neighbours They haue timber to serue them as well for the building of houses as for shipping whereof they haue great store And who can denie that in Nauarre Asturia and Gallicia there are goodly and fruitfull vallies Fertilitie of the country betwixt Duero and Mimo Can wee desire a countrey more abounding in all good things than that which is betwixt the riuers of Duero and Minio at this time belonging vnto the Realme of Portugall the which being scarce a day and a halfs journey in length and much lesse in breadth hath an Archbishopricke which is that of Braga Porto Gallego a bishopricke and containes in it aboue one thousand and foure hundred parishes fiue hundred Colledges of Canons and one hundred and thirtie Conuents it hath six ports of the sea aboue two hundred bridges of stone and two thousand and fiue hundred fountaines But who doth not admire the Genets of Spaine The horses of Spaine which I had almost forgotten their beautie swiftnesse and easinesse to breake especially of those of Andalusia which drinke of the water of Guadalquibir whereby according to the Spaniards opinion they are made more nimble and swift Of this race was the horse which Iulius Caesar esteemed so much as when hee was dead hee caused his image to be set vp in Venus Temple at Rome Of them and of the Lusitanians their neighbours Mares conceâ—uing by the wind the auntients would make vs beleeue that they were conceiued by the winds which the mares did receiue when they were desirous of the horse blowing from the West namely from the places where the horses feed the which some thinke not impossible Of all these things no man that hath any knowledge of the world can doubt And if any one would object That Spaine cannot bee so fertile as wee make it for that they are supplied with corne from Fraunce England Sicile and Germanie and that they carrie great store of linnen cloth and other merchandise out of Brittaine Normandie Flanders Holland and elsewhere without the which the Spaniards must of necessitie perish Let him consider the great regions discouered by the Spaniards within these hundred and twentie yeares what great fleets Spaine hath continually entertained rigged and victualed as well for the East as Westerne voiages and what need they haue to furnish those countries whith such things as they borrow whereof without doubt they should haue sufficient for themselues but not to furnish a new world the which doth also wast their men daily to people these discouered countries The nature of the Spaniards And withall let him adde the haughtie and couetous disposition of the Spanish nation who doe willingly leaue their labour to goe vnto the mynes or to goe to the warres and neuer follow any worke but when they are forced by necessities 15 Hauing hitherto discoursed of the situation and fertilitie of Spaine The manners of the Spaniards let vs speake something of the manners and kind of life which the Spaniards haue from time to time obserued that being entred into our discourse wee may not bee interrupted therewith When as the Carthaginians came into Spaine and long after the Romanes had got some footing there were few walled townes in the countrey but many great burroughes and villages The most ciuile were they of the Betique prouince and the worst souldiours of them all giuing themselues to trade of merchandise by sea and somewhat to letters and in a maner like vnto those that liue vpon the coast of the Mediterranean sea But as for the rest they were all rustick and barbarous The qualities of the mountaine Spaniards namely the Mountainers and aboue all the Gallicians Asturians and Cantabrians whose ordinarie trade was to rob and steale contemning labour vntill that the Romanes taught them to liue more ciuilly and peaceably ruining their forts and retreats They were traitors spies and readie vpon all occasions to steale They carried targuets two foot long a dagger at their sides clothed in a doublet of linnen cloth stifned and quilted Armes of the antient Spaniards and these were their armes For there were no cuirasses nor head-peeces among them but on their heads they carried high hats made of sinewes and on their legges boots of haire and in their hands many darts some of them carried jauelins whereof the heads were of copper They wore long haire like women Their exercises were fencing and running both on foot and horsebacke and their combates by troupes They loued libertie aboue all things Libertie deere to the Spaniards which made the Romanes to see many examples of crueltie euen in the weakest sex for there were many mothers among the Cantabrians which slue their own children many daughters who for the like cause murthered their parents so deere libertie was vnto this nation to maintaine the which and fearing they might be forced in any thing they did vsually carrie poyson about them and if they were surprised and made slaues they sought by some notable villanie to giue their masters occasion to kill them It was often seene that when they were tyed to the crosse to be executed they did sing for joy of their approaching death but some haue shewed this resolution vpon good and commendable occasions as to conceal the secrets of their masters and friends or after they had reuenged their death or the wrong which had beene done them Their religion was infamous The Spaniards religion infamous for they sacrificed humane creatures vnto their gods euen their prisoners cutting off their right hands to offer them vp Their Priests and Diuines tooke their conjectures from the intrals both of men and beasts but aboue all they tooke their diuination from their countenances when as they receiued the deadly blow and fell to the ground As for their manner of liuing The Spaniards liuing simple and rude it was simple and rude they dranke water lay vpon the ground and did eat the flesh of goats which they did sacrifice vnto Mars they made cakes of dried acornes the which they did eat warme They did willingly banquet with their parents and had tables and seats of stone against the wall where they did appoint the most honourable places according to their ages and dignities They had no vse of siluer coined but did exchange ware for ware They had a beastly and filthie manner of washing and perfuming themselues with vrine which had stood long stinking with the which both men and women did rub their bodies and faces yea euen their teeth imagining that it was a preseruatiue against many infirmities the which is not disallowed by the Physitians This filthie obseruation was common then in Spaine among them all They did seuerely punish malefactors Their manner of iustice and especially parricides whom they did stone without their confines If any one were sicke they carried him into the highwayes and corners of the streets after the manner of the Aegyptians to take counsell and helpe
marriage of D. Alphonso of Leon and of D. Theresa of Portugal was dissolued by the decree of Pope Innocent the third for that they were kinâ—â— folkes in a degree which was prohibited by the church of Rome 30 The house of Nauarre approching neere it's end for want of heires males Nauarre it is fit we should prepare the Readers to the accesse which the descendants from women which are issued from it haue had vnto that crowne speaking some thing of the house of Champagne into the which D. Blanche daughter to D. Sancho the wife and sister to this King D. Sancho the strong was married Descendants of the house of Champagne The Earles of Champagne haue beene of great possessions in France of an ancient and noble familie as well of the house as by their alliances and marriages with the greatest houses of Europe In the nine hundred and ninth yeere mention is made of Odon first Earle of Champagne Brie Blois Chartres and Tourame who was a turbulent man and had great quarrels with Richard Duke of Normandy whose daughter notwithstanding he tooke in the end to his second wife he made warre against Rodolphe or Ralphe the last King of Bourgogne and was the cause why hee resigned his Scepter and crowne to Conrade the Emperour whose daughter Odon had taken to his first wife and had Stephen and others by her This Stephen was Earle of Champagne in the yeere of our Lord 1032. after the decease of his father and Lord of his other Estates by the succession of his brethren Hee died in the holie warre in Syria hauing begotten of his wife Alis or Adela daughter to William the conqueror Duke of Normandie and King of England Thybaâ—d and other children Thybaud surnamed the great was Earle of Champagne in the yeere of our Lord 1101. hee did also enioy the Earledomes of Brie Blois and Chartres and was called the father of the poore hee had to wife Mihault a Princesse of Germany of a great house by whom he had Henry who was Earle of Champagne and Bry after him in the yeere of our Lord 1151. besides other children This Henry surnamed the Big the fourth Earle of Champagne was in Asia with King Lewis the yong and afterwards with Philip Augustus where hee did great seruice to the cause hee married Mary of France daughter to Lewis the seuenth called the young by his first wife Elenor Dutchesse of Guienne and Contesse of Poictiers of this marriage issued Henry and Thibaud who were successiuely Earles of Champagne one after an other Henry went to the warre of Asia and marrying with the daughter of Almerit King of Ierusalem widow to Conrad Marquis of Montferrat was made King of Ierusalem but returning into France hee died without issue male Wherefore his brother Thibaud the second of that name seized vpon the country of Champagne in the yeere of our Lord 1196. to the preiudice of the two daughters of the deceased Cont Henry and was the sixth Cont Palatin thereof It was this Thibaud which married D. Blanche daughter to D. Sancho the wise King of Nauarre who had one sonne after the death of her husband about the yeere of our Lord 1201. called Thibaud as the father who was Earle of Champagne and Brie notwithstanding the pretensions of a sister which was borne in their fathers life time who contended for this succession but in vaine Moreouer by the death of D. Sancho the strong of whom wee now intreate without children hee came to the crowne of Nauarre by his mothers succession A Prince greatly allied to the houses of France and England whereof wee will treate more at large But let vs returne to D. Sancho the strong raigning at this time in Nauarre This Prince married with a French Lady daughter to Raymond Earle of Tolouse the fourth of that name who was called D. Clemence they hold that hee had not any children by her wherefore according vnto some Authors hee left her and married the daughter of the Emperour Frederic Barbarousse notwithstanding this second marriage is doubtful but as for the first Garcia d' Eugui bishop of Bayone hath left in writing that hee had one sonne named D. Ferdinand Calabasa vvho died in his fathers life time VVith a fall of a horse running after a Beare and vvas buried in the Collegial church of Tudele Hee had no other lavvfull children but mention is made of one bastard sonne called William 31 The ancient league of Castille and Arragon beeing renevved betvvixt the Kings D. Alphonso the Noble and D. Pedro they did arme to annoy the King of Nauarre aboat the yeere of our Lord 1200. the which he foreseeing he sought to be supported by forraine Princes and proceeded so farre as hee did sollicit Aben Ioseph Mazemut to breake the truce which he had made for ten yeeres A Mahumetan Prince keepes his faith religiously with the King of Castille some Authors affrming that D. Sancho went himselfe in person into Affrike to treat of the businesse with this Mahumetan Prince who notwithstanding that he would not breake his faith yet hee presented him with a great summe of money and many rich Iewels During his absence the confederate Kings entred by diuers waies into Nauarre where hee had left for his Lieutenant General a knight called Alphonso Fernandes of Guendulain and tooke Ayuar and the valley of Roncal which fell to the King of Arragon and on the other side Miranda and Insura or Inzula which places the King of Castille kept for himselfe these two confederate Kings hauing agreed to diuide the conquest of Nauarre betwixt them this was all they did for that yeere As for the King D. Sancho hee fel sicke on the waie of a pestilent feuer the which in the end fell to be a canker in one of his feete which continued with him all his life This indisposition beeing knowne in Spaine it gaue courage to the King of Castille to pursue his good fortune and to trie all meanes possible to ioyne that Estate to his presuming that the King D. Sancho who had no children could not liue long and that he beeing dead there should be no great opposition against him for that D. Ramir one of his brethren was of the church the other was young and absent and the Earle of Champaigne his brother in law was either dead or gone to the holy Land but howsoeuer hee was so farre off as before hee should returne into France to debate his title to the Kingdome of Nauarre wherevnto hee had right hee did hope to bee in possession Vpon this deseigne hee leauied a new army The King of Castille inuades Nauarre entred into Alaua and ouerrunne all that Prouince where in the end hee besieged the Towne of Victoria the which was valiantly defended by D. Alphonso Fernandes of Guendulayn who had put himselfe into it with many good souldiers of Alaua and Nauarre and maintained the siege long without any succors or newes from the
stil roades and spoyling one of an other so as the Arragonois were forced to keepe great garrisons in those parts whereof the King of Arragon complayned to King Charles who commanded still that they should liue like neighbours and friends but he was not obeyed In the yeere of our Lord 1328. King Charles died at Bois de Vincennes haing raigned seuen yeeres and some daies leauing Queene Ieanne his wife with child who was deliuered of a daughter called Belanche married afterwards to Philip Duke of Orleance hee was buried at Saint Denis in France After the death of this King there were great quarrels and diuisions both in France and Nauarre In France for that during the Queenes being with child Edward King of England sonne to Isabel of France sister to the deceased King maintained that the Gouernment did belong to him One the other side Philip sonne to Charles Earle of Valois cousin germaine to the three last Kings said that the regency did belong to him as next heire to the crowne of France which did not belong but to males descended of males and was regent The Queene beeing deliuered at Bois de Vincennes of a daughter Philip of Regent was proclaymed King against the pretensions of Edward King of England who was put by vnder collour of the Salique law Herevpon followed great and continuall warres which had in a manner ruined France if God had not releeued it These contended a doubtfull title which belonged to neither of them if the crowne had fallne to the femal for Ieanne daughter to King Lewis Hutin did precede them al. 2 The death of King Charles beeing knowne in Nauarre this nation which was accustomed to liue licentiously for that they had not a long time seene the face of their Kings thought now they had gotten liberty to doe what they pleased so as they beganne to mutine and to raise seditions in all the townes of the realme In the end they discharged their choller vpon the Iewes who were dispersed throughout the townes in great numbers and very odious to the Christians as well by reason of the diuesity of religion Mâ—ssaker of Iewes in Nauarre as for their excessiue vsury whereby they did exhaust al their substance wherefore they beganne to spoile them in all places as enemies at Estella Viana Funes Marzilla and many other places with so great cruelty and greedinesse to get as it is sayd they slue aboue tenne thousand persons of that sect men women and little children To redresse which excesse and to take away the cause the Estates of Nauarre assembled at Puenta la Reyna to resolue without any respect to whom the realme of Nauarre belonged whether to Edward King of England or to D. Ieanne Countesse of Eureux The Estates were referred to Pampelone the chiefe towne of the Realme whereas their opinions were diuers many holding that King Edward should haue the Realme of Nauarre as grandchild borne of the daughter to Queene Ieanne daughter to King Henry rather then the Countesse of Eureux in regard of the sex others and with more reason held for the Countesse who was in the same degree but daughter to a sonne and heire to Queene Ieanne and peruailed drawing the rest to their opinion 3 Thus was Ieanne Countesse of Eureux declared the true and lawfull Queene of Nauarre D. Ieanne Queene of Nauarre in the yeere of our Lord 1328. the realme hauing beene vacant about foure monthes And vntill that she and Cont Philip her husband should come and take possession of the Realm An. 1328. they declared Regent and Viceroy D. Iohn Corboran of Leer Standard-bearer of the realme and Iohn Martines of Medrano Philip the third of that name the nine and twentith King of Nauarre PHilip Earle of Eureux sonne to Lewis of France who was sonne to Philip the third sonne to the King Saint Lewis is counted by vs for the nine and twentith King of Nauarre the third of that name and was surnamed the noble As soone as the Election was made by the Estates of Nauar they sent Ambassadors to Ph. of Valois the French King to let him vnderstand the reasons that the King elected had vnto the realme which had mooued the Estates to make this election and by the same Ambassadors they aduertised Philip of Eureux and Ieanne his wife thereof sommoning them to come and take possession of the realme and to gouerne it The French King did no way hinder it wherefore the Kings of Nauarre elect prepared for their voiage and arriued there about the beginning of the yeere of our Lord 1329. An. 1329. hauing not seene a King in their country of a long time The Prelats Knights and wise men of the realme before their comming had set downe in writing the conditions wherevnto they would receiue them in the succession of the realme the which before the solemnities of the coronation and oth they presented vnto Philip and to Ieanne his wife the which they yeelded willingly vnto The Estate beeing assembled at Pampelone these conditions were sworne by them whereof the principal Articles were 1 First to the Estates to maintaine and keepe the rights Articles sworn by the Kings of Nauarre lawes customes liberties and preuiledges of the Realme both written and not written and whereof they were in possession to them and their successors for euer and not to diminish but rather augment them 2 That they should disanull all that had beene done to the preiudice thereof by the King their Predecessours and by their Ministers without delay notwithstanding any let 3 That for the terme of twelue yeeres to come they should not coine any money but such as was then currant within the Realme and that during their liues they should not conine aboue one sort of new money and that they should distribute part of the reuenues profits and commodities of the realme vnto the subiects 4 That they should not receiue into their seruice aboue foure strangers but should imploy them of the country 5 That the forts and garrisons of the realme should be giuen to gentlemen borne and dwelling in the Country and not to any stranger who should doe homage to the Queene and promise for to hold them for her and for the lawfull heire of the countrie 6 That they should not exchange nor ingage the realme for any other Estat whatsoeuer 7 That they should not sell nor ingage any of reuenues of the crowne neither should make any law nor statute against the realme nor against them that should lawfully succeed therein 8 That to the first sonne which God should giue them comming to the age of twenty yeeres they should leaue the Kingdome free and without factions vpon condition that the Estates should pay vnto them for their expences a hundred thousand Sanchets which was a peece of gold then currant or in other French money equiualent 9 That if God gaue them no children in that case they should leaue the realme after
yours should more seeke to auoid and to seeke their friendship than ours This vnexpected fauor the which could not be comprehended nor equalled by any recompence or thanks held this Spaniard seized with joy and shame who taking Scipio by the right hand prayed all the gods to requite the great fauour he had done him seeing he found himselfe insufficient to make any satisfaction as he desired Then were the virgins parents called who seeing their daughter alreadie freed without any ransome entreated Scipio very earnestly to receiue the gold which they had brought to redeeme her which was of a good quantitie saying they would hold it for a great grace that he had preserued their daughter vndefiled Scipio being much importuned by them Scipio addes liberalitie to his continancie was content to please them whereby hee caused these presents to be brought before him and hauing called for Allucius hee sayd vnto him Besides that which you are to receiue of your father in law in dowrie with your wife take this present from me commaunding him to carrie this gold away with him Allucius hauing receiued these honours and presents from Scipio he returned joyfull and content to his house filling the whole countrey with his prayse and merits and in truth it was an act as generous liberall chast and religious as hath beene in the memorie of any age done by a Pagan in his youth and vigour and who had commaundement and soueraigne power in that behalfe ouer the enemie but it may be it was not without ambition nor humane considerations There was a bruit throughout all Spaine That there was a young man come like vnto a god who surmounted all things as well by force of armes Vertue giues to euery one hiâ— due reward as by his courtesie and bountie wherefore Allucius hauing made a leuie of his friends and vassales came within few dayes vnto Scipio being accompanied with foureteene hundred horse to doe him and the people of Rome seruice Scipio after hee had stayed C. Lelius with him some dayes to dispose of the hostages the spoyle and all other things with his aduice and counsell he sent him to Rome with a galeasse and Mago with him who was late Gouernour of new Carthage and about fifteene Senators prisoners to bee messengers and assured witnesses of his victorie During his abode at Carthage he exercised his souldiors in all exercises fit for the warres as well by land as sea The first day he caused the Legions to run armed foure myles together Militarie exercises done by Scipio which makes a league the next day he made them to scoure their armes before their tents the third day they fought in forme of battaile with poles and darts blunted the fourth day they rested and the fifth they ran againe with their armes Thus he did employ his souldiors during his abode at Carthage The mariners did exercise themselues in rowing vp and downe in their gallies and made sea fights to trie the swiftnesse of their gallies These things were done without the wals of the towne to fashion their minds and bodies to all warlike exercises but within Carthage there was nothing but preparation to armes The care and diligence of a good Generall the Generall being carefull to see all things himselfe in person Sometimes he went aboord the gallies sometimes he ran with the Legionaries sometimes he went to visit the workmen in the Port and Arsenall vsing incredible care and diligence Hauing thus prouided for all things necessarie repaired the breaches of the towne and manned it with good souldiours he went to Tarracone In the end the deputies of many townes of Spaine came vnto him where he had assigned an assembly for all the allies of the people of Rome as well old as new whither came many deputies on this side Ebro and some beyond it The Captaines and Commaunders of the Carthaginians did what they could to conceale the losse of Carthage The Carthaginians dissemble their losse and when as they found it was generally knowne they sought with good words to repaire their losse saying it was but a towne lost surprised by a young man who persuaded himselfe that he had thereby woon all but when he should see three great captaines and three victorious armies approach he would abate his pride and remember the miserable end of his house This they bruited among the people yet knew they that the losse of Carthage had much weakened their forces The 34 day after that Lelius was parted from Carthage he arriued at Rome with his prisoners to the great contentment of the people The next day hee deliuered vnto the Senate what had beene done in Spaine the towne of new Carthage the chiefe of the whole countrey taken in one day and many townes which were reuolted returned again to the Romans and many others receiued into a new league the which was verified by the prisoners answeres The Romans aboue all things feared Asdrubals passage for they had worke ynough to resist Hannibal alone Lelius was sent backe into Spaine in the same vessell which had brought him The yeare following Ann. Româ— 544. when as Qu. Fab. Max. for the fifth time and Qu. Fulv. Flacc. for the fourth time were Consuls of Rome Scipio hauing spent all the Winter to win the hearts of this barbarous nation some by presents others in deliuering them their hostages and prisoners Edesco a famous captaine among the Spaniards came vnto him His wife and children were with the Romanes the which was partly the cause of his reuolt and withall he found all the Spaniards to affect the Romanes and to abandon the Carthaginians as Indibilis and Mandonius did who were then the greatest noblemen in Spaine and were diuided from Asdrubals campe lodging with their troupes on the sides of certaine hils from whence their passage was safe and easie vnto the Romanes Asdrubal thinkes to repaire their losses by a battaile Asdrubal finding this disfauour in the Carthaginians affaires resolued to hazard a battaile before they were quite abandoned by their allies and Scipio on the other side demaunded nothing more for besides the happie successe of his enterprises which puft him vp he thought it more expedient to fight thinking it more safe to charge Asdrubal alone than to stay vntill the other two Commanders and armies were joyned with him Notwithstanding all this he had prouided for all euents if he should be forced to fight with many for seeing that all the coast of Spaine was cleere from the Carthaginian gallies and therefore hauing no vse of his hee disarmed them at Tarracone and put both the souldiors and mariners among his Legions and thereby did much encrease his armie for he had found wherewithall to arme them within Carthage besides the armes which hee caused to be daily made With this resolution he departed from Tarracone after the returne of Caius Lelius without whose aduice Scipio did not attempt any matter of consequence and crossing
disobedient perjured and enemies both in word and deed hauing followed men that were not well borne nor esteemed for any vertue but rascals to whom they had giuen full power and commaund ouer them such as Atrius Vmber and Calenus Albius I do not thinke that you haue all runne willingly into this furie Scipio makes a notable inuectiue against the seditious souldiors but that some were the motiues and beginners and the rest were infected by their acquaintance as with the plague when I consider that the brute of my death hath beene receiued beleeued and hoped for among my souldiours who haue so carried my selfe as I need not feare that any one in Spaine the Carthaginians being chased away should hate my life no not our enemies themselues I beleeue then that our whole armie is not so ill affected but if it were so I would willingly dye here in your presence I beleeue rather that this mischiefe hath proceeded from the malice of some few But I will forbeare to speake of my selfe and suppose you haue my name in detestation and disdaine my commaund thinke of your offences and consider how great they are against your countrey your parents and children against the gods witnesses of your oathes and promises against your commaunders and captaines against all order and martiall discipline and against the manners of your auncestors What offence had your countrey done you that you should take armes against it and betray it in conferring your counsels with Mandonius and Indibilis What had the commonweale of Rome committed whose maiestie you haue troden vnder foot wresting the authoritie out of the Tribunes hands who were created by the peoples voyces to giue it vnto priuat men and not content to haue them for Tribunes you haue giuen them the markes of a Generall to them I say who neuer yet commaunded ouer a poore slaue Albius and Atrius haue beene lodged in the Generals tent by you Romanes the trumpet hath sounded before them they haue giuen you the word they haue set in the Proconsull Scipioes chayre they haue had an officer to make place when as they had the rods and axes carried before them What more monstrous and detestable crimes can you imagine the which in trueth cannot bee purged but by the bloud of such as haue committed them But what frenzie made you presume being but eight thousand men better without doubt than Albius and Atrius to whom you haue subiected your selues to be able to take the prouince of Spaine from the Romanes by force I being dead or aliue the rest of the Romane forces being safe with the which I haue in one day taken new Carthage by assault defeated foure great captaines and chased foure Carthaginian armies out of Spaine Thinke you that the greatnesse and strength of the Romane commonweale consists in the life or death of any captaine whatsoeuer What am I more than Flaminius Paulus Gracchus Posthumus Albinus M. Marcellus T. Crispinus C. Fuluius the two of our house and so many other braue and valiant captaines which haue died in this warre and yet the people of Rome stand firme and would still although there should dye a thousand more either by sword or sicknesse much lesse can the Romane state shrinke or decay by my death After that my father and vncle who were your captaines had beene slaine in these countries you your selues did chuse L. Septimius Martius to bee your head against the pride and insolencie of the Carthaginians I speake of him as if Spaine wanted other captaines M. Syllanus is not he here also with equall authoritie to myselfe L. Scipio my brother and C. Lelius lieutenants are not they here also Would not these men haue maintained and defended the maiestie of the Romane Empire What comparison can you make betwixt the armies the commaunders and the causes And admit you had all aduantages should you therefore take armes against your countrey and fellow citizens renounce the countrey which hath bred you with your wiues and children to adhere vnto the enemie and to chuse your abode at Succron And what was the reason for that your pay was a little protracted by reason of your Generals sickenesse O worthie cause to make you violate all diuine and humane lawes O Romanes you haue wonderfully erred beleeue me you haue lost all reason and iudgement and the infirmitie of your minds hath beene worse than that which afflicted my bodie My words seeme sharpe vnto you but your actions haue beene farre more sharpe which if you repent I desire there should bee no more mention made of them but remaine buried in forgetfulnesse holding the repentance of such detestable acts to bee a sufficient chastisement for as much as concernes you all in generall But as for Albius Calenus Atrius Vmber and others which haue beene the authors of this wicked sedition they shall expiate their follies with their bloud the which should not be displeasing vnto you but rather desired and applauded seeing they sought to ruine you and haue offended none more than you In this manner Scipio spake vnto the seditious souldiours and presently execution was done of these fiue and thirtie men with horrour and great feare to all the rest of the offendors For the armed souldiours which stood about the assembly began to beat their targuets the names of them that were condemned were openly pronounced by the crier The punishmâ—â— of the chiefe offendors they were drawne naked tied to posts vnto the place beaten and torne with rods and then beheaded all the assistants being so amazed with feare as there was not a sigh heard among them The bodies being carried away and the place cleansed after the accustomed manner Scipio made the souldiours to take a new oathe and they were paied what was due vnto them calling them by name one after another This was the end of the mutinie and sedition made at Succron vertuously and yet mildly chastised by Scipio Sedition is a mischiefe which doth much import estates considering the qualitie of the crime which was of such consequence for great estates as many haue not spared innocents themselues to terrifie others At the same time Hanno had bin sent by Mago to the mouth of Betis which is now Guadalquiber with a small number of Africanes who gathered together some 4000 men vpon those marches but he was charged by L. Martius and forced in his campe and most of his souldiors slain some at the assault of his rampars and the rest in the field being pursued by the horsemen as they fled and he with a small number saued himselfe Whilest this was doing about that riuer Lelius arriued with his sea armie at Carteia hauing past the strait at the entrie whereof this towne is situated in the Ocean The practise of the Gaditans discouered and supprest The Romanes thought they should haue meanes to surprise the towne of Gadiz by intelligence as they had contriued it with some of the inhabitants but this
4 After the defeat of Radagase Alaric marched into Italie with a great armie Alaric passeth into Italie and demaunded to diuide the Empire with Honorius to whom by the counsell of Stilico Honorius graunted the possession of Gaule and Spaine who were also in prey to the French and other nations Alaric and the Gothes marching towards the Alpes doubting no surprize were charged by an armie which Stilico had sent after them to keepe them from spoyling Italie vnder the commaund of a Iew called Saule who had a secret commaundement to set vpon the Gothes armie when they should be most busied in the straits of the mountaines the which hee could not put in execution for the Gothes seeing themselues betrayed gathered their forces together and put themselues in battaile as well as they could Trecherie of Stillâ—â— and defeat of the imperiall army defending themselues so valiantly as the imperiall armie was defeated wherefore Alaric being victor and full of a furious desire of reuenge leauing the way to Gaule he turned backe and did miserably spoyle the countries which were since called Lumbardie Tuscane and Romania putting all to fire and sword Rome taken by the Gothes euen to the gates of Rome the which he tooke after a long siege and sacked it pardoning the holy places and those that were fled into them From thence hee did ouerrun Italie euen vnto the furthest bounds then returning towards Rome he died suddainely neere vnto Cosence and was buried in the riuer of Barsente turned out of her course for that cause The death of Alaric and afterwards drawne againe into her old bed by the Gothes who after his death made choice of Ataulphe his cousin for their king being a very wise man Hauing brought backe the armie to Rome he spoyled all that remained of the first sacke yet he was somewhat pacified by the loue of Placidia Galla Ataulphe Alarics successors pacified by Pâ—aâ—idia sister to the Emperour Honorius being prisoner whom by reason of her nobilitie and beautie he married at Forly in Romania From that time hauing some respect to Honorius as his allie he resolued to leaue Italie and take his way into Gaule according to the first agreement betwixt Honorius and Alaric where bee erected the kingdome of the Visigothes restrained the French within certaine limits and helped to chase away the rest of the Vandales Alanes and Sueues beyond the Pyrenees where he afterwards pursued them A little before these accidents one Constantine of a simple souldior being growne captaine of the Legions which were in great Britaine hauing slaine a tyrant who had seized vpon that island vnder the Roman Empire Constantine a tyrant called Gratian had passed into Gaule to vsurpe the imperiall title there and from thence had sent Gouernours into Spaine But two noblemen Spaniards Didimus and Seuerianus or Verianus or Verinianus for this diuersitie is found in authors rich and mightie men opposed themselues and seeking to preserue the prouince for the lawfull Emperour they gathered some troupes together of friends and subjects and seized vpon the passages of the mountaines to keepe these gouernours and their companies from passing Against these Spaniards the tyrant sent a sonne of his called Constant whom hee had drawne out of a Monasterie and proclaimed him Caesar who being followed by an armie of Barbarians which he called Honoriaques he defeated and slew the two brethren These Honoriaques being masters of the straits and passages of the Pyrenees by this victorie and hauing afterwards rebelled with their captaine Gerontius they as some hold deliuered Spaine to the Vandales Alanes and Sueues after the death of the tyrant Constantine and of his sonne Constant whereof the one was taken at Arles and the other dispatched at Vienna These nations joyning together to rob and spoyle Palantia since called Palenza was the first towne of Spaine which fell in prey to these Barbarians who besieged Toledo in vaine ransomed Lisbone and committed infinite spoyles whilest that Maximus Maximus a tyrant another tyrant being rebelled against the Emperour sought during these combustions to make himselfe king of Spaine of another side who being taken by them that did yet reuerence the majestie of the Romane Empire he was depriued of his vsurped royaltie yet his life was saued Spaine for the space of two yeares was thus miserably oppressed as well by tyrants as by these cruell nations so as there remained nothing but the mountaines of the Cantabrians at this present Biscaye and Nauarre in the quiet possession of the Romanes maintained by Constantius Patricius who was the Emperours Lieutenant on this side the Alpes which was at such time as the Vandales Sueues and Alanes made the diuision of Spaine Then did Ataulphe passe into Spaine to dispossesse them according to the right he had by an accord made with Honorius his brother in law but as he was at Barcelona he was slaine with six children which he had had by another wife than Placidia The time and cause of his death are not reported alike Iornandes sayth Aâ—aulphâ— slaine by his owne men That he was slaine hauing reigned three yeares in Spaine and Gaule being thrust into the flanke by Vernulphe whom he was accustomed to jest at Some affirme That he had been chased and forced to passe into Spaine by Constantius Patricius Gouernour of Gaule The Christian religion during these troubles and forraine inuasions was not neglected among the Spaniards Ann. 402. for in the yeare 402 although others write 420 was held at Toledo the first Councell by 29 Bishops The first Councell of Toledo where Patron Bishop of Toledo did preside against the heresie of Priscilian He had beene Bishop of Auila and had published an heresie mixt with the errors of the Gnostiques Manicheans and auncient Philosophers among other opinions he maintained That the soule of man was a portion of the Diuinitie he was condemned first at a Councell held at Bourdeaux and from thence he appealed to Maximus the tyrant who caused him to be heard at Treues then he commaunded his head to be cut off with some of his followers This Councell notwithstanding gaue place to a single life and decreed That priests should liue continually vnmarried This decree was contradicted by Vigilantius who liued then at Barcelona who did also write against the abuse of reliques against whom S. Ierosme was very bitter Many learned men liued at that time in Spaine Learned men in Spaine as Lucinius Abigaus Abundius Auitus Olympus Audentius Turbius P. Orosius and others yet the Church was declined much from her auncient puritie and then grew in request ceremonies vowes merits reliques and miracles for the clergie was then much infected with couetousnesse and ambition Then came the Vandales and Gothes who were all infected with the heresie of Arrian who did in some sort persecute the good as we shall heare Ataulphe being dead the Gothes did chuse Sigeric for their king who reigned but a
of Rome This act is written of him as good and holy although in many other things he shewed himselfe cruell and wicked Ioseph gouernour for the Moores being in armes against him and hauing spoyled the confines of Gallicia A great defeat of Moores they came to battell which Froila woon he slue 54000 Moores and put the rest with their Commaunder to a shamefull flight Garcia Ximines Nauarre or Sobrabre who as we haue said had begun a principalitie or royaltie in Sobrarbre tooke to wife a Ladie of a noble house called Iniga by whom he had one sonne called Garcia Inigo He intitled himselfe king of that countrey wherewith the Nauarrois being discontented they abandoned him and ioined to the king of Ouiedo The first occasion which the Christians inhabiting in the mountaines of Nauarre and Arragon tooke to erect an Estate and make head against the Moores was of an assemblie at the interment of an Hermit which liued in the rockes neere vnto Iaca. This Hermit was buried in the place whereas afterwards the monasterie of S. Iohn de la Pegna was built the which at the first was a Colledge of Chanoins Garcia Ximines raigned 42 yeares and left his pettie kingdome to Garcia Inigo his sonne to whom the Nauarrois submitted themselues againe but Froila raigning in Ouiedo forced them by armes to returne to his obedience Froila maried the daughter of Eude Duke of Aquitaine Ouiedo called Menine or according vnto some Momerane by whom he had two sonnes Alphonso called the Chast and Bermond or Veremond both which raigned although that D. Bermond was made by the Clergie and moreouer he had a daughter by her called D. Ximina who was mother to Bernard of Carpio This king did first vse the title of Dom Title of Dom first vsed which the king and all the Noblemen of Spaine haue euer since obserued What the furious desire of raigne is and with what iealousie kings are often tormented Froila shewed by the cruell parricide of his brother Vimaran whom he caused to be slaine through iealousie Froila murthers his brother seeing him to be a gallant Knight and generally beloued for his good parts yet he repented the fact but too late For satisfaction whereof they write that he adopted the sonne of Vimaran called Veremond to succeed him in the kingdome the which hath bred some doubt whether this Veremond which came to the Crowne in the fourth place after Froila were the sonne of Vimaran or of Froila himselfe who soone after was also slaine by his other brother Aurelius in reuenge of the death of Vimaran hauing raigned eleuen yeares and a halfe or thereabouts 9 During the raigne of this king Moores the Arabians of Spaine diuided themselues wholly from the Caliplhes of Damas vnder Abderramen Abderramen vsur pes the Soueraigntie in Spaine who chased and in the end slew the Gouernour or Viceroy Ioseph made himselfe king and Miralmumin or Miramomelin and held Spaine with that title 33 yeares not acknowledging the Emperor or Caliph of Damas in any thing This was in the yeare 757 of our redemption and 138 yeares after the Moores descent in Spaine by reason of the diuision of the soueraigne dignitie of the Arabians in the East for against Maruan who had succeeded Hizes Caliph of the Arabians at Damas there had risen many tyrants whereof he punished some but Asmulin vanquished him This was of the race of Mutar who had raigned in Persia and followed his sect maintaining that Ali had beene the true Prophet and greater then Mahumet he commaunded then ouer the Corasenes a people in Persia He was aduised by Cataban his friend to procure the slaues throughout all Persia to kill their masters and to rob them the which they did and came rich with their masters spoyles to Asmulin Soone after being impatient of ease they diuided themselues into two sects the Caismes and Lamonites Asmulin taking part with the Lamonites defeated the others and with his victorious bands assayled Iolin Gouernour of Persia vnder the Caliph Maruan Asmulin Caliph and his victories whom he vanquished and Maruan also who came against him with aboue three hundred thousand fighting men forcing him to flie into Egypt whither he was followed defeated and slaine by Salin the sonne of Asmulin by whom through his victories the kingdome of the Persians was setled in his familie The Sophies of Persia discended from Asmulin The rest of Maruans familie and followers were dispersed in Africke where they erected the kingdome of Fez and some passed into Spaine which might be that race of Abderramen of whom we here intreat who notwithstanding Vasee affirmes was basely descended and Garibay on the other side sayes that he was issued from the race of Aben Humeia and from Zaineb the daughter of Mahumet His father was called Moabia and his seat was also at Cordoua he brought his armie before Valence which resisted him and tooke it They say that the bones of S. Vincent were worshipped there and that many families among these Christians ill instructed fearing the comming of this Sarracene king dislodged and carried these relickes into the woods and mountaines which lye betwixt Valence and the mouth of the riuer of Guadiana and hauing passed vnto that point which in old time was called the holie Promontorie they were encountred by a Moore of Fez Whence cape S. Vincent in Algarbe tooke the name called Alibouz who rauaged the countrey of Algarbe he slew these men tooke their children prisoners and left S. Vincents bones vpon the field where they were afterwards found and thereof this Promontorie was called Cap S. Vincent The Almightie God although that he had deliuered his Church into the hands of Barbarians and Infidels by reason of the prophanation of his name and that the Spaniards made little vse of their chastisements maintained alwaies some light of the Gospell among them raising vp men who entertained some order and shew of Christiantie and had the Scriptures and their ceremonies throughout all the towns of the Moores jurisdiction They make mention of Verus Bishop of Seuile at that time a learned man and of a good life Cixilas was Archbishop of Toledo to whom PP Adrian as the Spanish Authors say did write a letter blaming the custome of the Christians in Spaine to eat flesh on Saterdayes wherefore they made an order not to eat any that day but the entrailes head and feet of beasts the which hath beene since obserued D. Aurelius fifth King of Ouiedo D. Aurelius succeeded his brother D. Froila in the realme of Ouiedo Ouiedo hauing slaine him in the yeare 767. notwithstanding that An. 767. he left a sonne called D. Alphonso the chast with other children but the hatred which the noblemen of the countrey did beare vnto his father was the cause of his reiection being then also verie young whereby it appeares The right of succession to the Crowne had yet no place
reuenged for their breach of peace and the ruine and euersion of such a towne as Zamora was but they onely say That about the yeare 955 being of full age he maried with a ladie called D. Vrraca by whom it is not found that he had any children and abandoning himselfe to a voluptuous life he contemned all good counsell so as the earles and noblemen of Gallicia The vices of princes causes of sedition seeing his sollie and discontented with his vices they skorned him and would no more acknowledge him for their king Whereupon they did chuse D. Bermund sonne to the last king D. Ordogno and intitled him King of Gallicia which title and countrey he enioyed ten yeares Gallicia made a kingdome notwithstanding all the attempts of D. Ramir who made warre there two whole yeares with great losse of his best men D. Garcia Fernandes new Earle of Castille Castille resisted the Moores valiantly and being also inuited by the basenesse of king D. Ramir and it may be by the remembrance of the injuries done by the king D. Sancho to the Earle D. Ramir Basenesse of king Ramir occasion of new tumulis and the wrongs done by him also vnto the Earle D. Fernand his father he entred the territories of Leon and withdrew some places from him so as falling to an accord the riuer of Carrion was made the bounds betwixt the Estates of Leon and Castille They hold That this earle D. Garcia Fernandes did build in Curuas Rubias the monasterie of S. Cosine and Damian and indowed it with great priuiledges lands and possessions retaining such a right of patronage That if any gentlewomen of his familie should want meanes to marie them according to their estates or would liue vnmaried they should be prouided for and entertained leauing to the religious which serue in the monasterie a competent pension to nourish them This earle did augment the number of horsemen in Castille to six hundred which at his fathers death were but two hundred He maried twice to French ladies but vnfortunatly his first wife was called D. Argentiua daughter to a French earle with whom hee fell in loue when as in the companie of her father and mother she past through Castille A mariage for loue vnfortunaâ— in pilgrimage to S. Iaques of Compostella and demanded her of her father but she proued vnchast abandoning her selfe to a French knight who came from S. Iaques and carried her away into France the earle being sicke in bed six yeares after thier mariage The Spaniards report That being cured and much incensed at the wrong this knight had done him he went out of Castille and left the gouernement of his countries of Gilpâ—res of Bauardillo and Fernand Peres two of his vassalls and went into France in a disguised habit where as this knight dwelt and enjoyed D. Argentina where he wrought in such sort as he woon the fauour of his daughter called D. Sancha or according vnto some D. Ogna with whom he laid a plot vpon promise that he should take her to wife That one night she should giue him entrance into her fathers house to reuenge his wrongs Where as the earle slue those two adulterers in their bed and so returned into Castille carrying with him D. Sancha or Ogna his new spouse whom he maried in the citie of Bourgos The name of this second wife is diuersly set downe by Spanish writers some call her Sancha Gâ—nerall of â—â—â—ulle others Ogna the inscriptions of Peter of Arlance name her Abba D. Garcia Fernandes the earle had one sonne by her called D. Garcia Roldanis who died young as it appeares by the inscriptions of the said monasterie Moreouer he had another sonne called D. Sancho Garcia who was earle In the inscriptions of Saint Peter of Cardegna where she was buried with her husband it is said the she was neece to the Emperour Henrie and is in all places called Abba or Ogna Besides these two sonnes shee had one daughter called D. Vrraca who was profest in the monasterie of S. Cosme and Damian about Arlansa During the time the earle was in France to seeke meanes to be reuenged and to get his new wife the Moores entred into Castille and spoyled all the countrey euen vnto Bourgos and they write That in the way they forced the monasterie of Saint Peter of Cardegna and slue the Abbot and three hundred Monkes A great slaughter of Monkes made by the Moores some Authors write but two hundred and that the destruction of this monasterie was some yeare before But this place was reedified by the earle D. Garcia Fernandes and inriched with rents and jewels more then before This happened during the time that D. Ramir king of Leon made warre against his rebellious subiects in Gallicia 14 About the yeare 956 Anno 956. died that cruell enemie of the Christian Religion Moores Hali Hatan king of the Arabians at Cordoua the sixteenth yeare of his raigne and 339 of the Arabians to whom succeeded Hizen his sonne the second of that name called by others Izica The forces of this king of the Moores Moores drawn into Gallicia by the faction of a Bishop were drawne into Gallicia by the factions of a Bishop of Compostella who had beene deposed for his vices The zeale of their ambition was such as they made no conscience to expose Christians to the crueltie of Arabian Mahumetists It is written in the Spanish Histories that D. Bermond raigning in Gallicia by an accord made with D. Ramir king of Leon and making his ordinarie residence in the towne of S. Iaques there came to the Episcopall dignitie of that place D. Pelagius Bishop of Lugo sonne to Cont Roderigo Velasques who shewing himselfe a prophane man and disposing of Ecclesiasticall dignities to vnworthie men deserued to be expelled by the king D. Bermond who aduanced in his place a Monke of Saint Benoist called D. Pedro of Monsorio of a reasonable good life Cont Roderigo and his followers being incensed at this disgrace done vnto his sonne called the Moores into Gallicia to be reuenged of the king D. Bermond King Hizen was verie young at the decease of his father Halt Hatan wherefore a nobleman among the Moores valiant and verie famous called Mahomad Ibne Aben Hamur and by surname Alhabib Almansor tooke vpon him the gouernement of the realme of Cordoua and of all Spaine vnder the Moores jurisdiction the which he held fiue and twentie yeares and they report that during his life they entred two and fiftie times into the Christians countrey and that he was of such credit among the Moores as all was done by his aduice and counsell Hizen hauing nothing but the bare name Considering the name and surname of this great captaine it is to be presumed he had beene sent out of Affricke by Mansor Miralmumin of Maroc then raigning to gouerne Spaine during the minoritie of the king of Cordoua for Alhabib Mansor is
neuer seene any cause to suspect his wife of any dishonestie neither would he lightly belieue that which his sonne had said but examining this businesse carefully he sought by all means to discouer the truth yet he caused the Queene to be put in prison in the castle of Nagera then taking D. Fernand his second sonne apart he examined him vpon this fact who answered the king doubtfully the which increased his suspition more than before wherefore the king called an assemblie of noblemen and of his Councell to whom he propounded this pitifull case demanding their aduice They answered that the Queene must purge her selfe by contrary proofes according vnto the Lawes or according to the custome which was then in vse shee should finde a knight to defend her cause by armes else she must suffer the punishment due to such an offence which was to be burnt The poore Ladie attending this sentence made her continuall prayers vnto God to make her innocencie knowne who heard her prayers for after some daies no man daring to present himselfe to defend this princesse honor The vertue of D. Ramir the bastard condemning the lawfull children of Nauarre D. Ramir the kings bastard son offred himselfe to enter combate for the Queene against any that would maintaine the accusation which was layed against her As they prepared themselues to the combat there was a religious man of good fame and much respected in Nauarre who doubting of this fraude or otherwise aduertised by the prouidence of God came vnto D. Garcia and D. Fernand the kings sons whom he persuaded with such liuelie reasons as they were toucht in conscience and began to apprehend the foulenesse of their offence to haue sought her death who was the cause of their being against all truth and for a matter of so small moment wherefore casting themselues at this holy mans feet they confest their fault demanding pardon of God and intreating him to finde some meanes that this pursute might cease Queene of Nauares innocenciâ— iustified the Queenes innocencie knowne and that they might be restored to the kings fauour The religious man hauing comforted them went vnto the king to whom he declared what he had done and what he vnderstood from his sonnes intreating him to pardon their offence whom youth and choler had thus transported The king being joyfull of the innocencie of his wife deliuered her out of prison and meaning that the fauour which they pretended to recouer should depend wholly of their mother Affection of a mother he sent them vnto her but she shewing her selfe a true mother did forget the cause she had to dislike her ill aduised sonnes and pardoning them with a motherlie affection shee restored them to the kings fauour In this action D. Ramir shewed himselfe both vertuous and valiant wherein hee purchased the more honour by this circumstance That hee being sonne of an other woman would defend the reputation of his mother in law against her owne children in recompence whereof the king D. Sancho assigning portions for his children in his life time gaue after his death the Earledome of Arragon to D. Ramir with the title of king By this diuision of portions made by the king D. Sancho and D. Nugna D. Fernand was also graced with a royall title in the succession of Castille which fell vnto her by the violent death of her brother D. Garcia as we will shew Nauarre remayning to D. Garcia the elder brother and the ancient realme of Sobrarbre to D. Gonsalo meaning to honour all his children with the names and titles of Kings which was the cause of great diuisions among these brethren which haply had ceased if one of them had beene made soueraigne King ouer the rest the which had maintained the Christians estate in Spaine better vnited and of more force to repulse the Moores The time of this action of adulterie is vncertaine The king D. Sancho was a very deuout and religious Prince Religious deeds of D. Sancho the great after the manner of those times for besides the confirmation of gifts which he and his wife gaue to S. Emylian of the towne of Ventose annexed to this place by D. Garcia his father and others he made a vow to giue vnto the Coueat of S. Saluator of Leyre the tenth of bread and wine and the herbage of such places as he should take from the Moores and with this hope in the yeare 1015 he raised an armie to inuade the Infidels by the frontier of Funes at which place of Funes he gaue to the same Monasterie a field of Vines which he had of the inhabitants for that he had slaine tenne Moores in the time of peace for the which they ought a thousand solz for a fine which were so many crownes or thereabouts More in Falses he gaue a possession house vine and other appurtenances and in Nagera the houses vines and fields of king Antrayo but what he was we haue no certaine knowledge These things he gaue to the Church of S. Saluator of Leyre It is not knowne what was the successe of D. Sanchoes warre against the Moores but that by conjecture it was good for that in that time there is a confirmation made by him of nobilitie and exemptions graunted by his predecessors to the inhabitants of Roncal The zeale of this religious Prince was such Councels in Nauarre as he called a Councell at S. Saluator de Leyre in the yeare 1022 but the chiefe decree was a confirmation of priuiledges graunted to this Monasterie by his grandfather D. Sancho and D. Vrraca his grandmother and D. Garcia and D. Ximena his father and mother which confirmation was signed by the king and all his children The yeare after 1023 An. 1023. there was another Councell held in Pampelone where the Bishoprick was transferred to S. Saluator of Leyre where it continued some time There enquirie was made of the auncient limits of the jurisdiction of the Bishopricke of Pampelone This was the subject of Councels in those dayes Then was D. Sancho the elder who had beene schoolemaster to the king Bishop of Pampelone and Abbot of S. Saluator but he could not see this alteration for that he died this yeare but his successor carrying the same name surnamed the younger saw it in the yeare 1026 being the seuenth Bishop of that Church being vncertaine to what Archbishop it was then subject In our time it is to that of Sarragosse This yeare 1026 was borne that great captaine Castille a Castillan called Roderigo Dias of Biuar who was afterwards called Cid Ruy Dias the Camper of whom mention shall be made In the yeare 1028 they hold and it is verified by titles and auncient records That D. Sancho Garcia Earle of Castille died An. 1028. hauing ruled nine and thirtie yeares and was buried in the Monasterie of S. Saluator of Ogna founded by him He was an vnfortunate Prince in his house by reason of the
his age hauing raigned foure and thirty yeeres leauing no children the realme of Portugal fel to D. Alphonso his brother without any dispute who was crowned King in the city of Lisbone in the yeere 1257. and being married to two wiues hauing no lawfull cause of diuorce from the first he was the cause of many troubles and miseries to the realme of Portugal for the preuenting whereof he had beene called He had children by the Countesse Mahault Fernand who accompanied his mother into Portugal and there remained and Robert who succeeded his mother in the county of Bologne Fernand whom some call Peter lies in the Monastery of Saint Dominike of Lisbone which this King built The Countesse his mother led him with her when as being aduertised of this second marriage she came into Portugal to know the cause why she was thus abandoned She landed at Cascais a sea towne at the mouth of the riuer of Tayo fiue leagues from Lisbone and from thence sent to intreat exhort and to summon the King her husband of his duty for want whereof she made the protestations ordayned by the Canons in that cause but she could haue no other reason nor answere from the King but if it were lawful to breake the lawes it was for a kingdome and that if he thought to augment his dominions by marrying againe he would euery day take a new wife These were the fruits of her voyage and D. Alphonso shewed himselfe so rigorous vnto her as hee would not vouchsafe to see her nor to heare any councel that was giuen hm by his seruants who had a regard to Iustice feared God more then him wherefore this poore Countesse returned and left this sonne in Portugal being in France she made her complaints of the disloyalty of her husband to the King Saint Lewis and sent some to doe the like to Pope Alexander the fourth that by his Ecclesiastical censures D. Alphonso might be forced to leaue D. Beatrix and take the Countesse his lawful wife againe The Pope did what he could exhorting commanding yea and excommunicating the King and interdicting his realme but D. Alphonso was so obstinate as he suffred the realme of Portugal to remaine interdict ten or twelue yeeres Contumacy of D. Alphonso King of Portugal as long as the Countesse liued During the which time the Portugals had leisure to forget that which they had learned in religion when as the King finding himselfe free he was absolued by Pope Clement the fourth retayning D. Beatrix without any let who in the meane time brought him foure children the Infant D. Denis so called for that hee was borne on Saint Denis day in the yeare 1261. who was king of Portugal and Algarbe the Infant D. Alphonso who was Lord of Portalegre Genealogie of Portugal Ronches Murban Castile de Vide and other lands and had to wife D. Violant daughter to D. Manuel of Castile sonne to D. Fernand the third and two daughters D. Blancho who was a Nunne in the Monasterie of Lorban and afterwards Abbesse of Saint Mary de las Huelgas of Burgos and D. Constance Besides these lawfull children this king D. Alphonso had one bastard sonne called Fernand Alphonso of Portugall and one daughter whose name was D. Leonora of Portugall married to an Earle called D. Gonçalo Whilest he stood excommunicated he made warre against the Moores which remained in Algarbe in the yeare 1260. 1260. and chased them out of Faro Laule Algezir and Albofera and augmented his dominions therewith Hee built the towne of Castro of Portalegre and Extremos Religious houses built by D. Alphonso during the Interdict he repayred Veja and other places which had beene ruined by the Moores He did not leaue to build Monasteries and religious houses during the Interdiction for he finished that of the preaching Friars of Saint Dominicke at Lisbone and did build that of Saint Clara of Saint Iren and others he gaue great almes and did many charitable deeds to expiate the sinne which he intended by the taking of a second wife not beeing separated from the first Moreouer to ease the people and to haue greater store of fruites in the country he caused certaine barren and waste ground to bee tilled neither did he forget to maintaine Iustice punishing theeues and malefactours whome his brothers carelesnesse had made insolent To conclude although he were defectiue and blemished in his marriages yet was hee a profitable Prince for his country Whilest these things passed in Portugall Castile and that the warre continued in Germany against the fauourers of Richard elect king of the Romanes D. Alphonso king of Castile sent an Ambassage of certaine Cleargi-men to Pope Alexander the fourth the which were D. Dominicke bishop of Auila D. Garcia bishop of Sylues and Iohn Alphonso Archdeacon of the church of Saint Iames learned men and of great authoritie who demanded assignation of the time of his Coronation and also to contradict the election of Richard who did not care to prosecute his right by iustice but by force and armes Attending the euent of these troubles and the returne of his Ambassadours D. Alphonso king of Castile ordered some things touching the policie of his Realm he decryed those sorts of money which he had coyned called Bourgalois and caused others to be made which they called blacke pence and in old Spanish Prietos fifteene of which were worth a Marauidis of gold and he made other lawes which were profitable to the Common-weale Whilest he was busie about these things and irresolute of his voyage into Germany hee had another crosse which stayed him more for his brother D. Henry a turbulent Prince and an enemy to all quiet committed many insolencies at Lebrixa where he did remain tending to open rebellion wherefore he sent D. Nugno de Lara from Seuile to suppresse him by whom he was vanquished and forced to fly to Valencia from whence the king Don Iaime caused him to dislodge for that he would not discontent his sonne in lawe wherupon he past into Affrick to the King of Tunes This Prince foure yeares after crost into Italy and was made Senator of Rome which is the chiefe dignity of that citty and grew to haue great authority and credit in the estate of Italy in the time of Pope Clement the fourth who was successor to Vrbain the fourth 8 The king of Nauarre Nauarre who was come into France finding his affaires in great disorder sought to settle them to maintain his rights in the Counties of Brie and Champagne beeing in controuersie the which he preserued by the fauour and authority of the King Saint Lewis and moreouer a marriage was made betwixt him and Isabel of France the kings daughter at Melun whom he led into Nauarre D. Iame king of Arragon was the mediator of this marriage who in a manner at the same time gaue his daughter Izabel in marriage to Philip the Hardy sonne to the king Saint Lewis
and as the king D. Henry caused search to be made for him Queene Catherine being newly brought in bed begged his pardon at the same time when as she intreated the king her husband hee was hidden in her chamber and hearing that the king had pardoned him he came foorth presently in a Priests habit and obtained the Archdeaconship of Alaua beeing an Archdeacon he had two concubines one an English woman called Izabel and the other a Spaniard whose name was Mary Bernard by these he had eight children sons and daughters from one of which named Alphonso is descended the family called of Castile reduced at this day to litle About the end of this yeare the Moores of Granado began to stirre hauing no cause but onely the king D. Henries disability to war by reason of his indisposition They took the towne of Ayamonte Moores belonging to Don Aluar Peres of Guzman whereat the king D. Henry being displeased he sent to king Mahumet Aben-Balua to haue the place restored in the estate it was otherwise he would prouide by armes the which the Moore promised giuing some excuses but he did not performe it but after some dayes entred again by Quesada with a great army and did ouer-runne the country about Bacça for suppressing of whom the king D. Henry sent troupes of men at armes towards the fronter vnder the leading of D. Pedro Manrique the Generall with whom there ioyned many noblemen and knights and although the Christians forces were inferior to the Moores Battel betwixt the Christians and Moores yet they offered them battell in the which there was great slaughter of both parts but no certaine victory in regard of the losse but the Moores kept the field and the reputation Of Christians of accompt there dyed Alphonso of Aualos the Constables nephew Martin of Rojas Garci Aluares Osorio and Iohn of Herrera knights of valour The king D. Henry seeing that he must enter into warre Castille he assembled his Estates at Toledo to consult of the meanes to pursue it and then he went to Madrid where he receiued newes of the battell The Prelates Noblemen and Deputies of townes being assembled and hauing consulted freely what was to bee done for the king had resolued to enter in person into Granado requiring their aduise and consent he was forced his infirmity increasing to giue the charge thereof to his brother D. Fernand and to make him his Lieutenant generall in this expedition who spake vnto the Estates in the kings name letting them vnderstand that his resolution was to make warre with all violence and with his greatest power against the king of Granado for some reasons he gaue them and therefore he made accompt to put to field ten thousand men at armes foure thousand genets or light-horse and fiftie thousand foot-men besides the forces that were in Andalusia to entertayne which troupes with all necessarie prouision for sixe moneths hee had need of a hundred millions of Marauidis then currant paying to euery horseman twenty Marauidis a day and to euery footeman tenne He therefore intreated the estates to prouide and contribute that summe freely and speedily Dâ—mâ—nd of King Henry of 〈◊〉 flates seeing it must be imployed for the defence and safety of all Spaine The estates were amazed at so great a charge at that season and besought the Infant to speake vnto the King for the moderating of the summe seeing hee had so great a treasure lying at Segobia whereof a small portion might ease the Estates The Prelats and Clergy men aboue all others made great difficulty for this contribution the which in the ende the King after conference with his Brother and other his familiars ordred in this manner That the Estates should presently furnish fourty fiue Millions of Marauidis which are valued at a Million of Crownes by the Authors of those times and if the King should neede any more hee might impose it without calling of the Estates The condition to impose mony vpon the subiects without calling the States seemed hard yet they all consented for that time so as it might not be a president Matters standing thus the Kings infirmity increased in such sort as foreseeing his approching death he made his will and instituted for heire of his realmes his Sonne D. Iohn beeing but twenty two monethes old leauing him for Tutors vntill hee came to the age of fourteene yeares compleate Testament of the King D. Henry the Queene D. Catherine his wife and his brother the Duke of Pegnafiel And if his heire should die hee did then substitute his daughter Catherine and vnder the same tutors to whome also he left the gouernment of his realmes His will was to be buried in the habit of Saint Francis and that his Sonne should bee bred vp vnder the discipline of Deigo Lopes of Estuniga chiefe iustice of Castille of D. Iohn Velasco his Lord Chamberlaine and of D. Pablo Bishop of Carthagena Death of King Henry of Castille Hauing thus disposed of his last will hee died soone after Some Authors say that he was poysoned by a Phisition a Iew the which was knowne afterwards by the confession of other Iewes that were prisoners for other disorders committed in derision of the ceremonies vsed in the Christian Relligion and were executed at Segobia The King D. Henry the third hauing rayned sixteene yeares and almost three months dyed in the yeare 1406. in December in the Citty of Toledo being not much aboue twenty seauen yeares old hee was interred in the Chappell of the last Kings in the Cathedrall Church there The same yeare dyed Pope Innocent the seauenth at Rome hauing rayned two yeares in whose place was chosen Angelo Carairo a Venetian Patriarke of Constantinople and Cardinall of Saint Marke by thirteen Cardinalls of his faction and was named Gregory the twelft by whome the Schisme was contynued After the returne of the Queene D. Leonora to the King of Nauarre her husband shee was deliuered of a Sonne in the citty of Pampelone Nauarre who was called by his Fathers name but he lyued little The peace of this realme was great vnder this King Charles who liued very contentedly with his wife after her returne and made her Regent when hee past into France which was in the yeare 1397 for hee had many great affaiers to decyde with King Charles the sixt who detayned many places from him which had beene seazed on in his fathers time and had often sollicited him in vaine by his Ambassadors to do him reason wherefore hee was forced to goe in person Before his departure hee ordayned there should bee payed towards the building of the great Church of Pampelone ruined some yeares before the forteth pennie of al the reuenues of his realme for twelue yeares where-with it was built in the forme we now see it Hereof there were letters giuen by this King at Saint Iohn of Pie de Port this yeare 1397. in May. His voiage into France did benefit
a new warre for the desire of rule will not be bridled especially in Kings children Leauing then the Earle of Lerin as hostage hee ranne to armes and entred the field the second time and then the factions of Beaumont and Grammont returned euery one to his side and made more cruell and barbarous warre then before which the Realme did feele many yeares after The end was the Prince was againe defeated neere to Estella and his people dispersed but hee escaped by the swiftnesse of his horse and hauing resolued neuer more to poursue this warre he went to Naples to the king Alphonso his Vnkle leauing his friends in Nauarre in great trouble and danger where the seede of discord betwixt the two factions did encrease and spring vp diuers times afterward The Prince Don Charles passing thorow France and Italy Arragon was euery where receiued with great honor and namely at Rome by Pope Calixtus a Spaniard but chiefly his vncle D. Alphonso did feast and welome him admiring his graue wisedome and kingly qualities answerable in euery point to the report that had beene made of him and beeing desirous to see him reconciled to the King Don Iohn his father hee laboured very much therein performing thereby all the Offices of a louing kinsman and Christian Prince for he did daily put him in mind of the duty of children towards their fathers whereunto Princes are more bound than other men in regard that their subiects do commonly fashion themselues after their examples and on the other side hee did write to the King D. Iohn alledging all reasons that might be auaylable to induce him to loue and desire the presence of his sonne but this good and vertuous king had not the meanes to accomplish so holy and laudable a work beeing preuented by death which seazed on him in the new castle of Naples the yeare 1458. hauing raigned two and fortie yeares and two moneths in Arragon and foure and twenty yeares in Naples in the 65. yeare of his age This Prince after that Renee of Aniou had retired himself into France the yere 1442 finding himselfe master of the whole kingdome of Naples had contention with the Venetians in the behalfe of Philip Maria Duke of Milan then against his sonne-in-lawe Francis Sforza who was duke of Milan and last of all against the Venetians Geneuois and Florentines in league together in which wars he alwaies maintained the reputation of a great and excellent Captaine And againe in the yeare 1453 he had some likelihood of a future warre about his kingdome of Naples against Reneé of Aniou who had repassed the mountaines and was come downe into Lombardy accompanied with Lewis the Daulphin of France with two thousand men at armes hoping by the fauour of the duke Francis Sforza and the Florentines to be able to re-enter into his lost kingdome and to driue Alphonso out of it but that iourney proued vaine then the King D. Alphonso being a king in peace purchased the friendship of the Duke Francis Sforza and contracting allyance with him he caused D. Alphonso sonne to his son D. Fernand of Arragon duke of Calabria to marry with Hippolita Maria daughter to the Duke Sforza and hee did betroth D. Leonora daughter to his son Fernand to Sfâ—rza Maria son to the same Duke Sforza notwithstanding that his second mariage took no effect for D. Leonora was afterwards married to Hercules de Esté the second Duke of Ferrara The king D. Alphonso being in league and friendship with the most part of the Potentates of Italy Pope Calixtus a Spaniard borne in Xatiua Ingratitude of Pope Calâ—xius his subject and one that had beene of his councell did euer carry a particular hatred against him the which hee declared by the answer which hee made to the kings Ambassadors at Rome at such time as they came to congratulate his assumption to the papall dignity for they asking him in their masters name how they should carry themselues one toward another the Pope sayd Let him gouerne his kingdome and let me alone with my Popedome And he did more openly manifest it after the death of D. Alphonso for he did as much as in him lay to minister all hinderances to D. Fernand his son and successor in the kingdome of Naples disputing with him about his right therein saying that D. Alphonso his father could not appoint a king in the kingdome of Naples which held of the Church and that it was in the Popes power to inuest therein whome he pleased and the king D. Fernand could neuer haue other remedie of him who afterward was confirmed and established by Pope Pius his successor Now D. Alphonso had beene absent halfe the time of his raigne out of his kingdome of Arragon leauing his wife D. Maria of Castile Gouernor in his Realmes and Dominions in Spain a vertuous and chast Princesse assisted by his brother D. Iohn of Nauarre By this Lady he had no children and he parâ—ed from her the second time in great anger by reason of her iealousie wherewith she was greatly possessed the which made her to commit an act inhumane cruell and in no sort toyall for shee vnderstanding that the king her husband made loue to one of her Ladies 4 cruell act named D. Margaret of Ixar she caused her one night to be strangled in her bed beeing with child in the citie of Valencia the king beeing at that time for his pleasure abroad on hunting which was a speciall cause that hee cared neuer after to liue with her By other wiues he had D. Fernand. who succeeded him in the kingdome of Naples Genealogie of Arragon D. Maria of Arragon married to the Marquis of Ferrara D. Leonora of Arragon Princesse of Rossano wife to Martin Marzan At his death hee left for heire in his kingdomes of Arragon Valencia Sardynia Majorca Minorca and Sicill his brother the King D. Iohn of Nauarre The gifts and qualities of this Prince comprehended in few words Disposition of King D. Alphonso of Arragon the 5. although they deserue a great volume were these concerning the bodie he was of meane stature actiue and well proportioned of colour somewhat pale quicke-sighted and gracious he had a hawke nose a signe of an haughtie nature hee was briefe and succinct in his speech but neate and eloquent sweet and amiable in his answers and oftentimes quicke and pleasant few kings had their minds more disposed to goodnesse then he the Religion according to those times and the ceremonies belonging thereunto hee had in singular recommendation so that it is reported of him that beeing on a time at Masse by meanes of a great Earth-quake the church wherein he was was so shaken as the people fearing to be slaine by the fall thereof fledde out at the doores hee onely remayned vnmooued and fearelesse And seeing the priest which sung Masse readie to runne away for companie hee stayed him and enforced him to make an end of his
The appointed day beeing come the Legate came to the place where with great insolencie he was compassed about with aboue three hundred horse of the league which did greatly amaze him for he was none of the stoutest Prelats Presently after Don Iohn de Pacheco The Master of S. Iames contradicts the Popes authoritie ouer the temporal states Master of Saint Iames the Earle of Luna the Bishop of Coria with other Lords of the same faction came in place vnto whome the Legate shewed his faculties and authoritie to do in Spaine what he thought good Wherupon the Master of Saint Iames made him this answer that those which had informed the Pope that hee had any power or authority to dispose of the estate of the Kingdomes of Spaine or Leon had deceyued him for that did belong onely to him and to the other great Lords of the same countrie At this meeting nor yet at another which was made nere to Montejo de la Veja was there any thing concluded on Wherefore hee beganne to proceed against the Confederates by Ecclesiasticall censures Appeale from the Pope to the next generall Councell but the Lords of the League did appeale to the first generall Councell the Licentiate Iohn d' Alcoâ—er and the Doctor Alphonso of Madrigal throwing in their appeales The Legaâ—e perceyuing his labour to bee lost would haue gone backe to Medina but diuers of the Rebells followed after him crying out Wee appeale Insolencie against the Legate we appeale and with great outrages brought him backe to Olmedo the Arch-bishoppe of Toledo and the Master of Saint Iames seeming to bee discontented therewith tooke vppon them to defend him Whilest the Legate was thus handled the Confederates practised how to draw to their side Pedro Arias of Auila and the Bishop Don Iohn of Segobia his brother who beeing alreadie offended with the wrong which the King had offered them whereof wee haue spoken heretofore were easily perswaded thereunto the chiefe doers in this businesse were Lewis de Mesa Pedro Arias his familiar friend Perucho of Munsaras Captaine of the Castle of Segobia Fryar Rodrigo of Mesa Abbot of Parral and brother to Lewis with other Monkes and Church-men who did lay a plotte to deliuer the cittie of Segobia to the Confederate Lords Queene Ioane Donna Izabella with other Ladies and Gentlewomen of great place were lodged in the pallace of the same Citie where they had notice of this practise some of them with great feare beganne to dislodge the Queene withdrew her selfe into the Cathedrall Church The citty of Seigoâ—ia deliuered to the confederate Lords where thinking her selfe not safe enough shee entreated to bee receyued into the Castle with the Dutchesse of Albuquerque and other Ladies but the Infanta Donna Izabella had no will to remooue for beeing incensed against king Henry her brother shee had intelligence with the Prince Don Alphonso and did wholy adhere to the Confederates who entred into the Cittie in armes through a false port of the Bishoppes lodgings and made themselues master thereof without any resistance to the great griefe of the Inhabitants The Lords of the League went directly to the pallace to salute the Infanta who committed her selfe wholly into their hands The king hauing notice hereof departed very melancholy from Medina with such troupes as hee could get about him and marched towards Cuellar where in the mid way the Castle of Iscar was assayled at the intreatie of the Earle of Treuigno in which Castle the Earle of Plaisance kept the Earle of Treuigno's mother in dishonest manner the place beeing taken the Countesse was sent away prisoner by her sonne into his countrie The losse of Segobia did much grieue the the King for his aboade there pleased him aboue all other as well because hee was brought vp there from his infancie The King forsaken of his people as for the wood of Balsain and other places thereabouts fitte for hunting and also in regard of his treasure which lay in the castle thereof and the griefe and feeling of his aduersities did so oppresse him as beeing desperate and almost besides himselfe he was contented to be drawne by the deuices of the Master of Saint Iames to the towne of Coca vnder the promise and assurance of the Archbishoppe of Seuille not telling or making it knowne to any of the Lords or Knights of his trayne and taking but a very few of his houshold seruants with him Wherefore all men beeing discontented with these courses which did manifestly tend to the ruine of the King and of those which did him seruice they with-drew themselues discontented to their owne houses The Kings Officers and houshold seruants seeing themselues forsaken and left in so pittifull and miserable estate were ashamed to tell vnto whome they did belong when they came to any place The Licentiate Diego Henriques the Kings Chronicler hauing obtayned a safe conduct Diego Henriques King Henries Chronicler came to Segobia where hee had a house wherin were diuers goods and papers of great consequence but neuerthelesse he was taken and ill intreated his goods stolen and his writings scattered abroade to the great danger of his person if God had not drawne him out of their hands for the Rebels were greatly mooued against him because that in his written memories and chronicles hee had set downe the truth of their proceedings The king beeing come to Coca they changed the place and their opinion was to conferre at Segobia in the castle of which cittie hee was lodged and entertayned by the Earle of Alua and the Master of Alcantara albeit that Peruchâ— de Munsaras Captaine of the place was not well contented therewith The King and the Master of Saint Iames meeting afterward in the great Church Other agreement betwixt the king and the rebels after diuers reasons on either side it was agreed that the king should consent that the fort of Segobia should remayne vnder the command of the Master of Saint Iames the kings treasures and mooueables to be kept safe and restored to him who should send them to the castle of Madrid the Captaine-ship of which with the keeping of those things the King should graunt to Perucho de Munsaras Moreouer that the Queene should bee giuen in hostage and left in trust with the Arch-bishop of Seuile for sixe moneths within which time the King should be restored to all his former honour and dignitie These articles were afterward performed the treasures transported to Madrid and Queene Ioane was sent to the castle of Alaejos Euill life of Queene Ioanâ— of Castile where holding on the course of life which the King had taught her shee fell in loue with a certaine young man by whome shee had two children which was the cause of many vnworthie outrages as shall bee hereafter declared After this treatie the King beeing in as lamentable an estate as before went vppe and done his kingdome no otherwise than if hee had beene a poore
his seruice as an incouragement to carrie themselues well and faithfully in their charges yet hee was not of opinion to giue him the place of Colonell which his father had holding that this great power and commandement ouer many men should not bee suffered in armes being the cause of confusion and disorder being a naturall thing and most necessarie said hee that all should looke vnto one head Colonell Villalua was a valiant man Qualities of Colonel Villalua soudaine and actiue sharpe witted of a great courage and a good souldier in all occasions and as for his vertues they compared him to Haniball so the imperfection of his body did increase his fame for he was blind of an eye like vnto Haniball Queene Catherine suruiued her husband about eight moneths and ordained by her will that her body should bee buried in the Cathedrall church of Saint Marie of Pampelone Death of queen Catherine of Nauarre to preserue the right to the realme of Nauarre leauing Henry of Albret her sonne heire thereof She died at Mont de Marsan being seuen and forty yeares olde her body was left as it were in deposito at Lescar in Beam by her husband Henrie of Albret was then foureteene yeares old and did intitle himselfe king of Nauarre the Viceroy of which realme at his entrie into his gouernment assembled the estates at Pampelona causing them to swear to king Charles of Austria and to the queen D. Ioane his mother hee also swearing on their behalfes to obserue the priuiledges of the countrie And for that by reason of the faction wherewith that realme had been in former times diuided they had been accustomed to chuse a councel or court of justice of like number of either part of Gramont and Beaumont the president of which councell being chosen by lot out of one of the factions did commonly oppresse the contrarie party the Cardinall caused the order established first by king Iohn of Albret and continued by king Ferdinand to bee followed which was to giue them a President that was a stranger notwithstanding the Nauarrois did solicit in the kings court in Flanders to haue the auncient custome practised again He also tooke the gouernment of Pampelone from an Arragonois called Ferrera and gaue it to a Castillan letting the king vnderstand that the Arragonois Nauarrois did alwaies disagree He did also resist the Cardinall of Albret who through the popes fauour would enioy his bishopricke of Pampelone from whence hee had beene expelled 21 Nauarre being pacified Castille there grew troubles in the realme of Granado by reason of the rights and justice of the Admiraltie It is an auncient order in Spaine as in many other realmes Admiralty in Castille and the Iurisdiction that the admirall hath charge of the Sea-coasts and of armes and warre at sea and of ciuill and criminall justice ouer all sea-faring men as well Mariners passengers as Souldiers And therefore in euery Prouince which lies vpon the sea where there are ports ships any cōmerce he hath his Iudges as at Seuile Malaga and such like sets vp gibbets and other such markes of supreme justice They of Malaga had often tryed in the time of king Ferdinand to free themselues from this jurisdiction and to abolish it in their towne saying that it did but hinder justice and giue way to ill liuers to auoid deserued punishment for in Sea-townes whither men come from diuers places and many times vnciuil if any one bee called in question for any crime he requires to be sent vnto the admirabltie and most commonly by these declinatories escapes the punishment that should be inflicted vpon him by the royal Iudges In like maner the garrisons which were vpon the Sea-coasts did abuse these things appealing sometime from the kings justice sometimes from the admiraltie Being not able to obtain any prouision therein from king Ferdinand at such time as the Cardinal gouerned they sent into Flanders to get an abolition of this justice from king Charles of Austria But as a multitude hauing once a desire hath no patience order nor mean those of Malaga without expecting of any answer Tumult at Malaga did tumultuously chase away the judges and beat down the gibbets and all other markes of the Admiralty in their towne and iurisdiction whereof the high admirall complained to Cardinall Ximenes who was Regent and to the councell who thinking by admonitions and threats to suppresse the heat of this people they receiued answere that they would not submit themselues to any judgement touching the differences betwixt them and the admiral vntil that king Charles their soueraigne lord were arriued in Spaine and meaning to maintaine themselues in this opinion against any force that should be offered them they took armes and planted all the artillerie they had vpon their towers wals making one peece of admirable greatnes by a generall contribution of the people wheron they did graue these words in latin Malacitanae libertatis Assertores F. C. that is to say the defenders of the Malaquins libertie haue caused it to bee made The multitude was entertained in this rebellion for a time by some of their citizens to whome the Flemish lords that were neere vnto the kings person did write letters and promise fauor but the Cardinal after that he had vsed al mild remedies sent an army of the legionaries Malaquins supprest according to his institution in the which were 6000 foot and 400 horse led by D. Anthonio de la Cueua whereupon the Malaquins fainting when as the army came but to Antequera they sent word that they were ready to obey the Cardinals commandements sending two deputies vnto him who in the cities name be sought him to take them to mercy and to abstaine from bloud D Anthony hauing aduertised the Cardinall of the Malaquins submission hee had commandement to end matters with mildnes and clemency and to yeeld all hee might vnto them preseruing the kings honour and dignitie There were fiue of the chiefe authors of the sedition hanged the rest were pardoned Of which things the Cardinall did aduertise the king letting him vnderstand how preiudiciall it would be to the common-weale if this councel of Flanders did so easily vndo that which had bin concluded with mature deliberation in the councell of Spain beseeching him therein to haue a care of his authority Gouernors should be maintained in their reputation the which was ioyned to the royal authoritie holding that the chiefest foundation of the publike peace did consist in the reputation of the gouernour 22 In Castille Iohn Velasques of Cuellar superintendent of the treasure son to doctor Guttiere Velasques sought to keepe the castle of Areualo by force which place the queen D. Isabella wife to king Iohn the second had had for her dwelling and had beene committed as also the affaires of the widow queene Contention for the towne of Areualo to the custodie of doctor Guttiere
in any sort repugnant to this Maxime That all lawes should be equall inflexible vnchangeable c. hee must be answered That it is onely vnderstood of the dead letter of the law which as it euer speaketh and resolueth in one manner so ought it in respect of it selfe to be indifferently interpreted and executed But there is another reason of the liuing law which is the prince and his ministers especially touching Commissions which bee receiued from him for they ought to execute the dead letter of the law with such respect and moderation as hath beene mentioned before so as they bend it with equitie but breake it not with wilfulnesse Wherefore there is a certaine power giuen vnto the prince aboue the lawes and by the rule of conscience which is imprinted in the heart of him or them that are set vnder him the cause is qualified according to the reason of the circumstance for rigor is not alwayes right neither may we say that they rule best which vrge the letter without respect to the reasons that rather follow the words of a text which is mute than the due consideration of a quicke interpretation which is more sensible Prouided alwayes for the preseruation of Maiestie and maintenance of lawes That howsoeuer it may please a prince out of his owne conceit to dispose in ouerruling any matter with respect either of the person or time augmenting or abating the reward of any good desert or punishing of any fault the same be not drawne to consequence or inforced as a president to those that shall liue after him They that gouerne know better how to moderate these cases than the lawyers that plead and many things are incident to politicke direction which neuer come within the compasse of an ordinarie Aduocate Contention betwixt husbands and wiues masters and seruants parents and their children neighbours kinsmen friends and such like conjoyned in the strait linke of ordinarie officers ought rather to be ended by a friendlie arbitrator with spare of charges which belong to suits than by a seuere judge who decideth all things by extremitie The best course for a prince is to censure causes by due circumstances without partialitie and that the difference which shall appeare betwixt his moderation and the written law may rather seeme to arise out of a right in equitie than an error in affection I would haue all the courts of justice offend rather in compassion than rigor or crueltie vnlesse there be a notable example to be made for the terror to the multitude In all kinds of rewards be bountiful aboue the common course and alwaies chuse rather to leaue a light offendor whose crimes are not manifest vnpunished than to condemne an innocent or to leaue a peece of seruice vnrewarded at the least with fauorable words with praise and cause of hope vntill time and opportunitie may yeeld a more ample satisfaction Be carefull that compassion facilitie in remitting punishments be tempered with such a reasonable meane as it neither incourage men to offend nor giue occasion of many errors which grow by too much lenitie Let it suffice that your subiects liue vnder you with industrie and as becommeth men without giuing scandall or ill example to the world Proceed not to that kind of curiositie which makes many rules to inquire search what men doe in the most priuat and secret places of their houses this humor is many waies offensiue for both a breedeth trouble to the prince and oftentimes great harme to the party without desert Though some be not absolutely chast yet so they be found wary in auoiding all cause of scandall manifest offence the prince hath reason to referre the judgement of the secrets of mens hearts vnto God and the correction of secret sins to his diuine Maiestie for where our eyes can no way pierce there is no reason that our hands should execute Keepe one eare alwayes open for the aduerse partie beware of setling your judgement especially in causes of justice vpon the first impression for time traueleth for truth and oftentimes graue deliberation easeth her of her burthen In those occasions a moderation shold be had in such regard as neither the subiect be induced by too great facility to attempt any practise of vnlawful action for the furtherance of his intent nor discouraged by too great rigour for expecting reason at your hands for both extremities are dangerous Whilest that you are in choler or haue made your selfe a prey to any other passion or respect of priuat interest be verie carefull neuer to giue sentence or at the least not to put the same in present executiō least afterwards appeales be made vnto your selfe from such vniust sentences and executions by the parties that are wronged when you are come vnto your selfe You may read in histories of a poore woman that appealed from king Philip being transported with passion to the same king Philip qualified with a due consideration and of the penance which was injoyned by S. Ambrose to Theodosius after the massacre of Thessalonica Touching the orders of your familie and Court I haue discoursed with you at other times out of which you may draw rules for the direction of those affaires be alwayes mindfull that your gards be entertained about your person according to the wonted maner rather to set forth the maiestie of gouernment than in respect of danger of your life for euidēt necessitie Touching the wearing of your apparel there is no doubt but princely garments fit for your estate at certaine times doe both grace your person and strike a kind of awe into the peoples hearts Notwithstanding to sute your selfe ordinarily more plainly according to that fashion which is most generall doth win great loue as I haue obserued by mine owne experience for nothing pleaseth the subiect more than to note sometimes a carelesse contempt of those outward complements in which some princes set their princelie felicitie The like consideration must be had touching your die◠and other necessarie things belonging to your person and your Court with a carefull regard that neither hatred be purchased by excesse nor contempt by too great equalitie To the time of peace likewise belong diuers kinds of workes worthie of a princes care which draw the subiects eyes to admiration and his heart to thankefulnesse In this degree we marshall whatsoeuer princes either build or repaire for the peoples good as adorning cities amending highwayes repaying bridges making riuers nauigable charges in bringing waters in repairing of churches hospitals guild-halls publike places and towne walls taking order for the reformation of abuses in religion Vniuersities Colledges and judiciall places in limiting the fees of Counsellors excluding auarice from courts of conscience and corruption of magistrats in the bringing vp of orphans mariage of poore maids and redemption of prisoners Blessed is the heart that thinketh on those things and the hand that putteth them in execution for by this meanes the subiect shall
in the Spring and that his ministers at Rome should resolue in euerie occasion concerning the league as they should thinke best without expecting any new order from Spaine From thence he past into Portugall to treat in like manner with the king D. Sebastian concerning the league Disposition of Sebastian king of Portugall This young prince was bred vp in generous thoughts to purchase much glorie by making warre against Infidels and therein to exceed his predecessors hauing in himselfe a naturall disposition to warre an able bodie and practised in those painefull exercises which belong vnto warre hauing beene alwaies laid before him by the Iesuites which instructed him That all his enterprises should bee for the sole benefit of Christendome they had made his mind as religious as his owne nature and the exhortations of his noblemen had made him warlike so as hee did not thinke or reason of any thing but of warre And for that the example of his predecessors did represent vnto him in his sleepe the honourable victories and glorious conquests they had made in Afrike and the East Indies hee in like manner directed all his thoughts to that end The Legat Alexandrino finding him in this disposition did easily draw him to enter into this league against the Turke who not onely promised to send his gallies well appointed to the Christians armie but he would also annoy Selyâ— with another great nauie at Suez and other places held by the Turkes in the red sea and in the gulph of Persia and moreouer the Pope desiring to breake the marriage betwixt Marguerite of Valois and the king of Nauarre he gaue commission vnto the Cardinall to moue this marriage vnto the King of Portugall the which would haue beene somewhat difficult if the king had not beene much deuoted to the Pope who at his intreatie layed aside a strange resolution which was that he would not heare speake of a wife because he would not be held effeminate to the great griefe of his grandmother his vncle and the wisest of his Nobilitie who desired to see some issue of him and the succession of the realme assured In the end he was content to take this French ladie King of Portugal content to take Marguerit of Valois to wiâ—e neither desired he any other dowrie but a generous resolution in king Charles to enter in the league Matters beeing thus setled in Spaine the Cardinall according to his commission past thorough France for the league and marriage but he found no meanes to effect either whereupon he returned into Italy Don Iohn of Austria being much pleased with this honorable charge came from Spaine to Genoua where he stayed not long but arriued on the ninth of August at Naples bringing with him from the Court the great Commander of Castile with the title of his Lieutenant Noblemen with Don Iohn in the army and chiefe Councellor Fernando Cariglia Earle of Pliego his chiefe Steward D. Francisco d' Ibarra D. Pedro Velasco D. Michell Moncada Gil d' Andrada Carlo Spinelli who had followed him as an aduenturer against the Moores with many others With these there ioyned the Dukes of Parma and Vrbin Don Antonio Carrafa duke of Mondragon the Marquis of Carrara D. Pompee of Lanoy Vincentio Carrafa Prior of Hongary the Earle of Sarno the Marquis of Auila Paul Iourdâ—in Vrsin the Earle of S. Fleur Ascanio de la Corne and Paul Sforza Beeing in Naples Cardinall Granuell the Viceroy who in that action had the authoritie of Legat deliuered vnto D. Iohn the Standard as Generall of the Church the which the Pope had blest who solicited his departure towards Messina by many embassages where the whole fleete should ioyne and whether Marc Antonio Colonna was gone long before with twelue gallies of Florence armed by the Pope and three of the Order of S. Iohn But to returne to the seege of Famagosta Mustapha sought by all meanes possible to get the counterscarpe the which was valiantly defended by Marc Antonio Bragadino and Astor Baglioni the one hauing charge of the gouernement the other of the garrison but in the end the Turkes wonne it Batteries of Famagosta About the midst of May they planted fiue batteries and had made ten forts They had in the beginning aduertised the Seigneury of Venice in what state they stood who sent them a supply of seuenteene hundred men with victuals and munition by Marc Antonio Quirini who past valiantly through the Turkes gards and returned these succors were commanded by Lewis Martinengo The Turkes continued their batteries with great obstinacie and had giuen foure assaults where the beseeged repulst them valiantly but with great losse of either side the beseeged hauing held out till the 20 of Iuly beeing now prest with great hunger and want the number of their souldiers beeing diminished to eight hundred and those much tyred most of the Grecians beeing dead either with fighting or with the continuall toyle Beeing terrified with so great miseries and out of hope of any more succors some of the chiefe of the citie besought Bragadino Speech to Bragadino at Famagosta that he would incline to some accord seeing he had made so good proofe of their faith and constancie in that seege No man would euer hold them vnworthie of commendation if after they had endured so many assaults and suffered so much penurie with want of munition after the losse of so many souldiers and citizens and finally beeing without all hope of succours they had prouided at the least for the liues of their children which remayned and for the honour of poore miserable women that he would not in recompence of their deuotion which they had alwaies shewed to the common-weale of Venice be the cause of the totall ruine of their citie and suffer their wiues and children who had spent so much bloud and offered their bodies to death for their seruice to become a shamefull prey to their Turkish lust there remaining no hope of health but by the meanes of some accord That it was a thing worthie of a wise Noblemen as he was to choose the least of euils And last of all to remember that it was held a brutish crueltie and no valour to runne headlong to a certaine death where there is no hope of life Bragadino knew that their request was just and that their extremities were great yet forcing his owne nature and desiring to preserue the realme which depended wholly vpon the losse of that place he did not thinke it possible that the Senat would neglect so weightie a businesse and not send the succours which had beene promised Wherefore hee would not yeeld to their demaund but fed them with good words putting them in hope of present succours dispatching a fregat presently into Candie to aduertise the Seigniorie of their extremities In the end of Iulie the Turks gaue an assault which continued fiue houres but the besieged seeing there was no meanes to endure another Famagosta
and couetous gouernement This yeare there was another enterprise by an English Gentleman whose name was Thomas Cauendish who passed into the South seas as Sir Francis Drake had done where after many accidents in Nouember 1587. the Generall hauing two shippes mette with a great shippe of the King of Spaines called Saint Anna the which was Admirall of the South-sea Cauendish takes the S. Anna in the South seas beeing about 700. tunnes burthen the which after six or seuen houres fight and thre seuerall charges yeelded to haue their liues saued In which shippe by the confession of the Captaine and Pilot they had an hundred and two and twenty thousand Pezo's of gold and the rest of the lading was in silkes satten damaske muske with many other good commodities in the end they set fire of the Kings shippe and burnt her hauing to the quantitie of 500. tunnes of goods in her then sayling by the Philippina's the Moluccos and the Cape of Bona Speranza they arriued safely in England in September 1588. King Philip after much warre the losse of his wiues and children and the little hope he had of long life in the Prince his sonne beeing of a weake complexion and ill disposed beganne this yeare to haue more cause of content for now the young Prince began to bee vigorous and of a spirit befitting an heire of so great dominions and on the other side the second Infanta Donna Catherina hauing had a sonne the last yeare did this yere double his ioy with another giuing him the more content for that the first was christened with so great solemnitie the twelfth day of May foure daies after that the second was borne Yet touching his publike affaires the Low-countrie warres troubled him much the which hee referred to the valour and wisedome of the Duke of Parma and liued himselfe quietly in Spaine But finding that the Queene of England did fauour and protect his Rebels of the Low-countries as he tearmed them and that shee did feed the fire of that long warre to be reuenged of that iniurie and to employ his forces to aduance the Romish religion he made preparation to transport the miseries of warre into England giuing countenance and entertainment to all the fugitiue Papists of that country The Queene of England beeing aduertised of this great preparation in Spaine for the inuasion of England shee was aduised to preuent it whereuppon shee armed foorth a Fleet of some 30 sayle in the which there were 4. ships and a pinaces of her Maiesties the rest were Merchants of good seruice Sir Francis Drake was appointed Generall of this Fleete which went towards the coast of Spaine this yeare in Aprill And beeing aduertized that there was great store of warlike prouision at Cadiz the which was readie to go for Lisbon he made all possible speed thither to intercept these prouisions so as on the 19 of Aprill he entred with his Fleet into the harbour of Cadiz where at the first they were affronted by sixe gallies but they soone retired vnder their fort There lay in the roade sixtie ships with diuers smaller vessels vnder the fort and such as could passe the sholds fled vp to port Real there came foure gallies more downe against them from Saint Mary port and port Real but they were well beaten they burnt in this harbor a shippe of Ragouça of a thousand tunne hauing fortie peeces of brasse Ordinance in her Ships burnt at Cadiz by the English and richly laden and another great new ship of twelue hundred tunne belonging to the Marquis of Santa Cruz high Admirall of Spaine with many others laden with victuals wine iron workes biscuit oyle fruite and other commodities which were to be transported to the Indies or to serue for the prouision of the Fleet which was preparing for England so as they burnt sunke and carried away to the number of thirty shippes and barkes beeing as they esteemed them ten thousand tuns of shipping Whilest they lay in the roade the gallies and forts shot continually at them and such shippes as they could defend no longer they fired to driue among the English shippes who were somewhat troubled to auoid them This resolute attempt was performed in one day and two nights to the great amazement of the King of Spaine and the Marquis of Santa Cruz his Admirall After their comming out of the roade of Cadiz this English Fleete was followed by ten gallies who notwithstanding suffred them to ride quietly at an anchor by them Then they bent their course towards cape Sacre beeing well victualled at the enemies charge vpon the way they tooke at seuerall times almost an hundred shippes barkes and carauels laden with hoopes gally oares pipe-staues with other prouisions for the King of Spaines armie intended for England all which they burnt and landed the men They also spoyled the fisher-boates and nets for the fishing of Tunies And comming to Cape Sacre they landed and tooke three forts some by force the rest by composition From thence they came neere vnto Lisbone anchoring neere vnto Cascais where the Marquis of Santa Cruz was with his gallies and yet he came not foorth against them Hauing a message sent him by the Generall that he was readie there to exchange certaine bullets with him the Marquis returned him an answer that hee was not readie for him neither had he any such commission from the king his master The Generall seeing no more good to be done vpon the coast of Spaine hee bent his course towards the Ilands of the Açores where by good fortune beeing within thirty leagues of Saint Michels he met with a Caracke of Portugall called S. Philip the which they tooke Carack of Portugal taken by Sir Francis Drake hauing made little resistance sending the people home into their country in other vessels well furnished with victuals And this was the first Carake that euer was taken comming from the East Indies The riches of this prize was held exceeding great whereupon they resolued to returne into England the which they did with their whole Fleete and their admirable rich prize The religious desire which the Catholike King had long had to haue Friar Diego Seniliano of the castle of Saint Nicholas S. Diego canonized to be canonized a Saint being dead in Spaine some hundred and fiue and twenty yeares before with an opinion of holinesse throughout all Spaine did this yeare take effect for that since the yeare 1563. instance beeing made by him and the Spaniards to Pope Pius the fourth to Pius the fifth and then to Gregory the 13. all which dyed before this busines could be ended But continuing in this zealous disposition he commanded the Earle of Oliuares his Ambassadour resident at Rome to mooue it againe to Pope Sixtus the fifth so as on the third of Iuly this yeare hee was canonized a Saint at the charges of the King of Spaine and his feast day appoynted the twelfth day of Nouember to the great
aduertised the King of the daunger hee foresawe therein for these Moores are more strong and giuen to armes wherefore hee besought him to consider what a subiect of sedition those men which had obtayned this leaue of him carried to the Indians a simple and rude people who without doubt would learne of them to bee hardie and warrelike and to rebell afterwards against the Spaniards This councell was contemned by the king or rather by Monsieur de Cheâ—res who gouerned him thinking that the Cardinall did not so much blame their trafficke of slaues for the good of the Common weale as for that hee beeing Gouernour of Spaine thought it should not be allowed without his priuitie but he found afterwards by the euent how wise the Cardinalles aduice was For in the yeare one thousand fiue hundred and two and twentie by the conspiracie of fortie of these Moores they did cause a seruile warre in the Island of Hispaniola the which was hardly quencht by the vertue and diligence of Melchior de Castro Nauarre and Francis d' Aâ—ila Inhabitants there 20 The gouernement of Castille was not yet assured from troubles when as they had newes that Iohn of Albret king of Nauarre came with a great armie of French for the recouerie of his realme wherewith the Cardinall was troubled hauing not sufficient forces to assure so many affaires knowing well that D. Frederic of Acugna viceroy of Nauarre was not prouided as hee ought wherefore by the aduice and at the request of the chiefe noblemen hee gaue the defence of the realme to D. Antonio Manrique de Lara soone to D. Pedro Duke of Nagera who willingly offered himselfe to take that charge in so dangerous a time D Antonio Manrique de Lara viceroy of Nauarre hauing his lands neere vnto Nauarre from whence â—e might drawe speedie succours at all euents and it is a bruite continued from time to time that it was propounded in the councell of Castille not onely to demantle all the Townes and places of strength within the realme by reason of the mutinies which did rise at that time in Nauarre but also to leaue the land wast to serue to feede their troupes Councell barbarous to make the countrie of Nauarre deâ—art the demantling did afterwards take place but as for the desolation of the fields it was held too barbarous D. Inigo Fernandes of Velasco Constable of Castille an inuereate enemie to the Duke of Nagera sought to disappoint his sonne of his gouernement pretending that hee had aliances with the faction of Gramont and did still feare the ruine of it wherefore hee made protestations against this decree made in Councell whereby the necessarie prouisions were so delayed in this apparent daunger as if the French had aduaunced with more speede they might easily haue beene masters of Pampelone and of the whole realme Their armie entring slowly by the Pyrenees on the side of Moya and Isana it was stayed in the valley of Roncal and defeated by the diligence of colonell D. Ferdinand Villalâ—a of Plaisance The Marshall D. Pedro who was the Leader and his brother Diego Velez with other Noblemen Nauarrois were taken and sent into Castille to diuers prisons whilest that king Iohn was at the siege of the Castle of Saint Iohn at the foot of the Pyrenee mountaines who hearing of the defeat of his men returned into Fraunce out of all hope euer to recouer his realme It was bruited that there were found in a coffer amongst the Marshalles baggage that was taken certayne Letters of D. Lewis of Beaumont Constable of Nauarre and of other Noblemen Nauarrois who were grieued to see that auncient and noble Crowne reduced to a prouince Others say that the countesse D. Briande Manrique his wife sister to the Duke of Nagera chosen Viceroy of Nauarre hauing discouered these practises by certayne papers which fell into their hands shee aduertised Cardinall Ximenes who gaue commaundement vnto Frederic d' Acugna the Viceroy to seaze vpon the Constables person but as captaine Picarro would haue laied hands on him hee escaped and stoode vpon his gard vntill the comming of the Duke of Nagera his brother in lawe to be Viceroy of the realme for this cause the countesse his wife durst neuer afterwards come in his company The affaires of Nauarre beeing assured for Castille by the defeate of the French armie Forts demanteled in Nauarre the Cardinall caused them to beginne to demantle the sorts throughout the realme by the persuasion of colonell Villalua or for that hee had formerly conceiued it in his fantasie the which they that haue come after haue found profitable for it is certayne that the Nauarrois could not forget their proprietarie and lawfull kings and there is no doubt but if the forts had stoode still they would haue sought meanes to rebell but seeing themselues without anie retreats they haue contayned themselues besides in doing it the Cardinall would spare a great expence which hee must haue imployed in the entertainement of so many garrisons as was necessarie in a Realme newly conquered To conclude all were demanteled and ruined except the citie of Pampelona the Castle of Estella and the townes of Lombier and Pont de la Roine which the Constable D. Lewis of Beaumont obtayned for a time of his brother in law the Castle of Marzille a place strong by scituation and art vpon the riuer of Arragon escaped this furie by the vertue of D. Anna of Velasco Marquesse of Falses who drew vp the bridge against the Commissaries deputed for these demolitions saying that shee would keepe the place well vntill the comming of King Charles and so hindered them Among other buildings which fell in this calamitie the Conuent of Saint Frauncis of Olita an auncient place and reuerenced was much lamented The death of colonell Villalua followed soone after 1517 suspected to haue beene aduanced by the Constable Lewis of Beamont who meeting him neere vnto his house of Lerin vpon the way to Estella Death of Collonell Villalua inuited him to sup with him where it was thought hee had poison giuen him whereof hee dyed as soone as hee came to Estella This was for the hatred which hee had pourchased among all the Nauarrois for that hee had beene the instrument of the demanteling of the forts of Nauarre King Iohn of Albret dyed also 1517 this yeare one thousand fiue hundred and seuenteene of griefe Death of Iohn of Albret king of Nauarre seeing his affaires desperate and his bodie was laied in the Cathedrall church of Lescar in Bearn for his will was to be interred in the great church of saint Marie of Pampelona His death happened fiue yeares nine moneths and twenty daies after that hee was dispossest of his realme The offices of colonell Villalua were confirmed to his sonne by the intercession of Cardinall Ximenes who gaue this profitable councell vnto the king to giue the suruiuancy of estates to their children that died in