thei conuerted it to a fortresse and haue edified many goodly lodgeynges vpon it so that oftentymes the bishop hym selfe lieth in it and kepeth his courte there Of buildynges in generall FYnally there be a noumbre of as fayre palaices in Rome as in any other place of the worlde wherof it should be to longe here to make perticuler mencion but specially the palaice that Paule now bisshoppe there hath builded by the place called Campo di fiore where Pompeius house stode in the olde time deserueth not to be forgotten For he hath rooted out of the ruines of the antiquitees suche goodly marble pillers and other fine stone whiche he hath bestowed on that house that if he finisshe it as it is begunne it woull be the galauntest thyng olde or new that shall be founde againe in all Europe and he hath called it after his owne name Palazzo Farnese Abbridgement of the liues of the Romaine Bishoppes BEcause my principal purpose tendeth to descriue the astates of Italie I neede not to vse muche circumstance either in mattiers of religion or yet in writyng all the liues of the bishops of Rome Wherfore entendyng to beginne at Siluester the fyrst bishop there that had any thing in perpetuitee I haue thought good to declare the diuers opinions of theyr originall ¶ Some auncient authours affirme that Peter one of Christes Apostles after that he had sufficientlie confirmed the churche in Asia and confuted the errour of those Christians that allowed circumsicion came to Rome the seconde yere of Claudius Empire and there was receiued of the congregacion as bishop In whiche office he ministred .25 yeres and at last was crucified with the heade downewardes the same daie that Paule the apostle was beheaded the laste yere of Neros reigne and the 37. yere after Christes death ¶ Contrariwyse manie learned men at these daies are of opinion that Peter neuer came in Rome groundyng them selfes vpon diuers reasons as this If Peter had commen thither it coulde not haue been vnwriten in the holie scriptures either by Luke in the actes of the apostelles or elles by Paule in some of his epistelles Or if Peter were of that age that it shoulde seme he was at Christê death and after continued in Antioche and other places so manie yeres as is to be proued it semeth impossyble he shoulde come to Rome and there liue .25 yeres Wherfore they saie the ambiciouse bishops of Rome to couer theyr vsurped auctoritee haue feygned this comyng of Peter thither ¶ But this is clere that from Peter to Siluester they recken .33 bishops whiche for the moste parte were persecuted and many of theym martyred by the emperours officers So that in maner they alwaies kept theim selfes out of sight preachyng and ministryng secretlie without pompe astate or solemne ceremonie But from the tyme of Siluester hitherwardes as they grewe in wealthe so encreased theyr worldely maiestee and ambicion as hereafter more plainely appeareth ¶ As for the bisshops names the tyme of theyr reygne and the date of our Lorde because that in a table I haue put theim all togethers I neede not perticulerly to reherse euery one of theim but suche as the occasion of my purpose shall necessarily requyre SIluester the fyrst of that name after he had been a certaine space in the hill Soratto now called Monte di San Siluestro where for feare of persecucion he hydde hym selfe hearyng of the good inclinacion that the emperour Constantine the fyrst was of towardes Christian religion came to Rome and so discretely behaued him selfe that the emperour was conuerted to the right faieth and baptised ¶ Some write that the occasion therof proceded of a myracle doen on Constantine in recoueryng his health from the leaprie But Platina thynketh that to be a fable and in maner proueth it thynkyng rather it proceded of the signe of the crosse that Constantine did see in the firmament vnder whiche he was promysed victorie and so cariyng a redde crosse in his standarde before hym he ouercame his enemie Maxentius wherevpon he gaue eare to Siluesters preachyng and was conuerted But what so euer the occasion was it is agreed that Siluester baptised Constantine who being christened turned many of the gentiles temples to Christian churches enduyng theim with ornamentes and possessions ¶ Not longe after leauyng Rome to Siluester and his successours as the clergie saie Constantine wente to dwell at Bizantium whiche he had than newly reedified callyng it Constantinople after his owne name So that from thensfoorth the Christian faieth began to flourishe ouer all the worlde and therfore most part of all Christian churches sent to the bishops of Rome to learne of them the cerimonies and ordres necessary to be vsed in the churche by reason wherof the emperours beyng residente elswhere the Romayne bishops grewe in such reputacion that at lengthe they became emperours theym selfes ¶ And there is an auncient writyng in the Vaticane librarie called the Donacion of Constantine whiche is so vehement liberall that it shoulde seeme the emperour spoyled him selfe of all his glorie and honour and of a great part of his dominion to geue theim to the churche of Rome by aucthoritee wherof the Romaine bishops haue taken vpon theim the imperiall vestementes maiestee commaundementes and dominion ouer some countreys ¶ In deede Laurentius Valla an excellent learned man and a Romaine borne hath written a boke to confound this Donacion of Constantine and proueth by so many reasons that it hath been feigned by some bishop of later tyme than Siluester that I am persuaded rather to beleue hym than the Donacion In effect this Siluester was the fyrst that prescribed a direct ordre of ministers in the churche and how they shoulde be knowen in theyr degrees from the highest to the lowest by whose tyme there spronge dyuers sectes amongest the Christians as the Arrianes Photines Sabellianes and others for whose reformacion the Nicene counsaile was called but for all that those errours ceased not many yeeres after ¶ Next vnto Siluester Marke succeded who made his clergie like vnto a common wealth exemptyng the same from all temporall iurisdiction and further established a certaine ordre for the solemne consecracion of the Romaine bishops that before vsed no pompe at all ¶ Iulie the fyrst contended with the churche of the Orient partely for the Arrian sect but most of all for the supremacie of the churche For this Iulie was the fyrst that claimed the inheritaunce of Peters keyes for the whiche Constantius the sonne of Constantine banished hym out of Rome But ere he had fully been awaie .x. monethes the emperour died and than retourned he from exile ¶ Liberius the first was bishop after him who by the power of the Arrianes after the counsaile holden at Myllaine was banished and Felix the second chosen in his place But at length through the emperours displeasure Felix was deposed and Liberius restored who from that time
armie came to Rome and wolde haue besieged it had not the Romayns receiued him so that Crescentius and the bishop Iohn both fled into Castel Sant ' Angelo and there helde them till thei had so faire offres made on themperours behalfe that vpon trust therof they came foorthe and submitted theim selfes But for all that they were both turmented and at last put to death Wherupon it folowed that this Gregorie who was a Saxon borne transferred the election of emperours vnto .vii. princis of his owne nacion that is to wete The kyng of Boeme cupbearer the Marques of Brandenburgh chamberlayne the Conte Palatine sewer and the Duke of Saxonie swoordbearer with .iii. Archebishops of Mentes Treueâ—e and Coleyn And ordeyned further that from the emperours election to his coronacion he shoulde be called none other but Caesar and kyng of Romayns and after that the bishop of Rome had crowned him he shoulde be called Emperour and August whiche order by consent of the forenamed Otho was established about .200 yeres after Charlemaignes coronacion ¶ Benedicte the .viii. crowned Henrie the secounde emperour who was the fyrste that accordyng to the order of Gregorie the .v. was elected by the princis of Germanie Some call him Henrie the fyrste because Henrie Duke of Saxonie that succeded Conrade neuer came to Rome to be crowned ¶ Benedict the .ix. for his naughtie behauiour was expulsed and Siluester the .iii. placed in his roume who helde it .40 daies and than was Benedict restored Neuerthelesse Benedict mistrustyng that he coulde not kepe it longe solde his iurisdiction vnto Gregorie the vi but the emperour Henrie the .iii. came to Rome deposed these .iii. bishops and created Clement the seconde who liued not fullie .x. monethes by reason that his next successour Damasus the seconde founde meane to poyson him beyng after so serued him selfe the .23 daie nexte folowyng his election ¶ Leo the .ix. beyng sent as bishop to Rome at the Romaines request that desired the emperour to sende theim a good man mette with .ii. monkes by the waie who persuaded him so muche that he put of his pontificall habite and priuatelie came to Rome saiyng that he repented hym to haue taken of the emperour that whiche apperteined to the clergies free election For whiche humilitee the clergie embraced him and neuerthelesse made him their bishop ¶ He made an armie against the Normains than reignyng in the realme of Naples to recouer Beneuento that they had wonne from the churche where his army was discoumfited and he with diuers of his Cardinalles taken prisoners But the Normaines freely deliuered hym and honourablie sent hym home ¶ In his time was the counsaile of Vercelli called against the opinion of Berengarius for the sacrament of communion ¶ Stephen the .ix. brought the churche of Myllaine to the obedience of the churche of Rome whiche for .200 yeres before would neuer knowlage Rome for hir superiour ¶ Nicolas the .ii. after the clergie had deposed Benedicte the .x. was elected who made a decree that from thensefoorth the Cardinalles onely shoulde choose the bishoppe ¶ He created Robert Guiscarde Duke of Calabria and Puglia and made hym lieutenaunt of the churche by whose power he subdued to the churches dominion the Prenestini Tusculani and Numentani with diuers other territories about Rome ¶ Alexandre the .ii. in the beginnyng of his astate was disturbed by Gadolo bishop of Parma for the whiche they fought two battailes but finally Alexandre preuailed by reason that at a counsaile holden in Mantua where the emperour was present the whole clergie agreed vppon Alexander and exempted from all emperours the aucthoritee of confyrmacion of the Romaine bishops whiche afterwardes was occasion of many inconueniences ¶ Gregorie the .vii. incontinently vpon his election beganne to proue maistries with the emperour Henrie the .iii. Fyrst he woulde not be confyrmed of the emperour and afterwardes where the emperour before tyme had vsed to geue bishoprikes Gregorie would geue theim hym selfe So that whan a bishop died the emperour woulde name one and Gregorie an other Wherof folowed excomunicacions as thicke as hayle so that at laste the emperour hym selfe was not onely excomunicate but also by the ecclesiasticall power deposed of the empyre And yet had religion so muche power in hym that whan he was come into Italie and had besieged his enemie Gregorie within the towne of Canosso the emperour hym selfe went barefooted to the towne gates in the harde frost and snow to aske forgeuenesse of the bishop who for all that stode styfe .iii. or .iiii. daies ere he woulde assoyle hym At lengthe they agreed vpon condicion that the emperour shoulde obey the bishops commaundementes ¶ But the bishop not yet contented within a whyle after so offended the emperour againe that he came to Rome and was there receiued of the Romaines Wherfore Gregorie fled into Castel Angelo and there kepte hym till he was rescued by Robert Guiscarde for feare of whose comyng the emperour retyred into Germanie Where by the bishops procurement the princes had elected Radulphus de Sueuia emperour betweene whom and Henry were many blouddy battailes foughten and not onely Radulphus him selfe slaine at length but also the emperours owne sonne so suborned that he warred against his naturall father and besieged hym in the towne of Mentz Neuerthelesse muche against the bishops will nature and friendes wrought a peace betwene theim at last ¶ And though Guiscarde deliuered this bishop out of themperours handê yet he was so hated of the Romaines that he durst not abide in Rome but went with Guiscarde into the realme of Naples and there died ¶ Some write that this Gregorie was the fyrste that prohibited matrimonie vnto priestes ¶ Uictor the .iii. was poysoned by the emperours procuremente as some write but some holde that he died of a naturall infirmitee ¶ Pascall the .ii. fell at varyaunce with the familie of Colonna in Rome by reason wherof whiles he was at the gettyng of Beneuento which by the helpe of Roger Duke of Puglia he obteined the Colonesi by force toke the towne of Caua apperteinyng to the churche But the bishop at his retourne both recouered Caua and also toke from them Zagarolo and Colonna their owne enheritaunce Wherupon folowed so muche busynesse that almoste no man coulde passe in quiete anie where through Campania ¶ This Pascall went into Fraunce to reforme the disordinate life of the clergie there ¶ After his retourne into Italie he condemned the doynges of Henry the .iiii. emperour so that whan the emperour him selfe was come as far as Sutri with a great armie the bishop forbade hym the comyng to Rome till he had promised not to medle with the churche matters and further to cause those bishops that he had made to renounce their bishoprikes ¶ But whan the emperour had kyssed the bishops foote at the heade of S. Peters staiers and was receiued with solemne procession into
made Cardinall and Don Ferrando that nowe is the emperours generall at Millaine finally he died ¶ After whose death Federico toke the astate vpon him and was made general of the Romaine churche by bishop Lyon the .x. confirmed by Adrian the .vi. and continued also vnder Clement the .vii. And as the emperour that now is retourned from his coronacion at Bologna passyng through Mantua where he was most honourably receiued his maiestee for the vertue worthinesse and nobilitee knowen in this Federico called hym from the degree of Marques and created hym Duke ¶ He maried Margerite doughter and heire of the lorde Guglielmo Paleologo Marques of Monferrato in whose righte by fauour of the emperours maiestee he obteigned hir fathers astate that is to saie the dominion of Monferrato And so notably fortifiyng the citee of Mantua he died leauyng .iiii. sons Francesco Guglielmo Lodouico and Federico ¶ Francesco after his fathers deathe entred into the dominion but because he was than of verie tender yeres and passeth not yet the age of .14 his father by testament committed the gouernaunce of hym vnto his wife with the helpe and counsaill of his brother Ercole the Cardinall vntill the yonge Duke shall be growen to sufficient yeres who by the parentes consente and by the emperours procurement hath ben contracted vnto one of kyng Ferdinando's doughters and shall marie hir verie shortly as the saiyng is ¶ Of the astate of Ferrara FErrara is one of the notablest citees of Lumbardie aswell for the beautie and greatnesse as also for the stronge site fortificacion ¶ Fyrst for beautie if that part that is called La terra nuoua had ben thoroughly finished as it was deuised it shoulde haue ben woorthie for faire stretes to haue been preferred before any other citee that I haue seen And now as it is I thynke it no lesse woorthy For you shall finde aboue a dousen streetes so iust and euenly setâ—e foorthe that I warrant you there is not so muche as the corner of a house to let a man of his full sight from the tone ende to the tother Some of whiche streetes lacke little of a myle longe with the goodly houses and buildynges on bothe sides so fayre and vniforme that it seemeth all dooen at one tyme and by one agreement as no doubte the most part hath been in deede And than in the middest it hath a verie fayre greene appoincted out for the markette place But the Duke that now is hath had no mynde to folow it although his father Alfonso bestowed the most trauaile of all his daies about it to his wonderful charge as he that shall see it maie wel consider So that the most habitacion of people resteth still in the olde parte of the citee whiche is also indifferent fayre but nothyng comparable to the new Than as touchyng the greatnesse I thynke the circuite by the walles be little lesse than .v. myles And finally for strength it hath the goodliest and strongest wall and the largest diche well watered that I haue seen specially for three partes to the lande warde And as for the fourth part though the wall be not so stronge yet is it reputed of no lesse force on that side than on the other by reason that within .20 yardes of the wall the great riuer of Pò hath his course downe towardes the sea whiche renneth so swifte and is so broade and deepe that it is not to be passed of any enemie to geue assaulte to the towne ¶ The Duke hath vnder his dominion two other citees that is to wete Modona and Reggio with a good parte of the low countreys of Romagna and maie dispende yerely by estimacion betwene .200 and .250000 duckates and is esteemed verie riche because he hath had no warre nor other charge of importaunce for the space of .xiii. yeres or more that he hath gouerned the astate The Originall and successe of the citee LYke as of other places be diuers opinions euen so is there of the beginnyng and name of Ferrara Some woull that the name therof hath growen of a certaine quantitee of yron that the same citee yelded for a tribute vnto the lorde of Rauenna as Argenta and Aureolo haue also dooen of the paiement of siluer and golde Some other woull that it be so called of the mynes of yron that haue been founde there whiche opinion is most sensible consideryng that Ferrara after the vse of the latine tounge signifieth none other but the place where yron is digged foorth as Caesare in his commentaries the .viii. boke of the Frenche warres and as Liuie in the fourthe of the Macedonicall warres dooe affyrme ¶ But to passe ouer these antiquitees and come nerer to our purpose I finde that the saied citee of Ferrara was firste closed with walles by one Smeraldo capitaine for the Greekish emperour in Rauenna and longe time after beyng a certaine space vnder the obedience of Henry the secounde emperour of Almaine it was recouered by the counteise Matilda doughter of the Conte Bonefacio as hir right enheritaunce through helpe of the Uenetians and of the lordes of Rauenna out of the handes of Henry the thirde than emperour whiche Countesse at hir death with other hir possessions lefte it vnto the vse of the Romaine churche insomuche that longe tyme it was gouerned of vicares and of legates vntill the house of Este gatte the rule therof Who firste obteigned is vnder condicion that thei shoulde for euer holde it in fee of the churche of Rome ¶ And to resite the beginnyng of that house some thinke the same is descended of those aunciente Troianes that came with Anthenor into Italy and some other woull that their sâ—ocke shoulde be of a certayne towne called Este now vnder the Uenetian dominion liyng .xv. miles from Padoa on the southeside of the Padoan hilles From whiche towne thei saie this family of Este came to dwell in Ferrara But how so euer it be the fyrst notable man of that house that ruled Ferrara was named Azo who at his death lefte issue two sonnes Aldobrandino and Azo the fyrste entred in possession and liuyng but a short space lefte the astate vnto Azo the seconde his younger brother ¶ This Azo was driuen out of it by Federike the emperour and one Salinguerra put there in his place insomuche that Azo for succour resorted vnto a certaine Ferrarese named Gregorio Montelungo beyng at that tyme Romysh legate in the citee of Bologna by whose meanes with helpe of the Uenetians of the Mantuanes and of Ezelino than lorde of Verona brother in lawe vnto this Azo Salinguerra was by force expulsed and Azo restored vnto his astate vpon condicion that he shoulde holde it for euer as vicare of the church and none otherwyse ¶ Now this Azo the seconde hauyng by his fyrst wife a soonne named Fresco maried agayne the secounde daughter of the kyng of Naples named Beatrice whiche mariage so muche offended
power than before tyme it had dooen in aucthoritee ¶ True it is that the emperour sent his ambassadouâ—rs vnto Pepine to claime this exarkate wherof he and his predecessours had ben in possession .170 yeres but those ambassadours could not be heard ¶ Blondus saieth that these thynges happened in the time of bishop Gregorie the .iii. ¶ Of this Paule I finde nothyng notable sauyng he did his beste to dissuade Constantine the .v. emperour from the defacyng and hurlyng of images out of the christian churches but Constantine folowyng the exaumple of his father Leo not onelie extirped the images but also put diuers to deathe that wente about to resist it ¶ After the death of Paule Desiderius king of the Lumbardes made Constantine bishop by force but within a yere the clergie of Rome deposed him and elected Stephen the .iii. in his place in whose tyme happened no notable thyng in the churche sauyng that he with all the clergie immediatly after his election in token of humilitee wente barefoote in procession from the Laterane churche to Saint Peters ¶ This Adrian was so haulte of courage that whan Desiderius the kyng sent ambassadours to congratulate his election and to enter in amitee with him he answeared theim howe maie I trust him that so ofte hath broken his faith wherwith Desiderius toke suche displeasure that he inuaded the churches dominion and tooke by force Faenza Ferrara Comacchio Montefeltro Vrbino Senegalia and was come as farre as Spoleti entendyng to goe to Rome had not .iii. bishops mette hym there with an excomunicacion for feare wherof he retourned to Pauia without anie more adoe But because he helde still in possession the foresaied citees the bishop of Rome procured Charlemaigne than frenche kyng to come into Italie who with a mightie power besieged Pauia tooke Desiderius with his wife and children prisoners restored to the churche all that his father Pepine had geuen with more and reserued vnto him selfe the dominion of Lumbardie ¶ In this bishops time Tyber rose so high that Rome was in maner cleane drowned ¶ After Adrian succeded Leo the .iii. who because the Romaines conspyred against him fledde vnto Charlemaigne and by hym was restored with great pompe into his astate for pacifiyng this Romayn furie against the bishop Charlemaigne him selfe with a great army came to Rome where for the high seruice he had doen to holie churche the Romaine bishop annointed and proclaimed him emperour August and his sonne Pepine kyng of Italie So that from this time forewardes the emperours of Constantinople were no more reputed Romayne emperours but emperours of Greece For Charlemaigne did so muche that at lengthe the empires were deuided by confines and the Greeke Emperours consented to suffer the Frenchemen in quyette bothe with the name and dominion of the Occidentall empire ¶ After the death of Charlemaigne and of Pepine this Leo remembryng the olde conspiracie made against him caused many of the chiefe Romaines his enemies to be put to death For the whiche at laste he was faine to withdrawe him from Rome and liyng at Blera the Romaynes in a sodayne rage spoyled and rased to the earth all the buildynges that he had made or procured to be made in Rome And because the bishop died shortelie thervpon Lewys the frenche kynge and emperour sent his cousin Bernarde as kyng into Italie to be a staie against the inconueniences that of this furie might haue folowed whiche Bernarde within few yeres after rebelled but at last he was constreigned to yelde him selfe and so beyng brought into Fraunce was beheaded ¶ This Stephen went into Fraunce and there crowned the forenamed Lewys emperour who for his great curtesie and gentilnesse was called Lewys the meeke and at his retourne to Rome this bishop brought many Romains home with him that his predecessour had exiled ¶ After Stephen succeded Pascall who crowned Lotharius sonne of Lewys the meeke kyng of Italie and successour to his father in the empyre and with faire persuasions obteined of Lewys the election or confyrmacion of all bishops whiche before that time depended onely vpon the emperours pleasure And further procured the confines and limites of the churches dominion to be made certaine and that with the largest ¶ But Gregorie the .iiii. woulde not take vpon hym the bishoprike till he had receiued his confyrmacion from the emperour Lewys before named ¶ In his tyme the Sarasines in great noumbre landed in Italie besieged Rome toke it spoyled it and all the countrey about but at last they were repulsed by the Marques Guido of Lumbardie with helpe of the frenchemen ¶ Sergius the secounde fyrst gaue president to all his successours to change theyr names by reason that his owne name Bocca di porco that is to saie swynesmouth was so vnseemely that he thought it not agreable to his dignitee He repayred the walles of the Vaticane and builded Castel Sant ' Angelo vpon the tombe of Adrian ¶ Iohan the .viii. was an englishe woman that in hir youthe disguised in a boies apparaile was brought to Athenes in Greece where she profited so muche in learnyng that whan she returned to Rome for hir good behauiour and singler reputacion she was elected bishop and so continued more than two yeres till at last goyng in procession towardes sainct Iohn Lateranes she fell in trauaile of childe in the high waie and there died For whiche cause the bishops to this daie dooe forsake that waie and as they saie whan any new bishop is elected he is brought to sainct Iohn Lateranes and there set in a chayre with an hole that the eldest Deacon of the Cardinalles maie feele vtrum habet testiculos ¶ Adrian the seconde was elected and establisshed bishop without the emperours consent wherwith the emperours ambassadours than resident in Rome beganne somewhat to be moued but at length the emperour him selfe was so contented withall that from thensefoorth the clergie in maner esteemed not the emperours ¶ Iohn the .ix. succeded Adrian and willyng to crowne Lodouicus Balbus frenche kynge emperour the Romaines that fauoured more Charles the .iii. kynge of Germanie who than was entred into Italy with an armie put the bishoppe in prison but he was shortly conueighed out and fledde into Fraunce where he annointed the kyng emperour Neuerthelesse within a while after the frenche kyng dyed and than was the bishop reconsiled to the foresaied kyng Charles whom he afterwarde crowned emperour ¶ Adrian the .iii. bishop made a law that from thensfoorth the emperours shoulde haue naught to dooe with his successours elections ¶ Stephen the .vi. bearyng malice in his hert against his predecessour Formosus caused hym to be taken out of his graue to be spoyled of his pontificall vestementes his fingers to be cut of and his body to be throwen into Tyber as an excomunicate and damned person For whiche act there grewe heynous contencion amongest the Romains that ceased
not many yeres after ¶ At this place Platina began to lament the tyranny of the Romaine bishops because from hense foorthf there reigned no more humilitee temperance religion trouth nor charitee amonge theim but in stede therof ambicion disdeygne auaryce falshead and tyrannie For shortly after Leo the .v. was by force deposed and put in prison by Christofer the fyrste one of his owne bryngyng vp who continued scarcely .vii. monethes but was likewyse serued by Sergius the .iii. ¶ Here I haue thought good to make a litle digression because of the notable chaunge of the empire ¶ About this time began the contencion betwene Lewis the Frenche kyng and Berengarius Duke of Friuli for the empire and dominion of Lumbardie ¶ The Italians wolde not that the bishops of Rome shoulde crowne any other emperour than one of theyr owne nacion wherupon Berengarius tooke on hym the name of emperour and kyng of Italie and in that quarell fought twise with Lewys The first battaile he lost but the second he wan in the which Lewys was taken prisoner and one of his eies put out And thus ended the empire in Charlemaignes descent for the which was no smal contencion awhile betwene the .iii. nacions Italian Frenche and Douche ¶ Fyrste this Berengarius reygned with the name of emperour .iiii. yeres and had no small warres speciallie with the Conte Guido di Spoleti who at the laste was discomfited and slayne in the fielde And as some write the bishop Lando gaue Berengarius the crowne ¶ After him reigned Berengarius the secound .vii. yeres who suffred the Hungariens to passe into Italie vpon condicion they shoulde not offende his subiectes but they kepte not theyr couenaunt with him ¶ And than came Raulfe Duke of Burgoyne and draue him out of Italie whiche he ruled for the space of .iii. yeres till Berengarius with helpe of the Hungariens recouered it againe ¶ Than came Hugh Conte d' Arli and reigned after Berengarius .x. yeres askyng of Italie ¶ The last of the Italians was Berengarius the .iii. who reigned about .xi. yeres and was expulsed as you shall here afterwardes ¶ Iohn the .xi. a better warriour than churchman with the helpe of Alberico Marques of Tuscane gathered an armie and fought with the Sarasines that than had ouerronne Puglia and Calabria and were comyng to Rome and in effecte so discomfited theim that they fled to Monte Gargano where thei fortified them selfes and did muche hurte afterwardes in the realme of Naples Finally he fell at variaunce with the forenamed Marques who therfore called the Hungarians into Italie and scourged the whole nacion aswell his owne subiectes as others So that the Romains to be auenged toke Alberico and beheaded hym and the souldiours tooke the bishop and strangeled hym ¶ Agapet the seconde seeyng the puissance of Berengarius the .iii. and fearyng to come vnder his subiection with consent of the Romains procured Otho than newly chosen emperour in Germanie with a great armie to come into Italie Where he fought twyse with Berengarius and at either tyme toke hym and his soonne Albert prisoners The fyrst tyme he restored hym to the astate of Lumbardie vpon condicions But the secounde tyme he and his sonne bothe were ledde awaie and confined the one to Bamborough in Almaigne and the other to Constantinople where thei died miserably ¶ Iohn the .xii. not by free election but by the power of his father Alberico than chiefe of the Romaines was made bishop For though the bishops had longe time continued like kynges I meane for theyr astate and temporall possessions yet for all that the Romaines created yerely certaine Consules and other officers after theyr olde facion and had belongyng to theyr common wealth diuers townes neere vnto Tuscane betwene Vrbeuentano and Tudertino and all that is betwene Naples Marsi Riete and Rome so that the chiefe Romaines bare a great stroke in the bisshops elections ¶ This bishop crowned Otho beforenamed fyrst emperour of the Germaines For neither Henrie Duke of Saxonie last emperour before him nor yet Conrade successour to Lewys before named of Charlemaignes descent were euer crowned though they bothe toke vpon theim the imperiall aucthoritee ¶ This Iohn was a man of so ill liuyng that two of his Cardinalles complained on hym to the emperour besechyng hym to see a reformacion for an exaumple to the worlde But the bishop hearyng of this was soone euin with theim For he cutte of the ones nose and the others handes and afterwardes receiued the emperour with so good a countinance that he seemed nothing giltie till the clergie with one voyce accused hym wherevpon he fledde into the mountaines and hidde him selfe so that the emperour with consent of the clergie chose Leo the .viii. But assoone as the emperour retourned home Iohn by force of his friendes expulsed Leo recouered his bishoprike and so continued till he died ¶ Some write that this was Iohn the .xiii. For amongest the aucthours is some confusion in the numbre of these Iohns specially because some recken the english Iohan for one and some recken hir not but how so euer it be this Iohn succeded Agapet the secounde and as some write was taken in adoulterie and slaine by the womans housbande ¶ Iohn the .xiii. elected by the clergie against the Romaines will was taken by Geffroie Conte di Campania and exiled till this Geffroie and his sonne were slaine by an other lorde of Campania Insomuche that the emperour Otho hearyng of this bishops exile made an armie and came to Rome where after a solemne entrey he toke all the senatours and put theim in prison sent the Consules prisoners into Almaigne and one Peter that had been chiefe of the conspiracie against Iohn was drawen througe the stretes whipped naked hanged by the heare of the head and finally in maner halfe dead sent prisoner into Germanie where he finished his daies For whiche courtesie this Iohn crowned Otho the secounde sonne of this fyrst Otho emperour by the fathers consent and his wyfe Theophila empresse ¶ Benedict the .vi. was taken by Cinthio a noble man of Rome and beyng laied in prison in Castel Sant ' Angelo was either strangled or famished to death ¶ Boniface the .vii. beyng constreyned to forsake Rome toke all the richesse of S. Peters churche with hym to Constantinople and there solde it and at length retourned to Rome where after he was well receiued he put out one of his Cardinalles eies ¶ Gregorie the .v. by reason of a commocion in Rome fled first into Tuscane and afterwardes into Germanie because he wolde not consente to crowne Crescentius emperour who beyng the noblest amongest the Romaines was prouoked by the Italians to take the empyre vpon hym So that whan Gregorie was fledde they made one that had been bishop of Placentia bishop of Rome and named him Iohn the .17 but Otho the .iii. than emperour with a puisant
the churche than he requyred Pascall to confirme his bishops who refusyng so to doe he with diuers of his cardinals and prelatê were taken spoyled of their myters and copes and so ledde into the armie that laie without the citee and from thense into a stronge holde till the bishop so consented to the emperours will that he not onely crowned him there but also confyrmed his bishops How be it shortlie after the emperours retourne into Germanie Pascall called a counsaile in Laterano and reuoked all his doynges to the emperour because they had ben doen through compulsion and not of free will Wherfore the emperour with a puisaunt armie retourned to Rome and findyng that Pascall was withdrawen into Puglia for feare of displeasure he caused him selfe to be crowned a newe by the archebishop of Barcare of whom he also toke auctoritee to dispose the bishoprikes at his pleasure ¶ Aboute this tyme died the Countesse Matilda that gaue vnto the churche of Rome all the territorie from the riuer Pissea and San Quirico vpon the Senese vnto Ceperano betwene the Appenine hilles and the sea with the Feodariship of Ferrara ¶ And in this bishops tyme was the great viage made of the Christians into the holy lande where Hierusalem was wonne and Godfrey of Boloigne crowned kynge ¶ Gelasius the .ii. succeded Pascall by the clergies election but the familie of Frangipani in Rome which were of the imperiall faction toke hym by force and put hym the fyrst nyght in prison but there was suche a commocion of the people the nexte mornyng that the chiefe of his enemies was faine to kysse his feete and to let hym goe Wherfore shortly after the emperour came so soddeinly to Rome that no man knew thereof till he was in sainct Peters churche so that the bishop incontinently fledde and by boote escaped downe Tyber vnto Ostia and so into Fraunce where he died After whose departure the emperour created the abouenamed bishoppe of Bracare in his place callyng hym Clement and so committyng hym to the protection of the Frangipani retourned into Almaigne ¶ Calixt the seconde before archebishop of Vienna was elected successour vnto Gelasius by the Cardinallê that than were resident in Fraunce how be it he would not take the dignitee vpon hym till he had woorde from Rome that the clergie there were contented withall Upon good aduertisement wherof he repayred thither and findyng the imperiall bishop to be fledde settled his astate there sendyng to the emperour for peace and fauour whiche he easilie obteined ¶ And hearyng that the imperiall bishop was gone to Sutri and there had fortified he made an armie went thither besieged Sutri toke his aduersarie brought hym to Rome made hym ride about the stretes on a camell with the taile in his hande and at last closed him vp in an abbey He trauailed muche for William Duke of Puglia in the defence of his countrey against Roger Erle of Sicile but it auailed not ¶ Innocent the seconde immediately after his coronacion sodeinly reised an army and went against the forenamed Roger that than wrote him selfe kyng of Sicile whom he founde so vnprouided that he made hym flee to Castell Galuzzo and there besieged him till his son William with a great power came to the rescue fought with the bishops armie and toke the bishop withall his Cardinalles prisoners Neuerthelesse they were afterwardes courtesly let goe and accompanied towardê Rome where in the meane season was a newe bishoppe made named Anaclete And this new bishoppe vsyng the iewelles of sainct Peters as his owne made so many friendê that Innocent was faine to flee from thense to Pisa from Pisa to Genoa and so into Fraunce Finally he went vnto Lotharius the .iii. than elected Caesar and by his meanes was restored to his bishoprike againe For the whiche he rewarded Lotharius with the imperiall crowne as the custome was causyng hym afterwardes so to inuade the realme of Naples that Roger who than called hym selfe kyng therof forsoke Italie cleane for a tyme. ¶ The emperour was no sooner retourned into Germanie but the bishop thinkyng hym selfe in peace fell at variaunce with the Romains for chosyng of senatours because somewhat before that tyme the other bishops his predicessours had taken all temporall power clerely from the citesins and vsed it priuately as theyr own In the heate of whiche contencion Innocence died ¶ Eugenius the .iii. incontinently vpon his election forsoke Rome because the Romains were resolutely determyned to mainteigne theyr Senatours and he to the contrarie vsyng his vttermost power constreigned them to crie him mercie and to committe the ordre of all magistrates vnto him Neuerthelesse after his retourne the people that coulde not brooke the losse of theyr lybertees so rebelled agaynste him that he was faine to flee and went into Fraunce where declaryng his case vnto Lewys the kyng he obteined suche succours that in maner by force he retourned to Rome and had his owne will ¶ Adrian the .iiii. an englishman borne constreigned the Consulles and Senatours of Rome to depose theym selfes and to committe all theyr rule vnto the churche He crowned Frederike Barbarossa emperour thoughe afterwardes he did excommunicate hym He also graunted the title of kyng to William the third descended of the Normaine bloud beyng than lorde of Sicile and of the realme of Naples He encreased not a litle the Churches territorie but he was muche hated of the Romains for takyng awaie of their libertees Finally before his death he repented the excoÌ„municacion of the emperour saiyng that there coulde be none so miserable an astate as the Romaine bishoprike gotten with bloudde ¶ Alexander the .iii. had vnto his election the voyces of 22. Cardinalles and Octauian had but .iii. as moste authours agree Neuerthelesse betwene theim two grewe so great a Schisme that the emperour Frederike was faine to call diuers counsayles for the mattyer cityng both the parties there to appeare that the mattier might be rightuously iudged Octauian came at the emperours callyng but Alexander wolde neuer appeare Wherfore the emperour became so muche his ennemie that he was fayne to flee from Rome into Fraunce and other regions to procure helpe of other princes So that there happened much bloudde fyre and destruction for this mattier manie yeres together ¶ Some write that Alexander was so pursued of the emperour that in a cookes apparayle he was fayne to flee vnknowen from place to place till at laste he came to Uenice and there in a monastarie toke a gardeyners wages and serued in the kitchin Where he was discouered by a pilgrime and therupon apparailed and brought in Pontificalibus with procession to S. Markes churche remaignyng there honorably enterteigned till after fore feight by sea betwene the emperour and the Uenecians Otho the emperours son was taken prisoner by whose meanes a peace was made betwene Alexander and the emperour Some writers make no mencion of this historie but saie that by
forenamed Duke Phillip to Myllaine who after very gentill enterteinment deliuered theim without raunsome So Alfonse beyng restored to libertee waâ—yng strong through the amitee of the Duke of Myllaine disposed hym selfe to recouer the realme and came thither immediately with his power obteined Gaietta and wente to Capua whiche had been alwaies kept for him how be it during the time of his imprisonment the Neapolitanes seeyng they coulde not haue Raynolde fette his wyfe Isabell Duchesse of Angio vnto Naples and did theyr best by waie of assaulte to winne Capua But now that kyng Alfonse was reiourned the parte of Angio so muche declined that Isabell was faine to resort for helpe to Eugenio than bishop of Rome who sent the Patriarke Vitellesco to Naples ¶ This Patriarke was a stoute man meter for the fielde than for the churche For firste he discomfited the armie of the prince of Taranto and toke the prince him selfe prisoner and longe tyme valiauntely bare him selfe in the warres againste Alphonse one while with force an other while with policie so that beyng fallen with his armie in the daunger of the kyng through besettyng of the streictes and lacke of vittaile he handled him selfe so humbly that the kyng embracyng his faire offers graunted hym truce and vnder coloure of the same truce he beeyng armed and the kynge vnarmed came to Villa Giuliana and so narowly besette it that with muche adoe the kynge escaped his handes Leauyng all his baggage and cariage for a praie to the Patriarke Finally Raynolde beforenamed beyng putte to his raunsome came with .xii. Genowaie galleys to Naples where with kyngely honours he was tryumphantlye receiued and so muche encreaced his power that it was doubted whether of the two partes were the better Raynolde defied Alfonse bodie to bodie whiche Alfonse refused not Howbeit at the daie and place of battaill appointed Raynolde appeared not And albeit that Raynolde for a time prospered and gatte into his handes the castell Nouo and castell Di Loâ—o that kynge Alfonse had alwaies kept sens he receiued theim at quene Iohans handes till that tyme yet at last after the death of Iacomo Caldora one of the principallest of the Angioyne parte Alfonses power so muche encreased what by battaile and change of diuers of the barons affections who leauyng the Angioyne parte became Aragonese that he recouered Naples and all the whole realme entryng into the citee in maner of triumphe where for a perpetuall memorie of his victory the Napolitanes before the castell gate erected a notable faire arche of marble ¶ Thus Alfonse obteignyng the quiet possession of the realme â–ª vsed newe meanes of amitee with Eugenio than bishop of Rome and did so muche that Eugenio confirmed him in the astate and inuested his bastarde sonne Ferdinando successour to the crowne For whiche inuestiture kynge Alfonse vpon couenaunte inuaded the countrey De La Marca and takyâ—g it by force from Francesco Sforza afterwardes Duke of Myllayne restored it to the churche And than in recompence of the great courtesie receiued of Phillip Duke of Millaine he made warre in his fauour againste the Florentines and atchieued manie worthie enterprises beyng in maner the onelie staie of Duke Phillip in his later daies so that the Duke by his testament made hym his heire of the astate of Myllaine but he enioyed it not as in the history of Myllaine appereth ¶ Finallie after a generall leage made in Naples betwene all the astates of Italie excepte the Genowaies Alfonse made an armie and besieged Genoa for breache of certaine articles concluded longe before at the making of a peace betwene theim whiche the Genowaies were bounde to geue to the kynge yerely in maner of a tribute a bason of golde and the cause of their witholdyng was for that the kynge woulde neuer receyue it otherwyse than sittyng in his maiestee as thoughe he triumphed ouer theim ¶ The prouision made for the continuance of that siege was so great that by common opinion the citee muste nedes haue ben his had he not died the .66 yere of his age and the .22 yere of his reigne in Naples Leauyng for successours in the realme of Aragone and Sicile his brother Iohn and in the realme of Naples his sonne the forenamed Fernando ¶ Of this kynge Alfonse aâ—e written manie great praises for his valiauntnesse his temperaunce his learnyng his liberalitee and other like vertues ¶ Ferdinando bastarde sonne to kynge Alphonse succeded his father in the beginning of whose reigne Calisto than bishop of Rome preâ—endyng the title of the realme to be fallen to the churche for lacke of laufull heires excommunicated Fernando and made great preparacion to inuade but deathe preuented hym So that Fernando warned therby vsed suche meanes of frendship with Pio his nexte successour that he was not onelie confirmed in the astate but also crowned by certaine Cardinalles sente to Naples for the purpose ¶ Newe assoone as the newes of Alphonse deathe was knowen Duke Iohn sonne of the forenamed Raynolde in hope of mutacion in the realme made an armie by sea with helpe of the Genowaies and landyng within the territorie of the Duke of Sessa oueranne diuers prouinces and gotte daielie townes and friendes so that Fernando was like to be put to the worse had not the bishop of Rome and the Duke of Millaine taken his parte by whose helpe Duke Iohn at length was by force constreigned to leaue his enterprise and most parte of those barons that toke his parte came and submitted theim selfes vnto Ferdinando who graciously pardoned them and restored theim to their astates ¶ Than died Pio and Paule the secounde succeded who oftentimes troubled the realme ¶ After the death of kyng Iohn of Cyprus Ferdinando coueityng to conquere that realme was reâ—isted by the Uenetians betwene whom happened crewell warre so that the Uenetians toke truce with the Turke and as the fame wente were occasyon that he assaulted and toke Otronto in Puglia by force whiche shoulde haue caused greater mischiefe in Italie had not the Turke than Mahomet the .ii died ¶ Immediately vpon whose deathe kynge Ferdinando sente his eldest sonne Alfonse Duke of Calabria to conquere Otronto whiche after longe siege and sore feight was for lacke of succours recouered ¶ Next Paule the secounde succeded Sixte the .iiii. bishop of Rome and after hym Innocence the .iiii. who both wonderfull inconstantly one while were friendes and an other while foes to the kynge ¶ Finallie this Ferdinando was noted to be veray couetouse For callyng a counsaile of his barons in the citee of Chieti he wolde haue encreased his subsidies and taxes And because diuers of his nobles dissuaded him from it he put some of them to death some he imprisoned from some he toke their goodes and some willyngly rebelled against hym in which trauaile and tirannie he continued till he died leauyng issue males .ii. sonnes Alphons and Federike ¶ After the deathe of
Placentine of whiche there perished at one time with the fall of an holow banke aboue 50. persons so that what with one thyng and what with an other beyng also a man knowen full of abhominacion in all kinde of vices and specially in the vnnaturall in conclusion he became hated of all men insomuche that the Conte Giouanni Aguzzolo and the Conte Augustino di Pallauicini with certaine of theyr kynne and friendes conspired against hym and at theyr tyme appoincted findyng hym with a small garde in his owne hous in Plancense slew him hangyng afterwardê the deade body out at a window for a spectacle vnto the people ¶ Finally these gentilmen foreseeyng the daunger that for this doyng might folowe vnto them in case the state shoulde continue of the churche practised before with Don Ferrando Gonzaga to see whether he wolde backe them by receiuyng the stronge citee of Placense vnto the emperours behoufe so that beyng at a poinct with him the mattier was so handled that the nexte night after the Dukes death there were secretly receiued into the towne .800 of the emperours men and so the citee wonne without stroke strickyng ¶ All the money plate iewelles and stuffe that coulde be founde of the Dukes to the value of .30000 crownes and vpwardes were diuided amongest the confederates and the Conte Giouanni Aguzzolo who kylled the Duke his owne handes allowed by the emperour .20 men for his garde ¶ Finally the bishop of Rome being hereof aduertised incontinently caused Parma to be fortified and furnished with men of warre and tempted by corrupcion of money to haue had one of the gates of Placense deliuered hym by nighte but his practise was discouered and certaine Spaniardes therfore taken and hanged And euer sens for more than this halfe yere the emperours power vpon the Placentine and the bishoppes on the Parmesane haue kept diligent watche and warde loking euery houre for open warre What it woull proue to he best knoweth that gouerneth all ¶ Of the astate of Urbine THe citee of Urbine standeth almoste on the toppe of the Appeâ—yne hylles in maner betwene the marke of Ancona Tuscane the people wherof as Plinie writeth haue ben surnamed Metaurensi and it seemeth to haue taken name of Vrbes Binae two townes For who that well considereth the proporcion of it shall iudge by the miter facion therof that it hath been two townes ioigned together and the middell whiche is a holow descent betwene two hillê is the sklenderest part of the citee ¶ The Dukes palaice is a verie faire house but not so excellent as the Conte Baldasar in his Courtisane doeth commende it ¶ The Dukes dominion is two citees Vrbine and Pesaro his reuenew passeth not .60000 crownes by the yere But his auncestours for the most parte serued other astates as the Duke that now is also doth wherby they kepte muche greatter portes than their owne habilitee wolde beare ¶ Amongest other this Dukes father builded an house within a mile of Pesaro called Imperiale whiche in mine opinion is one of the best deuised litle thynges that may lightly be founde It standeth on the syde of an hyll and hath prospect bothe to the citee and to all the valey it hath many fine little chambers goodly open vaultes and excellent faire fountaines But that whiche most of all pleased myne eye was that being of a great height you may out of the highest gardeine â—yde about on the toppe of the house which is very faire paued with bricke and railed on bothe sides with fine pillers and railes of white marble ¶ As for the edificacion of Urbine or other notable memory before the yere .1345 I finde nothyng mete to be written At whiche time by reason of the variaunce betwene bishop Clement of Rome and the emperour Lewis of Bauarie who to make their parties stronge made diuers new lordes in Italy Galasso di Montefeltro was made vicare for the emperour in the citees of Urbine and Eugenio against the bishop of Rome and his adherentes in whiche his succession continued enheritours vnto the yere .1444 that Federike after made Duke obteigned the astate The occasion wherof was that Guido Conte di Vrbino hauyng no heire male by his firste wife feigned that he had gotten a Concubine with childe and so secretly toke the sonne of his nere kinnesman Bernardino della Corda whiche euen than was newly borne and namyng it Federike caused it to be nourished as his owne ¶ Not longe after his wife died and mariyng agayne engendred a sonne named Oddo who in deede succeded the father in his astate But he was so viciouse of liuyng and so busie with gentilmens wifes that in a sodein rumour of the people he was slaine and a Protonotary called Carpesiano with him ¶ Wherupon this Federike the putatiue sonne by the whole voice of the people was elected their prince who in his youthe had ben verie well brought vp specially in feates of armes in the exercise wherof he loste one of his eyes ¶ This Federike was not onely valiaunte but also verie well learned and so happie a man that in his tyme he was generall of .viii. seuerall armies and died capitaine of the Uenetians armie in the fielde before Ferrara ¶ The bishop of Rome for his worthinesse made hym Duke the kyng of Englande not onely gaue him money but also made hym of the Garter For whiche curtesy all Englishe men haue a certaine priuilege of freedome in his dominion and the Frenche kyng made him also of his order Besides that there was none astate in Italy but that at one tyme or other presented hym with some worthy gifte ¶ And aboue all the rest his fidelitee seemeth to me most worthy of commendacion For whan Francesco Sforza was forsaken of all his other friendes and pursued with 20000. men he onely receiued him and therby putte him selfe and his whole astate in ieopardy which he determined rather to lose than to seeme an vnfaithfull friende and in effecte mainteigned Sforza till time serued him to recouer ¶ After the death of Federike his sonne Guido Vbaldo of the age of .xii. yeres succeded who reigned quietly about .xxi. yeres till the comyng of Valentino Borgia sonne of Alexandre the .vi. bishop of Rome that fyrst by suche crafte gatte the astate into his handê that Guido Vbaldo was faine to flee disguised in plowmans clothyng Neuerthelesse through the good will of his subiectes he recouered his astate in shorte tyme againe But Ualentines force was suche that at length this Duke toke suche treasure as he had and fledde to the Marques of Mantua whose sister he had maried there diyng without issue ended the house of Montefeltro that had reigned in Urbine the space of .157 yeres ¶ Valentino Borgia helde it but a verie smalle space for shortly after his fathers death Iulie the seconde bishop of Rome persecuted him and brought the house of Borgia to naughtes and thervpon gaue
The site of Italie Merchandise Pleasures â–ª Feedyng in Italie Resort of straungers into Italy Gentilmen Merchantes Artificers Husbandmen Women The edificacion of Rome The fyrste king of the Romains The ende of the Romaine kinges Consules The firste emperour Donacion of ConstaÌ„tine Gothes Uandales â–ª Hunes Lumbardes Diuidyng of the empyre Rome destroied .iiii. tymes Desiderius The ende of the Lumbardes reigne Elecion of the emperour The headâ— of Tyber Ponte di S â–ª Angelo Ponte del Castello Ponte Sisto Ponte rotto Ponte de Pisona Ponte di S. Bertholomeo Ponte di quatuor Capora Ponte di S. Maria â–ª Sublicius Palatinus Fabricius Cestius Januclensis Vaticanus Elius Miluius Porta de popolo flu tuentana Flaminia P. Pinciana Collatina P. Salaria Quirinalis Aegonalis P. di sant ' Agnese Uiminalis Figulensis Numentana P. di San Lorenzo Tiburtina Exquilina P. Maggi ore Neuia Labicana Prenestina P. di San Hioanni CelimoÌ„tana Asinaria P. Latina â–ª P. di S. sebastiano Appia Capena Triumphalis P. di San Paolo Trigemina P. Portese di Ripa P. di S. Pancratio Aurelia P. del Torrione P. Portusa P. di Beluedere di San Piero. del Giardino di S. Peregrino P. del Castello Posterula Auentinus Capitolinus Palatinus Celius Exquilius Viminalis Quirinalis Transtyberim Vaticane Porta Septimiana Subtus Janum Fontinalis Janiculum Aqua Appia Aqua Martia Anfeia Traiana Claudia Pli. li. 36. nat histor Auiena Triuiana Virginia Opinions of the decai of the antiquitees Adrians curtesie and wisedome Arcus Constantini Arcus Titi. Arcus Seâ—eri Arcus Domitiani Theatrum Amphitheatrum Coliseo Arena Circuâ—â— Pantheon S. Maria Rotonda Templuni Romuli T. Paâ—is T. Jani T. Iâ—idis T. Minerue T. Palladis â–ª Structiles â–ª Columna Traiani Piazza Colonna La Guglia SepulchruÌ„ Bâ—cchi The saiyng of Fuluius Kyndes of Marbles Peter the â—postle Siluester .1 The donacion of Constantine Ualla againste the donacion â–ª Nicene counsaile Marcus Iulius Liberius Felix .2 Damasus Hierome Syritius Supremacie of the churche Gredoriâ—s .2 Images put out of churches Gregorius â— Charles Martell â–ª Zacharias â–ª Chilperike deposed Stephanus .2 Paulus Images Constantinus .2 Stephanus .3 Adrianus Leo .3 Thempire diuided Stephanus .4 Pascalis â–ª Gregorius .4 Sergius â–ª â— Iohannes .8 Adrianus .2 Iohannes .9 Adrianus â— Stephanus .6 Chaunge of the empire Berengarius .1 Berengarius .2 Raulfe Duke of Burgoyne â–ª Hugo Câ—nte d' Arli Berengarius .3 Iohannes .11 Agapitus .2 Otho Iohannes .12 Iohannes .13 Benedictus .6 Bonifatius .7 Gregorius .5 Electours of the empire Cesar. Augustus Benedictus .8 Benedictus .9 Shiftyng and poysonyng of Romayne bishops Leo .9 â–ª Stephanus .9 Nicolaus 2. Alexandre .2 Gregorius .7 Priestes mariage Uictor .3 Pascalis â–ª Matilda Uâ—age into the holy lande Gelasius .2 Calixtus â— Innocenâ—ius .2 Eugenius .3 Adrianus â–ª 4. Alexander â— Thomas Beckette â–ª Lucius .3 â–ª Celestinus â–ª 3 â–ª Innocenâ—ius .3 Honorius .3 Gregorius 9. Innocentius .4 Cardinall hattes Urbanus .4 Manfredo Clemens 4 Gregorius 1â— â–ª Nicolaus .3 Martinê° .4 Honorius .4 Celestinus 5. Bonifaâ—ius .8 yere of Iubiliâ— Benedictê° .11 Clemens .5 Iohannes .22 Benedictus â–ª 12 â–ª Frauncis Petrarke â–ª Clemens Iubiley â–ª Iubiley Plague of pestilence Innocentius .6 Urbanus â— â–ª Gregorius 11. 1â—76 Sir Iohn Acton â–ª Urbanus .6 Cardinals sacked and baked Bonifaâ—â—us .9 Annates Innocentius .7 Gregorius 12. Alexandre .5 Iohannes .23 Martinus 5. Eugenius .4 A wittie policie Nicolaus .5 Amideus Calixtus .3 Alfonse Pius 2â— Paulus .2 Sixtus .4 Innocentius .4 Alexander .6 Pius .3 Iulius .2 â–ª Leo .10 Adrian .7 Clemeâ—s â–ª 7 â–ª Paulus .3 Poore people Hospitals Prisonerâ— Paolo Lucio Lawes Marcello Orso 737 Deodato .737 Domenico Menicaccio .747 Mauritio 7â—2 Giouanni .768 Obelerio â–ª 78â— Angelo â–ª Particiaco .792 Giustiniano .810 Giouanni â–ª 813. Pietro Gradenico â–ª 82â— Auogadori Orso Particiaco â—65 Belles Giouanni â—84 Pietro Landiano 890. Pietro Tribuno .893 Orso Baduaro .915 â–ª Pietro Candiano 938. Pietro Baduaro .956 Pietro Candiano .958 Pietro Orseolo .973 Uitale Candiano 97â— Tribuno Memmo â–ª 975. Pietro Orseolo 9â—7 Ottone Orseolo .1007 Pietro Barbolano .1026 Orso Orseolo .1030 Domenico Orseolo .1031 Domenico Flabenico 1031. Domenico Contarini .1042 Domenico Siluio .1068 Uitale Falero 108â— Uitale Michele .1095 Ordelaffo â–ª Falero .1098 Domenico Michele .1115 Pietro Polano .1130 Domenico Morosini â–ª 1147. Uitale Michele 1â—â—4 â–ª Sebastian Ziani â–ª 1171 â–ª Emanuel â–ª Crueltee Orio Malipiero 1180 Arrigo Dandolo â–ª 1194 Pietro Ziani .1203 Iames Tiepolo .1225 Marino Morosini .1247 Crueltee Ezelino di Romano Rinieri Zeno 12â—0 Lorenzo Tiepolo .1267 Iacopo Contarini â–ª 1275. Giouanni Dandolo .1281 Pietâ—â— Gradenigo .1290 Marino Giorgio .1312 Iohn Soranzo .1313 Fraunces Dandolo .1329 Bartholomeo Gradenigo .1340 Andrea Dandolo â–ª 1343. Marino Falerio .1354 Iohn Gradenico .1355 Iohn Delfino .1356 Lorenzo Celso 13â—0 Marco Cornaro .1365 Andrea Contarini â–ª 1367. Michele Morosini .1383 Antonio Ueniero â–ª 138â— Michele Steno .1400 Thomas Mocenigo 1413. Fraunces Foscaro 14â—4 Liberalitee Pasquale Malipiero 14â—7 Christofero Moro 14â—2 Morea Nicolo Trono .1471 Cyprus wonne Nicolo Marcello 147â— Pietro Mocenâ—go .1474 Andrea Vendramino .1476 Iohn Mocenigo 1478. Marco Barbarico 1485. Agostino Barbarico 1486. Leonardo Loredano 15â—1 Douchemens hall in Uenice Antonio Gâ—imani Andrea Gritti Petro Lando Francesco Donato Castell Nouo Temperature of Naples Plinies death Hotte baynes Fire breakyng out of the erth Fertilitee of Naples 829. The fyrste comyng of the Sarasines into Italie 845. 864. Otho the firste 964. Otho the ii 100â— Taneredâ— the Normain Guglielmo Ferrabach Drogone Hunfredo Godfrey Bagelardo Robert Guiscardo Roberte created Duke Treasure founde vnder grounde 〈◊〉 conquered by the Normains Bishoppe of Rome besieged 108â— Roger. 1094. Guglielmo .2 Roger .2 The citiâ— of Naples gotten by the Normains Roger entitled kyng of Sicile â–ª 11â—9 Guglielmo iii. William deposed William restored Guglielmo iiii 1191. Tancredâ— â–ª 1191. Guglielmo .5 1195. End of the house of Normains Henrico .6 Imperatoâ—e 119â— Federike â–ª 122â— â–ª the kynges of Naples entitled kynges of Ierusalem 1229. Carroccio â—eather â—oygned for money â–ª 1250 â–ª Conrade Crueltee â–ª Corradino neri heire vnto Conrade 1254 â–ª Manfredo 1265. Ende of the house of Sueuia in the dominion of Naples Carlo Duca d' Angio 1268. Corradino beheaded â–ª Crueltee Rebellion in Sicile Slaughter of Frenchmen Peter kynge of Aragone Charles sonne take prisoner Crueltee 1274. Title of the kyngdome of Ierusalem 1276. Carlo 2. Prince Edwarde of Englande Federike kyng of Sicile 1309. Robert 1342. Petrarcha Bocchaciê° Giouanna prima Quene Iohans Husbande strangled 135â— â—itle of the seconde lyne of the house of Angio. 1â—â—1 Quene Iohan hanged Marie Carlo .3 Murder 13â—6 Ladislaus â–ª 1370. Rome gotten .1408 Rome the secounde tyme gotteÌ„ by Ladislaus 1414. Giouanna â— 141â— â–ª Alfonse adopted heire to Quene Iohan. Discorde 1424. 1434. Ende of the house of Durazzo Alfonse Kyng Alphonse taken prisoner Patriarke Uitelesco Rainoldes comyng to Naples 145â— Ferdinando The Turke in Italie Couetousnesse .1489 1494. Alfonse .2 Ferrandino Morbâ—â— Gallicus 1496. Federike Ende of the house of Aragone in Naples Lewys the .12 of Fraunce 1501. Kynge Ferdinando of Spaigne Charles the .v. Emperour 1515. 1528. 1547. The circuit of the citee Bridges Arno. Edifices Wilde beastes Hospitalles â–ª The Academie Women Florence destroied and reedified 1080. Diuision Guelfi and Ghibellines faction FloreÌ„tines common wealthe constituted 1308. â—326 1328. Nobilitee suppressed 1357. Iohn Sharpe Common people 138â— 1390 â–ª 1400. 1409. 1414 â–ª 1428. 1432. 1464. Cosmo di Medici Practise of a prelate 1486. Laurence d' i Medici â–ª 1495. 1495. 1530. 1532. 1534. Cittadella Duke Cosmo â–ª Wonder â—58 19â—9 Policy 1100 â–ª 1127. 1146. 1190. Richarde kynge of England 1194. 1201. 1204. 120â— 1216. 122â— â–ª 1222. 1227. 1238. 1243. 1251. 1â—57 1258. 1261 â–ª 1266. 1â—70 1376. 1282. Giudice 1284. 1289. 1290. 12â—â— 1294. 1295. 1296. 12â—â— â–ª 1304. 1306. 1â—12 1315. 1318 â–ª 133â— Policie 1332. 1335. 1338. 1339. 1340. 1344. 1345. 1346. 1350. 135â— 1356. 1363. 1370.1372 1373. 1378. Ingratitude of people 1381. 1383. 1389. 1396. 1397. 1398. 1399. 1400. 1401. 1402. 1403. Bouciquart 1409. 1413. 1415. 1416. 1421. 1422. 1437. 1434. 1436. 1442. 1443 1444 â–ª 1447. 1454. 1458. 1459. 1490. 1462. 1464. 1466. 1475. 1476. 1477. 1478. 14â—â— 1487. 1488. 149â— 149â— 149â— 1501. 1502. 1506. 1507. 15â—â— 1512. 1513. 1514. 1515. 1516. 1517. Poyson that worketh not till a time 1519. 1521. 1522. 1524. 1525. 1526. 1527. 1528. 1536. 1546 Andrea Doria Wiues of Millaine Millaine Sâ—â—â—ate Castell of Millaine Millaines â—ame Attila 1161. Giouanni Torrigiani Tiranny Martino Torrigiani Philippo Torrig Napoleone Uisconti â–ª Ottone Ottone Uisconti Matteo Magno Galeazo â—â—ene Lucchino Giouanni Bernabo Galeazo Giangaleazo 1402. Giouannâ— Maria. 1433. Philippo Maria. Philippo Maria descriued Testament â—â—oken Francesco Sforza Mutio father to Fraunces Sforza Galeazo â–ª Giouanni Lodouico Moro. Francesco 1063. Matilda Sordello Pinamonte Passerino Gonzaga Luigi Gonzaga Guido Luigi Francesco 1407. Gianfrancesco 144â— Luigi Federico Francesco Federico â—520 1539 â–ª Francesco 700. 1020 â–ª Azo 1. Aldobrandino Azo .2 Crueltee Fresco. Crueltee Obizone Azo .3 Rinaldo Obizone .2 Nicolo Alberto â–ª Nicolo Lionello Borso Nicolo Ercole Alfonso Ercole â–ª Galasso di Montefeltro .1345 Conte Guido .1428 Oddo .1440 Federico â–ª 1444. Guido Ubaldo 14â—2 Ualentino Borgia .1503 Francesco Maria .1504 1514. Iulianio di Medici Laurence di Medici 1522. Guido Ubaldo .2 1538. 1547 â–ª