she would never suffer her Infant to be nourished with the milk of another unless in the case of sickness or some other infirmity and during the time of their nursing they abstained from the Bed of their Husbands as that which would curdle their milk and make the Child a Changeling Such as were thus transferred to stranger Nurse were called Ayusca which is a participle of the preterperfect tense and is as much as to say one denied or renounced or changed by its Parents and by way of Metaphor the younger sort would reproach one the other with that word intimating that his Mistress shew'd more favour to his Rival than to himself to utter that word to a married man were a high affront being one of those five words that are scandalous and will bear an Action I knew once a Palla of Lady of the Bloud Royal who was forced to give her Daughter to be suckled by another the faithless Nurse proving with Child her Foster-child fell into a Consumption and Convulsions and became nothing but Skin and Bones the Mother finding her Daughter in this manner made Ayusca at the end of eight months after when she had almost dried up her milk she restored her Infant to her own natural Breasts which fetched down her milk again and applying an Unguent of Herbs to the Shoulders the Infant recovered which was before given over as in a desperate condition such is the virtue of the Mother's Milk that there is nothing more medicinal and nothing more restorative than that natural sustenance If the Mother had a sufficient stock of Milk the Child never received any other nourishment than that untill the time it was weaned for they were of opinion that all other sorts of food created nothing but crudities and indigestions When it was time to take it out of the Cradle they made a little pit for it in the floor which reached to the Breast in which they put it with some old clouts to make it soft to which the Child being inured did not trouble the Mother's Armes and having some few play-things thrown before it it pleased and contented it self without the least disturbance and so unwilling were they to accustome it to the Lap that though it were a Child of the greatest Curaca of the Kingdom it was not treated otherwise and that when it was grown so big as to crawl about they would use it to suck upon its knees at one Breast and then teach it to creep about to the other but would never take it into the Armes The Woman in Child-bed was treated yet more hardily than was the Child for so soon as she had brought forth she went to the next stream or to some cold water in the House where she washed her self and her Infant and afterwards applied her self to her domestick Affairs without any concernment whatsoever They had no use of Midwives or others at their Labours and if any did assist she was rather a Witch or Enchantress than a Midwife And this was all the custome and manner in Peru which was equally practised by the Rich and Poor Nobility and Commonalty both at the Birth of their Children and breeding them up afterwards CHAP. XIII Of the Huswifery of the married Women THE married Women always employed themselves at home in spinning and weaving Wool in the cold Countries and of Cottons in the hot every one spinning and making Cloaths for themselves their Husbands and Children sowing was the least of their work either for Men or Women for their thread was bad and their needles worse notwithstanding whatsoever they wove whether Wool or Cotton all was spun and twined into threads All their Cloth was made of four threads and not woven wider or longer than just as much as was sufficient to make a Mantle Shirt or Wastcoat their Vestments were not cut out or shaped but all of a piece after the manner that they came from the Loom for before they began to weave them they designed the proportion of length and breadth which they intended to give them so that they had need neither of Taylors Hosiers nor Shomakers for they had no need of those things which we make necessaries and their Women took care of their Houses and Clothing onely the Men were to provide the Hose or Stockings and Arms and though the Incas of the Royal Bloud and such as were Curacas and rich Men had Servants to perform all these works for them yet sometimes for divertisement and in complyance with the Profession which their Law enjoyned them they sometimes did not disdain to work themselves and make a pair of Breeches or Stockins or an Arrow or some other sort of Arms but as to the Labours of the field both Men and Women did jointly concur in their assistence one of the other In some Provinces far distant from Cozco where the Lands were ill manured there the Women laboured in the Field and the Men remained at home to spin and weave but my Discourse is here of those Countries onely to which the Power and Jurisdiction of the Incas did extend for other parts were so barbarous and void of all humanity that it were not worth our time or labour to give an account of their Customs or Manners The Indian Women were so addicted to spinning and so unwilling to lose time from their Labour and Work that as they walked from the Villages to the City and so in their return home and also in their Visits and Conversation together they still made use of their Spindle and Reel for this was the constant employment of the common People but the Pallas or Ladies who were of the Royal Bloud whensoever they made their Visits they made their Serving-Maids carry their Spindles and work with them and during their Visits not to loose time or be idle they spun and worked as they discoursed their Spindles were made of Canes as we in Spain have them of Iron they were crooked but not hollow at the point as ours are with their thread they made a kind of Filleting which they wound in upon their Spindles twisting it with the fingers of their left hand their Distaff they carried in their left hand and not at their girdle being about a quarter of a yard long and held between two of their Fingers and then with both hands they formed the fineness of their thread and cleared it of foulness but did not wet it at their mouths because in my time they spun nothing there besides Wool and Cottons nor do they make any great riddance of their work because their Instruments and Tools are bad as we have already declared CHAP. XIV How the Women made their Visits how they worked and that common Whores were permitted amongst them WHen any Woman that was not a Palla though she were the Wife of a Curaca who is a Lord that hath command over his Subjects came to make a Visit to a Palla who was a Lady of the Bloud Royal
so straitened them that they could receive no sustenance unless it were some small quantities of the Seeds of Herbs and Leaves of Turnips which some few were fain to fight for and gain with the point of the Launce In one of these Sieges of this City they broke the Images of Christ and our Lady and other Saints to the great dishonour of God which none but his infinite Mercy and Patience could have suffered In the last Siege which the Indians laid to this place they surprised the Spaniards and killed the Centinels and without any opposition entred and possessed themselves of the Town exercising such cruelty as was agreeable to the barbarity of their Natures for they butchered the Children and chained the Women and Nuns intending to carry them away into Slavery but whilst they were thus busily employed in packing up and disposing their Booty and plundering every where without order the Spaniards took courage and with that opportunity fell upon them and God assisting their endeavours they rescued their Wives and Nuns from their violent hands and with the loss of some few forced them to fly and quit both their Prey and their City The last Victory which the Indians obtained was when they took Villarrica with great effusion of Spanish bloud they set fire to the four Quarters of the Town and killed all the Friars of St. Dominick St. Francis and the Merceds with all the Clergy that were there carrying all the Women away Captives many of which were Ladies of Quality and Condition And this was the Fate of that City which was once of Fame and great Renown and illustrious amongst the neighbouring Cities of that new World. Thus far proceeds the Relation of Chili in the Year 1604. To all which nothing can be farther said than that these were Judgments of God which his secret Providence permits for the chastisement of Mankind And herewith let us return to the good Inca Yupanqui to conclude the remaining Actions of his Reign CHAP. XXVI Of the quiet Life of the Inca Yupanqui and of the Actions wherein he employed himself untill the time of his Death THE King Yupanqui having established and confirmed the Conquests which his Captains had made under the security of good Laws and settled Religion in all parts having also made provision for his own Royal Revenue and separated a maintainance for the Priesthood of the Sun he determined to put an end to his farther Conquests which are now far extended reaching no less than a thousand Leagues in length so that he resolved to spend the remainder of his Days in erecting Monuments and Trophies of his greatness which might ever conserve his Memory in great Renown To which end he built new Fortresses and many Temples dedicated to the Sun with Houses for the Select Virgins Royal Palaces and made many Aqueducts Walks and Gardens He also endowed the Temple of the Sun in Cozco with greater Riches of which though it stood in no need yet he thought it a duty to contribute some thing towards the glory of him whom he honoured and esteemed for his Father and more especially he busied himself in building and completing the Fortress at Cozco for which his Father had made provision of all materials and gathered great quantities of Stones and Rocks of which we shall hereafter have occasion to discourse more at large He also personally visited all the parts of his Empire that so he might with his own Eyes see the State of things hear the Complaints and Aggrievances of his people and provide a Remedy and Relief for his Subjects to all which he attended with so much care and compassion that he worthily deserved to be surnamed The Pious In these Employments this Prince with great Peace and Tranquillity spent his time for several Years being greatly beloved and obeyed by his Subjects at the end of which falling sick and finding within himself his end to be near he called the Prince who was his Heir and his other Sons together recommending to them by way of Testament the strict observance of their Laws and religious Rites of their Idolatrous Worship and above all encharged them to perform and administer Justice to their Subjects in the most equal balance and therewith he gave them his Blessing of Peace for that now his time was come to depart this Life and rest with his Father the Sun who called and summoned him to his Mansions of Felicity Thus dyed Yupanqui full of Glory and Triumph having enlarged his Empire above five hundred Leagues in length to the Southward being as far as from Atacama to the River Maulli and to the Northward one hundred and forty Leagues along the Coast from Chincha to Chimu He was lamented with great grief and having ranked him in the tenth Order of their Gods who were Children of the Sun because he was the tenth King they celebrated his Obsequies with great solemnity which according to their Custome continued for the space of a whole Year offering unto him many Sacrifices He left Tupac Inca Yupanqui his Heir and eldest Son which he begot of his Wife and Sister called Coya Chimpu Occlo to succeed him in all his Dominions The proper Name of this Queen was Chimpu but the word Occlo was a sacred Title amongst them he left many legitimate Sons and Daughters of the true Bloud besides many other natural Children to the number of about two hundred and fifty which was no great matter amongst them considering the many Women which those Kings maintained in every Province of their Dominions And because this Inca laid the Foundation of this great Work it is requisite that we should treat of it immediately after the Life of its first Founder because it is the most excellent Trophy of the Incan Magnificence and that which may serve for a matter of Ostentation and Glory not onely to the Authour himself and the preceding Kings but sufficient to derive Honour to all their Posterity in future Ages CHAP. XXVII Of the Fortress of Cozco and the greatness of the Stones with which it was built THE Incas who were Kings of Peru erected many wonderfull and stately Edifices their Castles Temples and Royal Palaces their Gardens Store-houses and other Fabricks were Buildings of great Magnificence as is apparent by the ruines of them though very obscure conjectures are to be gathered from such remains The work of greatest ostentation and which evidences most the Power and Majesty of the Incas was the Fortress of Cozco whose greatness is incredible to any who hath not seen it and such as have viewed it with great attention cannot but admire it and believe that such a work was erected by Enchantment or the help of Spirits being that which surpasses the Art and power of Man. For the Stones are so many and so great which were laid in the three first rounds being rather Rocks than Stones as passes all understanding how and in what manner they were hewen from the Quarry or
produced of it self for they requiring no more than natural sustenance lived with little and created no accidental necessities for support of Life In some Countries they were such great lovers of Man's Flesh that when they were killing an Indian they would suck his bloud at the Wound they had given him and when they quartered his body they would lick their fingers that not one drop of bloud should be wasted in their Shambles they commonly sold Mens Bodies making Sausages of their Guts stuffing them with flesh that nothing might be lost Peter of Cieca in the 26th Chapter of his Book declares so much and affirms that he saw it with his own Eyes and that so far their gluttony provoked them in this kind that they did not spare those very Children which they begot upon those Women whom they had taken Captives in the War but breeding them with such care and diet as might make them fat so soon as they came to be twelve years of age and that they were plump and tender they dressed them for their Table and devoured them with their Mothers unless they were with Child for then they reserved them till they were delivered and had nursed up their brood Moreover to those Men whom they took in the War they gave Women and their breed they nourished and fatned with intent to eat them as we do Lambs and Calves and the young ones of our heards and flocks without regard to Bloud or Parentage which even in brute beasts hath some effect of love and tenderness But what was most abominable above all was a custome amongst some Indians to eat the Flesh of their Parents so soon as they were dead accounting it a part of their respect and duty to bury and intomb them within their own Entrails which they boiled or roasted according to the quantity if the body was lean and extenuated they boiled the flesh to make it the more tender and if it were gross and fleshy then it was roasted and for the bones they buried them with some Ceremony either in the holes of Rocks or the hollow Trees but this sort of People know no Gods nor adore any thing and inhabit for the most part in the hotter and not in colder Regions of this Continent In the more cold and barren Countries where the earth is not so fruitfull necessity compells them to sow Mayz which is their Indian Wheat and other sorts of pulse or grain but they distinguish neither times nor seasons for it and in their fishing and fowling and in all other things the like barbarity of manners predominates As to their manner of Cloathing the modesty of an Historian obligeth me rather to pass it by than to describe it lest I should seem offensive to chast and modest Ears but to express it with as much decency as I am able we are to know that the Indians in the first ages wore no other covering than the Skins which Nature gave them Some perhaps of them for curiosity or affectation girt themselves about the Waste with a clout of course thread which they esteemed a Cloathing sufficient for them I remember that in the Year 1570. when I came into New Spain that I met in the streets of Cartagena with five Indians all naked walking one after the other like so many Cranes so little had the conversation and society of the Spaniards in so long a time prevailed to the alteration of their Humours Manners or Barbarity The Women wear no other garments than the Men onely the married Wives girt a string about them to which they fasten a clout of Cotton a yard square like an Apron and where they cannot or will not learn to weave they cover their nakedness with the rine or broad leaves of trees The Maidens also wear something girt about them to which they add some other mark as a sign of their Virginity Modesty forbids us to enlarge farther on this Subject it being sufficient what we have declared that in hot Countries they went naked without other covering or ornament than that which Nature furnishes to brute Beasts whence we may imagine how barbarous those Indians were before the times in which the Incas gained a Sovereignty over them In colder Countries they used Garments not for modesty or decency but for necessity to defend them from the cold their cloathing was commonly with the Skins of beasts and with a sort of Matt which they wove with straw or rushes Other Nations of them who had more ingenuity wore a sort of Mantles ill made and spun with a course thread and worse woven with wool or wild hemp which they call Chahuar and some ornament about their necks and a covering about their wastes was all the cloathing which their customs and manners required and in this habit the Spaniards found those Indians over whom the Incas had not extended their Dominion and which even to this day continues amongst them for they have such an aversion to garments that even those who live familiarly with the Spaniards and are their domestick Servants are rather forced by importunity to use them than that they chuse them out of inclination or any consideration of decency or modesty the like humour is also common to the Women so that the Spaniards use in jest to tell them that they were bad Spinsters and to ask them whether they would not cloath themselves because they would not spin or would not spin because they would not be cloathed CHAP. VI. Of the different ways of Marriages and diversity of Languages amongst them And of the Poisons and Witchcrafts that they used SUch as these Indians were in their eating and cloathing such were they in their Marriages in which they were as bestial as in their other manners exercising coition in the same way as Beasts for having not Wives in property they used their Women as Nature incited or as accidentally they occurred without regard to Mothers Daughters or Sisters or the nearest proximity of bloud In some Countries where a certain sort of Marriage was usual those Women that were free of their Bodies were most esteemed and obtained the best Husbands because they were accounted active and busie in their calling when others of a more chast and cold Nature were rejected as drones dull and unfit for love In other Countries they observed a different custome for the Mothers preserved their Daughters with great respect and care till the time of their Marriage when bringing them into publick they shewed the Tokens of their Virginity In other parts the Father or near of kindred claimed a title to the Maidenhead of the Bride by conditions of the Marriage before she was given to the Husband Peter de Cieca in the 24th Chapter of his Book affirms the same and that Sodomy was used amongst them but yet in secret and as a crime though the Devil persuaded them to it in their Temples as a pleasure which their Gods delighted in that so under the guise of
deep which served for a Cloak called Yacolla Moreover these Nuns made Purses for the Inca of about a quarter of a Yard square which they carried under their Arme hanged by a fine Twist curiously embroidered of about two fingers broad and was in fashion of a Ribbon on the left Shoulder reaching cross to the right side These Purses they called Chuspa and served them to put their Cuca into which was an Herb that Indians now commonly eat but was then so rare that none had the privilege to eat of it but the Inca onely and his Kindred unless some Curacas to whom the King out of a particular favour and affection sent perhaps some Baskets of it every year They also made certain Twists of two colours which were Straw-colour and Carnation which they called Paycha these Twists were very fine of about a Yard long but were not designed for service of the Inca but for others of the Royal Bloud which they wore on their Heads binding their Foreheads from one temple to the other CHAP. III. Of the respect they shewed to the Works which these Select Virgins made and what Law there was against those who attempted on their Chastity ALL these Curiosities were the handy-work of these Virgins made in great quantity for their Spouse the Sun but because he was not capable to receive or wear those Ornaments on his own Person they were sent unto the Inca as his lawfull and undoubted Son and Heir that so he might use them in the stead and place of his Father the which were esteemed by him as Sacred and with great reverence and devotion respected by the Subjects of his whole Empire And if the Greeks and ancient Romans did in the times of their Gentilism adore Juno Venus and Pallas for Goddesses it ought not to seem strange if these poor and simple people who were under the highest circumstances of invincible ignorance imaginable should with a superstitious zeal and devout affection adore and worship whatsoever their Religion taught them to be Divine and Sacred for they apprehending that these Virgins were Coyas or Queens and real Wives of the Sun could not but shew respect and reverence to whatsoever proceeded from their hands and labour for which reason the Incas themselves could not bestow their Works on any that was not an Inca of the true Bloud for that were a prophanation of such holy things and a direct sacrilege to employ divine productions to common and humane services And though as we have formerly said the King gave Vestments to Curacas and other Governours as Signals of his grace and favour yet those were of another sort as we shall hereafter make appear Moreover the employment and office of these Virgins was to make the Bread called Cancu which at the great Festivals of the Sun named Raymi and Cittua were offered to him in Sacrifice they also made the Liquour which the Inca and his Kindred drank on the Holy-days of those Festivals called Aca. All the Vessels which were used in this House such as Kettles Pots Jars and the like were all made of Gold and Silver it being reasonable that the Wives of the Sun should live in an equipage agreeable to the quality of such a Husband so that their Garden also was adorned with Trees and Fruit all made of Gold and Silver with Plants and Flowers and Herbs and Birds and other Animals all rarely counterfeited after the manner of those in the Garden of the Sun. These were the chief employments of those Nuns which lived in the City of Cozco the other part of their Life and Actions was agreeable to the profession they made of perpetual Virginity and of Recluses from the rest of the World. That Nun who violated her Chastity was buried alive and her Lover hanged But in regard that as they said a simple death onely seemed too mean a punishment for so exorbitant an offence which imported no less than the violation of a Wife dedicated to the Sun their God and Father of their Kings they ordained that with the Delinquent his Wife and Children Servants and Kindred with his very Neighbours and Herds of Cattel should without any remorse compassion or lamentations of any be put to death that all his Fields and Farms should be laid desolate and covered with heaps of stones that so no Cattel might ever feed more thereon or ever be more trod with humane feet which had produced or maintained a wretch so vile and impious as this accursed transgressour This was the Law but it was never put into execution because none ever did transgress against it For as the Indians of Peru as we have said before were great observers of their Law and especially devoted to that part which respected their Religion and the awe and reverence due to their Princes so they were very severe in execution of those punishments which the Law prescribed adhering to the very rigour of the letter without more remorse or compassion than if they had destroyed a swarm of Wasps or drwned a litter of Whelps for the Incas designing their Laws for the Rules of Humane life would never suffer them to be frustrated or eluded by the boldness of any that attempted to break them CHAP. IV. That there were many other Houses of these Select Virgins The severity of the Law before-mentioned is proved by Example ALL that we have said before had relation to the House of those Virgins at Cozco who were dedicated to the Sun But besides this there were several other Houses for Women of the same profession in divers of the principal Provinces which the Inca out of his bounty and favour commanded to be built and endowed but into these Maids of all conditions and qualities had admission as well those whose bloud was tainted with common mixture as those who were of the pure and limpid streams of Royal Bloud The Daughters also of Curacas as a mark of favour were sometimes admitted here some Maids also of exact beauty and rare features though of the common race were sometimes also received in the which both their Fathers and themselves esteemed for an extraordinary favour but then they were not admitted under the notion of Wives or Concubines to the Sun but of the Inca onely Howsoever they reserved themselves with the same retirement and care as those of the Sun and were attended with young Maidens for their Servants and maintained at the charge of the Inca Their employment also was the same with those at Cozco being to Spin and Weave and make Garments for the Inca which they performed in great abundance and in the same manner as we have related of the others But howsoever those Vestments were not esteemed so sacred as to be onely appropriated to the Person of the Inca but were such as the Inca bestowed on his great Lords and Captains and other Subjects whensoever he was pleased to honour them with some signal note or mark of his favour These also had their
the which was common to none but the Inca and the Prince his Heir who wore it narrower than his Father and of a sallow colour What Ceremonies were used at the Instalment of the Prince and when he was sworn we shall declare in its due place when we come to speak of the Horsemen which the Incas armed out against their Enemies These Privileges and Favours proceeding immediately from the gratiousness of their Prince the Indians received with great Thankfulness and Applause because the Inca made them to believe that it was by the appointment and order of the Sun who observing their Compliance docility and other merits had conferred these marks of his good acceptance on them And when they farther considered the greatness of his last Favour which was the Title of Inca and which was not onely allotted to themselves but was to descend also to their Posterity they were wholly ravished with the Bounty and Liberality of his Royal Mind not knowing how to receive it with other sense than Transport of Admiration so that it became the common subject of their Discourse how that their Inca had not onely transformed them from Beasts into Men and instructed them in all things necessary to humane Life and taught them those natural Laws which conduce to Morality and the knowledge of their God the Sun which was sufficient for ever to have obliged them to remain his Vassals and Slaves and might justly have imposed on them Taxes and Tributes but that instead thereof he had conferred on them the Majesty of his own Name which being so Sacred and Divine that none durst take it formerly in his mouth without great Veneration was now made so common that every one might pronounce it with an audible voice by which privilege being become his adopted Sons they did for ever after dedicate themselves for Slaves and Vassals to him who was the undoubted Progeny and Child of the Sun. The Indians being astonished with the consideration of these great favours and affection their Inca had bestowed upon them they returned him all the blessings and praises imaginable studying what Names and Titles they might confer on him agreeable to the greatness of his Mind and his Heroick Vertues and on this consideration they invented these two Names one of which was Capac which signifies rich not that they meant him to be rich in Goods or Wealth of Fortune but of Mind such as Gentleness Piety Clemency Liberality Justice and Magnanimity with a desire and Inclination to communicate his Benefits to all his Subjects and for that Reason they deservedly gave him the Title of Capac which signifies rich and powerfull in Arms The other Name they gave him was Huac chacuyac which is as much as to say a great Friend and Benefactour to the poor for as the first denomination intimated the greatness of his Mind so the other spoke the benefits which he had conferred so that for ever after he was called the Prince Manco Capac having been named no otherwise before than Manco the Inca for Manco is but the proper Name of a Person and in the common Language of Peru hath no signification though in a particular Dialect which some of them have which as some write me from Peru is entirely lost it signifies something as all the other Names and Titles did which they gave to their Kings as we shall in the sequel of this Story have an occasion to interpret The word Inca signifies as much as Lord or King or Emperour though in its strict sense it is one of the Royal bloud and therefore the Curacas though they were great Lords yet they were not called Incas Palla signifies a Lady of the Royal Bloud and so for distinction of the King from other Incas he was called Capa Inca which is as much as rich sole and supreme Lord. Hereafter for the sake of the curious we shall declare and interpret all the Royal Names of the Men and Women Moreover the Indians gave to this first King and his Posterity the Name of Yntip Churin which is as much as Child of the Sun but this we may esteem rather a denomination proceeding from their false belief than a true and proper addition to his Titles CHAP. XIV Of the last Will and Testament and Death of the first Inca Manco Capac MAnco Capac reigned many Years but how many it is not certain some say thirty others forty employing his whole time in the business and actions which we have before mentioned and now finding the time of his death nearly approaching he called his Sons together as well those which he had by his Queen Mama Oello Huaco as those which he had by his Concubines which made up a great number for as he told them it was fit that the Children or Offspring of the Sun should be many He also assembled the Chief of his Subjects and in manner of a Testament he made this long Discourse to them He recommended to the Prince his Heir a true Love and Affection towards his Subjects and to the Subjects Loyalty and Service to their King and Obedience to the Laws avouching again that this was one of those Ordinances which the Sun his Father had in a most particular manner enjoined unto him With this Lesson he dismissed his Subjects afterwards in private Discourse which he made to his Children he encharged them that they should ever remember that they descended from the Sun and that therefore they ought for ever to adore him for their God and Father and that according to his example they should observe his Laws and precepts that so their Subjects in imitation of them might the more easily be induced to awe and reverence this Deity that they being gentle and pious might allure the Indians by Love and by the force of Benefits for that those can never be good Subjects who obey onely out of fear in short he told them that they should manifest themselves by their Vertues to be Children of the Sun approving their words by their actions for those shall never be believed who say one thing and perform another In fine he said that being called by the Sun he was now going to rest with him that they should live in Peace and Unity together and that he beholding their actions from Heaven would take care to favour and succour them in their extremities and distress Having uttered these and other sayings of like nature Manco Capac dyed leaving the Prince Sinchi Roca his eldest Son which he had by Coya Mama Oello Huaco his Wife and Sister to be his Heir and Successour Those Sons and Daughters which remained besides the Prince married one with the other for they took great care to preserve that bloud which they fabulously believed to proceed from the Sun clear and unmixed because they esteemed it Divine and was not to be defiled with any other humane mixture though it were with those chief and principal Lords whom they termed Curacas The Inca Sinchi Roca
Lineage and Nation and excepting onely Sisters they joined promiscuously together like Sheep of the same flock so that the People of a Province were not allied onely by Nation but by Kindred and Bloud By which it appears that it was not lawfull for any to change his Countrey or Habitation or pass the limits of his Division or Decurion but to keep himself close to his People and Families for in regard the Assemblies within the Community were obliged to build the Houses of the new married it was their own duty to conserve them in Repair and not to wander without the Barrier and Confines of their Parentage CHAP. IX That the Prince who was Heir apparent was to marry his own Sister and the reasons which they gave for it HAving now declared the manner in general and the way how the common Indians married we shall in the next place proceed to treat of the Marriage of the Prince who was Heir apparent In explanation of which it is to be noted that it was the most ancient Custome and fundamental Law of those Kings that the Prince who was Heir should marry with her that was his own Sister by Father and Mother and she onely was capable of being his Legitimate Wife whom they called Coya which is as much as Queen or Empress and the Eldest Son of these two was allowed for the true and lawfull Heir of the Kingdom The Original of this Law and Custome was derived from the first Inca Manco Capac and his Wife Mama Occlo Huaco who feigning themselves to be the Children and descended from the Sun and to be Brother and Sister it was therefore concluded by all the Indians who perfectly believed this Story that by the example of these two the same Rule was to be observed in the succession of all future Ages and this they confirmed by another Example of the Sun and Moon themselves who being Brother and Sister were joined in Marriage and therefore this served for an undeniable Authority and Argument to prove the Legality of such a Marriage by an instance so convincing as that of these Deities Yet for want of such Issue female the Prince might then marry with the nearest of Kindred such as his Cousin-German or Aunt who for want of Heirs male were capable of inheriting the Crown according to the Custome in Spain For want of Heirs male by the first Sister the Prince might marry with the second or third and so on untill he met with one that produced such issue and this Rite was punctually observed and maintained to be legal from the example of the Sun and Moon and of the first Inca and his Sister and from that Rule which enjoined them to keep the Streams of Royal Bloud pure and unmixed left they should incur the impiety of mixing Divine Bloud with Humane Race And because the right of this Inheritance came as well by the Mother as the Father the same could not be conserved unless they both concurred to make an Heir with an undoubted Title Hereunto they added farther that the Majesty of the Queen could not be communicated to any other unto whom it did not appertain by Nature for that her Conjunction and Union with the King could not render her capable of such a Character which was to be worshipped and adored in the place of a Deity for that were to commit Idolatry by giving Divine Worship to a Humane Creature Besides the lawfull Queen those Kings might have many Concubines both of their own Kindred to the fourth Degree and also of Strangers but the Children by them were observed with different degrees of respect the Sons by the Kinswomen were esteemed legitimate having no mixture of common Bloud which quality was ever esteemed with high Veneration when those by Strangers were accounted Bastards and though they had some respect shewn them above that of common degree yet it was not with such exteriour and interiour Devotion as to those of purer Bloud who were accounted Gods when these were onely honoured as Men. So that the King had three sorts of Children one by his Sister and Wife who were legitimate and capable of the Succession another sort was by his Kinswomen of the same Bloud and a third by Strangers who were reputed Natural and Bastard-Sons CHAP. X. Of the different manners of inheriting Estates FOR want of Issue male by the legitimate Wife the Law then was that the Eldest of the true bloud should succeed as it happened in the case of Manco Inca a Huascar as we shall hereafter make appear in its due place for in no wife it would be permitted that a Bastard should inherit and for want of lawfull Sons of the bloud the Inheritance fell to the next of Kindred provided he were truly descended by Father and Mother By reason of this Law Atahualpa destroyed the whole Race of the true and Royal Bloud both Men and Women as we shall relate in its due place for he being a Bastard and therefore uncapable to inherit made way to his usurped Kingdom by the death of the lawfull Heirs lest one of them remaining alive should recover it again from his Power All those of the Bloud married together to the fourth Degree that so the Generation of them might multiply to great numbers onely the eldest Sister was reserved for the King it not being lawfull for any to take her besides himself The eldest Son always inherited the Kingdom for a series of twelve Kings who succeeded without interruption untill the Spaniards invaded them Howsoever amongst the Curacas or Lords over Vassals a different Rule and Custome was observed for in some Provinces the Eldest Son succeeded in others the most beloved and esteemed for his Vertue and Affability was the qualification required of which the People being Judges the Government seemed rather Elective than Hereditary This Law was a curb to the Sons of the Curacas restraining them from Tyranny and an obligation to be vertuous for in regard the Disposal of the Inheritance depended on the pleasure of the People the Sons contended in kindness towards their Subjects and every one laboured to render himself by his Valour and Gentleness the most beloved and acceptable to the People In some Provinces the Sons inherited according to their Birth as when the Father dyed the Eldest Son succeeded then the second then the third and so forward and when all the Brothers were extinct the Inheritance fell to the Eldest Son of the Eldest Brother and so successively so that hence appears the mistake of a certain Spanish Historian who says that it was the common Custome of all Peru that the Brothers of the King should gradually succeed one after the other and that all of them being dead then the Kingdom ascended again to the Eldest Son of the eldest Brother which Errour proceeded from a misunderstanding of the true difference between the manner of inheriting by Incas and Curacas For though the Incas did reduce and subdue many Provinces
to have been and where his Employment was to feed the Cattle of the Sun in company with those Shepherds who were designed for that Service The Prince not being able to resist the Pleasure of his Father submitted to the Banishment and the Disfavour of the Inca which laid as a punishment on him for the Bravery and Gallantry of his Martial Spirit In short he submitted and really applied himself with the other Shepherds to keep and feed the Cattel of the Sun for the space of three years and more where we will leave him untill the time comes which shall bring him on the Stage and to speak well of him if that which we are to mention of him may be called good CHAP. XXI Of the Intelligence which an Apparition gave to the Prince enjoining him to communicate it to his Father THE Inca Yahuar-huacac having in this manner Banished his Eldest Son whose Name we cannot assign because the obscurity of his condition was such as made no impression in the minds of Men so as without the help of Letters to conserve it in remembrance He seemed now to lay aside all the thoughts of War and Conquests of new Provinces and to make the Government of his Dominions and the Conservation of the common peace and quietness to be his onely employment As to his Son he thought it not convenient nor secure to remove him far from his sight that so he might more easily apply those remedies to reclaim him as best suited with his condition nor did he judge it fit to imprison and disinherit and chuse some other in his place for that seemed an expedient too violent and without Example and was a new and unpractised case to depose the true Heir and degrade the Divinity of the Incas of its Right and Honour besides it appeared doubtfull how far the people would assent to this impiety and how ill they would take this harsh usage of the Prince and Heir to the Empire In this wavering and unquiet condition which deprived the Inca of all contentment and repose he passed three years without any observable occurrence during which time he twice Commissionated four of his Kinsmen to visit his Dominions giving to every one their respective charges and dispatches into distinct parts of his Dominions in order to perform such publick Works as might conduce to the honour of the Inca and the common benefit of his Subjects such as the making of Aqueducts raising Magazines for laying up Provisions Royal Houses Fountains and Bridges Causeys and such other Works of publick use But for his own part he never had the courage to depart from his Court but onely there to attend and celebrate the Festivals of the Sun and such like and administer Justice to his Subjects At the end of this long time one day about Noon the Prince entred into the Palace of his Father without any Companion or Attendance like a Person forlorn and in disfavour of his Inca and sent him word that he was there to speak with him having a Message of high importance to deliver The Inca made a quick Answer in his sudden passion that he should without Demur or Reply retire again to the place of his Confinement on penalty of being proceeded against according to that severe punishment which the Law inflicts on those who break the Royal Command The Prince made answer that he was not come thither in contempt of his Commands but in obedience to the Message and Injunction of another Inca as great as himself who sent him to impart unto him matters of high and considerable importance which if he were pleased to hear he desired to be admitted and to have Audience if not he had complied with the Commands of him that sent him and should return again to render an account of his success The Inca hearing him mention another as Great a Lord as himself ordered him to be admitted for he wondered at the impertinence of the Message and the boldness of any who should dare to employ his banished and disgraced Son with Advices of any nature whatsoever The Prince being introduced and standing before his Father said in this manner I am come Sir to make known unto you that sitting this day about Noon under one of those great Rocks which are in the Fields of Chita where by your Order I was employed to feed the Flocks of our Father the Sun I know not whether I was asleep or well awake there appeared before me a Man in a strange Habit and of a Figure different from us His Beard was above a span in length his Garments long and loose reaching down to his Feet and about his Neck he carried a sort of living creature which I know not what to call it because I never saw the like before He called to me and said Cousin I am a Child of the Sun and Brother to the Inca Manco Capac and to Coya Mama Occlo Huaco his Wife and Sister who were the first of your Family and by them I am Allied in Bloud to your Father and all of you being called Inca Viracocha and am sent by our Father the Sun to order you that you immediately carry this Advice to my Brother the Inca acquainting him that the greatest part of the Provinces of Chinchasuyu as well those who are under his Dominion as those which are not are in rebellion and are united in confederacy to assault him and with a strong and numerous Army to cast him from his Throne and destroy the Imperial City of Cozco wherefore I order you immediately to give this intelligence to my Brother the Inca advising him from me that he provide against this emergency and take such vigorous resolutions to prevent it as the importance of this matter doth require And as to thine own particular let me tell thee that in what misfortune soever thou art thou loss not thy courage or spirit for I shall ever be at hand and ready to succour thee as my own flesh and bloud and therefore I strictly admonish thee not to attempt any thing how great soever it be unworthy thy Family and ancient Bloud and the Greatness of thy Empire for I will ever be assistant and near to succour thee in thy greatest and ultimate exigencies Having said these words the Inca Viracocha vanished and I saw him no more and then returning to my self I delayed no time to come and appear before your Majesty to communicate unto you the particulars of these Matters CHAP. XXII Of the Consultation which the Incas held upon the Advice which the Apparition gave THE Inca Yahuar-huacac out of the great displeasure and prejudice which he had taken to his Son would not give any belief or credence to his Relation but rather termed him a Fool and impertinent and that swelled with the vanity of Revelations from his Father the Sun he was come to impose his Enthusiasms for divine Truths and therefore ordered him immediately to return to Chita and to
ploughing and sowing the Grounds dedicated to the Sun the which I saw and observed for two or three following years when I was a Child and by them we may guess at the form and manner of the Festivals solemnized in other parts of Peru on the same occasion though those Feasts which I saw as the Indians assured me were but faint representations of those in ancient times and were not to be esteemed comparable to them CHAP. III. Of the Proportion of Land which was allotted to every Indian and with what sort of Dung they improved it TO every Indian was given a Tupu of Land which was as much as he might sow with a Hanega which is as much as a Bushel and a half of Mayz or Indian Wheat though the Hanega of Peru is a Hanega and a half of Spain This word Tupu signifies also a League in travelling likewise all sorts of measures of Water or Wine or any other Liquour as also the great Pins with which Women tuck up their dressings The Measure of Seed-corn hath also another name which is Poccha One Tupu of Land was esteemed sufficient to maintain an ordinary Countrey-Fellow and his Wife provided he had not Children for then so soon as he had a Son they added another Tupu of Land to his Estate and if a Daughter half an one When the Son married so that he left his Father's House then he resigned over to the Son his Tupu of Land in which he had an Original Right and Propriety But this was differently observed as to Daughters for they were not to take their Lands with them in marriage it having been given them for their subsistence during their Minority onely but not to accrue to them by way of Portion for every Husband claiming his share of Land in his own Right was obliged to support his Wife the Law taking no farther cognizance of Women after their Marriage the Land remaining with the Father in case he had need of it and if not then it returned again to the Community for it was not lawfull either to sell or alienate it Proportionably to those Lands which they gave for bearing Mayz they also adjoined others which were dry Lands and did not require Water and yet produced Pulse and other seeds To Noble and great Families such as were those of the Curacas or Lords who had Subjects under them they allotted so much Land as was sufficient to maintain their Wives and Children Concubines and Servants To the Incas of the Bloud Royal the same advantage and benefit was allowed in any part wheresoever they were pleased to fix their aboad and their Lands were to be the best and richest of any And this they were to enjoy over and above the common share and right which they claimed in the Estates of the King and the Sun as Children of the one and Brothers of the other They used to dung their Lands that they might make them fruitfull and it is observable that in all the Valley about Cozco and in the hilly Countries where they sowed Mayz they esteemed the best manure to be Man's Dung and to that end they saved and gathered it with great care and drying it they cast it upon their Land before they sowed their Mayz But in the Countrey of Collao which is above an hundred and fifty Leagues long which by reason of the coldness of the Climate doth not produce Mayz though it bear other sort of Grane there they esteem the Dung of Cattle to be the best manure and improvement By the Sea-coast from below Arequepa as far as Tarapaca which is above two hundred Leagues they use no other Dung but such as comes from the Sea-birds of which there are great numbers and incredible flocks on the Coast of Peru they breed in little Islands which lie in the Sea and are unpeopled where they lay such heaps of Dung that at a distance they seem to be Hills of Snow In the times of the Incas who were Kings great care was taken of these Birds in the season of their Breeding for then on pain of Death no Man was to enter on those Islands left they should disturb the Birds or spoil their Nests nor was it lawfull to take or kill them at any time either off or upon the Island Every Island was by order of the Inca assigned to such and such Provinces and if the Island were very large then two or three of them divided the soilage the which they laid up in separate heaps that so one Province might not encroach on the proportion allotted to the other and when they came to make their Division to particular Persons and Neighbours they then weighed and shared out to every Man the quantity he was to receive and it was felony for any man to take more than what belonged to him or to rob or steal it from the ground of his Neighbour for in regard that every man had as much as was necessary for his own Lands the taking a greater quantity than what belonged to him was judged a Crime and a high offence for that this sort of Birds dung was esteemed pretious being the best improvement and manure for Land in the World. Howsoever in other parts of that Coast and in the Low Countries of Atica Atiquipa Villacori Malla and Chillca and other Vallies they dung their grounds with the Heads of a small fish like our Pilchards and with no other soilage The Natives of these Countries which we have named and others under the same Climate live with great labour and toil where they can neither water their Grounds with streams from the Springs or Fountains nor yet with the Rain or Dews from Heaven For it is a certain truth that for the space of seven hundred Leagues along that Coast it did never rain nor are there in all that tract of Land streams or places for water the whole Countrey being exceedingly hot dry and nothing almost but sand for which reason the Natives endeavouring to moisten their grounds so as to make them capable to yield Mayz they approach as near to the Sea as they are able where they turn aside and cast away the Sand which lies upon the surface and dig down as deep as a Man's Body is in length and sometimes twice as deep untill having passed the Sand they come to such a sort of Earth as is able to bear the weight of Water which places the Spaniards call Hoyas or Vaults and being of different proportions some greater and some lesser some are not capacious enough to receive above half a measure of Seed-corn others again are so large as to receive three or four measures of Seed In these places they neither plow nor reap because they rather set than sow planting their grane of Mayz at an equal distance one from the other and in the holes or furrows which they make they cast three or four grains of Mayz with a sew Pilchards Heads which being all the dung they use
contains about twelve Leagues in compass the Lord of which was by Name Tumpalla one of a proud and haughty Spirit for having neither by himself nor Ancestours acknowledged any Superiour they domineered over their Neighbours and thereby being at discord amongst themselves were the less able to make heâ—d or resistence against the Inca. Moreover this Tumpalla was vitious and luxurious in his Manners and Way of living for he kept many Wives and Boys used after the fashion of Sodomites they sacrificed the Bloud and Hearts of Men to their Gods which were Tigers and Lions and the Fish of that Coast which because they yielded them Food in great abundance were by them as well as by the common Indians adored for Deities These People when they heard the Summons of the Inca were greatly surprised and troubled to which that they might return their Answer Tumpalla assembled the principal Persons of his Island and then with great sorrow declared unto them saying Here now appears at the Gates of our Houses a certain Tyrant who threatens to take from us all our Goods and Estates and to destroy us all unless we readily receive him for our Lord and Master and now in case we should admit him we must renounce our ancient Liberty our Command and Principality which for many Ages hath descended to us from our Ancestours Nor is this all for this Foreigner not trusting to our Words and Fidelity will compell us to labour and erect Towers and Fortresses and having put Garrisons into them will force us to maintain the Charge and Expence that so we may never be in any capacity of recovering our Liberty He will moreover seize upon the best of our Possessions and take from us our Wives and Children and the most beautifull of our Daughters and what is most grievous he will abolish our Laws and ancient Customs and in the place thereof impose new ones upon us making us worship strange Gods and throw down our own with which we have been acquainted and in short live after their manner and pleasure which is the worst of servitudes Which being certainly our Case I leave it to you to consider whether we had not better die than be enslaved desiring you to consult and advise me what course is best to be taken in this exigence The Indians hereupon debating the matter amongst themselves did greatly bewail their own weakness and inability to resist so powerfull a Tyrant and that the correspondence between them and their Neighbours being very ill there was no hopes of making a firm and faithfull Confederacy with them in consideration of which having no prospect of defending themselves and that their resistence would produce nothing but Ruine and Destruction they concluded at last that the less evil was to be chosen which was to submit to the Inca and to make a Vertue of Necessity to dissemble a ready Obedience untill opportunity presented which might acquit them of their servitude On this Resolution Tumpalla did not onely render a very favourable and gentle Answer to the Messengers sent by the Inca but also dispeeded Ambassadours in his own Name and in behalf of all his Dominions to him with presents humbly offering himself and all his People to his Obedience beseeching him to grace that Island and his new Vassals with the favour of his Royal Presence which would be the greatest felicity that they could expect or imagine The Inca gratiously receiving this Address of Tumpalla ordered conveniences to be provided for passing his Army into the Island that he might take possession of the Countrey all which being prepared with great punctuality and in such manner as the shortness of the time would permit though not with such Pomp and Ostentation as Tumpalla did desire the Inca passed into the Island where he was received with Feasting and Dancing and new Songs purposely composed in Praise and Honour of Huayna Capac and his mighty Actions His Lodgings were provided in a new Palace lately built for the Inca was not to sleep in such a Chamber where any other Person had reposed The Inca remaining here for some days employed himself in giving out necessary Orders for the Government by Laws and the Institution of his Religion commanding the Inhabitants thereof and all the Neighbours of the Main Land bordering thereabouts which consisted of divers Nations and Languages that leaving the Worship of their former Gods they should forbear to sacrifice the Bloud or Flesh of Men nor eat it nor commit any other wickedness of this nature but that they should adore the Sun for their universal God and live amongst Mankind with Justice and Reason All which the Inca whose Father was the Sun pronounced as Legislator of that great Empire from whose Words nothing was to be subtracted or diminished upon pain of Death To which Tumpalla and his People answered that they would comply with whatsoever the Inca should please to enjoin them The Solemnity of the Festival being past which was provided for the more decent reception of the Inca the Curacas had time to think upon what they had done and considering more maturely of the rigour of the new Laws imposed upon them and how contrary they were to their ancient Customs and restrictive of those Pastimes and Divertisements they formerly enjoyed they began already to esteem a foreign Subjection grievous unto them and so being desirous to return to their old bestiality the Islanders and their Neighbours conspired together to kill the Inca and all his Army in a treacherous manner when the first occasion should occur To which end they consulted their Gods privately restoring their Idols to some secret and convenient places which that they might reconcile for the late affront offered them for their Revolt and Desertion they sacrificed to them demanding their Counsel and Advice whether the Enterprise they had now designed should be successfull and prosperous or not To this demand the Devil gave them this Answer That they should go on and be prosperous With which these Salvages became so proud and confident that they had immediately proceeded to the Execution of it had they not been dissuaded by their Magicians and Diviners who advised them to have patience for a while for that their Gods were willing to defer the Execution untill a better and more secure opportunity CHAP. V. The Islanders of Puna Massacre the People and Captains of Huaina Capac WHilst Huayna Capac was ordering and disposing Affairs for the better government of this People and reducing them to a more political way of living in the mean time the Curacas were meditating the manner how to execute their Treachery an occasion for which seemed to offer it self at the time when the Inca sending his Captains and Ministers with Commission and Instructions to inform and teach the Nations of the Main-land the Laws Doctrines Customs and Religion of the Incas for he then withdrew his Forces from the Island the Natives readily supplying Boats and Ferries to transport
so soon as the first Salutations and Complements were ended she presently asked whether she had any Work for her or Service to command her for she carrying not her Work with her did seem to intimate that she pretended not to so much familiarity as to come onely for Converse but as an inferiour to demand wherein she might be esteemed usefull in her service The Palla to make a courteous return to this humble proffer would usually give her some of the same work which she or one of her Daughters was then working for to have put any thing else into her hand which her Maids were doing would have equalled her Visitant with them which in this manner was a Complement and a courteous preferring her to some degree of equality with her self and her Daughters Such was the courtesie and obliging carriage of one to the other for it was the design and fashion in that state for the Superiours to carry themselves with an affable and winning behaviour towards their inferiours and for them with all Modesty and Observance to honour and respect their superiour Magistrates and Rulers which was the common practice of all even from the Inca who was King to the meanest Peasant or Shepherd whom they called Llamamichec The Spanish Women which came afterwards to live at Cozco imitated this custome after the manner of the Indian Women carrying always their Work with them whensoever they came to make their Visits and this fashion was in use amongst them to their great commendation untill such time as Francisco Hernandez began his Civil War which as it introduced nothing but Tyranny and Cruelty so it abolished this laudable custome and discountenanced all vertuous and innocent practices I forgot to mention the great care they had in mending their Clothes in case they were broken by any accident as torn by a Nail or burnt with a coal of fire for then they presently derned it up again with their needle made of a Thorn and with thread of the same colour and bringing it again to the Loom they so neatly wove in the Thread that it could not be seen where the rent was made and in this matter they thought they had more wit than the Spaniards and would laugh at the patches they laid on their Clothes The truth is the Web which the Indians wove was different to the fabrick of Cloth which the Spaniards made and would not bear the same sort of mending It is also observable that the Fire-hearths which the Indians used to dress their meat in were a kind of Ovens made of clay bigger or less according to the Wealth or Estate of the Master the Fire vented it self at the mouth of these Ovens and on the top was a place for two or three Dishes in which they set them to stew and was so very a great convenience for their Cookery both in dressing their Meat well and saving their Wood that it seemed the most ingenious of all their contrivances and therefore it was strange that the Spaniards when they came in amongst them should despise and destroy this invention To avoid greater evils the Incas thought fit to permit common Whores to live amongst them but then they were not to remain in the City but in little Huts without in the Fields separate from all society that so by their conversation they might not have opportunity to corrupt other Women the Name they gave them was Pampayruna which signifies both their profession and place of residence Pampa is a Countrey or open place and Runa properly is a Person either Man or Woman so that these two words in composition are as much as one who lives alone in the Fields and as we say a Hedge-whore and that as the Fields are open so is her Body and embraces to receive any one who hath an appetite to come to her The Men treated these Women with all sort of contempt and scorn and the Women were not so much as to name them under penalty of incurring the same title and censure and of having their Heads publickly shorn of being stigmatized for infamous and divorc'd from their Husbands they never called them by other name than that of Pampayruna which is as much as Common Harlot CHAP. XV. The Inca Roca the sixth King subdues many Nations and amongst others the People of Chancas and Hancohuallo THE Father being dead his Son Inca Roca whose Name as Blas Valera says signifies prudent and considerate took upon him the Government binding his Head with the coloured Wreath and having accomplished the Solemnities of his Father's Funeral he made a progress into all parts of his Dominions to visit and settle and order what was there amiss in which Journey he passed the three first years of his Reign And then determining to proceed farther in his Conquests he ordered sufficient force to be levied and therewith passed on the side of Chinchasuyu which lyes Northerly from Cozco He commanded also that a Bridge should be made over the River Apurimac which is in the great Road from the City of Cozco to the King's Town for that he being now King it seemed too low and mean for him to transport his Army over the River on Floats as he had done when he was Prince being more Great and Royal to erect the fix'd convenience of a Bridge which for better uniting a correspondence with the Provinces lately conquered was now become almost necessary The Bridge being finished he departed from Cozco with an Army of twenty thousand Men under the Command of four Major-Generals ordering his Men to March three a-breast over this Bridge which being a new device and not before practised was Recorded to the Honour of his Memory Thence he proceeded to the Vale of Amancay or the Cowslip Vally because of the great quantities of them which grow in those parts this Flower is in the fashion of a Bell and in that Countrey are of a greenish colour smooth without Leaves and for their similitude with the Cowslip the Spaniards gave them that name From Amancay he took to the right hand towards the Mountain Cordillera which overtops the snowy desart and between that and the great Road he met some few people whom he reduced under his Dominion the which were called Tacmara and Quinnualla then he came to Cochacassa where he made some stay and aboad and from thence he proceeded to Curampa and without difficulty subdued that people because they were few in number from Curampa he came to the Province called Antahuaylla which is inhabited on both sides of the way for the space of sixteen or seventeen Leagues by a people both rich and warlike This Nation is called Chanca boasting themselves to be descended from one Leon whom they esteemed and adored for a God and at their great Festivals both before and after they were subdued by the Incas they carried twenty four Pictures in Procession painted after the manner of Hercules with a Lion's skin and a Man's head