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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A16218	The arte of logick Plainely taught in the English tongue, according to the best approued authors. Very necessary for all students in any profession, how to defend any argument against all subtill sophisters, and cauelling schismatikes, and how to confute their false syllogismes, and captious arguments. By M. Blundevile.; Art of logike.	Blundeville, Thomas, fl. 1561.	1617 (1617)	STC 3143; ESTC S115613	123,114	214

THE ARTE OF LOGICK Plainely taught in the English tongue according to the best approued AVTHORS Very necessary for all STVDENTS in any Profession how to defend any Argument against all subtill Sophisters and cauelling Schismatikes and how to confute their false Syllogismes and captious Arguments By M. BLVNDEVILE LONDON Printed by William Stansby and are to be sold by Matthew Lownes 1617. To the Reader MInding here to treate of the Art of Logike in our vulgar tongue for the profit of those my Country-men that are not learned in forreine tongues I thinke it no shame nor robbery to borrow termes of the said Art from the Latines aswell as they did from the Greekes and specially such termes as cannot be aptly expressed in our natiue speech and yet therewith I doe not forget plainly to shew the signification of cuery such terme so as euery man may easily vnderstand what each terme signifieth thinking it much better so to doe then to fayne new wordes vnproper for the purpose as some of late haue done And as my minde is hereby to please the vnlearned that are desirous of learning hauing both good wits and also good disposition with aptnesse to learne So my hope is not to offend the learned who I am sure doe well allow of Aristotle in saying that euery good thing the more common it be the better it is neither are they ignorant that in old time past aswell the Greekes as the Latines of what Art soeuer they wrote each one wrote the same for the most part in his owne vulgar speech Euery man is not able in these costly dayes to finde either himselfe or his Child at the Vniuersitie whom if God not withstanding hath indued with a liuely wit and made him so apt to learning as hauing some helpe at home he may by his owne industry attayne vnto right good knowledge be made thereby the more able to glorifie God and to profit his Countrey Truly I see no cause why the learned should disdayne or be miscontent that such Man or Child should be freely taught this or any other good Art without any cost or charge Wherefore arming my selfe with assured hope that with this my labour I shall greatly profit and pleasure the vnlearned and not hinder or displease the learned I will boldly follow mine enterprise and here briefly shew the order of my said Worke which is diuided into sixe Parts or Bookes for sith Logicke is chiefly occupyed in discussing of Questions and that such questions both simple and compound doe spring of wordes the first Part of my Booke shall treate of Wordes shewing which be Simple which be Compound and also which comprehend more and which comprehend lesse which be of affinitie and which be not leauing out no necessary Rules belonging thereunto that are taught either by Aristotle or by any other Moderne writer Secondly because all simple questions consisting of single wordes are to be discussed by Definition and Diuision the second Part treateth of them both and therewith sheweth also with what methode and order such simple questions are to be handled Thirdly because all compound questions are to be discussed by reasoning or argumentation and that euery kinde of argument doth consist of Propositions the third Part treateth of a Proposition and of all things belonging thereunto Fourthly because no sound argument can be made to proue or disproue any thing that is in question vnlesse the Disputer know from whence to fetch his proofes the fourth Part of my Booke treateth of all the places from whence any argument is to be fetched And the fifth Part treateth of Argumentation and of all the kindes thereof teaching how euery kinde is to be performed The sixt and last Part treateth of Confutation shewing how all Sophisticall arguments are to be confuted A Postscript THough I wrote this Booke many yeeres past whil'st I sojourned with my most deare Brother in Law M. William Hurnell a man of most singular humanitie and of great hospitalitie at his house in Winkborne in Nottinghamshire not farre from Southwell yet notwithstanding vpon diuers necessarie considerations as I thought since that time mouing me thereunto I still stayed it from the Presse vntill now of late that I was fully perswaded by diuers of my learned friends to put it in print who hauing diligently perused the same and liking my playne order of teaching vsed therein thought it a most necessary Booke for such Ministers as had not beene brought vp in any Vniuersitie to many of which Ministers though God had giuen the gift of vtterance and great good zeale to set forth in good speech the true Christian doctrine yet if they should haue to deale with subtill Sophisters and caueling Schismatikes whereof in these dayes the more is the pitty there are too many they were not able without the helpe of Logike to defend the truth of Gods Word and orderly to confute such false Conclusions as peruerse Schismatikes and Heretikes are wont to gather out of the very wordes of holy Scripture wherefore through my said friends perswasions I haue now at length committed my said Booke to the Presse praying all those that shall vouchsafe to reade it as thankefully to accept the same as of my part it is friendly offered Vale. The Contents of the Chapters contayned in these sixe Bookes of LOGICKE THE FIRST BOOKE Treating of a Question and of Wordes both Singular and Vniuersall WHat Logicke is of what parts it consisteth and whereto such parts doe serue Which be the two chiefe offices of Logicke and wherein Logicke is chiefly occupyed that is in discussing of Questions which is done by Definition Diuision and Argumentation Chap. 1. What a question is and that euery question is either simple or compound also of what parts a compound question consisteth that is to say of two parts called the Subiect and the Predicate and what those termes doe signifie Because all questions doe consist of wordes either simple or compound in this Chapter are set downe three principall diuisions of wordes First which be simple and which be compound Secondly which be of the first intention and which be of the second intention and thirdly which be singular called in Latine Indiuidua and which be universall Chap. 2. What Indiuiduum is and all the foure kindes thereof that is Indiuiduum determinatum Indiuiduum demonstratiuum Indiuiduum vagum and Indiuiduum ex hypothesi that is to say by supposition Chap. 3. Of universall wordes whereof some are called Predicables and some Predicaments and first of the fiue predicables that is Genus Species Differentia Proprium and Accidens and how euery one is diuided and to what vses they serue but first of Species and then of the rest Chap. 4. Of Predication and of the diuers kindes thereof Chap. 5. Of the ten Predicaments in generall which be these Substantia Quantitas Qualitas Relatio Actio Passio Vbi Quando Situm est and Habere Chap. 6. Of the fore-predicaments and shewing

and to be desired From the End SIth euerlasting blessednesse is of such excellencie as neither tongue is able to expresse the ioyes thereof nor minde to conceiue the same and therefore ought to be desired aboue all things as the iust reward of all goodnesse and finall end of all euill and that Vertue is the onely meane to bring man to that blessed End who then will once thinke that Vertue is not to be esteemed aboue all things and worthy of all men to bee embraced Logically thus The end of Vertue which is euerlasting felicitie is to bee desired Ergo Vertue is to be desired Hitherto you haue shewed how the aforesaid Theme is to be proued with Arguments fetched aswell from the Subiect as the Predicate now shew what Arguments are to be fetched from both ioyned together These that follow and such like and first by Comparison from the Lesse to the More From the Lesse to the More IF men will not let to bestow any paine labour or cost to preserue their bodies from death sickenesse or any other hurt how much more then ought they to endeuour themselues to obtaine Vertue which will preserue their soules from all corrupt affections and euill vices and thereby deliuer them from death euerlasting Logically thus Man ought to be carefull of his bodily health Ergo Much more of his soules health which is chiefely preserued by Vertue From Similitude or Likenesse AS the beautie of the bodie is pleasant to mans eyes euen so the beautie of the minde or soule is as acceptable to God and therefore as man will be diligent and careful in decking and adorning his body to please the eyes of men euen so he ought to be most carefull to decke his soule and mind with such Vertues as doe make the same in Gods sight most acceptable Logically thus As the decking of the bodie is pleasant to mens eyes so the decking of the Soule is pleasing to God From Authoritie DAuid the Prophet in the 34. Psalme saith thus Turne from euill and doe that which is good The Prophet Micheas also agreeth hereunto in saying thus Deale iustly with all men loue mercie and walke diligently in the way of God By which words these two godly Prophets doe teach no other thing then that Man forsaking all kinde of vice should with all diligence embrace Vertue Logically thus God teacheth by his Prophet Dauid and also by Micheas that Man should fly Vice and loue Vertue Ergo Man ought to loue Vertue By daily exercising your selfe in such examples as this is you shall in short time learne the right vse of the places and bee able thereby readily to apply them to euery good purpose Heere endeth the fourth Booke of Logick THE FIFT BOOKE OF LOGICKE CHAP. I. Of Argumentation and of the foure kindes thereof in generall and also of the first Principles of a Syllogisme HAuing hitherto sufficiently spoken of words both simple and compound whereof all questions doe consist also of definition and diuision of Method of Propositions and of the places It resteth now that I declare vnto you the formes and kinds of reasoning called Argumentatiō which be the means whereby in all compound questions the trueth may bee discerned from falshood wherein consisteth the chiefest fruit of Logicke and therefore you shal vnderstand that there be foure principal kinds or formes of Argumentation that is a Syllogisme an Induction an Ethymeme and Example I say here principall because there be diuers other formes which though they be not so necessary yet I will briesly treat of them hereafter But for so much as the Syllogisme is the chiefest whereunto all others are reserred as things vnperfect vnto a thing perfect I wil first speake of a Syllogisme and of all the parts thereof but yet before I define or diuide a Syllogisme I thinke it very necessary to declare vnto you the first Principles aswell Materiall as Regular of a simple Syllogisme consisting of simple Propositions Which call you Materiall Principles Materiall Principles are three simple Propositions and three termes that is to say the Subiect the Predicate and the meane terme hereafter defined whereof the Subiect and the Predicate are said to be the outermost limits or bounds of any simple Proposition Why are they called Termes or limits Because they limite a Proposition euen as Dole-stones or Meares doe limite a piece of ground in the field and be the vttermost parts or bounds whereunto any Proposition is to bee resolued as for example in this Proposition euery man is a sensible body these two words man and sensible body are the termes limits or bounds whereof as the said Proposition is compounded so into the same it is to be resolued as into his vttermost parts that haue any signification for letters and sillables of themselues be without signification and therefore can limite no speach so that the termes of Propositions must be either Nounes or Verbes which be onely voices significatiue as haue been said before Which be the Principles regulatiue The Principles regulatiue of a Syllogisme bee these two phrases of speach to bee spoken of all and to bee spoken of none What is to be spoken of all That is when the predicate being truly spoken of the Subiect must needs be also spoken of all that is comprehended vnder the said subiect as when I say euery man is a sensible body here this word sensible body is not only spoken of man in generall but also of Peter and Iohn and of euery other man in particular comprehended vnder the foresaid Subiect man What is to be spoken of none It is when the Predicate being denied to be spoken of the Subiect is denied also to bee spoken of any thing contained in the Subiect as when I say no man is a stone here like as this word stone is denied to be spoken of man so it is also denied to be spoken of Peter and Iohn of euery other singular man out of which Definitions are gathered two necessary rules Which be they The first rule is whatsoeuer is truely affirmed of his naturall and proper Subiect is also affirmed of all those things which are contained vnder the said Subiect the second rule is thus whatsoeuer is denied to bee spoken of any Subiect is also denied to bee spoken of euery thing contained vnder the said Subiect Whereto serue these rules The first rule confirmeth all Syllogismes affirmatiue and the second confirmeth all Syllogismes negatiue CHAP. II. Of a Syllogisme what it is how it is diuided and of what parts it consisteth WHat is a Syllogisme A Syllogisme is a kind of argument containing three Propositions whereof the two first commonly called the premisses being disposed according to moode and figure and granted the third Propositiō otherwise called the conclusion differing from the other two followeth of necessitie by vertue of the premisses how these three Propositions are called and what moode and figure is shall be declared hereafter In the meane time marke

Dilemma Diuers whereof some be called Certains or horned Arguments some Crocodolites some Assistatons some Pseudomenons Define all these kindes and giue examples 1 The horned Argument is when by some subtile and craftie manner of questioning we seeke to haue such an answere as we may take vantage therof as the Pharises did when they questioned with Christ touching the payment of Tribute to Caesar. 2 The Crocodolite is when being deceiued by some craftie manner of questioning we doe admit that which our Aduersary turneth againe vpon vs to our own hindrance as in the fable of the Crocodile whereof this name Crocodolite proceedeth for it is said that the Crocodile hauing taken away a childe from his mother reasoned with her in this sort I will deliuer thee thy childe againe if thou wilt say a troth whether therfore shall I deliuer him or not The mother answered thou shalt not deliuer him and therefore of right thou oughtest to deliuer him No saith he I will not deliuer him to the intent it may seeme that thou hast said troth and though thou haddest said that I should deliuer him yet I would not deliuer him indeed for making thee a lyar 3 Assistaton is a kinde of cauelling not consisting of any sure ground as if a man did say that he doth hold his peace or lyeth or knoweth nothing another by and by might cauill thereof in this sort Ergo He that holdeth his peace speaketh he that lyeth saith truth he that knoweth nothing knoweth something 4 Pseudomenon is a false or lying kinde of cauelling as thus The heauen couereth all things Ergo it couereth it selfe Epimenides being a Candiot himselfe said That the Candiotes were lyers the question is whether he said true or not for though he said true and that the Candiotes were lyers yet it is false because a Candiot said it againe if the Candiotes be no lyers nor Epimenides is a lyer then hee is to be beleeued How are the Fallaxes of these captious Arguments to be found out The Fallaxes of all these kindes of captious Arguments are soone found out if wee consider well the rules before taught touching the rep●…gnances of Propositions as whether there be any ambiguitie in the Termes and whether the selfe-same Termes in the repugnant parts haue respect to one selfe-thing time or place or not it is good also to consider the substance quantitie and qualitie of the Propositions for in the last example this saying Candiotes be lyers is a Proposition indefinite and therefore is not of such force as to say all Candiotes be lyers which is an vniuersall Proposition for of particular Premisses nothing rightly followeth In the other examples you shall finde that there is some doubtfulnesse in the Termes hauing respect eyther to diuers things to diuers times or diuers places as to say he holdeth his peace when he speaketh Heere is doubtfulnesse in the Termes hauing respect to diuers things that is to say as well to those things which hee meaneth to keepe in silence as to those words which hee vttereth by mouth so in this word Suite in the example of Protagoras was doubtfulnesse for that Protagoras meant some other Suite and not that which he himselfe commenced CHAP. XXVIII Of Enumeration WHat is Enumeration Enumeration is a kinde of Argument wherin many things being reckoned vp and denied one thing onely of necessitie remaineth to bee affirmed as thus Sith thou hast this Horse eyther thou didst buy him or he came to thee by inheritance or hee was giuen thee or bred at home with thee or else thou didst take him from thine enemie in time of warre or if none of these were then thou must needs steale him but thou neyther boughtest him nor he fell not vnto thee by inheritance nor was giuen thee ●…or bred vp at home with thee nor yet taken by thee from the enemie it followeth therefore of necessitie that thou hast stolne him When is this kind of argument to be confuted When your aduersary can prooue any necessary part to bee left out CHAP. XXIX Of a simple Conclusion WHat is a simple Conclusion A simple Conclusion is no other thing but a necessary Enthymeme in the which the Consequent doth necessarily follow the antecedent as thus shee hath had a childe Ergo she hath layne with a man CHAP. XXX Of Subiection WHat is Subiection Subiection is a questioning kinde of Argument in the which wee confute each question with a reason immediatly following the same as thus How is this fellow become so wel moneyed had he any great Patrimonie left him No for all his Fathers lands were sold. Came there any inheritance to him by discent any otherwise No for hee was disinherited of all men Came there any goods vnto him by Executorship c. If then hee hath not been enriched by any of these honest wayes either he hath a golden Myne at home or else hee is come to these riches by some vnlawfull meanes This argument faileth when any principall part is left out and therefore differeth not much from Enumeration before recited CHAP. XXXI Of Opposition WHat is Opposition Oppositio●… is a kind of Argument made of Repugnant parts wherein we reuert from the Opposite of the first Proposition vnto the same Proposition againe as thus If I were in the Citie at such time as this man was slaine in the Countrey then I slew him not this Proposition is now a simple Conclusion and may be made an Opposition in this maner If I had been in the Countrey at such time as you say this man was slaine then you might well suspect mee to haue slaine him but sith I was not there at that time there is no cause therefore why you should suspect mee CHAP. XXXII Of Violation WHat is Uiolation Violation is a kinde of Concluding more meete to confute then to prooue whereby we shew the reason of our aduersarie to make for vs and not for him as thus it is not good to marrie a wife because that of marriage many times commeth the losse of children to our great sorrow yea rather it is good therefore to marrie a wife to get other children for our comfort Thus much touching the diuers kindes of reasoning now we will treate of Fallaxes or false Conclusions and shew how ●…o confute them Heere endeth the fift Booke of Logick THE SIXT BOOKE OF LOGICKE CHAP. I. Of Confutation THere be some that make two kinds of Confutation the one belonging to person the other to matter Confutation of person is done either by taunting rayling rendring checke for checke or by scorning and that either by wordes or else by countenance gesture and action which kinde of Confutation because it belongeth rather to scoffing then to true order of reasoning I will leaue to speake thereof dealing onely with that Confutation that belongeth to matter which is two-fold the one generall the other speciall it is generall when wee affirme that the Argument faileth either in forme in matter