Selected quad for the lemma: cause_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
cause_n	civil_a	judge_n	matter_n	1,515	5	5.7205	4	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A52872	A New and exact description of Moscovy (1.) containing its state antient and modern, situation, extent, latitude, division into provinces, rivers, soile, sterility, and fertility, with the commoditys, and observations on the extreamitys of weather hot and cold, (2.) of the citys and towns, fortification and manner of building ... (3.) of their religion, marriages, ... (4.) of the government ... (5.) their military affairs ... (6.) the revenues of the czar ... (7.) the succession of the royal house of Muscovy ... : the whole containing all that is necessary to be known concerning that vast empire.		1698 (1698)	Wing N541; ESTC R38883	23,009	33

or Hundreds under the Dukes and Dyacks of the Province before whom the Causes may be remov'd if not agreed or determin'd The second is held in the head Towns of the Provinces Shires before the Deputies of the Lords of the Chetfirds and from these they have a Priviledge to Appeal or remove their Causes to the Third or Chief Court held at Moscow where usually reside the Officers of the Chetfrids These are the Chief Justices or Judges every one of them in Civil Matters that arise within their several Chetfird or Quarter and may be either commenc'd originaly before them or prosecuted out of the Inferiour Courts of the Shires by way of Appeal Their Commencing and Proceeding in Civil Actions is in this wise The Plantif delivers his Supplycation wherein he sets forth the Merrit of his Cause or wrong done to him then if alow'd a Reepis or Warrant is granted which he delivers to the Prestave or Serjeant who hereupon Arrests the Defendant who must put in Suretie to Answer or else be kept in Custody and often on this account loaden with Irons when they come before the Judg the Plantif pleads his own Cause and the Defendant make his Defence as for Attorneys and Councellours they are not known in these Courts when the Evidence if they have any is heard Judgment is given but if the matter remains doubtful then the Judge demandeth of either party whom he thinks sit whether he will kiss the Cross upon that which he denyeth or avoucheth and he who consents to do it is carry'd by an Officer to the Church where he does it in a devout manner and this is held a very Sacred Oath and hereupon if it be the Defendant he is declar'd free of the Debt paying 20 pence charges but if both demand this priveledg then they draw Lots and he that has the best is only alowed it and thus by short proceeding with a little charge the Controversy is ended but if the Defendant be condem'd and not able to pay his case is miserable Notwithstanding all I have say'd of these Courts there is yet another superiour to them and this is call'd Zabore or the Publick Assembly which properly is term'd a Parliament The States and Degrees of Persons that are present are 1. The CZAR 2. The Nobility of Council 3. The Clergy for I do not find the Commons have any peculiar Representatives in this Zabore or Parliament which is held briefly after this manner The Prince causes the Nobility to be summon'd together with the Patriarch who Convocates his Clergy viz. the two Metropolites or Arch-Bishops with other Bishops Abbots and Friers as are most Learned and of best repute These assemble in the Court at Moscow and then the day is appointed when the Sessions shall begin The day being come the Clergy Assemble before sitting at a place call'd the Stollie and when the CZAR approaches with his Nobility then all the Clergy arise and bowing themselves pass on with their Patriarch to meet him Then the Patriarch blesseth him with his two Fingers laying them on his Forehead and the sides of his Face then he Kisses him on the Right-side of his Breast These Ceremonies ended they pass to the Parliament-house which is not very stately and there they place themselves in this order The CZAR Seats him in a Throne on one side the Chamber and not far from him is a little square Table and at it sit the Patriarch with the Chief of his Clergy and Principal Nobility of the Council also two Dyacks or Secretaries call'd Dumnoy Dyacks who write down what passes or is to be Enacted The rest take their places on Benches that Encompass the Chamber Being plac'd in this order one of the Dumnoy Dyacks who represents a Speaker declares the cause of the Assembly and Propounds as he has it in Writing the Principal Matters they are to proceed on and the points being open'd the Patriarch and his Clergy have the Priority of speaking and giving their Opinions or Advice but they usualy out of a kind of Modesty refuse it and desire these things being matters of State and other advantage to the Common-wealth that the CZAR and his Nobles who are more knowing and learned therein would order these weighty Affairs whilst they that are Church-men would assist them with their Prayers and so one by one they answer to that Effect After this the matters propounded are agreed to sometimes entire and at others with little variation for without much difficulty every one gives his consent Then the Clergy take their leaves blessing the CZAR who conducts the Patriarch to the next Room and then returns to his Seat till things are prepar'd for his return to his Pallace The Acts that pass in this manner the Dyacks or Secretaries draw up into form of Proclamation which are sent and directed to be Publish'd in the Provinces and head Towns by the Dukes and Dyacks or Secretarys of those places and so the Sessions ended after a Splendid Entertainment every one has leave to depart CHAP. V. Of the Millitary Affairs of Moscovy the Degrees and Order of the Soldiers Officers Their Abilities and Warlike Discipline and other things at Large relating to Martial Enterprizes c. THe next thing I shall Treat of is the Millitary Affairs of Moscovy which is a thing very well worth noting and first of their Forces for the War and Chief Officers The Soldiers are call'd Sinabojarsky or the Sons of Gentlemen being all or mostly of that Degree by virtue of their Military Profession for when they are of years to bear Arms they come to the Reserade or Great Constable who at their request enters their Names alotting them a Maintainance to support their Charge there being Lands Assigned for this purpose annexed to this Office which cannot be Alienated so that there is as I may term it a Succession of Soldiers and usually the whole number in continual Pay is as followeth First The Dworany or Pensionary-Guards of the Princes Person who are 15000 Horsemen with their proper Officers and are always in Readiness but of these there are Three Degrees who differ as well in Estimation as Wages viz. The Dworany-Bulshey or Head-Pensioners The Serendany Dworany or the Middle-Rank of Pensioners The Dyta Boiarsky or the Lower Rank These have from 100 to 20 Rubbles per Annum lessening according to their Station one half is payed at Mosco and the other by the General in the Field besides this they have proportionable Lands Alloted them from the greatest to the least There are other Horsemen to the number of 110 much like the Roman Praetorian Soldiers who have the more immediate care of the CZAR's Person when he goes the Wars all of special Account for their Trust and Nobility which he chuses himself and causes their Names to be Registred and for their Large Revenues in Pension-places they are to bring to the Wars 65000 Horsemen with their Furniture and other Necessaries and once a Year

not exceeding our Small Beer which many Drink The Women are mostly of Gross Bodies and not so comely as in many European Countrys Wherefore knowing their Natural Defect to be the more B●lov'd of their Husbands they use Art to mend their Co●●●exions but their Paint and Washes are easily discern'd bu● 〈◊〉 being the Fashion it is rather Commended than Reprov'd ●●d the Husbands Allow their Wives and Daughters a comp●●●●● to buy Red and White Colours to this purpose but th●● 〈◊〉 the heat of their Stoves which are almost in every House much drys and wrinkles them making them look old before they arrive to it and for their Health or rather to preserve it they use Bath-stoves or Hot-Houses commonly twice a week Their Houses by heating their Peaches which are made like German Bath-stoves and their Potlads like Ovens are never without a considerable heat though many times they will come out of them Sweating and sometimes plundge into the Water when they are foaming-hot which would certainly kill any but those that have Innur'd their Bodies to the two extreameties of Heat and Cold which few or no other Nations do equal to them As for their Habits they are generally after the Greek Fashion The better sort go decently and very Richly clad and their Habit in some measure shows a distinction of degrees by some or other little variation They shave their heads close unless fallen under the Princes displeasure and then let the hair grow as a Mark of dejectedness or Sorrow so to have offended as to be out of favour but their Garments differ in Stuffs though little in fashion the Women affect Rich ones as well as the Men as Cloath Rich Furs Silks Cloath of Gold or Interwoven with it and usually down to their Ancles or Heels though their Summer Garments are much lighter than those they wear in Winter the latter being always well lin'd with costly Furs as Black Fox Ermin Martin Grey Squirel c. of which Creatures and many others yeilding Furs they have abundance in the several Provinces But the Mousic and his Wife go meanly clad yet will not be out of Court Fashion as near as may be their upper Garments are Course Cloath and their under ones perhaps Sheeps Skin with the Wool on though so dress'd that they are very warm and plyable but this is for Winter for in the Summer the Man goes in his Shirt and the Woman in a Linnen Garment called two Shirts Thus as I hope having given a Satisfatory account of this matter I proceed to others CHAP. IV. Of the Goverment of the Provinces and Shires The Courts of Judicature Their Jurisdictions and the manner of Proceeding in them Of the Chief Assembly or Parliament Their Justice c. HAving proceeded thus far in Generals and Particulars Relateing to Moscovy I now come more closely to the latter as to what remains more Materialy to be discover'd and first of the Government of the Provinces and Shires of this large Dominion They are properly divided into four parts which they call Chetfirds or Tetrearchies every part contains divers Shires and is anex'd to the several Offices from whence it derives the Name The First beareth the name of Pososkoy Chetfird or the Jurisdiction of the Office of Ambassages and the standing Salary to the Officer is yearly 100 Rubbles or Marks beside great advantages accruing The Second is called Roseradney Chetfird because it is proper to the Roserade or High Constable who has a like Sallary with the former The Third is Pomeslenoy Chetfird as appartaining to that Office and here is kept a Register of all the Lands given by the Prince for service to his Noblemen Gentlemen and others This Office giveth out and taketh in all the Assurances for them and the Chief Officer has 500 Rubbles per Annum The Fourth is called Cassanskoy-deworets as being apropriated to the Office which has the Jurisdiction of the Kingdoms of Astracan and Cazan with the Cities and Towns lying on the Volga and is stipen'd at 150 Rubbles per Annum and from the Jurisdiction of th●●● Offices but a very few places are priveledg'd or exempted except the CZAR's Inheritance or Vochin as they call it for that it pertained from antient time to the House of Beala This standeth of 36 Towns with their Bounds or Teritories and some other particular Royaltie These great Officers reside at Court and carry their Offices with them where-ever they go They receive all Complaints and Actions that are brought out of the several Chetfirds and Quarters to exhibit them to the CZAR's Council and send back and to send direction to those that officiate under them in the Provinces for all matters given in charge by the Prince or his Council to be done or put in Execution within their precincts and each of the Dukes of lower Nobility in head Towns hath in Commission with him a Dyack or Secretary to assist and advise him the better to Regulate and order matters as they fall out and are directed and their Commission is to this Effect viz. 1. To Hear and determine all Civil matters between Man and Man and to that purpose have under them many Substitute Officers 2. They have Cognizance of all Criminal matters as Theft Murther Treason c. but there lyes an Appeal from them to the CZAR's Council and though they take the Evidence in this case they must draw up the Evidence and Information of the cause and send it ready digested to the Officer of the Chetfird whereunto the Province belongs by whom it is prefered and propounded to the Council for they are not to determine Criminal matters or do Execution on the offender without the Councils order 3. If within the Province there be any publick Service requir'd as the Publishing of a Law or Common Order by way of Proclamation Mustering Soldiers Collecting Taxes or Impositions c. it is proper to them These Dukes and Dyacks are appointed by the CZAR but for a year and then at his pleasure he may change them which is usually done unless by Merrit or Intercession any are continu'd Longer and though their highest Sallary is but 100 Rubbles per Annum yet coming bare into these places in one year they very much inrich themselves For ordinary matters there are many other ●fficers that hold Inferiour Courts and otherways look after ●●e affair not much differing in the main from what is practic'd in England so that the Provinces are carefully regarded and known Bribery is severly punished As for the Courts of Civil Justice in Moscovy for matters of Contract and others of like sort beside the former they are of three kinds and by way of Appeal one is subjected to the other the lowest of these appointed for the Ease of the Subject is the Office of the Gubnoy Starust which signifies in their Language an Alderman and of the Solsky Starust or Baylif of the Soak or Hundred these have power to determine matters within their Soaks