fearing fled by night and when after many invitations hee would not returne the people shut the doore after him not for any difference of Religion but of State Yet the people being thus alienated from their Bishop was more susceptible of that change of Religion which hapned presently after by the comming of Farell and Viret In the mean while the Duke of Savoy being now strengthned with the Bishops right began to annoy them While they were thus tottering both in Religion and State Calvin came who having got great authority in the Citie took in hand the settling of that fluctuation A matter of great difficulty For to receive their Bishop they durst not fearing to indanger their Religion their Liberties and fall into the hands of their perpetuall enemie the Duke of Savoy To make another Bishop they would not and could not their old Bishop being alive Wherefore they chose to be without a Bishop and rule the Citie by the Syndics being perswaded that their Charter gave them no lesse power But whether they had any Charter to rule the Church with a mingled Consistorie of Clergie and Laitie without any Bishop ipsi viderint let them defend their own right My end is onely to shew that in that change of Discipline Necessity bare more sway then Counsell and Policie then Divinitie Howsoever their actions must not be imputed to the French Churches Geneva being a body apart and having interests of their own peculiar to themselves But the French Churches never unbishopped any Prelate and of them also it may be said that it was Necessitie not any Theologicall decision that made them frame a Church without Bishops For Calvin who had the greatest hand in their Discipline was more enclined to the Episcopacie In his Confession made in the name of the Churches of France and presented to the Emperour Anno 1562. hee professeth it Wee would not abolish saith hee the authoritie of the Church Calvin opuscul in confess Eccles Gallic Ecclesiae authoritatem vel Pastorum aut Super intendentium quibus Ecclesiae regendae provincia mandata est sublatam nolumus Fatemur ergo Episcopos sive Pastores reverenter audiendos quatenus pro suae functionis ratione verbum Dei docent that is of Pastours and Superintendents that have the government of the Church committed unto them Wee confesse then that Bishops or Pastours must be reverently heard as farre as they teach the Word of God according to their function Here is for you a publike Declaration of the French Churches that they disallow not the authoritie of Bishops and if they had power would not take them away In that Confession of faith presented to Francis the first of France I see nothing contrarie to the English Discipline if it bee candidly interpreted For the 30th Article that all true Pastors have equall power under their Universall Bishop Jesus Christ is confessed also by the Church of England for the power which Bishops and Priests have under their Universall Bishop Jesus Christ is equall as they are Priests A preheminence and authoritie indeed they have as Bishops and that by Apostolicall and therefore Divine institution But the power which Christ in the Evangelists immediately giveth to Pastours concerneth only the preaching of the Word and administring of the Sacraments and the power of binding and loosing in foro interiori Herein they are all equall and all Vicars of Christ No Bishop in England but in this sense will subscribe willingly to this Canon of the Councell of Carthage * Conc. Carthag Can. 8. Ut sublimior quidem sedeat sed tamen se collegam Presbyterorum agnoscat That the Bishop sits in a higher degree but yet acknowledges himselfe colleague to the Priests But although the Bishop in his consecration receive no new binding and loosing power in foro interiori besides that which he received when hee was made a Priest yet it is of Apostolicall right that great part of that power diffused in the collective bodie of the Clergie should bee confined to the Bishop lest the keyes of the Church being in too many hands should clash one against another and there should be playing at fast and loose And Calvin agreeth to it I never thought it usefull saith hee to commit the power of excommunication to every Pastor Calvin Epist ad Gasparum Lizetum Nunquam utile putavi jus excommunicandi permitti singulis Pastoribus Nam res odiosa est nee exemplum probabile facilis in tyrannidem lapsus alium usum Apostoli tradiderunt For it is an odious thing and an example not to bee approved and which would soone slip into tyrannie and the Apostles have delivered another custome It is true that Calvin in that Epistle will not have Lizetus to meddle alone with Ecclesiasticall censures and he is in the right since Lizetus was no Bishop But hee declareth plainly that the office of censures must be limited to certaine men not promiscuously used by every Clergy-man of his owne head Else there would bee soone as many petty spirituall Tyrants as there are peevish Ministers in the severall Parishes Had it been in the power of every Priest to receive accusations and pronounce excommunications Saint Paul would not have limited to Timothies knowledge the receiving of accusations nor made him alone Judge of the Priests Calvin indeed aimed at no such matter as the generall pulling downe of Bishops Hee acknowledgeth that in the Primitive Church the a Calvin lib. 2. Instit cap. 4. Art 2. Presbyteri ex suo numero in singulis civitatibus unum eligebant cuispecialiter dabant titulum Episcopi ne ex aequalitate ut fieri solet dissidia nascerentur Priests out of their number would chuse one in every Citie to whom they gave the title of Bishop lest that equality as it is ordinary should breed contentions And in his Epistle to the King of * Calvin Epist ad regem Pol. pag. 140. 141. Editionis Genevensis an 1576. Poland about the reformation of that Kingdome he sets downe to the King the order of the Primitive Church for a patterne where there were Patriarchs and Primats and subordinate Bishops to tye the whole bodie together with the bond of concord And adviseth the King to establish Bishops in every Province and over them an Archbishop and Primate of that great Kingdome And if the b Calvin instit lib 4 cap. 12. Art 6. Sanè si veri essent Episcopi aliquid eis hac in parte authoritatis tribuerem non quantum sibi postulant sed quantum ad Politiam Ecclesiae ritè ordinandam requiritur Popish Bishops were true Bishops hee would allow them some authoritie not as much as they challenge but as much as hee thinkes would serve for the right ordering of Church government That hee would not allow them as much power as they claime no man can wonder at it that knoweth the exemptions which they claime from Royall
authority and their incroachments upon the civill power and their pretended independencie from any but the Pope whereby they make regnum in regno another kingdome in every kingdome But although I would not clip their wings so short as Calvin would have yet I wish for your owne good that the Churches of Scotland would yeeld to Bishops as much power as Calvin doth even the power of censures and of presenting and ordaining Priests c Calvin tractat de necessitate reformandae Ecclesiae Potestatem nominandi ordinandi retincant justum illud serium doctrinae vitae examen restituant quod sanè multis saeculis obsolevit Let Bishops retaine the power of naming and ordaining Priests Let them restore that just and serious examination of doctrine and life which is growne out of use many ages agone It is not then the use but the abuse of Bishops that Calvin and the Reformed Churches of France reject And were it in their power they would not put downe Bishops They onely crave the reformation of Religion and are ready to submit themselves to Episcopall power Zanchius above all the Outlandish Writers is expresse upon that point who indeed is no Frenchman but of the like Discipline This is his Protestation That before God and in his conscience Hier. Zanch. Thesib de vera reformandarum Ecclesiarum ratione Testor me coram Deo in mea conscientia non alio habere loco quà m Schismaticorum illos omnes qui in parte reformationis Ecclesiarum ponunt nullos habere Episcopos qui authoritatis gradu supra fuos compresbyteros emineant ubi liquidò possunt haberi Praeterea cum D. Calvino nullo non anathemate dignos censeo quotquot illi Hierarchiae quae se Domino Jesu submittit subjici nolunt he holds them all for no better then Schismatickes that set this downe as a part of reformation of the Churches to have no Bishops that have any eminence of degree and authoritie above their true fellow-Priests where they may well be had And besides that he holds with * That place cited out of Calvin is in his Treatise de necessitate reformandae Ecclesiae Calvin that they are all worthy of any execration that will not submit themselves unto that Hierarchie that submitteth it selfe unto the Lord Jesus Christ Here is a coard with two strings the authority of two worthy men together The same Zanchius saith a little before Hee that will receive and follow the use and the opinion of the universall Church Ibid. Qui universalis ominium locorum temporum usque ad hanc aetatem usum sensum Ecclesiae certum habet sequiturque interpretem facilè intelligit diversos gradus Presbyterorum Episcoporum in gubernatione Ecclesiastica esse secundum Dei verbum semper fuisse Proinde ubi vigent non esse abolendos ubicunque iniquitas temporum eos abolevit aut non tulit esse restituendos in all times and places unto this age for a certaine interpreter of Gods word will easily understand that the severall degrees of Priests and Bishops in the Ecclesiasticall government are and ever were according to Gods word and therefore where they stand still they must not bee abolished And where the contrarietie of times hath abolished or not suffered them they must bee set up againe This was also the tenet of Martin Bucer who assisted the reverend Bishops of England in the reformation And although he lived in a Church where Ministers were equall hee delivereth himselfe plainly a Bucer tract de reformanda Ecclesia qui invenitur tom 11. constitut Imperial Annitendum itaque ut ea omnino procurationis Ecclesiasticae ratio ordinatio quam Canones Episcopis Metropolitanis praescribunt restituatur servetur We must endeavour that all the manner and distribution of Ecclesiasticall government which the Canons prescribe unto Bishops and Metropolitans bee restored and maintained Beza himselfe who preferred equalitie before superioritie in the Church yet hath declared his dislike of those that resisted Episcopall power where it was established For in an Epistle of his to some brethren of England that would bee ruled by him rather then their Bishops at home hee b Beza Epist 12. ad quosdam Anglicarum Ecclesiarum fratres Hortamur ut omni animorum exacerbatione depositâ salvâ manente doctrinae ipsius veritate sanâ conscientiâ alii alios patienter ferant Regiae Majestati clementissimae omnibus Praesulibus suis ex animo obsequantur exhorteth them that leaving all bitternesse as long as the truth of the doctrine and puritie of conscience was safe they would beare one another with patience and obey the Queenes most gracious Majestie and all their Prelates with a free heart And writing to Bishop Grindall hee commends his c Idem Epist 23. ad Episcop Grindal Quòd tu igitur quorundam 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 pertulisti Reverendissime vir in eo sanè insigne patientiae lenitatis Christianae specimen edidisti quo majore posthac poenâ digni erunt qui porro authoritatem tuam aspernabuntur Christian lenitie and patience for bearing with the selfe-conceited pride of some and saith that they shall deserve a greater punishment that will reject againe his authoritie I confesse this was much from Beza who was none of the best friends to the Episcopall degree but yet his desire of concord in the Church and obedience to publike order was greater then his aversion from Bishops And I wish that many among you were no worse disposed The latter Divines among the French are very expresse upon this point My Reverend Father Doctor Du Moulin in his * Peter Du Moulin in his Buckler of the faith upon the 30. Article of the French Confession Sect. 124. Buckler of the Faith is altogether for Episcopacie and proveth the Antiquitie of it and that it begun a yeere after our Saviours death And sheweth how the Apostles were the founders of that order sending the Reader to the 32 Chapt. of the booke of Prescriptions by Tertullian where hee reckoneth the Apostolicall Churches whose Bishops were established by the Apostles And whereas it is alledged against the Episcopall degree that there was in the Primitive Church two Bishops in one Towne hee tells you that in all the Antiquitie it is hard to find three or foure examples of two Bishops in one Towne Ibid. for the generall custome was against it as Theodoret Chrysostome and Hierome upon the first to the Philippians witnesse and Saint Austin in his 110th Epistle There also hee complaineth as farre as hee may of the disorders that follow equalitie relating and allowing the just objections of the English Clergie in these words They say AND THAT WITH GOOD REASON that no societie no family no common-wealth can prosper without some degrees of superioritie and that it is so among the Angels and in the government of the universall World That God established degrees
A LETTER OF A FRENCH PROTESTANT TO A SCOTISHMAN OF THE COVENANT VVherein one of their chiefe pretences is removed which is their conformitie with the French Churches in points of Discipline and Obedience LONDON Printed by R. Young and R. Badger 1640. A LETTER OF A FRENCH PROTESTANT TO A SCOTISHMAN OF THE COVENANT SIR AS there hath been for many ages a great relation between France and Scotland for matters of State the like hath been in matters of Religion betweene the Protestant Churches of both the Kingdomes ever since the reformation But I wish that our example be not mistaken and abused to our disparagement and your mine and the perpetuall disgrace of Christian Religion For whereas in one of your Petitions to his Majestie you are confident Alledged in the large Declaration of his Majestie pag. 417. that your neighbour-Churches will approve all your proceedings your neighbour-Churches of France have solemnly disapproved all your proceedings and herein given good satisfaction to his Majestie For it was ever farre from our wishes that your conformitie with the reformed Churches of France should be mis-applied as a pretence of your expulsing of your Bishops much lesse a president for you to take armes against your gracious Soveraigne Wherefore I will endeavour to remove that false colour set upon the violent counsels of the Covenant and shew to the world that for your differences with Episcopall authoritie which are now broken into a quarrell you had neither president nor incouragement from us And since it pleaseth his Majestie in the beginning of his Royal Declaration to make this one of his two ends to manifest his justice and piety to the reformed Churches abroad these reformed Churches are bound in dutie of thankfulnesse to shew how they rest satisfied of his Majesties justice and pietie For my part although I am happily engrafted into the body of the Church of England I may be admitted in this case to speake as a Frenchman borne that knoweth the tenets of that Church better then strangers that would abuse the example of the French to their owne ends And I am assured in my conscience that when I was adopted by the Church of England I was not removed into another Gospel This also I may affirme of mine owne knowledge that the French Divines and other godly men that travell into England returne home with great satisfaction seeing the soundnesse of doctrine and decencie of order so well matched together and joyne their hearty praises with the Te Deum and Magnificat of our Quires praising God chiefly because they see the puritie of the Gospel and the Royall Authority linked together with a most neere interest in their mutuall conservation The conformitie which you claime with the French is triple with their doctrine with their discipline and in the present quarrell with their actions And the French will heartily embrace a Christian conformity with you so farre as you shall not draw their necessitie into counsell nor their faults into example As for the conformitie in doctrine blessed be God that among all the reformed Churches of Europe there is neither deformity nor difformity in that point All the reformed Churches professe the same holy faith with you and of that faith the Kings Majestie is Defender of which he hath lately published many solemne protestations to the great satisfaction of all good Christians both within and without the Kingdome Here let all that love Gods glorie and the union of his Church upon earth Ezra 7.17 say Blessed be the Lord God of our fathers who hath put such a thing as this in the Kings heart Psal 61.7 The Lord prolong the Kings life O prepare mercy and truth that may preserve him It were superfluous to prove the consent of all reformed Churches with the Church of England in points of doctrine None of them but will say as much to the English Prelates as Beza to Bishop Grindall * Beza epist 8. ad Grindal Episcopum Londmensem Gallicas vestras Ecclesias in omnibus fidei capitibus consentire arbitramur Wee hold that the French Churches agree with yours in all points of faith He that set forth all the Confessions of the Reformed Churches in one volume hath not lost his praise for concealing his name Never was a more precious harmonie none more like a heaven upon earth such an evident consent needeth rather praises to God then proofes As for points of Discipline the difference of some Churches from that of England if charity were on both sides ought to set forth the consent in points of faith with more reverence and admiration As Irenaeus writing to Victor about the different Fasting of the Eastern and Western Churches 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The difference of Fasting saith he confirmeth the union in faith For that in such a difference of climats nations manners and policies there should be such an union in faith It is the Lords doing and it is marvellous in our eyes A main point of difference pretended by the Covenanters is the superioritie of Bishops for I will not search into your other aimes which you affirme to be Antichristian and contrarie to the Word of God wherein I see not how you can claime conformitie with the French Churches The French indeed have no Bishops but they never put downe Bishops nor induced others to put downe Bishops And you know that our Saviour puts a difference between breaking of commandements Matth. 5.19 and teaching men so Now to have Bishops is a commandement and none of the least for it is an Apostolicall order Suppose then that the French breake it yet they doe not teach men so And I will endeavour to shew you that they teach men otherwise and that it is necessitie not choice that keepeth them from Episcopall order But the Scots break that commandement and teach men so and represent the Antichrist in no other habit then a Rochet and a Miter That the French Divines doe not teach men so and allow not the abolishing of Bishops it may easily bee justified For in the matter of Geneva there was more Politicall then Theologicall reasons for refusing their Bishop The Bishop of Geneva was also their Prince who had such power there as the Duke in Venice and was rather Governour then Soveraigne For the people had that right to elect foure Syndics These you have in a book called Le Citadin Genevois and give them full power It is the 22. Article of their authenticall Charter And without the counsell consent and expresse will of those Syndics and of the Citizens none was to be absolved or condemned in the Citie It is the 14. Article of their Charter Before any Bishop was admitted hee swore to observe and maintaine these liberties and so did the last Bishop Ann. 1523. Who afterwards being found to treat with the Duke of Savoy to deliver the Citie into his hands a great uproare arose in the Citie which the Bishop
leges legum poenae quibus pro meritis graviter exerceantur Modò ne interim Evangelium Dei ob scelestorum hominum nequitiam male audiat and hitherto there hath beene none such in your Kingdome there are lawes and penall statutes to represse them severally according to their deserts so that in the meane while the Gospell of God be not defamed for the malice of wicked men And after many just complaints to the King for the fearefull executions used against his partie Ibid. Sin vero ita aures tuas occupant malevolorum susurri ut nullus sit reis pro se dicendi locus importunae vero illae Furiae te connivente semper vinclis flagris equuleis sectionibus incendiis saeviunt Nos quidem ut oves mactationi destinatas ad extrema quaeque redigemur sic tamen ut in patientia nostra possideamus animas nostras manum Domini fortem expectemus quae indubie in tempore aderit he endeth thus We indeed like sheepe kept for theslaughter may be brought to any extremity yet still we will possesse our soules in patience and looke for the mightie hand of God which certainly will assist us in due time These are the armes the forces and the munitions which the Church of that time opposed to their Soveraigne in time of persecution And not to loade this Epistle with testimonies of the late French Writers The Churches of France have lately declared to his Majesties Ambassador there their utter dislike of the insurrection of Scotland under pretence of a Covenant with Christ But I see an objection comming which as farre as I can ghesse hath prevailed with many to draw them to the present insurrection That let the French Churches give never so good counsell of obedience yet their actions give to the Scots a president to take armes for the defence of their religion And this is likely that which made the Covenanters say in one of their Petitions to his Majesty Pag. 417. of his Majesties large Declaration that the neighbour Churches would approve all their proceedings I might answer that the case is not alike the two Courts of Great Britaine and France being so different in Religion and the Scots not being prest to alter their Religion as the French were for a long time But because there can be no just cause to take armes against a lawfull Soveraigne two things may be said to that objection First that to take counsell of a friend you must take him when he is in cold blood not when he is drawing his sword Looke to the opinions and behaviour of their Divines not to the actions of some rash heads Next if you look how they have done you must look also how they have sped and you shall have little encouragement to follow their example But not to wrong my Countreymen If you read their History from the yeare 1560. when the civill warres begun you shall finde that most part of the time their warres had such and so important occasisions as your party cannot bring for the present disorders Henry the II. of France died about the yeare 1560. leaving foure sonnes under age the eldest whereof Francis the II. raigned little above one yeare and his brother Charles the IX was some ten yeares old when he began to raigne During the minority of these Kings the Queene mother by the assistance of the house of Guise excluded the Princes of the blood from the protection of the Kings person and kingdome which was their right The Princes being Protestants and finding a discontented party who for the space of wellnigh forty yeares had suffered a most fierce persecution easily drew to their side all the Protestants of France and so twisted their interests with the interest of Religion that they never made a peace for themselves alone but for the whole party By which severall peaces they got Edicts in their favour and places of defence and grew a considerable party King Charles the IX being come to age and finding a troubled State sought to quench with blood the fire kindled in his kingdome and by a treacherous match of his sister with the young King of Navarre got the Heads of the Protestants to Paris and there slew them This was the famous feast of S. Bartholomew 1572. upon which and some moneths after there was above fourescore thousand of the Protestant party killed in cold blood throughout all the kingdome This usage though it cannot justifie the Protestants for taking armes afterwards for their defence yet it taketh away great part of the reproach it being no wonder if those that have suffered more than nature can beare will doe more than duty can justifie Charles the IX being dead two yeares after the Massacre Henry the III. succeeded who being of a milder temper than his brother the Protestants enjoyed some quiet for a while which his Popish subjects disliking or rather his mother whose ordinary course was to keep her authority by publike divisions the League began presently for the extirpation of the Protestant party without the Kings consent yet the King being a timorous man was drawne to it perforce in the end In the meane while the King of Navarre and the rest of the Protestants stood upon their defence I will not determine whether they ought to have yeelded their throats to the slaughter the persecution being not raised against them by their Soveraigne but by a Covenant of his subjects with the Pope and the King of Spaine before the King had given way to it But the King himselfe soone justified their armes for perceiving that the League was a yoke upon his owne necke which devested him of his right and brought into the kingdome another authority than his own he renounced the League and called the King of Navarre and the Protestants to his aid who did him faithfull service with great alacrity and valour till the King being dead in the yeare 1589. the right of the Crowne fell to the Head of their party the King of Navarre whom by Gods blessing and their valour they raised to the Throne and helped him not onely with their sword but maintained him with their purses and did him such services as could not be repaid King Henry the IV. having removed from the League all pretences of bearing armes against him as an Hugonot by forsaking the reformed Religion to our infinite griefe and losse And seeing his Protestant party justly discontented granted them liberty of Religion and a lease for yeares of certaine places of safety which as the French Protestants expound it would have been to no purpose had it not been to defend themselves by way of armes when they should be vexed So they did afterwards when King Lewis now reigning redemanded those places and would continue the lease no longer Till the reigne of King Lewis the armes of the Protestants were either justifiable or excusable But their wars in his time were neither and they prospered accordingly