their voice shril in grown persons t is wider and therefore their voice is bigger To which also the length or shortness of the Larynx doth contribute and if plenty of Air or Spirit be drawn and expelled the Voice becomes big if little it becomes smal And therefore according to Galen there are two causes of a great Voice the Largeness of the Aspera arteria and the strong blowing out of the air and Hippocrates saies both these are caused by great hear And therefore in his Book of the Seed he teaches us that the stones do contribute to the formation of the Voice Hence Males when they grow of ripe years change their voice A Guelded Horse looses his neighing A Capon leaves his crowing or crows after a weaker fashion different from his former crowing The Parts of the Larynx or about the Larynx are Gristles Muscles Membranes Vessels and Kernels Its Muscles do first of all offer themselves which move the Gristles which the Larynx is possest of that it may be moved with a voluntary motion seeing we utter our Speech as we please our selves Now the Muscles of a Mans Larynx are but thirteen four common and nine proper though some make twenty other eighteen others fourteen The IX TABLE The FIGURES Explained This TABLE Represents the Larynx with its Muscles and Gristles FIG I. A. The Gristle cal'd Shyroides or Scutiformis Sheild-fashioned BBBB A Pair of common Muscles called Sternothyroides CC. Another pair of common Muscles called Hyothyroides FIG II. A. The Epiglottis lying yet hid under the Scutiformis B. The Scutiformis or Sheild-fashion'd Gristle CC. Its Process DD. Two Muscles proper to the Larynx of which that on the left Hand is removed from its place that the Ring-fashion â— Gristle E. may be seen F. The Extuberancy of the Ring-fashon'd Gristle or Cartilago Annularis G. A portion of the Aspera Arteria FIG III. AAA The Bone Hyoides with three Extuberancies B. The Epiglottis CC. The Sheild-fashion'd Gristle hollow on the Back-side DD. The two Muscles cal'd Cucullares or the hinder pair of the Cricoarythenoides so called E. The hinder and Membranous part of the Aspera Arteria FF The Muscles cal'd Arytenoides by some the ninth pair FIG IV. A. The Concave part of Cartilago Scutiformis dilated B. The third pair of proper Muscles cal'd Cricoarythenoides laterale C. The first pair of proper Muscles D. The fourth pair cal'd Thyroarythenoides internum EE Insertion of the recurrent Nerve FF The hinder and Membranous part of the Aspera Arteria FIG V. AA The Cartilago Thyroides or Scutiformis BB. The inferior processes thereof C. It s Concave Part. FIG VI. A. The inside of the Cartilago Annularis B. It s lower and fore-side C. It s hinder and upper-side FIG VII A. B. The Cartilago Arythenoides according to its hinder side joyned as yet to the Annularis C. The broader and Back-part of the Annularis FIG VIII IX Shews the Gristles which constitute the Arythenoides Separate from the Annularis page 122. The Common are those which are implanted into the Larynx and yet do not arise therefrom The Proper have both their original and termination in the Larynx The first pair of the common called by the Ancient Sternothyroides being lower more arises within from the Breast-bone its original being broad and fleshy and going a long by the Wezand it is inserted beneath into the sides of the Sheild-fashion'd Gristle It s Use is to straiten the Chink of the Larynx by drawing down the Scutiformis The second Pair called Hyothyroides being the uppermore arises from the lower side of the Os hyoides being broad and fleshy and touches the Scutiformis being implanted into the Basis of the said Scutiformis It s Use is to widen the Chink by lifting up the Scutiformis Spigelius and Vestingius assign contrary offices to these for they will have the first pair to widen and the second to straiten the Chink of the Larynx Others do here add a third pair which Columbus nevertheless and Casserius do account but one Muscle But this is rather Musculus Deglutitorius or a Swallowing muscle because arising from the Scutiformis tis wrapped about the Gullet It is judged by contracting the sides of the Scutiformis to straiten the Chink but it is no Servant to the Larynx unless by accident The first proper Pair arises on the foreside from the lowest part of the Scutiformis as the Insertion of the Nerves doth shew and ends at the Annularis And therefore this pair may be termed Thyrocricoides but not as most Anatomists will have it Cricothyroides Some will have it to arise from the fore-side of the Cricoides and to end into the lowest side of the Scutiformis If it be broad and spred out side-waies it may be divided into two pair the foremore and the side pair and so Riolanus divides it But it is for the most part single and smal enough It s Use is to draw the Cartilago Annularis to the Scutiformis lightly because it is almost immoveable so that they may be joyned together and kept in that posture Others who differ about its original will have it to widen the Chink or the Scutiformis The second Pair rises from the back side of the Annularis with a fleshy orignal and is implanted into the lower part of the Glottalis or Arytaenoides with a Nervous end opening the Larynx by drawing asunder the two Gristles called Arytaenoides And therefore they are called Par Cricoarythenoides posticum Casserius cals them Par Cucullare The third pair Cricoarythenoides laterale arises above from the sides of the Annularis and is inserted at the sides of the Glottalis into the joynt there where it is not touched by the former and opens the Larynx with the same oblique carriage of the Gristles The fourth pair called Thyroarytenoides being inward and very broad proceeds from the Scutiformis viz. from its inner and fore part and from the Cricoides likewise as Riolanus suspects and ends into the sides of the Glottalis or the Arytaenoides which while it contracts and draws to the Thyroides it shuts the Larynx by a straight passage When this pair is inflamed in a Sqâ—…ie it makes the Disease deadly because it exactly shurs the Chink The ninth Muscle which others term Quintum par Arytenoides arises from the hinder line of the Guttalis and being carried along with transverse Fibres it is inserted into the sides thereof shutting the Larynx while it straitens the Cartilago Arytaenoides For it is to be noted that all the proper Muscles of the Larynx are ordained either to contract or widen the Chink which that it may be the more conveniently accomplished some of them widen and straiten the Thyroides others the Arytaenoides which Gristles do compass the Chink which being drawn in or widenest the Chink is withal made narrower or wider Whence it appears that I have not unskillfully propounded the Muscles of the Larynx as Riolanus upbraides me The
and greater branch and each of them again into exterior and interior It is distributed amongst the Muscles of the calf of the Leg. On the back of the Foot being mixed with the branches of the Poplitea it makes that same various texture of Veins which is apparent under the Skin 6. Ischias Major gives a part to the Muscles of the Calf and then spends it self into ten branches bestowing a couple upon each Toe Touching all these it is to be noted 1. That all these branches do send divers tigs outwards to the Skin which are termed Skin-veins 2. That all these branches are diversly disposed in different men as was said in the Arms nor is there alwaies the same carriage of Veins in both the Legs of the same person 3. That there is also no great choyce to be made in opening the Veins of the Feet seeing they are all derived from one Trunk and the Blood ascends from the extream parts and Arteries THE SECOND MANUAL Of the Arteries Answering to the SECOND BOOK Touching the Middle Cavity or Chest CHAP. 1. Of the Arteries in General ARteria an Artery so called from containing and preserving Air or spirit was by the Antients Hippocrates Plato and Aristotle the name of the Wind-pipe which also Hippocrates calls Arteria magna Galen makes a distinction and cals the Wind-pipe Aspera Arteria the rough Artery and those whereof we are now to treat Arteriae leves the smooth Arteries which Hippocrates cals Arterias parvas Aristotle somtimes Venam Aortam otherwhiles simply Aorta Now an Artery properly so called is a common Organ round long hollow like a pipe consisting of a double Coat proceeding from the Heart fit to carry Blood and vital spirits to all parts The Efficient is the proper Artery-making faculty which may be called Artoropoietice The matter whereof it is made is a clammy and cold part of the seed according to Hippocrates And this is the Beginning of its Generation The Beginning of its Dispensation is not the Brain as Pelops Galen's Master would have it but the Heart by the Consent of all Philosophers and Physitians And indeed the Arteries proceed out of the left Chamber or Ventricle of the Heart not the middlemost which Aristotle seigns to himself and would have the Aorta to proceed therefrom And therefore the Arteria magna proceeds from the Heart as also the Venosa Arteria and the Vena Arteriosa but these out of the right Ventricle of which we have spoken already in the second Book Their End or Use is 1. Inasmuch as they are Conduit-pipes they carry the Blood and vital or arterial spirit made in the Heart for Spirit alone without Blood is not contained in the Arteries to all parts of the Body 1. To communicate life or vital faculty that the vital spirit implanted in the parts and their Native heat may be sustained and cherished 2. That animal spirit may be bred in the noble Ventricle of the Marrow 3. For the nourishment of all the parts which are nourished by these only and their Blood and not by the venal Blood or Veins 4. To carry the Excrements of the Body and the Blood therewith mingled either to the outer parts of the body to the Kidnies or the Mesentery or the Womb or the haemorrhoid Veins c. II. Inasmuch as they are moved and pulse perpetually they afford this benefit 1. That the heat of the parts is fanned cooled and tempered and so a symmetrie or due proportion of Heat is preserved which is caused not so much by the Airs being drawn in when the Artery is widened to avoid Vacuum as by the arterial Blood continually flowing in impregnated with Air. 2. That this nourishing arterial Blood may be continually poured into the smallest Arteries and from thence into the parts of the Body For in the first place the Heart by continuall pulsing drives the Blood into the greater Arteries which because they cannot let it return because of the Valves and are too strong to break it must needs be driven to to the very smallest Arteries and the parts of the Body And those parts not being nourished with all that is forced in do send back that which is superfluous into the Veins that so it may be circulated Moreover an Arterie being bound in any part of the Body it is filled towards the Heart otherwise than the Veins contrariwise towards the smallest Arteries and the parts it is emptied Thirdly In Blood-letting the Arm being indifferently hard bound and the pulse remaining the Arm is filled and a Vein being opened below the band Blood plentifully issues which because it cannot come out of the Veins which lying higher are stopped by the Ligature it must needs be brought from the Arteries beneath Fourthly in live-Creatures dissected this Tumor of the Arteries is observed neer their Original and a lankness towards the extream parts of Body into which they go and when they are opened there is a mighty flux of blood on this side the band none beyond it Lastly the same is to be seen by an Aneurisma 3. Least the Blood of the Veins to which they are joyned should be stil and putrifie like standing waters and that the Heart may not be destitute of Blood in its continual expulsion by the driving Arteries it is continually filled again through the Veins This Motion of the Arteries called the Pulse is caused either by the faculty alone whether seated in the Arteries themselves as Praxagoras would have it or flowing from the Heart by the coats of the Arteries as Galen and infinite Physitians after him have taught especially by reason of a little Reed put into the Arteries under which they are not mov'd by reason of the Intercepton of their coat til it be taken away again because as the Heart is contracted and widened so are the Arteries as appears by laying one hand to the region of the Heart and the other to the Wrist and by wounds in the Heart and Arteries or by the Blood either boyling according to Aristotle or rarefied according to Des Cartes or meerly distending as Harvey hath proved or from both the Blood filling and the faculty directing which is my opinion For that the Arteries are moved and distended by the Blood I prove 1. The Heart by its perpetual pulsing expels great store of Blood as I have demostrated in my Chapter of the Heart 2. That the same Blood doth fill and move the Arteries the Artery it self shews being laid bare into which at every pulse you shall feel with your fingers the Blood driven in to flow down with which it is dilated 3. When an Artery is opened Blood leaps out at every pulse as out of the Heart 4. Harvey saw a portion of the descendent Artery with two crural branches a span long taken out of the Body of a Gentleman which was turned into a fistulous hollow bone and nevertheless the Blood which when he was living descended through
fourth Chapter So that the Blood comes chiefly by pulsion into the right Ventricle of the Heart But is it not also drawn both into the Earlet and the right Ventricle I conceive so for with part of that Blood which they receive they ought to be nourished within now that which must nourish must be drawn to the end the part may receive that Blood which is most useful to it for by pulsion also that which is unprofitable is sent away as Galen excellently according to his wonted manner in other Cases doth infer in his 1 2 and 3. Books de Nâ—â— fac Now this drawing is not only of that blood which is near but also of that which is far off as all parts have that faculty least they should be soon destitute of nourishment But doth not the Heart also draw because it is widened to avoid Vacuum as we are wont to say It is not likely because in its dilatation there can be no fear of Vacuum as shall hereafter more evidently appear As the Blood comes to the right Ventricle of the Heart so also it comes to the left save that we could not observe the impulse of the Blood when the Lungs fall to be so strong out of the Arteria Venosa into the left Earlet as out of the Vena cava yet there is manifestly some But the Impulse into both Earlets and into both the Ventricles happens at one and the same moment of time save in Creatures ready to dye in which we have observed that both Earlets and both Ventricles do not pulse at one and the same time But when the Blood is thus driven into the Ventricles of the Heart the Heart hath no motion evident to the Eye but putting our Finger upon the Heart we perceive somewhat to enter into the Heart and that the Heart becomes fuller which also Harvey hath observed in his 4. Chapter Yea we have observed that the Earlet hath pulsed seventy sometimes an hundred pulses before any motion of the Heart followed So that we see how the Blood is moved into the Heart Let us now see how it is moved into the Arteries The Blood is moved into the Arteries by way of pulsion or driving forâ— an hole being made in the Heart we saw Blood come forth when the Heart contracted it self also the Aorta or Vena Arteriosa being cut off from the Heart we saw Blood poured forth when the Heart did straiten it self the tip of the Heart being cut off and the Heart ser upright we saw the Blood expelled and leaping out of the Heart the Heart being cut a thwart in the middle we saw the Blood expelled in the Systole but we never saw it go out in the Diastole And whereas some say they have seen in live Dissections the Blood come out in the Diastole I conceive they were deceived by taking that to be a Diastole which is indeed the Systole which also that rare Anatomist Columbus observed in his 14. Book de Re Anatomica For in the motion of the Heart we must exactly distinguish betwixt the Constriction Quiet and Dilatation thereof In the Constriction or Systole of the Heart the point of the Heart draws near to the Basis and therefore it becomes a little broader And in his Animals in which the Aorta is inferred not into the Basis of the Heart but a little towards the middle as in Rabbits Eâ—ls and such like the Basis also of the Heart draws towards the point Now the sides of the Heart seated against the right and left Ribs do come one nearer to another so that if you shall cut off the tip of either side so that it may hang in the constriction it will return unto the sound side and as it were into its place But the side of the Heart against the Breast-bone is lifted up and especially towards the Basis and so the whole Heart is bent and stretched on all sides and that part meaâ— the Basis being lift up seems most of all to smite the breast and to make that beating which we feel although the point also may do it which that great Anatomist Riolanus observed in the sixth Book of his Anthropologia Chapter 12. And that I might be the better assured that this motion of the Heart now described is the Constriction thereof I have sometimes cut off the tip of the Heart and sometimes cut it asunder athwart through the middle And I manifestly saw when it made the foresaid motion that the Cavity of the Ventricles became less and my Finger being put into the hole I felt the Ventricles contract themselves to â—y Finger And the self same motion which I have shewed in the Heart makes externally when it contracts it self it shews also inwardly save that there seems to be no motion in the Septum intermedium peradventure least the Septum to straiten the left Ventricle should come nearer the left side of the Heart it should leave the right Ventricle wider This is the â—ension and Constriction of the Heart whereby the Blood is forced out of the Ventricles of the Heart into the Vena Arteriosa and the Aorta And when it is languishing it is made only by the help of those fibres wherewith the flesh of the Heart is furnished but to make a stronger constriction those greater fibres concur which are seen in the Ventricles of the Heart as I have often observed in Dissecting the Ventricles of the Heart in live Anatomies Now those fibres in the Ventricles and in the substance of the Heart it self do manifestly cause the Constriction because they are on all sides distended broadwise and therefore they are abbreviated as to length just as all the musculous parts of our Body do in like manner perform their motion and therefore when we would chew ouâ— meat we feel our temporal Muscle swell and grow hard By reason of this swelling the Cavity of the Ventricles of the Heart is made more sirait And this Turor of the Flesh and greater fibres begins at the Basis and proceeds gradually unto the â—ip In regard of which Motion if Hypocrates in the Beginning of his Book de Corde cal'd the Heart a strong Muscle he did truly after an elegant manner express the manner of its Motion When the Heart by its Constriction hath forced the Blood into the Arteries it returns to its Natural state For the point returns from the Basis as also the Basis from the point in those Animals which have no passage into the Aorta in their basis but the left and right side of the Heart extends it self towards the Ribs and that side which looks towards the Breast-bone falls in especially there where it answers to the Orifice of the Aorta and then the whol Heart rests and is found loose and soft And unless that upper side did settle and fall in the Heart would be dilated in this return hereof to its naturall state as is easie to see and feel
Bridegroom come to suspect the Virginity of his Bride Now what it is that hinders the Yard from entring that is to say in what part the token of Virginity consists there are sundry Opinions and Differences I. The Arabians say the Hymen is a piece formed of five Veins at the middle of the Neck of the womb inserted on either side so that the Mouths of the right-side Veins are joyned with those on the left These are Fancies II. Others among whom are Fernelius and Ulmus do say that the sides of the Neck grow together and when they are separated and widened the Veins are broken which run in those Parts But this is contrary to Experience which witnesses that in little Girls the Neck hath its Cavity nor do the sides thereof stick together III. Others say it is a transverse Membrane And herein they are right But they are deceived who have feigned it to have Holes in it like a Seive and placed it in the lowest end of the Neck through which they would have the Urin to be voided IV. The newest Opinion of all is that of Severinus Pinaeus a most expert Surgeon of Paris who hath wrote an whole Book of the Notes of Virginity not unprofitable to be read Now he accounts the four Myrtle-shap'd Caruncles to be the Hymen tied together by a small Membrane placed in the outer part of the neck of the womb of which hereafter And some learned men are at this day of his Opinion as Bauhinus for one I could find no other in a young Girl lately dissected in this place V. The more common Opinion is that the Hymen is a transverse Membrane going athwart the neck of the womb a little above the Neck of the Bladder which resists the first Entrance of the Yard And many Experiments and Authorities stand up for this Opinion And in the first place of four most renowned Anatomists of Padua Vesalius Fallopius Aquapendent and Casserius And all Antiquity had some knowledg hereof Hence the Author of that old Friers verse or riming verse Est magnum crimen perrumpere virginis hymen T is a huge sin to break the skin of a Virgins Gim. Archangelus Alexander Benedictus and Wierus assent hereunto Carpus also knew as mâ—…ger seem to have been ignorant hereof in the 1. Sect. of his 175. Exercitation where he speaks of a Root that extreamly excites Lust For he saies If any shall piss thereon they say he will presently be full of fleshy desires Virgins that look to Cattle in the fields if they sit thereon or make water t is said the skin in their Privity will break as if they had been defloured by a Man Columbus and Sebizius did three times find it Baubinus twice as he averrs in his Book of the similar Parts and Wolfius seems in his Institutions to assent thereunto who witnesses that he found it at Padua Adrianus Spigelius affirms that he found it in all the Virgins that ever he did cut up and I my self and Veslingus at the same time saw it at Padua Nor is it necessary to bring all the Authorities which might be had in this subject to this place And whereas Columbus and Paraeus deny that it is alwaies found and Laurentius saies he could never find it the reason was that they wanted Bodies to dissect or were negligent in their work or they might dissect supposed Virgins who had been defloured Or if they dissected young Virgins they through wantonness do somtimes with their fingers break the said Skin or Membrane But if they shall say they did cut up abortive Births Girls of two or three years old c. I answer t is incredible that the Hymen should be wanting in such seeing the Authorities and Experiences of skilful Anatomists forecited are against it Again if in some by them dissected it was wanting by the same right that they say this Membrane is praeternaturally present we shall say it was praeternaturally absent For it is seldom absent and for the most part present And others that are for Laurentius against us such as Capivaccius and Augenius are to be rejected as persons not skilled in Astronomie VI. There is a midling Opinion of Melchior Sebizius viz. that all the signs of Virginity must be joyned together when they are present And when the Hymen or Skin so called is absent we must rest in the straitness of the Neck and other marks which being widened in the first Copulation pain and effusion of blood follows by reason of the Solution of Continuity These things thus promised let us come to the Structure of this Hymen or thin Skin which goes cross the neck of the womb T is situate in the neck of the womb near the end thereof just behind the Insertion of the Neck of the Bladder or a little more inward For the Situation does now and then vary though the difference is but little And there this Membrane goes cross the Cavity like the Diaphragma or Midriff It s Figure In the middle it hath an hole like a ring so that in grown Maids it will admit the top of ones little finger through which hole the Courses flow But Aquapendent hath many times found this hole in a threefold difference I. As being Naturally constituted and just opposite to the external Privity II. Higher and not just against the Privity III. That in the middle was no round hole but a chink somwhat long Sebezius likens it to the horned Moon a little full For Nature sports her self in the variety of Shape But seldom is the Hymen without any holes 〈…〉 then the Courses cannot come away whence fâ—… last Disâ—… Death unless it be opeâ—… Its Magnitude On its sides where it grows to the neck of the womb t is thicker then in the middle It s Connexion It is continued to the Substance of the Neck as if it grew out of the same It s Substance is partly membranous partly fleshy nor yet very thick And in some it is thinner and weaker then in others As in the Prayan Virgins of Campania who are there all devirginated after twelve years of age partly by the Heat of the Sun partly of their own Bodies breaking the Membrane as I was told by Relation of Friends there In some it is more soild and thick and somtimes so strong that it must be cut open especially when the Bridegroom is lazie and impotent for if he be a lusty Carle he is wont after some months labor to make his way through This Membrane is furnished with many little Veins which being broken in the first Copulation pain and blood-shed arises Finally it wears away at last either through Copulation or wanton rubbing even as in men the Fraenum or bridle of the Yard is somtimes torn But there is a great and serious Question whether or no in the first carnal Act all Virgins must needs void Blood as a certain sign of their Virginity I answer that
into the Veins from the Veins into the Heart is continual never cleasing nor once stopped or interrupted for a moment of time And the truth is seeing the said motion is made as we shall see anon because the Heart receives and transmits and seeing this motion lasts perpetually all the life long the said motion of the blood cannot but naturally be continuall Also the motion of the Blood is quick for an Artery or Vein being bound compressed it immediately swells and grows round and hard and when the ligature and compressure are taken away the blood is seen to be swiftly moved But how soon the blood performs its Circuit from the Heart and to the Heart again I cannot precisely determine We observe it is done sooner by an Anastomosis near the Heart than by one off nor will I be much against him that shall say the greatest Circuit from the remotest parts of the body is performed in less than a quarter of an hour for the blood passeth with exceeding celerity Howbeit it goeth not so swiftly as we see it leap out when a vein or Artery is opened because then it is moved in the free and open Air but within the body it is compressed to lift up its vessels and to thrust on the foregoing blood And therefore we see an Artery being cut open especially if near the heart is sooner emptied than the heart can supply it with new blood But if this be true why do Feavers return once in a quarter of an hour seeing the Fit seems then to happen when the corrupt matter comes to the heart whereas now some fits come every day others every third and some every fourth day Truly I will not deny that it may fall out that when the Corrupt matter comes to the heart the Fit may happen as Harvey hath an example thereof in the 16 chapter of his Book But I do not think it is necessary for some portion may slip out of the corrupt Seminary or some sooty stream may arise and go into the heart and so raise the Feaver as most Feavers are seen to arise from the Inflammation of the Parts which the Imposthume being opened and the Quittor removed do cease And as such kinde of symptomatick Feavers even so also may some intermitting Feavers and Agues happen by reason of â—ome matter shut up within or without the Vessels which by putrifying every day every third day or every fourth day regurgitating or fuming into the large Vessels may bring the Fit In continual Feavers I confess whose matter is to stick to the larger vessels it is harder to shew a reason why there should not be a Fit or Exacerbation at every Circuit of the blood But I conceive I may alledg the same cause which is vulgarly given why continual Feavers are not allwaies alike feirce because though the matter be sufficiently near the Heart yet it doth not cause a Paroxism till it have attained a certain degree of putrifaction and that the Fit lasts so long till that putrid matter be evacuated which touches the Heart or sends its Fumes thereto But I suppose no man because of the reason of the return of Ague-fits which is altogether abstruse and unknown will deny the motion of the blood to be very quick which is a very manifest thing Besides swiftness the blood hath vehemence in its motion which appears from what we have said touching the Hardnesse and Tension or stretching which the Veins and Arteries acquire when they are bound for nothing can be distended by a liquid Substance into an extream hardness especially upwards unless it be vehemently driven thereinto or retained therein But this vehemence of motion is chiefly near the Heart removed from which it grows by degrees lesser and lesser so that the little Arteries in the remote parts do not pulse unless some impulse of blood greater than ordinary do happen as we observe to happen in Feavers therefore it is that the Veins are not seen to pulse because the impulse of the Blood is less in them than it is in the smallest Arteries and because the Veins â—oyned to the Arteries by Anastomosis when they go from them divide themselves into more little branches and twigs than the Arteries do for when Rivers are divided into divers Arms the force of the waters motion is abated And therefore when some Arms of a Vein are shut either by something pressing them as in certain Tumors or somewhat which stops them as in the Varices the blood slipping back by its own weight the force of the bloods motion is then again observed and the Veins are seen to pulse for I have often observed in the Veins which are transparent through the Skin that most of those palpitations in the parts which are thought to proceed from Winds are nothing else but the pussations of the veins And because the motion is more vehement in the Arteries than in the Veins it seems at first sight to be swifter also in the Arteries than in the Veins just as Men Horses and other Animals which move themselves with great labour and through mistake judged many times to make the greater speed For the Blood forced through the Arteries cannot all pass through the Anastomoses because it comes out of a wide place into a narrow and therefore it is accumulated in the Arteries they are dilated in which dilation they persist a small time wherefore in the middle of the dilation and in the whole time of the rest that same force doth very little further the quickness of the bloods motion which motion is in the mean time more free in the veins because it comes out of a strait into a wide place and is performed by more wayes Now Reason doth teach us in this Case that in this motion of blood the swiftness hereof must be alike in the Arteries and the Veins for as much blood as the Liver sends to the heart made of new Chyle and as much nourishment as the Arteries give to the parts must be repayed or the Heart will at last be void of all moisture which thing also sense confirms for the Vena cava pulses so often in that whole Tract from the Liver to the Jugulum and therefore drives into the heart as the Artery is observed to pulse and therefore to receive from the heart But we shall hereof speak more anon Howbeit in the Arteries themselves the blood is moved more aimbly when the Heart drives it from which Quickness it departs by little and little when the Heart begins to rest and is afterwards dilated Yea and in the Veins themselves the motion of blood is more vehement and quick when the Heart pulses which as we have observed in live Anatomies so have we often noted the same when a Vein hath been opened in the Arm in which the Veins were not much distended with the Ligature Also the foresaid palpitations of the Veins seem to proceed from no other
The Membranes which invest the Child cloath and cover it of which in this Chapter III. The Navil-vessels of which in the Chapter following The MEMBRANES which infold the Child are the first thing bred in the Womb after Conception to fence the nobler part of the Seed as may be seen with the Eyes even in the smallest Conceptions and as the Authority of all Authors well-near does testifie Their Efficient cause is the formative faculty and not only the Heat of the Womb as the Heat is wont to cause a crust upon Bread or Gruel For then I. The Crust would stick hard to the Child and could not be separated II. The Heat of the Womb is not so great as to be able to bake the substance of the Seed in so short a time whereas these Membranes are bred well near immediately after the Conception And if there were so great Heat in the Womb no Conception could be made according to Hippocrates in the 62. Aphorism of his fifth Book We conceive their matter to be the thicker part of the womans seed Others as Arantius will have them to be productions of the inner Tunicles the Chorion of the Peritonaeum and the Amnion of the Membrana 〈◊〉 Others that the Mothers seed alone makes these Memibranes others that they are made as well of the mans as the Womans seed These Membranes in Man-kind are two in brute Beasts three which being joyned and growing together do make the SECUNDINE so called 1. Because it is the second tabernacle of the Child next the Womb. 2. Because it comes away by a second birth after the Child Hence in English we call it the After-birth The first Membrane is termed AMNIOS because of of its softness and thinness also Agnina Charta Virginea Indusium c. And it is the thinnest of them all white soft transparent furnished with a few very smal Veins and Arteries dispersed within the foldings thereof It compasses the Child immediately and cleaves every where almost to the Chorion especially at the ends about the Womb-Cake united in the middle thereof where the Umbilical Vessels come forth Yet we can easily separate it from the Chorion There is in it plenty of Moisture and Humors wherein the child swims which proceeds in Brutes from Sweat in Mankind from Sweat and Urin. But Aquapendent having observed that in Brutes the Sweat and Urin were contained in several little Membranes the latter more low and externally in the Chorion the former higher and more inwardly in the Amnion he thought it was so in Mankind much more But Experience and Reason are against it because there are no Passages to the Chorion And because we do not find the Urachus open in Mankind therefore the Urin cannot be thence collected in the Amnios but is voided by the Yard if it be troublesom and the remainder is kept till the time of the Birth in the Bladder which in Children new born is for the most part distended and full but in Brutes empty Nor does the sharpness of the Urin offend the Child in the Womb because 1. It is but little in a Child in the Womb because of the benignity and purity of its Nourishment 2. The Skin is daubed with a clammy Humor and Brutes are defended by their hairiness Therefore the Use is I. That the Child floating therein as in a Bath may be higher and less burthensom to the Mother II. That the Child may not strike against any neighboring hard Parts III. That in the Birth the Membrane being broke this Humor running out may make the way through the Neck of the Womb smooth easie and slippery Part of the Amnios does ever and anon hang about the Head of the Child when it comes forth and then the Child is said to be Galeatus or Helmeted This Helmet the Midwives diligently observe for divers respects and they prognosticate good fortune to the Child and others that use it if it be red but if it be black the praesage bad fortune Paraeus Lemnius and others conceive that the happy and strong Labor of the Mother is the cause that the foresaid Helmet comes out with the child but in a troublesom Labor it is left behind Spigelius contrariwife thinks that when the Mother and child are weak it comes away Besterus makes the Reason to be the roughness of the Amnios which the child is not able to break through or the weakness of the child for which cause it seldom lives to ripeness of Age. I have seen both those that have come into the world with this Helmet and those without it miserable and by chance it comes to cleave both to the Heads of strong and weak children The second Membrane is termed Chorion because it compasses the child like a Circle This immediately compasses the former and lies beneath it in a round shape like a Pancake whose inner or hollow part it covers and invelops spreading it self out according to the measure thereof It is hardly separated therefrom and it strongly unites the Vessels to the Womb-liver and bears them up Towards the child it is more smooth and slippery but where it is spread under the Womb-cake and fastned thereto it is more rough also it is sufficiently thick and double In Brutes the Cotyledons cleave hereunto which consist of a fleshy and spungy substance But in Mankind this Membrane cleavs immediately to the womb by a certain round and reddish lump of flesh fastned to one part only of the womb commonly the upper and former part nor does it compass the whole child being framed of an innumerable company of Branches of Veins and Arteries among which blâ—â—d out of the Vessels seems to be shed and interlarded That same round Mass is called PLACENTA UTERI the Womb-pancake by reason of its Shape also the WOMB LIVER which I will now exactly describe according as it hath been my hap to see it It s Figure is circular but the Circumference unequal in which I have observed five Prominences ranked in due order and the Membrane Chorion in the intermediate spaces thicker then ordinary Where it looks towards the Womb it is rough and waved like baked bread that hath chinks in it and being cut in this part it discovers an infinite number of fibres which if you follow they will bring you to the Trunks of the Veins It is one in Number even in those who bear two or more children at a burthen For into one Womb-cake so many Cords are inserted in divers places as there are children It s Magnitude varies according to the condition of the Bodies and the childrenâ— Yet it is about a foot in the Diameter The Substance thereof seems to be a Body wove together of infinite little fibres blood as it were congealed being interposed which is easily separated Seeing therefore it hath a Parenchyma it is no wonder if like a kind of Liver it make or prepare blood to nourish the child The Nature and Appearance
lowest of the Loyns arise the crural Nerves descending between the Feet which being in their Rise joyned like a little Net do soon after sprinkle three branches from themselves as shall be said by and by touching the Nerves of the Feet Now the first parâ— of Nerves of Os sacrum is divided like the Lumbal Nerves into a foremore and hindermore branch But the five following Pares otherwise For before they go out they are on each side double and on each side one Nerve goes into the fore parts another into the hinder parts The hindermore branches are dissminated like the hinder Lumbals viz into the hindermore neighbouring parts The three foremore which are uppermost do go into the Thigh the two lower to the Muscles of the Fundament and Bladder and some to the Interfoemineum and Scrotum Moreover the end of the Marrow of the Back doth produce only one branch out of it self which is therfore termed Sine pari without a Maâ—e or fellow yet somtimes it hath a fellow It spends it self into the Skin between the Buttocks and the Fundament and into certain Muscles of the Thigh Now follow the Nerves which go into the Thigh which before were said to be four in number The first and third are shorter and reach only to the Thigh the second is longer and goes also to the Leg the fourth is longest of all The first being made up of the third and fourth pares of the Loyns descending to the small Trochanter spends it self into the Skin and Muscles of the Thigh and some of the Leg and is ended above the Knee The second arising from the same place descends with the Vein and Artery to the Thigh through the Groyns it goes to the foremore Muscles of the Thigh and is spread about the Knee But it sends a remarkable branch inwardly with the Saphaena to the Ankle The third arises in the Articulation of the fourth and fift Vertebra passes through the hole of Os pubis to some upper Muscles of the Thigh and Yard arising out of the Os pubis and to the Skin of the Thigh in the Groyn The fourth is the thickest longest hardest and driest in the whole body made up of four pare of the Os sacrum it furnishes the Skin of the Thigh and certain Muscles thereof as also of the Log and Foot I have somtimes observed this to have a double rise and a double progress the one External the other Internal But that same great Trunk under the Ham is divided into an external and an internal Branch The external goes to the Ham the outside of the Foot the Musculi peronaei and the outer Ankle The Internal and greater goes along the Leg to the Muscles of the Feet and Foes the inner Ankle the great Toe and sole of the Foot and bestows two twigs upon each Toe All the Nerves therefore well-neer which go into the whole Leg and Foot do arise from the only greatest crural Nerve THE Fourth and last Manual OF THE BONES And also of the Gristles and Ligaments Answering the FOURTH BOOK Of the Limbs IN the last place I shall briefly as I have done other things explain the Doctrine of the Bones In the last place I say because when all things else are removed and separated then only the Bones come in view and are subject to examination The most diligent Riolanus treats in two places of his Enchiridion of the Bones once as they appear in the dead Carkas when the MuÌ„scles are cut off and again as they are dried in a Skeleton But this Ostentation is superfluous in a compendium For by the same reason we should make a new Anatomical discourse of the Veins Arteries Nerves Guts Stomach Womb and other Parts taken out and dried and commonly hung up for shew in the Anatmoical Theatres There is no use of the latter Doctrine of the Bones unless to help the Memory nor is it perfectly understood without the former And therefore other Anatomists with the parts demonstrate the Bones lying beneath them in the dead body I shal therefore only busie my self with the first and therewith Joyn the Doctrine of Gristles and Ligaments 1. Because of the similitude of their substance for these three similar parts are very neer of kin A Bone a Gristle and a Ligament so that they seem to differ only gradually in respect of more and less one from another For a Bone is the hardest a Gristle a little softer yet so as that it may turn to a Bone as we see in the tender Bones of Infants which at first were gristy A Ligament is yet softer than a Gristle which also it self somtimes turns to a Bone as in decrepit Persons Hence many attribute the same matter to a Bone a Gristle a Ligament yea and a Tendon 2. Because of the Nearness of Place for a Bone a Gristle and a Ligament do for the most part accompany one another and are found joyned together For the Bones are tied with the Ligaments and where they are tied they are covered about their Heads with a Gristly Crust or Cover CHAP. I. Of the Bones in General THe Nature of the Bones is easily known if we shal but orderly propound their Causes and Accidentâ— or Adjuncts The Maâ—â—â— out of which the Bones are bred in the Womb according to Hippocrates is an earthy Excrement with Fat and Moisture added thereto Aristotle also calls it Excrementum seminale an excrement of the Seed Galen saies it is the thicker and harder part of the Seed dried Now some Bones are perfectly generated in the Womb as those in the Ear which serve the Sense of Hearing being the smallest in the whole body others imperfectly as the Teeth and all the rest of the Bones in which at first somwhat is wanting either a process oâ— an Appendix c. Moreover all other Bones save the Teeth have a certain determination of their growth but the Teeth grow continually for if one Tooth be removed that just against it grows longer which Nature therefore ordained because they are alwaies wearing through grinding and chewing the Meat Their remote nutritive Matter is thought to be the thicker and more earthy part of the Blood and that which is as it were excrementitious flowing in through the Veins into the Marrow where in the Caverns of the Bones it may be digested for Platerus denies that the Bones have Arteries wherein Spigelius contradicts him if there be Veins there will doubtless be Arteries which are as inconspicuous to the sight as the Veins are Hence it is that in the Cavities of the Bones of Animals newly brought forth the Marrow is as yet bloody The Immediate nutritive Matter of the hollowed Bones according to Hippocrates and Galen is the Marrow contained in the said Bones who are contradicted by Aristotle and other Peripetaticks who will have the Marrow to be rather the excrement of the Bones as in Gristles that same snotty matter which lies round about them
5. chap. de Usu pulsus The Conjunctions of the mouths of the Veins and Arteries are not visible to our Eyes and if you shall justly refuse to believe them as not credible enough you may be brought by other reasons dellvered by the Ancients to believe there are such things and not a â—â—lâ— by this plain token that in case a Man shall take any of those Creatures in whom the Veins and Arteries are manifest as an Ox an Hog an Ass an Horse a Sheep a Bear a Libard an Apeâ— or a Man himself and open many large Arteries in the said Creature he may draw all the Blood in its Body out through the said Arteries I have divers times experimented the same and finding alwaies that the Veins are emptied with the Arteries I did perswade my self that the Opinion was true concerning the common mouths of the Veins and Arteries and of the common passage of the Blood from one to another Yea it is a received and common opinion that the Arterial blood doth naturally enter into the smallest Veins to the end that the part might be nourished with arterial and venal Blood And that indeed and in truth the Blood doth naturally pass in living Creatures out of the Arteries into the Veins by those little mouths these signs do cleenly witness He that in living Dissections shall consider that Quantity of Blood which by the Arteries is conveighed to the parts and Veins can hardly perswade himself to think that it is all consumed in nourishing the parts especially if he shall consider that the Arterial Blood is thick enough and not a fourth part thinner than the Venal blood as I have often obsâ—â—â—ed when I have suffred both of them to grow cold and 〈…〉 whence we may justly conclude with Harvey that the Blood which is communicated from the Arteries to the Veins and Parts does a great part of it return back again to the large Veins Moreover when we open a vein in a bound Arm if you press that part of the swelling Vein with your Thumb which is neer the orifice betwixt it and the Hand or if you make such a ligature as the former betwixt the Hand and the Orifice you shall see that no blood will come forth whence it seems to follow that the blood comes from the Hand which flows from the orifice And seeing some pounds of Blood are drawn away by such a Blood-letting and so much cannot be contained in the lower part of the Veins of the Arm it must needs come thither from the Arteries which are not stopped by that Ligature above the orifice as their Pulse remaining entire doth testifie But that we might see the same with our Eyes we have divers times in great living Dogs freed the large Vein and Artery in the groyn from such things as did hinder their sight which may be easily done if they lie not beneath the Muscles and we bound the said vein with a thred and we observed that part of the Vein which looked towards the Vena cava to empty and fall in and the other part towards the Foot exceedingly to swel so that in regard of its fullness it seemed harder than the Artery it self but the ligature being loosed the Blood presently moved upwards and the fullness and hardness of the Vein was very much abated And the Artery being bound that part thereof did wonderfully swell which was nearest Aorta and the other part more remote did fall in through emptiness nor did the Vein then bound evidently swell And this we did many times and the effect was still the same And that we might have no scruple remaining and might observe withall what was done within in the Vein we did lift up the Vein and Artery being thus made bare and under them we firmly bound the Thigh it self that the Blood might not move upwards or downwards by any other Vein â—ave that which we had lift up Theâ— the Vein being held up and also shut with a Thred as is expressed in this Figure we opened it above and below the Thred with a small orifice Now immediately from that part of the Vein which was farthest from the Heart the Blood flew out violently plentifully and in a full stream but that part of the Vein which was on the other side of the thred towards the Heart did only drop out a few drops whence it seemed to us to be a cleer case that the Blood did not come downwards from the greater Vessels but upwards out of the smaller Vessels into the greater Especially when having made another Ligature upon the same Vein further from the Heart betwixt the foresaid Orifice and the Foot of the Beast we saw no blood at all come from that Orifice whence before it issued with such violence For we conceived those drops which sell from the Orifice neer the Heart might proceed from Blood which possibly was in the Vein when it was opened or which it might continually receive from some small Branch of the crural Vein situate above the thred but this cause will anon appear more evidently It is easie to make this experiment without any opening of a Vein in such persons as have the Veins of their Arms very Conspicuous In whom if you stop the Vein near the Hand with one Finger and with your other hand force the blood upwards and the whole Vein wil appear empty â— which wil soon after be filled when you take away your lower Finger but not if you take only your upper as Harvey also observed in the 13. Chapter of his Book For the upper Blood goes into the greater Veins and the Valve hinders it from descending which will hardly let anything pass by unless the vein be so far widened that a great space remain between it and the Valves Seeing therefore the Blood comes out of the Hands and Feet and they do not breed new Blood so as to supply the whole Body therewith we doubt not but that the Blood in those parts continually and naturally goes into the Veins and out of the lesser Veins into the greater TABLE I. The Explication of the FIGURE A. The right Leg of the Dog B. The left Leg of the Dog CD The Ligature made under the Vein and Artery which fast binds the Thigh expressed in the right Thigh least the confusion of the lines might disturb the Spectator in the left Thigh E. The Crural Artery F. The Crural Vein G. The String wherewith the Vein is tied and born up H. The Needle through which the thred goes I. The upper part of the Vein which flags upon the binding K. The lower part of the Vein swelling after the Ligature L. The drops of Blood which fall leisurely from the orifice in the upper part of the Vein M. The stream of Blood continually spinning â—â—â— of the 〈…〉 part of the Vein 〈…〉 page 362 Nor do I fear that the Arterial Blood cannot be contained in the single coat of
half an ounce yet I conceive more comes out when a live Creature is Diffected than when it is in health And if a man would determine by conjecture from what we have seen how much may come out of the Heart of a Man in health at every pulse I shall not be against them who say that out of the Heart of a Man at every pulse half an ounce of Blood is shed into the Arteria aorta Butlet us suppose it is but a scruple seeing the Heart makes above three thousand pulses in one hour there must above ten pound of blood pass every hour through the Heart which is more than we eat and more than the Liver can supply the Heart withall So that must needs be that the Blood which hath once past the Heart must flow thither again and from it return again into the Arteries So that there is a circular motion of the Blood from the Vena cava into the Heart from the Heart into the Arteries from the Arteries into the Veins out of which it returns again into the Heart and thence into the Arteries Truly I cannot sufficiently wonder that in so many Ages past this motion of the Blood hath been unknown seeing I find sundry and those no small intimations thereof in the ancient Writers In the Volume of the Works of Hippocrates The Author of the first Book de Victus ratione attributes three circular motions to our Heat and Humors whereby they are moved inward and outward from divers parts Hippocrates in the middle of his Book de Ossium Natura The Veins under which he comprehends the Arteries being spred saith he through the Body do cause a fluxion and motion sending many branches from one And this one whence it hath its original and where it ends I cannot find For it keeps in a circular course so that you can find no beginning and it will appear plainly to him that examins the place that he understands this Circle to be chiefly in the distribution of the Humors As also in the End of his Book de Naâ—ura humana The great Veins do mutually afford nourishment one to another the internal to the external and then again to the internal And more plainly the Author of the Book de alimenâ—â— There is one beginning of all that nourish and one end of all and the same is the beginning and the End and therefore a little after he subjoyns these words The Aliment 〈◊〉 into the Hair and Nails and from the inner parts into the outer Surface from the external parts the nourishment comes from the outer surface to the most inward parts there is one conflux one conspiration and one consent of all And Diogenes Apolloniâ—â—a seems not to have differed from this Opinion in Aristotle his 3 de Historia Animalium chap. 2. The must thick Blood is sucks by the fleshy parts and that which redounds into these places viz. the greater 〈◊〉 becomes thin hot and froâ—â—hy TABLE â— The FIGURE Explained AAAA The Abdomen or Paâ—ch of a Dog opened BB. The Midriff CCCC The Call turned inside â—â—â— towards the Chest that the inner parts there of might be more visible DDD Three lobes or laps of the Liver turned a little to the right hand â—EE Certain little portions of the Pancreas which is cut off that the following Vessels might come into sight F. The left Kidney covered with its Coat G. The upper hollow part of the Spleen together with the adjacent Fat H. The middle part of the Spleen about which Vessels are inserted I. The lowest part of the Spleen KKKK The Gâ—â—s moved downwards that the following Vessels might be visible LLLL The Mesentery MM. The splenick Artery N. Part of the Vena splenica annexed to the Trunk of Vena porta which falls in upon the Ligature OOO A portion of the Vena splenica and three branches arising therefrom which are implanted into the spleen and do very much swell upon the Ligature PP The left Mesenterick Artery Q. A portion of the Vena Mesenterica sinistra next to the Trunk of Vena porta falling in as empty upon the Ligature R. The lower part of the Vena Mesenterica sinistra ready to be divided into branches swelling by means of the Ligature SSS The Mesaraick Veins therefore more full and swollen because the Mesenterick Vein is tied TTTT The rest of the Mesaraicks not so swollen because their Trunk is not 〈◊〉 page 364 Yea and those things which Plato in his Timaeus delivers concerning the Blood are more sutable to this Opinion than the common Aristotle himself may easily be drawn to this Opinion For thus saith he in his Book de Somno chap. 3. Every iâ—ability of Sense is not sleep but that only which is caused by the vâ—poration of Meats for that which is rarified must needs after a sort be lifted up and afterward return and flow back like an Euripus for the Heat of every Animal must needs naturally move upwards and when it is come aloft it soon after circulates and discends again It is to be feared that those Writers which followed the former did not sufficiently study the motion of the blood yea that they obâ—cured the same because what the former attributed to their Veins that is to say the Veins and Arteries these later attributed to the Veins in opposition to and as distinct from the Arteries And seeing Galen a most excellent Physitian was not able to reform all things perfectly and the later Greeks Arabians and Latines have too close followed or transcribed him hence I suppose it is that this motion of the blood hath remain'd concealed till this present Age. Wherein that incomparable Paulus Servita the Venetian did acurately observe the Fabrick of the Valves in the Veins which Observation of his that great Anatomist Fabritius ab Aquapendente afterwards published and out of that constitution of the Valves and other Experiments he collected this motion of the Blood and asserted the same in an excellent Treat se which I understand is preserved to this very day amongst the Venetians The most learned William Harvey being taught by the foresaid Paulus Servita did more accurately search into this motion of the Blood augmented the same with Inventions of his own proved it strongly and publish'd it to the World in his own name Such hath been the Invention and such the Fate of this motion of the Blood And let us now further enquire whether through all the Veins and Arteries the Blood hath this Motion or whether in some others it hath some other motion Concerning which thing that I might be more certainly informed I contemplated the motion of the Blood in many Veins and Arteries of liveing Creatures and I have found besides what hath been already said of the Veins and Arteries of the Arms and Legs that the blood is moved through the Spermarick Arteries to the Stones through the Veins from the Stones
the Heart Aristotles Error Fleshy Pillars in the Ventricles of the Heart Things preternatural found in the Heart A Bone in the Heart The right Ventricle The left Ventricle Manifest Pores in the Septum of the Heart Whether the Blood pass through the partition of the Heart Vessels of the Heart Vena Cava It s treble pointed Valves The Vena Arteriosa why called a Vein Why call'd an Artery It s Original and Progress It s Use The Sigma-fashioned Valves The Arteria venosa why an Arterie Why a vein Whether Air enters into the Heart The Mitre-shap'd Valves The Arteria Magna It s Use Its Valves In the Child in the Womb. The Union of the Vessels of the Heart It s various Uses The use of the little Membrane 'T is shut after the Birth By a Chanel or Pipe Which is dried up It s use The Reason of their Name Their Situation Division Into Lobes Their Figure Their Colour Connexion A certain Cause of long lasting Short-windedness The Substance Membrane The Vessels Why the Lungs â—atâ— so great Vessels See Tab. 4. of Book 2. How Circulation is caused in the Lungs Contrary objections answered Why Ulcers of the Lungs are without pain Whence the motion of the Lungs proceeds Aristotles Error The Opinion of Falcoburgius The motion of the Lungs is proved to arise from the Chest An Observation in live Anatomies It s Use All kind of Air is not a friend to mans Spirit Our heat doth want a Cooler Why Fishes need no Lungs The Lungs of Children in the Womb move not The Wesand Why call'd Trachea or Aspera Arteria Whether any part of our drink doth pass into the Wesand and Lungs It s Situation in Man-kind In a Swan Its Membranes The Voice hurt Why the Wefand is in part Gristly Why in part Ligamental The Use of the Wesand The Larynx It s Situation Number Shape Magnitude How the voice becomes shril or big What the Causes are of a great Voice How the Voice comes to change Its Muscles The Common The Proper The Proper Its Gristles Adams Apple is more bunching out in Men then in Women The Glottis Epiglottis Vessels Kernels Spittle How the Voice is made Sigâ—ing What is properly a Voice The differences of Voices or Speeches Parts of Voice or Speech It s Scituation Its Vessels Connexion When the Gullet is diseased Medicaments are applied to the Back It s Kernels Substance Muscles Whether Swallowing be a Natural or Animal Action Why somtimes solid meats are more easily swallowed then liquid The Neck Why call'd Collum It s Magnitude Its Parts It s Use Why the Head is placed so high It s Figure Greatness Substance Division Calva The Face What creatures have Hair Whether Hair Nails grow of good nutriment The remote matter of Hair Where Hair bâ—eede Why crusted Animals have no hairs Requisites to the Generation of hair Cause of baldness Hairs bred in the womb Use of Hair Why a man hath plenty of hair The Beard adorns Their Form Magnitude Figure The cause of the colour of the hair The cause of grey hairs Why they are soonest grey-hair'd that go with their Heads cover'd Why Men are soonest grey about their temples The Pericraneum Periostium Crassa Meninx The Brain moves The Sickle See Tab. 11. The upper Cavities The third See Tab. II. The lower Cavities See Tab. II. The Use Pia Mater What is properly the Brain The Marrow what How they differ Parts of the Marrow The Head of the Marrow what A new opinion concerning the place where the Animal spirits are made The Magnitude of the Brain Who have most Brains Why the Brain hath windings The winding Clift of the Brain See Tab. 3. The Colour It s temperament Why the substance of the brain is moderately soft There are Veins in the Brain The Use of the Brain Of the brains Motion The Matter of the Animal Spirits A new opinion of the Author touching the use of the Brain and the Marrow The right Dissection of the Head must begin at the lower Part. See the Figure of the Section in the Manual of Nerves The beginning of the Spinal Marrow An Objection The Answer A new Opinion of the Author that the Marrow is the Original of the brain A proof hereof The spinal Marrow divided Another division Another division The Coats of the Marrow A noble Ventricle in the Marrow The cover of the noble Ventricle is from the Brainlet The true place where Animal Spirits are generated according to our Author A Proof The preparation of the Animal Spirits where it is This Marrow the beginning of all Nerves The Brainlet what it is It s Structure See Tab. 4. Fig. 1. The Use Rete mirabile Vesalius his Error Glandula pituitaria It s Seat It s Figure It s Substance It s Use The Brain ful of Excrements Infundibulum The Authors opinion that there is but one Ventricle of the Brain The foremore Ventricle described Corpus Callosum The Conformation of the Ventricles of the Brain Septum lucidum Fornix The third Ventricle The Anus what it is The Nates and Testes Penis Vulva The Plexus Choroidis what Glandula pinealis That the Ventricles of the Brain serve to receive Excrements The order of the parts to be shewn in the new way of Dissection The order of the parts in the old Dissection The order in the middle way of Dissection The Dissection of the right side The Dissection of the left side An excellent Argument for the Circulation of the Blood Why Mens Face is void of Hair Frons why so called It s Skin Muscles The Eyes why called Oculi Their Situation Their Number Their Shape Its Parts The Eye-lids Whether the lower Eye-lid be moved The Membranes The Cilia what The use of the Eye-brow Punctum lachrmyale The use of fat in the Eye The Eye muscles Columbus his Error The first Muscle of the Eye The second The third The fourth The fift The sixt or pulley Muscle A seventh Muscle in Brutes Vessels of the Eye The Nerves The Membranes of the Eyes but three Adnata Tunica It s Use The Seat of the Ophthalmia or Blearey'dness 1. Tunicle of the Eye Cornea 2. Tunicle of the Eye The Pupilla Iris. Ligamentum ciliare The third Coat Aranea Vitrea Humors of the Eyes The watry Humor The watry Humor is no animated part the other Humors are The vitreous of glassie bumor The Chrystalline Names of the parts of the outer Ear. It s Skin It Vessels The Muscles Why few move their Ears The use of the first The use of the second Muscle The use of the third Muscle The use of the fourth The Ear Gristle The Kernels calâ—d Parotides Their Situation The sâ—at of Kings-Evil swellings The External Organ of Hearing The Internal Ear. Tympanum A cause of Deafness A Cause of thickness of Hearing The Cavity of the Drum Muscles of the inner Ear. Why Masticatories help in Diseases of the Ears The Names of the parts of the