under the Sun-beams or by Obstructions which either plenty or vicosity or thickness of humours brings forth Moreover the internal passages are stopped either through store of blood over-flowing in the body or plenty of it contracted up and down in many parts or by the thickness and viscousness of humours Secondly Causae califacientes those things cause putrefaction which can kindle preter-natural heat in humours and call out the native heat in which number is the Fever Ephemera which for this cause is often changed into a putred in hot and moist bodies Moreover the other causes heating as hot air a hot bath too much exercise of body and mind Meetings with putreâ— things Lastly the meeting with putred things seeing that which is touched by what is putred is defiled and putrifieth From all which it is manifest that a putred Fever is short having it's rise from hot vapours stirr'd up by putred humours and heating the heart and thence the whole body against nature CHAP. II. Of the differences of putred Fevers ALthough there are many differences of Fevers nevertheless those which are necessary to be known for the performance of their cure The difference of putred humors are taken either from the matter putrifying or the place putrified For first either solid parts putrify or humours or even the Spirits themselves concerning which it is controverted as in it's own place shall be shewn Humours that putrify are as well natural as preter-natural And those of every kind blood Phlegm choller melancholy which both the variety of those things which are evacuated by stool vomit and sweats and the difference of Symptomes which happen in Fevers doth shew moreover the diversity of causes which went before it whereof some generate this some that humour and moreover some afford matter for this other for that humour And the humours either simply putrify or a malignant venemous quality and contagion is joyned with it Furthermore the place wherein the humours putrefie is not alwayes the same For sometimes the humours putrefie within the veins and arteries sometimes without them And that putrefaction which is within the vessels is either equally in all the vessels or in the greatest or in certain parts of a vein Whence these differences of Fevers do arise First some Fevers are simply putred without any malignity or contagion others malignant postilent contagious Moreover some Fevers are continual others intermittent according as the putred vapour which is the cause containing of putred Fevers or heat stirred up by putred humours either continually heats the heart and from thence is diffused over all the body or by certain intervalls Of either of which kinds of Fevers there are again many differences For either the putrefaction is kindled in the common vessels and not in private passages whence arise continued Fovers called Primary Or the putredity comes by the inflammation of some peculiar part and from thence putred vapours are continually communicated to the heart which Fevers are called Symptomatical Primary continued again are two-fold for some have no augmentation nor remission which they call Fevers containing or fiery Synochaes Others are continued yet there is some increase of heat and sometimes remisness which are called Synochaes and by the general name of continual Fevers The continual for the time of their increase and decrease of heat some are called tertian others quotidian others quartan according as the heat is exasperated dayly each other day or the fourth day likewise Intermitting also according to the time of their invading some are called tertian others quotidian others quartan Nay it is observed that there are Fevers that have a longer distance between the Paroxismes CHAP. III. Of the signes of putred Fovers in general APutred Fever is known The Diagnosticks 1. From it's heat which is more gnawing and acrid then of any other Fever and that in the increase and state For in the beginning of fits the heat doth not at the first touch of the Pulse discover it's acrimony but if the hand be continued longer it may be perceived which proceeds from fuliginous vapours which exhale out of putred humours 2. Because it begins without any manifest cause Which indeed is a proper sign but not an inseparable one for as often as any Fever is kindled without any manifest cause you may well determine it to be a putred Fever Yet sometimes humours are so disposed to putrefaction that upon any light occasion they 'l become putred 3. Urines in putred Fevers either are crude or else at least afford but obscure notes of concoction unless an Ephemeral be degenerated into a putred Fever otherwise there is no putred Fever wherein the Urine in the beginning doth not appear crude or obscurely concocted 4. The pulse is more changed then in other Fevers 5. Putred Fevers begin with a cold shaking Which is a proper but not an inseparable sign 'T is a proper sign because neither Diaries nor Hecticks do ever begin with cold shaking yet it is not inseperable because all putred Fevers do not begin with a cold fit as a putred Synocha 6. It is the property of putred Fevers to return by fits and Paroxismes and no other Fever hath fits Yet this is not an inseperable sign because it doth not agree with all putred Fevers 7. Lastly if any sign be present which is proper to any sort of putred Fevers 't is a sign it may admit of the general appellation of a putred Fever Concerning the event of putred Fevers in general not much can be spoken The Prognostick since there is great variety and difference of putred Fevers and the event various Only this that the event is best to be known by comparing the magnitude of the disease with the strength of the Patient For if the patient be very strong there is much hope of a good end of it if the party be weak there is great danger CHAP. IV. Of the cure of putred Fevers in general NOw seeing a putred Fever is cherished by the cause containing Indications in putred Fevers Indications in putred Fevers are taken some from the Fever it self others from the cause thereof Nor indeed ought vital indications to be neglected First a Fever as it is a Fever indicates cooling things Moreover as that heat of the whole depends on a hot putred vapour as on the cause containing the removal of that is also indicated but because putred vapours depend on putred matter they cannot be removed unless the matter putrified be taken away putrefaction cannot be taken away except its cause be removed as we said before First all evident causes which are present are to be removed the antecedent causes and whatsoever is in the body either of superfluous blood or peccant humours they are to be prepared and if occasion require to be evacuated streightness of passages if it be external or interal in the bowels they are to be opened and free ventilation and respiration for the humours
how the matter which is the cause of a new Paroxism is generated and so the cause of Paroxisms and the recourse of intermitting Fevers is explained But what the reason is why these Fevers return at set times some sooner some later is now another question and that most intricate which is easier to ask then answer But that we may here forbear to recite the opinions of others which are very many we will mention only that which seems most probable to us so far as in this humane dimness of our understanding in so obscure a business we are able to discover And first that Fevers keep such certain periods experience doth manifest whereby it appeareth that some Fevers return the third some the fourth day and that oftentimes it observes not only the same hour but minute of invasion although the fits may somtimes anticipate somtimes retard for certain reasons But the cause why paroxisms return at certain times we conceive is to be sought from the diversity of humours For those effects as Valleriola saith in any one sort of things which perpetually agree to the things and are made in the like manner into what body and at what time soever they happen to come these are to be referred to the proper substance of that of the which they are made but to make return through certain days and to irritate accessions both agrees perpetually to humors and the recourses in this manner alwaies at equal intervals unless a perverting of the order of periods happen from else-where are made Therefore it shall be from such or such a nature of humours that the recourse shall be made in the same sort namely the causes of periods and intermitting Fevers are excrementitious humours Choler Melancholy Flegme and those Fevers which return the third day proceed from a Cholerick humour those on the fourth from Melancholy those that come every day so that they are not double Tertians proceed from Flegme Yet the cause of periods cannot be drawn simply from humours but as they acquire a peculiar quality from putrefaction or corruption by reason whereof at a certain time they wax hot and begin to be moved For sithence this effect is definite and determinate which carries it self alike in all individuals 't is necessary that it have a certain definite and determinate cause in all individuals that are alike which since that neither disposition of parts nor quantity of humours for we see that although the store of matter decreaseth and the fits are become shorter nevertheless they do return at their usual time nor manifest quality of humour thickness viscidity tenuity or some such like which useth to vary can be a quality we must needs fly to a peculiar and proper quality and nature of a humour which also when it is changed the form of the Fever it self is changed for when Choler is turned into Melancholy the Fever which used to come the third day cometh on the fourth and this quality also may afterwards remain in the humour when the putrefaction ceaseth and the Fever depending thereon Whence as Fornelius in his to of Fevers witnesseth the torments of the Cholick Pains of the Joynts and such like diseases arising after long continued Tertians and Quartans do likewise keep certain periods by reason of that disposition which they have received from the corruption or putrefaction of the humours Yet if any one be willing to determine that the said occult propriety is derived Order of the fits not from corruption only but that celestial causes do also concur to its generation I will not much contend with him for we see that principally about the Solstices and Aequinoctials such Fevers especially the most durable of them do begin and end But although Fevers keep certain periods yet there is a certain difference in them also for somtimes the fit returns just at the expected time somtimes the following paroxisme returns sooner then the former which form is called proleptick somtimes the following fit comes later then the former and that form is called Hysterick and indeed somtimes through the whole course of the disease such a form is observed and oftentimes from the beginning of a Fever until the end of the same the paroxismes anticipate or come after the expected time but somtimes in some there is anticipation in some post pofition otherwise the fits comes at the same time For the most part they say The cause of anticipation and coming late that anticipation happens when the humours by some error in diet are augmented or are moved by medicines anger exercise and such like causes But the fits return flower when the matter is diminished or thickned Which indeed when the accustomary paroxisme is changed that it may be so as we do not deny so when the Fever keeps always some certain form either proleptick or hysterick the cause rather seems to be taken from the diversity of the humour for although Choler according to its manner being corrupted is the cause of a Tertian Melancholy of a Quartan yet Choler and Melancholy according to the diversity of Bodies and Temperaments do oftentimes vary somthing Hence also it happens that although that putred leaven or occult quality introduced by choler be the cause of the circuit of a Tertian Melancholy being brought in of a Quartan yet according to the difference of a humour it may happen so that the effervescence or fervency of humours may come sooner or later by some hours Concerning the longitude or brevity of some Paroxisms that depends on the paucity or plenty of matter The cause of the length of Fits disposition of the humours and body For a plentiful quantity of humours is the cause of a longer fit then a small so a thick humour causeth a longer then a thin since it cannot be so soon discussed as a thin If the strength of the body be great which can more easily discuss what is offensive then theirs who are weak the shorter fit followeth Also a thinner constitution of body as being more apt for the discussing of the matter is the cause of a shorter fit a thicker of a longer And when all the causes which occasion a short paroxism concur a very short fit is raised But when all those that produce a long are present the paroxism is extream long When certain causes are present which make a short fit and some are wanting of them an indifferent betwixt both happens And so much of the nature place and motion of the proximate cause which exciteth intermittent Fevers The more remote causes of intermitting Fevers But the more remote causes and those things which conduce to the generation and corruption of that matter in the Meseraick veins are meat and drink of evil juice but yeilding matter for peccant humours answering to their own nature and an ill disposition of stomack whereof meats turn into choler or become sour an intemperate constitution of Ayr for although divers humours are generated
Office if he have omitted none of those things that are in the power of Nature and Art For out of those two the Excellency and Dignity of Physick is manifested The Excellency of Physick for it is imployed about mans Body of all natural Bodies the most noble The end it aims at is health then which amongst all things that may be called good by Mortals nothing is better and that which alone is sought by it self Whereas all the rest of the Arts aim at nothing themselves but perform all things because of some outward end CHAP. II. Of the Division of Physick SEEing that the end of Physick The division and parts of Physick is to preserve present health and to restore it when it is lost it is properly divided into the Preserving and Curing part yet there are also higher things pertaining to these parts which are necessary to be known by the Physitian and they are to be added For sithence a Physitian cannot heal unlesse he know the Subject whereon he ought to work and since all Arts begin from the knowledge of their end first he should acquire the knowledge of mans body wherein he ought to work and wherein health doth consist 't is necessary he should understand and since that a disease is repugnant to health he ought to know the nature differences causes and effects of a disease and by what rules to find these in every individual And so Physick is conveniently divided into five parts the Physiological Pathological Semeiotical Hygieinal and Therapeutical Physiologie handles the subject and end of Physick Physiologie and so treats of mans body and shews the constitution thereof and all its parts their uses and actions and the faculties of the mind Pathologie teacheth the nature of diseases and Symptomes Pathologie their differences and causes and explains all things whatsoever by which mans body recedes from a natural constitution The Semeiotick part shews the Signs Of signs of sickness and health whereby we may know whether a man be sick or well and by which we may discover diseases and causes that lie hid in mans body and the events of diseases The Hygieinal part shews by what rules present health may be preserved Of preservation of health and how a man may beware before-hand as much as is possible lest he should fall into a disease The Therapeutical part teacheth by what means health is to be recovered and how diseases with their causes and symptomes may be repelled and taken away Of curing diseases If there be any other besides these which are counted parts of Physick they are not principal but lesser into which these are sub-divided such are the Diatetical Chirurgical and Pharmaceutical parts and such like CHAP. III. Of Health FIrst as for the Physiological part indeed very many dispose of it and place it otherwise What Physiologie handles Of things called Naturals and in that comprehend things called Naturals without which our bodies cannot subsist whole and they accompt them seven Elements Temperaments Humours Spirits Parts Faculties Actions but since the handling of them as they are such is properly the work of a Physitian they are considered by a Physitian in this place as they conduce to the knowledge of the subject which is mans body to the explication of the end which is health to which also we are willing to order the handling of them And indeed to it belongs principally the description and knowledge of all the parts of mans body which since it is more copious then to be contained in a Compendium that is to be sought in Anatomical books but especially by seeing bodies dissected afterwards followeth the explication of the end of Physick which is health But since that all men do then think themselves welâ— The definâ—tion of health when they can rightly perform the natural and necessary actions of life Health is defined fitly to be a power of mans body to perform those actions which are according to nature depending on the natural constitution of all the parts for health doth not consist in the action it self since that those who sleep or are quiet in what manner whatsoever and cease from certain actions are sound and as Galen hath it in the 2 cap. of the differences of diseases not to operate is to be well but to be able to operate nor is he onely well who performs his natural actions but also he that doth them not so that he be able to do them And so the formal reason of health is a potency of body to perform natural actions but because Galen in the place above-mentioned makes health to be a natural constitution of all the parts of the body and in the first Chapter of the Differences of Symptomes a framing made according to nature fit for operation or a natural constitution of all the parts of the body having power to undergo those things which are according to nature therefore it comes to passe that that position or constitution is rather subject to the actions of a Physitian then to the power of acting The subject of health is a living body The Subject of health or the parts of a living body as to that to which alone the power of acting belongs but those which live not and have no power to perform natural actions those are neither said to be sick nor well But the cause of health The efficient cause of health or that whereby a body and its parts are said to be sound is a natural constitution of them But seeing there is a twofold constitution of a body and of all its parts the one Essential which consists of matter and substantial form the other accidental which follows the former and is such a disposation of qualities and other accidents in the several parts of the body by which the essential form may exercise all its actions and according to its diversity it acteth variously Health doth not consist in the essential but accidental constitution for the mind cannot be hindred or hurt but remains alwaies the same and unchanged so that it have instruments constituted in the same manner The Essential constitution also so long as a man lives is immutable and at length is changed by death but the accidental constitution of the body is subject to many alterations whence the same soul in the same body acts one way and another way And because the parts of the body are several the natural constitution of them also is not the same The definition of similar and dissimilar parts The parts of the body are two-fold similar and dissimilar Similar parts are such whose particles have the same form and are alike to the whole and to one another and indeed some are truely and exactly such wherein no difference can be found neither by accurate sense nor by reason such are a Bone a. Gristle simple flesh a very small vein Fat Others are so onely to the sense which although at
the altering cause but some more others lesse whence an unequal distemper ariseth But if the action thereof proceed so far until that all are altered and affected equally that is an equal distemper Whence an unequal distemper is joyned with pain and trouble as being that wherein the part is as yet to be altered but in an equal distemper no pain nor molestation is perceived as being that wherein the part is already altered and the Intemperature becomes as it were familiar and domestick CHAP. IV. Of Diseases of the whole substance or of hidden qualities IT is a controversie amongst Physitians whether there are any other Whether there are any Diseases besides those of Intemperature Diseases in the similar parts besides those of Intemperature Truly the ancient Physitians make no mention of them but the Moderne do and principally Fernelius in Lib. 1. Pathol. Cap. 2. and Lib. 2. of the Hidden causes of things Cap 9. and afterwards he largely endeavours to prove that there is yet another kind of Disease besides Intemperature in the similar parts and that is twofold the one is of the whole substance the other in the matter which may be seen in the fore-quoted places But 't is not our purpose largely to reckon up the opinions of others for this Epitome will not permit it But that we may briefly propound our opinion There are Diseases of hidden qua lities The reoson we determine that there is another kind of Disease in the similar parts besides Diseases of Intemperature being so perswaded for these reasons first because every agent which acteth desires to make the patient like it self But there are agents from the whole substance or such things whose actions can be reduced into no manifest quality and which are beyond the power of Elements as elsewhere is proved It necessarily follows that those agents from the whole substance whilst they bring in Diseases and act in our bodies do not change the primary but Occult qualities and introduce Diseases agreeable and correspondent to their nature Also because contraries may be cured and resisted by their contraries But the whole substance or things acting in Occult qualities cure many Diseases It necessarily follows that their are such Diseases to which such Medicines are opposed and unlesse there should be certain Occult Diseases in vain are Medicines invented which act in the whole substance Thirdly since there are actions hindred or hurt which neither can be referred to any Disease commonly known nor to any external error as may appear in the plague and other Venemous Diseases hence we may well conclude that there are other Diseases of Intemperature from whence these kind of mischiefs happen But which and what those Diseases are is likewise controverted We setting aside the opinions of others determine Which are Diseases of the whole substance those Diseases of the whole substance or of hidden quality to be those which consist in a certain occult and malignant disposition of the similar parts and to be no other then such whose mischiefs cannot be referred to the primary qualities and such as the agent cause excites which is endued with a malignant venemous and occult quality and which are cured not by primary qualities but by those things which are said to act in the whole substance But Diseases of matter which Fernelius brings there Whether there be ary Diseases of matter are no new Diseases of similar parts but either Organick Diseases as softnesse and hardnesse in parts wherein they ought not to be such or Symptomes or causes of Diseases CHAP. V. Of Organick Diseases THE second kind of Diseases are of the Organick parts Organick Diseases which in general are called Evil composition namely when the natural constitution of the parts as they are Organick is vitiated which although it may agree also to the similar repears yet it happeneth to them not as they are such The difference of Organick Diseases but as they are Organick Again the differences hereof are so many as there are qualities belonging the natural constitution of an Organick part Nemely first a definite number of the parts constituting then a convenient magnitude of the same Thirdly a due framing or conformation which comprehends a decent figure cavity or solidity and smoothnesse and roughnesse and such like qualities Lastly 〈◊〉 is also necessary that every part may enjoy its own natural place and be joyned with those which it ought Therefore from all and every of these things which belong to the constitution of an Organick part sithence a regression may be made to the state that is contrary to nature there ariseth so many kinds of Organick Diseases also namely Diseases of Number â—â—â—nitude conformation and composition But if you would divide Diseases of conformation into those three or more which belong unto them namely Diseases of figuration of cavities and of superficies and secundary qualities there will arise six kinds of Organick Diseases which moreover if you are pleased to divide Diseases 〈◊〉 composition into those of situation and of connexion there wiâ—â— arise seven kinds of Organick Diseases CHAP. VI. Of Diseases of Conformation A Digression from the natural conformation causeth Disease of conformation How many Diseases of Conformation but seeing that three things are requireâ— to the natnral conformation of an Organick part a convenient figure hollownesse of passages smoothnesse and roughnesse of the superficies there are also three kinds of Diseases of conformation constituted in figure cavity and superficies But because other qualities are required also in some Organick parts besides smoothnesse and roughnesse namely that some may be soft others hard some thin and full of pores others thick some coloured other void of colour some dark others perspicuous and the change 〈◊〉 these qualities breed Diseases because when these qualities aâ—â— changed the Actions of those parts are hindred A Disease in regard of figure is when the natural figure of a part is so vitiated Diseases in figure that by reason of it the action of the part is hurt namely when those which are straight are made crooked or otherwayes disposed contrary to nature those are affected with such Diseases which we call crook legged when the legs bend inward crook-legged outward such as are disfigured with the small pox splay-footed to these belong crook backed and flat-nosed persons Moreover Diseases of conformation are when the passage How many Diseases â—f Jassages through which matter passeth from one place to another such as are the throat wind pipe Veins Arteries Nerves Ureters Guts Pores oâ— the Skin Cavities and Receptacles such as are the stomack bladder womb when they are affected As for Diseases of the passages they consist either in number or multitude or differ from the natural condition in magnitude Excess and Defect in multitude in magnitude The difference of opening of Vessels and again both of them either in excesse or in defect Excesse in multitude of passages is
the bladder of the Gall. Excrementious Choller is twofold Natural and Contrary to Nature Natural is yellow Yellow Choller and is generated by Nature and that onely is properly called Choller it is an Excrement of the second concoction and generated in the Liver and collected into the Bladder of the Gall it is generated out of the hotter and dryer parts of nutriment Preternatural is that which is not generated in our bodies according to the law of Nature Preternatural whereof for the most part we account four kinds Vitelline Leekeblade colour Verdegrease colour and Woad colour or a blewish green The Vitelline is so called from the yolk of an Egge Vitelline it is yellow hotter and thicker it is generated of yellow and burnt Choller whence it is sometimes called rosted Choller And there is another kind of Vitelline Choller but not so properly so called which is neither so hot nor so yellow which is compounded of Phlegm and yellow Choller Leekgreen Choller so called Leekgreen because it represents their greennesse which is often voided with the Excrements of children by the panch and is often generated in the stomach by corrupt nutriment and sometimes also in the Veins and about the Liver out of the Vitelline from the great heat of the Liver and 't is of a venemous nature and it is hot and very biting the likest to Verdegrease The Aeruginous which comes neer to the colour of rusty greenish Brasse is generated out of corrupt aliment Aeruginous when the heat is more vehement in the Stomach in the Liver and Veins from the inflamation of the Liver and the too great heat of the Veins Lastly Woad colour Blewish green or a blewish green Choller is more deep in sense then the Leek colour and is caused by more adust Aeruginous Choller Aliment hot and dry Causes of Choller affords matter fit for all the kinds of Choller and especially sweet and fat things A constitution hot and dry hath regard to the Efficient cause and those things that adde to it are youth full age Ait that is hot and dry watching anger too much exercise of the body CHAP. VI. Of Melancholly THe third is the Melancholly humour Melancholly which commonly is distinguished into Alimentary and Excrementitious but Alimentary is nothing else then the colder and dryer part of the Masse of Blood The Excrementious is twofold Natural and Preternatural Twofold Natural Natural is that thick and feculent Excrement which in sanguification which is made in the Spleen as is abovesaid is collected and separated for the generation whereof much meat conduceth 'T is of a terrestrious and thick juyce of every sort especially being hardned with salt and fuliginous vapours old Cheese Cabbage all sorts of pulse as Pease c. a cold and dry constitution of air cares fear sorrow The black Melancholly which is generated contrary to nature Preternatural although it be sometimes also called by the name of melancholly yet Physitians for the most part call that Excrement which is naturally generated black Juyce not black Melancholly but that which proceeds from adustion is called black Melancholly and that Excrement is naturally cold and dry but this Preternatural hot and dry the worst of all humours But adust Melancholly is commonly accounted threefold Its kinds One is that which is occasioned by adust blood and is counted the least the second is that which is generated of Melancholly humours if they are burnt The third is that which proceeds from adust colour which is of all the worst Hence it is manifest that although all which can generate Melancholly humours or yellow Choller conduce to the generation of black Choller yet the generation of black Choller principally depends upon the too great heat burning the humours CHAP. VII Of the Serous Humour and of Wind. AMongst the humours that are the causes of diseases Serous what we are not to slight Serous Humours and Wind by Serous Humours we sometimes understand all thin humours and watery sometimes peculiarly we mean not those onely which are watery but have a saltnesse joyned therewith which Galen calls A salt serous moisture the greatest part of this serous humour turns to Urine and is ejected by it yet some part thereof is mingled with the Blood to clarifie it and make it more easie to be distributed and lastly through the Pores of the skin or insensible transpiration or sweat is emitted Of this serous humour there is found but small quantity in the Veins in sound bodies yet sometimes for some causes Preternatural there is found greater quantity The matter that breeds it are Meats that contein much Whey in and watery juyce in them It s cause much Drink Obstructions and Distempers of the Bowels by reason whereof this serous matteris not rightly separated it is deteined and gathered together because the reins do not draw enough and by reason of the weaknesse of the expulsive faculty and the suppression of its passages by Sweat and Urine Of humours oftentimes are generated Vapours and Wind Wind. which are the causes of many evils windy meats afford matter for wind so doth much drink especially when yellow and black Choller is spread over the stomach Also wind is generated from debility of heat which rusheth out of the abundance of matter that it cannot overcome it all and that is such either simply and in its own nature or in respect of the matter from the plenty whereof although it be otherwise strong enough it breaks out CHAP. VIII Of humours according to the opinion of latter Physitians and of Chymists ALthough some Chymists plainly reject these things that have hitherto been said The opinion of Chymists about humours according to the opinion of the Galenists and having rejected them they have in their stead and place put the names of Salt Sulpher and Mercury yet they have no reason for it for as Galen in his first Book of Places affected and second Chapter writeth That that which put we are diseased and which taken away we are freed 'T is taken for granted by all to be the cause of a disease but we see the humours being present we are diseased and being taken away we are freed therefore humours are the causes of diseases Yet this we grant that humours are not confined to the first qualities but that they have in them secondary qualities such are bitter acide salt sharp which may offend and hurt the body no lesse then the primary as Hypocrates of ancient Physick teacheth which he calleth the Powers and Efficacies also the force and strength of humours Whence Galen also and other Physitians call them Salt Nitrous Aluminent Humors which plainly manifest themselves in many diseases as the Gout Scurvy Cankers and others Venemous humours And so such humours are not to be rejected but to be explained by the principles of Chymists and such things as have affinity with themselves
it go from him That happens by a certain imbecility of the Sphincter of the Bladder Yet there concurs a more deep sleep and a certain negligence of the superiour faculty as also custome It is not easie to explain from what cause a Diabetes doth proceed To this obscure matter I say Diabetes It seems probable that the immediate cause is the hurting of the retentive faculty of the Reines by too great plenty of Urine which when the Reines cannot endure they suffer it to flow into the bladder This plenty of Urine seems to be occasioned by the heat of the bowels liver and spleen and the veins drawing drink very powerfully and melting of the humours in the veins to which for the most part there happens imbecility and relaxation of those parts which carry the watry humour from the Stomack to the Liver and Spleen by reason whereof the drink is suddenly carried to the Reins The causes of those Symptomes which are deservedly joyned to these The cause of defect of milk and belong to the generation of milk seed and courses of women milk either is wanting or corrupt it is wanting either when it is generated in too small quantity or through some distemper of the Paps or some disease or straitnesse of passages by reason whereof they cannot draw and elaborate suffitient quantity of blood Vitious and corrupt milk is generated either through the pravity of the matter Vitious and fault of the blood or by some distemper of the bâ—ests Lastly Coagulated Milk grows thick and coagulates whilest either it is burnt by too much heat or if it abound in quantity and is retained 100 long in the brests or if any vitious humour be mingled the ewith which hath a power to coagulate A Gonorliaea Gonorhaea or emission of Sperm against ones will happens without erection of the Yaâ—d and desire of Venery 't is occasioned either by the hurting of the retentive faculty or some exrernal error the faculty is weakned through distemper principally moist rendring the spermatick vessels more loose whether it proceed from too great a flux of flegmatick humours or too much coition or other causes But from external hurt or fault of the seed whether it be too cold watry thin or crude sometimes also a Gonorhaea happens by convulsion as in such as have the falling sicknesse The cause of Nocturnal pollution is too great plenty of seed Of nocturnal polution heat and sharpnesse stimulating the expulsiye faculty and therefore this infirmity principally happens to those whose Reins and parts adjacent are very hot and to those who have sharp humour flowing to the spermatick vessels and then especialiy when nature in venereal dreams is irritated to ejaculate seed or their loyns are become hot by lying on their backs But the cause of a Venereal Gonorhaea is poysonous seed A Vencreal Gouorhaeâ— corrupt sharp and foul stirring up and stimalating the expulsive faculty The cause of suppression of Courses The cause of suppressions of Courses is the narrownesse of the veines belonging to the Womb and the foulnesse of the Blood as for the straitnefle of the veins they are most frequently the cause of suppression of Menstrues by reason of thick blood and dull humours sometimes they grow together with the vessels after abortion or compression of the same by some Tumours of the parts neer the cunto or from condensation contraction and driness of the â—â—â—tance of the Womb but by default of the blond the Courses are supprest whilest that is thick viscid and unapt to move The same cause Causes of diminishing of Courses The dropling of Courses but more gently occasâ—oneth small evacuation of Couâ—ses viz. They eithâ— flow in lesse quantity or else more slowly The comming down of Courses when they come out drep by drop and with pain is occasioned through default of the blood when there is too much and is thick viscid biting and sharp and flowing down to the Womb with too great violence some way obstructs the passages and extends them and stirs up pain or else through default of the passages or veins about the Womb and in the Womb when they are become narrower then they ought Too much slowing of the monthly Terms Of too much flowing aâ—iseth when the vessels are opened either by an Anastomasis when the mouths of the veins are opened or a Diairâ—sis when they are divided or when the blood being hotter thinner more moveable sharp and troublesome to narure stimulates the expulsive faculty to expel Now for the Causes of encreasing vitiated Terms Causes of encreasing vittated 't is manifest what things shew the causes of diminution thereof from what is spoken of want of nourishment But the cause of too much encrease is too great plenty of blood from too plentiful use of meat and drink full of nourishment an idle life much sleep too frequent use of baths of fair water and manly strength which converts the blood into the substance of the parts And these are the causes of the Symptomes of the natural faculty so far The causes of generation hurt as they belong to the preservation of individuals Now follows the causes of Generation hurt and that either tâ—ken away or depraved there is no generation made and bartennesle happens either in respect of the Man or of the Woman In regard of the Man In respect of the man it is hurt either through default of the seed or by vitious ejaculation of the same unfruitful seed or not sufficient is generated or the faculty is hurt through some distemper of the Stones especially cold and moist whence unripened thin and lesse spirituous is generated or else some hot whence too sharp seed proceeds or through default of matter whilest the blood and spirits necessary for the generation of seed or by old age or some disease drying the body or its principal parts or by fasting are defective or when the vessels which are necessary for generating and carrying of the seed be wanting or when the nutriment turns into fat or when the blood is vitious The emission of the seed into the Womans Womb is vitiated by the Yard either shorter whether by nature or by a disease or crowded through the shortnesse of the ligament The action is hurt by default of the Woman In respect of the Woman either when no seed or unfruitful seed is generated and emitted for the reasons lately mentioned Secondly if she do not draw and receive the mans seed by reason of her cold and moist distemper of the Womb or by reason of a Tumor Ulcer or Straitnesse of the neck of the Womb. Thirdly if she cannot retain the seed received because of the moist distemper of the Womb an Ulcer opening of the mouth of the Womb a flux of Courses and other humours Fourthly if the Seed be not well tempered by the womb or being some other way affected is not rightly cherished Fifthly if the
containing each of them have two differences Proper and unseperarable pulses for the faculty is either strong or weake the use is increased or diminished the instruments are soft or hard hence some pulses do perpetually arise of one cause onely which Gallen calls the necessary consequent others call proper and unseparable and such like pulses only follow the faculty and iustruments but not the use and of necessitie a strong pulse necessary followes a strong faculty a weake pulse a weak faculty hard arteries make a hard pulse soft arteries make a soft pulse some although they are made more from one cause containing then another yet they do not arise from that only Familiar but t is necessary that others concur also which they call familiar the familiar pulses of a strong facultie are great swift thin weake small slow frequent the use increased great swift frequent diminished little slow thin a soft artery great swift thin hard artery little slow thick Compound causes make compound differences and sometimes two sometimes three causes are complicate first The saculty with the use changed what pulses it makes a strong faculty and the use increased the instruments obtaining a naturall constitution make pulses great swift frequent and moreover vrhement a strong faculty and the use lessened brings forth pulses moderate in magnitude slower thinness yet vohement from an infirme faculty and the use moderately increased comes a pulse moderate in magnitude and celerity frequent languishing but if the force be very weake the pulse is little slow very frequent weake from a faculty weakned and use dimished ariseth small pulses flow thick fainty and if there be very great debility the very least intermittent and defirent pulses arise Secondly if the use and instrument be joyned together The use changed and instrument the use increased with a soft instrument makes great pulses swift moderate in frequency or if there shall be great excess frequent and soft the use increased and instruments hard bring forth lesser pulses swifter more frequent if hardness abound but if use greater if indifferent there is excess of them both if moderate in magnitude they are swift frequent the use diminished with a soft instrument causeth moderate pulses in magnitude slow thin soft the use diminished with a hard instrument renders the pulses less slow hard and the instrument exceeding in hardness inclines the pulse to smalness rather then to slowness contrariwise it happens when refrigeration exceeds Thirdly if the faculty and instrument be complicate Faculty and influment and the faculty be strong the instrument soft the pulses are manifestly made greater somewhat duller thinner and softer a strong faculty and hatd instruments bring forth small pulses frequent and for the most part swifter namely if hardness abound but in an equall recess of them both the pulses are moderate in all yet harder a weake faculty with soft instruments makes for the most part pulses in magnitude and swiftness moderate and soft but in an immoderate recess they shall be little slow frequent And if the faculty be very infirme the pulses be come small dull and frequent Lastly if the faculty be infirme with the instrument hard pulses that are little slow thicke and hard do arise But sometimes all these three are complicate Faculties instruments and use and indeed first the faculty strong the use increased the instruments soft make great Pulses swift moderate in frequency vehement soft Secondly if these should be complicate a strong faculty the use increased and the instruments hard and that hardness be little but the use very much increased the pulses are made greater then is fit swifter and more frequent but if the hardness be not great nor the use much increased the pulses are moderate in magnitude and become more swift and frequent Thirdly if the faculty be more strong the use diminished and the instrument soft the pulses are moderate in magnitude slower thinner vehement and soft and if the use be much diminished are plainly less slow and thin Fourthly If the faculty be strong the use diminished and instruments hard the pulses are lesser In celerity and frequency moderate or also if the use be great and that there be a recess of the instrument from mediocrity the pulses are slower and thinner but the hardness of the instrument abounding there is a great recess of the use from Nature and the pulses are small slow and more frequent Fifthly If the faculty be weake the use increased and instruments soft the pulses are become moderate in magnitude and celerity yet more frequent but if the power be exceedingly weakned it makes a small pulse slow and most frequent Sixthly If the faculty be weake the use increased and the instruments hard the pulses are made little slow and frequent Seventhly If the faculty be weake the use diminished and the instrument soft the pulses are lesser moderate in frequency or rather thin Lastly if the faculty be weake the use diminished and the instruments hard pulses are made small slow frequent but yet not alwayes of the same smallness slowness and frequency but according to the excess of the causes are lesser slower or more frequent But here it is to be noted first that the force and power of causes are more to be valued then nuthe mber fince one more potent cause can do more in changing pulses then many weaker secondly the hardness of the Artery alwayes doth resist the magnitude of the pulse but not the celerity and frequency thirdly there is no more efficacious cause of small pnlses then weakness of strength and vertue CHAP. X. Of the causes of the simple differences of Pulses ALthough it may be easily collected from these things what the causes are of every pulse Concomitant causes of pulses yet because certaine familiar causes concurre which may afford some benefit to the generation of pulses namely grosness of body leanness an empty place about the artery weight of the body lying next above the artery and propriety of formation of parts let us joyne those to the rest and let us here adde some to these The causes of a great pulse containing are strong force The causes of a great pulse of a little Of a high the use increased the artery soft a little pulse is made especially by the weakness of power as also diminution of use as also diminution of use and hardness of the artery The causes of a high pulse are strong force the use increased and when an indifferent grosness of body happens and the place is straight and narrow about the artery Of a low a low pulse proceeds from a languishing faculty to which happens groseness of body as being the concomitant cause somtimes also the arterie is buried deeper by the naturall framing of the body whence the pulse is lower A broad Pulse is made from a power not altogether so weake Of a broad Accidents as being complicate causes are joyned therewith
about the Tongue is taken away and that which was corrupted is separated and that change first appears in the top of the tongue hence that other paâ—t towards the chops also by little and little becomes pure Lastly the root and if any one daily do diligently observe the tongue of the sick the declination of these may be known no less from thence then by the urine The taste of the Tongâ—e being changed Savour signifies abundance of humours from choler the taste is bitter from sweet flegme sweete from a salt salt from an acid humor sour or sharp The tongue is made rough and dry by defect of the humidity which was consumed by the feaverish heat yet in roughness there is a greater defect of humidity then in driness only THE THIRD BOOK THE SECOND PART Of the Diagnostick Signes CHAP. I. Of the Signes of Causes in generall BUt now that we may come to the Kinds Antecedent Signes and that we may explaine the Anamnestick Diagnostick and Prognostick signes concerning the Anamnestick signes we only admonish you of this that the causes which have gone before are known either by the effects which are left or they are known by some profitable or hurtful thing which they occasioned As for the Diagnosticks Diagnostick signes of a disease at hand they are either of a disease neer at hand or present Of the signes of diseases neer at hand this is a general rule that every mutation in actions accidents and excrements after what manner soever hapning contrary to custome and without any externall cause Of a present threatens a disease for when all these things are right according to the natural constitution they are signes of health as soon as any thing in them begins to change from its natural state it signifies a falling from health into a disease and the same signes if they are gathered together and increased indicate a disease to be now present But since it doth not satissie a man to know that a disease is imminent or that it is present but it is necessary to know what the disease is the signes are to be propounded severally both of Morbifique causes and places affected of diseases as also of symptomes and that we may begin from the signes of causes which lead us unto the knowledg of diseases concerning the necessary signes of causes and by which any thing may be known certainly some are proper others common but collected together by a race or current and are limited within their proper subject Proper signes of humours from the tastâ— The proper signes are savour colour and motion of humors as to tast blood is sweet flegme watrish and unsavory choller bitter salt flegme causeth a salt taste flegme and melancholy an acid a sharp adust melancholy causeth a brackish taste The blood is red as also choler is red From the colour flegme that is white hath a white colour pale choler a pale yellow a yellow Leek colour a greene an Aeruginous is like Verdegrease melancholy hath a black hew troubled black choler black splendid and when one savour or colour agrees with two humors we may know the humour from the taste and collour joyned together so that when acid flegme and melancholy are joyned 't is acid by the white colour acid flegme is known by the black melancholy Moreover the humors have their determinate motions several daies the flegme is moved the day between each From the motion choler Melancholy is moved the fourth day if such a motion be wanting the blood offends choler also for the most part is moved about noon-day melancholy in the evening flegme in the night the swiftnesse also and slowness of motion indicate the humours of a disease for a swift disease depends on a thin humor hot and cholerick a slow on a dull and thick But because those signes lie hid in the innermost parts of the body so that the humours cannot be known Of the common signes Current a current of common signes then ought to suffice the causes and affects or the antecedents and consequences supply us with such signes antecedents are supplied by two fountains namely external and evident causes or things not natural and the disposition of the body but the consequences are all symptomes and whatsoever help or hurt Non-natural things dispose the body and bowels to the generation of this or that humour Antecedents according as they either heat the body or cool it or make other changes in it of which is spoken before Lib 1 Part 2. Chap 2. Moreover the dispositions of the body have great power in generating humors without which those evident causes can do little in producing them Now these dispositions may be reduced to four heads First there is an hereditary disposition of the body 2ly age 3ly Constitution of the body 4ly Intermission of some accustomed evacuations fit to generate this or that humour The consequences are symptomes Consequence namely actions hurt excretions and retentions and the qualities of the body changed also diseases arising from humours Lastly all things helping and hurting CHAP. II. Of the Signes of Causes and of Humours in particular AS for what belongs to the signes of every humour in particular gone before Signes of Plethory signifies that blood doth abound and a plethory as to the vessels is present as is expressed before in the Lib 2. Part 2. chap 3. The habit of the body is fleshly and firm overspread with an habituous vapour the veins are fuller and especially after exercise and heat swel the muscles are extended the strength of Nature is increased with a certain proportion of blood and if the blood fil the veins so ful that they cannot be cooled or fanned enough it grows thick and seeks to weigh down the inferior parts hence the muscles of the leggs being filled with blood are moved with paine and wearisomness ariseth Respiration is more difficult after labour in their behaviour they are merry and pleasant and their discourse and memory duller their sleep is profound and more durable and pleasing with flattering dreams and of red things and blood the pulse is great and strong all natural actions are excellently performed the urine is more plentiful and moderate in substance and colour and the contents therein are plentiful the colour of the whole body and especially of the face is red and rosie the reins of the cies are red the skin being touched is hot yet that heat is gentle they easily tolerate evacuations of blood by what means soever made sparing diet takes away the wearisomness and quencheth thirst but they are offended by hot and moist things and all things which increase heat idleness and food increasing blood hurts them but a plethorick constitution is known as to its strength by gravity of body an unequal pulse signes of crudity and oftentimes by signes of putrifaction begin Sweet flegme abounding is known from the causes which conduce to the
generation of flegme if they have preceded Flegme of which above Lib 2. part 2. ch 4. Moreover those which abound with flegme are dul flow lazy and unapt for motion more stupid in their senses dullet of apprehension propense to sleep and sleep more soundly they dream of waters and raine snow haile ice and of drowning their manners are unbeseeming they are not easily angry the pulse is little dul thin and soft they are not troubled with thirst their desire is weaker they are affected with cold diseases moist and durable they send forth many flegmatick excrements and abound with spittle their urine is white pale sometimes thin sometimes thick and troubled their dejected ordure is crude pituitous the whole body is thick white soft and more cold to the touch heating and drying things cutting and atenuating and evacuating flegme advantage them they easily indure fasting On the other side all cooling and moistning things and thickning and those which retaine and increase Flegme offend them if the Flegme be sour all those signes are the more vehement but salt Flegme is known from the preceding causes of which is spoken before thirst is present a salt taste those things which are cast out are crude but withall biting Moderate salt things delight them too much drying and heating things hurt them Choler is known to abound if the causes Of Choller and dispositions of the body have gone before which conduce to the generation of Choler proposed before lib 2. part 2. chap 9 as if a man be not drowsie but watchful if he dreame of fire thunder and lightning and contentions and is ful of activity in motion and rash or precipitate in consultation is easily angry the pulse vehement swift frequent hard if his concoction be depraved and turned into a nitrous crudity if the appetite of meat be less then the appetite of drink hot and dry diseases afflict him and those which have a swift motion and symptomes arising from choler if the urine be yellow and splendid the excrements coloured with cholour the habit of the body is dry and leane and carries with it lively heat the colour of the body is yellow cold and moist things and such as purge choller as also acid things delight them hot and dry things as also fasting hurts them Melancholy is known to abound from the causes and dispositions going before Melancholy propounded aboue lib 2. part 2. chap 6. For what belongs to the consequences those which abound with a melancholy humour are silent full of thoughts stable and pertinacious and slow to anger who nevertheless are not easily pacified their sleep is turbulent perplext with horrid and terrible dreams they are sad and fearful without any manifest cause they have a little pulse dul thin and indifferent hard their colour is yellow dun or duskie almost black they desire meat and Venery moderately they are void of thirst and abound with spittle they make much Urine and if none of the melancholy be evacuated therewith it is thin and white or if some of it flow with it it is thick and black and they sweat plentifully in their sleep the Hemorhoids either flow or are suppressed much wind is in the body and they are apt to four belchings the habit of the body is lean sharp and hard the colour yellow the spleen sometimes swels and grows hard within them tubercles appear in the veins and they are affected with other melancholy diseases Black choler is a signe of yellow choler and melancholy mixed together Black Choler and the indications of melancholy appear but joyned with manifest signes of heat whence madness a canker a Leaprosie and such like diseases arise Aboundance of serous Humours are collected Of the serous humor not only from the antecedent causes whereof we have spoken before but also from a somewhat moist and pale body and the Urine is crude and aqueous Moreover Winde winds discover themselves by those signes which are reckned above in the lib 2 part 2 chap 7 moreover fluctuations rumblings tumblings in the guts and Hypochondrias are perceived and switching pains without gravity wandring such as suddenly arise suddenly vanish also a humming and buzzing in the ears pantings of some parts of the body belching breaking wind backward or in the paunch are discovered and the Urines are frothy Malignant and pestilent humors Poysons how they may be known is spoken amongst fevers but the signes that poison is drank are if any biting happen in the stomack or guts to any sound man after eating and drinking and if the belly or stomack be moved to expel and their colour within six hours turn yellow and spottie if the extream parts of the body grow cold and swounding palpitation of the heart and swelling happens but if one be hurt by the biting of any living creature or with a prick or sting or froth and the offended part should mortifie become putred should be inflamed and swel and the paine be great and those symptomes before mentioned appear it is a token that the living creature was venemous CHAP. III. Of the Signes of Diseases SOme signes of diseases indicate the kind of diseases Causes what diseases they shew others the magnitude others the manner and they are taken from those three fountains the causes those things which necessarily inhere and the effects of the causes and what force each hath is spoken of in lib 2. part 2 Disposition of the body and therefore if any causes are present or hath gone before it is a signe of a disease which that cause is apt to produce but amongst the causes the dispositions or inclinations of the body are to be weighed which are apt to produce this or that kinde of disease for every body either fals into a disease like its own constitution sooner then contrary to it and that disposition depends on the age sex course of life and manner of dyet Neither are those things to be past over which help and hinder for if hot things are advantagious cold things are mischeivous and a cold disease is understood the contrary comes to pass if the disease be hot the same reason is of other tempers also Out of those things essentially inhering Essentially inhering or in the proper essence diseases are easily known in the external parts and are obvious to the senses but diseases of the internal parts although they may be known by those things which essentially inhere yet not immediatly but others coming between so a tumour of the bowels is known by the skin mediating which is lifted up by the subjacent parts and it self is become swolne As for what belongs to the effects and symptomes Effects and symptomes an action that is hurt if it be not by some external error it signifies that a disease is present in that part whence the action is hindred and indeed an action abolished and diminished signifies a cold distemper
three kinds some are those which are simply and according to preheminency called criticall wherein Judgments are made better and more frequently all which are bounded within the circuit of a septinary number and are these the 7.14.20.27.34.40 for daies are not taken whole but shorter Moreover there are some which are called indicant and contemplable from whence the Crisis to come is shewn and they are the middles or quarternaries of every seventh morning as 4.11.17.24 Others are such as come between Intervening which the Greeks call Parempiptontes others call them provocatory wherein from some accident contrary to nature or by the violence of a fit or by reason of some externall cause nature is provoked to hasten to untimely expulsion such are the 3.5.9.13.19 and according to some 15.18 Vacant or not criticall daies are those wherein no crisis happens Vacant or very seldome and unperfect and evill such are the 6.8.10.12.16.18 to which some add 22 23.25.29 30.32 33.35.38.39 which daies are also called medicinall because the Physitian on those daies may safely administer purging Medicines After the 40. day diseases languish and by a slow concoction and by Imposthumations rather then Crisis are terminated after these some diseases are judged by months others by years and especially in climactericall years when changes are made even of diseases which have been contracted from their Mothers Womb. From this doctrine neverthelesse of Hippocrates and Galen which Galen reduceth as it were in brief in the 1. of decretory diseases cap. 5. the ancients now long since have departed Asclepiades Archigenes Celsus and others which accounted the third criticall year not the twentieth but the one and twentieth the fourth not the twenty seventh but the twenty eighth The Astrologers also do not simply observe daies and numbers The opinion of Astrologers but referring all the reason of criticall daies to the motion of the Moon note those daies wherein the Moon comes to every quadrangle or fourth corner and comes to the diameter in respect of place wherein she was found when the disease began as now in the causes of criticall daies shall be shewn CHAP. XII Of the causes of Criticall daies THat we may omit the opinions of others The cause of criticall daies of the causes of criticall daies no offence to any other judgments we appoint criticall daies to depend on the Moon and the condition and disposition of peccant humours and the expulsive faculty for what mutations soever the Moon in her conjunctions oppositions and quadrangles makes in these inferior bodies is very well known and therefore that power which is attributed to quaternaries and septinaries do all depend on the motion of the Moon yet neverthelesse that this or that Crisis may be made betwixt those the motion of the Moon alone is not sufficient since not alwaies the seventh or fourteenth day is not alwaies criticall and somtimes a good and an ill Crisis is made on the same day and therfore the condition and disposition of peccant humours are to be joyned and lastly the expulsive faculty is to be added which being stimulated by the motion of the Moon and disposition of humours is the next and immediate cause of a Crisis First seeing the order of criticall daies cannot proceed only from the faculty of the body nor from morbifique matter The Moâ—n but a coelestiall cause is to be joyned therwith and the Moon in every quarternary and septinary and according as it takes up one and another place of the Zodiack in its motions and by reason of the light from the Sun varying shews to us various lights or representations it may make great alterations in sublunary things t is not therfore without a cause determined that great mutations arise in diseases in those places which have regard to the place wherin the Moon was in the beginning of the disease with a quadrate or opposite ray and when she is come so far as that she hath a new shape and manifest mutation of light for the motion of the Moon and her progresse to the quadrate and opposite signes and the changings of the shape of the Moon are to be joyned whatsoever they are yet the crises are stronger when the Septinaries exactly fall into the quadrates of the Moone But in the computing of the criticall dayes A periodicall month in criticall dayes to be observed the month of wandring or travelling is to be observed as being naturall and according to which many changes are made in this inferior orbe which for the most part is made in twenty seven dayes and eight hours which if they are divided into foure weekes the first will be ended in six dayes and twenty hours the second in thrirteen dayes and sixteen hours the third in twenty dayes and twelve hours Therefore on what day soever any one fall sick at the first onset of the disease a conjunction as it were is made of the Moone and the disease hence when the Moone hath measured three fignes or past over ninty degrees and comes to the first quadrate the first criticall day is made when she hath past through six signes or an 180. degrees she comes to the opposite signe and the second criticall day begins when from the opposite signeshe passeth to the second quadrate the third crisis begins if the disease be prolonged till then lastly when she returns again to the place where she was at the beginning of the disease the fourth crisis begins and she shews as she did at first Prognosticall diseases The same reason is of indicatory dayes for when the Moone hath passed over two signes or 60. degrees from the signe wherein she was when any one began to fall sick and is said to come to a sextile the first indicatory is begun when she hath past over foure signes or a 120 degrees and becomes triangular the second indicatory is made and when from the opposite signe againe she comes to be triangular then is the third indicatory lastly when she hath gone from the second quadrate to the second sextile the fourth indicatory is But here the dayes are not to be numbered according to the diurnall indifferent motion of the Moone Which motion of the Moone is to be observed in critiball dayes which is thirteen degrees ten minutes 35 sec but according to the true motion of the Moone for the Moone is sometimes swift sometimes slow in motion nor doth she passe through alike number of degrees each day whence it comes to passe that she arrives sometimes sooner sometimes later to the quadrate and opposite signe and hence without all doubt it comes to passe that most admirable Physitians vary in defining of criticall dayes and Hippocrates as also Galen account the twentieth and seven and twentieth Archâ—genes as also Diacles count the one and twentieth and eight and twentieth for criticall dayes neither are allwayes distinct aspects to be observed but often times plarick are sufficient Secondly besides the
onely that these purge melancholy Indian Mirobolanes Polipodie evacuates adust choler as also Phlegme t is profitable in diseases of the splcene and Hypocondries Polipodie the Dose is from a Drachme to three Drachmes in infusion to an Ounce and above Epithymum purges a dust choller Epithymum and Melancholy without trouble and is profitable in Diseases proceeding from hence yet because t is hot and dry in the third degree t is safer to be used in Winter then in Summer t is given in the substance from two Drachmes to three Drachmes in infusion from halfe an ounce to an ounce Sena is as it were the middle betwixt the stronger and weaker hot in the second dry in the first Sena t is a very usefull medicine which not onely evacuates adust humours but also choler and Phlegme cleanseth all the bowels and is convenient for all ages when t is more dry t is not inconveniently corrected with the flowers of Violets and Burrage Ginger or Cinamon or the fourth part of Galingale is added to it the powder is given from a Drachme to two Drachmes in infusion from halfe an ounce to an ounce The stronger purgers of Melancholy and adust humors LApis Armenius purges dull thick melancholy humours Lapis Armenius yet more gently then Hellebore it is corrected by washing in Cordiall waters t is given from halfe a Drachme to a Drachme or sometimes to a Drachme and halfe Lapis Lazuli hath the same vertue but is something weaker t is corrected with Cordialls the Dose is the same Lapis Lasuli Black Hellebore is not usually to be given to children Black Hellebore women that are great nor to weake bodies and indeed it is more safely given in decoction then in the substance t is corrected with Cordialls and stomaticks t is given in the substance from a scruple to two nay to a Drachme in infusion or decoction from a Drachme to halfe an ounce Hydragogues and such as evacuate aqueous humours THe juice of the root of Flowerdeluce is hot and dry in the third Root of Orice opens drawes out thin Choller and water but for women with Child t is not so safe because it provokes the months t is corrected with a little Wine and Cinamon and Manna or honey of Roses is added or decoction of reysins of the Sun t is given from halfe an Ounce to an Ounce and halfe or two Ounces Gratiola or hedge Hyssop purges by stoole and vomit Hedge Hysop but troubles not a little the body t is corrected with Cinamon Anniseed Liquorish t is given in the substance to a Drachme in decoction from halfe an Ounce to an Ounce Elaterium or the juice of wild Cucumbers drawes water and choller out of the Bowels Elaterium and happily drawes forth the water of hydropick persons but it provokes vomit also gripes the bowels opens the mouthes of the Veines and unlesse it be cautiously exhibited doth mischiefe t is corrected with Tragacanth Fleawort Bdellium and Cinamon in the Dose you must not easily exceed six Graines The rine and juice of the root spurge Spurge purgeth and gnaweth powerfully and therefore is corrected with Bdellium Tragacanth Mucilage of Fleawort Cinamon Spike the Dose of the Barke of the Root is from six graines to fifteene graines but of the milke or juice from three graines to eight graines Mezereon whose force is fiery Mezereum exceeding sharpe exulcerating biting kindling Feavers dissolving the strength of the heart and noble parts and purging choller violently and Bilous serosities t is corrected with Sorrel with the juice of Pomegranates or of Quinces of Purslan Mucelage of the seed of Fleabane the Dose in the substance is from six grains to ten graines in the decoction from halfe a Drachme to a Drachme Dwarfe elder Elder Dwarfe or Dane wort and elder the seed and middle barke and juice of the root and leaves draw out water they are corrected with Cinamon the Dose of the berries is given to a Drachme of the barks to two drachms of the juice from halfe an ounce to six drachmes Soldanella or sea Colewort are the best remedy to draw out water but t is an enemy to the stomack Soldanella t is corrected with Cinamon and Ginger the Dose is from a drachme to 2. drachmes of the juice to halfe an ounce Gummigote purgeth choller and water Gummigote and oftentimes causeth vomit which is prohibited by the addition of the spirit of salt or Mace the Dose is from five graines to eight graines The root of Ialap powerfully and with violence purgeth serous and black humors t is given from a scruple to 2. scruples Ialap Although each of these do purge single humors yet some of them do purge other humors also secondarily Rhubarbe Aloes Cassia Agarick Scammony evacuate choller with Phleagme Myrobolanes Chebulae Lapis Armenius Lapis Lazuli Phlegme and black choller Sena Epithymum Polipodie black Hellebore purge choler Phleame and Melancholy the latter Physitians have drawne other medicines into use unknown to the Ancients prepared of Venus Mercury and Mars CHAP. XII Of Medicines that cause vomits SEcondly amongst evacuating medicines are such as cause vomitings Things causing vomits which indeed evacuate the stomack immediatly yet if they are too strong they draw the neighbouring Bowels and the greater veines they performe that for the most part by a peculiar propriety by reason of which they have an inclination upwards yet some of them for a manifest cause namely because they swim in the stomack and oppresse it and loosen the Orifice of the superior ventricle such are all fat and oily substances But some are gentle others indifferent strong others very strong The gentle are simple water or Barley water luke warme The most gentle especially with a little honey and salt dranke by little and little at one draught common oyle luke warme foure ounces or six ounces Hydromell largely taken Hydreles to ten ounces Figgs newly eaten and cold water dranked after The middle sort are the Flowers of Dill The middle sort as also the Seed of Orach and of Raddish they are given from two drachmes to halfe an ounce the root of Asarabecca and Orach are given in the substance to foure scruples Bittony the middle barke of a Walnut to a drachme in infusion to halfe an ounce the greene pill that cover the walnut shell dryed in an Oven from halfe a a drachm to a drachm the juice of Raddish to two ounces the tops of green Elder or the berries The strongest are the Rootes The strongest of Spurge of Sow-bread to a drachm in infusion from a drachm to two drachms the Rootes of white Hellebore in infusion from halfe a drachm to a drachm adding cardiacks Flowers of Danewort Barkes or Roote Flowers of broome seed of broome from two drachms to halfe an ounce the seed of spurge the husks being taken of ten in number
and subsist untill the height but when it cannot the nature of the sick is to be considered for if the body is made bitter with choler hot and dry abounding with choler especially about the stomach he cannot endure thin Dyet or fasting for such bodyes motion is easily hinderd regard also is to be had of age for as it is in Hippo. 1. Apho. 13. old men easily endure fasting as also those of middle age young men lesse boyes least of all and amongst them especially those which have sharper and quicker wits But as for the nature of a difease Dyet in long diseases in long diseases there is need of an indifferent or full Dyet and so much the more plentifull by how much the diseases are slower but in acute dises thinner is requisite least if we should give too much meat we should cherish the discase but since there are degrees of acute diseales so much the thinner is to be given by how much the discase is the more acute Yet it is allwayes safer to give thicker Dyet then is fit Whether more error is committed in full or spare Dyet rather then thinner as for the quantity you ought rather to studdy substraction according to Hippo. 1. Apho. 5. In thin food the sick doe faint whence it comes to passe that they are hurt the more for as much as every fault here is greater then it useth to be in a little more plentifull Dyâ—â— CHAP. IV. Of the right Administration of the Dyet of sick persons IN the same manner as in medicines so in vitalls Quantity of meate a threefold these may be observed namely the highest middle and lowest which may be administred in all Dyâ—t whether thick indifferent or thin But which dose is to be given and when is collected by comparing of the strength and morbifique cause one with another for since the morbifique matter sometimes urgeth more sometimes lesse and sometimes the helpe of nature is more required in resisting the cause of a disease the same forme of Dyet may be observed sometimes a greater sometimes a lesser is to be given according as nature is sometimes busied more sometimes lesse in the combat with a disease Namely in the beginning of a disease nature contends not much as yet with the morbifique cause neither whilst it is yet imployed in concoction and Evacuation wherefore you may exhibit victualls which are convenient for the disease then the highest dose But in the Augmentation because nature begins to contend with the disease In the Augmentation and is more busied about the morbifique matter then in the beginning then some of the quantity is to be abated and Dyet is to be given in a middle dose But in the state when the combat of nature In the state and the disease is most violent and nature is most busied in concoction and evacuation of matter the victualls are to be administred in the smalest quantity and nature not to be called away from its purpose The time The time of giving food to the sick and when meate is to be given as for that in continued diseases and such as have no differences of fits Dyet is to be administred according to custome principally at that time when the sick use to eat before But in diseases which have fits when meate is to be given Hippo. shews 1. Apho. 11. It behoveth to take away meat in the sits themselves for to give it is hurtfull and when by circuit diseases returne in the Paroxismes themselves you must abstaine which neverthelesse is not simply to be taken but if a feaver be from a sharpe and biting humour kindled by the Sun anger fasting labours and the sick be thin and leane in body and in Temperament and especially in Summer time if he be hot and dry either a little before the fit or in the fit it selfe meate is to be taken otherwise he easily falls into a burning feaver or Hectick swooning or convulsion or such like and indangers the losse of his strength THE FIFTH BOOK PART III. Of the Compositions of Medicines SECT 1. Of preparing and compounding of Drugs in general CHAP. I. Of the necessity and profit of preparing and Compounding simple Medicines THere remains now the Pharmaceuticall part of Physick which prepares and compounds simple medicines for the word Pharmacopia comprehends them both namely the alteration of simple medicines by the helpe of Art without mixture of others and the mixture of simple medicines But this part of Physick is necessary Why it is necessary to compound medicâ—nes for many and great causes for first the cause may be in the medicine it selfe namely if the substance of medicines be not so proper and troablesome to the sick by preparation and composition that which is wanting may be supplyed and that which is unprofitable troublesome and hurtfull may be taken a way sometimes a medicine hath a super fluous quality which we do not then want therefore we ought to allay that by mixture of the contrary some simple qualities are easily corrupted wherefore there needs digestion distillation concoction to be used or to preserve or pickle those things with Honey Sugar Vinegar Salt The strength of some medicines is easily taken away whence we are to effect by the mixture of more viscid things that so it may not be easily dissipated moreover the causes in effect it selfe contrary to nature for if simples are not to be found which have all those faculties which are requisite in one sick person oftentimes and in the mixture of diseases contrary to nature then one medicine is to be compounded of severall simples which may performe all the Indications which kind of medicines the Greeks call Polychreston Thirdly since that simples are not allways supplyed by nature which may agree to the Temperament Sex kind of life and various constitution of the parts of every one there is need of preparation and composition Lastly for the severall formes also whereof this is more pleasing to this that to that person nay in regard of the disease also t is necessary to prepare and compound medicines Oâ— that we may breifly contract these things there is need of compounding medicines for two reasons either for the strength of the medicines sake or for its use and applycation sake for if the vertue of the medicine be weake t is to be strengthned by mixture with more vehement if any faculty be deficient t is to be mixt if a medicine be stronger then it is required something is to be added by which iâ— is to be abated or corrected If a simple have any superfluous quality or hurtfull that is to be mixt by which that hurtfull quality may be taken away But that the medicine may rightly be applyed and drawn into action t is necessary that the medicine maybe preserved least before administration it looseth its strength by mixture of some preservative for example with Suga or some other Moreover that it may
which also a Synocha without putrefaction is referred and a putrid There is another thing worth the noting that one Fever is Primary another Symptomatical Primary is that which follows no former disease but depends on its proper cause Secondary or Symptomatical is that which ariseth from the inflamation of any member See Galen 4. Aphor. 7. But of Symptomatical this is to be noted that those which by the ancients were accounted Symptomatical were indeed primary many of them and inflamations of the parts of the Membrane that covers the ribbs of the lungs or chopps rather happened to those parts then the Fever to take it's rise from them Feavers accompanied Which Fevers may be called Comitatae or such as accompany the Fever CHAP. V. Of the cure of Fevers in general NOw to the cure Cure A Fever as it is a Fever being a hot distemper indicates cooling things are to be used Galen 8. Meth. Med. Cap. 1. But because there is no small difference amongst Fevers and that a Fever is often joyned with it's cause regard is to be had of the cause of the same Nay indeed because the cause often offends more then the Fever it self the Fever is so to be cooled as that the cause may not be cherished and those things be detained in the body which ought to be evacuated And oftentimes error is committed in this whilest regard is had only of the heat cold things are administred by which the cause of the Fever being detained the Fever is prolonged Whereas on the other side heating things as likewise either opening or sudocifick things without cooling medicines often with happy success cure the Fever For the cause being taken away the Fever it self ceaseth of it's own accord Whereof more particularly hereafter CHAP. VI. Of the Fever Ephemera THere are two sorts of Fevers whose heat are inherent in our bodies in habitude Feavers in habitude For that the hot distemper of the parts is cherished either by the heat of the Spirits or humors and the humors are inflamed either with or without putrefaction Those Fevers which are sustained by the heat of the Spirits and humours without putrefaction The name Ephemeros are called Ephemerae and Humorales without putrefaction Those which are kindled by putrifying humours are called putred Fevers That Fever which is cherished by the kindling of Spirits is called by the Greeks Puretos Ephemeros by the Lattines Diaria and Ephemera by a name not taken from the nature of the disease but from it's duration In respect of the Essence thereof it may be defined thus Definition It is a Fever arising from and depending on the heating and inflaming of the vital Spirits The proximate cause of this Fever is the heat of the vital Spirits kindled contrary to nature The next cause which being spread over the whole body through the arteries heats the whole against nature That heat is stirr'd up from all those causes before mentioned in the second Chapter only except from putrefaction Remote cause which sometimes immediately sometimes remotely by means of the natural and animal Spirits heat the vital to wit perturbations of the mind sadness fear sollitude anger over much watching too much intentiveness of the mind too much exercise of body grief hunger thirst hot meats and drinks drunkenness crudities in bodies cholerick heat of air fire hot Baths retention of the hot Effluvium inflamations of Kernels and Buboes from the which heat alone without putred vapours is conveyed to the heart according to the vulgar opinion Yet it seemeth not impossible but that those putred vapours by the veins and arteries next to the part affected may be communicated to the heart And so these Fevers should rather be Symptomatical then absolute putred then Ephemeral Those that are hot and dry easily fall into this Fever Disposition of body in whom many hot dry vapours are coliected which are easily inflamed by causes heating them more Amongst the Signs by which this Fever is known and discerned from others in the first place Galen 1 de differ Diagnostick signs Febrium c. 7. saith it beginneth from some procatartick or evident cause which indeed is an inseperable sign but not a proper sign for although a Fever that doth not arise from a manifest cause is not an Ephemera yet every Fever which ariseth from a manifest cause is not therefore an Ephemera 2. Moreover the Urine in substance colour and contents is most like unto the Urine of healthy men or at least recedes not much from them which in an Ephemera which proceeds from crudity it useth to do in which the Urine useth to appear more crude and whiter 3. The Pulse is neerer to a natural one then in any other Fever only that it useth to be extended in magnitude celerity and frequency Yet in regard of the cause which occasioned the Fever some change may be made in the Pulse 4. The heat of this Fever is gentle and weak in respect of other Fevers 5. Nay in the very state and height thereof it is somewhat more gentle and moderate 6. This Fever invades without shakings or tremblings it 's increase and augmentation in heat and pulse is free and equal 7. The declination is performed by moisture or moist evaporation by sweat like theirs who are sound in health which by a little exercise more then ordinary comes forth and a perfect apurexsie follows that moisture so that after the declination no footing is left for the Fever either discernable by Pulse or any other circumstances And in case any footing be left it is a sign that it will turn into another sort of Fever The causes are most perfectly to be known by the relation of the sick which may instruct the Physician whether from passion of the mind exercise of the body or any other evident cause this disease hath been occasioned These causes also affords some signs of themselves which the Physician cannot be ignorant of These Fevers are the shortest of all others Prognosticks and continue not above twenty four hours There is no danger in them unless some error be committed and for the most part they are conquered by nature wherefore Physicians are seldom called to their cures Yet according to the diversity of their causes some are cured more easily others with more difficulty For those causes which are hardly taken away and the humours are apâ— to corrupt a Fever introduced from such easily degenerates into a putred which happeneth when it is extended above four and twenty hours or no sweat appears and pain in the head be present and persevere And it degenerates either into a Synocha without putrefaction if the body be youthful and plethorick or into a putred if the body be cacochymick or into a Hectick if the body be hot dry and lean And the proper signs of those Fevers shew into what sort of them the transmutation will be made Moreover sithence this Fever
is to be procured Putrefaction is to be resisted and the putred humours are to be cooled and dryed the generation of peccant humours by ablation of their cause is to be prevented Yet nevertheless seeing that these indications are often contrary and that those medicines which are administred for the cause may make the Fever worse and the contrary We must be careful how to perform these intentions And for the most part since the Fever comes last the cause is to be taken away first since the cause hath more power then the disease and the cause of a putred Fever being taken away the Fever of necessity ceaseth Yet if the greatness of the Fever inforce 't is necessary to have regard of the Fever first and afterwards to the taking away of the cause or certainly if we may first go to the taking away of the cause we should be very careful that by those things by which we take away the cause we increase not the Fever But those things are never to be used for the cure of the Fever which increaseth its cause fince that for the most pare that is of greatest force CHAP. V. Of breathing of a vein NOw for the cure to be performed by these intentions Letting blood and first concerning Phlebotomy Galen 11. meth medendi cap. 15. gives this rule It is most wholesome he sayes in all Fevers to open a vein not only in continued but also in all others which the putrifying humour stirreth up Whether when and why to be done in a putred Fever especially when neither age nor want of strength prohibites it And he addeth this reason For nature which rules our bodies being enlighthed and unburthened of that by which as with a pack it was oppressed what remains it will overcome without difficulty and therefore not being forgetful of its proper office will both concoct what can be concocted and cast out what may be emitted Yet this precept of Galen is to be rightly understood and explained For although there are many occasions for opening a vein and Authors cannot agree about the reason why Galen commands Phlebotomy in putred Fevers Yet 't is clear he did it that by evacuation of the blood nature might be enlightened and freed from the greatest part of her burthen for when blood abounds the opening of a vein and purging of Cacochymy are the best remedies furthermore when it is a plethorick body without doubt we should open a vein In some measure the breathing of a vein doth take away the cacochymy contained in the veins and mixed with the blood since the vein being opened the vitious humours go out with the blood especially because purgation which can take away foul humours out of the veins is not so safe as the breathing of a vein to be appointed at the beginning of a Fever For although Phlebotomy cannot take away all the ill humours out of the veins yet nature is lessned some part of her burthen and therefore can concoct and master the remainder the more easily for it may be that the plenty of blood which before the sickness was no trouble to the party now being sick and weakened with a Fever may become burthensom unto him And although some good blood be emitted therewith yet that hurts not the sick but rather helps as is said As we also see by critical Hemorrhodes that nature sends out no small quantity of good blood together Yet nature for the most part useth to drive no small part of peccant humours to the extream and subcutaneous parts thence and in the first place most commonly the worst blood comes first out Whence it is manifest especially in continual Fevers in those who abound with blood or have peccant humours mixt with their blood that bleeding is proper and that at the beginning that nature may be unladed of part of her burthen but if vitious humours are not intermingled with the blood in the greater veins the breathing of a vein for evacuation thereof is not to be used Cooling and fanning the blood is performed by lerting blood but they are only to be done when bleeding will not cool it alone Rules allowing Phlebotomy We are not only to observe whether bleeding be needful but also whether the party be strong enough to suffer it when the strength of the vital faculty is principally to be required so that the strength do not languish by too great store of blood suffocating the Spirits Age Habit of body and condition of the ambient air shew the strength But how much blood is to be taken away The quantity that may be taken first by the plenty of blood then by comparing the strength of the Patient with the greatness of the disease will be manifest for greater quantity requires larger emission lesser less robustious bodies require larger breathings of veins weaker require less The strength varies according to temperament habit of body age sex season of the year the condition of the Heavens and the Region as also in regard of certain Symptomes which use to be accompanied with Fevers as of watchings pain and such like As for the time for letting blood The time 't is to be done when 't is indicated and no way prohibited which is in the beginning and by how much the more the disease hastens to increase so much the sooner blood is to be taken away The place but if the concoctions are more dull and slow Pulebotomy may be deferr'd longer Veins that are opened for evacuation are best in the middle of the arm yet if the sick be weak and that also revulsion is to be made from the head the veins in the foot are to be opened to the greatest benefit of the sick CHAP. VI. Of Purging BUt because all putred Fevers have their original from foul humours Purgation Now we are to consider by what means they may be evacuated but seeing those things which evacuate them are twofold Lenitives and Purges properly so called Lenitives are safely to be administred in the beginning of all putred Fevers because there are scarce any bodies wherein the stomack guts and Mesaraick veins contain not some of the peccant humours These evacuations are to be caused by Clysters Clysters called loosening medicines and by vomit The Clysters are made of Mallows Marsh-mallows Violets Pellitory Beares-breech Mercury common Oil or mixt with Violets brown Sugar Cassia Lenitives Elect Lenitive Diacatholicon Hiera and such like Or those lenitive medicines may be given which are at this day in use Syrrup of Roses solutive of Violets solutive Honey of Roses solutive Tamarinds Cassia Manna the lenitive Electuary simple Cream of Tartar You must use such medicines at the times of remisness and intermittings when the Fever least offendeth whether it be carly in the morning or in the evening Sometimes also in the beginning of Fevers you may administer a vomit when great store of matter is contained in the stomack and adjacent parts
most part is thin and often makes toward the extremties of the body and is often full of malignity 't is conveniently expelled by sweat CHAP. XVII Of intermitting Fevers in general AFter continued Fevers intermitting are to be explained Intermitting Fevers But although the Ancients did extend the name of intermitting Fevers more largely and attributed the same to all Fevers which admit of some change of heat and are sometimes exasperated sometimes remitted and so to continued periodicks yet afterwards use brought it to pass that those Fevers only were called intermittent which sometimes cease and come to that apurexy or want of fire The proximate cause of an intermitting Fever is a putred vapour their proximate cause elevated from the putrefaction of excrementitious humours not continually as in continued Fevers but by certain intervalls sent to the heart and heating the same contrary to nature But how it comes to pass The fire place of Intermitting Fevers that the putred vapour is not continually sent to the heart but at certain times is very obscure For the explanation whereof since the knowledge of the place wherein putrefaction ariseth doth not a little conduce and whence the putred vapours are communicated to the heart which Galen calls the Furnace and Chimney in his 2. of the differences of Fevers cap. the last and in his 15. of the method of curing cap. the fourth that therefore is first to be explained But since 't is beyond the bounds of our Breviary of Institutions to reckon up the various and different opinions of Physicians concerning it we will here set down that opinion which we think truest The Chimney or Furnace and place wherein the matter the cause of intermitting Fevers is generated are the Mesaraick veins wherein the matter which sufficeth to irritate each single Paroxism is generated during the time of its interval And that many things which happen about intermitting Fevers do prove namely Loathing Vomitting Dolor of the heart Extension and pain of the Midriffe Intumescence about the Ventricle Bitterness about the mouth Belching and such like for in the beginning of intermitting Fevers pure choller is often ejected by vomit in great abundance which out of the more remote veins could not be evacuated in that manner and about the cava of the Liver Fernelius says he hath found the quantity of a pound by weight after the death of a Patient This choler being cast out the Fever is often cured which is a sign that it is the cause of the Fever and that it is collected in those first ways or passages Which Fomentations also used to the Hypocondries at the beginning of a Paroxysm shews by the mitigation of the trembling and shaking This matter is gather'd together in the Mesaraick veins a long time before it brings forth a Fever but when it begins to putrefie grow hot and be changed its heat being diffused over the whole body it exciteth a Fever which when it is dispersed the fevourish heat and Paroxism ceaseth and the Fever leaveth so long as till new matter which in like manner putrifieth in its due time is generated But although the matter which is the cause of intermitting Fevers be generated in the Mesaraick veins and first passages the cause of intermitting Fevers conteined in the vâ—na cava Yet the whole doth not reside and continue included in them but is sent to the vena cava and arteries both during the fit and out of the same Nor is it here necessary to seek for occult and blind passages through which the putred vapours should be sent to the heart during the Paroxism since there are manifest passages enough for the branches of the Gate-vein are inserted into the substance of the Liver and the mouths of these have communion with the vena cava and the arteries going from the heart are joyned in the stomack guts spleen and other parts to the Mesaraick veins Yet 't is probable that the fevourish matter may be communicated to the veins not principally and only in the Paroxism but moreover some part thereof by that passage which is from the Meseraick veins to the Liver continually may be carried to them whence both by Galen 1. de cris cap. 7. and other Physicians a Fever is called a passion of a venemous nature And that is first manifest from the urines which shew evident notes of crudity and concoction in Intermittents Hence also it comes to pass that urines during the Paroxisms are laudable and like to theirs who are well since that the peccant humor is then protruded by nature out of the veins towards the circumference of the body and so the blood in the veins is become purer which again in the intervals of fits is polluted by the vitious humour proceeding from the chimney of the Fever The same is manifest out of those things which happen at the beginning of a fit and at that time which the Greeks call Episemasian for then spontaneous lassitudes stretching compression of pulses and other things happen which indicate that the matter which is to stir the Fever begins to be moved and as it were to swell in those common vessels veins and arteries That vitious humour accumulated partly in the Mesaraick veins partly in the vena cava when in time it putrifieth nature stimulated and irritated oftentimes strives several ways first by vomit and stool afterwards by sweats and urine sensibly to evacuate the same as also through the pores of the skin and by insensible transpiration it may discuss the same being resolved into vapours and steam For since that peccant humour is not exactly mingled with the blood but confusedly nature may easily seperate the same from the good blood and may shake it off each single fit which being discussed since putred vapours cannot any more be communicated to the heart the Fever also ceaseth and apurexie ensueth But because that as long as the Fever continueth some seeds and sparks are left in the granary and chimney Causes of the return of fits and seeing that there is imbecillity in the part 't is necessary that the humour flowing to it although it be good should be defiled with that pollution and excrement which was left as it were with leaven and through the debility of the part be corrupted and so new matter of a future Paroxism be generated And these fits continue and so often return until that those seeds that putrefaction and those sparks are fully taken away from thence and the weakness of that part restored Yet it seems probable that the whole matter which is the cause of a Fever doth not putrifie together in the first Paroxism but that part which is apt to putrefaction in the other fits the rest until the whole be putrified and consumed By these things it is manifest both where the matter that is the cause of putred Fevers is generated Cause of 〈◊〉 how it causeth a fit by what ways it is evacuated and
destruction and yet neither the contagion nor destructive power have attained to the highest degree and many continue well in health 't is a pestilent Fever in particular Lastly if so be many which begin to be visited die and that most every where are infected and that the contagion be spread over remote places 't is the plague CHAP. VIII To what kind of Fevers Pestilent and Malignant ones pertain MOreover since there are three kinds of Fevers To what kind of Fevers pestilent and malignant ones belong Ephemeral Putred and Hectick and again of putred Fevers there are some differences 't is now enquired to what kind of Fevers malignant and pestilent do belong or whether malignancy and pestilency belong to all Fevers or to some certain kind only But we have already determined that there are no Ephemeraes nor Hecticks pestilent and malignant because that in all pestilent and malignant Fevers there are manifest tokens of corruption or putrefaction of humours although that malignant and pestilent humour have likewise a manifest antipathy with the spirits and may stir up a dangerous Fever But all putred pestilential Fevers are continued since the force of the venomous putrifaction is such as that it can easily diffuse it self into all the veins and arteries and may easily corrupt the humours But malignant Fevers in particular so called may also be intermittent as experience sheweth Neither is it impossible that even in the first passages of the body the putrifying humours may acquire some malignity and seeing that in such Fevers the force of the venome is not so great nothing hinders but that Nature may appoint certain excretions at appointed periods Continued pestilent and malignant Fevers are particularly addicted to no sort of them but according as putrefaction happens into this or that sickly preparation so this or that continued Fever is stirred up somtimes a Synocha somtimes a periodick whence various symptomes likewise do arise according to the sickly provision Moreover concerning the differences of malignant and pestilential Fevers The differences of pestilent and malignant Fevers since that in every such Fever there are found two things the putrifaction it self from whence the Fever ariseth and malignity in respect of these also do the Fevers differ For somtimes equally from putrefaction and malignity danger is at hand which Fevers if the putrifaction and malignity be great are exceeding dangerous but if neither the malignancy nor putrefaction be much the Fevers are not dangerous Somtimes there is more putrifaction but the malignancy is not much and then the Fever comes neerer to the nature of other putred Fevers but somtimes the putrifaction is not much but the malignant quality vehement and such Fevers seem to be milde but they are most fraudulent and dangerous Concerning the nature of Pestilency and Malignity although it be occult yet from its effects we may apprehend a certain variety whilst somtimes spots somtimes Measles somtimes wheals come forth somtimes too great sweats somtimes Catarrhs Pleurisies and other evils according to the antipathy which the venome hath with this or that particular part CHAP. IX Of the causes of a Pestilent and Malignant Fever AS for the causes of these Fevers Cause because their malignancy is less then theirs of the pestilence and through this as it were by degrees we ascend to the Pestilence those which are the causes of the Plague for the most part are the same with those of malignant and pestilent Fevers but more mild as principally ayr heaven course of diet and contagion Namely malignant Fevers in the first place do arise from a sickly provision of the body for it ariseth from meat that is bad fit for corruption and very obnoxious to putrifaction whereof Galen may be seen in his book of Meats affording good and bad juice and the humours may be so corrupted in our bodies as that they become venomous of which I have spoken in the Institutions in the second book part 2. cap. 12. Furthermore from common causes likewise namely unprofitable constitution of Ayr as also from the influence of Stars But pestilent Fevers so called in particular have the same causes but more grievous which at length if they are increased produce the pestilence whence Fevers malignant and pestilent long continuing at length turn to the plague CHAP. X. Of the Signs of Malignant and Pestilent Fevers IN the same manenr is it about the Diagnostick signs The Dianostick signs of pestilent Fevers for in a pestilential Fever peculiarly so called the same signs almost appear as in the plague only fewer or more gentle and such Fevers are not so dangerous nor so infectious as the Plague it self But as to the signs of their differences if both malignity and putrifaction be very much the strength will be much weakned and grievous nay the most dangerous symptomes appear If the putrifaction be very great the malignancy little the feverish symptomes which accompany putrifaction are vehement enough but the strength is not so much debilitated But if the putrifaction be not great but the malignant quality vehement the symptomes which accompany the Fever are gentle enough but the strength is exceedingly weakned If the humours only are affected there appear Buboes Carbuncles Imposthumes Spots Pushes and other tokens of putred Fevers if the spirits are much infected these signes are wanting neither is the heat great the strength suddenly languisheth and the sick are troubled with faintings the pulses are unequal weak and languishing and the Fever it self in one two or three days space is terminated by health or death Lastly if the heart be much infected great defect of the strength is present and the sick do not complain of any great heat As concerning Malignant Fevers Of malignant they are very difficult to be known at the first because the malignity often lies hid and shews not it self unless when it take strength wherefore all signs are diligently to be weighed and if any thing be suspected it must be seriously pondered but all the signs of a malignant Fever are greater then those of a Fever and the symptomes which appear are more vehement then those which can proceed from a Fever namely weakness of strength unquietness more anxiety then the feverish heat would occasion the pulse is freqnent little weak or if it seem to be natural other evil symptomes are present the Urine somtimes is like unto those who are in health somtimes thin and crude having in it no sediment or in case it have any 't is more like an excrement then a sediment somtimes 't is thick discoloured troubled muddy having a red and troubled sediment the heat is more milde then the nature of the disease and symptomes seem to afford the face or countenance is much changed from its lively and natural state and therefore by these signs pestilent and malignant fevers may be easily known yet there are other things happen heaviness to sleep watchings diliriums pains of the head
some evil disposition of Ayr and other corruption whence also this disease in many places in the Low Countries with cloudy ayr suddenly invaded men and the birds also were found dead under the Trees and 't was observed that they had pustules under their wings like Vetches or Tares But what manner of corruption of the Ayr it was can scarce be explained For this was a most cruel disease Prognosticks and within the space of twenty four hours it either killed men or left them senseless and indeed at the first when this disease did invade any City it troubled them fifty or sixty times but it scarce troubled them the hundredth time But the chief business of the cure consisted in the promotion of sweat Cure and weakning venome which nature of its own accord endeavoured for all those that did not further the sweats nor use cordials and took fresh ayr died within four and twenty hours In occasioning Sweats the strength must be regarded which in case it be weak the sweat must so be moderated that thereby it may not be debilitated more and dejected for 't is observed that by too much causing sweat and whilst the sick beyond their power to suffer are cover'd in their beds abundance of men have been stifled During sweating the sick should be hindred from sleep They used to occasion sweat and infringe the malignity water or Sorrel Scabious Terra Sigillata Bolearmenick Dittany Carduus benedictus Zedoaric Tormentil Waterlillies Burrage Species liberantis is also proper and such like which use to be applied in malignant Fevers and the Pox. During the Sweats the sick should be refreshed with the juice of the Syrup of Citron Pomgranates Sorrel and other things before mentioned about the plague Odoraments should also be applied to the Nose When the sick hath sweat enough some of the weight of the clothes should be abated by degrees and the sweat at last diligently wiped off and cleansed CHAP. XV. Of the Ungarick Disease AMongst the malignant Fevers Of the Hungarian disease there is also a disease called the Ungarick because it was first known in Hungary in the year 1556. and thence 't is thought 't was spread almost over all Europe Indeed some think the patechial Fever and the Ungarick Disease are the same and 't is true that spots often happen in that but not alwaies is it so and the name of a patechial Fever is extended larger then the Ungarick disease for this is a certain kind of malignant Fever or if it have spots and is patechial yet this disease is bred in Camps by reason of evil Diet whence we think it to be properly called the Military disease or the Disease of the Camps because that not only in former times in Hungary but elsewhere it wandred up and down in the Camps hitherto and thence is dispersed up and down But there is a malignant and infectious Fever called Morbus Ungaricus 't is continued and hath great store of vitious humours about the stomack and first passages joyned therewith The proximate cause of this Fever is putrefaction The causes the causes and malignant corruption of the humors in the vena cava But they are cumulated and corrupted by errors of Diet and first by default of the Ayr which in Hungary is extream thick and in the night filled with clouds or if they are discussed 't is very thin and in the Summer time most hot and otherwise likewise in the Camps 't is not most profitable because that in them it is most common to lie under the open canopy and to draw the vapours which come from the ayr and the rain and when their clothes are wet cannot change them and in winter time are often penn'd up in little hot-houses Moreover bad diet may be a cause of this disease wherewith Souldiers for want of better are forced to make shift with and those for the most part which are accustomed to fare better hence because good chyle cannot be generated by evil diet and the errors of the first concoction cannot be corrected in the second many filthy humours are collected within the first passages which with the chyle are carried to the Liver and thence into the veins and from that evil chyle bad blood is generated which even voluntarily tends to corruption and putrifaction and at length an unprofitable disposition of ayr coming it doth not only putrifie but becomes maligne Whence not only a putred continued Fever Nature of the Ungarick disease but also a malignant is stirred up and one that is also infectious which may also infect those that have no ill humours in their bodies whence the symptomes do somthing differ And as according to Diet scituation and other circumstances the matter occasioning a disease is not alwaies the same so there happens differences in the symptomes joyned with the Fever Nay in the Fever it self there ariseth certain differences in regard of the peccant humour whence from some arise putred Synochas from others burning cholerick Fevers But although great store of peccant matter as hath been said occasioned by evil diet be collected for the most part in the stomack and first passages yet that is not the containing cause of the Fever but only symptomatical stirr'd up by the Feverish heat especially in the beginning of the disease that it causeth pain in the heart anxiety burning about the midrif and vomiting and increaseth and cherisheth the Fever it self And all other symptomes which appear in other malignant Fevers may here also be present Diagnostick signs and for the most part spots and specks appear but amongst other things the pain of the head for the most part is exceeding troublesome thence this disease amonst the vulgar took its name die hauptcranctheit Most that take this disease from ill diet do complain of pain in the stomack and under the pointed gristle where a certain retention and hardness is likewise observed There is great thirst presently at the beginning and the tongue dry and rough a little after they are troubled with deliriums which are gone again when the matter falls down to the ears and then deafness ensueth 'T is an acute disease Prognosticks and is terminated at most in about fourteen days commonly yet in some not until twenty days But what event of this disease may be hoped for is manifest by what hath been already said concerning malignant Fevers in general namely by how much the strength is the greater and the symptomes lesser by so much is there the more hopes of recovery on the contrary by how much the symptomes are the greater and more and the strength weaker by so much the more danger with some when a looseness happens 't is a good crisis but to most when the matter ascends to the head and thence down to the ears and deafness followeth 't is an argument of health But as in other malignant Fevers so likewise in this the curing must be performed by taking
the declination for no man ever dyed in the declination of a disease In the same manner Particular times may be limited Particular times and every course hath its fit which course Remissness or an Intervall follows A fit hath its beginning increase state and declination which Particular times may happen during the Universall times The end of the first part of the second Book THE SECOND BOOK PART II. Of the Causes of DISEASES CHAP. I. Of the Causes of Diseases SEeing that nothing can perfectly be known unless the causes thereof are known whither can diseases be avoided unless the causes are shun'd neither can the same be taken away unless the causes if they are present be first taken away We will now treat of the causes of Diseases Although by the Philosophers there are rightly constituted four kinds of causes The sorts of causes the Materiall Formall Finall and Efficient yet here we are to speak onely of the Efficient causes of diseases for the form such as accidents have is already explained Diseases have not matter unless it be the subject wherein they are inherent The Physitian treats of efficient cause The causes of diseases are fourfold The proximate The remote the end also is not since they arise from the want of perfection and therefore Physitians when they handle the cause of diseases understand the efficient cause onely But Efficient causes of Diseases are considered either in respect had to a disease and a body or absolutely and as they are things which can take upon them the nature of mortifique causes If causes as they are referred to a disease or its effects they are considered thus first one cause is proximate and immediate another remote The proximate is that cause betwixt which and the disease nothing intercedes The remote is that betwixt which and the disease there comes another neerer cause The proximate since nothing can come to pass without a cause is in all diseases but the 〈◊〉 is not so Secondly since that of those causes which conduce to the generation of a disease and indeed such as some matter doth exeite Containing some are neerer others more remote and oftentimes there is a long rank of them Physicians call some causes containing others antecedent others primitive A cause containing which is also named consummative Containing is that which proximately adheres to a disease in a body and cherisheth it and which being put the disease is being taken away the disease is taken away so a stone is the cause containing of obstruction of the bladder A humour in a turnour is the cause of increasing of Magnitude but a cause containing and immediate is not absolutely the same for as much as all diseases have a proximate cause since nothing can be done without a cause but they have not all the cause containing namely thesâ— oke of a sword is the proximate cause of a wound but not the cause containing And those diseases only have a cause containing which are joyned with matter and are cherished by it as tumours obstructions putrid Feavers Yet you are here to be admonished that these things which are here spoken of a cause containing as also of the differences of other causes are all spoken of in respect of a disease defined by Galen per dispositionem or casually as they say for in respect or this not all but some diseases only have a cause containing But if a disease be defined formally and through impotency all diseases whatsoever have a cause containing namely some vitious dispâ—sition of body The antedent The antecedent causes are certain dispositions lying hid in the body which go before a disease and out of which a disease may arise For although that be most properly called a cause which doth now act yet Physitians call those things causes which as yet produce not any disease so that they may produce them Antecedent causes are defined not by the act but by the power of effecting so some vitious humour which lyeth lurking in the body produceth not a disease as yet yet it may gonerate one The primitive How causes differ The manifest evident The manifest externall that is called the antecedent cause thereof The primitive causes which anciently they called Prophasis are such as move the antecedent in a body and give occasion that they may become proximate causes such are watchings cares ange too much exercise and motion and such like But primitive causes and evident are not the same for every Proâ—atarcktick is evident or manifest but every evident and manifest is not a Primitive as a sword is the evident cause of a wound but not the primary for an evident or manifest cause is whatsoever produceth a disease in a manifest manner whether it be immediate or remote but the primitive can never be the proximate but alwayes requires preceding preparation of the body and a neerer cause in the body which it may move Nor is the primitive cause the same with the external for externall is only in respect of the body and every thing which is without the body after what manner soever it produceth a disease it is called an externall cause but Primitive is spoken in respect to other causes and is that which stirreth up and moveth the hidden causes of the body either within the body or out of the body whence Sleep Watchings Passions of the mind and other causes which are in the body are named primitive not externall Thirdly Evident causes Occult. some causes are evident others hidden and obscure evident and manifest are such as are obvious to the senses neither is there need of any other signes to know them by Occult and hidden are such as lurk in the body and require signes to be known by Fourthly Internall Externall some causes are internall others externall internall are such as are within the body externall are such as are without the body Fifthly Perse By accident some causes are by themselves others by accident Causes by themselves are such as produce dieases by their own proper force and violence and not by the assistance of other causes so fire heateth water cooleth A cause by accident is when it performs ought by the intervening of another cause and not by its own force so cold water by accident is the cause of heat whilst by its binding and closing the pores of the skin the hot exhalations are detained within which otherwise would evaporate by insensible transpiration Also some causes are common Common Proper Positive as Air Meat and drink when many use them in one place others are proper which are peculiar to certain men Lastly some causes are positive others privative positive are such as by their presence produce an effect like themselves Privative after which sort water cooleth Privative are such as by their absence produce an effect like themselves so heat returning to the internall parts and leaving the externall is the cause of
refrigeration of the outward parts CHAP. II. Of things which are the Causes of a Disease and first of Non-naturals MOreover the efficient causes of Diseases considered absolutly or as they are such all things are the causes of Diseases which can hurt the natural constitution and turn it into a preternatural and such things are either without the body or within it Things that are without our bodies are either necessary External Causes and to be suffered by all and none can avoid them or not necessary but may be avoided Of the first sort are those things called non-naturals and are in number six Air Meat and Drink Necessary Unnecessary Non-natural things Sleeping and Waking Exercise and Rest Repletion and Inanination and the Passions of the Mind whereof the four latter are rather to be called evident then external Things befalling us not necessary are those that wound us knock us or in such like manner hurt our bodies which befall us by chance which are not included within a certain number But both those as well necessary as unnecessary Four ranks of things non-natural Those which are taken Which are carried may be reduced to four heads those things which are taken in those which are carried those that are put out and retained and lastly those that befal us externally Under the notion of those things which are taken are comprehended Air by breathing Meat and Drink and Medicine inwardly taken By those things that are carried about we comprehend all the motions of the body and mind of what kind soever such as the perturbations of the minde anger griefe joy sleep waking rubbing the body navigation the course of our lives and such like By Excretion and Retention is understood whatever is thrown out of the body such are the Ordure Urine Which are retained and rejected all sorts of Humors Seed Menstruis for these as those that are emitted alter the constitution of the body belong to those which are called Excretions and the same when they are deteined are referred to Retentions Moreover those things that externally happen to us Those which happen outwardly comprehend them that encompasse us as the Air Baths and those things that are applyed to our bodies as Garments and Coverings Oyls Unctions and such like Lastly those things that by force and impulsion befal us as Wounds Contusions and such like but since there is no certain number of them we will onely speak of non-naturals as they are the causes of Diseases First from the air is made a great alteration Air. as being that wherin we continually live and without which we cannot live a moment for it alters us in a twofold manner namely as we draw it in by breathing and as it encompasseth us and by the Pores penetrates us and communicates that distemper which it hath to our bodies The effect of hot Air. for the hot Air heats our bodies dissolvâ— humours melts attenuates increaseth choler and whets inflames the spirits so begets hot Diseases for by calling forth and dissipating the natural heat it weakens the concoction The cold Air Of Cold. Of moist on the contrary cooleth condenseth closeth the Pores thickens the humours The moist moistens the body hapeth up superfluous humours drives out the natural heat generates crude distillations especially joyned with cold But if joyned with heat Of dry it is the greatest cause of putrefaction Dry Air dries our bodies and being joyned with heat burns them First the constitution of the Air depends upon the season of the year The constitution of the Seasons of the year Of Wind and of Situation Pestilent Air. whereof the Spring is temperate the Summer hot and dry Autumn cold and dry Winter cold and moist and hence several Diseases happen at the several seasons of the year of which Hypocrates in the third of his Aphorismes 4 5 6.7 8 9.10 11 12 13 14 15 16 20 21 22 23. The winds also conduce to the alteration of Air so do Countries and Situations of which Hypocrates 3. Aphorisme 15 17. And in his Book of Air Water and Places and it doth not onely affect our bodies with primary qualities but impresseth in us a malignant and pestilent disposition if it be infected therewith and can communicate to us those effects which it hath and so excite malignant and epidemical Diseases in us of which is spoken in the doctrine of malignant and pestilent Fevers Secondly Meat and Drink It offends in quantity Meat and Drink if either it be taken in too great measure or be unwholsome or if any fault be committed in the taking of it may be the occasion of many diseases Dyet then offendeth in quantity manner of taking it and quality for if too great a quantity of meat stuff the stomach it cannot be well concocted but sendeth aboundance of vapours to the braine which offend it and is the cause of divers fluxes of Rhumes and when the error of the first concoction is not corrected in the second that Crudity is the occasion of many Diseases which arise afterwards in the whole body and as an immoderate quantity of meat and drink is the occasion of many Diseases So the want of them is hurtful for thereby the good humours of the body are wasted and the body dryed 1. Aphor. 14. In an impure body it stirs up ill humours Manner of using whence divers parts are ill affected for it is hurtful to eat meat whilest any is unconcocted in the stomach variety of meats is also hurtful As for the qualities of meats Quality those which have in them certain qualities by which they can alter our bodies are called medicamental and they are changed into humours of a like qualities with them and in a sound body cause a like distemper and in a sick body may introduce an unlike and contrary distemper to wit if they are contrary to the preternatural distemper but if they agree with it they encrease it Meats differ not onely in the first qualities but also in others nay in the whole substance some thick others thin some much others little some cause good Asiment some bad of which Galen in his books of the faculties of the Aliments and in his book of good and evil Juice treateth and we shall speak more in our fourth Book Thirdly sleeping and waking moderately preserve health Sleeping and waking immoderately destroy it 2. Aphor. 3. For too much sleep hindreth the natural evacuations and excrements and dulls the heat of the body and so is the occasion of cold diseases and principally of Distillations On the other side too much waking dissipates the Spirits dryes the body and whilest the humours are kindled and become adust they are of themselves the causes of hot distempers and whilest they dissipate the Spirits the native heat is weakned and the radical moisture is consumed and by accident are the causes of cold diseases Fourthly there is the same reason of exercise
and rest Exercise for idlenesse and too much rest fills the body with Excrements dulls the native heat and renders the body slow and feeble on the other side too much exercise dissipates the Spirits consumes the body and by consequence cooles the whole body hinders concoction the veins and vessels often break stirs up untimely humours heats them and causeth fevers and especially if the body be full of vitious humours they being stirred are carried through the whole body and stir up fevers and other distempers and symptomes Fifthly Passions of the mind the affections of the mind make great alterations in the body in anger the Blood and Spirits become extream hot and are hurried to the external parts from the internal whence they inflame the whole body and often kindle Fevers and raise other Symptomes Too much joy may so dissipate the Spirits that it is observed one may die therewith in fear and trembling the Spirits and heat desert the exteriour parts and fly to the heart and suffocate the heart sorrow by degrees dissolveth the Spirits cooleth the Body dryes spoils concoction causes watchings and begets melancholly diseases Lastly Excretions and retentions those things that are reteined in and sent out of our bodies are the causes of Diseases for if the profitable humors be untimely sent out it debilitates the body and consumes it but if the excrements are retained diseases are bred that are like unto them CHAP. III. Of the internal causes of Diseases and first of fulnesse of Blood INternal things which are the causes of diseases Internal things the causes of diseases either are generated in the body according to nature or are found in the bedy contrary to nature those which are generated according to nature are those three of Hypocrates conteining conteined and doing violence or as others would have it solid humid and spirituous those are called preternatural humours which are found in the body contrary to nature as stones gravel wormes and all things that are generated in the body differing from natural whereunto belongeth those things that are sent into the body and there stick and remain as darts bullets of lead and such like But these things are made to be the causes of diseases How many wayes either as they are in their whole kind contrary to nature or as they offend in qùantity quality motion or place The fault of humours in Specie is divided into Plethorick and Cacochimick The fault of humors twofold Plethorie for humours are either apt to nourish the bedy or not fit plenty of the one â—s called Plethorick of the other Cacochimick for Plethory is when blood and humours profitable for the nourishment of the body abound Plethorie towfold To the vessels To the strength and are beyond mediocrity This plenitude is twofold either as to the vessels when blood so abounds as that the vessels wherein it is contained are stretched beyond their ordinary bigness the other as to the strength when there is more blood then the strength can bear to which Horatius Augenius adds this mixt of them both to wit when there is so great plenty of blood as stretcheth and extendeth the veins and so great pains that the strength cannot bear it Chacochimy is an excesse of other humours besides blood Chachochimy namely when natural excrementious humours offend in plenty or preternatural excrementious humours abound and whilest either these or those putrifie and bring in a strange nature The seat of Plethory and Chacochimy Both pure and spurious Pure Plethory Pure Chacochimy Spurious The causes of Plethory The seat of Plethory is only in the veins but Chacochimy is not onely in the veins but also out of them and in the whole body or some parts especially the bowels But sometimes Plethory and Chacochimy are mixed whence both are divided into spurious and legitimate pure Plethory is when there is too great plenty of pure blood and humours without any vitious ones Pure Chacochimy is when there is too great plenty of ill humours and no good blood with them but when good juyce aboundeth and ill humours are mixed therewith it is called a spurious Plethory or Chacochimy according as blood and ill humours do more or lesse abound There are many causes of Plethory as plenty of Dyet supplies matter to cause it nourishment of good juyce and great plenty of such nourishment the Efficient causes are Constitution of the Body and principally of the Heart and Liver hot and moist and youthful age which may be occasioned in the Spring time and a temperate constitution of the Air idlenesse moderate sleep a life without care and paines suppression of accustomary evacuations of blood Chacochimy according to the variety of excrementitious humours is manifold The kinds of Chacochimy for sometimes phlegm sometimes choller sometimes melancholly and adust melancholly and sometimes serous humours abound of which humorsthere are again various differences CHAP. IV. Of Phlegm THere are divers kinds of Phlegm which are commonly divided into natural and preternatural The kinds of Phlegm Natural Phlegm Natural is a cold and moist juyce or blood not perfectly concocted but if we rightly observe the matter this humour is not properly to be reckoned amongst the excrementitious humours because the blood is crude and may be turned into the aliment of the parts Of the preternatural Phlegm there are four kinds unsavory The kinds of preternatural Plegm Unsavory sharp vitreous salt Unsavory Phlegm peculiarly and principally may be called a Crude Humour which for want of concoction hath not acquired that perfection which it ought in the stomach and therefore can no where in mans body be turned into good substance Acride Phlegm is also crude and called so from the taste it relishes of to them that void it Acride and proceeds from the defect of heat These two kinds proceed from the same causes which according to greater or lesser power they have of introducing coldness and crudity so sometimes this sometimes that kind is generated such are cold meates hard to be digested too great plenty of meat and drink and taken at unseasonable times a cold constitution of the stomach and the adjacent intrails which way soever occasioned Salt Phlegm Salt so called from the savour and is occasioned by the mixture of a serous humidity and a salt with Phlegm whence it is not simply cold but mixed with heat and drinesse and as there is more or lesse of the salt humour mixed so is it more or lesse hot Lastly Vitreous Phlegm is vitreous so called by Praxagorus because in substance and colour it somewhat doth resemble melted glasse this is exceeding cold clammy and thick CHAP. V. Of Choller CHoller is threefold The kinds of Choller Alimentary Natural and Contrary to Nature but the first is not an Excrement but the hotter and dryer part of the Masse of Blood of a different nature from that which is in
and hence venenate humours bred of poyson and poysonous matter do not seem so properly to be referred to Choller Phlegm Melancholly although in colour it seems to have some affinity with some of these yet their nature is far different and therefore are to be described by their Powers Hyppocratically The Melancholly humour explained Lastly of the Melancholly and black humour It is to be noted that by it selfe it is thick earthy feculent or salt and for the most part 't is so much moystened by many serous and watery humours that it becomes like unto Lee which consist of watery adust and salt parts and therefore it is called by some Water CHAP. IX Of the generation of Stones and Worms BEsides Wormes there are other things found and generated in the body Stones which are the causes of diseases as stones and worms that Stones for the most part are generated in all bodies experience and the observations of Physitians do manifest They are generated of feculent matter earthy slimy muddy and of moisture apt to putrifie which when the passages are straiter and narrower in the body sticks and of its own accord tends to coagulation and concretion Wormes also may be generated in most parts of the body Worms out of corrupt and putred matter containing in it Seed or some proportionable principle to Seed namely some vital principle CHAP. X. Of the causes of Diseases of Intemperature without Matter HItherto we have explained the causes of Diseases general The eauses of hot distemoen now we will handle them severally And First for Diseases of Intemperature Galen accounts five sorts of Diseases of distemperature by heat Motion of the body and mind Exercise which causes heat by too much stirring of the humours and spirits Putrefaction which is the cause of heat because in putrefaction the internal heat Putrefaction is called forth by the external and being outward is more sensibly hot Hot things touching our body The proximity of a hot thing and impressing their qualities on our bodies Costivenesse of body and Retention of the hot steeme which should passe through our Pores Lastly mixture with some hot thing or hot things taken into our bodies as Air Meat Drink hot Medicines Galen in his fourth Book of the Causes of Diseases of Distemperature by cold Costiveness reckons these The presence of cold things the quantity and quality of meats and drinks condenseing rarifying Mixtures of a hot thing Causes of a cold distemper idleness and immoderate exercise all which and if there be any other may conveniently be reduced into four ranks For whatsoever brings a cold distemper to the body do it either by altering and by its proper force cooling the body such are cold things whether outwardly applyed to the body or taken inwardly or suffocating the innate heat such are those things that prohibit the ventilation and blowing of the fuliginous vapours or extinguish the heat by their too great aboundance Dissipation or dissipate the same by overmuch exercise of the body or mind a hot constitution of Air and such like or through want of food which poverty may occasion or by letting too much blood Hence it is manifest that the causes of hot Distempers when they are in excesse become the causes of cold Distempers Drawing away food Moist by dissipating extinguishing or suffocating the innate heat The causes of overmoist Distempers may be reduced unto two the proximity to moist things or those things that hinder transpitation and so retain the cold steem of the body Dry distemper is occasioned by the contrary causes to wit Dry by alteration of drying things and want of aliment Compound distempers are from compound causes Of compound distempers and if the causes of simple distempers are joyned together there ariseth a compound distemper yet complication of causes is not always necessary for production of compound distempers since there are many causes which have in them double qualities which therefore if they have equal strength and force cause a compound distemper so that the body be so disposed as it be fit to receive the actions of them both alike CHAP. XI Of the causes of distemper with matter SInce every humour hath its peculiar Temperature The causes of distemper with matter and communicates it and impresseth the part which it adheres to The blood which is hot and moist heats and moistens yellow Choller which is hot and dry heats and dryes Phlegm which is cold and moist causeth a cold and moist distemper Melancholly which is cold and dry causeth a cold and dry distemper The matter which is the cause of distemper in the affected A collection of matter either is collected by degrees or else falls on it on a suddain 'T is collected either through the error of the Aliment or default of the part through the fault of the part it is collected when either the faculty of concoction is weak and doth not rightly elaborate the Aliment and from thence causes excrements which either the expulsive faculty can expel or the weaknesse of expulsion is such that it cannot expel that too great quantity or some disease of conformation and straitnesse of the passages suffers not the Excrements to be cost forth But by default of the Aliment the matter is collected when that is not good but such by reason whereof great store of excrements are generated or slimy and viscious humours are produced that the expulsive faculty cannot expel them A flux is either when humours are drawn to a part A flux made by drawing or sent to a part Attraction is principally through heat and pain not because they draw but because they afford occasion for humours to flow to the part to which you may adde for the supply of vacuity But humours flow to the parts affected Transmismission though they are not drawn for two reasons first because the humours collected in the vessels by their own violence begin to flow into some part according to its situation and its respect to the vessels Secondly because the parts which have strong expulsive power tire or decay in their strength or quality or being burthened with plenty of humours unlade themselves and lend that which is troublesome to another part either the whole body sends forth vencmous humours or else some parts Yet that there be made a flux there is required not onely the part flowing but the part receiving which is either weak or apt and disposed to receive fluxions CHAP. XII Of the causes of Diseases of the whole substance DIseases of the whole Body Causes of diseases of the whole substance or of Occult qualities which are in the similar parts besides diseases of intemperature are all produced from causes of the whole substance or acting in a hidden manner such are all venomous malignant things and such as act in a hidden manner Of such causes some are produced in the Body
some happen to it from without Those which are in the body are humours and excrements Internal if they contein in them malignant and venomous qualities as putrified Blood Seed and other corrupt humours As for external causes External First venomous and malignant Aire Secondly Virulent and contagious Diseases Thirdly Poyson drunk or after what manner soever taken into the Body Fourthly Poysons which come by the smitings or bitings of venomous creatures or some other way communicated to the body externally Venom is either generated in the Air or else the Air receives it from some other thing Aire It receives it from some other thing by malignant exhalations and vapours from Cattel Marish grounds dead Carkasses and other such like exhalations Poyson is generated in the Aire by reason of its hot and moist constitution or the occult influences of stars Contagion is a Granary or if you please Contagion an Affect contrary to nature which is communicated to another body from a body affected likewise contrary to nature This Infection is twofold either by touch when the body which is infected toucheth that body which is next to it or at distance when a body far distant from another by that which it emits it infects the distant body Poysons taken into the body are either Plants Poysons taken Poysons from without or living Creatures or Minerals or poysonous Metals Poysons which happen externally to the body are the biting of venomous Creatures Stroakes Exhalations or venomous Unguents and Powders CHAP. XII Of the causes of Organick Diseases NOw for the causes of Organick Diseases and first the figure of Conformation is vitiated either by it selfe or by accident By it selfe it is vitiated first in the womb The causes of the figure vitiated through some error of the formative faculty Secondly out of the womb through violent motion either of those things that happen externally or those which are with us or in us or by the errors of our Midwives Nurses or Chyrurgions Thirdly by too great repletion and encrease and on the contrary by Inanition or Defect of Aliment and lesning the due magnitude or in default in number By accident the figure is hurt when any parts grow not as they ought but another way through loosening of Nerves Convulsion Inflammation or swelling a Scyrrhus or hard bunch on the Liver the cutting of a Nerve or Tendon or by some hard skin growing in them Moreover to what belongs to Diseases in the Channels of the Body Diseases in the Channel are either in excesse or defect Diseases of the passages in excesse the passages are too much dilated by something filling them contrary to nature and stretching them sometimes too much But straitness of the passages is either from our first formation when our stomachs are narrower then they ought or by repletion or when in an Empyema an Impostumation or Ulcer is generated in the brest and there broken and flowes and makes it narrower or whilest a stone groweth in some hollow part or by compressure when from what cause soever a hollow member lying under its Cavity is pressed too close or by the closing of its outsides or by constriction when by too much use of binding things the stomach is contracted Diseases of the passages since they are in excess or in defect The causes of Diseases of passages Anastomasis Diaresis An Anastomasis is caused first by the too great quantity or the quality of humours initating the expulsive faculty or the mouth of the vessels opening themselves moreover sometimes by Medicines and other things which have power to relax and loosen the mouths of the vessels A Devision is made by some gnawing or cutting cause such may be sharp humours or fretting Medicines either stretching them too much as too great store of humours Diapedesis or else breaking them as violent motion clamours heavy burthens knocking An opening the Tunicles of the vessels is by moistning and rarefying things The causes of defect and straitnesse of passages Obstruction Constipation Coalescence Compression The causes of the defect of passages or of narrownesse of them are five Obstruction Constipation Cealescence Compressure Subsidence The cause of obstruction is first that which is conteined in a passage and is not generated for such are thick or viscide humours clots of blood quitture hard dung stones worms and too great abouncance of humours The cause of Constipation is hard flesh as when there is a Tumour the flesh growes in the passage Coalescence is caused when after a wound the walls of the passages grow together Compression is made by things externally hapning which have power by weight and violence or otherwise to pâ—esse the passages and have strength to force them inward as divers tumours and bones out of joynt are amongst the internal causes amongst the external Bones Conâ—usions Stroakes and such like Subsidence Subsidence is when the outsides of the passages by too much moisture are made looser then they ought to which some adde Constriction by cooling and astringent things The causes of Diseases on the outside The causes of Diseases in the Superficies or extremities of the body are such as make it rough or smooth rugged things make it rough so does gnawing things and such as dry overmuch as sharp humours and medicines endued with such qualities sharp vapours Wind Smoak sharp Meates things endued with contrary qualities make the body smooth Moistâ—ning things make the body soft contrary to nature drying things make it harder the mixture of black humours and such as give a tincture spoyles the clearnesse of complexion The cause of Diseases of defect Causes of Diseases in number in number are either from a mans birth namely defect of matter or imbecillity of the faculty drawing matter being not able to retain and elaborate the same or error of formation Or else after one is born by outting burning gnawing putrefying and too much cooling either natural things abound contrary to nature and that from our beginning the cause whereof is either too great plenty of profitable matter and the strength and error of the formative faculty or after our birth as is a Membrane a Tubercle the cause whereof is plenty of good matter and by it occasion is given of breeding an Ulcer or somewhat contrary to nature aboundeth as Warts Stones and such like the cause whereof is peccant matter Magnitude is encreased contrary to nature Of Magnitude encreased either according to some dimensions only or according to all First it is encreased by things contrary to nature as by wind as in a Timpany and a windy Tumour or by water as in a Dropsie or by the falling of one part into another as when one is bursten Augmentation is made according to all the dimensions by the spreading of humours over all the substance of the body which comes to passe either by reason of profitable humours which happens to fat people and
grinding of the Teeth Strabismes a Convulsion of the Muscles of the Eye To these belong Convulsive Motions Convulsive motions wherein is made a Contraction of the Muscle towards his beginning but continues not in one difference of Location but it happens with various concussions and agitations of the Member as in an Epelepsie Sometimes also a Palsie and a Spasme are complicate A Palsie Cramp Complicate Voice hurt so that by changes and turnes they afflict and so the part is sometimes contracted and sometimes dilated Hitherto is to be referred the error of the voice which either is abolished as in Aphonia or dumbnesse or diminished as in an inward and obscure or small and low voice or it is depraved being broken in a shrill sharp hoarse or trembling voice The speech also is hurt Hurt of speech which is either taken away as in those which are called mute or else it is difficult as in those who pronounce certain Letters especially R with great difficulty or it is depraved as in those who in speaking now stop and anon precipitate their speech which evil the Greeks call Traulates and Psellotes the English Stammering Amongst these errors of Motion those Symptomes are to be reckoned wherein the natural expulsive Motion being stimulated by a preternatural cause ariseth up to expel it cannot perform motion without the help of the animal vertue and Organ such as are a cough sneezing yawning quaking stretching A Cough is a depraved motion A Cough and vehement efflation occasioned from the sudden constriction of the Lungs and Brest whereby that may be expelled which was troublesome and be sent forth by the instruments of breathing Sneezing is a motion of the Muscles primarily of the Brain Sneezing secondarily of the Brest and inferiour Muscles whereby that may be expelled which is troublesome to the Brain Yawning or Gaping Yawning is that motion whereby nature endeavours to expel the flatuous vapours by breathing them out of the mouth Stretching is a distention of the members in the whole Body Stretching discussing the vapours in them Shaking fits that is a concussion of the skin of the whole body Horror to shake off some troublesome thing Cold fits that is a shaking of the whole body Cold fits to put off that which offends it CHAP. IX Of the Symptomes wherein all or most part of the animal actions are hurt BUt sometimes it happens that either all or most of the animal functions are offended together amongst these Symptomes a Vertigo is the first the Greek Dinos and Iliggos A Vertigo 't is such a mischief and depravation of the imagination sometimes of the common sense that all things seem to run round in a circle and for the most part the motion is so hurt that a man falls down Sometimes the external senses are affected likewise which if it happen at the same time the eyes are obscured by a fuliginous mist the Greeks call it Scotoma and Scotodinos i. e. a shady disease Sometimes the hearing is somewhat depraved or some certain swimming ariseth or some other senses are affected Moreover an Incubus or a riding of the Mare An Incubus or an hindrance of breathing and interruption of speech and hindrance of motion as it were an oppression of the body with a false dream of a weight lying upon the brest A Lethargy which is a perpetual desire of sleeping A Lethargy with a giddinesse of the head with forgetfulnesse of all things or it is a continual Delirium with a weak Fever heavinesse to sleep and destruction of memory A Carus which is a profound or dead sleep A Carus wherein the sick hear not and being pricked scarce perceive it or a deep sleep with diminution or taking away of sense motion and imagination the breathing being gone A Catoch A Catoch or Catolepsis is a Diminution of the principal functions or external senses especially of feeling and voluntary motion by abolition or 't is a sudden apprehending whereby those which are affected being stiff remain in the same place and gesture of body as they were in when they were taken and opening and not moving their eyes they neither see nor hear nor perceive the breath and pulse onely remaining safe An Epelepsie is an ablation of the principal actions An Epelepsie An imperfect Epelepsie and of sense and voluntary motion with a preternatural Convulsion or Convulsive motion of the whole body To the Epelepsie also are referred certain Diseases as it were smal Epelepsies wherein the sick are not velified in the whol body neither do they fall down but some parts onely are twitched as either the head is shaken or the eyes are drawn or the hands and feet are snatched this way and that way or the hands are held shut or the diseased is turned round or runs up and down and in the mean time speaks nothing hears nothing perceives nothing Lastly An Apoplexie an Apoplexy which is an abolition of all animal actions to wit of motion and sense in which the whole body with the hurt of the principal faculty of the mind respiration after a sort being safe CHAP. X. Of the Symptome of the changeable qualities of the Body THe second kind of Symptomes are those which consist in a simple affect of the body The difference of qualities changed or the qualities of the body changed namely when some natural quality of the body is changed by reason of which change there follows no hurt of the actions their differences are to be sought out of the number of the external senses The visible qualities changed are colours contrary to nature Colours changed either in the whole body as in the yellow Jaundice or in a Cachochimy or ill habit of the body or in some part as in the Face Tongue an inflammation black Teeth yellow Nailes and such like Smells contrary to nature are changed Smells changed when a man breaths forth an ill smell either out of the whole body or from some part as the Mouth Nose hollow of the Arm-pits or soals of the Feet Tasts or Savours are changed when the spittle Taste changed or any thing else which swims in the Mouth is spit out and gives a sharp salt bitter or other taste but since these qualities are not the parts of the Body but Excrements they may be more fitly referred to the third kind of Symptomes To the fourth belong Tactil qualities onely Change of Tactil quâ—lities as they are contrary to nature and troublesome but do not hinder actions as Heat Cold Softnesse Hardnesse Hoarsenesse To Hearing may be referred sounds warbling crackling grinding of Teeth and such like which are perceived by hearing Lastly hitherto are to be referred common sensible things as Figure Magnitude if they are preternatural and all those things which are spoken of in the Hypocratical Face and are described in his First Booke of Prognosticks CHAP. XI Of the Symptomes
stomach doth not perceive its want of drink as it often comes to passe in Frensies and burning Fevers Again the Thirst is encreased through want Of encreased and drinesse of humours which proceed from those things which have drying faculties and such as consume the primogenial humidity of the stomach such are all drying and heating things as hot humours sharp and salt a hot and dry distemper in the mouth of the stomach proceeding either from the whole which is in Fevers or in some part neer to the stomack which either sends hot and dry vapours and humours to the stomach or by reason of the communion of the Tunicles and Membranes which cover the stomach the orifice of the stomach the Wind-pipe and the neighbouring parts communicating a hot and dâ—y distemper to the Oâ—fice of the stomach external causes which are evident perform the same as those which have a power of heating drying and consuming the humidity in the Oâ—ifice of the Ventricle Vitious thirst is caused by some vitious humour in its whole kinde contrary to nature Vitious thirst sticking in the mouth of the stomach The swal owing is hurt either when the faculty is offended Of swallowing hurt or through some external error and indeed the faculty either natural or animal may be hurt the natural is hurt whilest either the attractive faculty cannot draw meat through the strait fibres of the internal Pannicle into the parts or the expulsive through the Transuerse fibers inserted into the external Tunicle cannot thrust food which is drawn into the mouth of the stomach farther down into the stomach which is caused through the relaxation of the fibers of the Orifice of the stomach by reason of a cold and moist distemper when the matter flows from the head to the chops or by reason of their driness occasioned by some Tumour Ulcer or Excoriation The animal faculty is hindered when the Muscle which is before the gullet either is inflamed which use to be in the Quinsie or 't is contracted either by Convulsion or Palsie it is hindered also by reason of the straitness of the entrance into the stomach which proceeds from divers causes as Tumours in the Throat Relaxation of the Vertebraes of the Neck and Back external things being swallowed as when Fish-bones Pins and other things stick in the mouth of the stomach as also Wormes The swallowing is hindered by some external error when any thing hard dry sharp rough viscid or ungrateful is swallowed The retention of meat swallowed is hindered when it is abolished The causes of Retention of meat hurt diminished or depraved Retention taken away and diminished proceed from the same causes the one from the greater the other from the lesser and this comes to pass if the Retentrix be weak The Oblique fibres loosned by a cold and moist distempers or if any Tumour as an Inflammation or Ulcer be present The cause of windiness in the stomach is windy meats and a stomach not cold enough but the cause of floating with a noise is when the stomach is freed from that which might be turned into wind yet still remaining full of drink or extreamly cooled But the retentive faculty is depraved when the stomach doth not â—ightly infold the meat Of Palpitation and indeed a Palpitation with floating and noise happens through the weakness of retention and thick winds pen'd into the stomach Of Convulsion which arise either from the causes or crudity or from flatulent meat or yellow or black choller spread over the stomach But a constriction and a certain sighing or Hiccock happens when after emptinesse and defect of aliment the stomach too violently contracts it self having newly received meat Tâ—embling is caused by the imbecility of the retentive faculty from a cold distemper and the wait of the meat oppressing Of trembling Of Shaking The cause of abolishing and diminishof concoction in the stomaâ—h Faculty hurt External error and a certain Quavering when the Ventricle is molested by any biting thing especially choller For as much as what belongs to the concoction hurt is either abolished or diminished in the stomach they both proceed from the same causes they onely differ according to Major and Minor and the concoction is hindered either primarily and by it selfe when it cannot do its office withour the hurt of the rest of the faculties Or secondarily and by accident when it is vitiated by the retentive or expulsive faculty For unlesse meat can be retained so long as it ought The concoction cannot be rightly performed The concoction is hurt by its self either when the faculty is hindered or by some external error the faculty being hurt is hindered through some distemper of the stomach from what cause soever ariseth or other diseases of the stomach tumours ulcers and such like which hinder concoction the concoction is hindered through external errors first by reason of Excrements which if they abound in the stomach and offend with cold they are the cause of abolition and diminition thereof Secondly by meats which offend either in quantity or else divers and various kinds are taken or in quality if the meats are cold or hard and clammy and hard to be concocted Thirdly by reason of the time of taking food namely if meat raw betaken before it is boyled Fourthly after the taking of meat if a man watch the whole night or sleep very little or exercise himselfe violently or suffer the passions of the mind The corruption of meat is two-fold the one nitrous Depraved the other acide the nitrous hath its beginning from a hot distemper of the stomach the chollerick excrements being collected in the ventricle by hot aliments which are obnoxious to corruptions such as are sharp oyly pinguious things Milk Mushrooms garden Fruit and such like but crudity produceth acidity through the cold distempers abounding with cold aliments cold pituitous and melancholy humours in the stomach We have said the Symptomes of the expulsive faculty of the stomach are Hiccock Loathing Vomiting Choller Belching The immediate cause of Hiccock is something troublesome to the superiour part of the stomach Hiccock especially to the Orifice thereof which it endeavours by that motion to put away and expell but the causes which trouble the stomack on this manner are either in the Stomach it selfe or in the parts which can draw the Ventricle by consent The cause of Hiccock in the Stomach it selfe is matter either oppessing by its plenty or offending in quality as sharp meats and biting and such like humours sharp medicines malignant and foul vapours either generated in the stomach or sent thither from elsewhere Worms an immoderate cold distemper and those things which outwardly press the stomach which may happen by the pressing and bending the extremities of the ribs to the stomach But Hiccock by consent happens when the nerves of the sixth conjugation suffer together in an inflammation and percussion of the braine as also
inflammations of the Midriff the Eungs the Liver the Gutflion Loathing and Vomiting have their rise from the same causes differing according to Major and Minor Causes of loathing and vomiting either in the stomach it selfe ill affected and weak or from something contrary to nature tearing the stomach The stomach is ill affected by a cold and moist distemper or by conformation thereof or by a certain native straitnesse thereof by reason of drynesse and leannesse swelling an Ulcer whereunto belongs frequent vomiting which indeed it selfe disposeth the stomach to more frequent vomiting as also the shutting of the inferiour Orifice of the Ventricle by some tumour as an obstruction also of the Guts and mesentary and inverted motion of the fibres of the Guts The diseases called the Chollick and Stone by the communion of the Membranes and lastly wounds and hurts of the Braine and its Membranes But the matter which Irrirates the stomach to expel either loading it with its plenty or twitching it with its sharpnesse or moilifying the superior Orifice or by stimulating it with a malignant quality it doth it whether it be meat and drink or medicines poysons worms blood quitture choller effused into the stomach which happens to those which have a vitious implantation of the Pores or the Vessel that carries the Choller into the bottom of the stomach The evident external causes are too much exercise of the body and the sight of loathsome things The cause of Choller is offensive Moist Choller and sharp matter irritating the expulsive faculty of the stomach by its plenty and its quality to expulsion and stimulating it to evacuate upwards and downwards Such is Choller collected about the Liver Pancreas and parts adjacent also sharp adust humours salt nitrous and other peccant humours bred of corrupt food as Mushrooms Garden-fruits and such like strong purging Medicines and Poysons do the same and stir up this matter As for the difference betwixt the other Choller and this Dry Choller which we have newly explained that is dry this is moist the cause is a flatuous and sharp spirit stirred up by yellow black and adust Choller spread over the stomach Belching is occasioned by thick and fuming vapours breaking out upward and stimulating the stomach to expulsion Belching Concerning a loosenesse Alientary and Celiack affects the causes of a Lyentary and Coeliack affects are for the most part the same differing onely in magnitude And in this also that a Coeliack is rather a Disease of the Guts then of the Stomach although its name seems to signifie otherwise For in a Lyentary as hath been said the meat is cast forth crude In a Coeliack the Chyle is ejected contrary to nature and therefore the cause of a Lyentary is the hurting of the retentive faculty of the Ventricle and Intestines by reason whereof the meat before it be perfectly concocted descends into the Guts and is cast out And indeed in a Lyentary the retentive faculty of the stomach is principally hurt Nor can it be that meat unconcocted can be cast forth out of the Panch unless it be sent too soon into the Guts by reason of some fault of the retentive faculty of the stomach but the Coeliack is occasioned rather by some hurt of the retentive faculty of the Intestines because Chyle generated in the stomach ought to remain some time in the Guts that it might there be in some manner elaborated and be conveniently drawn by the meseraik veines and the ordure should be throughly elaborated If the retentive faculty of the Intestines be hurt all these things cannot be performed but the Chyle untimely and in some as measure crude is cast out of the Panch but the retentive faculty of the Stomach and Guts is hurt either of its selfe or by accident of it selfe through a cold and moist distemper and that either alone or joyned with a phlegmatick humour as also by cicatrising after a disentary and the immoderate use of fat things and such as cause Lubricity By accident it is hurt when the expultrix being stirr'd up exceedingly drives the meat presently downward by reason of the ulcerous disposition of the Stomach and Guts caused by biting and sharp humours sometimes also by a hidden quality or from hurtful and poisonous meats or ill disposition of air A Diarhaea proceeds from the expultrix of the Guts stirr'd up by plenty of humours A Diarhaea crudity or pravity whether they proceed from corruption in the stomach and guts or flow from the wholebody or any part to the guts from what cause soever they are generated and collected The more remote causâ—s of Diarhae a are imbecility of concoction and distribution through the distemper of the stomach and parts adjacent ill diet untemperate air omitting exercises of the body or taking a strong purge The cause of a Dysentery improperly so called or of voiding of blood without exulceration of the Guts are the opening of the mouths of the Mesentary Veines A Dysentary either by too great plenty of this blood or by crudity by reason of the concoction of the Liver or being retained too long in the Liver Veines and by a burning with a preternatural heat But as for Dysentery properly called the causes are sharp and biting humours whether they flow from the whole or from some part to the Guts or are generated in them and are peculiarly troublesome to them of which kind also are sharp gnawing drugs â—speciplly violent purges sharp quitture and poysons A Tenesmus or desire to go to stoole and cannot void any thing but blood A Tenesm comes for the most part from the same cause yet principally salt phlegm and a sharp humour clammy thick closely sticking to the skin of the Gut called Rectum The Belly on the contrary is suppressed either because the expulsive faculty of the Intestines is hurt Suppression of the helly or because the Muscles of the belly do not help to expel or because the ordure doth not stimulate or because the Guts are not alwayes sensible of pricking and stirring up the expulsive faculty doth not expel either because it is hurt or frustrated by some external error or fault in the object 'T is hurt either because it is weakened by a cold and dry distemper or it is hindered by the strength and driness of the retentive faculty or by the narrownesse of the Guts which proceed first from astringent and drying things Secondly from their inflammation or a Tumor bred in them Thirdly from growing together especially of the Fundament Fourthly from the going out and turning of them which happens in a Rupture Fifthly from obstruction by reason of the hardnesse of the siedge Worms Stones viscous Phlegm Sixthly from the Muscles refrigerated and straitned shutting the Gut Rectum The belly is supprest through default of the object when the Ordure is too thick viscid and hard the Muscles of the Panch do not help to expel either because they are
weak or because they or the parts under them endure pain the Ordure doth not stimulate when either there is but little or when there is no mordication or it hath no sharpnesse or by reason of eating of cold meats or because yellow Choller is not mingled therewith The Guts are not sensible of stimulation either because their preception is dull or becavse through long retention they are accustomed to and become familiar with the Ordure or because they are stopt with phlegm The Illiack passion hath its original from the inverted motion of the fibres of the Intestines Illiack which proceed from some inflammation or obstruction from hard dung or from a Rupture or from Exulceration or a Canker or from a high flowing of humours Moreover for what belongs to elaboration of blood Sanguification hurt that is hindered either primarily and by its selfe or secondarily and by accident Primarily it is offended either when the faculty is hindered or by some external accident when the faculty is offended 't is done by reason of some diseases of the Liver distemper by reason of which alone without any other manifest disease of the Liver those which are troubled with its imbecility are called Hepaticks obstructions tumors ulcers But it is hurt by some external error when either the Chyle is not rightly elaborated in the stomach or when it is throughly elaborated some peccant matter is mingled therewith Secondarily or by accident it is hurt either when the attractive faculty is hindered by reason of diseases of the Liver or obstâ—uction of the Mesentary or because the retentive faculty in like manner is hindered through some disease of the Liver and especially through its moist distemper opening and gnawing of the ressels and thinnesse of Chyle or by the expulsive faculty principally by cold distemper and obstructions of the gibbous parts of the Liver by reason whereof the blood cannot be distributed But as for the Symptomes which happen in making of Urine The cause of an Iscury and of little Uria the first is an Iscury or suppression of Urine and making of lesse Urine 't is properly to called when the Urine is in the Bladder and is not ejected or very little is cast ouâ— which Symptomes arise from the same causes differing only according to Major and Minor but the Urine is suppressed or little is made because the xepulsive faculty is either hurt and weakened or hindered It is hurt whilest either the sensitive faculty oâ— the Bladder being hurt doth not perceive the pricking of the Urine namely when the proper Nerves of the Bladder are affected either by some stroak sliding loosening of the Vertebraes in that part wounds of the spinal Marrow and Tumors as also stupefactive Medicines being applied thereto or it may happen when the expulsive faculty is hurt and the transverse fibres of the Bladder appointed for expulsion or affected with some cold moist distemper or are extended over much that they lose their tune or note so that afterwards they cannot be contracted which comes to passe when the Urine is too long retained or the Muscles which help and assist the Bladder to expel Urine are affected so that they cannot be contracted But the expulsive faculty is hindered whilest the Neck of the Bladder and Urinary Passages are not open and is either stopt by a little Flesh or Callous Substance in the passages or is obstructed by Gravel clotted Blood Quitture or thick humours or it is comprest by a Tumour in compassing the Neck of the Muscle of the Bladder or of the neighbouring parts or it is shut by contracting of the Muscle of the Neck or it is pressed and wreathed by the falling of the Bladder out of its place Urine also is not made when too great plenty thereof is long retained too much dilating the fibres of the Bladder so that afterwards they cannot contract themselves nor cannot squeeze out nor expel Urine which comes to passe either when the Urine mens businesse being urgent of its own accord is retained long or when the pricking of the Urine as is said before is not perceived Lastly Urine is not cast out through its accustomed passage if by some Wound Ulcer Fistula of the Bladder and Urinary passages the Urine which ought to passe through them goes out by a way opened elsewhere There is another Iscury lesse properly so called or suppression of Urine when little or no Urine is sent and comes into the Bladder which happens when the attractive faculty of the Reins is hurt through distemper especially cold or is hindered by obstruction and straitnesse of the emulgent vessels or when the Urine is carried to another place and is cast out of the Panch or by Sweats or is collected in the Panch and stayes in the first passages as in a Dropsie But a Dusury properly so called Difficulty of making Urine or difficulty of making Urine is when the time of making water and the quantity is a little altered yet in the very making water the Urine doth not passe out freely but is made with great striving pain and burning which comes to passe by some fault of the Urinary passage namely whilest it is affected with some Ulcer and is eroded or the Vrine it self being sharp doth it or the passage was formerly ulcerated The cause of a Strangury is either some sharp thing which stimulates nature continually to expel Of a Strangury but because nature is sensible of pain it hinders free emission the Urine is made drop by drop and dribling which is caused by crude Urine unconcocted or having a sharp humour mixt with it by Gravel sticking in the neck of the Bladder or some fault of the Urinary passage whereunto belongs Intemperature of the Bladder and inflammations of the same and of the parts neer thereunto hot humours also exulceration of the neck of the Bladder and Urinary passage Involuntary pissing Of Involuntary pissing which happens both to those that are sleeping and waking is caused for the most part when the contractive power of the Muscle Sphincter of the bladder is taken away which is occasioned by a Palsie proceeding either from a cold and moist distemper of the same or by hurting of the Nerves which come to this Muscle by compression in loosening the turning joynts of the back neer the Hucklebone by a stroak a fall or some tumor or obstruction or by hurting of the same Muscle or certain fibres in cutting the stone of the bladder yet sometimes Urine is made against our wills when the Muscles of the Panch are exceedingly drawn together so that the Urine by reason of their constriction and compression of the belly is as it were forced out of the bladder as also sometimes it happens to those that are great with Child in their last months For the same reason they cannot contain their Urine But if a man contain his Urine waking Of pissing in ones sleep and in his sleep let
blood necessary for the forming of the young be deficient or very little Generation is depraved when the young are very weak or when monsters are generated which comes to passe through the foul Seed of the Father or theâ— imagination of the Mother Lastly Abortion the causes of abortion are either too great bignesse of fruit or defect of necessary nourishment or humours which are contained in the Membranes which when they are broken are poured into the Womb putrifie and become sharp and stimulate the expultrix or by a breaking and loosening of the vessels by which the Child adheres to the Womb. CHAP. II. Of the Causes of the Symptomes of the vital faculty and of the hindrance of respiration THe Symptomes which happen about the vital faculty Causes of the Palpitation of the heart or as hath been said Palpitation of heart swooning and sudden deprivation of the senses the causes of the Palpitation of the heart are first things troublesome to the heart meeting with it which it desires to remove from it namely vapours either in plenty or quality either manifest or occult or both troubling the heart putrid humours sharp hot abundantly rushing into the heart or pressing it also tumours and fleshy excrescencies and callous flesh bred about the heart or Worms molesting it in the Chest thereof moreover some moderate defect of the vital Spirits through want too great evacuations passions of the mind vehement griefe too much exercise which the heart strives by more vehement pulsation to restore and strengthen Thirdly preternatural heat encreased not onely consumes and scatters the Spirits but also enflames them which that nature may restore temperate and coole it appointeth this motion of the heart The causes of Sypothymy are defect and want of vital Spirits Of Sypothymy which either are not generated whether by defect of matter namely of air and blood or the debility of the generative faculty and from disease of the heart or being generated or taken away and destroyed whilest either they are suffocated or dispersed or corrupted by some occult or malignant qualities These causes if they are very grievous produce swooning The changes of Pulses shall be spoken of in their due place Respiration is hurt first when the moving faculty is hurt The cause of Respiration hurt Faculty of Luâ—gs hurt Of the Brest and that either of the Lungs or Brests the faculty of the Lungs is hurt either by its selfe when its temperament is destroyed and the innate heat is deficient as in such as are dying or it is hindered and hurt by accident when the brest by what means soever becomes straiter and the Lungs have not space wherein to dilate themselves The faculty of the Brest is said to be hindered by its self or by accident by its selfe when the animal spirits necessary to motion is wanting or because it decayes as in such as are dying or its influx is not made as in an Apoplexy or it is not received through default of the Nerves carrying the animal Spirits to the Muscles of the Brest and Midriff but 't is hurt by accident when by reason of the pain of the side or parts adjacent or matter and blood contained in the Brest or Wind or Tumours or something in the Panch the Brests and Midriff cannot freely be moved or when the Bowels in the Panch hanging about the Midriffe are obstructed exceedingly and swell so that by their weight between breathing the Midriff suffers not them to move freely Secondly Of Instruments Respiration is hindered by reason of the Organs when there is any Organick Disease or solution of continuity in the Lungs Midriff Muscles of the Brest and Panch the Wind-pipe Thirdly In regard of use when the custome of breathing is changed namely when it is too violent through the fiety heat kindled in the Lungs and Heart Lastly Of Air. Respiration is hindered by reason of the sharpness which we draw in in breathing if it be not fit for cooling and fanning of the heat The difference of an Astma and an Orthopnae The causes of an Astma and shortnesse of breath which are peculiar diseases of shortness of breath is this when a man constantly breaths with great difficulty without a Fever such as do those who after a violent â—ace and exercise stop The immediate cause is straitness of the mouths of the Lungs or the use encreased by reason of the narrowness of the Pipe of the Lungs but that straitness is caused by stoppages or pressure of the Lungs or of the Wind-pipe of the Lungs and both obstruction and compression are caused fiâ—st by thick and viscid humours but sometimes by thin and serous humours but in great plenty Moreover a Crude Tumour or by some swelling or gravel sticking in the â—ungs which cause obstructions when they stick in the Pipe of the Lungs but compression when they are in the substance of the Lungs or its Veins and Arteries This matter sometimes is gathered by little and little through its weaknesse sometimes it flows from elsewhere and most commonly it is thought to flow from the head by the vulgar but to me it seems more probable to flow through the Arterious Veins from the Liver into the Lungs whilest crude humours are generated therein or abound in a venemous kind which even that shews that in an Astma the cough is not alwayes present which neverthelesse perpetually accompanies a Catarrh and because these that are troubled with an Astma have always an ill habit of body and the signs of debility of the Liver A Crude Tumor may consist not onely in the Wind-pipes but without it which when it happens and consisteth about the smooth Arteries yet it presses the rough Arteries and respiration is thereby hurt and the Heart is drawn into consent and an uneven pulse is produced CHAP. III. Of the causes of the Symptomes of the external senses SInce order requires that we speak of the causes of the Symptomes of the Animal faculty first of all the the sight is hurt divers ways by reason of diseases of parts constituting the eyes and the default of the optique and spirits The Tunicle called Cornea which comes in the fiâ—st place since it is transparent and void of colour that it may permit the passing through of visible species if it lose its transparency Faults of the Cornea or be affectd with a stange colour it hinders the sight it loseth its diaphanity if it be thicker and become more dense or be moistned or pustules or little skins cover it It grows thicker and more dense by drying and that either the whole which disease is called Caligo or else some part is become white which is called an Albugo Caligo Albugo which spot if it be perfectly white and darkning so that it permit no passage for visible species and cover the whole Pupil it causeth blindness but if it be not perfectly white nor hinders all the passage
the Optique Spirits where we also conclude the errors of the Optique Neâ—ves if they are deficient in the brain Diseases of the visive spirits and of the Optique Nerve being hurt through cold distemper compression obstruction and then for the most part the other senses both internal and external are affected or at least that part of the braine is affected from whence the Optique Nerves have their oâ—iginal and then the sight onely is taken away or by default of the Nerve Optique it self which is its narrowness or by rupture which proceeds from obstruction of the Optique Nerves compression percussion a stroak by chance contorsion or by any violent motion whatsoever Lastly the cause of Splendor and Glittering of the Eyes is reflection of the Rayes of the internal light Causes of glittering eyes by reason of the Object a more thick body or vapours or thick humours if they are mingled with the Christaline or vitrious humours or cover them The hearing is hindered through default of the Organ of hearing Causes of deafness or of the spirits and first of all if the external eares are wanting sounds and articulate voices seem like the warbling or purling of Waters or singing of Grashoppers Secondly if the auditory passage either wholly or in part br hindered either from an external cause as a little Stone a Kernel Water or an internal cause as a Tubercle an Ulcer and such like and so either deafnesse is occasioned or hearing diminished or depraved Thirdly if the Membrane which they call the Drum is too thick or moistened too much or is loosened whether it be from the first birth or afterwards from internal or external causes the hearing is hurt Also if it be too much dryed by any grievous diseases or old age deafness doth arise But if it be broken either by internal force as by the violent putting in of an ear-picker or by an extream shrill sound or is eroded by an Ulcer deafness is occasioned Fourthly if the other parts of the ear be not rightly constituted and the air implanted be impure or deficient or the Nerve being dilated is cooled or is made thicker or affected with a Tumor or those three little bones either are not well framed by nature or are moved by some violence out of their places or the internal passages are filled with vapors and humors flowing contrary to Nature or the Arteries passing under the ears are filled with too much spirit and heat and too much agitated or lastly the auditory Nerue either is not rightly framed from our first beginning or is obstructed and compressed by a humor according to the diversity of the disease the hearing is sometimes abolished sometimes diminished or depraved Lastly the hearing is hurt through default of the Spirits either through the straitness of the passages of the braine as in an Apoplexy or through its perturbation as in an Epilepsie or through cold distemper by reason whereof difficulty of hearing is occasioned The smelling is hurt through default of the Organs Causes of smelling hurt or Spirits or some external error the faults of the Organs are the narrowness of the Adaequate senses and external Nostrils whether from compression or constipation or obstruction of the Scive-like bone and its Membrane as happens in such as are great or by the distemper of the chief Organ of smelling the mammillary precess but especially moist distemper or obstruction of the same from matter flowing which happens in Catarrhs and according to the variety of these diseases the smelling is sometimes abolished sometimes diminished the smelling is offended by reason of the animal spirits if either they are deficient which are in those which are ready to dye or are hindered from flowing as in an Apoplexy an Epilepsie and such like diseases of the brain Lastly the smelling is depraved through some external errors whilest a vapour or some filthy and stinking matter sticks in the wayes through which the smell passes for here it is infected by the foul smell thereof to that things having no ill smell seem to the sense of smelling to stink The taste also is hurt through default of spirits Cause of taste hurt or by some disease of the Organs or some external error The taste is hurt by reason of spirits when they are deficient which useth to happen to such as are dying or the taste cannot flow to the Organ either through straitness of that part of the brain from whence the Nerves appointed for the taste arise or from obstruction compression or wounds of the said Nerves The taste is hurt through default of the tongue as of an instrument whilest it is troubled with cold and moist distemper or cold and moist matter is poured on it or whilest it is dryed or is troubled with Pustuls or an Ulcer and according to the magnitude of diseases the taste is either wholly abolished or diminished Lastly the taste is depraved by external error or from external causes as from something taken into the mouth whose savour is not easily taken away or from an internal cause as a humour or a vapour wherewith the tongue is imbued being communicated from the stomach the Lungs the Brain and other parts to the tongue Lastly Cause of fieling hurt for what belongs to the causes of hindering the touch insensibility and dulness happens through defect and diminition of the animal spirits of the Oâ—gan touching this come to pass either because the animal spirits are not generated through imbecility of the native heat which happen to them in years or defect of matter by reason of great evacuation or whilest they are resolved or scattered or cooled or stupified by a Narcottique Medicine or when they cannot flow to it through the narrowness of the Nerves obstruction constipulation compression solution of continuity of the same The proximate cause of pain is solution of Unity in a membranous part Cause of pain whether it be occasioned by some primary quality or secondary whereof this stirreth up solution of continuity not so manifest but rather contemplable by reason but that is manifest which therefore is properly called solution of Unity Lastly Itching itching is stirred up from thiâ— salt and sharp Exerements collected in the skin moving man to scratch CHAP. IV. Of the causes of the Symptomes of the internal senses OVer much watching is occasioned by too much effusion of the animal spirits Causes of too much watching to the Organs of the senses through defect of restraint of the first sense and too much irritation of the common sense the bond of the first sense or sweet exhalations are defective either because they are not generated in the body which comes to pass by long fasting or the use of meats which do not produce such exhalations or because they are consumed scattered and called away from the brain which comes to pass in a hot and dry distemper either of the whole body or of the brain and when hot
latter is occasioned two wayes either when the vital spirits are generated vitious and impure in the heart which when the matter of the animal spirit is such in the braine 't is necessary that there be generated in such black animal spirits in the braine or because although the vital spirit be good and pure neverthelesle the constitution of the brain is vitious which changeth the pure vital spirit into a black animal spirit The cause of mad Love is sorrow and conti nual solitation Of mad Love to which anger is often joined arising through the desire of a fair thing whether it be really so or seem so to be for although the amorous herb Philtra may stir up desire to lust yet that desire is not terminated in any definite person nor can the mind of a man be compelled to love that which he is unwilling to love and that Philtra doth not cause love but madnesse also as experience often teacheth The cause of madness is a hot and fiery disposition of the animal spirits Madnssâ—e such hot and fiery spirits proceed from a hot distemper of the braine or hot vapours mingled therewith which black Choller will set foreward sometimes in the veins of the head only other times in the whole body especially in those that are great with child and when it resides about the womb whether they are generated of fervent blood or adust colour or dryed Melancholy The disease which causeth men to think that they are turned into Wolves is called Lycanthropie Lycanthropie if it proceed from a natural cause and not from the Devil It ariseth from the depravation of the imagination and ratiocination and the blood of living creatures being drunk may be very powerful to cause the same yet for the most part it becomes from poyson communicated to us by the biting of any mad living creature or by the froth of their mouths thrown upon us by spittle by receiving their breath with our mouths by eating the flesh of ravenous animals whence Wolf-madness also Dog-madness and Badger-madness do arise as Hydrophobie which is when one is distractedly timerous of waters which neverthelesse may be occasioned without the biting of any mad animal by poyson in mans body but principally is occasioned by terror of the observations of Physitians do witness and then the disease is not to be referred to madness because those Symptomes which are proper to those that are bitten with mad creatures do not appear in these but onely the diâ—eased are adverse to all liquid things and neither can swallow liquid things but also at the sight and noise of them they fall in danger of swooning and death which nature is peculiar to this poyson nor can any other cause be rendered from manifest qualities But the disease of Tarantators Of Tarantulas and a company of S. Viti occasioned by the venemous biting of a Tarantula and the Chorea of S. Viti so called hath its rise from a venemous and malignant humour somewhat like to the venom of a Taâ—antula begotten in mans body and indeed is the cause of the Symptomes of the rest of the poysons in general but because they dance in this manner that is proper to this poyson onely neither can there be rendered any manifest cause thereof but here it is necessary to fly to that sanctuary of ignorance and to say that this poyson is destroyed in an occuâ—â— manner by the force of musick and this little creature is harmoneous and delights in musick CHAP. V. Of the causes of the Symptomes of the mooving faculty IN the first place the cause of a Palsie Cause of the Palsie or deprivation of motion in one part or more is the defect of animal spirits in the Organs appointed for motion the spirits are deficient when they are not sent out by the Nerves from the braine as happens in an Apoplexy sometimes also this disease is called a Palsie for although they are emitted yet through the ill disposition of the part they cannot exercise motion and sense therein they are not admitted through default of the Nerves and spinal Marrow namely when they endure some cold distemper and moist especially yet sometimes hot and dry or are dull or are cut or knockt or beaten or are made narrower or by obstruction or compression by reason of some humor or tumor or tubercle whether they are in the Nerves themselves as after wounds of the Nerves and contusions of the same scars do arise or in the parts neer thereunto by some contusion by a stroak or a fall by a sudden relaxation made of the Vertabres or being bound Besides a Palsie there are other impotencies of motion Cause of taking away motion the cause whereof besides that of the Nerves even now explained in a Palsie is the fault of the part instituted for motion a vitious disposition and disease namely if the bones in the joynts which are framed for them cannot move oâ— cannot rightly be removed out of their place through ill conformation fracture relaxation if the ligaments which come about the joints and continue in motion in a natural state are broken cut asunder eroded attenuated or become softer or on the contrary are dryed hardned and filled witk a hard and knoty substance if the Muscles and their Tendones are cooled too much and their native heat be as it were dulled or moistned by some humour contrary to nature or on the other side if they are dryed and hardned if any tumor knot bunch hard flesh ariseth in them if they are wounded if the Tendones are so stretched out by violent motion that they become longer then they were or wont to be or as it were broken with bonds or if a painful tumor be in a Muscle The cause of Lazinesse is the reception of trouble in the Muscles and parts appointed for animal motion Of Laziness but since this slownesse is two-fold voluntary and against our wills the one comes without much exercise and labour from vitious humours burning the parts appointed for motion the other which is also called Excicrative comes after too much labour and motion the parts serving for motion being dried and the spirits consumed The cause of trembling is the imbecility of the motive faculty Of Trembling which cannot keep the member in that part wherein it is placed The faculty is become weak through the faintnesse of the strength and some defect of animal spirits whether they are not generated by reason of some distemper of the brain or defect of the vital spirits either scattered or consumed both which may be occasioned by too large evacuations long fasting watchings long and tedious sicknesse too much Venery or through diseases of the Nerves as distemper especially cold contracted by what meanes soever or want or losse of sense is occasioned by stupifactives or by straitnesse but lesse then in a Palsie The cause of Convulsion is the irritation of the expulsive faculty Of
generated in the parts themselves or drawn or sent from elsewhere CHAP. VI. Of the causes of Symptomes wherein all or most animal actions are hurt THe cause of a Vertigo is inordinate and circular motion of the animal spirits in the brain Of a vertigo but the causes which perform this circular motion in the brain are internal or external internal is an inordinate motion of a flatulent spirit moving the animal spirits circularly and exhibiting a false representation of the moving of external things and of its own body but this flatulent spirit takes the occasion of its motion either from its selfe seeing that every spirit by nature is moveable and fluid especially if it be hotter and more fervent then ordinary or moved by somewhat else whereas hereafter shall be shewen which the straitness of the vessels or of the Pores of the brain occasioneth for if both the flatulent spirits and animal spirits are moved in passages that are obstructed they return back and move circularly they are generated either in the brain whence a Vertigo by Idiopathy ariseth or are sent from elsewhere upward either from the whole body as in some Fevers or from some part as the Stomach Spleen Womb whence it is called a Vertigo by Sympathy the external and manifest causes are whatsoever humors can suddenly turn into and dissolve into vapours or stir up an inordinate and circular motion with winds and spirits such as when the constitution of the air is suddenly altered immoderate and untimely exercise emptinesse baths anger turning round of the body the beholding of bodies swiftly turning round or otherwise moving with violence looking down from a high place shaking of the head a fall and such like The cause of an Incubus or riding of the Mare Of an Incubus is a thick vapour ascending from the lower parts of the body and obstructing the hinder parts neer the Spinal marrow and hindering the passages of the spirits to the muscles of the brest whence respiration is hindered which when a man perceives in his sleep considering various causes he faineth and adviseth with himselfe and even from this or that he imagineth himselfe to be oppressed and suffocated in his dream This vapor is elevated from thick flegm or a Melancholy humor residing in the Hypocondries or proceeds from surfetting or swelling by lying supine or flat on the back in children also a vapour of the same nature is occasioned by worms A Lethargy commonly proceeds from a flegmatick humor thickning in the brain Of a Lethargy and so the matter of its selfe is cold yet by accident it happens to be hot but it is impossible that out or flegm only putrified both a fever and a deep sleep should arise for this humor is neither apt of its selfe to admit of putrefaction especially in the head neither if it should admit of it can it utter so much as will diffuse the heat over the whole body and kindle a Fever and heart the Heart especially if it putrifie without the substance of the Brain or its vessels in its bosomes and turnings but it is more agreeable to reason that this drousinesse either is not a primary disease of the brain but occasioned from stupifactive and pituitous vapors rendring the animal spirits dull and are the Symptomes of a Fever which are called companions namely of a continued Quotidian of a bastard Tertian and Semitertian or if it be a primary disease of the Brain it doth not seem to have its beginning only from putrified flegm but rather from a petuitous inflammation of the Brain or from an inflammation arising from the blood mixt with flegm In both these Lethargies there is present great heavinesse and hurt of memory by reason of stupifactive and pituitous vapors but a delirium by reason of vapors risen out of the putrid humors troubling the animal spirits The cause of a Carus is either the straitnesse of the Brain by compression Of a Carus or obstruction neer the bottom thereof from cold humors or a moistning cooling and repletion of the Brain from a câ—ld and pituitous humor and an alteration of the spirits by the same or a stupefactive power rendring the animal spirits unfit for the actions of the senses and motions wherewith not â—nly stupefactive medicines are endued but also some poysons humors in certain Fevers Smoaks and Vapors of Coals new Wine and new strong Beer c. A Catoche hath its beginning from a cold and dry vapour A Caroche endued with a peculiar force of fixing the animal spirits rushing into the brain and in some sort stopping the spirits rendring them immovable and as it were congealing them which for the most part is stirr'd up by a Melancholy humor such also is the force in a Thunderbolt and it is sometimes taken from the vapors ascending out of the earth in an Earthquake and breaking out of their cells but the spirits serving for imagination and ratiocination are rather fixed and stopt then those which lately were disperst into the members of the body which is apparent from hence that although those that are Cataleptick move no member yet if they are moved by another the power of moving exerciseth its selfe and being struck they fall down and moreover spreading their eye-lids they keep their eyes open The immediate cause of an Apoplexy is a flowing of the animal spirits into the organs of the body Of an Apoplexy hindering sense and motion but the influx of the animal spirits is hindered either by the passages through which they should flow into the organs of sense and motion or the narrownesse of the beginning of the Nerves or through the unaptnesse of the animal spirits themselves or by too great a quantity or perturbation of the same The straitnesse of the passages of the animal spirits is made when the beginning of the Nerves in the bottom of the brain is so shut that the passage and way for the animal spirits and motion into the organs of all the external senses are intercepted a few onely resisting which flow from the Cerebellum which scarce suffice for the motion of the brest which striveth exceedingly for respiration The beginning of the Nerves cause this straitnesse first the flegmatick humor poured into these places performs it by obstruction or compression which the Antients took for the principal nay some for the only cause of an Apoplexy Secondly blood poured out of its vessels by a stroak or any other cause whatsoever into the basis of the Brain and pressing the beginning of the Nerves Thirdly placing of flegm when the vessels of the Braine their being plenty of blood are filled and stretched that the substance of the Brain is compressed and the Pores and passages being made narrower a free ingress for the animal spirits into the Nerve is hindered Fourthly a blow or fall violently pressing the Brain it self and so the beginning of the Nerves rendring the animal spirits slow as it
sends it out moist or by taking of meats that loosen the belly or by defluctions from the Head to the Guts or by the effusion of Choller and other thin humours to the Guts But the ordure is become hard by too much heat which consumes almost all the humidity whether it be that internal heat of the Liver or of other parts neer thereunto or of the whole body either natural or preter-natural moreover from the drinesse of the Guts or of the whole body Thirdly if there be too much Urine or if there be a continued sweat Fourthly by thickning and astringent meats Fifthly by long stay in the Guts by reason whereof the moisture is sucked out Sixthly through want of aliment in the parts Of sharp Faetid and too much attraction of the members The dung is sharp through the mixture of sharp homours use of sower meats 'T is become faetid through the use of stinking meats and ill concoction especially by the mixture of divers sorts of meats as also by the humidity and heat of the body which disposeth it to putrifaction Ordure is cast forth with a noise through the mixture of much wind violently breaking forth It becomes white White when choller is not mingled therewith as in the yellow Jaundice through the use of meats that are whitening being mixt with plenty of flegm also Yellow It becomes yellow through much much mixture of yellow Choller It becomes green through aeruginous choller It grows black by reason of a black humor by the use of Cassia and such like Red. Black Frothy It becomes red by the mixture of blood or adust yellow choller It becomes frothy by reason of slimy flegm and a defluxion of windy matter from the head and mixture of wind The causes of the the changed qualities of Urine shall be explained in the following bâ—ok Hot sweats proceed from hot humors either whilest the humors wax hot Causes of sweat preter 〈◊〉 or especially when the matter is overcome is attenuated and concocted cold are caused through plenty of cold matter which cannot be so easily overcome as heat or by the resolution of spirits and extinction of the native heat or through the malignancy of the matter â—he sweat smels by reason of too great plenty of stinking filth they are yellow in the yellow Jaundice by the mixture of yellow choller Green by mixture of leek-coloured choller red and bloody by the watrishness and thinness of the blood loosenesse of the skin and weaknesse of the retentive faculty yet there are administred Wines which being drunk in some discolour their sweat They are salt for the most part which consist of a salt and serous excrement Bitter by the mixture of Choller sharp by the mixture of sharp humours The menstruous blood offendeth in quality whilest it is white Of vitious Courses yellow black or has any ill colour moreover whilest it smells foul and is too watry which comes to passe whilest the like humors are gathered together in the body or about the womb and goes out through it with the menstruous blood The spittle is too thick if it be contained too long in the Mouth Of the spittle changed and its thinner parts consumed or if thick matter distil from the head or be mingled with it or if it be thickned by heat which happens in Fevers It becomes frothy through the mixture of spirit and much air Spittle borrows its tastes from salt bitter sower humours especially cleaving to the Stomach It receives its colour from humours in the bowels and the vapours going out of them 'T is become white from flegm Yellow from Choller Red from Blood Black from Melancholy or thick dryed Blood Green from aeruginous Choller it acquires a foul smell from inward putrifaction especially from an Ulcer of the Lungs At length the excressions erre in quantity Causes of excrements changed the excrements of the belly are cast forth in greater quantity then is convenient First by reason of moist food especially if after the use thereof store of drink be taken Secondly by reason of meats containing little alimentary juice but much excrementitious Thirdly through the ill distribution of Chyle Fourthly by conflux of Excrements from the other parts to the Guts But fewer then is convenient are ejected for contrary reasons namely if the meat be hard and principally if little drink be taken after it if the meat be of good juice and nourishment and be taken in small quantity if the Chyle be greedily snatched from the Meseraik Veines and if Choller which is as it were the Goad to stimulate and expel dregs come not much into the Guts The quantity of Urine ought to answer likewise to the quantity of drink but that also is sometimes made in greater or lesse quantity the causes whereof shall be shewed in the following Book The causes of plenty of sweat are rarity of body Cause of store of sweat strength of the expulsive faculty aboundancy and tenuity of Excrements and therefore in the Crysis of a disease great sweats arise whilest all the excrementitious matter together and at once is put forth Little sweat is occasioned by contrary causes namely by the smalnesse or thicknesse of Excrements straitnesse of passages weaknesse of expulsion by the vehemency of the matter which destroyes heat Lastly why Courses sometimes flow more plentifully Of Courses sometimes more sparingly then is convenient above in the Third Part Second Section and First Chapter where we have spoken of suppression diminution and flowing of Months The end of all the Second Book Book III. PART I. SECT I. OF SIGNES In General Of the Difference and Heads of Signs CHAP. I. Of the necessity and benefit of the Method of Signs SInce we have hitherto explained what health is Necessity of the Semiotick Method and wherein it consists and what is the difference of things contrary to nature we now rightly come to the Method of healing and preserving health and are to teach by what means health may be preserved and diseases taken away The benefit of it but neverthelesse since arts are conversant about individuals and a Physitian doth not cure in general man but Peter and Paul c. The Method and way is first to be explained whereby the present constitution of every man both sick and well may be known which now lies hid in individuals they may be found out by the signs of a disease and what may be known and hoped for of the event and end of diseases and the Method of signs are to go before Moreover there is that benefit of this Method that whilest the sick see those things that may happen to them being known to the Physitian they may trust the more to him and obey him for the Physitian when he foresees those things which shall happen to the sick may have time to prevent them and avoid the reproaches of the vulgar whilest he foretells those things which
to be so exact and happening by some occasion from the external air or the heat vanishing of its own accord the vitious matter is separated from the other humors But if Vrine be made thick Troubled which grows clear and afterwards become thin that happens because the natural heat begins to perform and concoct the matter and to stir it and mingle it which notwithstanding since it is not exactly mingled the heat afterwards ceasing the Heterogeneal parts are separated of their own accord and the thicker reside in the bottome The same comes to pass if the Vrine be thin but some matter may be mingled therewith in its passage but since it is not exactly mingled with it but only confused afterward of its own accord it settles in the bottom Lastly Troubled which remains so if the Vrine be made thick and remain so it signifies great confusion of humors is made in the Veins by the heat stirring the humors but not rightly concocting them nor is there good concoction made which the excrements elaborate to make after their manner and indeed if such a Vrine appear in the beginning of such a disease wherein no concoction seems hitherto to be made by the natural heat it is a token that 't is caused by the fiery heat contrary to nature agitating and troubling the humors in the veins but if the Vrine in the beginning is not made thick but clear and afterwards becomes turbulent it is a sign that the disease grows worse and that the heat acting upon the matter contrary to nature is encreased yet always this and also other signs must have regard to the rest of the conditions of the Vrine and hence it is to be collected whether such signs be made by the strength of nature working upon the vitious humors or by the encrease of the preter-natural heat and putrifaction or debility of strength CHAP. V. Of the causes of colours in Vrines COncerning the causes of colours in Vrine The causes of a golden colour in Vrine a golden colour which agrees to the Vrines of sound men proceeds according to the vulgar opinion from some portion of yellow choller or rather from a serous and salt excrement yet that also something tinctured with choller which is mixt with the Vrine A white Water is made Of a whit either because nothing is mingled with it which may colour it which is properly called aqueous or because some white body is mixed therewith The first cause of aqueous Vrine is Crudity and weakness of the native heat by reason whereof this excrement is left Of an aqueous as it were imperfect Secondly obstructions of the passages through which the matter useth to flow to the Vrine Thirdly if choller and therewith that salt humor be carried to another place as happens for the most part in acute Fevers and Phrensies with them Fourthly much drink Fifthly heat of the Reins and Liver which plentifully draw drink to them but do not concoct it Sixthly Gravel in the Reins or Bladder too much of that which is salt and thick adheres but the aqueous flows out Vrines of another kind are made by the mixture of some white substance whether it be flegm or quitture or seed Of milky and these Vrines we call milky yet for the most part they are made thick and afterwards become clear and the matter setling in the bottome of what kind it is may be easily discerned A Vrine is somewhat pale Of palish Of pale when pale choller in a sufficient quantity or a little of yellow is mingled with the Urine but if much pale choller or yellow in an indifferent quantity be mingled with the Vrine a pale colour ariseth If yellow be mixed in greater quantity Of yellow the Vrine becomes yellow yet some times other causes besides internal external may give a tincture to the Vrine as Rhubarb Saffron the leaves of Senna and such like A ruddy colour in Vrine is caused by choller and blood Of blood red and indeed if the Vrine be coloured with blood it doth not look clear and is properly called Vrine dyed with blood and has a colour like water wherein the flesh of animals newly slain have been washed and is made either in some open vessel for what cause soever or by the weakness of the Liver and Reins by reason whereof they cannot contain blood and assimulate it to themselves or because nature at set times evacuates the blood abounding in the whole body with Vrine but the blood which is mingled with the Vrine is either thin and the Vrine is made red or reddish or thick which if much be mingled the Vrine is made exceeding red but if little either simply red or of a pale red but that Vrine which is coloured by store of choller the choller colouring it and and making it redder it shineth and is as it were like flame sometimes also it is made red and thick by plentiful mixture of adust choller like wine of a blackish or deep red Wine like Vrine is made by the mixture of ceruleous choller Of Vine colour Of grape colour or representing the colour of Woad as also by the mixture of plenty of red choller Grapy by the mixture of yellow choller exceedingly dryed and as it were changed into a Violet colour and degenerating towards black A green Vrine is caused by plenty of Aeruginous Of green and Leck-like colour Yellow and black Vrine are sometimes caused by the mixture of external things Of yellow and black as for what belongs to the internal causes the Vrine is made black when either the melancholy humour is evacuated with it which happens in those which cumulate melancholy humours in the Spleen or black choller is mixed with the Urine or when the heat and spirits are extinguished in the veins the blood is corrupted and becomes black CHAP. VI. Of the causes of an oyly Vrine and of other differences O Leaginous Urines either have only fat swimming in the superficies Of oyly Vrines or represent Oyl in substance and colour the first difference proceeds from a melting of the fat and is rather to be referred to the differences in the Contents but that Vrine which seems like Oyl in substance and colour and yet is nor truly fat hath its beginning from the mixture of excrementitious humours especially of pale and black Choller as also of Flegm from whence proceeds a crudity with a certain greenness like Oyl Black Vrine always thick but when the difference in substance and colour are joined a black Urine cannot be thin but if the black humor makes it black it is necessary that there is so great plenty thereof mixt with the Vrine that the Vrine must become thick A light red Vrine is thin from the small portion of blood mingled therewith A light red thin but if it be made of a pale red 't is by choller which cannot happen unless there be so great
plenty thereof as may render the Vrine thick A pale and thin Vrine is made when a small portion of choller is mingled with an aqueous Urine A pale and thin A pale red thick but a pale red and thick when choller is mixt in greater plenty but if any choller be mingled with a thick white Vrine the Vrine is dyed pale CHAP. VII Of the causes of smell quantity and such like accidents THe Urine which obtains the natural and usual smell Cause of the smell of Vrine signifies that the natural heat is right and concoction is well performed but if the Vrine smell not or lesse then the Vrines of those that are well use to do it is a token that the native heat is weak and almost no concoction performed Of no smel nor is the serous and excrementitious humour mingled therewith Sweet Vrine Of smelling well or that which smells well doth not proceed from any internal natural causes but if any such be found it hath acquired that smell from meats or medicines taken inwardly Stinking Vrines are caused first from meat and drink Of Faetid and certain medicines taken also from crudity and corruption of meats erosion and especially from putrifaction Fourthly from daily retention of Vrine in the Bladder Vrine naturally ought to answer to the drink Of store of Vrine but it is made more plentiful then is fit First if meats are administred which are full of aqueous humidity Secondly if the aqueous and serous excrements which use to be discussed by motion or evacuated other wayes be retained in the body Thirdly if nature from the other parts or the whole body expels the vitious humours through the passages of Vrine which useth to happen in Critick and Symptomatick evacuations as in a Diabetes or incontinence of Vrine Fourthly if Dyuretick medicine be taken On the contrary little Vrine is caused by contrary causes Of little Vrine namely not only by reason of small quantity of drink taken but of dry meats moreover if the aqueous matter be consumed which useth to be in burning fevers as also by motion and too much exercise Thirdly if the Vrine be converted to other parts Fourthly by reason of the straitness of the passages by which the Vrine ought to be expelled CHAP. VIII Of the causes of Contents in Vrines of those that are sound THe matter of a Content The matter of a sediment in sound men or Sediment in the Vrines of such as are sound for in Vrines of those that are exactly well there is scarce any Content save onely a sediment is some part of aliment which escaped concoction for since it neither can be changed into perfect blood nor into the nutriment of any part after the third concoction it is sent to the Reins and cast cut through the Bladder and there is scarce found a Vrine of a sound man The causes of diversity of Contents wherein the natural sediment doth not appear because scarce any body is so exactly sound which doth not generate some such excrement and no nourishment is to be found which cannot afford matter for such an excrement Whence according to the diversity of meats and natures thereof there ariseth diversity of Contents For although the Contents settle in the bottome and in those that are exactly sound yet in those which do not enjoy most perfect health The cause of the quality of the sediment or do not eat the best meats it doth not enjoy its natural place but in some and those which eat grosser food more then is convenient it doth settle in the bottome in others it ascends higher then is fit by reason of the heat which cannot subdue it A Sediment is naturally white and takes this colour from the veins and parts which are wont to impress a white colour on those things which they change Equal and continued is not divided by reason of heat rightly concocting and rendring this excrement equal and obtains the figure of a Pyramid which although all parts seem to the senses to be equally thick yet in truth some are thicker which settle underneath others thinner which consist in the superiour part A great sediment is through plenty of crude juice which affords matter for a sediment Quantity whence boyes through much eating and those that live in idleness and those whose accustomed evacuations are suppressed and females also have a more plentiful sediment but men because they are hotter and have not so many crude humors have less sediment the same happens in Summer through fasting too great evacuations and other causes consuming the humors also obstructions and much and thin drinks which are distributed and cast forth before it can receive any mixture or digestion with meat CHAP. IX Of the causes of Contents in Vrines of those that are sick AGain in sick people the sediment consists of the more crude part of the aliment which cannot turn into nourishment â—f the parts The cause of a sediment in the Urines of the sick with which notwithstanding other vitious humors also are mingled nay sometimes vitious humors onely may afford matter for a sediment but by how much the more the Contents of those that are sick are like to those that are well by so much they are the better and shew great concoction but by how much the more they recede from those either in colour or other qualities by so much they are the worse and indeed the differences of colours of Contents are borrowed from the humour whereof they consist but as for what belongs to the diversity of substance that proceeds from the variety os burning heat and various disposition of matter a farenacious sediment as Galen teacheth is made from thick dried blood Causes of a fernacious sediment Frothy Bran-lik Pulse-like or flesh unequally consumed by a fiery heat but rough or scaly when the solid parts are unequally consumed and scaly particles are cast forth with the Vrine and bran-like sediment proceeds from a flamy and consuming heat of a Fever and a sore in the bladder or veins a sediment that represents pulse proceeds from melting as Actuarius teacheth when a Fever comes to the flesh and melts it but it is not thought credible by the late Physitians that by the melting or flesh any thing so thick can be mixed with the Vrine and moreover those sediments they account do proceed from a scabby and exulcerated bladder or from a crude and melancholy humor Small Sand and Gravel proceed from thick and feculent matter which sometimes contains in it selfe a principle of coagulation and a light occasion being offered Of sand and gravel it concreates of its own accord Clods of blood are discerned when either from an ulcer Of Clods of blood or otherwise from a hurt broken or open vessel in a part through which the Veine passeth blood is cast out Quitture appears in the Vrine when an imposthume Of quitture in Urine or
ulcer lyeth hid in the Reins Bladder or otherwise through which the Vrine passeth or when from the superiour parts as the Brests or Lungs nature evacutates matter through the Vrinary passages Small pustles of flesh called Caruncles in the Vrine of exulcerated Reins are aprts of the substance Of Caruncles Of slimy Ecrements Slimy thick and tough flegm like the snot of the nose if it be made with the Urine and be voided with pain for the most part it is a token of the Stone in the Bladder but that which is made without pain Fernelius saith doth proceed from a crude ulcer of the Reins or parts thereabout or from an imposthume and truely for the most part such matter being present in the bladder as it is the beginning so it is a sign of the Stone of the Bladder and moreover being sent out it coagulates into a lapidious hardness but sometimes flegm which is cast forth in great plenty is the off-spring of crude matter and ill digestion in the parts beyond the Reins Worms if they appear in the Urine proceed from corrupt and sordid matter Of worms as in other parts Small strings and little bodies like hairs Of fibres and hairs and cobwebs if they are put forth with the Urine have their original from a thick humour either in the veins or in the reins or dryed in the ureters and reduced into this form by the longitude of the vessel Bubbles and froth are generated from wind included in viscous matter Of bubbles and froth which when it cannot exhale extends the matter into a tumor and those bubbles may be of divers colours according to the nature of the humour in which the inclosed wind stirs them up A Crown shews what kind of humors are contained in the greater vessels Of a crown and according to the diversity of humors hath divers colours and is seated in the upper part of the Urine and in that circle many things are obvious to our eyes which cannot be discerned in the rest of the humors because the light in the superficies of the liquor is otherwise divided and received then in the middle Lastly Of fat if fat swim upon the top of the Vrine it proceeds from melting of the grease but this proceeds from heat therefore if the fat continually swim in Urine like cobwebs it shews consumption and melting of the body yet Fernelius writes that he would advise you of Oyl taken inwardly least any small bodies of Oyl swim in the Urine by that means CHAP. X. Of the causes of changes in Vrines BUt Urines vary also in those that are sound Causes of changing of Vrines in regard of temperaments sex age time of the year sleep watching exercises passions of the mind and such like which are called the causes of variations of Urines As for the temperaments Vrine of those that are hot and cold hot temperaments have higher coloured Urines and thinner and less sediment or in stead of a sediment a cloud or Nubecula but colder have Urines paler coloured and few Contents also unless raw juice which proceeds from weaker concoction be mingled with the Urine In respect of age Of Boyes Youths Old men Of middle age Boyes have white Urines thicker with a plentiful sediment youths thinner with few Contents but higher coloured old men have white Urines but thin and without Contents unless many excrements meet together which if they are mingled with the Urines it happens that the Urine is made thick and full of Contents those that are of a middle age have indifferet Urines In regard of the Sex the Urines of men are far higher Of men or deeper coloured then the Urines of women thinner and have fewer Contents but the Urines of women are paler and by reason of crude humors thicker with more plentiful sediment yet nevertheless the Urines of men and women do not so vary that they can be known by certain signs whether it be a mans or womans water Of women great for reasons may be given also in men which produce such Urines as otherwise are familiar to women although as in such as are great with child there may be some change of Urine when the Menstruous blood is retained in them and from thence no small change is made in the body yet that change doth not afford a certain sign whether a woman be great when the same causes of change may be shewen in other women which are not great but in some which are more lively there is little change of Urine As for the time of the year Change of Vrine according to the time of the year the Urines of every kind in the middle of the spring are moderate as also in the middle of autumn but by how much the more the year goes on towards Summer by so much the more the colour of Vrine is encreased and the thickness and Contents are diminuished in the Summer also the Vrines are higher coloured thinner and have less sediments in autumn the colour of Vrines and tenuity are lessened the Urines in the Winter come neerest the best state In hot Regions According to the Region and degrees of Heaven To exercise and rest and under the hotter degrees of Heaven Urines are made deeper coloured thinner and of little sediment In colder Climates they are neerer to the best state Those which exercise and labour moderately make well concocted Urines and in colour substance and contents moderate but those that exercise and labour immoderately in those first the colour is encreased and the thickness and contents diminuished but if the exercise continue long the colour and tenuity is lessened when the streng this weakned but those that live idly make Vrines not much coloured and moreover thick and with many sediments In immoderate watchings first the colour is encreased According to sleeping and waking but if they continue long 't is abated sleep if it be moderate causeth Vrine to be good in all but if it be immoderate it encreaseth the colour of the Vrine but abateth the contents and substance but if it be protracted longer it becomes crude The passions of the mind since some encrease the heat Passions of the mind some diminish it according to the calidity and frigidity which they bring upon the body they alter the Vrines Lastly Meat Drink and Medicines Meats Drinks and Medicines change the Vrine and Meat taken moderately causeth a moderate sediment more plentifully a more plentiful thin causeth none Meats also Drinks and Medicines have a power of changing colour and smel lof Vrines CHAP. XI VVhat is to be observed in the Inspection of Vrines SInce all these things are spoken of Vrines for that end that from thence diseases the causes of diseases maybe known and the events foretold that this may be rightly done we are to admonish you what things are to be observed in the Inspection of Vrine First the time in
the place wide and the bodyes next over it are heavy Of a thin the cause of a thin pulse is a weake faculty and a hard artery the concomitant causes are leanness of body and thinness and driness of the skin The cause of a swift pulse is the use increased Of a swist the vertue indifferently strong and the instrument soft the cause of a slow pulse is weake power or the use diminished Of a slow or the joyning of both these together The cause of a frequent pulse is the use increased with debility of vertue or hardness of the arterie Of a frequent Thin of a thin pulse strength of vertue with use diminished is the cause Of a vehement pulse Of a vehement weak strength of vertue is the cause of a weake pulse languishing strength proceeding from what cause soever A soft pulse proceeds from the softnesse of the Artery Soft hard a hard from the hardnesse of the same from what cause soever it come CHAP XI Of the causes of the respective differences of Pulses NOw followes what belongs to the respective differences of pulses The causes of inequallity of pulses Of a singular inequality and of an intermitting pulse and first for inequality the cause thereof is a weake faculty and an Artery either obtruded or pressed or too hard or too soft The reason of an intermitting pulse is because the use requires dilatation and the faculty is ready and prepared that it may satisfie the use but either t is loaden with plenty of humours or it is hindred by obstructions or compressure of instruments the same causes of inequality in motion of swiftnesse and slownesse are rendred but they are lighter The cause of Dicrotus or double striking pulse is an unequall distemper of the heart and Arteries Of a Dicrotus or the faculty varied by reason of an unequall distemper which striving by a contrary cause in the middle of its Journy is compelled as it were to begin a contrary motion Unequall pulses under many fingers do proceed either from weaknesse of the faculty or plenty of humours or softnesse of Arteries Declining pulses which are called Myouroi Of Myourey proceed from weaknesse of the faculty whose action by how much the more remore it is from the heart by so much it is the weaker or from the placing of the artery part whereof is more remote from the heart and is placed more in the outside The cause of a congregation of many in equalities together are weaknesse of the faculty whither is oppressed A Sistematicall inequality or distracted or irritated and the fault of the instrument when the artery is either compressed or obstructed or filled pulses are made unequallyunequall from the faculty not weake by its selfe but rather burthened and oppressed Myourei Reciproci Of a deficient and moreover from the ill disposition of the artery and t is either pressed by some body that lyeth on it or some humour or tumour but unequal equally are made by an infirme faculty and indeed reciprocall Myouroi do proceed from a faculty not so weake as those which are deficient Intermitting and intercurrent pulses proceed from the same weakness of the faculty Of the intermittent intercurrent and the instruments compressed and obstructed yet the faculty labours more in an intermitting then an intercurrent and in it doth almost lye still Concerning the causes of unequall compound pulses Caprizantes the cause of an uneven pulses is when the faculty otherwise strong enough but now is oppressed by too great plenty of humours or is hindered by obstruction The causes of surging pulses are weaknesse of the faculty or plenty of humours or exceeding softnesse of instruments Like waves and the faculty is so burthened and oppressed with its load that it staggers and becomes unconstant From the same causes proceeds a vermicular pulse Vermicular formicant only that in a vermicular the faculty is not oppressed but is weak of its selfe but in a formicant t is very faint and the use striving and softnesse of the instrument being joyned therewith The causes of a serrine or serrate pulse is a strong faculty and the use increased Serrate together with hardnesse of the arterie and this pulse is familiar in inflamations of the internall membrances Trembling A trembling pulse is made whilst either the pulse is not perceived by reason of the trembling of the part or it goeth out trembling or when the heart trembles and communicates that affect to the artery The cause of a hectick pulse is somewhat that is fixed and stable and sticks to the solid parts also weaknesse of strength Hectick Rhythmorum The harmony is not changed unlesse the magnitude and celerity of the dilatation and contraction be altered but these are not changed except the use be changed so all the causes of Harmony depend upon the use for if the Diastole be swifter then the systole there is a great heate present then and a great necessity of refrigeration or expulsion of fuliginous excrements but if the systole be swifter and greater then the Diastole there is more necessity of protrusion of fuliginous vapours then of cooling CHAP. XIII Of the causes of varying of Pulses ANd in like manner divers differences of Pulses proceed from causes containing Of the Temperants of a Pulse which are secundary causes and first naturall things those which are hot by nature have a hotter Pulse and that comes from the use increased those which are cold the contrary the Pulses of such as are dry and leane are greater and thinner by much and somewhat more vehement but in grosser bodyes when the Artery is covered with much flesh and cannot be freely distended the Pulse is made somewhat smaller and more frequent Men have a greater Pulse for the most part then women Sex a little duller and thinner women on the contrary have lesse Pulses swifter and more frequent but if a woman be hotter then a man she will have a greater and more vehement Pulse The Pulses of boyes are great Of age very swift frequent in vehemency moderate of youth they are very great and vehement in celerity and frequency moderate Pulses of old men are the least slowest thinest and weakest As for the times of the yeare Time of the yeare in the Spring Pulses are greater more vehement in celerity and frequency moderate in the Summer they are fainter small swift frequent in Autumne weake in magnitude unequall in celerity and frequency in Winter small and moderate slow thin and weake Meate and drink immoderatly taken cause great Meat and drink how to change the pulse swift frequent too vehement unequall and Inordinate Pulses moderate lesser and weaker and in the beginnings swifter and more frequent afterwards slow and thin the use of wine especially makes great Pulses swift frequent and vehement and mutations which proceed from wines suddenly comes and suddenly goes
Naturall rest in the beginning make the pulses lesser Sleep weaker slower and thinner afterwards greater and more vehement and the slownesse and thinnesse by little and little is increased moreover if the sleep be too long they returne againe to pravity and debility and retaine their sloath and thinnesse when a man is stirred up or awakned the Pulses begin to be greater more vehement swifter more frequent equally indeed if a man be awakned by degrees but unequally and troubled if he be suddenly awakned yet a little afterwards the pulse againe becomes moderate long watchings cause little and weake pulses yet swift and frequent at length the faculty being weakned they become dull and thin Exercise and motion moderate cause great pulses Exercise vchement swift frequent but overmuch exercise cause little faint swift frequent when the use may be increased and the faculty debilitated at length they are little slow and thin Moderate use of baths make great pulses swift frequent Baths and vehement but if they exceed measure little faint swifter and more frequent Passions of the mind As for the passions of the mind anger causeth great pulses swift frequent vehement joy makes great pulses thin and slow moderately vehement but if it be overmuch it renders them unequall and inordinate In sadnesse they are little languishing slow thin feare soone makes the swift pulse vehement Inordinate unequall but they are of as long continuance as those are in sadnesse Immoderate evacuations Evacuations because they debilltate the faculty bring forth pulses like to those caused by a weake faculty But as for those things which happen contrary to nature Preternaturall things how they alter the pulse although they are various yet they change the pulse because either they change the use or affect the instruments or faculty in the first place when the faculty is affected many changes are made of the pulses for whether the faculty be diffolved and weakned by those things which dissolve the Spirits and sollid parts such as are soule diseases great distempers vehement and diurnall greifs fastings too great Evacuations or whether they are burthened or oppressed by plenty of humours or by diseases of instruments inflamations or other tumours the pulses are made lesse in the first place and swift frequent feeble afterwards the least most slow most frequent most faint and at length the faculty being almost prostrated intermittent deficient declining vermiculant formicant all which running through the various kind of affects contrary to nature and principally out of the doctrine of feavers are made more manifest CHAP. XIII What the simple differences of Pulses signifie and presage ALthough from the causes of pulses Great pulses what they signify it easily appeares what every pulse signifies and portends yet that we may add something of each in particular a great pulse although principally its familiar use be in increasing a strong faculty and a soft instrument in those which are sick it signifies a hot disease and a great pulse unlesse it be hindered followes all feavers and it cannot be much dilated with the Artery unlesse the power be strong or at least not weake a great pulse in all feavers is good signe A small pulse argues either debility of the faculty or remisnesse of the use or hardnesse of the instruments and indeed if a small pulse shall be also faint t is a token that its weakness proceeds from a weake faculty if small and hard from the Artery if neither debility nor hardnesse be perceived in the pulse it is an argument that it comes from the diminution of the use whence little pulses with a weake faculty foretell death the rest of pulses that are small for the most part presage long and difficult diseases A swift pulse signifies that the use is increased and the vigour stronge A swift or certainly not very weake whence in those that are sound a swife pulse signifies heate stirred up by motion exercises baths and such like causes which if it be also great the strength is not yet debilitated but in those which are sick a swift pulse signifies a hot disease and is proper to those which are feaverish and if magnitude be joyned therewith itshewes that the use is increased with strength of nature but if frequency be adjoyned without magnitude it shews that the powers are weakned if hardnesse of the instrument the use being increased hinders dilatation that hardnesse is to be perceived by the touch A slow pulse shews Slow the contrary to wit little heate and the use diminished and then it is onely thin and the vigour not firme enough and withall it is feeble A frequent pulse signifies the use to be increased Frequent or the faculty weakned or the instrument hard if it proceed only from the use increased it is not faint nor hard and magnitude frequently goes before and then extraordinary great heat is discovered in those that are sick if it proceed from debility or hardness of the artery that is discerned by the pulse Thin pulses are made either through a strong faculty Thin and a soft instrument or from the use diminished in sound bodies it signifies a cold constitution but in sidk a cold disease and coldness of the heart and that which is contained therein and therefore 't is accounted an ill signe A strong and vehement pulse shews a strong faculty Vehement and if its vehemency exceed the bounds of nature it signifies also great irritation A faint pulse on the contrary Faint signifies powers to be dejected and that either by dissipation of spirits and resolution and then it is also smal and if use hinder not slow or by oppression occasioned by plenty of humours and then the pulse also is inordinate and unequal A soft pulse shews softness of the arterie Soft and moreover in a sound body signifies immoderate drinking or dyet over moistning or a bath or idleness but in a sick a moist habit of the body On the contrary hard pulses Hard. shew the hardness of the arterie and indeed either by extending in convulsions Tumours or by repletion of vessels with humours and wind or by drying as in burning Feavers Hecticks consuming Feavers Quartans and other drying causes CHAP. IV. What the other differences of Pulses signifie presage NOw for the other differences of pulses and first Equality and inequality of that of equality and inequality equality although it shew a fixed disposition of matter yet it signifies firmness of nature and therefore affords the better hope but all inequalities are worse and either signifie obstructions of vessels or compressions or aboundance of humours hindring the force and indeed a single inequality is more dangerous then systematick or mixed whence intermitting pulses in one pulse are more dangerous then intermitting in many if both of them proceed from debility of the faculty Uneven pulses Vnalike stirred up Myouri Dicroti therefore being stirred
up and Myouri and such as striking double are very evil yet in an uneven pulse that is quickned is less evil then an intermitting because although it signifie the faculty declining yet it shews not it to be extreamly weak A Sistematick inequality Systematical inequality or complication of inequalities unequally made is less dangerous then an equality equally made because that for the most part is caused by default of the instrument but this happens by the imbecility of the faculty Intermitting pulses with imbecility Intermitting fince they proceed from the debility of the faculty are altogether dangerous and indeed the longer they are quiet and the more stroaks they intermit by so much they are the more dangerous yet old men and boyes are in lesse danger in this pulse then young men in whom the faculty is weak and offended by a smal occasion but where the faculty is strong not without a great cause A deficient Pulse is yet more dangerous Deficient because it shews great imbecility An intercurrent pulse is the most secure of all unequal pulses Intercurrent which indeed signifies the strength to be loaden yet hitherto strong and whole and promiseth victory Deficient reciprocal pulses shew great imbecillity of the saculty Reciprocal deficient yet with striving against the preter-natural causes Adescending or a declining pulse Miourus vernâ—iouâ—ar formicant a vermicular shew the faculty to be much weakned but the formicant pulse is a token that the faculty is yet more dejected and if it be perceived in Feavers and quotidian diseases it is a certain token of death A surging pulse signifies that the faculty is burthened Surging and weakned and t is an ill signe if it be changed into a vermicular yet sometimes it signifies that the strength is great and the arteries moistned with the humour and moreover with decretory sweat A serrate pulse is ill token Serrate and signifies an internal great and dangerous inflamation But as for Order since it signifies a fixed Order of pulse what it shews a perpetual cause the perturbation of order being troubled if the pulse be otherwise profitable order signifies firmness of power but inordinate shew that the faculty is oppressed by fuliginous excrements but if the order of the pulse be together unprofitable with the inequality it signifies the highest weakness and is a very ill signe Lastly change of harmony signifies variation of the use Rhythmes CHAP. XV. What Pulses presage health or death ALthough it easily appears from hence what pulses signifie safety or death yet that we may handle them singly What pulses shew a strong faculty great pulses swift vehement double striking surging signifie that the faculty is strong and indeed amongst those the vehement is in the first place afterwards the great hence the swift and surging Lastly the double striking But smal pulses languishing intermitting declining Languishing vermicular formicant and all pulses which descend from mediocrity to the extrcame in defect except the most vehement signifie that the strength is failing and weak and these pulses of themselves do shew that the faculty is weak if they are equal but if they proceed from the faculty burthened they are unequal hence the vermicular formicant intermitting and declining are deficient evils by how much the pulse is fainter and lesser by so much it argues the greater debility of strength Hence it plainly appears that the pulses which promise health Health are those which little decline from the pulses of sound men and are equal ordinate great vehement but amongst the fainting ones little eunqual inordinate those which are least these so that malignity be absent are least dangerous On the contrary seeble pulses little slow and such like Death indicating the faculty weak portend danger or death if together other ill signes also do appear also all those pulses are evil which come to extremity except the most vehement and amongst those the least most faint most slow and most thin are the worst of all but of the unequal those are less dangerous wherein are many great and vehement stroakes the dangerous are the declining intermitting intercurrent vermicular and formicant as is said before Lastly Manner of event pulses conduce to the knowledg of the manner of the event for pulses which are weaker duller and thinner to the Judgement signifie that the disease will not give off but rather by solution wear away by little and little but unequal pulses vehement great swift and frequent informe the Judgement that the disease will soon be at an end and in a critical day or day when there is a conflict of nature and a disease and a change expected the pulses are inordinate and unequal and if they become strong from weak and become great from little it shews the next Crisis or judgement and they presage good if in unequal pulses there are more great then little swift then slow moderate then frequent vehement then faint CHAP. XVI Of signes to be observed from the Tongue BVt besides the urines The tongue a figne of diseases and pulses the Physitian also shal consider sweats excrements of the paunch spittle the Tongue other things but since we have spoken before of the former and hereafter I shall speak again here we will only add something of the tongue which shew certain signes especially in Feavers and as often as any change happens of its own accord either of colour or taste in the tongue it is certain that so often there is some change made in the body But why the tongue should change its natural constitution Causes of the changeing the tongue there are two principal causes humors exhaling out of the veins and arteries of the tongue and principally affecting the coat of the tongue moreover vapours and humors ascending from the inferior parts to which notwithstanding sometimes humours flowing from the head are added The colour of the tongue is changed and is become white with the spittle wherewith it is moistned The colour of the tongue changed and it is dried by heat which often comes to pass in Feavers a white colour is often changed into a yellow mud colour or black whilst other humors are communicated to the tongue and that external skin is changed by the fùliginous feaverish vapours Whence the colour of the tongue may shew both the nature and the time of the Feaver for as Hiprocrate saith in the beginning the tongue is white or yellow in his Third Book of diseases in progress of time it grows black and if it grow black in the beginning of a disease the disease wil the sooner be over but if in the latter end 't wil endure the longer nay oftentimes the tunicle of the tongue is so polluted with fuliginous vapours ascending that sometimes it rots away but when the Feaver declines the colour of the tongue returns to its natural condition and the humour which is spread
that a greater this a lesser but depraved actions signifie for the most part a hot distemper and since an alteration cannot be made suddenly nor doth the distemper suddenly cease when the alteration is introduced if the action be suddenly taken away and suddenly restored it doth not indicate a disease of intemperature Excretion and retentions but an organnick but if the actions are presently taken away and remain absent long either obstructions occasioned by thick matter or a cold intemperature is signified the excrements too much coloured signifies a hot disease as also doth dry ordure but clammy thick and white dreggs shew a cold distemper Qualities changed qualities also changed indicate diseases softness signifies a moist distemper a pale colour of the body signifies a cold distemper but a red colour a hot As for the magnitude of a disease Signes of a great disease if a great cause and that which hath great force of acting hath gone before in what kind of disease soever without doubt 't wil generate a great disease the proper nature of a disease wil easily betray it self for by how much the more the pathognomick signes or the signes that discover a disease shal be greater or lesser by so much it shews a greater or lesser disease hither to belongs also the worthiness of the part affected for by how much the part affected is more noble or can draw more noble parts into consent by so much the disease is counted the greater moreover the symptomes by how much the more and greater they shal be to which this happens that if the disease do not give way to exquisite and great remedies by so much the greater the disease shal be it is deservedly accounted great A malignant disease is likewise known by malignant venemous causes preceding Of a Malignant Moreover 't is the nature of certain diseases that in the same manner is they are known they indicate malignity such are the Morbus Gallicus Leaprosie and such like Thirdly malignity discovers it self by the effects for when no dangerous or vehement symptome is present which might trouble the sick nevertheless is unquiet and weak and the disease after smal remisness is swiftly and vehemently exasperated by sweats and other excrements and the sick perceives no manner of ease especially if frigidity of the extream parts or watchings should happen if in the beginning of sleep sleep seemetroublesome if the sick without a cause be afraid waxeth exceeding hot drops blood and the other ill signes be present which are spoken of amongst malignant feavers it argues amalignant disease Acute diseases are known from hence Of Acute diseases that they are suddenly moved and immediatly after the beginning afford grievous symptomes CHAP. IIII. How to know the parts affected The fountains of the signes whereby the parts affected are known Signes of places affected Galen in his first Book of the places affected Chap the 5th accounts five the actions hurt excrerions scituation proper accidents and propriety of paine which notwithstnding are comprehended under those foundations before proposed Amongst the causes the first are those things which are taken in whereof some have power of hurting this Causes others of offending that part moreover to those things which are carried about us belong arts and course of life from whence it happens that sometimes this sometimes that part is more hurt as sleeping and watchings which principally offend the braine anger which principally hurts the heart as also other passions of the mind Thirdly those things which are retained they more offend that part wherein they are detained 4ly Those things which happen and befal us externally they also shew the part affected if any one use mercuriall vunctions it is probable that the nervous parts are hurt that evil which commonly overspreads signifies that part to be hurt which is manifest doth labour in other sick persons By things essentially inhearing here are understood both the proprieties of the parts and the diseases themselves inhearing for although diseases are not of the essence of a part as it is a part yet as it is an effect centrary to nature diseases themselves seem to be in a part essentially inherent diseases therefore indicate parts affected a tumour appearing any where signfies either that part is affected or the part which is placed above it and the scituation and figure of the Tumour and the motions hurt will shew it in its kinde a falling of the guts into the codds signifies a rupture of the peritoneum or rim of the belly gibbosity signifies hurt of the spine or marrow the propriety of parts shews places affected as they are proper to those parts so if we see stones come forth with Urine without doubt we conjecture the veines or bladder to be affected As for the effect Effects actions hurt first an action hurt shews that member by which it is offended unless it be hurt by some external error so ratiocination being hurt imagination memory they signifie the brain to be affected as likewise by sleep watchfulness exercise of the whole body The visive faculty is hurt by an affect of the eye the hearing of the ear the smelling of the nose the taste spoiled is a token of a disease of the tongue if the urine be suppressed the cause is to be sought in the reines uriters bladder or urinary passages if yellow choller be not purged from the blood blood it is a token that the bladder of the gall is distempered Paine Hitherto belongs paines which shews that some sensible part is affected yet a differing paine may be a signe of divers parts a pricking paine is proper to inflamations of membranes a striking paine is caused by parts sensible which are inflamed containing arteries a burthensome paine agrees to the whole substance of the bowels lungs liver spleen reines inward deep and profound paines as it were breaking the part signifies the membrances of the bones to be affected a broad paine spreading it self every way about is a token that the membrances are affected streightness shews somewhat belonging to the extending of the nerves The vital actions being hurt shews that the heart labours Lastly natural actions hurt in what part soever shew a signe of that part which is affected but more manifestly in publick parts more obscurely in private parts Excretions Secondly in excrements which also afford signes more things are to be considered namely the kinds qualities manner of casting them out quantity order the kinds of excrements are two-fold for either something is cast out of the substance of some part signifies that part to be affected as if a little skin orflake or little peece of flesh should be cast out of the mouth it shews the lungs the wind-pipe the Epiglotis the gullet or ventricle to be corroded and if it be cast out by a cough it is a signe that it comes from the brest but if it be cast out by vomit it
dyet generates pituitous humours and so more lasting Diseases great strength of nature in a Disease that is not mortall Strength of nature shewes that the Disease is short but weaknesse shewes it will continue longer but strength in a disease that is mortall shewes that it will continue longer but weakness signifies that it will be shorter Thirdly From the course of fits in the fits the houre is to be considered in which the Paroxysme returnes the time of duration and the vehemency of Symptomes for if the fits returne sooner and the latter be longer then the former and more vehement it is a token the disease is increased on the contrary if the latter fits return slower and endure a shorter time and are not so violent it is a signe the disease abates but sometimes Paroxysmes enveigh equally and all of them return at the same houre which most commonly is a sign of a long disease but sometimes they come not equally but at severall houres which shewes that the disease will be shorter and is neerer to the state Moreover if the fits come sooner and that equally the signs of concoction not appearing it is the beginning but if they anticipate more hours then before it is in the increase when they observe equality again a good while it is the state when lastly the omitting or abating of the fits happens to be various it is the declination If the order of the fits so that sometimes they come too soon sometimes too late and sometimes equally and at certain times When the fits do equally invade without the signes of concoction t is the beginning but when they anticipate not t is the augmentation when they observe equality it is the estate And lastly when the coming late happens again t is the declination but if the order of fits be various so that sometimes the Paroxysmes invade equally sometimes anticipate and sometimes come later when the fits equally invade without signes of concoction the beginning is when they come too soon no more the state is but when they come too late the declination is As for the longitude and magnitude of fits In longitude if the time of intermission or declination be short and they are neither plainly intollerable nor altogether free from Symptomes it is a signe of the increase On the other side if the abating or the intermission be long easie to be indured and free from all Symptomes absent declination is shewn But the most certain signes of the times of diseases are digestion and crudity for whensoever a sign of concoction appears suddenly it shews the disease will be short and terminate in health but a signe of crudity shews the disease will continue long or even prove deadly and if grievous Symptomes grow upon the sick so that they come with signes of concoction they need to trouble no man but if they happen without signes of concoction and with crudity they portend danger CHAP. III Of the signes of times of Diseases in particular ANd that we may speak something peculiarly of knowing of the times of Diseases the beginning of a disease is as long as the disease is crude Signes of the beginning of a disease of augmentation of the height An evident and manifest concoction is a most certain signe that the beginning is finished And in the beginning the Symptomes are hitherto more mild but in the augmentation all of them increase and in the state when the greatest contention is betwixt the matter and the disease all of them are most vehement but this comes to passe sometimes soon sometimes late for in very acute diseases immediatly they have extream pains 1. Apho. 7 but in Chronick the times are extended longer CHAP IV. Of the signes by which we may foretell the event of a disease ANd these things are spoken of Prognosticks in generall now we are to speak of those three The event of a disease fourefold which use to be presaged namely the event of a disease the time of the end and the manner but the event of a disease is fourfold for some diseases kill the diseased others plainly leave them off so that the sick returne to their perfect health others neither kill the sick nor leave them off but accompany them even to deaths doore others are changed into other diseases and somtimes into worse somtimes into milder The event of a disease is known by comparing the strength of nature with the disease and by the longitude of a disease When it may be known or the state with the time to come for if the sick passe over the state there is no need that he should any more feare the danger of death by that disease because after the state no man dyeth in the declination by the power of that disease The signes of strength and weaknesse of nature are sought principally from causes and effects Signes of strength and debility of nature the proximate cause of the strength of nature is a natural constitution of the parts And this by how much the neerer it is to the naturall temperature constitution and naturalll unity by so much it signifies the firmerstrength by how much the more remote by so much the weaker For strength of nature principally depends upon a naturall temperament whereunto belongs age also and sex for in men and youths the strength is firmer in women old men and boyes weaker Remote causes are all those things which by whose intervening the strength of a naturall constitution is increased or preserved or diminished such are those things that are taken in which are carried about which happen externally and that are evacuated and retained for if all these things have been moderate heretofore and are moderate it shewes strength of nature if immoderate imbecility Amongst the effects are first actions which by how much the more they are observed according to nature by so much the more they signifie health on the contrary by how much the more or more noble they are or by how much the more they are hurt by so much the more they shew the strength to be weakned Secondly Excrements signifie nature to be powerfull when in their substance quantity and quality they are most like to naturall but they signifie the contrary if they are contrary Lastly qualities changed by how much the neerer they shall be to the qualities of sound men by so much they shew the greater strength in the diseased by how much they differ from them by so much the more imbecillity The strength of a Disease is known from things essentiall Signs of a strong discase inhering causes and effects or consequent Symptomes As for what belongs to a constitution contrary to nature the difference which follows the form of a Disease or the causes or the subject afford signes of the event if the Difease be great it indicates danger and death if little health and by how much the fewer and more gentle those Symptomes
softest and hardest next the most frequent but not swift nor great only amongst extreames the most vehement is the best yet we must diligently observe alwayes whither the change of the pulse arise from the disease or come from externall causes Hereunto belongs the Palpitation of the heart swounding and falling downe as it were dead which indicate dejection of the vitall faculty and great danger if they happen through some disease of the heart it selfe Respiration Respiration of it be naturall signifies neither the brest nor heart not midriffe to be any way affected with paine nor any adjacent parts Galen 1. prog Apho. 25. and moreover it hath great force in signifying tokens of health when one is sick in a feaver especially if other good signes are present Hip. ib. on the contrary preternaturally respiration although it be not allwayes mortall yet t is alwayes evill but worst of all if it be joyned with other ill signes great and swift breathings signifie great store of fuliginous vapours yet the organs apt and the faculty hitherto strong a great and slow pulse happens only to those that are disturbed in mind a great and frequent pulse snew pain or inflamation of the part serving for breathing little and swift respiration shews plenty of fuliginous excrements but with paine or inflamation of some of the organs appointed for breathing a little and slow pulse shews not many vapours with paine or inflamation of some instrument of respiration and with other ill signes portends not a little danger little and obscure respiration is perpetually evill and signifies dissolution of strength but little and thin is the worst of all because it indicates the greatest debility of the faculty and if a cold breath proceed from the mouth and nostrills it is very destructive but the worst of all and the nearest to death is when it extends is obscure and sublime wherein the brest is much dilated and sometimes the Shoulders and grisly part of the nostrills but that which is inspired is very thick and most frequent but the worst respiration of all is that which is made with ordure Moreover for what belongs to the Symptomes of the naturall faculty Symptomes of the naturall faculty what they presage their perfection is known by their operations of which it shall be spoken hereafter but that we may speak here something of the desire of meate and drink to have a good appetite to meat and that proceding from a naturall cause and as Hippo. 2. Apho. 33. writes in every disease to take easily whatsoever is offered is a good signe on the contrary an ill appetite of meate is bad 7. Apho 6. not to thirst also in hot and burning feavers wherein the tongue is filthy and black perpetually signifies mischeif and a delirium or dissolution of the desiring faculty or of them both but as it is an ill signe not to thirst so t is a good signe to thirst in hot diseases also to thirst immoderatly and over much is notgood CHAP. VI. Of the signes of life and death which are taken from excretions and retentions AMongst exerements urines principaly use to be observed Prognostick from vrine but although it is spoken of already what they shew above part the first See 2. cap. 21. yet here we may breifly comprehend those things which portend to death or life namely that urine is best which is most like that of a sound person from this the rest differ in substance colour quantity and contents As to the substance the goodnesse of the substance with a good colour promiseth health thin urines with a good colour promise health yet they shew a disease which requires longer time for concoction Thin and red urins signify a crude disease 2. prog 30. but thick which are made so after the beginning of a disease are also good if they were thin before much urine if it be made on a criticall day is good which somtimes is profitably made with sharpnesse and paine Troubled urine not setling in the bottome because the strength of the diseased persists argues for the most part the disease to continue long if imbecility of the fick be present it denotes their death but those which grow cleare are better As for the colours of waters a pale red a light safron colour and a kind of cleer clay colour are good neither is a reddish colour with a reddish and light sediment to be found fault with but on the other side bright shinning urines and white are evill and especially if they appeare such in Phrensies 4. Agho 72. principally if they are so in the beginning of a disease and continue so long thin and red signify the disease is crude and moreover t is dangerous if they continue so long black urine in acute diseases unlesse they are emitted on a criticall day allwayes denote great danger after black the oyly are the worst yellow and green also are nought and green urines if they appeare so suddenly in men that are in other respects sound with biting of the heart t is a signe they have drank poison and they are in danger of death but in feavers they are mortall signes especially if they appeare in the beginning of the discase As for the quanity Hippo. 3. Epid. com 3. tom 4. condemnes thin urins made in great quantity as also much urine thick not residing and no way helping and all urines are made in great quantity in the beginning are disliked small quantities of urines in acute feavers are also nought As to the contents those urins are evill which have no sediment and nothing that swimmeth in the urinall in the middest of the urine nor a little cloud unlesse the sick hath fasted long or watched or laboured or because the body is exceeding full of choler thick waters also without a sediment are dangerous and a sediment representing the forme of thick brain is evill but worst of all if it reside in a manner like scales of Fish but if it be thin and white t is vitious but that which is furfuraceous or like Bran is worst of all Hippo. 2. prog 28. a nubecula or little cloud which is carried in the Urine if it be white t is good if black t is nonght t is evill also for the sick to make water and not know of it Secondly Of dejection of the helly the dejections of the belly afford us signes two manner of waies first as they shew the concoction of the stomack and guts also as they manifest the humours flowing from other parts to the guts As for the first kind that ejection is best if it be gentle and constant and sent forth at that time when it is wont to be in the best health if quantity be according to what hath been eaten 2. Apho. 13. The latter is good if it be criticall and with signes of concoction in the state of a disease and happen on a criticall day and ease the sick 1. Apho.
disease will be judicatory on the fourteenth and therefore the signes of concoction are to be sought in the following quartarnaries for if the signes of concoction appear about the twentieth day there is hopes on the first quartinary after the twentieth day that the disease may be judged of but if no mutation hitherto appeares it may be extended to the fourth week and those diseases which retaine all the signes of crudity to the foure and twentieth day cannot be decreed before the fourtieth day and those which are extended beyond the fourtieth are not ended with a Crisis but with slow concoctions Sometimes not only the day but also the houre of the end of a disease may be foretold The houre of the event of a disease how to be known namely if we consider particular fits for if we think any one will dye on any day t is probable he will dye in the worst time of his fit or in a particular declination when the strength in the height of a discase is dejected by the cruelty and vehemency of Symptomes CHAP. IX How many mutations there are of diseases and the manners and what a crisis is THe third thing which ought to before known by Physitians is the manner of event and end of diseases Changes of diseases how many they are terminated six severall wayes as well to health as to death for either the disease is suddenly fully dissolved and the sick recovers immediatly his firme health or there is a sudden change to better and the sick is transferred from a worse state into a better after which at length also he recovers to be well or there is a conversion of the disease by little and little to health or contrary the sick suddenly dies or the disease is suddenly become more dangerous which change at length ends him That mutation which is made by degrees tending to death is called a Marasme or Wasting that mutation of a disease which is made by little and little and tends to health is called a loosing but that sudden and hasty change which is made in Feavers especially acute and tend to health Crisis or death is called a Crisis but that change cannot be made unlesse vitious humours which oppresse nature are moved which indeed cannot happen without great perturbations of the body and vehement symptomes a Catalogue whereof Galen recites in his 1. of criticall daies Cap. 1. CHAP. X. Of the causes differences manner and time of Judgment SInce that in Judgments many things happen The cause of a crisis Conturbatâ—on conturbation evacuation and sudden mutation tending to safety or death that conturbation which is a heap of those judicatory symptomes which proceed from agitation and molestation of humours which the body affords and this comes to passe either from an externall cause as influence of Stars or an internall irritating and provoking as well nature as the matter The cause of evacuation is the expulsive faculty Evacuation which either is stird up by the plenty or the quality of matter yet critically expels that which doth molest There are four differences of Crises Differences of Crisis according as nature is sometimes stronger sometimes weaker and sometimes oppressed more by vâ—tious matter sometimes lesse for either the sick forthwith recover their former health or suddenly dye or undergo some change tending to safety or death Good Evill yet immediatly they neither recover nor dye From whence afterwards other differences will arise for some Crises are good some evill those are good which tend to the recovery of the sick those are evill which discover the death of the sick Again some are perfect and very good Persect Impersect which free the sick perfectly and wholly from the disease and leave none of the morbifique matter but the imperfect leave some of the morbifique matter behind Again some are faithfull and secure Secure Not secure which so take away the disease that there is no feare of a relapse unfaithfull is that which leaves a doubt of falling into it again Moreover t is called a safe Crisis which happens without danger of Symptomes A safe Dangerous but a dangerous which is joyned with perilous Symptomes Some Crises are with good signes Eusemes and have their indications from the daies going before them and are called good signes but that which happens without signes and is Asemos as it were unseperated is said to be an ill signe But all these differences depend on three things The differences of Crisis whereon they depend the strength of nature the nature of a disease and the condition of the matter which ought to be expelled and that a good and perfect Crisis be made t is requisite that nature be strong and Heaven favourable the disease not dangerous and the matter benigne and facill in all other Crises one or more of these are wanting All Crises are made two waies either by excretion Crisis how many waies made By excretion by translation or emitting or else by removing the matter By excretion a Crisis is made when peccant humours are expelled by vomit Seidgs sweat plenty of Urine Hemerodes of the Nose flowing of the months and Hemerodes A Crisis is made by translation when the matter is not expelled out of the body but is removed into another place and that either into internall parts or externall the former Crisis is the better because the matter for the most part is throughly cast out from the center of the body by so much also a Crisis is the better that is made by translation by how much the matter is transferred to a more ignoble and remote place so much the worse by how much the place is more noble and nigher to the seat of the former disease An Imposthumation also or Ulcer ought to be out of the region of the part affected and to have the other notes of a good Imposthumation an abscesse also ought not to vanish suddenly but to remain untill either it be turned into quitture or till it be dissipated by degrees But the best Crisis never happens unlesse it be towards the end of the height when the concoction is perfected A good crisis when it happens for that which happens in the augmentation before the state is imperfect and is so much the worse by how much t is longer distant from the end of the state sometimes also evacuation which is made in the beginning of diseases and is symptomaticall is not to be accounted evill especially if those humours are evacuated from whence the disease had its originall and the strength of nature can endure it CHAP. XI Of Criticall daies WHereas the Crises are made more frequently and better on certain determinate daies then other daies Criticall daies those dales therefore are called criticall but other daies wherein a Crisis seldome happens or such a one as is not good does happen are called not criticall Criticall daies are of
t is not to be taken in too great plenty and it ought to be of a hotter nature and other things good and generous middle aged but thick Wines which cause obstructions and have an astringent faculty or hinder urines are not convenient for old men wine mingled with hony is good for old men also Old men should use moderate exercises before meate Exercise yet so that no lassitude may thence ensue but principally moderate frication is commodious for them especially in the morning Old men should sleepe longer Sleepe and if they are troubled with waking that remedied with the use of sweet Almonds Lettice boyled with Sugar and dill being taken the last course and with Somniferous lotions of the feet and hands First of all let them avoid vehement perturbations of the mind Perturbations of the mind Excre ments and let them rather refresh their minds and bodyes with honest pleasures Lastly let old men be carefull that they void their excrements well and therefore if the body be costive the belly is to be moistned with convenient meates or with hony of Roses solutive but stronger and more Phyficall things are not to be given to old men CHAP. VI. Of the Dyet of such as are out of temper and of neuters AS for what belongs to the Dyet of bodyes Bodies that are neuters how manyfold that are neutrals there art two kinds of bodies deviating from perfect health for some are more remote from a sickly constitution others are neerer to it and these are twofold as before is spoken lib. the first Chap. the third neuters falling away which governing part of the Method of the defence of health is called Prophylactick in neuters tending to health and waxing strong the governing part of the Method of restoration of health is called Analyptick But those former neuters which are as yet far from difeased yet decline from the best health whether from their birth or whether they have contracted such a habit from custome and dyet it is hard to change neither can it be done suddenly but by degrees and with long diligence but if leasure doth not permit t is neither commodious nor possible for as Galen 2. of the defence of health Chap. the third those who are busied in civill affaires and distracted with many businesses t is safer for such a one not to indeavour to change his temperament Such bodyes therefore Dyet of untemperate men if either leasure will not permit and their minds are not bent to reduce them into a better state they ought to be preserved so by their likes but if you intend to reduce them to a better condition you must use contraries by degrees yet a hot and moist distemper since that t is more agreeable to our nature is by no meanes to be changed because it introduceth no disease but bodyes which are become too dry are alwayes to be moistned as much as may be during the whole terme of life Hot bodyes therefore should avoid hot Aire Of such as are hot hot and sharpe meates their drink ought to be more plentifull but smaler and strong drink rather then wine their exercise ought to be moderate the use of bathes of fresh waters warme frequent they must shun anger too tedious meditations and their sleepe ought to be longer If drynesse be joyned to the heate let them avoid the use of hot and drying things and therefore let them beware of a hot and dry constitution of Aire and vehement exercises if humidity be joyned and that be moderate fince that temperament is most agreeable to man and conduceth to the prolongation of life t is to be preserved as much as may be and only to be fore-warned that no more of the heat and humours may be added and cause diseases and stir up putrifaction wherefore let these avoid Aire that is too hot and moist let meat be given which hath attenuating force and let them endeavour that it may be well concocted let their exercises be such as may discusse excrements yet not dry the solid parts let all other things be moderate and principally let them endeavour that the excrements of the belly and the urine may freely passe from them Those which are cold are to be nourished with hot meates let them use exercises which may stir up heate Oscold let them evacuate timely the pituitous excrements Dry constitutions should use moist meates Of dry and moistning drink and bathes of fresh water but the most unhappy constitution is cold and dry which represents old age from the beginning and hastens to it and therefore such are to use heating and moistning things and to be nourished with hot and moist food their exercises should be moderate such as only stir up the naturall heate their sleepe longer and the use of bathes of fresh water frequent Venery is very hurtfull cold and moist if the constitution of the body be so Moist the frigidity is to be corrected and the humidity preserved to which purpose moderate exercise conduceth and excrements if they are timely and duly evacuated Neuters declining which now incline to sicknesse Dyet of neuters declining diseases are imminent to them especially for two reasons Plethory and Cacochymie both of them therefore are to be taken away if the falling away from health be but little it may be done with rest and abstinence but if it be greater opening of a veine and purging is to be used which is spoken of in the following book for this Prophylactick part is placed in the end of a cure Only we here admonish two things first that the Spring-time is best for preservation as Hippocrates 6. Apho. 47. teacheth he sayes to those that the breathing of a veine or purging are profitable to them the opening of a veine and a purgation is to be commanded in the Spring it is also profitable to purge black and Melancholy humours before Autumne Moreover the use of aloes doth much conduce to the preservation of health Vse of the aloes since it gently purgeth the excrements which stick in the first passages which are oftentimes the causes of many diseases it resists putrifaction and corruption and seldome reacheth the Liver but because aloes if it comes to the Liver offends it it is not to be used too often and in too great plenty least it should penetrate to the Liver but it purgeth onely the first passages which is performed profitably if it be taken in a small quantity a little before Supper Lastly Dyet of neuters growing better for what belongs to the dyet of those newters that are inclinable to health two things in the first place are to be obserued in their dyet first that they fall not againe into the disease secondly that they may suddenly recover their former health first when as it is 2. Apho. 12. those things which are left in diseases after a crisis are wont to cause relapses if ought of the peccant matter
it selfe quanttity or magnitude of the essence indicating denotes quantity taken in the former sense for example sake great heat shews that it must be much cooled Yet heare is to be considered whether the part be scituated deep in the body for then a stronger Medicine is to be chosen that it may come to the part affected with its full force When or the time is shewne from the time or presence of the Indicant Time for then helpe is to be Administred when that which requires it is present Order also belongs to time for that which in simple Order of doing is Time incomplicate is order and the presence of a vehement Indicant shews the order of performing but that is first to be done which is shewn by the Indicant which over rules the rest in indicating and that overcomes the rest in indicating by which the greatest danger is threatned and without the removing of which the rest cannot be taken away and therefore three things being observed we may proceed in a right order of cure if first we weigh what urgeth most and from whence there is feare of greatest danger for that is first to be opposed which strives most or from whence the greatest danger of life is threatned Secondly if we consider what regard it hath of the cause and what of the effect for the cause is to be taken away before the disease Thirdly if we confider what may be in the stead of an impediment and what before what and what with what and what after what may be cured for whatsoever may be a hindrance in the taking away of a discase or the cause of a disease are first to be removed and therefore it is to be considered whether a disease be joyned with a disease or with the cause of a disease if a disease be joyned with a disease it is to be considered whether those diseases agree or not if they no way agree but are resident in divers parts you may cure them severally or together each by their proper remedie and t is no matter to which you apply the first remedie yet regard is to be had of the parts wherein those diseases reside for those which are in noble parts or those parts which serve the noble parts or have consent with them or which performe any publike duty they are first to be taken away but if the diseases have some agreement and are some way united it is to be considered whether the cure of the one is beneficiall to the cure of the other or at least no way hinder the cure of the other or whether the cure of the one may bring any impediment or hindrance to the cure of the other or whether they partly consent and partly dissent if the cure of the one bring no impediment or bindrance to the cure of the other or also if it promotes it as if a distemper of the liver and an obstruction thereof concurr you may cure them severally or together and begin with which of them you please also when a reason thereof may be had from that which urgeth most if they are not of equall force but if they are so joyned together that the one is more dangegerous then the other you must begin with that which is the other neither of them is to be cured by its selfe but the remedies shall so be tempered that they may both be cured most dangerous qut if the one be no more dangerous then both be cured Lastly if they partly agree and partly disagree you are to begin with that the cure whereof hinders not the cure of the other and without removall whereof the other cannot be taken away if a disease be joyned to a cause the cause is first to be removed but in the removing of causes it is to be observed that they are to be taken away in that order wherein they follow one another so that you are to be begin first with that which was first in generation and last in dissolution from thence you are to goe on to the next and so to goe on forward in order untill we come to our desired end and that we may breifly comprehend all the matter the presence of the Indicant which overcomes the other Indicants and the absence of the prohibiting Indicant shews when to act and the order of performing and moreover it teacheth whether the same remedie be to be repeated often for so long and so often it is to be repeated as the Indicant remaines present and no hindring Indicant happens The place or substance of the Indicant sheweth where and the place of applying remedies and the place is to be found out in which by which and to which as they commonly use to distinguish In all alterations the place in which is principally to be taken notice of in evacuations the place from which Manner and by which if the matter be carried out of one place into another the place to which As for what belongs to the place of applycation of matter fit for remedie since a contact or touch of the matter and Indicant cannot allwayes be immediate that is to be chosen by or through which the matter of cure may come to it that there may be a touch and action and passion thereof and of the Indicant As for Mode if it regard the remedie it selfe without consideration of matter How the matter medicinall answering to the Indicate may be found out it seemes not to differ from quantity time and place but rather to be a Summetry in measure and equity to be observed in these but if it be taken for the forme of a medicine that is delivered in the doctrine of the composition of medicines The helpe or Indicate being found out that the Physitian may be carefull of the matter of cure t is very requisite which is taken from three heads Chyrurgery Ingredients and Dyet the same Indicate shews matter circumscribed and determinate with its conditions quantity time and place for that matter is proper and fit which can performe that which the determinate Indicate requires by its rules and which may have force but if there be more Indicates or matter to be sought which have more faculties or if these be wanting more shall becompounded together But because allwayes as is said regard is to be had of the strength also and it is to be weighed whether by the application of this matter there may come more good or not the nature of the whole body and of the part to which the medicine ought to be applyed is to be considered in which businesse not only manifest but also occult qualities ought to be weighed and t is to be enquired by the Physitian whether the sick have any peculiar hatred to any particular thing which therefore is in no wise to be given in the cure but in parts affected in their kind the excellency of a part is to be weighed the sense scituation conformation for
our helper and the humour more aptly followes the leading of the purging medicine but if we endeavour by purges to evacutate crude humours that is such as are not as yet Elaborated and become benigne nor as yet seperated from the profitable the sick will receive more dammage then benefit from thence neither have we nature to a fist us nor are the humours apt for purgation wherefore either the purge performes not its purpose and brings out nothing or very little or if the medicine be very strong it draws out not only the unprofitable but profitable humours since they are hitherto mixt it melts and consumes the body disturbes the humours more and confounds them brings forth obstructions in the first passages the matter being stird and not sufficiently evacuated whence greivous Symptomes doe arise but if any voluntary purge shall happen and that sufficient or that any future loosness be expected there will be no need of any purging according to Hippo. 1. Apho. 20. those things which are perfectly judged and exquisitely confirmed are in no ways to be removed Sometimes you may purge in the beginning neither moved neither with purging medicines nor other endeavours but are to be let alone But although the best time for purging is after concoction yet sometimes you may purge in the beginning by the command of Hippo. 2. Apho. 29. where hee sayth in the beginning of a disease if any thing seeme fit to be moved move it but when you may purge it in the beginning of a disease It is variously disputed amongst Authors Galen shews it clearely whilst 1. Apho. 24 he saith that then onely purging is to be used when greater profit may follow by the evacuation of offending humours then the detriment is which the body receives from purging medicines or when any present danger doth more urge then crudity of humours but Hippo. shews the cause and that danger 1. Apho 22. whilst he writes That purging is not to be used in the beginning of a disease unlesse the matter raise Tumours or be angry for if hot humours acrid and biting wander up and down in the body and it be doubted least the strength should be debilitated by the agitation of the matter or least the matter being stird up should rush into some principall part with violence or into some part which may draw a principall part with violence or into some part which may draw a principall part into consent or least the native heat should be extinguished you may purge them presently in the beginning of a disease especially when they also of their owne accord are moveable and easy to be evacuated and nature wearied out by them affords its assistance towards their expulsion and indeed that should be done in the very beginning Apho. 10. Sect. 4. of Hippo. To purge in very acute diseases if the humour swell the very first day for delay in diseases of this kind is dangerous CHAP VII Of preparation and concoction of humours AT another time Concoction and preparation of humours differ Concoction of humours the work of nature concoction of humours is to be expected before purging be appointed and the Physitian shall studdy to prepare those things which further concoction and cause more commodious evacuation for we must distinguish betwixt concoction and preparation and concoction is attributed to nature preparation to Art namely nature only concocts humours and Elaborates them and draws them to that perfection and better state by putrifying which they can receive that they may the more conveniently and without prejudice or detriment to the sick be evacuated but it is not in the power of Art to concoct humours yet it may be helpfull to the native heate concocting both by cherishing and strengthning it Besides this true concoction which is the worke of nature only Preparation of humourst wofold Digestion there are yet other preparations of humours which are appointed for the more happy concoction and more profitable evacuation sake which the vulgar call concoctions also and medicines effecting them they call Concoquents or as they commonly speake Digestives These preparations are of two kinds the one is that which preceds the concoction which is performed by nature The first prepation of humours the other is that which followes it the former is that which takes away all things which are impediments to nature whereby it may the lesse begin or happily perfect concoction and commonly useth to be called concoction the quality of humours besides their quantity hinder concoction therefore what qualities soever hinder concoction are to be taken away by their contraries and hot humours are to be cooled cold to be heated dry to be moistned moist to be dryed in like manner humours that are too thick are to be attenuated those that are to thin and sharpe are too be thickned and allayed and those that are tough to be wiped away or purged Namely phlegme which is cold Phlegme how to be prepared Choler moist thick and dull requires heating drying attenuating cutting and detergent medicines Yellow choler since it is hot and dry t is to be corrected with cooling and moistning things but as it â—s thin and by its too much tenuity may molest the body it is to be thickned the other kinds of choler which are produced by too much adustion sichence they are now thicker require extenuation Moreover the melancholy humour since it is cold Melancholy dry and thick is prepared with things modernately heating and attenuating and moistning but black choler since t is a hot humour very dry and thick requires cold things much attenuating and moistning The other preparation is that which is appointed when putred humours allready concocted Another preparation of humours or others also not putred by reason of some impediment are not evacuated without difficulty unlesse that be taken away But sithence humours which ought to be evacuated ought to be moveable and the wayes through which they ought to be moved open hence it easily appeares that there are two hinderances which impead the happy purgation of humours namely thickness of humours and obstruction of passages And therefore the Physitian which would purge as Hippe commands 2. Apbo 9. must well prepare as Galen explaines it t is to extenuate the thick and dull humours and open the passagesthrough which they ought to be traduced and drawn by the force of purging medicines CHAP VIII Of the quantity of purgation THat we may purge as much as is convenient How much to purge and no lesse we are to use diligence first to know the quantity of the peccant humour that from thence the quantity of the purging medicine may be determined for the quantity of the purging medicine ought to be such that it may evacuate all the peccant humours least any part thereof remaine in the body and corrupt the other humours and afterwards cause a ralapse But whether the peccant humours ought to be evacuated together and at
in different bodies naturally yet if there be great vehemency of manifest causes even in bodies of different constitutions they may produce the same humours and diseases depending on them As for the difference of intermitting Fevers Difference they proceed from the diversity of humours for there are so many sorts of intermitting Fevers as there are of humours by which they are produced for there are according to the vulgar opinion three sorts of excrementitious humours Choler Flegme and Melancholy and so three kinds of intermitting Fevers Bilious Pituitous and Melancholy which differences we usually call a Tertian intermittent a quotidian intermittent and a quartane intermittent And in case those humours are sincere pure Fevers are generated if they are mixed spurious And that Fever which proceeds from pure Choler is called a pure Tertian but that which ariseth from yellow Choler mixt with some other humour is called a Bastard Tertian But concerning a quotidian intermittent Of a quotidian whether any be the matter is not so plain For Fernelius accounts this the rarest of all other and scarce one of them happens amongst six hundred and that those intermittent Fevers which daylie afflict for the most part he rather accounts them double Tertians But Platerus flatly denies a Quotidian Fever and wholly agreeth with Galen 8. Meth. med cap. 5. where he appoints only a twofold crudity the one nitrous the other acid and they only seem to afford matter for two sorts of Fevers Cholerick and Melancholy For although Flegme also according to preheminency and most principally be called a crude humour yet since it is exceeding cold it can scarcely putrifie and excite a Fever But whether there are more circuits of Fevers Whether there are Quintan Fevers and whether besides Tertians Quartans and if there be any such thing as Quotidians there are also other Fevers which are extended beyond the fifth circuit is doubtful Galen saw no such Nevertheless Hypocrates and other Physitians observed Fevers which returned the fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth day But what the cause of this course is is very obscure Some seek the cause of such fits out of the diverse constitution of Choler and Melancholy and Andreas Caesalpinus Art Med. lib. 2. cap. 15. refers Quintans to Choler Septanes to Melancholy and determines such flower returns of Fits to be a kind of renewing of one or more simple accessions and the Quintan to be a kind of Tertian wherein the third day is without a paroxism and a Septan to be a sort of Quartan renewing the accession of the fourth day But most derive the reason of these circuits from the various mixture of Melancholy humours with others But although it be probable that all these Fevers as keeping longer periods proceed from a Melancholy humour yet a mixture of that humour seems not necessary Because no humour can be appointed to be mixed with a Melancholy which can be a cause of a slower period then it self for those humours both Cholerick and Melancholy are not alwaies of the same sort and moreover the corruption also which they suffer is not alwaies the same so that it is no wonder that the effect also varies which proceeding from them is not alwaies the same And as in epidemical diseases somtimes rare and wonderful corruptions of humours happen so in Intermittents that some such thing may likewise happen is not altogether absurd Intermitting Fevers are easily known Diagnostick signs for they come to Apurexie and at certain times and indeed as Galen 1. ad Glaucan cap. 5.2 de crisib cap. 3. 2. de diff Febr. cap. 3. teacheth they return with shaking horror or cold For although that somtimes Fevers do occur which seem intermittent and invade without any rigour trembling or cold yet really they are not such but only slow and obscure continued ones or in case they are really intermittent they are not pure whose Idea Galen propounds but spurious But these Fevers are less dangerous then continued Prognosticks and seldome unless the strength be decayed or in regard of age or some other cause or some errour committed in diet are mortal sithence it may be convenient during the apurexie to gather strength and administer necessary medicines Concerning the cure of these Fevers in general Indications and Cure Since their cause is collected and generated in the meseraick veins there putrifies and thence is diffused over all the body and at length is discussed by insensible transpiration or sweats But the cause of the recourse of the Fever as Galen teacheth 2. de Febr. cap. the last is a twofold vitious disposition in a body the one a certain pollution or putrifaction left after the former paroxisme the other imbecility of the member or part generating excrementitious humours what therefore is to be done in each sort of Fever easily appears from hence For sithence the beginning of generation and corruption of humours producing a Fever is in the first passages Purging we are to endeavour to purge out that peccant humour before it corrupts the rest of the blood and brings weakness and a vitious disposition to the parts but we must proceed warily in those evacuations since there is not the same reason of all intermitting Fevers For when that vitious and excrementious humour the cause of a Fever in the meseraicks is mixed with blood crudity also and concoction according to their manner are necessary whereby the vitious humours may be separated from the good and rendred fit for evacuation and that often happens in a short time in Fevers full of Choler and the cholerick humour is otherwise apt enough to motion But in a Quartan the humour is more stubborn and moreover according to Galen 1. ad Glau. cap. 11. no strong medicine is easily to be admitted at the beginning And Sudorifiques are not at all or altogether to be used Sweats unless evacuations have preceded for if many vitious and excrementitious humours do hitherto abide in the first ways it may easily come to pass that by reason of hydroticks untimely exhibited they may be detruded thence to the more noble parts and may become the cause of various and grievous evils and such as may bring more danger then the Fever it self As for breathing of a vein Letting blood 't is not indicated from the primary cause of intermitting Fevers which is generated in the meseraick veins where the greatest part abideth Yet because that somtimes blood also abounds which may easily be corrupted and polluted by the vitious humours and so if it be too plentiful cannot be well governed by nature when it is weakned by a Fever and in the progress of the disease from thence some of the peccant matter passeth into the vena cava and is mixed with the blood it is somtimes needful to open a vein which nevertheless is not to be appointed presently in the beginning before the evacuation of the primary passages If the Fever be not cured by
these evacuations we are to endeavour that the causes of the returns of fits may be taken away and moreover two things remain to be done namely that that disposition and weakness of the part generating vitious humours may be taken away which is performed by altering medicines which together correct the fault of the humour and discuss that pollution and those seeds which were left out of the putrifaction of humours and indeed that paroxisms depend on that pollution and that when it is taken away the Fever ceaseth appeareth from hence That whilst that is driven by nature to the circumference of the body out of the veins and that Pustules are raised about the lips nose and other parts of the face the Fever ceaseth Wann der Mundt oder die Nase auss schiaget But 't is principally taken away by Sudorifiques yet there are also certain other medicines known both to Physitians and to the vulgar Febrifuga which take away feverish fits and therefore are called Febrilia Puretagoga and such as specifically cause and are called The flight of a Fever or Febrifuga which nevertheless cause no sweat but without doubt some other way take away that seed and by consequence the paroxism such as commonly are accounted the powder of burnt shells of Cockles or Snails or of the Pearl bearing shels or mother of pearl calcined of River Crabs and principally their eyes which are so called prepared and such like But how they perform this is not explained by Authors That I may speak my own opinion such like medicines seem by a certain precipitation to take away that force of heating and stirring up a paroxism which is in the humours to which Opiats seem to belong yet such like cannot be given safely unless the vitious humours and those things which may afford the reason of the antecedent cause be first taken away for otherwise those things which may be expell'd by nature when it is irritated in a paroxisme are left in the body and afterwards may become the cause of a Chachexie Dropsie Jaundies Cholick pains and of other griâ—vous evils Externally also are applied certain medicines to cure intermitting Fevers of Cobwebs oyl of Spiders and certain vesicatories Topical Medicines which without doubt that which they do is performed by drawing out and evacuating of that Feverish corruption and pollution CHAP. XVIII Of Intermitting Fevers in particular and first of an Intermitting Tertian AFter we have handled intermitting Fevers in general An intermitting Tertian we will now go through them in particular amongst them the most frequent is a Tertian intermitting which ariseth from Choler putrifying in the meseraick veins But there is a certain difference of these Fevers for first It s difference Choler it self out of which these Fevers are generated is not of the same kind for somtimes the choler is like to that natural choler which afterwards is collected in the Galls bladder somtimes it is preternatural green and aeruginous such as somtimes by those that are Feverish is evacuated by vomit or stool Moreover Choler either putrifies alone or else hath some other humour mixt with it Flegme or Melancholy that causeth a pure this a bastard Tertian They differ also in respect of duration for if the fits are not extended beyond twelve hours they are wont to be called pure tertians but in case the Fit be extended above twelve hours they are no more called exquisite and pure tertians but either simply tertians or spurious tertians and when the paroxism is extended above twenty four hours they are called extense tertians but this is occasioned either by the thinness or thickness plenty or paucity of the humour For by how much the Choler is thinner or lesser by so much the sooner 'tis discussed but by how much the thicker or more mixed with thick humours or the more plentiful by so much the longer the paroxism continueth The causes of this Fever are all those things which can generate excrementitious choler namely a hot and dry distemper The causes generating Choler signs of a true Tertian hot constitution of ayr cating of hot meats and drinking of hot drinks using of hot medicines watching fasting labour and too much exercise For although that in the Liver also yellow choler may be generated yet it is very often generated by the errour of the first concoction and fault of the meseraick vein therefore whether much choler be generated in the stomack by reason of meats or by default of the stomack and is carried to the meseraick veins with the chyle and there is heaped up and at length putrifieth a Fever is kindled If the causes generating Flegme and Melancholy be annexed to those that generate choler spurious tertians are bred This Fever presently invadeth A pure Tertian if it be pure with a shaking fit as it were pricking the flesh afterwards when the cold fit ceaseth presently much heat followeth sharp and biting and in its vigour is extended equally over the body whence the sick draw their breath much and are troubled with thirst The pulses in the beginning of a fit are little weak slow and thin but the fit increasing they become vehement swift frequent and in some measure hard and void of all inequalities besides Feverish When the fit comes to the height and the sick drinks many vapours are sent through the skin vomiting of choler followeth which oftentimes useth to happen after the cold fit also the belly is loosened choler is pissed out or somtimes more then these happen Afterwards a sweating out of hot vapours ensueth over the whole body and the pulse is swift great vehement such as theirs use to be who are over-heated by exercise The Urine is of a light red or deep yellow and afterwards hath a white cloud or suspension The fit lasteth not above twelve hours and the causes which generate melancholy have either gone before or are then present A bastard tertian is known from the causes which do not generate pure choler A spurious Tertian but to gather Flegm or Melancholy The heat is not so sharp as in a pure tertian but more mild neither is it presently diffused over the whole body Neither is this Fever dissolved by vomitting of yellow choler or by sweat but certain vapours go out in the declination and if any sweats come forth they either are not universal or if they are universal they cure not the Fever The Urine is not so fiery as in a pure tertian and the signs of concoction do not appear so soon in it The pulse in the beginning is hard and that hardness increaseth daylie until the seventh paroxism then by degrees it becomes softer and the Urines also appear more concocted The paroxism is often extended to eighteen hours and more yet somtimes to wit if the matter be less and Nature strong it is likewise terminated in twelve hours It endeth not in seven fits but often endureth till it comes to
that which by mischievous persons hath been done and committed as histories again inform us yet if any one would refer this kind of cause to contagion or infection Imagination we will not contend with him Fifthly The cause is imagination terror and fear and experience hath taught us that some whilst they have beheld those that were infected with the plague or dead of it or seeing some go out of a house that was then infected by reason of too much terror and fear have fallen sick of the plague I have observed the same to proceed from anger CHAP. III. Of Contagion ANd these are the causes by means whereof the pestilent poyson may be generated in the ayr or in mans body yet it often comes to pass that neither the ayr nor evil diet nor any of the rest of these causes have stirred up the pestilence but otherwise from elsewhere being brought into some place by contagion and afterwards by contagion also it is diffused into more places Infection For although there are other diseases contagious also yet the plague is the most infectious of all others Contagion is a production of the like diseased or sickly affect in another body by pollution sent out from a discased body but there are three things required to perfect contagion A contagious body it self that may infect others a disease or an affect contrary to nature which is communicated to another and the body which is infected First a contagious body is that which whilst 't is sick of any disease diffuseth not the disease it self for the actident goes not out of the subject but some of the morbifique cause out of it self and communicates it to another and so in this manner excites the same disease in it For that which is communicated to another from out of a contagious body is not the disease it self but a certain body flying out of the diseased body and received into another having power of stirring up the same in it The Greeks call it Noseras apocriscis and aporroias and miasmata The Latines the pollutions and seeds of contagion and since that we see that such seeds have not only hurtful qualities in the smallest quantities and that they easily insinuate themselves into the body but also they endure a long time and retain their strength entire and they are most exactly mixed and are some way spirituous Infection how many ways it is spread and 't is necessary they should sowe their store of strength by some occult quality But contagion is not scattered after one manner for somtimes it goes out by breathing somtimes through the pores of the skin or in the form of vapours or of sweat and filth adhering to the skin and is communicated to other bodies And this seed goeth out most plentifully from an infected body when the poyson is too strong for nature and overcomes it which happens in those that are dying The seeds of contagion are communicated either by immedidiate contact or by some medium and vehicle This vehicle is twofold ayr and some fewel as they call it Ayr when it receives the seeds of contagion from infected bodies it can carry them to places nigh yea and somtimes more remote places That hath the nature of fewel in it which can receive the seeds of contagion and communicate the same to another which kind of bodies are thin and porous as Flax Cotton Feathers the hairy skins of animals and garments made of them feathers also of birds and birds themselves and it is found out for a truth that those pestilential sparks have often lain hid in the cinders or ashes and it may come to pass that any one may carry the sparks of it about him in his garments and not be infected and yet they being moved and shaked may infect another But the seed of a contagious pestilence when 't is received into a body it brings in that disposition with it wherewith that body from out of which it came was afflicted and that for the most part suddenly yet somtimes it is found to lie hid some days in the body before it denudates it self Thirdly Concerning the body that receives the pestilent treasury although no man can promise to himself immunity from the pestilent venome yet it is certain some are more easily some more hardly infected The cause whereof without all doubt consisteth in some peculiar occult quality of the heart by the power whereof it hath or hath not strength to resist the venomous pestilence yet because the venomous quality is not transferred without a subject out of the infected body into another it will more powerfully insinuate it self if it be received into a body proportionable and like unto that wherein it was generated whence kinsmen are sooner affected then others Yet there are also other things that occasion the more facile reception of the pestilence for such as breath stronger and such as have wide and open pores of their bodies easier take in the seeds of the plague inhering in the Ayr or any place apt to retain it CHAP. IIII. Of the signes of the Plague MOreover concerning the signs Diagnostick signs that I may say nothing of approaching signs desiring brevity but only by what means it may be known we will speak Indeed the plague when many have been infected may easily be known but before many have been overspread thereby there is scarce any pathognomick signe by which it can certainly be known that one or a few being affected are sick of the plague afterwards when more are visited it is not so difficult to be known especially when all sporadick diseases for the most part are silent For first the plague seizeth on many and the most it kills Secondly 'T is contagious and easily given to others and 't is more contagious then any other disease Thirdly by its violence it destroys the strength and principally the vital spirits Whence fourthly when little frequent and unequal pulses are made palpitation of the heart happens lipothymie syncope and great anguish and perplexity altogether Fifthly If the disease be protracted and the venome corrupt the humours evils and symptomes happen of all kinds and the whole order of the body is disturbed Fevers happen divers wheals or pustules buboes carbuncles yet if there are no pushes bubo or carbuncle appear we must not therefore conclude that the sick hath not the plague for it often happens that before they come out and can be drived out by reason of the debility of nature the sick die with the violence of the disease There happens likewise other symptomes of all sorts for when the strength of the body is debilitated by the vehemency of the poyson the humours and spirits are corrupted the excrements are changed and the urine either becomes crude or fully corrupted the sweats are stinking and untimely filthy foetid ill coloured excrements proceed from the belly the qualities of the body are variously changed and there is nothing at all
by sweats yet the thinner are dispersed and the thicker remains behind Altering preparing medicines Wherefore preparation and alteration of the humours is to be ordered by those medicines which open and if occasion require may cut those humours and may resist ebullition and putrifaction extinguish the heat of the Fever and resist malignity and may by degrees dispose nature to sweats such are Sorrel Scordium Carduus Benedictus Scorzoneca the seed of Citron Roots of Tormentil Cinquefoyl juice of Citron Pomgranates and Syrups of these Spirit of Vitriol when the humours are sufficiently prepared unless Nature expel alone they are to be evacuated by a convenient passage but then also lenitive medicines must be used and purgation scarce to be ordered before the fourteenth day If Nature tend to evacuation by urine Causing Urine it is to be helped by an emulsion of the seeds of Melons Citron or Limmon Carduus benedictus with the water of Sorrel Mayden-hair and such like But during the whole time of the sickness Topical things as well in malignant as in pestilent Fevers medicines are to be applied to the Pulses and heart such as strengthen the heart and resist malignity which are very where extant Symptomes also if any urge and debilitate the strength are to be taken away and mitigated as in their own place shall be shewed Concerning Diet Diet. the meat should be of good juice and of easie digestion and to beware that when the strength languisheth Nature be not over-burthened the meats also should be mixed with such things as resist this Fever we must abstain from wine unless swooning fits happen but 't is more convenient to use small beer a decoction also of Harts-horn may well be given with such a quantity of Spirit of Vitriol as may render it grateful to the taste to which also some Juleps of Roses and Violets may be added It allays thirst likewise opens obstructions drives away putrifaction and resisteth malignancy of Aegyptii as Prosper Alpinus in his fourth book of Medicines Aegypt chap. the fourth Pulp of Tamarinds and Barberries the fruits being dryed with the seeds of Fennel or Limmon they pour them into abundance of fair water and so prepare a Drink which they administer to the sick during the whole time of the disease in malignant and pestilent Fevers and confide much in the use of this Drink since that it is found that Tamarinds and the fruit of Barberries do exceedingly resist putrifaction in Fevers CHAP. XII Of a Malignant Fever with the Measles and Small Pox. ALthough the nature of malignity Small Pox and Measles from whence malignant Fevers are denominated be occult and therefore much cannot be spoken of the differences of these Fevers yet there is not one reason only even of the same but some variety shews it self by the effects and symptomes whence also certain differences of malignant Fevers are are appointed of which we will now speak in particular First there happen Feavers wherein pushes or eminent tubercles break forth and sometimes certain spots shew themselves the Greeks call them Exanthemata and Ecthâ—mata the Latines Papulas and Pustulas and at this day they are called the Measles and Small Pox which names although they are not used in the same manner by all yet the most at this day call variolas parvos varos little spots or Measles and they give this name to those pushes full of humours which for the most parâ— suppurate which the Germans call die Biatterne and Bocten but they call those Mobillos which are spots only in the skin or rather small tubercles in the skin which the Germans call die Masserne Variolae are pustules breaking forth in the skin and parts adjacent Definition with a continued Fever occasioned by the fervency of the blood and sent forth by the expulsive faculty but Morbilli are little red spots or tubercles coming out in the skin with a continued Fever bred by the ebullition of the blood and sent out by the expulsive faculty Of both kinds there are some differences for of Variolae some are greater some less some white others yellow or of some other colour some break out forth with and rise high and are ripened and encompassed with a red circle and come forth without any grievous symptomes and are not dangerous others are yellow come forth slowly and presently pitch again and have a livid circle about them and are dangerous To the Variolas belong those pustules also which break out of the body and are about the bigness of Lupines Differences and shining like Christal out of which a certain waterish substance issueth which some therefore call Chrystals the Germans call them Shaffsblattern oder Bindvocten which are less dangerous and without any manifest Fever for the most part they do appear Moreover to the Variolaes belong those tubercles coming out here and there in places and are free from quitture which the Germans call Steinbocten and are for the most part the least of all the kinds of Variol and freest from danger which befals children often without a Fever and are presently healed so that Infants seldome take their beds for them To the Poxes or Measles certain small red tubercles do belong which invade with heat and a cough and other symptomes of the Pox yet less dangerous then the pox the Geâ—mans call them die Rittein or die Rottein because they are red somtimes they come alone somtimes are mixed with the Pox and somtimes come after the Pox is healed which disease Halyaabas calls Rubcolam lib. 8. Theoric cap. 14. Moreover there are other breakings out which seem to be referr'd to Poxes which the Neapolitans call Rossoniam and Rossaliam as Johannes Philippus Ingrastiat of tumours speaks by others they are called Purples and Eruthemata yet some call the red spots or Patechii purples They are red and as it were fiery spots because scarce worthy to be called tumours coming out over all the body as it were certain small Eryspelaes at the beginning of the sickness or on the fourth or fifth day In the progress of the disease it spreads over all the body as if it were on fire or as if one were sick of an universal Erysipelas which colour as in the beginning so in the declination is turned into spots which again on the seventh or ninth day vanish falling away from the skin like scales of Fishes The subject of spots and pushes is the skin Subject and other parts answering to the skin in proportion for it hath been found in dead bodies that the superficies of the Intrals and on their skin without side the Pox have been setled Concerning the cause of these Cause there is difficult and great controversie amongst Physitians The Arabicks and those which follow them attribute the cause of the small Pox and Measles to the uncleanness of the blood contracted from the menstruous blood in the womb by the Infant which was there nourished with
as in Poxes and these spots in these Fevers appear principally in the back arms legs and breasts namely in places through which the most eminent veins and arteries do pass but in the face they do seldom appear because it is alwaies obvious to the external Ayr. These spots have their original from the thinner parts of the putred and corrupt humour The cause whence they suddenly come out and vanish but although they are made by the expulsive faculty driving this part of the corrupt humour to the extremities of the body yet that seldom happens critically because they come out for the most part at the beginning the matter being not as yet concocted neither is there any notable evacuation of the matter made by them nor the sick are not the better for them but for the most part by how much the more plentifully they come forth by so much the greater store of corrupt matter is indicated which notwithstanding as is said already is not sufficiently evacuated by those spots There are of those spots several differences for first Difference they differ in colour some are red arising from the more temperate blood putrified others yellow green when choler is putrified others Pomgranet colour and black when melancholy putrifieth Moreover they differ in quantity for some come out more plentifully others more sparingly some are greater others less according to the quantity and thickness of the humour and strength or weakness of nature some come out at the beginning others in the progress of the disease This Fever is known by the signs of Malignant Fevers in general already set down and when the spots joyn together Diagnostick signs they shew malignity more plainly But what event of these Fevers may be hoped for is manifest by the prognosticks of malignant Fevers in general Prognosticks Concerning the spots themselves although it be good that the peccant matter be carried to the extremities of the body yet by these spots they cannot sufficiently be evacuated therefore although if they are plentiful they shew that store of matter is present yet they shake it not of and therefore they portend danger rather then health Neither is their paucity always good and although it signifie no store of matter yet it also denotes debility of nature These spots if they lie hidden are evil signs because they shew that the matter which before was coming to the outside of the body does now tend inwards and go to the head heart or some internal part Red spots are most safe yellow and green worse and pomgranate colour and black most dangerous Although such as come out at the first appear symptomaâ—â—cal yet those that break forth the seventh day or thereabouts are critical yet unless other good signs are present put no confidence in them because they do not sufficiently evacuate the matter but if they come out slowly 't is evil for that happens either by reason of the thickness of the matter into which if the malignity fall 't is not easily overcome or else by reason of density of the skin which hindreth free transpiration Lastly concerning the cure Cure those things that are spoken about the cure of malignant Fevers are here also convenient namely the belly is to be loosned either by Clister or lenitive medicine or if the matter tend upward and the sick be inclinable to vomit a Vomit must be given Then if occasion require Bleeding a vein is to be opened before the fourth day or else afterwards to be omitted but whether the spots now coming forth do hinder the breathing of a vein is shewed in the Institutions lib. 5. part 2. sect 1. cap. 17. But since nature it self strives to protrude the matter we see to the extremities of the body and 't is profitable in all malignant diseases to drive out the matter from the greater to the lesser vessels and to free the bowels from vitious humours the endeavours of nature is here to be assisted Sweats and the matter tending to the outmost parts of the body is by it to be evacuated because that otherwise that which is malignant will admit of no concoction Therefore let the sick be kept in a place moderately hot and forthwith some Sudorifique medicine and which also may resist malignity given such as are before propounded for the plague and malignant Fevers in general and for the Measles and small Pox yet those are to be selected amongst them that may not increase the feverish heat and the Fever and the malignity are to be weighed together and of that which most requires it regard must be taken Somtimes a looseness happens in this Fever When a looseness comes what must be done which unless it be too great should not be stopped but the business should be committed to nature and in the interim only with altering medicines and such as resist malignity the morbifique cause must be resisted Afterwards to fortifie nature Pearls Coral Hartshorn juice of Pomgranates Citron Confectio de Hyacintho Alkermes and such like are to be exhibited Externally likewise medicines are to be applied to the region of the heart and to the pulses Topical medicines which draw venome from the heart and resist malignity and some use an unction ex Hydraeolo and niter to relax the skin and draw out humours Neither is it unprofitable to apply vesiccatories to the arms Vesiccatories especially if the external parts are cold and the internal burn and that pains in the head deliriums a lethargy and other symptomes in the head are present for so both the humours are called from within outwards and are likewise refelled from the head CHAP. XIV Of the English Sweat THere was a kind of Fever malignant The English sweat which began in England in the year 1486. and thence it took the name of the English Sweat and it reigned there about forty years and killed almost an infinite number of Englishmen Hence being spread through the Netherlands Germany the Low Countries Holland Zeland Brabant in Belgia Flanders Dane Norway France it continued until the year 1530. The same Fever was accompanied with Sweats and was called the Sudatory Fever for those which were troubled with this Fever abounded with Sweat without Bubo Carbuncle or puttings forth the sweat perpetually and in great abundance coming out until the dissolution of the disease which hapned within twenty four hours space Together the sick languished deficient in mind with unquietness troubled at heart pain in the head and also with palpitation of the heart and they had a pulse thick frequent swift and unequal and the palpitation of the heart accompanied those that escaped oftentimes some years somtimes till death But the cause of this disease was inherent in the most subtile parts of the blood and spirits The cause which were together affected which the shortness of the disease argues and without doubt the blood and spirits contracted this malignity from