious_a undertake_n augment_v the_o difference_n betwixt_o he_o and_o the_o estate_n he_o return_v very_o ill_o satisfy_v into_o england_n where_o by_o command_n of_o the_o queen_n he_o resign_v his_o office_n of_o governor_n §_o 10._o mend_v hitherto_o the_o affair_n of_o the_o unite_a netherlands_o who_o henceforward_o we_o will_v call_v hollander_n have_v be_v in_o a_o very_a ill_a condition_n but_o from_o this_o time_n forward_o they_o begin_v to_o mend_v apace_o and_o become_v more_o settle_v this_o be_v partly_o occasion_v by_o the_o ruin_n of_o the_o two_o province_n of_o brabant_n and_o flanders_n which_o be_v reconcile_v to_o the_o king_n upon_o condition_n that_o such_o as_o will_v not_o profess_v themselves_o roman_n catholic_n shall_v leave_v the_o country_n within_o a_o prefix_a time_n a_o great_a many_o of_o these_o flock_v into_o holland_n make_v its_o city_n very_o populous_a especial_o all_o the_o traffic_n of_o antwerp_n be_v transplant_v to_o amsterdam_n which_o render_v that_o city_n very_o rich_a and_o potent_a at_o sea_n beside_o this_o philip_n like_o those_o who_o will_v hunt_v two_o hare_n with_o one_o dog_n 1588._o do_v not_o only_o attempt_v to_o invade_v england_n with_o a_o great_a fleet_n but_o also_o send_v in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v the_o duke_n of_o parma_n with_o a_o army_n to_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o league_n in_o france_n both_o which_o prove_v fruitless_a the_o hollander_n have_v in_o the_o mean_a while_n leisure_n give_v they_o to_o put_v themselves_o into_o a_o good_a posture_n whereas_o the_o duke_n of_o parma_n have_v wise_o advise_v the_o king_n that_o he_o shall_v with_o all_o his_o power_n first_o subdue_v the_o hollander_n before_o he_o engage_v in_o another_o war._n for_o maurice_n who_o they_o have_v after_o the_o departure_n of_o the_o earl_n of_o leicester_n make_v their_o generalissimo_n both_o by_o sea_n and_o land_n have_v restore_v their_o lose_a reputation_n his_o first_o attempt_n be_v upon_o breda_n 1590._o which_o he_o take_v by_o a_o stratagem_n in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v he_o take_v zutphen_n deventer_n hulst_n and_o nimeguen_n and_o in_o the_o year_n 1592._o steenwyck_n and_o coeverden_n in_o the_o same_o year_n the_o death_n of_o the_o brave_a duke_n of_o parma_n prove_v a_o great_a loss_n to_o the_o spaniard_n for_o the_o spanish_a soldier_n grow_v mutinous_a everywhere_o do_v not_o a_o little_a advance_v the_o progress_n of_o the_o hollander_n 1592._o gertrudenbergh_n be_v take_v in_o the_o sight_n of_o the_o spanish_a army_n in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v groningen_n be_v reduce_v whereby_o the_o
year_n and_o the_o church_n benefice_n have_v be_v rather_o bestow_v upon_o favourite_n or_o such_o as_o pay_v well_o for_o they_o than_o such_o as_o deserve_v they_o furnish_v the_o pope_n with_o a_o specious_a pretence_n to_o make_v a_o decree_n that_o it_o be_v not_o the_o emperor_n be_v right_a to_o bestow_v bishopric_n or_o other_o church_n benefice_n upon_o any_o body_n but_o that_o it_o do_v belong_v to_o the_o pope_n the_o emperor_n be_v also_o summon_v to_o appear_v at_o rome_n and_o to_o give_v a_o account_n concern_v his_o mis-behaviour_n and_o in_o case_n of_o failure_n he_o be_v threaten_v with_o a_o excommunication_n on_o the_o other_o hand_n the_o emperor_n have_v declare_v the_o pope_n unworthy_a of_o his_o office_n will_v have_v depose_v he_o so_o the_o pope_n excommunicate_v the_o emperor_n discharge_v all_o his_o subject_n from_o their_o allegiance_n due_a to_o he_o which_o prove_v of_o such_o consequence_n in_o those_o time_n that_o all_o his_o authority_n fall_v to_o the_o ground_n at_o once_o among_o most_o of_o his_o subject_n whereby_o he_o be_v reduce_v to_o the_o great_a extremity_n for_o most_o prince_n assemble_v at_o trebes_n where_o they_o depose_v henry_n which_o sentence_n however_o be_v so_o far_o mitigate_v afterward_o that_o the_o same_o shall_v be_v leave_v to_o the_o pope_n decision_n henry_n therefore_o accompany_v by_o a_o few_o be_v oblige_v to_o undertake_v a_o journey_n in_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o winter_n into_o italy_n and_o be_v arrive_v at_o canuâ—io_n be_v fain_o to_o stay_v three_o day_n barefooted_a in_o a_o coarse_a woollen_a habit_n in_o the_o outward_a court_n and_o in_o a_o humble_a posture_n to_o beg_v the_o pope_n absolution_n which_o he_o at_o last_o grant_v he_o but_o the_o emperor_n receive_v no_o great_a advantage_n by_o it_o for_o the_o italian_n be_v quite_o disgu_v at_o this_o demeanour_n of_o he_o which_o oblige_v the_o emperor_n to_o make_v use_n of_o his_o former_a authority_n to_o reduce_v they_o to_o obedience_n in_o the_o mean_a while_o the_o prince_n of_o germany_n by_o instigation_n of_o the_o pope_n do_v elect_v radolph_n duke_n of_o swabia_n their_o king_n but_o the_o bavarian_o franconian_o and_o the_o country_n next_o adjacent_a to_o the_o rhine_n do_v remain_v in_o obedience_n of_o the_o emperor_n henry_n thus_o a_o bloody_a war_n ensue_v wherein_o radolph_n and_o the_o saxon_n be_v vanquish_v in_o two_o battle_n and_o in_o the_o three_o he_o lose_v his_o right_a hand_n and_o life_n 1084._o then_o henry_n call_v together_o a_o assembly_n of_o the_o bishop_n and_o have_v depose_v hildebrand_n he_o cause_v another_o to_o be_v choose_v in_o his_o room_n he_o also_o return_v home_n himself_o and_o banish_v hildebrand_n but_o the_o saxon_n persist_v in_o their_o rebellion_n against_o the_o emperor_n who_o be_v again_o excommunicate_v by_o the_o pope_n and_o have_v first_o set_v up_o herman_n duke_n of_o luxenburgh_n and_o after_o his_o death_n ecbert_n marquis_n of_o saxony_n for_o their_o king_n râ—â—els_v but_o to_o no_o purpose_n they_o at_o last_o stir_v up_o the_o emperor_n son_n against_o the_o father_n against_o he_o the_o emperor_n raise_v a_o great_a army_n who_o the_o son_n meet_v and_o in_o a_o deceitful_a manner_n beg_v his_o pardon_n upon_o his_o persuasion_n the_o father_n have_v abandon_v his_o force_n and_o be_v upon_o his_o journey_n to_o the_o diet_n at_o mayence_n accompany_v by_o a_o few_o this_o ancient_a prince_n be_v make_v a_o prisoner_n and_o depose_v 1106._o he_o die_v soon_o after_o in_o great_a misery_n who_o in_o sixty_o two_o battle_n which_o he_o have_v fight_v in_o his_o life_n time_n general_o obtain_v the_o victory_n §_o 5._o v._n as_o soon_o as_o henry_n v._o be_v make_v emperor_n he_o follow_v his_o father_n example_n in_o maintain_v the_o imperial_a dignity_n for_o as_o soon_o as_o he_o have_v settle_v the_o affair_n of_o germany_n he_o march_v with_o a_o army_n towards_o rome_n to_o renew_v the_o ancient_a right_n of_o the_o emperor_n in_o nominate_v of_o bishop_n and_o to_o be_v crown_v there_o the_o pope_n paschal_n ii_o have_v get_v notice_n of_o the_o emperor_n design_n raise_v a_o great_a tumult_n at_o rome_n where_o the_o emperor_n be_v so_o close_o beset_v that_o he_o be_v fain_o to_o fight_v in_o person_n for_o his_o safety_n but_o the_o emperor_n have_v get_v the_o upper_a hand_n make_v the_o pope_n a_o prisoner_n and_o force_v he_o to_o give_v his_o consent_n to_o his_o demand_n and_o this_o their_o agreement_n be_v confirm_v by_o solemn_a oath_n and_o execration_n yet_o no_o soon_o have_v the_o emperor_n turn_v his_o back_n but_o the_o pope_n have_v declare_v the_o agreement_n void_a stir_v up_o the_o saxon_n and_o the_o bishop_n in_o germany_n against_o the_o emperor_n with_o these_o henry_n be_v engage_v in_o a_o very_a tedious_a war_n and_o perceive_v at_o last_o that_o there_o be_v no_o other_o way_n leave_v to_o compose_v these_o difference_n he_o grant_v the_o pope_n demand_n by_o renounce_v his_o right_n to_o nominate_v bishop_n 1122._o at_o the_o diet_n hold_v at_o worm_n which_o resignation_n as_o it_o great_o diminish_v the_o emperor_n authority_n so_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n it_o strengthen_v the_o power_n of_o the_o pope_n 1125._o this_o emperor_n die_v without_o issue_n he_o succeed_v lotharius_n duke_n of_o saxony_n saxâ—n_n who_o have_v for_o a_o rival_n in_o the_o empire_n cunrad_n duke_n of_o franconia_n who_o he_o quick_o oblige_v to_o beg_v fair_a quarter_n this_o emperor_n have_v twice_o undertake_v a_o expedition_n into_o italy_n do_v with_o great_a glory_n restore_v tranquillity_n to_o that_o country_n and_o because_o he_o use_v to_o flatter_v the_o pope_n he_o be_v in_o great_a esteem_n among_o the_o clergy_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1138._o after_o his_o death_n cunrad_n iii_o obtain_v the_o imperial_a dignity_n who_o be_v oppose_v by_o henry_n duke_n of_o saxony_n and_o bavaria_n and_o his_o brother_n wulff_n which_o occasion_v bloody_a war_n against_o he_o but_o peace_n be_v restore_v among_o they_o he_o undertake_v a_o expedition_n into_o the_o holy_a land_n where_o he_o undergo_v great_a calamity_n for_o though_o he_o fight_v his_o way_n through_o the_o saracen_n and_o arrive_v safe_o at_o jerusalem_n yet_o after_o he_o have_v lose_v the_o great_a part_n of_o his_o army_n without_o do_v any_o thing_n of_o moment_n he_o be_v fain_o to_o return_v home_o but_o whilst_o he_o be_v busy_a in_o make_v preparation_n for_o another_o expedition_n into_o italy_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1252._o §_o 6._o frederick_n i._o i._n succeed_v he_o who_o by_o the_o italian_n be_v surname_v barbarossa_n duke_n of_o swabia_n who_o immediate_o at_o the_o begin_n of_o his_o reign_n have_v settle_v the_o affair_n of_o germany_n do_v afterward_o reduce_v italy_n under_o his_o obedience_n which_o however_o be_v not_o of_o long_a continuance_n for_o the_o milaneses_n quick_o rebel_v but_o be_v severe_o chastise_v their_o city_n have_v be_v lay_v level_a with_o the_o ground_n he_o be_v also_o in_o continual_a broil_n with_o the_o pope_n against_o who_o and_o his_o associate_n he_o obtain_v several_a victory_n yet_o be_v at_o last_o tire_v out_o with_o so_o many_o war_n he_o make_v peace_n with_o he_o especial_o since_o his_o son_n otto_n have_v be_v take_v prisoner_n by_o the_o venetian_n at_o the_o conclude_a of_o this_o peace_n it_o be_v say_v that_o pope_n alexander_n iii_o do_v set_v his_o foot_n upon_o the_o emperor_n neck_n which_o by_o a_o great_a many_o be_v take_v for_o a_o fable_n this_o emperor_n be_v the_o last_o who_o maintain_v the_o authority_n of_o the_o german_a emperor_n in_o italy_n last_o of_o all_o he_o undertake_v a_o expedition_n into_o the_o holy_a land_n against_o saladin_n the_o sultan_n of_o egypt_n who_o have_v take_v the_o city_n of_o jerusalem_n he_o beat_v the_o saracen_n several_a time_n but_o endeavour_v to_o pass_v over_o a_o river_n in_o cilicia_n on_o horseback_n or_o as_o some_o will_v have_v it_o intend_v to_o wash_v himself_o in_o the_o river_n he_o be_v drown_v 1189._o and_o though_o his_o son_n frederic_n after_o his_o father_n death_n do_v take_v a_o great_a many_o city_n in_o syria_n yet_o the_o whole_a expedition_n have_v a_o very_a bad_a end_n the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o army_n together_o with_o the_o duke_n frederick_n have_v be_v consume_v by_o the_o plague_n vi._n or_o famin._n frederick_n be_v succeed_v by_o his_o son_n henry_n vi_o in_o the_o empire_n who_o with_o his_o lady_n constantia_n get_v the_o kingdom_n of_o sicily_n calabria_n and_o apuiia_n this_o emperor_n go_v to_o rome_n to_o receive_v the_o crown_n from_o pope_n celestin_n when_o the_o pope_n sit_v in_o his_o chair_n and_o the_o emperor_n on_o his_o knee_n put_v first_o the_o crown_n upon_o his_o head_n but_o immediate_o strike_v the_o
he_o prosecute_v with_o more_o patience_n than_o vigour_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1493._o he_o succeed_v his_o son_n maximilian_n i._n i._n who_o have_v the_o good_a fortune_n by_o his_o marriage_n with_o mary_n the_o daughter_n of_o charles_n the_o hardy_a duke_n of_o burgundy_n to_o annex_v the_o netherlands_o to_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n as_o he_o be_v very_o fickle_a in_o his_o undertake_n so_o the_o success_n be_v general_o answerable_a to_o it_o and_o various_a and_o his_o war_n with_o the_o swisser_n and_o those_o in_o italy_n against_o the_o venetian_n have_v but_o a_o very_a indifferent_a end_n the_o chief_a thing_n of_o moment_n do_v by_o he_o be_v that_o whereas_o former_o all_o difference_n in_o germany_n be_v decide_v by_o the_o sword_n he_o reestablish_v the_o peace_n of_o the_o empire_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1519._o §_o 13._o v._n he_o succeed_v his_o grandson_n charles_n v._o king_n of_o spain_n and_o sovereign_n of_o the_o netherlands_o under_o who_o reign_n the_o face_n of_o affair_n in_o germany_n be_v remarkable_o change_v which_o be_v occasion_v by_o the_o religious_a difference_n set_v on_o foot_n about_o that_o time_n for_o the_o pope_n have_v cause_v indulgence_n to_o be_v sell_v here_o in_o so_o scandalous_a a_o manner_n that_o the_o wise_a sort_n begin_v to_o be_v ashamed_a of_o it_o 1517._o wherefore_o martin_n luther_n doctor_n of_o divinity_n and_o professor_n in_o the_o university_n of_o wittenbergh_n hold_v a_o public_a disputation_n against_o it_o reformation_n whâ—_n be_v oppose_v by_o other_o all_o the_o neighbour_a country_n be_v alarm_v at_o it_o luther_n at_o first_o do_v submit_v himself_o to_o the_o decision_n of_o the_o pope_n but_o find_v that_o he_o favour_v the_o indulgence_n merchant_n and_o that_o he_o be_v condemn_v by_o he_o he_o appeal_v to_o a_o free_a general_n council_n and_o then_o begin_v to_o go_v far_o to_o examine_v the_o pope_n authority_n and_o have_v lay_v open_a some_o error_n and_o abuse_n which_o be_v creep_v in_o among_o they_o his_o doctrine_n be_v so_o approve_v of_o by_o some_o of_o the_o prince_n and_o free_a imperial_a city_n that_o they_o begin_v to_o banish_v the_o priest_n and_o monk_n out_o of_o several_a place_n and_o to_o reduce_v their_o revenue_n and_o though_o the_o emperor_n do_v declare_v luther_n 1521._o at_o the_o diet_n of_o worm_n a_o outlaw_n and_o endeavour_v by_o several_a proclamation_n to_o put_v a_o stop_n to_o these_o proceed_n and_o innovation_n nevertheless_o the_o emperor_n be_v then_o engage_v in_o a_o war_n with_o france_n and_o therefore_o not_o in_o a_o capacity_n to_o apply_v himself_o in_o good_a earnest_n to_o the_o suppress_n of_o this_o division_n luther_n party_n grow_v daily_o strong_a perhaps_o he_o be_v afterward_o not_o very_o sorry_a to_o see_v the_o wound_n increase_v that_o he_o may_v make_v the_o better_a benefit_n of_o the_o cure_n there_o have_v be_v a_o proclamation_n publish_v at_o the_o diet_n of_o spiers_n 1529._o which_o be_v in_o no_o way_n agreeable_a to_o the_o lutheran_n prince_n they_o protest_v against_o the_o same_o protestant_n from_o whence_o they_o be_v call_v protestant_n in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v they_o deliver_v a_o confession_n of_o their_o faith_n to_o the_o emperor_n at_o augsburgh_n and_o enter_v into_o a_o defensive_a alliance_n at_o smalkald_n 1530._o which_o league_n be_v renew_v in_o the_o year_n 1535._o smalkald_n when_o a_o great_a many_o prince_n and_o free_a imperial_a city_n be_v receive_v into_o it_o this_o league_n make_v at_o smalkald_n be_v a_o great_a eyesore_n to_o the_o emperor_n who_o use_v all_o mean_n to_o dissolve_v the_o same_o but_o the_o protestant_n who_o now_o begin_v to_o trust_v to_o their_o own_o strength_n stand_v by_o one_o another_o the_o hostility_n begin_v on_o both_o side_n and_o the_o protestant_n do_v bring_v into_o the_o field_n a_o army_n of_o 100000_o man_n 1546._o under_o the_o conduct_n of_o john_n frederick_n elector_n of_o saxony_n and_o philip_n landgrave_n of_o hesse_n if_o they_o have_v fall_v immediate_o upon_o the_o emperor_n who_o force_n be_v then_o not_o join_v they_o may_v in_o all_o probability_n have_v worsted_n he_o but_o have_v lose_v the_o first_o opportunity_n the_o emperor_n strengthen_v himself_o that_o he_o force_v the_o protestant_n to_o quit_v the_o field_n and_o to_o disband_v their_o force_n he_o also_o cause_v a_o diversion_n to_o be_v give_v the_o elector_n at_o home_n by_o his_o kinsman_n maurice_n which_o have_v such_o influence_n upon_o the_o free_a imperial_a city_n that_o they_o be_v oblige_v to_o submit_v themselves_o and_o to_o pay_v considerable_a fine_n in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v the_o emperor_n fall_v into_o saxony_n and_o have_v defeat_v the_o elector_n near_o michlbergh_n take_v he_o prisoner_n against_o who_o he_o pronounce_v sentence_n of_o death_n which_o however_o he_o change_v into_o a_o imprisonment_n philip_n landgrave_n of_o hesse_n have_v also_o submit_v himself_o be_v contrary_a to_o agreement_n make_v a_o prisoner_n whereby_o the_o protestant_a religion_n in_o germany_n be_v reduce_v to_o great_a extremity_n the_o electorat_a of_o saxony_n be_v give_v to_o maurice_n duke_n of_o saxony_n who_o at_o last_o be_v resolve_v not_o to_o permit_v any_o long_a that_o both_o the_o religion_n and_o liberty_n shall_v be_v quite_o destroy_v neither_o that_o his_o wife_n father_n the_o landgrave_n of_o hesse_n who_o upon_o his_o parole_n have_v surrender_v himself_o to_o the_o emperor_n shall_v be_v detain_v a_o prisoner_n fall_v so_o sudden_o with_o his_o force_n upon_o the_o emperor_n that_o he_o be_v very_o near_o have_v surprise_v his_o person_n at_o inspruck_n 1552._o henry_n ii_o king_n of_o france_n have_v also_o make_v a_o inroad_n on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o germany_n surprise_v metz_n tully_n and_o verdun_n king_n ferdinand_n therefore_o the_o emperor_n brother_n interpose_v his_o authority_n conclude_v a_o peace_n be_v conclude_v at_o passau_n where_o their_o religion_n be_v secure_v to_o the_o protestant_n till_o matter_n can_v be_v better_o settle_v at_o the_o next_o ensue_a diet_n 1552._o the_o landgrave_n be_v release_v as_o likewise_o john_n frederick_n the_o elector_n who_o be_v dismiss_v out_o of_o prison_n a_o little_a before_o by_o the_o emperor_n 1555._o at_o last_o the_o religious_a peace_n in_o germany_n be_v establish_v at_o the_o diet_n at_o augsburgh_n where_o it_o be_v provide_v that_o neither_o party_n shall_v annoy_v one_o another_o under_o the_o pretext_n of_o religion_n and_o that_o such_o of_o the_o church_n land_n and_o revenue_n as_o the_o protestant_n have_v be_v possess_v of_o before_o the_o peace_n conclude_v at_o passau_n shall_v remain_v in_o their_o possession_n boor_n the_o boor_n also_o in_o germany_n raise_v a_o most_o dangerous_a rebellion_n under_o the_o reign_n of_o charles_n v_n of_o who_o there_o be_v kill_v above_o 100000._o 1525._o in_o the_o year_n 1529._o the_o city_n of_o vienna_n be_v besiege_v by_o solyman_n the_o turkish_a emperor_n but_o to_o no_o purpose_n he_o be_v oblige_v to_o raise_v the_o siege_n 1532._o not_o without_o considerable_a loss_n and_o afterward_o the_o turk_n who_o be_v march_v with_o a_o great_a army_n into_o austria_n be_v beat_v back_o again_o in_o the_o year_n 1534._o the_o anabaptist_n be_v for_o erect_v a_o new_a kingdom_n in_o munster_n in_o westphalia_n under_o the_o conduct_n of_o john_n a_o tailor_n of_o leiden_fw-mi and_o one_o knipperdolling_n who_o receive_v the_o dire_a reward_n of_o their_o madness_n resign_v at_o last_o this_o great_a prince_n charles_n v._o surrender_v the_o imperial_a dignity_n to_o his_o brother_n ferdinand_n i._o i._n king_n of_o hungary_n and_o bohemia_n who_o unite_v these_o two_o kingdom_n to_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n he_o have_v marry_a anna_n sister_n of_o lewis_n king_n of_o hungary_n and_o bohemia_n who_o be_v slay_v in_o the_o battle_n fight_v against_o the_o turk_n near_o mohatz_n he_o reign_v very_o peaceable_o in_o germany_n and_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1564._o ii_o he_o succeed_v his_o son_n maximilian_n ii_o who_o also_o reign_v in_o peace_n except_o that_o a_o tumult_n happen_v at_o that_o time_n in_o germany_n raise_v by_o one_o william_n grumpach_n and_o his_o associate_n who_o have_v first_o murder_v melchior_n zobel_n the_o archbishop_n of_o wartzburgh_n have_v plunder_v that_o city_n they_o also_o endeavour_v to_o stir_v up_o the_o nobility_n and_o to_o raise_v disturbance_n in_o other_o place_n 1567._o this_o man_n have_v be_v declare_v a_o outlaw_n be_v protect_v by_o john_n frederick_n duke_n of_o saxony_n who_o pay_v dear_o for_o it_o gotha_n one_o of_o his_o best_a strong_a hold_v have_v be_v demolish_v and_o he_o himself_o take_v prisoner_n maximilian_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1576._o ii_o him_n succeed_v his_o son_n rudolph_n ii_o who_o reign_v also_o very_o peaceable_o in_o germany_n except_o that_o the_o
that_o the_o pole_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n shall_v keep_v in_o their_o possession_n the_o dukedom_n of_o severia_n zernigo_n and_o novogrod_n which_o they_o have_v take_v during_o these_o trouble_n in_o muscovy_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n george_n farenbach_n do_v surrender_v several_a place_n in_o livonia_n to_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n gustavus_n adolphus_n but_o it_o be_v suspect_v that_o he_o intend_v to_o betray_v the_o king_n for_o soon_o after_o the_o same_o farenbach_n be_v reconcile_v to_o king_n sigismond_n unto_o who_o he_o restore_v all_o the_o place_n except_o pernau_n in_o the_o year_n 1620._o turk_n the_o pole_n be_v engage_v in_o a_o war_n against_o the_o turk_n that_o be_v as_o it_o be_v suppose_v stir_v up_o by_o betlem_n gabor_n prince_n of_o transylvania_n for_o sigismond_n have_v assist_v the_o emperor_n against_o he_o betlem_n gabor_n be_v for_o make_v they_o a_o diversion_n by_o the_o help_n of_o the_o turk_n the_o turk_n therefore_o enter_v moldavia_n with_o a_o intention_n to_o banish_v that_o duke_n who_o side_v with_o the_o pole_n the_o polish_v general_n zolkieuski_n come_v to_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o moldavia_n advance_v too_o far_o into_o the_o country_n and_o as_o he_o be_v march_v back_o be_v total_o rout_v and_o himself_o slay_v upon_o the_o place_n in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v the_o turk_n march_v with_o their_o whole_a froces_n against_o poland_n who_o be_v meet_v by_o the_o pole_n near_o chocim_fw-la under_o the_o command_n of_o prince_n vladislaus_n the_o polish_v army_n be_v about_o 65000_o strong_a but_o the_o turk_n 392000_o man_n command_v by_o the_o turkish_a emperor_n osman_n in_o person_n the_o turk_n do_v attempt_v three_o time_n to_o take_v the_o polish_v camp_n by_o storm_n but_o be_v as_o often_o repulse_v with_o great_a loss_n but_o the_o pole_n in_o the_o mean_a while_o suffer_v extreme_o for_o want_n of_o ammunition_n and_o provision_n and_o be_v mighty_o weaken_v by_o sickness_n and_o the_o mortahty_a among_o their_o horse_n nevertheless_o the_o turkish_a emperor_n make_v a_o very_a honourable_a peace_n with_o they_o after_o he_o have_v lose_v 60000_o man_n in_o these_o several_a storm_n make_v upon_o their_o camp_n and_o a_o great_a number_n in_o his_o march_n back_o to_o constantinople_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n king_n gustavus_n adolphus_n fall_v into_o livonia_n 1621._o take_v the_o city_n of_o riga_n without_o any_o great_a resistance_n we_o and_o the_o rest_n of_o livonia_n except_o dunneburgh_n be_v conquer_a by_o the_o swede_n in_o the_o year_n 1625._o 1625._o king_n gustavous_a enter_v prussia_n with_o a_o army_n in_o the_o year_n 1626._o where_o he_o take_v the_o city_n of_o marienburgh_n and_o elbing_n beside_o some_o other_o place_n this_o war_n be_v thus_o carry_v on_o without_o any_o general_a engagement_n till_o the_o year_n 1629._o when_o hans_n wrangel_n the_o swedish_n general_n defeat_v the_o pole_n near_o gorzno_n then_o the_o emperor_n send_v some_o force_n to_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o pole_n who_o in_o a_o battle_n fight_v near_o stum_n be_v very_o near_o have_v make_v king_n gustavus_n their_o prisoner_n but_o the_o polish_v affair_n be_v after_o this_o battle_n fall_v into_o great_a confusion_n a_o truce_n be_v conclude_v by_o the_o mediation_n of_o france_n and_o england_n till_o the_o year_n 1634._o the_o swede_n be_v in_o the_o mean_a while_n to_o keep_v in_o their_o possession_n elbing_n memel_fw-la braunsberg_n pillâ—u_n and_o what_o else_o they_o have_v take_v in_o livonia_n sigismond_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1632._o §_o 11._o iv._o after_o his_o death_n his_o son_n vladislaus_n iv._o be_v declare_v king_n who_o in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v obtain_v a_o signal_n victory_n over_o the_o muscovite_n that_o have_v besiege_v smolensko_n for_o he_o not_o only_o force_v they_o to_o raise_v the_o siege_n but_o also_o bring_v the_o muscovite_n army_n into_o such_o straits_n that_o they_o be_v force_v to_o surrender_v themselves_o and_o the_o turk_n who_o will_v have_v make_v a_o diversion_n to_o he_o 1634._o be_v also_o brave_o repulse_v at_o last_o vladislaus_n make_v a_o very_a advantageous_a peace_n on_o his_o side_n with_o the_o muscovite_n by_o virtue_n of_o which_o these_o renounce_v all_o their_o pretension_n upon_o the_o two_o large_a dukedom_n of_o smolensko_n and_o ozernichow_n this_o beget_v such_o a_o terror_n among_o the_o turk_n that_o they_o free_o make_v he_o restitution_n for_o the_o damage_n sustain_v in_o their_o last_o inroad_n have_v also_o cause_v the_o bashaw_n who_o command_v these_o force_n 1635._o to_o be_v strangle_v the_o truce_n with_o sweden_n be_v prolong_v at_o stumdorf_n in_o prussia_n for_o 26_o year_n where_o the_o place_n possess_v before_o by_o the_o swede_n in_o prussia_n be_v restore_v to_o the_o pole_n because_o the_o swedish_n affair_n in_o germany_n be_v then_o after_o the_o battle_n of_o norlingen_n in_o a_o very_a ill_a condition_n and_o beside_o this_o the_o english_a and_o dutch_a be_v extreme_o dissatisfy_v with_o the_o toll_v that_o be_v pay_v in_o prussia_n in_o the_o year_n 1637._o cosack_n the_o foundation_n be_v lay_v of_o the_o war_n with_o the_o cosack_n which_o have_v bring_v unspeakable_a mischief_n upon_o the_o pole_n the_o business_n happen_v thus_o as_o the_o number_n of_o the_o cosack_n be_v great_o increase_v by_o the_o great_a number_n of_o boor_n which_o frequent_o run_v into_o they_o so_o the_o great_a man_n in_o poland_n have_v purchase_v great_a estate_n in_o the_o vkraine_n who_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o their_o revenue_n will_v be_v considerable_o increase_v if_o the_o liberty_n of_o the_o cosack_n be_v reduce_v into_o more_o narrow_a bound_n wherefore_o they_o have_v advise_v the_o king_n that_o they_o ought_v to_o be_v more_o restrain_v for_o the_o future_a the_o polish_v general_n konicepoliski_n do_v cause_v the_o fortress_n of_o hudack_n to_o be_v build_v just_a at_o a_o point_n where_o the_o river_n of_o zwamer_n fall_v into_o the_o dnieper_n or_o borysthenes_n the_o cosack_v endeavour_v to_o prevent_v the_o perfect_a of_o this_o work_n by_o force_n but_o be_v rout_v by_o the_o pole_n be_v oblige_v to_o surrender_v their_o general_n pauluck_v and_o some_o of_o their_o chief_a man_n among_o they_o who_o be_v all_o notwithstanding_o a_o pardon_n be_v promise_v they_o before_o hand_n behead_v beside_o this_o it_o be_v decree_v in_o the_o diet_n that_o all_o their_o former_a privilege_n and_o the_o fortress_n of_o techtimorovia_n shall_v be_v take_v from_o they_o and_o that_o in_o their_o stead_n a_o new_a body_n of_o militia_n shall_v be_v settle_v there_o to_o put_v this_o decree_n in_o execution_n the_o polish_v army_n march_v into_o the_o vkraine_n against_o which_o the_o cosack_v fight_v with_o great_a bravery_n promise_v nevertheless_o that_o they_o will_v be_v faithful_a to_o the_o crown_n of_o polana_n if_o their_o ancient_a privilege_n be_v confirm_v to_o they_o which_o the_o pole_n do_v promise_v they_o burr_n do_v not_o perform_v nay_o do_v even_o treat_v some_o of_o they_o very_o ill_o for_o among_o other_o oppressive_a method_n they_o take_v also_o from_o they_o some_o of_o their_o greek_a church_n their_o general_n chmielinski_n be_v also_o gross_o affront_v for_o which_o he_o can_v obtain_v no_o satisfaction_n for_o the_o king_n have_v grant_v he_o a_o privilege_n to_o build_v some_o mill_n a_o certain_a gentleman_n who_o name_n be_v jarinski_n burn_v the_o same_o have_v also_o ravish_v his_o wife_n and_o afterward_o kill_v both_o she_o and_o her_o son_n §_o 12._o casimir_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n vladislaus_n die_v who_o succeed_v his_o brother_n john_n casimir_n 1647._o then_o chmielinski_n to_o revenge_v himself_o stir_v up_o the_o cosack_n against_o the_o pole_n who_o with_o burn_v plunder_v and_o ravish_v do_v what_o mischief_n they_o can_v to_o the_o polish_v nobility_n and_o the_o senator_n have_v desire_v the_o king_n to_o march_v out_o into_o the_o field_n against_o they_o they_o be_v answer_v by_o he_o that_o they_o ought_v not_o to_o have_v burn_v down_o their_o mill_n whereat_o the_o pole_n be_v extreme_o dissatisfy_v bring_v together_o a_o army_n of_o 50000_o man_n which_o be_v defeat_v by_o the_o cosack_n cosâ—â—â—s_n there_o be_v kill_v 10000_o upon_o the_o spot_n and_o beside_o this_o they_o take_v the_o city_n of_o kiovia_n to_o revenge_v this_o affront_n the_o pole_n summon_v the_o seven_o man_n throughout_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n and_o march_v against_o the_o cosack_n without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o king_n but_o be_v again_o miserable_o beat_v by_o they_o but_o chmielinski_n celebrate_v the_o nuptial_n of_o his_o son_n with_o the_o daughter_n of_o the_o prince_n of_o vallachia_n the_o pole_n surprise_v the_o cosack_n thereabouts_o plunder_v the_o city_n and_o take_v the_o grecian_a patriarch_n prisoner_n the_o cosack_v then_o send_v to_o the_o king_n to_o know_v
whether_o this_o have_v be_v do_v by_o his_o authority_n and_o the_o king_n have_v answer_v no_o but_o that_o it_o have_v be_v do_v by_o the_o nobility_n to_o take_v revenge_n of_o the_o cosack_n these_o join_v with_o the_o tartar_n and_o fall_v into_o poland_n against_o these_o the_o king_n go_v in_o person_n into_o the_o field_n at_o the_o head_n of_o the_o nobility_n and_o defeat_v they_o in_o a_o battle_n but_o the_o king_n have_v afterward_o make_v a_o agreement_n with_o they_o the_o nobility_n be_v great_o discontent_v with_o the_o king_n proceed_n allege_v that_o the_o king_n have_v grant_v too_o much_o to_o the_o cosack_n whilst_o the_o jealousy_n reign_v in_o poland_n câ—sacks_n the_o muscovite_n fall_v into_o poland_n and_o have_v bring_v the_o cosack_n over_o to_o their_o party_n besiege_v smolensko_n which_o they_o take_v in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v and_o have_v ravage_v every_o where_o in_o lithuania_n 1653._o they_o take_v wilea_n and_o some_o other_o city_n where_o they_o commit_v great_a barbarity_n in_o the_o year_n 1655._o poland_n another_o storm_n threaten_v the_o pole_n for_o charles_n gustavus_n king_n of_o swedeland_n have_v with_o a_o army_n of_o choose_a man_n enter_v that_o kingdom_n first_o conquer_a great_a poland_n and_o masovia_n and_o afterward_o the_o lesser_a poland_n with_o the_o capital_a city_n cracovia_n from_o whence_o he_o march_v into_o prussia_n where_o almost_o all_o the_o city_n surrender_v themselves_o except_o dantzick_n where_o be_v at_o first_o a_o great_a many_o citizen_n that_o favour_v the_o swede_n but_o by_o the_o persuasion_n of_o some_o minister_n be_v keep_v in_o obedience_n to_o poland_n the_o resistance_n which_o be_v make_v by_o this_o one_o city_n be_v the_o main_a reason_n why_o all_o the_o advantage_n get_v by_o the_o swede_n prove_v fruitless_a at_o last_o and_o that_o they_o can_v not_o maintain_v themselves_o in_o prussia_n notwithstanding_o that_o not_o only_o the_o whole_a militia_n of_o poland_n and_o that_o part_n of_o lithuania_n which_o be_v not_o under_o the_o subjection_n of_o the_o muscovite_n have_v submit_v themselves_o to_o the_o swedish_n protection_n but_o also_o that_o king_n john_n casimir_n himself_o flee_v into_o silesia_n for_o the_o pole_n have_v recollect_v themselves_o after_o the_o first_o constemation_n be_v over_o and_o be_v join_v by_o the_o tartar_n fall_v upon_o such_o of_o the_o swedish_n force_v as_o be_v disperse_v up_o and_o down_o the_o country_n the_o lithuanian_n also_o revolt_v and_o kill_v all_o the_o swede_n that_o be_v in_o winter_n quarter_n with_o they_o king_n charles_n gustavus_n also_o have_v great_o weaken_v his_o army_n not_o only_o by_o the_o great_a march_n towards_o jeroslavia_n but_o also_o czarneski_n the_o polish_v general_n do_v often_o with_o his_o light-horse_n fall_v upon_o on_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o army_n and_o do_v considerable_a mischief_n in_o the_o mean_a while_o the_o pole_n also_o have_v retake_v warsovia_n where_o they_o have_v make_v the_o swedish_n governor_n wittenbergh_n and_o some_o other_o great_a officer_n prisoner_n contrary_a to_o the_o article_n make_v at_o the_o surrendry_a of_o the_o place_n and_o though_o king_n charles_n gustavus_n have_v be_v join_v before_o by_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburgh_n force_n do_v vanquish_v the_o pole_n and_o tartar_n in_o a_o memorable_a battle_n which_o last_v three_o day_n and_o be_v fight_v near_o warsovia_n warsaw_n yet_o all_o the_o prince_n of_o europe_n begin_v to_o look_v about_o they_o and_o to_o consult_v about_o a_o diversion_n to_o be_v make_v sweden_n the_o muscovite_n fall_v into_o livonia_n where_o they_o besiege_v riga_n but_o to_o no_o purpose_n the_o hollander_n do_v give_v plain_o to_o understand_v that_o they_o be_v not_o willing_a that_o prussia_n shall_v come_v under_o the_o subjection_n of_o swedeland_n and_o the_o dane_n also_o begin_v to_o be_v in_o motion_n on_o the_o other_o hand_n poland_n ragozi_n prince_n of_o transylvania_n enter_v poland_n with_o a_o army_n to_o try_v whether_o perhaps_o he_o can_v obtain_v that_o crown_n for_o himself_o but_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n be_v oblige_v to_o march_v out_o of_o poland_n against_o the_o dane_n ragozi_n make_v a_o bad_a market_n of_o it_o for_o before_o he_o can_v reach_v his_o own_o country_n he_o be_v total_o rout_v and_o olige_v to_o make_v a_o shameful_a accord_n with_o the_o pole_n which_o misfortune_n however_o he_o may_v have_v avoid_v if_o he_o according_a to_o the_o advice_n of_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n who_o promise_v to_o keep_v the_o pole_n so_o long_o in_o play_n till_o he_o be_v out_o of_o danger_n will_v have_v take_v his_o march_n direct_o over_o brescie_a pinsk_n and_o so_o further_o towards_o his_o own_o frontier_n but_o ragozi_n will_v by_o all_o mean_n take_v his_o way_n near_o cracaw_n then_o the_o pole_n retake_v cracaw_n and_o thorn_n and_o chase_v the_o swede_n out_o of_o curland_n who_o have_v before_o take_v the_o duke_n of_o that_o name_n prisoner_n the_o pole_n also_o besiege_v riga_n but_o be_v beat_v from_o thence_o by_o the_o swedish_n general_n helmfeld_n 1606._o and_o though_o the_o pole_n by_o the_o peace_n make_v at_o oliva_n recover_v all_o prussia_n again_o yet_o be_v they_o oblige_v to_o renounce_v all_o their_o pretension_n upon_o livonia_n and_o to_o leave_v the_o muscovite_n in_o the_o possession_n of_o smolensko_n severia_n and_o kiovia_n neither_o can_v they_o appease_v the_o cosack_n some_o of_o they_o have_v put_v themselves_o under_o the_o protection_n of_o the_o muscovite_n some_o under_o the_o turk_n whereby_o they_o show_v the_o way_n to_o the_o turk_n into_o poland_n neither_o can_v the_o king_n put_v a_o end_n to_o the_o intestine_a division_n and_o jealousy_n wherefore_o at_o last_o tire_v with_o these_o trouble_v john_n casimir_n resign_v the_o crown_n and_o live_v a_o retire_a life_n in_o france_n in_o the_o abbey_n of_o st._n german_a he_o there_o die_v a_o few_o year_n after_o §_o 13._o there_o be_v now_o leave_v none_o of_o the_o royal_a family_n in_o poland_n several_a foreigner_n pretend_v to_o the_o crown_n but_o at_o last_o a_o piastus_n who_o name_n be_v michael_n witsnowizki_n witsnowizki_n be_v declare_v king_n chief_o by_o the_o vote_n of_o the_o lesser_a nobility_n his_o short_a reign_n be_v full_a of_o intestine_a commotion_n 1670._o and_o the_o turk_n in_o the_o mean_a while_o do_v not_o cease_v to_o do_v considerable_a mischief_n in_o poland_n have_v in_o the_o year_n 1672._o take_v caminieck_n in_o podolia_n which_o fortress_n have_v be_v former_o think_v impregnable_a serve_v they_o now_o for_o a_o door_n through_o which_o they_o may_v enter_v poland_n at_o pleasure_n a_o peace_n be_v then_o conclude_v with_o the_o turk_n by_o virtue_n of_o which_o the_o say_a fortress_n remain_v in_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o turk_n the_o pole_n also_o have_v promise_v to_o pay_v to_o the_o turk_n a_o yearly_a tribute_n this_o king_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1673._o in_o who_o stead_n in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v the_o polish_v general_n john_n sobieski_n be_v make_v king_n of_o poland_n sobieski_n he_o have_v in_o the_o year_n before_o attack_v the_o turk_n in_o their_o camp_n with_o such_o success_n that_o of_o 32000_o man_n scarce_o 1500_o escape_v alive_a he_o renew_v the_o war_n with_o the_o turk_n but_o conclude_v a_o peace_n with_o they_o in_o the_o year_n 1676._o by_o virtue_n of_o which_o the_o turk_n keep_v the_o fortress_n of_o caminieck_n but_o remit_v the_o yearly_a tribute_n to_o the_o pole_n he_o be_v a_o man_n of_o great_a capacity_n it_o be_v hope_v that_o he_o may_v prove_v a_o good_a king_n of_o poland_n §_o 14._o it_o be_v to_o be_v consider_v concern_v the_o polish_v nation_n nation_n that_o whosoever_o be_v not_o a_o nobleman_n in_o poland_n be_v esteem_v a_o boor._n for_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o city_n be_v very_o little_o regard_v and_o the_o tradesman_n be_v most_o foreigner_n but_o the_o boor_n be_v esteem_v nor_o use_v no_o better_o than_o slave_n be_v also_o very_o raw_a and_o barbarous_a both_o in_o their_o life_n and_o conversation_n wherefore_o when_o we_o talk_v of_o the_o pole_n thereby_o ought_v only_o to_o be_v understand_v the_o nobility_n they_o be_v therefore_o common_o downright_a and_o honest_a very_o seldom_o give_v to_o the_o art_n of_o dissemble_v they_o be_v of_o a_o very_a generous_a spirit_n and_o expect_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o respect_n and_o if_o you_o give_v they_o as_o much_o respect_n as_o they_o pretend_v to_o they_o be_v no_o less_o courteous_a and_o will_v willing_o pay_v a_o respect_n again_o to_o you_o and_o their_o word_n and_o behaviour_n be_v full_a of_o pomp_n and_o ceremony_n they_o be_v very_o liberal_a or_o rather_o profuse_a and_o not_o give_v to_o be_v parsimonious_a though_o they_o shall_v want_v the_o next_o day_n this_o nation_n also_o be_v very_o fierce_a
haldan_n sivand_a erick_n haldan_n vngrin_n regnald_n about_o the_o year_n 588._o rodolf_n be_v king_n of_o the_o goth_n but_o be_v vanquish_v by_o the_o english_a who_o he_o leave_v in_o the_o possession_n of_o that_o kingdom_n he_o himself_o flee_v into_o italy_n where_o he_o seek_v sanctuary_n of_o dicterick_n the_o king_n of_o the_o goth_n in_o the_o mean_a while_n frotho_n either_o the_o son_n or_o else_o a_o kinsman_n of_o regnald_n be_v king_n of_o sweden_n who_o succeed_v these_o follow_a king_n fiolmus_n swercher_n valander_n vislur_n who_o be_v burn_v by_o his_o own_o son_n damalder_n who_o be_v sacrifice_v by_o his_o own_o subject_n to_o their_o idol_n at_o vpsal_n domar_n digner_n dagger_n agnius_n who_o be_v hang_v by_o his_o own_o wife_n alrick_n and_o erick_n who_o fly_v one_o another_o in_o a_o single_a combat_n ingo_n hugler_n haco_n jerundar_n hacquin_n surname_v ring_n under_o who_o reign_n that_o most_o memorable_a battle_n at_o brovalla_fw-la be_v fight_v brovalla_fw-la betwixt_o the_o swede_n and_o dane_n where_o thirty_o thousand_o man_n be_v kill_v on_o the_o danish_a and_o twelve_o thousand_o on_o the_o swedish_n side_n this_o king_n sacrifice_v nine_o of_o his_o son_n to_o the_o idol_n at_o vpsal_n and_o will_v have_v do_v the_o same_o with_o the_o ten_o who_o be_v the_o only_a heir_n leave_v to_o the_o kingdom_n if_o he_o have_v not_o be_v prevent_v by_o the_o swede_n he_o succeed_v his_o son_n egillus_fw-la who_o follow_v in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o sweden_n othar_n adel_n ostan_n ingvard_n amund_n sivard_n hirot_n or_o herolt_n who_o marry_v his_o daughter_n thera_n to_o regnerthethen_n king_n of_o denmark_n ingellus_fw-la ingellus_fw-la the_o son_n of_o amund_n succeed_v hirot_n in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o sweden_n who_o the_o night_n after_o his_o coronation_n cause_v seven_o of_o those_o petty_a prince_n that_o be_v vassal_n of_o the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n to_o be_v burn_v in_o their_o lodging_n and_o afterward_o exercise_v the_o same_o cruelty_n against_o five_o more_o of_o the_o same_o rank_n his_o daughter_n asa_n that_o be_v marry_v to_o gudrot_v a_o prince_n of_o schonen_fw-mi exceed_v her_o father_n in_o cruelty_n for_o have_v murder_v her_o husband_n and_o his_o brother_n she_o betray_v the_o country_n to_o the_o enemy_n which_o so_o exasperate_v ivan_n the_o son_n of_o regner_n king_n of_o denmark_n that_o he_o fall_v with_o great_a fury_n upon_o ingellus_fw-la who_o have_v take_v his_o daughter_n into_o his_o protection_n destroy_v all_o with_o fire_n and_o sword_n ingellus_fw-la be_v reduce_v to_o the_o utmost_a extremity_n by_o the_o advice_n of_o his_o daughter_n burn_v himself_o his_o daughter_n and_o the_o whole_a family_n in_o his_o own_o palace_n except_o his_o son_n olaus_n who_o shelter_a himself_n in_o wermeland_n after_o the_o death_n of_o ingellus_fw-la a_o certain_a nobleman_n of_o a_o ancient_a family_n in_o sweden_n who_o name_n be_v charles_n assume_v the_o royal_a title_n and_o power_n but_o regner_n king_n of_o denmark_n who_o pretend_v that_o it_o belong_v to_o his_o son_n do_v send_v a_o challenge_n to_o the_o say_v charles_n and_o have_v kill_v he_o in_o the_o combat_n transfer_v the_o kingdom_n of_o sweden_n to_o his_o son_n bero_n or_o biorn_n who_o be_v hirots_n daughter_n son_n §_o 3._o bero._n under_o the_o reign_n of_o this_o bero_n or_o biorn_n ansgarius_n a_o monk_n of_o corvey_n 829._o and_o afterward_o bishop_n of_o bremen_n be_v send_v into_o sweden_n sweden_n by_o the_o emperor_n lewis_n the_o pious_a to_o preach_v the_o gospel_n in_o that_o kingdom_n but_o the_o king_n refuse_v to_o hearken_v to_o his_o doctrine_n be_v by_o the_o swede_n banish_v the_o kingdom_n together_o with_o his_o father_n regner_n amund_n his_o successor_n amund_n do_v also_o rule_n but_o a_o very_a few_o year_n and_o have_v raise_v a_o most_o horrible_a persecution_n against_o the_o christian_n be_v also_o banish_v the_o kingdom_n the_o swede_n be_v quite_o tire_v out_o with_o amund_n tyrannical_a government_n olaus_n do_v call_v in_o olaus_n out_o of_o wermeland_n to_o be_v their_o king_n who_o to_o establish_v himself_o in_o the_o throne_n marry_v the_o daughter_n of_o regner_n to_o his_o son_n ingo_n and_o thereby_o obtain_v the_o quiet_a possession_n of_o the_o two_o kingdom_n of_o the_o swede_n and_o goth_n 853._o not_o many_o year_n after_o ansgarius_n rerurn_v into_o sweden_n and_o convert_v olaus_n who_o then_o reside_v at_o birca_n a_o most_o populous_a city_n to_o the_o christian_a faith_n olaus_n then_o march_v with_o a_o potent_a army_n into_o denmark_n and_o have_v commit_v the_o administration_n of_o that_o kingdom_n to_o his_o son_n ennigruus_n return_v into_o sweden_n where_o he_o be_v by_o his_o heathen_a subject_n sacrifice_v to_o their_o idol_n at_o vpsal_n his_o son_n ingo_n ingo_n the_o better_a to_o establish_v himself_o in_o the_o throne_n marry_v the_o king_n of_o denmark_n daughter_n 890._o and_o afterward_o be_v kill_v in_o the_o war_n against_o the_o russian_n he_o succeed_v his_o son_n erick_n surname_v weatherhat_o erick_n famous_a for_o his_o skill_n in_o witchcraft_n who_o be_v succeed_v by_o his_o son_n erick_n surname_v seghersell_v seghersell_a who_o conquer_a finland_n curland_n livonia_n and_o ehestland_n from_o denmark_n he_o retake_v halland_n and_o schonen_fw-mi and_o at_o last_o drive_v the_o danish_a king_n swen_n out_o of_o denmark_n who_o can_v not_o recover_v his_o kingdom_n till_o after_o his_o death_n mild._n his_o son_n stenchill_n surname_v the_o mild_a be_v baptise_a at_o sigtuna_n a_o great_a city_n at_o that_o time_n and_o have_v destroy_v the_o idol_n at_o vpsal_n and_o forbid_v his_o subject_n upon_o pain_n of_o death_n to_o sacrifice_n to_o the_o idol_n the_o pagan_n be_v so_o enrage_v thereat_o that_o they_o slay_v and_o burn_v he_o near_o vpsal_n and_o with_o he_o the_o two_o christian_a priest_n that_o be_v send_v to_o he_o by_o the_o bishop_n of_o hamburgh_n olaus_n 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goth_n
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who_o be_v a_o vassal_n of_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n be_v suspect_v by_o they_o to_o hold_v a_o correspondence_n with_o the_o say_a prince_n and_o be_v grow_v quite_o weary_a of_o the_o imperial_a force_n be_v also_o pester_v with_o famine_n and_o the_o plague_n by_o the_o mediation_n of_o france_n england_n brandenburg_n and_o holland_n a_o truce_n be_v conclude_v for_o six_o year_n by_o virtue_n of_o which_o king_n gustave_n be_v to_o restore_v to_o poland_n brodnitz_n wormdit_n melsack_n stum_n and_o dirshaw_n marienburgh_n be_v commit_v to_o the_o custudy_n of_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n king_n gustave_n keep_v the_o castle_n and_o harbour_n of_o pillaw_n and_o memâ—l_n poland_n as_o also_o elbingen_n and_o braunsbergh_n beside_o all_o what_o he_o be_v possess_v of_o in_o livonia_n so_o that_o king_n gustave_n adolph_n have_v end_v both_o the_o russian_a and_o polish_v war_n to_o his_o eternal_a honour_n and_o the_o great_a advantage_n of_o his_o kingdom_n §_o 14._o war._n but_o he_o be_v not_o long_o at_o rest_n before_o germany_n be_v the_o scene_n where_o he_o acquire_v everlasting_a glory_n to_o his_o nation_n and_o perform_v some_o of_o the_o great_a action_n that_o be_v ever_o see_v in_o europe_n as_o soon_o as_o the_o protestant_n in_o germany_n begin_v to_o be_v jealous_a of_o the_o roman_a catholic_n sinister_a intention_n against_o they_o they_o be_v then_o for_o bring_v king_n gustave_n over_o to_o their_o alliance_n but_o he_o be_v at_o that_o time_n entangle_v in_o the_o polish_v affair_n be_v not_o at_o leisure_n to_o engage_v himself_o with_o they_o 1626._o but_o christian_a iu._n king_n of_o denmark_n who_o be_v ambitious_a of_o that_o honour_n have_v in_o the_o mean_a while_o receive_v a_o great_a defeat_n from_o the_o imperialist_n who_o since_o that_o have_v make_v themselves_o master_n of_o the_o low_a saxony_n and_o get_v foot_v on_o the_o baltic_a king_n gustave_n fear_v the_o consequence_n of_o it_o press_v the_o hard_a upon_o the_o pole_n to_o oblige_v they_o to_o a_o peace_n or_o truce_n 1623._o and_o have_v call_v together_o the_o estate_n of_o sweden_n he_o represent_v to_o they_o the_o danger_n which_o threaten_v sweden_n from_o the_o imperialist_n who_o have_v not_o only_o get_v footing_n on_o the_o baltic_a but_o also_o make_v themselves_o master_n of_o a_o part_n of_o denmark_n whereupon_o it_o have_v be_v resolve_v by_o the_o estate_n that_o it_o be_v not_o advisable_v to_o stay_v till_o the_o enemy_n shall_v attack_v they_o at_o home_n but_o to_o meet_v he_o abroad_o and_o to_o keep_v he_o from_o get_v footing_n on_o the_o border_n of_o the_o baltic_a the_o king_n only_o wait_v a_o opportunity_n to_o put_v this_o design_n in_o execution_n which_o present_v itself_o in_o the_o same_o year_n for_o albert_n wallenstein_n duke_n of_o friedland_n the_o imperial_a general_n have_v lay_v a_o design_n against_o the_o city_n of_o strahlsund_n the_o king_n who_o be_v then_o in_o prussia_n offer_v his_o assistance_n to_o that_o city_n and_o have_v send_v they_o voluntary_o some_o ammunition_n and_o exhort_v they_o to_o a_o vigorous_a defence_n the_o citizen_n accept_v of_o the_o king_n offer_n make_v a_o alliance_n with_o he_o for_o the_o defence_n of_o their_o city_n and_o harbour_n and_o to_o maintain_v their_o commerce_n in_o the_o baltic_a pursuant_n to_o this_o treaty_n the_o king_n send_v some_o of_o his_o force_n to_o their_o assistance_n who_o be_v very_o instrumental_a in_o defend_v that_o city_n against_o the_o imperialist_n but_o he_o do_v not_o think_v fit_a to_o attempt_v any_o thing_n further_o at_o that_o time_n because_o wallenstein_n and_o tilly_n be_v with_o two_o considerable_a army_n not_o far_o off_o but_o as_o soon_o as_o the_o â—olâ—sh_a war_n be_v end_v he_o resolve_v not_o to_o make_v any_o further_a delay_n have_v therefore_o in_o vain_a proffer_a
his_o mediation_n for_o the_o procure_n of_o a_o peace_n in_o germany_n and_o represent_v again_o to_o the_o estate_n of_o sweden_n the_o necessity_n of_o meet_v the_o imperialist_n with_o a_o army_n abroad_o he_o with_o all_o expedition_n prepare_v himself_o for_o the_o next_o campagne_n 1630._o and_o have_v send_v alexander_n lesley_n with_o some_o troop_n before_o to_o drive_v the_o imperialist_n out_o of_o the_o isle_n of_o rugen_n which_o he_o effect_v and_o settle_v his_o affair_n at_o home_n he_o embark_v with_o 92_o company_n of_o foot_n and_o 16_o of_o horse_n which_o be_v however_o considerable_o augment_v afterward_o by_o some_o regiment_n raise_v in_o prussia_n and_o land_v the_o 24_o of_o june_n at_o vsedom_n germany_n upon_o his_o arrival_n the_o imperialist_n have_v leave_v their_o fort_n thereabouts_o and_o at_o wollin_n he_o re-embarked_n his_o soldier_n with_o a_o train_n of_o artillery_n in_o some_o small_a vessel_n and_o direct_o take_v his_o course_n towards_o stetin_n and_o have_v oblige_v the_o duke_n of_o pomerania_n to_o receive_v he_o and_o his_o force_n into_o that_o city_n he_o make_v a_o defensive_a alliance_n with_o he_o from_o hence_o he_o march_v to_o stargard_n anclam_n vckermund_n and_o wolgast_n all_o which_o place_n he_o take_v without_o much_o opposition_n and_o while_o king_n gustave_n act_v with_o such_o success_n against_o the_o imperialist_n in_o pomerania_n christian_n withelm_v administrator_n of_o magdeburgh_n who_o have_v be_v depose_v by_o the_o emperor_n have_v get_v into_o the_o possession_n again_o of_o the_o city_n and_o territory_n of_o magdeburgh_n whither_o king_n gustave_n send_v dâ—cterick_n of_o falekenbergh_n to_o be_v assist_v to_o the_o say_a administrator_n in_o settle_v his_o affair_n that_o be_v then_o in_o great_a confusion_n in_o the_o mean_a while_n several_a regiment_n of_o liflander_n and_o finlanders_n be_v arrive_v under_o the_o command_n of_o gustave_n horn_n these_o have_v be_v join_v by_o 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alliance_n with_o france_n france_n by_o virtue_n of_o which_o he_o be_v to_o receive_v a_o yearly_a subsidy_n of_o 400000_o crown_n from_o the_o french_a king_n have_v thus_o strengthen_v himself_o he_o notwithstanding_o the_o winter_n season_n take_v lokenitz_n prentzlow_n new_a brâ—ndenburgh_n clempenow_n craptow_n and_o leitz_n without_o much_o opposition_n demmin_n also_o where_o the_o duke_n of_o lavelli_n be_v in_o garrison_n with_o two_o regiment_n be_v surrender_v after_o a_o siege_n of_o three_o day_n and_o colberg_n surrender_v after_o a_o blockade_n of_o five_o month_n the_o emperor_n in_o the_o mean_a while_n perceive_v that_o his_o general_n be_v not_o able_a to_o cope_v with_o king_n gustave_n adolph_n have_v give_v to_o tilly_n the_o bavarian_a general_n the_o supreme_a command_n over_o his_o force_n who_o be_v a_o ancient_a experience_a and_o renown_a captain_n march_v direct_o to_o the_o relief_n of_o demmin_n but_o have_v receive_v intelligence_n that_o the_o place_n 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also_o the_o imperialist_n from_o thence_o about_o the_o same_o time_n a_o general_a meeting_n of_o the_o protestant_n german_n prince_n be_v hold_v at_o leipzick_n where_o a_o league_n be_v propose_v to_o be_v make_v in_o opposition_n to_o the_o demand_v restitution_n of_o the_o church-land_n thither_o king_n gustave_n send_v some_o of_o his_o minister_n to_o exhort_v they_o to_o a_o mutual_a union_n against_o the_o emperor_n and_o to_o demand_v some_o assistance_n from_o they_o of_o man_n and_o money_n but_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n be_v very_o backward_o in_o declare_v himself_o positive_o pretend_v several_a reason_n but_o in_o effect_n intend_v to_o make_v himself_o head_n of_o the_o protestant_a league_n and_o in_o the_o mean_a while_n to_o take_v this_o opportunity_n of_o put_v the_o protestant_n in_o a_o good_a posture_n and_o to_o keep_v the_o balance_n betwixt_o the_o emperor_n and_o the_o swede_n king_n gustave_n therefore_o perceive_v that_o the_o protestant_n in_o germany_n be_v so_o very_o cunning_a and_o over-cautious_a think_v it_o his_o best_a not_o to_o venture_v his_o army_n at_o the_o discretion_n of_o other_o wherefore_o though_o he_o be_v very_o willing_a to_o have_v relieve_v the_o city_n of_o magdeburgh_n which_o be_v reduce_v to_o extremity_n yet_o do_v he_o not_o think_v it_o advisable_v to_o march_v thither_o before_o he_o have_v secure_v his_o retreat_n to_o render_v therefore_o his_o design_n effectual_a he_o march_v with_o his_o army_n straight_o to_o berlin_n and_o have_v oblige_v the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n partly_o by_o fair_a word_n partly_o by_o threat_n to_o put_v into_o his_o hand_n the_o fort_n of_o spandau_n and_o custrin_n for_o the_o security_n of_o a_o retreat_n over_o the_o two_o river_n of_o the_o havel_n and_o other_o he_o will_v have_v straghtways_o march_v to_o the_o relief_n of_o the_o city_n of_o magdeburgh_n if_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n will_v have_v join_v he_o but_o while_o the_o say_a elector_n make_v a_o great_a many_o tergiversation_n the_o say_a city_n be_v take_v by_o storm_n by_o general_n tilly_n may._n who_o miserable_o burn_v the_o city_n and_o kill_v most_o of_o the_o inhabitant_n there_o have_v be_v but_o 400_o leave_v of_o a_o great_a many_o thousand_o after_o this_o disaster_n king_n gustave_n have_v publish_v his_o reason_n why_o he_o can_v not_o timely_a enough_o relieve_v that_o city_n and_o have_v clear_v the_o whole_a pomerania_n of_o the_o imperialist_n he_o divide_v his_o army_n and_o have_v send_v part_n of_o his_o force_n to_o the_o assistance_n the_o duke_n of_o mecklenburgh_n he_o march_v with_o the_o rest_n into_o marck_n and_o encamp_v at_o werben_fw-ge near_o the_o river_n elbe_n to_o observe_v tilly_n who_o have_v receive_v intelligence_n of_o the_o king_n arrival_n near_o that_o river_n be_v oblige_v to_o alter_v his_o march_n which_o he_o intend_v to_o have_v direct_v towards_o saxony_n in_o hope_n to_o force_v the_o king_n to_o a_o battle_n but_o the_o king_n surprise_v his_o avaint-guard_n near_o wolmerstadt_n where_o he_o total_o ruin_v three_o regiment_n of_o horse_n notwithstanding_o which_o tilly_n approach_v near_o the_o king_n camp_n at_o werben_fw-ge but_o the_o king_n refuse_v of_o fight_n and_o he_o not_o dare_v to_o attack_v he_o in_o his_o camp_n he_o be_v for_o want_v of_o forage_v oblige_v to_o march_v back_o to_o his_o former_a camp_n at_o wolmerstadt_n in_o the_o mean_a while_o the_o duke_n of_o mecklenburgh_n have_v with_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o swedish_n auxiliary_n drive_v the_o imperialist_n out_o of_o their_o territory_n except_o domitz_n wismar_n and_o rostock_n which_o place_n they_o also_o keep_v block_v up_o and_o about_o the_o same_o time_n james_n marquis_n of_o hamilton_n come_v with_o 6000_o english_a and_o scots_a into_o pomerania_n but_o stand_v the_o king_n in_o no_o great_a stead_n most_o of_o they_o die_v in_o the_o same_o year_n by_o several_a disease_n but_o tilly_n see_v that_o he_o can_v not_o attack_v the_o
king_n near_o werben_fw-ge decamp_v from_o wolmerstadt_n and_o march_v to_o eisleben_n and_o from_o thence_o to_o halli_fw-la from_o whence_o he_o march_v with_o 40000_o man_n to_o leipsick_a which_o he_o take_v soon_o after_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n be_v thus_o put_v to_o a_o nonplus_n be_v then_o force_v to_o send_v to_o king_n gustave_n and_o to_o desire_v he_o to_o join_v his_o army_n which_o lie_v encamp_v near_o torgawi_n the_o king_n who_o have_v foresee_v what_o will_v befall_v he_o be_v already_o advance_v near_o new_a brandenburg_n and_o though_o the_o king_n be_v very_o glad_a of_o this_o opportunity_n yet_o because_o the_o elector_n be_v now_o put_v to_o a_o nonplus_n now_o desire_v what_o he_o have_v resuse_v before_o he_o propose_v to_o he_o certain_a condition_n which_o the_o elector_n have_v ready_o grant_v he_o pass_v the_o river_n elbe_n near_o wittenbergh_n with_o 13000_o foot_n and_o 9000_o horse_n and_o join_v the_o elector_n near_o dieben_fw-mi then_o a_o council_n of_o war_n have_v be_v call_v where_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n also_o be_v present_a the_o king_n who_o do_v not_o expect_v that_o the_o old_a cunning_a general_n will_v give_v they_o any_o opportunity_n to_o fight_v be_v for_o act_v very_o cautious_o but_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n be_v not_o for_o protract_v the_o war_n tell_v they_o that_o if_o the_o rest_n refuse_v he_o will_v fight_v alone_o this_o opinion_n at_o last_o prevail_v the_o king_n then_o think_v it_o most_o convenient_a to_o attack_v he_o immediate_o before_o he_o can_v be_v join_v by_o the_o general_n altringer_n and_o tieffenbach_n the_o first_o of_o which_o be_v already_o arrive_v near_o erffurt_n the_o second_o be_v on_o his_o march_n out_o of_o silesia_n thereupon_o the_o command_n of_o the_o right_a wing_n be_v leave_v to_o the_o king_n that_o of_o the_o left_a to_o the_o elector_n they_o march_v towards_o the_o enemy_n tilly_n have_v no_o soon_o be_v inform_v of_o their_o approach_n but_o he_o begin_v to_o fortify_v himself_o in_o his_o camp_n near_o leipzick_n sept._n but_o papenheim_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o imperial_a general_n trust_v too_o much_o upon_o the_o bravery_n of_o their_o veteran_n band_n and_o despise_v the_o new_a levy_n of_o the_o saxon_n and_o the_o swede_n that_o be_v tire_v out_o by_o long_a march_n will_v by_o all_o mean_n fight_v the_o enemy_n in_o the_o plain_n near_o braitenfeld_n where_o tilly_n lose_v the_o fruit_n of_o his_o former_a victory_n he_o have_v possess_v himself_o of_o all_o the_o rise_a ground_n where_o he_o have_v plant_v his_o cannon_n and_o have_v also_o the_o advantage_n of_o the_o wind_n but_o king_n gustave_n who_o have_v put_v some_o battalion_n of_o foot_n among_o the_o squadron_n of_o horse_n by_o wheel_v about_o get_v the_o advantage_n of_o the_o wind_n from_o he_o and_o have_v oblige_v the_o imperialist_n to_o open_v their_o left_a wing_n john_n banner_n fall_v in_o among_o they_o and_o bring_v they_o into_o confusion_n but_o the_o great_a force_n of_o the_o imperialist_n fall_v upon_o the_o saxon_n who_o infantry_n and_o some_o of_o the_o militia_n horse_n be_v put_v to_o flight_n which_o oblige_v the_o king_n to_o fall_v with_o his_o wing_n upon_o the_o enemy_n horse_n that_o be_v in_o pursuit_n of_o the_o saxon_n who_o he_o quick_o also_o force_v to_o fly_v but_o the_o imperial_a infantry_n still_o hold_v out_o till_o gustave_n horse_n with_o some_o squadron_n of_o the_o right_a wing_n fall_v into_o their_o flank_n and_o the_o king_n about_o the_o same_o time_n have_v take_v all_o the_o enemy_n artillery_n they_o be_v put_v to_o a_o entire_a rout_n on_o all_o side_n leave_v 7600_o man_n dead_a upon_o the_o spot_n beside_o what_o be_v kill_v in_o the_o pursuit_n 5000_o prisoner_n take_v service_n under_o the_o king_n tilly_n himself_o who_o refuse_v quarter_n be_v likely_a to_o have_v be_v kill_v by_o a_o captain_n of_o horse_n if_o rodulf_n maximiliun_n duke_n of_o saxon-lavenburgh_a have_v not_o deliver_v he_o by_o shoot_v the_o captain_n through_o the_o head_n the_o swede_n take_v above_o 100_o standard_n and_o colour_n but_o lose_v 2000_o man_n most_o of_o they_o horse_n the_o saxon_n lose_v 3000_o who_o quick_o retake_v leipzick_n while_o the_o king_n march_v towards_o merseburgh_n where_o he_o out_o to_o piece_n 1000_o of_o the_o enemy_n and_o take_v 500_o prisoner_n then_o it_o be_v resolve_v at_o a_o council_n of_o war_n hold_v at_o halle_n not_o to_o follow_v tilly_n who_o be_v retire_v towards_o the_o river_n of_o weser_n but_o to_o carry_v their_o victorious_a arm_n into_o the_o emperor_n hereditary_a and_o other_o roman_n catholic_n country_n thereabouts_o after_o some_o dispute_n it_o be_v agree_v that_o the_o king_n shall_v march_v towards_o franconia_n while_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n enter_v the_o hereditary_a country_n of_o the_o emperor_n pursuant_n to_o this_o agreement_n the_o king_n march_v towards_o erffurt_n where_o william_n duke_n of_o weimar_n be_v receive_v without_o opposition_n and_o from_o thence_o into_o franconia_n where_o he_o take_v koningshofen_n and_o sweinfurt_n without_o any_o opposition_n and_o the_o castle_n of_o wurtzburgh_n after_o some_o resistance_n in_o the_o mean_a while_n tilly_n the_o imperial_a general_n have_v be_v reinforce_v by_o several_a troop_n that_o be_v before_o disperse_v in_o germany_n be_v come_v to_o the_o relief_n of_o wurtzburgh_n but_o come_v too_o late_o march_v towards_o the_o river_n of_o the_o tauber_n to_o cover_v the_o bavarian_a and_o the_o emperor_n be_v hereditary_a country_n on_o that_o side_n but_o in_o his_o march_n the_o swede_n fall_v into_o his_o rear_n cut_v off_o four_o entire_a regiment_n the_o king_n have_v then_o make_v a_o alliance_n with_o the_o marquis_n of_o anspach_n march_v towards_o the_o rhine_n surprise_v hanaw_n but_o franckfort_n on_o the_o river_n of_o main_a surrender_v voluntary_o and_o have_v possess_v himself_o of_o the_o whole_a country_n of_o ringau_n direct_v his_o march_n into_o the_o palatinate_n which_o be_v then_o in_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o spaniard_n soon_o after_o enter_v the_o berghstrate_n he_o take_v gersheim_n and_o pass_v the_o rhine_n near_o stockstadt_n have_v defeat_v the_o spaniard_n that_o will_v have_v dispute_v his_o passage_n and_o at_o oppenheim_n he_o cut_v 500_o spaniard_n in_o piece_n but_o the_o garrison_n of_o mayence_n surrender_v upon_o article_n and_o landaw_n spiers_n weissenburgh_n and_o mainheim_n fall_v soon_o after_o into_o the_o king_n hand_n rostock_n also_o and_o wismar_n have_v in_o the_o mean_a while_n be_v surredred_a the_o baltic_a sea-coast_n be_v clear_v from_o the_o imperialist_n and_o the_o member_n of_o the_o circle_n of_o the_o low_a saxony_n at_o a_o assembly_n hold_v at_o hamburgh_n have_v resolve_v to_o levy_v 6000_o foot_n and_o 500_o horse_n for_o the_o defence_n of_o that_o circle_n the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n in_o the_o mean_a while_n have_v refuse_v the_o offer_v make_v to_o he_o by_o the_o spanish_a ambassador_n have_v send_v his_o army_n under_o the_o command_n of_o lieutenant_n general_n arnheim_n into_o bohemia_n where_o among_o other_o place_n they_o have_v take_v the_o city_n of_o prague_n but_o have_v conceive_v a_o jealousy_n against_o the_o king_n who_o he_o suspect_v to_o aim_v at_o the_o imperial_a crown_n he_o can_v not_o be_v prevail_v upon_o to_o march_v further_o into_o moravia_n and_o austria_n and_o the_o imperial_a court_n see_v that_o tilly_n be_v no_o more_o able_a to_o cope_v with_o the_o king_n resolve_v to_o give_v the_o supreme_a command_n of_o the_o imperial_a force_n to_o wallenstein_n who_o be_v a_o old_a experience_a soldier_n and_o in_o great_a authority_n among_o the_o soldier_n have_v beside_o this_o gather_v such_o riches_n that_o he_o be_v able_a to_o raise_v a_o army_n at_o his_o own_o charge_n he_o have_v be_v at_o last_o prevail_v upon_o to_o take_v upon_o he_o the_o supreme_a command_n raise_v a_o army_n of_o 40000_o man_n against_o the_o next_o spring_n 1637._o but_o while_o these_o preparation_n be_v make_v at_o vienna_n the_o king_n force_n notwithstanding_o the_o winter_n season_n have_v beat_v the_o spaniard_n upon_o the_o moselle_n have_v take_v creutznach_n braunfels_n kobenhausen_n and_o kirchbergh_n and_o the_o king_n have_v leave_v the_o supreme_a direction_n of_o affair_n on_o the_o rhine_n to_o axel_n oxenstirn_n he_o himself_o towards_o the_o spring_n march_v into_o franconia_n but_o tilly_n at_o his_o approach_n retire_v on_o the_o other_o side_n the_o danube_n the_o king_n possess_v himself_o of_o all_o the_o place_n along_o that_o river_n as_o far_o as_o vlm_v from_o whence_o he_o march_v towards_o the_o river_n of_o lech_n where_o tilly_n have_v entrench_v himself_o in_o a_o forest_n on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o that_o river_n here_o it_o be_v that_o general_n tilly_n be_v wound_v by_o a_o canon_n bullet_n
therefore_o send_v some_o regiment_n back_o into_o sweden_n he_o divide_v his_o army_n and_o have_v send_v 14000_o man_n under_o the_o command_n of_o george_n duke_n of_o lunenburgh_n into_o the_o low_a saxony_n and_o westphalia_n the_o last_o be_v order_v into_o franconia_n and_o some_o force_n be_v also_o detach_v towards_o silesia_n these_o force_n act_v with_o good_a success_n agha_v the_o imperialist_n especial_o in_o westphalia_n where_o the_o duke_n of_o lunenburgh_n take_v several_a place_n defeat_v the_o earl_n of_o mansfeld_n near_o rinteln_n and_o besiege_v the_o city_n of_o hamelen_n but_o in_o silesia_n the_o common_a cause_n be_v not_o carry_v on_o with_o the_o same_o forwardness_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o misunderstanding_n betwixt_o the_o swedish_n and_o saxon_a general_n the_o latter_a of_o which_o keep_v a_o secret_a correspondency_n with_o wallenstein_n leave_v the_o swede_n in_o the_o lurch_n who_o be_v at_o last_o miserable_o beat_v by_o the_o say_v wallenstein_n but_o in_o all_o other_o place_n they_o have_v better_a success_n where_o their_o general_n take_v several_a place_n of_o note_n and_o the_o duke_n of_o lunenburgh_n have_v also_o retake_v the_o strong_a city_n of_o hamelen_n by_o accord_n after_o have_v defeat_v 15000_o imperialist_n that_o be_v come_v to_o its_o relief_n whereof_o 2000_o be_v kill_v upon_o the_o spot_n and_o as_o many_o take_v prisoner_n thus_o the_o swedish_n army_n be_v every_o where_o flourish_a but_o in_o silesia_n nevertheless_o the_o burden_n of_o the_o war_n grow_v heavy_a upon_o they_o every_o day_n most_o of_o their_o confederate_n be_v grow_v weary_a of_o the_o war_n and_o willing_a to_o be_v rid_v of_o the_o swede_n whilst_o they_o labour_v under_o these_o difficulty_n wallenstein_n be_v fall_v in_o disgrace_n and_o kill_v by_o the_o emperor_n order_n they_o hope_v to_o reap_v some_o advantage_n by_o this_o change_n but_o the_o emperor_n have_v make_v the_o king_n of_o hungary_n his_o son_n general_n of_o his_o army_n who_o have_v take_v ratisbonne_n and_o be_v join_v by_o the_o spanish_a force_n that_o be_v march_v towards_o the_o netherlands_o besiege_v nordlingen_n where_o the_o swedish_n avantguard_n intend_v to_o possess_v themselves_o of_o a_o hill_n near_o that_o city_n be_v engage_v with_o the_o imperialist_n 1634._o which_o occasion_v a_o battle_n betwixt_o the_o two_o army_n 27._o and_o the_o swedish_n leave_v wing_n have_v be_v bring_v into_o disorder_n by_o the_o polish_v nordlingen_n hungarian_a and_o croatian_a horse_n be_v force_v back_o upon_o their_o own_o infantry_n which_o also_o be_v bring_v iuto_fw-la confusion_n and_o total_o rout_v 6000_o have_v be_v slay_v upon_o the_o spot_n a_o great_a number_n take_v prisoner_n among_o who_o be_v gustave_n horn_n and_o 130_o colour_n be_v lose_v beside_o the_o whole_a artillery_n and_o baggage_n after_o this_o battle_n the_o whole_a upper_a germany_n be_v overrun_v by_o the_o imperialist_n and_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n have_v make_v a_o separate_a peace_n with_o the_o emperor_n the_o swedish_n affair_n seem_v to_o be_v reduce_v to_o a_o very_a ill_a condition_n especial_o since_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n also_o have_v side_v with_o the_o saxon_n and_o the_o truce_n with_o the_o pole_n be_v near_o expire_v about_o the_o same_o time_n which_o make_v the_o swede_n very_o desious_a of_o a_o peace_n but_o the_o same_o not_o be_v to_o be_v obtain_v in_o germany_n they_o be_v fain_o to_o prolong_v the_o truce_n with_o the_o pole_n for_o twenty_o six_o year_n pole_n and_o to_o restore_v to_o they_o their_o so_o dear_o belove_v prussia_n and_o to_o draw_v france_n into_o germany_n to_o their_o assistance_n to_o put_v they_o in_o the_o possession_n of_o philipsburgh_n thus_o have_v in_o a_o manner_n settle_v their_o affair_n the_o war_n break_v out_o betwixt_o they_o and_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n who_o offer_v they_o a_o recompense_n of_o money_n for_o the_o archbishopric_n of_o magdeburgh_n which_o the_o swede_n refuse_v to_o accept_v of_o there_o happen_v a_o sharp_a engagement_n betwixt_o they_o near_o allenburgh_n upon_o the_o elbe_n where_o of_o 7000_o saxon_n saxony_n one_o half_o be_v kill_v and_o the_o rest_n take_v prisoner_n notwithstanding_o this_o advantage_n the_o swede_n have_v no_o small_a obstacle_n to_o surmount_v since_o the_o emperor_n be_v in_o possession_n of_o the_o whole_a upper_a germany_n and_o have_v beside_o this_o set_v the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n upon_o their_o back_n which_o oblige_v the_o swede_n to_o take_v new_a measure_n and_o be_v now_o leave_v by_o all_o their_o confederate_n they_o be_v at_o liberty_n at_o least_o to_o act_v more_o unanimous_o though_o perhaps_o with_o less_o force_n the_o effect_n of_o which_o appear_v soon_o after_o for_o though_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n have_v the_o good_a fortune_n to_o retake_v magdeburgh_n from_o the_o swede_n yet_o they_o soon_o after_o revenge_v this_o loss_n near_o perlebergh_n where_o they_o attack_v the_o say_a elector_n with_o a_o less_o number_n in_o his_o fortify_v camp_n and_o have_v rout_v his_o army_n kill_v 5000_o upon_o the_o spot_n beside_o what_o be_v kill_v in_o the_o pursuit_n 1100_o be_v kill_v on_o the_o swedish_n side_n and_o 3000_o wound_v and_o have_v soon_o after_o drive_v the_o imperialist_n out_o of_o hessia_n into_o westphalia_n and_o regain_v erffurt_n they_o be_v again_o in_o a_o fair_a way_n to_o get_v foot_v in_o high_a germany_n they_o have_v also_o in_o the_o next_o ensue_a year_n several_a encounter_n with_o the_o imperialist_n and_o saxon_n 1637._o which_o prove_v most_o to_o their_o advantage_n banner_n have_v defeat_v eight_o saxon_a regiment_n near_o edlenburgh_n and_o soon_o after_o 2000_o more_o near_o pegau_n and_o when_o the_o imperialist_n think_v to_o have_v get_v he_o with_o his_o whole_a army_n into_o their_o clutch_n near_o custrin_n he_o get_v off_o with_o great_a dexterity_n but_o can_v not_o prevent_v but_o that_o the_o imperialist_n take_v several_a place_n in_o pomerania_n as_o also_o near_o the_o river_n of_o havel_n and_o elbe_n george_n duke_n of_o lunenburgh_n have_v also_o declare_v against_o the_o swede_n who_o also_o begin_v to_o be_v extreme_o jealous_a of_o brandenburg_n by_o reason_n of_o his_o pretention_n upon_o pomerania_n after_o the_o death_n of_o bagislaus_n fourteen_o the_o last_o duke_n of_o pomerania_n who_o die_v this_o year_n a_o alliance_n be_v conclude_v betwixt_o they_o and_o france_n for_o three_o year_n the_o swede_n have_v be_v bring_v the_o year_n before_o somewhat_o in_o the_o strait_n 1638._o they_o now_o france_n after_o have_v receive_v fresh_a recruit_n begin_v to_o recover_v what_o they_o have_v lose_v the_o year_n before_o banner_n have_v drive_v gallas_n the_o imperial_a general_n back_o even_o into_o the_o hereditary_a country_n of_o the_o emperor_n and_o bernhard_n duke_n of_o weimar_n have_v the_o same_o success_n on_o the_o rhine_n where_o have_v besiege_v rhinefelden_n he_o fight_v twice_o with_o the_o imperialist_n that_o come_v to_o its_o relief_n and_o have_v rout_v they_o in_o the_o second_o engagement_n take_v rhinefelden_v kuteln_n and_o fryburgh_n in_o brisgau_n after_o this_o exploit_n have_v block_v up_o brisack_n so_o close_o that_o it_o be_v reduce_v to_o the_o utmost_a by_o famine_n the_o imperialist_n endeavour_v to_o relieve_v it_o with_o 12000_o man_n which_o be_v so_o receive_v by_o the_o say_a duke_n that_o scarce_o 2500_o escape_v and_o not_o long_o after_o the_o duke_n of_o lorraine_n have_v attempt_v its_o relief_n with_o 3500_o man_n the_o same_o be_v also_o cut_v in_o piece_n and_o the_o place_n surrender_v to_o the_o duke_n the_o imperialist_n have_v be_v thus_o rout_v both_o near_a the_o rhine_n and_o in_o the_o low_a saxony_n the_o duke_n and_o john_n banner_n have_v both_o take_v a_o resolution_n to_o carry_v the_o war_n into_o the_o emperor_n hereditary_a country_n and_o banner_n march_v straghtways_o after_o several_a defeat_v give_v to_o the_o imperialist_n and_o saxon_n into_o bohemia_n where_o he_o in_o all_o likelihood_n may_v have_v have_v great_a success_n if_o the_o untimely_a death_n of_o duke_n bernhard_n who_o be_v to_o join_v he_o have_v not_o break_v his_o measure_n this_o duke_n be_v solicit_v by_o the_o french_a to_o surrender_v brisack_n into_o their_o hand_n which_o he_o refuse_v be_v poison_v by_o they_o and_o his_o army_n with_o great_a promise_n and_o money_n debauch_v to_o submit_v under_o the_o french_a command_n the_o imperialist_n then_o grow_v too_o strong_a for_o banner_n alone_o in_o bohemia_n he_o march_v back_o into_o misnia_n and_o thuringia_n and_o have_v be_v join_v by_o the_o duke_n of_o longueville_n who_o command_v the_o army_n of_o the_o late_o decease_a duke_n of_o weimar_n and_o by_o some_o hessian_o and_o lunenburgher_n near_o erffurt_n which_o make_v up_o a_o army_n of_o 21_o brigade_n and_o 2000_o horse_n he_o will_v fain_o have_v fight_v the_o
imperialist_n but_o these_o avoid_v to_o come_v to_o a_o battle_n the_o campagne_n be_v most_o spend_v in_o march_v up_o and_o down_o the_o country_n but_o at_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o next_o ensue_a year_n banner_n have_v very_o near_o surprise_v the_o city_n of_o ratisbonne_n 1641._o where_o the_o emperor_n and_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o empire_n be_v then_o assemble_v if_o the_o ice_n which_o be_v by_o which_o be_v by_o a_o sudden_a thaw_v loosen_a in_o the_o river_n have_v not_o hinder_v they_o from_o lay_v a_o bridge_n of_o boat_n which_o design_n have_v miscarry_v banner_n resolve_v to_o carry_v the_o war_n again_o into_o moravia_n silesia_n and_o bohemia_n but_o the_o weimarian_n force_v under_o the_o command_n of_o the_o french_a general_n have_v leave_v he_o thereabouts_o the_o imperialist_n have_v so_o close_o beset_v he_o that_o there_o be_v no_o way_n leave_v to_o retreat_v but_o through_o the_o forest_n of_o bohemia_n which_o be_v do_v with_o all_o expedition_n have_v left_a colonel_n slange_n with_o three_o regiment_n of_o horse_n behind_o who_o after_o a_o brave_a resistance_n be_v all_o make_v prisoner_n of_o war_n but_o save_v the_o swedish_n army_n which_o will_v else_o have_v be_v in_o great_a danger_n if_o they_o have_v not_o detain_v the_o imperialist_n the_o swedish_n army_n be_v arrive_v but_o half_a a_o hour_n before_o they_o at_o the_o pass_n of_o presswitz_n where_o they_o stop_v the_o enemy_n march_n not_o long_o after_o die_v the_o famous_a swedish_n general_n john_n banner_n 10._o who_o death_n cause_v some_o dissatisfaction_n in_o the_o army_n notwithstanding_o which_o they_o beat_v the_o imperialist_n near_o wolffenbuttel_n at_o two_o several_a time_n and_o torstenson_n who_o be_v make_v general_n be_v arrive_v in_o the_o camp_n direct_v his_o march_n into_o silesia_n where_o he_o toook_v great_a glogau_n with_o sword_n in_o hand_n 1642._o and_o a_o great_a many_o other_o place_n the_o chief_a of_o which_o be_v sweinitz_n where_o he_o defeat_v the_o imperialist_n that_o come_v to_o its_o relief_n under_o the_o command_n of_o francis_n albert_n duke_n of_o saxon_n lavenburgh_n who_o be_v kill_v himself_o and_o 3000_o horse_n afterward_o he_o besiege_v brieg_n but_o be_v force_v to_o raise_v that_o siege_n the_o imperialist_n be_v superior_a in_o number_n who_o also_o prevent_v he_o from_o march_v into_o bohemia_n wherefore_o have_v direct_v his_o march_n towards_o the_o elbe_n and_o pass_v that_o river_n at_o torgaw_n he_o straightway_o go_v to_o besiege_v the_o city_n of_o leipzick_n but_o the_o imperialist_n under_o the_o command_n of_o the_o arch_a duke_n leipzick_n and_o general_n piccolomini_n come_v to_o its_o relief_n a_o bloody_a battle_n be_v fight_v in_o the_o same_o plain_n near_o breitenfeld_n where_o king_n gustave_n adolf_n before_o have_v obtain_v a_o signal_n victory_n against_o the_o imperialist_n in_o this_o battle_n the_o left_a wing_n of_o the_o imperialist_n have_v be_v bring_v into_o confusion_n 23._o the_o left_a wing_n of_o the_o swede_n undergo_v the_o same_o fate_n but_o the_o swede_n leave_v wing_n rally_v again_o and_o fall_v in_o the_o flank_n of_o the_o imperialist_n right_a wing_n they_o put_v they_o to_o the_o rout_n 5000_o be_v kill_v upon_o the_o spot_n and_o 4500_o take_v prisoner_n the_o swede_n lose_v 2000_o man_n and_o have_v a_o great_a many_o wound_v after_o the_o loss_n of_o this_o battle_n leipzick_n be_v soon_o force_v to_o surrender_v but_o freybergh_n which_o be_v soon_o after_o besiege_v by_o torstenson_n defend_v itself_o so_o well_o that_o the_o swede_n upon_o the_o approach_n of_o the_o imperial_a general_n piccolomini_n be_v force_v to_o raise_v the_o siege_n with_o the_o loss_n of_o 1500_o men._n and_o the_o weirmarian_n army_n under_o the_o command_n of_o the_o french_a general_n gebrian_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n ruin_v by_o the_o bavarian_n in_o the_o mean_a while_n torstenson_n have_v receive_v order_n to_o march_v with_o his_o army_n into_o holstein_n denmark_n the_o swede_n provoke_v by_o a_o great_a many_o injury_n 1644._o have_v resolve_v to_o turn_v their_o arm_n against_o denmark_n which_o be_v execute_v with_o great_a secrecy_n so_o that_o the_o swede_n come_v unexpected_o upon_o the_o dane_n take_v the_o great_a part_n of_o holstein_n beat_v their_o troop_n in_o jutland_n and_o shonen_fw-mi and_o ruin_v their_o fleet_n make_v themselves_o master_n of_o the_o whole_a bishopric_n of_o bremen_n and_o the_o isle_n of_o bernholm_n which_o oblige_v the_o dane_n to_o make_v a_o disadvantageous_a peace_n with_o they_o at_o bromsebtoo_o give_v to_o the_o swede_n jempteland_n and_o herndalen_n gothland_n and_o oesel_n beside_o other_o advantage_n 1645._o torstenson_n have_v then_o make_v a_o truce_n with_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n march_v again_o into_o bohemia_n denmark_n where_o another_o battle_n be_v fight_v near_o janowitz_n betwixt_o the_o imperialist_n and_o swede_n wherein_o the_o first_o be_v rout_v with_o the_o loss_n of_o 8000_o man_n one_o half_a of_o who_o be_v kill_v the_o rest_n take_v prisoner_n the_o swede_n have_v 2000_o man_n kill_v the_o swede_n than_o march_v through_o bohemia_n into_o moravia_n and_o from_o thence_o into_o austria_n where_o have_v be_v join_v by_o ragozi_n they_o be_v in_o a_o fair_a way_n of_o make_v great_a progress_v if_o ragoz_n who_o have_v receive_v satisfaction_n from_o the_o emperor_n have_v not_o leave_v the_o swedish_n army_n and_o march_v home_o with_o his_o force_n the_o french_a also_o under_o the_o command_n of_o turenne_n have_v be_v again_o rout_v by_o the_o bavarian_n torstenson_n march_v back_o into_o bohemia_n who_o have_v put_v his_o force_n into_o winter_n quarter_n near_o the_o river_n of_o eger_n and_o grow_v very_o crazy_a leave_v the_o supreme_a command_n of_o the_o army_n to_o wrangel_n who_o find_v the_o enemy_n too_o strong_a for_o he_o thereabouts_o march_v further_o back_o into_o misnia_n and_o from_o thence_o towards_o the_o weser_n but_o have_v not_o long_o after_o be_v join_v by_o turenne_n near_o gieslen_n they_o attack_v augsburgh_n which_o be_v reinforce_v with_o 500_o man_n they_o be_v force_v to_o quit_v the_o siege_n upon_o the_o approach_n of_o the_o imperialist_n who_o also_o retake_v several_a place_n in_o the_o hereditary_a country_n of_o the_o emperor_n not_o long_o after_o wrangel_n also_o make_v a_o truce_n with_o the_o elector_n of_o bavaria_n which_o however_o last_v not_o long_o the_o say_a elector_n have_v upon_o the_o persuasion_n of_o the_o emperor_n break_v the_o same_o a_o few_o month_n after_o and_o join_v his_o force_n with_o the_o imperialist_n but_o wrangel_n march_v early_o out_o of_o his_o winter_n quarter_n in_o conjunction_n with_o turenne_n 1643._o press_v so_o hard_o upon_o the_o bavarian_n that_o they_o be_v force_v to_o retire_v to_o saltzburgh_n leave_v a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o country_n to_o the_o discretion_n of_o the_o ally_n where_o these_o burn_v a_o great_a many_o house_n because_o the_o inhabitant_n refuse_v to_o pay_v contribution_n about_o the_o same_o time_n koningsmark_n have_v surprise_v the_o suburb_n of_o prague_n 16._o where_o he_o have_v get_v a_o prodigious_a booty_n in_o the_o imperial_a palace_n and_o other_o nobleman_n house_n which_o be_v all_o build_v on_o that_o side_n of_o the_o river_n but_o can_v not_o take_v the_o city_n which_o be_v defend_v by_o 12000_o citizen_n so_o that_o have_v send_v his_o force_n into_o their_o winter_n quarter_n thereabouts_o whilst_o wrangel_n be_v march_v into_o the_o upper_a palatinate_n they_o receive_v the_o news_n of_o a_o peace_n be_v conclude_v at_o munster_n this_o peace_n have_v be_v long_o in_o agitation_n before_o it_o be_v bring_v to_o perfection_n osnabrug_n the_o imperialist_n have_v endeavour_v after_o they_o see_v the_o swede_n recover_v themselves_o so_o brave_o after_o the_o battle_n of_o nomingen_n to_o persuade_v they_o to_o a_o separate_a peace_n without_o include_v the_o protestant_a estate_n in_o germany_n but_o the_o swede_n have_v refuse_v these_o offer_n as_o be_v neither_o honourable_a nor_o secure_a seven_o year_n be_v spend_v in_o the_o preliminary_n and_o these_o have_v be_v adjust_v the_o treaty_n itself_o be_v begin_v at_o osnabrug_n and_o munster_n where_o the_o emperor_n spanish_a and_o dutch_a ambassador_n as_o also_o those_o of_o the_o most_o roman_n catholic_n estate_n and_o the_o pope_n nuncio_n be_v resident_n but_o in_o the_o first_o the_o imperial_a ambassador_n also_o and_o those_o of_o most_o of_o the_o protestant_a estate_n be_v assemble_v where_o at_o last_o a_o peace_n be_v conclude_v by_o virtue_n of_o which_o sweden_n get_v the_o dukedom_n of_o bremen_n and_o veerden_n the_o great_a part_n of_o pomerania_n the_o isle_n of_o rugen_n and_o the_o city_n of_o wismar_n to_o hold_v these_o country_n in_o fief_n of_o the_o empire_n with_o all_o the_o privilege_n thereunto_o belong_v and_o five_o million_o of_o crown_n towards_o the_o
dissatisfy_v because_o she_o can_v not_o act_n according_a to_o her_o own_o will_n that_o she_o retire_v into_o flanders_n and_o from_o thence_o into_o england_n where_o she_o make_v some_o stay_n 1642._o and_o at_o last_o die_v in_o a_o very_a low_a condition_n in_o cologne_n duke_n in_o the_o year_n 1633._o the_o king_n take_v from_o the_o duke_n of_o lorraine_n his_o country_n because_o he_o have_v declare_v himself_o for_o the_o emperor_n and_o when_o afterward_o 1634._o viz._n after_o the_o battle_n fight_v near_o nordlingen_n the_o swedish_n affair_n be_v in_o a_o very_a low_a condition_n and_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n begin_v to_o hold_v up_o its_o head_n again_o france_n break_v out_o into_o open_a war_n with_o spain_n to_o balance_v the_o grow_a power_n of_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n he_o take_v for_o a_o pretence_n that_o the_o spaniard_n have_v surprise_v the_o city_n of_o treves_n and_o take_v the_o elector_n of_o treves_n prisoner_n who_o be_v under_o french_a protection_n and_o then_o the_o war_n begin_v in_o italy_n germany_n the_o netherlands_o and_o roussilion_n which_o be_v carry_v on_o with_o various_a fortune_n yet_o so_o that_o the_o french_a get_v the_o better_a of_o it_o at_o last_o to_o touch_v upon_o some_o of_o the_o most_o remarkable_a action_n the_o first_o attack_v which_o the_o french_a make_v in_o the_o netherlands_o do_v not_o succeed_v very_o well_o they_o have_v be_v force_v to_o raise_v the_o siege_n of_o louvain_n with_o great_a loss_n 1636._o in_o the_o year_n 1636_o piccolomini_n march_v into_o picardy_n and_o galia_n into_o burgundy_n but_o do_v nothing_o of_o moment_n on_o the_o other_o hand_n the_o french_a beat_v up_o the_o siege_n of_o leucate_n in_o roussilion_n 1638._o and_o the_o brave_a duke_n barnhard_n of_o saxen-weimar_n take_v the_o fortress_n of_o brisac_n he_o carry_v on_o the_o war_n with_o french_a money_n and_o after_o the_o death_n of_o this_o duke_n which_o happen_v not_o long_o after_o the_o king_n of_o france_n bring_v both_o that_o fortress_n and_o his_o army_n over_o to_o its_o side_n with_o money_n yet_o the_o french_a miscarry_v in_o the_o same_o year_n before_o st._n omer_n and_o fontarabia_n before_o the_o last_o of_o which_o place_n the_o prince_n of_o conde_n sustain_v a_o considerable_a loss_n in_o the_o same_o year_n viz._n on_o the_o 5_o of_o september_n lewis_n fourteen_o be_v almost_o by_o a_o miracle_n bear_v of_o a_o marriage_n which_o have_v prove_v unfruitful_a for_o twenty_o year_n before_o in_o the_o year_n 1639_o the_o french_a be_v beat_v before_o thionville_n in_o the_o year_n 1640_o they_o take_v arras_n and_o in_o the_o same_o year_n catalonia_n revolt_a from_o spain_n throw_v itself_o under_o the_o french_a protection_n in_o the_o year_n 1641_o a_o great_a misfortune_n hang_v over_o richlieu_n head_n the_o count_n the_o soissons_fw-fr have_v raise_v a_o dangerous_a rebellion_n but_o he_o be_v kill_v in_o a_o engagement_n wherein_o otherwise_o his_o party_n have_v the_o better_a establish_v by_o his_o death_n the_o cardinal_n authority_n and_o the_o quiet_a of_o france_n in_o the_o year_n 1642_o perpignan_n be_v take_v at_o which_o siege_n the_o king_n and_o richlieu_n be_v both_o present_a mounseur_fw-fr cinqmat_n do_v about_o that_o time_n first_o insinuate_v himself_o into_o the_o king_n favour_n hope_v thereby_o to_o undermine_v richlieu_n and_o the_o better_a to_o balance_v the_o cardinal_n he_o have_v make_v some_o underhand_o intrigue_n with_o spain_n but_o the_o cardinal_n have_v discover_v the_o business_n cause_v his_o head_n to_o be_v cut_v off_o as_o also_o the_o thou_o the_o younger_n because_o he_o have_v be_v privy_a to_o the_o business_n though_o he_o have_v advise_v against_o it_o yet_o have_v he_o not_o discover_v it_o from_o the_o duke_n of_o bovillon_n who_o have_v be_v also_o of_o the_o cabal_n he_o take_v for_o a_o punishment_n his_o strong_a hold_n sedan_n in_o the_o same_o year_n richlieu_n die_v to_o his_o great_a good_a fortune_n the_o king_n be_v grow_v quite_o weary_a of_o he_o notwithstanding_o he_o have_v lay_v the_o first_o foundation_n of_o the_o greatness_n of_o france_n 1643._o which_o be_v now_o so_o formidable_a to_o europe_n the_o king_n also_o die_v not_o long_o after_o §_o 24._o lewis_n fourteen_o fourteen_o be_v but_o five_o year_n of_o age_n when_o he_o come_v to_o the_o crown_n his_o mother_n it_o be_v true_a bear_v the_o name_n of_o regent_n of_o france_n but_o in_o effect_v the_o cardinal_n julius_n mazarini_n have_v the_o chief_a management_n of_o the_o kingdom_n ministry_n which_o be_v then_o in_o a_o very_a flourish_a condition_n but_o every_o body_n be_v for_o enrich_v himself_o out_o of_o the_o king_n purse_n during_o his_o minority_n and_o mazarini_n be_v very_o liberal_a thereby_o endeavour_v to_o make_v they_o in_o love_n with_o his_o government_n but_o the_o treasury_n be_v become_v empty_a new_a tax_n be_v of_o necessity_n to_o be_v impose_v upon_o the_o people_n which_o cause_v a_o great_a dissatisfaction_n against_o the_o government_n nevertheless_o for_o the_o first_o five_o year_n every_o thing_n be_v pretty_a quiet_a at_o home_n and_o war_n carry_v on_o abroad_o at_o the_o very_a first_o beginning_n of_o this_o new_a government_n the_o duke_n d'_fw-fr austria_n obtain_v a_o signal_n victory_n against_o the_o spaniard_n near_o rocroy_n after_o which_o he_o take_v thionville_n and_o gaston_n the_o king_n uncle_n gravel_v 1644._o anguin_a revenge_v the_o loss_n which_o the_o french_a have_v sustaind_v the_o year_n before_o near_a dutlingen_n and_o have_v first_o beat_v the_o bavarian_a force_n near_o friburg_n in_o brisgaw_n he_o take_v philipsburg_n in_o the_o year_n 1646._o he_o beat_v the_o bavarian_a troop_n near_o norlingen_n and_o afterward_o take_v dunkirk_n but_o in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v he_o in_o vain_a besiege_v the_o city_n of_o lorida_n munster_n in_o the_o year_n 1648._o a_o peace_n be_v conclude_v at_o munster_n in_o westphalia_n betwixt_o the_o emperor_n and_o france_n by_o virtue_n of_o which_o the_o latter_a get_v the_o two_o fortress_n of_o brisac_n and_o philipsburg_n the_o country_n of_o puntgau_n and_o part_n of_o the_o upper_a alsatia_n but_o as_o france_n by_o this_o peace_n be_v free_v from_o one_o enemy_n commotion_n so_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n the_o intestine_a commotion_n put_v a_o stop_n to_o its_o great_a progress_n the_o chief_a reason_n of_o these_o trouble_n be_v that_o some_o envy_v mazarini_n as_o be_v a_o foreigner_n they_o will_v by_o all_o mean_n have_v he_o remove_v from_o the_o helm_n and_o this_o they_o seek_v with_o the_o great_a importunity_n because_o they_o be_v not_o in_o awe_n of_o the_o king_n who_o be_v but_o a_o child_n neither_o of_o his_o mother_n she_o be_v a_o outlandish_a woman_n some_o of_o the_o great_a man_n also_o be_v for_o fish_v in_o trouble_a water_n but_o above_o all_o the_o rest_n the_o prince_n of_o conde_n will_v fain_o have_v be_v master_n and_o have_v make_v the_o cardinal_n dance_v after_o his_o pipe_n the_o cardinal_n be_v for_o bring_v of_o he_o over_o to_o his_o party_n by_o a_o marriage_n propose_v to_o he_o but_o the_o prince_n of_o conde_n perceive_v that_o the_o cardinal_n be_v for_o maintain_v his_o old_a post_n nor_o will_v depend_v on_o he_o reject_v the_o offer_n as_o unbecoming_a the_o grandeur_n of_o his_o house_n there_o be_v also_o some_o woman_n of_o a_o restless_a spirit_n concern_v in_o these_o intrigue_n among_o who_o be_v mad._n the_o longueville_n sister_n of_o the_o prince_n of_o conde_n mad._n cheureuse_n mombazon_n and_o other_o the_o first_o beginning_n be_v by_o slanderous_a paper_n and_o libel_n which_o be_v daily_o disperse_v in_o paris_n 1648._o there_o be_v also_o a_o certain_a faction_n set_v up_o slinger_n who_o call_v themselves_o the_o slinger_n because_o they_o open_o undertake_v to_o knock_v down_o the_o cardinal_n as_o david_n strike_v down_o the_o giant_n goliath_n by_o the_o help_n of_o his_o sling_n the_o head_n of_o this_o faction_n be_v the_o duke_n of_o beaufort_n and_o guadi_n the_o archbishop_n of_o paris_n afterward_o call_v the_o cardinal_n de_fw-fr rez_n with_o this_o party_n also_o side_v the_o parliament_n of_o paris_n which_o do_v pretend_v to_o have_v a_o great_a authority_n against_o the_o government_n at_o that_o time_n the_o first_o insurrection_n be_v make_v in_o paris_n occasion_v by_o the_o take_n into_o custody_n of_o one_o braussel_n a_o member_n of_o the_o parliament_n whereupon_o the_o king_n leave_v the_o city_n yet_o the_o business_n be_v compose_v for_o that_o time_n some_o thing_n have_v be_v grant_v to_o the_o mutinous_a party_n but_o the_o faction_n of_o the_o slinger_n renew_v their_o former_a disturbance_n 1649._o the_o king_n leave_v the_o city_n a_o second_o time_n the_o parliament_n have_v then_o public_o condemn_v the_o cardinal_n grow_v every_o day_n strong_a turenne_n who_o then_o command_v the_o
payment_n of_o their_o army_n beside_o this_o they_o have_v the_o honour_n of_o have_v be_v instrumental_a in_o re-establish_a several_a german_a prince_n in_o their_o territory_n and_o settle_v both_o the_o quiet_a and_o protestant_n religion_n in_o germany_n the_o war_n be_v thus_o end_v to_o the_o great_a honour_n of_o the_o swede_n the_o queen_n who_o have_v already_o then_o take_v a_o resolution_n of_o surrender_v the_o crown_n to_o her_o nephew_n charles_n gustave_n will_v willing_o have_v put_v a_o end_n to_o the_o difference_n betwixt_o sweden_n and_o poland_n which_o be_v likely_a to_o revive_v again_o after_o the_o truce_n expire_v but_o the_o pole_n be_v so_o haughty_a in_o their_o behaviour_n and_o refractory_a in_o their_o transaction_n that_o no_o peace_n can_v be_v conclude_v at_o that_o time_n have_v therefore_o settle_v her_o affair_n and_o reserve_v a_o certain_a yearly_a allowance_n for_o herself_o during_o her_o life_n she_o surrender_v the_o crown_n to_o the_o say_v charles_n gustave_n her_o nephew_n at_o the_o diet_n at_o vpsal_n 1654._o where_o he_o be_v crown_v the_o same_o day_n when_o she_o resign_v the_o government_n 6._o §_o 16._o gustave_n charles_n gustave_n find_v the_o treasury_n exhaust_v obtain_v at_o the_o first_o diet_n from_o the_o estate_n that_o the_o four_o part_n of_o such_o crown_n land_n as_o have_v be_v grant_v away_o since_o the_o reign_n of_o gustave_n adolfe_n shall_v be_v reunite_v with_o the_o crown_n and_o have_v again_o settle_v the_o military_a affair_n which_o be_v somewhat_o decay_v since_o the_o last_o peace_n resolve_v to_o force_v the_o pole_n to_o a_o honourable_a peace_n renew_v the_o better_a to_o execute_v his_o design_n he_o march_v in_o person_n into_o poland_n where_o he_o meet_v with_o such_o success_n that_o after_o have_v defeat_v some_o that_o will_v have_v oppose_v his_o passage_n not_o only_o the_o polander_n but_o also_o the_o lithuanian_n submit_v voluntary_o swear_v allegiance_n to_o he_o and_o john_n casimir_n their_o king_n be_v force_v to_o fly_v into_o silesia_n but_o whilst_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n be_v march_v into_o prussia_n the_o pole_n with_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n have_v with_o the_o same_o readiness_n again_o forsake_v his_o interest_n be_v fall_v upon_o the_o swede_n in_o their_o quarter_n of_o who_o they_o kill_v a_o great_a many_o especial_o in_o lithuania_n force_v the_o rest_n to_o seek_v for_o shelter_n in_o some_o strong_a hold_n which_o be_v in_o their_o possession_n the_o king_n have_v put_v a_o end_n to_o the_o difference_n betwixt_o he_o and_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n concern_v prussia_n in_o conjunction_n with_o the_o say_a elector_n march_v back_o towards_o warsaw_n where_o he_o obtain_v a_o signal_n victory_n over_o the_o pole_n and_o tartar_n and_o be_v in_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o next_o year_n join_v by_o bogislaw_n radzivil_n 1656._o prince_n of_o transylvania_n will_v in_o all_o likelihood_n have_v humble_v the_o haughty_a pole_n if_o the_o dane_n have_v not_o threaten_v a_o dangerous_a diversion_n near_o home_n and_o actual_o denounce_v war_n to_o sweden_n this_o oblige_v the_o king_n to_o draw_v his_o main_a army_n that_o way_n denmark_n where_o he_o not_o only_o make_v great_a progress_v both_o in_o holstein_n and_o bremen_n but_o also_o by_o a_o prodigy_n scarce_o to_o be_v believe_v by_o posterity_n march_v over_o the_o ice_n into_o the_o island_n of_o tuhnen_a 1658._o and_o from_o thence_o to_o other_o island_n and_o at_o last_o into_o sealand_n where_o he_o carry_v all_o before_o he_o which_o bring_v the_o king_n of_o denmark_n to_o such_o a_o distress_n that_o he_o be_v force_v to_o clap_v up_o a_o sudden_a peace_n at_o rocshild_n give_v to_o the_o swede_n schonen_fw-mi halland_n and_o bleckingen_n the_o isle_n of_o bernholm_n beside_o several_a other_o possession_n in_o norway_n but_o this_o peace_n be_v of_o no_o long_a continuance_n for_o the_o king_n have_v again_o conceive_v a_o jealousy_n at_o the_o dane_n embark_v his_o force_n in_o holstein_n and_o under_o pretence_n of_o go_v towards_o datzick_n land_v in_o sealand_n and_o besiege_a copenhagen_n copenhagen_n whilst_o wrangel_n reduce_v the_o strong_a fortress_n of_o cronenburgh_n but_o the_o dane_n be_v chief_o encourage_v by_o their_o king_n presence_n defend_v themselves_o brave_o till_o the_o dutch_a fleet_n give_v they_o relief_n which_o oblige_v the_o king_n after_o have_v attempt_v but_o in_o vain_a to_o take_v it_o by_o storm_n to_o raise_v the_o siege_n but_o the_o great_a misfortune_n befall_v the_o swede_n in_o the_o island_n of_o tuhnen_a tuhnen_a where_o be_v over_o number_v by_o the_o joint_a force_n of_o the_o imperialist_n poles_n brandenburgher_n and_o dane_n they_o be_v total_o rout_v near_o nyborgh_n 1666._o their_o infantry_n be_v most_o cut_v to_o piece_n and_o the_o rest_n make_v prisoner_n the_o king_n be_v busy_a in_o repair_v this_o loss_n be_v seize_v with_o a_o epidemical_a fever_n of_o which_o he_o die_v on_o the_o 23._o of_o february_n §_o 17._o ix_o charles_n be_v but_o five_o year_n old_a when_o his_o father_n die_v the_o swede_n apply_v all_o their_o care_n to_o obtain_v a_o honourable_a peace_n 3_o which_o be_v conclude_v with_o the_o pole_n in_o the_o monastery_n call_v oliva_n near_o dantzick_n wherein_o be_v also_o include_v the_o emperor_n and_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n and_o king_n john_n casimir_n resign_v his_o pretention_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n and_o the_o pole_n to_o livonia_n in_o the_o same_o month_n a_o peace_n be_v conclude_v with_o denmark_n denmark_n much_o upon_o the_o same_o condition_n which_o be_v agree_v on_o former_o at_o rocshild_n except_o that_o the_o dane_n keep_v the_o isle_n of_o bornholm_n and_o druntheim_n in_o norway_n for_o the_o rest_n the_o swede_n be_v for_o preserve_a peace_n with_o their_o neighbour_n during_o the_o minority_n of_o the_o king_n till_o have_v break_v off_o the_o triple_a alliance_n make_v betwixt_o they_o and_o the_o english_a and_o dutch_a they_o side_v with_o france_n against_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n 1674._o who_o they_o pretend_v by_o send_v a_o army_n into_o his_o territory_n to_o draw_v from_o the_o interest_n of_o the_o empire_n but_o this_o occasion_v a_o heavy_a war_n to_o the_o king_n at_o the_o very_a beginning_n of_o his_o reign_n brandenburg_n wherein_o the_o elector_n have_v rout_v the_o swedish_n army_n take_v all_o what_o the_o swede_n be_v possess_v of_o in_o pomerania_n as_o the_o lunenburgher_n get_v into_o their_o possession_n the_o dukedom_n of_o bremen_n and_o veerden_n and_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n the_o city_n of_o wismar_n and_o several_a considerable_a place_n in_o shonen_fw-mi but_o the_o dane_n have_v at_o last_o be_v rout_v at_o two_o battle_n in_o shonen_fw-mi the_o king_n after_o the_o treaty_n of_o nimeguen_n by_o a_o particular_a peace_n be_v put_v again_o into_o the_o possession_n of_o his_o country_n in_o germany_n very_o few_o except_v and_o denmark_n be_v force_v also_o to_o restore_v the_o place_n take_v from_o the_o swede_n in_o shonen_fw-mi this_o peace_n have_v be_v again_o settle_v in_o sweden_n the_o king_n marry_v vlrica_n eleanora_n the_o present_a king_n of_o denmark_n sister_n since_o which_o time_n the_o king_n have_v chief_o apply_v himself_o to_o settle_v his_o military_a affair_n and_o revenue_n and_o to_o maintain_v the_o peace_n with_o his_o neighbour_n 1678._o §_o 18._o nation_n the_o swedish_n and_o gothick_n nation_n have_v ancient_o be_v famous_a for_o warlike_a achievement_n and_o be_v very_o fit_a to_o endure_v the_o fatigue_n of_o war_n yet_o be_v their_o military_a affair_n in_o former_a time_n but_o very_o indifferent_o order_v their_o chief_a force_n consist_v in_o the_o boor_n till_o gustave_n and_o his_o successor_n with_o the_o assistance_n of_o some_o scotch_a and_o german_a officer_n and_o soldier_n have_v introduce_v such_o a_o discipline_n as_o that_o now_o they_o do_v not_o stand_v in_o so_o much_o need_n of_o foreign_a soldier_n except_o it_o be_v to_o make_v up_o the_o number_n of_o man_n wherewith_o they_o be_v not_o overstock_v especial_o since_o the_o late_a great_a war_n as_o in_o most_o other_o kingdom_n of_o europe_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o multitude_n of_o their_o populous_a city_n the_o estate_n of_o the_o citizen_n be_v the_o fundamental_a part_n of_o the_o state_n so_o be_v in_o sweden_n that_o of_o the_o boor_n who_o enjoy_v more_o liberty_n in_o sweden_n than_o in_o other_o kingdom_n and_o also_o send_v their_o deputy_n to_o the_o diet_n where_o their_o consent_n be_v requisite_a to_o any_o new_a tax_n to_o be_v levy_v upon_o the_o subject_n this_o nation_n love_v to_o show_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o gravity_n and_o reservedness_n which_o if_o not_o qualify_v by_o conversation_n with_o other_o nation_n often_o degenerate_v into_o mistrustfulness_n they_o general_o be_v apt_a to_o think_v