generation of the materiall in respect of his crassament or thicke body out of which as out of their proportionable matter the spermatical parts are generated of the efficient and of the forme in respect of the spirits wherewith it is fulfilled I sayed that the seed was called an efficient How seed is both an efficient and materiall cause and formall principle because the efficient and the forme are two actors in respect of their different operations though indeede and trueth they are but one and the same For the forme being diffused through the matter maketh it to be that which it is no other thing and it is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the species or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the act but considerit as it affecteth moueth disposeth and worketh the matter into a proper and conuenient habitation for it selfe and then it carrieth the nature of an efficient The seede in respect of his bodie yssueth onelie from the vessels but in respect of his spirits which wander vp and downe and through all it may be sayde to yssue from all the parts of the body This therefore is the double matter of the seede blood and spirits The Efficients and authors of the seede are onely the Testicles for the power called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The efficient cause of the seede that is of making seede we attribute first of all and originally to the testicles To the spermaticall vessels secondarily per 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is by influence and irradiation from the testicles The last part of the definition designeth the small cause of the seede to wit the generation of a liuing creature and the nourishment of the testicles And thus it appeareth how this definition of seede is accomplished euery way and compleate The finall cause Furthermore seede is of two sorts whatsoeuer the Peripateticks prattle to the contrary one of the male another of the female because in both sexes there are by Nature ordained Seede of two sorts Of the Male. Organs or instruments for the preparing boyling and leading thereof as also the same causes of pleasure and delight in the spending or euacuation But yet the seede of the male is the first principle of generation and more actiue or operatiue the Females the second The Female and lesse operatiue yet they are both fruitfull and powerfull for procreation but neyther of them auaileable without the helpe of the other Hippocrates in his first Booke de Diaeta maketh mention of a double kinde of seed in both Two kinds of seeds in both sexes sexes the one strong hot the other weaker and colder The first he calleth semen masculū or male seede the other semen foeminium or female and foeminine seede out of the diuers mixtion whereof and as they ouercome one another hee thinketh that a male or foemale creature is generated And thus much for the first principle of Generation vvhich is Seede CHAP. III. Of the Mothers Blood the other principle of Generation THE other principle of our Generation is the Mothers Blood to which we What partes are made of this blood ascribe the Faculty of suffering onely and not of dooing that is to say it is onely a principle which is wrought vpon by the seed but itselfe worketh not in the generation of man Of this blood are the Parenchymata of the bowels made as also the flesh of the Muscles with this as well the spermaticall as the fleshy parts are nourished doe encrease Menstruall putgations and attaine their seuerall perfections This bloude wee thinke is of the same nature with that which at certaine times euery moneth is purged out by the wombe in which respect Hippocrates first called it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is the Menstruous or monthly bloode The Nature of this blood entangled in a thousand difficulties we will make plaine by this definition The Menstruous blood is the excrement of the last Aliment of the fleshy parts A definition of the courses which at certaine times and by standing periods is in a moderate quantity purged by the wombe but originally ordained for the Generation and Nourishment of the New creature This definition expresseth six heads concerning the menstruall blood the matter the Efficient cause the vniuersall time the particular time the quantity the wayes of euacuation and the vse which hath the nature of the finall cause The matter of the menstruous blood is the ouer plus of the last Aliment For in the nature of woman there is a superfluity more then she spendeth for many reasons First because her heate is but weake and cannot discusse or euaporate the reliques lifte after the parts are satisfied secondly because of the softnesse and loosenesse of their flesh whence it is that a womans body is scarsely perspirable that is in respect of men they sweate but little Thirdly by reason of their course of life and order of diet For they eate more moist meates they vse bathing oftner they sleepe more and in a word their life is more sedentar◠and idle at least they vse lesse exercise for these reasons a woman among all creatures is followed with these monthly euacuations We call the matter of this bloud an Excrement not that it cannot bee assimulated or is of a hurtfull or noxious quality like an vnprofitable excrement but because the quantitie thereof redoundeth after the flesh of the parts is satiated and filled and is returned into the veines and thence as an excrement vomited out by Nature offended with an vnprofitable burden for there is a satietie euen of that which is good And this is that affluence and refluence Hippocrates speaketh off that tide of the blood sometimes flowing again ebbing sometimes For when the veines strut with fulnesse the hot flesh draweth the bloud vnto it which when that attraction is satisfied and ceased ebbeth againe into the vernes This Hippocrates expounded blood therefore is laudable and Alimentary and as Hippocrates writeth in his first Booke de morbis mulierum floweth out red like the bloud of a sacrifice and soon caketh if the women be sound The veines being fulfilled with these remaynders of the Aliment and burdned with the The efficient cause of the courses wayght of the blood whose quantity onely is offensiue vnto them they solicite Nature to excretion Nature being alwayes vigilant for her own behoofe and a true louer and cherisher of herselfe by the expelling faculty which she hath alwayes at her command driueth out these reliques For as a man that hath lost one or both his legges if hee continue that fulnesse of dyet which hee vsed before is often solicited with a great issue of blood by the siedge because the liuer sanguifieth as much as it was wont which yet there wants one part or more to consume it euen so and after no other manner is this menstruall euacuation accomplished by Nature not being able to dispose of that plenty which by the
spermaticall parts very hardly Secondly in Children and moyst natures all the spermaticall parts euen First Second the bones may reunite by a homogenie meane in those that are growne some parts may but not all veines often arteries more rarely bones neuer In old men there is no hope of coalition in a nerue membrane arterie veine or skinne which is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 none in a gristle broken eaten a sunder torne or dissected which is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 none in a bone broken which is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Thirdly in all ages and sexes euen to the vtmost Third extent of old age all the spermaticall parts will reunite according to the second intention that is by a medium or meane heterogenie or of a diuers kinde which in a bone is called Callus in the rest a Cicatrice or a scarre The confirmation of the first conclusion The truth of the first conclusion is thus confirmed the mutation or change of bloud into flesh is easie and expedite because it is accomplished by a light and almost single and simple alteration For bloud is red hot and moyst so also is flesh redde hot and moyst one thing only is required that the bloud be incrassated there is therfore a fit apt disposition of the matter The Efficient is likewise very strong because fleshy parts are hotter then spermaticall whereupon it commeth to passe that they sodainly reunite sometimes without any meane at all sometimes with a Meane but alwayes of the same kind and homogenie yea oftentimes the flesh groweth so importunately in woundes which wee call hyposarchosis that we are constrayned to inhibite and restrayne the increase with corraside A threefold cause why spermatical parts do not reunite 1 The weaknes of the Efficient Liniments and poulders But on the other side the spermaticall parts doe very hardly reunite according to the first intention because of the weaknes of the Efficient the ineptitude or vnfitnesse of the Matter and the siccitie or drynesse of the parts The Efficient is heate which being weake hath enough to doe to intend conseruation and nutrition and therefore cannot perfectly restore the decayed and vanished substance of the solid parts It is enough sayth Galen in the 59. chapter Artis paruae if it hinder them from being exiccated or dryed vp How shall it then laudably indeuour a new generation when it cannot preserue them in that state in which Nature produced or brought them foorth Haply there will 2 The indisposition of the Matter be a sufficiency of Matter but it cannot flow together ward and at once because the mutation or change of bloud into a bone cannot be accomplished but by long interpolation and many meane alterations first into marrow then into glew and so into seede of red it must become white of moyste it must become drie of liquid it must bee incrassated or thickned in a worde it must alter the temper and all the qualities Wherefore because the aliment doth not flow but by little and little to the nourishment of the bones and the spermaticall parts it commeth to passe that the excrement which resulteth or ariseth out of the nourishment doth interpose it selfe betweene the disioyned parts before the bloud can passe thorough those diuers alterations and so breedeth a Callus There is also another impediment from the neighbouring parts as if they bee fleshy they preuent the c̄oalition by filling vp the vacuitie or empty space The last cause of the difficulty of coalition is the siccity and hardnesse of the spermaticall 3 The hardnes and siccity of the parts parts For those things that are dry are very hardly vnited and the Philosopher in all mixtions requireth some watery moysture that by it as by a glew all the rest may bee vnited The second conclusion is thus strengthned Children because they are not far off from The confirmation of the 2. conclusion the principles of generation haue the Efficient cause very strong and forcible they haue aboundance of naturall heate plenty of spermaticall Matter and that very apt which is sodainly and easily changed because of the softnes and supplenesse of the spermaticall parts In growne men the veines because they are soft and beside at rest from growing and extension are easily glued together but the arteries very hardly as well by reason of their continuall motion which hindereth reunition as also because of the hardnesse of their coates for they are as sayth Herophilus fiue-fould thicker then the veines Some haue Herophilus obserued that many parts albeit they be soft doe neuerthelesse not reunite because of the excellency and necessity of their action for that the creature dyeth before they can be reunited so the flesh of the heart being disseuered is neuer reunited because the man dieth instantly by reason of the interception of a duty or function of absolute necessity for the preseruation of life The third conclusion is so euident of it selfe that it needeth no probation at all for at all times spermaticall parts doe reunite by a heterogenie meane If the skin bee wounded The confirmation of the 3. conclusion there euermore groweth acicatrice or scarre vppon the separation A broken bone is alwayes and at all times souldered with a knotty Callus notwithstanding for further illustration two problemes or difficulties are to be cleered The first why if a bone be caued or hollowed by an vlcer so as there is any losse of the bone the flesh can neuer be generated ouer it For Hippocrates in the 45. Aphorisme of The first probleme the sixt section sayeth All vlcers that are Annual must of necessity loose some part of the bone vnder them and the scarres or Cicatrices become hollow Why doth not the flesh insinuate it selfe into the hollow place of the perished bone Or if there be a Callus generated why is there not also flesh generated about it I answere that flesh cannot bee generated in the The answere to it cauitie of the bone because flesh is not made but of flesh a nerue but of a nerue now the lippes or extreame verges of the cauitie are bony what therefore shall they endeuour to generate Surely either nothing at all or else a bone or a Callus If in the place of that which is lost there be no body substituted then is there no foundation layde whereupon flesh may arise The bone it selfe in dry and hard bodies cannot be regenerated therfore Nature not being able to doe that she would doth that shee can so shee maketh a Callus But what is the reason why no flesh can grow vpon this Callus Because flesh is a liuing Obiection Solution and animated thing and a Callus without life altogether now that which is animated and that which is inanimated that which liueth and that which is dead do differ in the greatest difference that is in the kinde and very forme wherefore the Callus
is absurd that nourishment should be made by force or violence for then it would not endure the nourishment therefore is drawne not driuen Lastly the guttes haue right fibres extended in their length and those we know are onely prepared by Nature where traction is necessarie as being their proper worke But those arguments are so sleight and triuiall as a nouice may see their weaknesse as he Answer to the arguments runnes For first wee may not admit of that paradox which they obtrude concerning the nourishment of the guttes and the stomacke for indeede the stomacke is not nourished by the Chylus but only delighted with his presence otherwise for his nourishment it draweth bloud by the Gastricke and Coronarie veines which also it assimulateth as in due place we shall proue And for the guttes neither are they nourished by the Chylus but by bloud which is brought vnto them by the mesaraick veines the guts therefore draw not the Chylus for their nourishment Whereas they say that the motion of the stomacke driuing out the Chylus is violent I thinke they are farre out of the way it is rather Naturall because it followeth his contraction against which the naturall forme of the Aliment that is his grauitie or waight doth not repugne Lastly we altogether deny that which they affirme concerning right fibres for in either coate of the guts there is onely one kinde of fibres and those circular and if any right Fibres do appeare yet is it not in the small guts which conteine the Chylus but onely in the last which is called the right gut in which the excrements are reserued for immediate euacuation But let vs grant that in both the coates of the guts there are right Fibres yet it followeth not that there is any such drawing faculty as they dreame of for right Fibres are not Right fibres are not onely ordained for traction Galen alwayes ordained for traction And this Galen doth excellently declare in his fourth booke of the vse of parts where he saith That the right gut onely hath right Fibres allowed it not for traction but for preseruation of the transuerse For it was to be feared least the circular Fibres should separate or be drawne asunder vnlesse on the outside they had been strengthned by right as it were by bands or ties so the Coates of the Veines haue right Fibres not for atraction but onely ad 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as wee say that is to hinder an inconuenience So Chyrurgions for the better reteyning in their due place circular bands do strengthen them with right Ties or Deligations And thus much shall be sufficient to haue saide concerning the attraction of the guts QVEST. II. Whether the Guts haue any common Retentiue Facultie THE authorities of Galen aboue alledged do prooue but one facultie of the Concerning the retentiue faculty of the guts Arguments to proue it Galen Auicen Com. ad Aphor. 22. sect 3. ad Aphor. 12. sect 4. ad Aphor. 1. sect 6. ad Sent. 53. sect 3. lib. 3. Epid. also 1. de Criss b. 22. Fer. tract 5. c. 5. guts to wit the Expulsiue yet there are some which striue out of Galen him selfe to prooue common and officiall-Retentiue and Concocting Faculties also Concerning the Retentiue we will first see and then of the other Galen discoursing about the nature and causes of the Lienterie a disease wherein the meat is auoyded whole and vndigested as it was eaten without any notable alteration referres it to the weakenesse of the retentiue vertue not of the proper Aliment that is of bloud but of the Chylus contayned the same also doth Auicen determine Moreouer Galen 3. de symptomat causis sayeth that the concoctiue facultie in Children is stronger but the retentiue and expulsiue weaker because they haue tender bellies or doe oftentimes vnburden nature now those things that are auoyded are contayned in the guts the retentiue facultie therefore of the guttes is the weaker Againe in his booke of experienced medicines he prescribeth stipticke or binding medicaments for the fluxe of the belly to roborate or strengthen the vertue of the guttes and wee in the diarrhoea doe apply outward strengthening and astringent things Adde hereto that most men are somewhat bound rather then soluble the cause of which astriction they referre vnto the strength of the retentiue vertue out of Galens commentarie vppon the xx Galen Aphorisme of the second section Lastly the retention of the Chylus and of the excrement is necessary of the Chylus that the Aliments should not suddenly slip away and wee thereby become slaues to our insatiable throates and paunches of the excrements leaâ—â— we should be constrayned continually and vnseasonably to auoyde them These and such like things they propound to teach that there is some force and power The former arguments answered in the guttes to reteine the Chylus and the excrements which because they seeme to bee very strange and abhorring from the determinations of Galen and the ancient Physitians it shall not be amisse to make interpretation of Galens wordes The Lienterie is a disease Galen expouÌ„ded The nature of the Lientery Galen not of the guttes but of the stomacke and it is a symptome in the ouer hasty egestion or expulsion of meates scarcely at all altered or changed for Galen thus defineth the Lienterie When the meate is auoided by the siedge not at all altered or concocted and therefore they doe ill that call it a leuitie or smoothnesse of the guttes because it may be sometime when they are rough being an affection of the stomacke onely and not of the guts for although they be smooth and slippery yet if the stomacke doe sufficiently boyle the Aliment wee are neuer troubled with the Lienterie because the nature of it consisteth In the priuation of the first concoction which is celebrated in the stomacke and in a heady or sodaine egestion wherefore they conclude amisse that the Lienterie proceedeth from the weaknesse of the retentiue facultie of the guttes for that Galen conceiteth not who discussing the causes thereof referres them to the distemper of the stomacke dissoluing the strength of all his faculties and to a light and superficiall exulceration whereby that commeth to passe in the stomacke prouoked by the Lienterie which hapneth in the bladder through the strangurie It is true that the distemper of the guts do also breed a Lienterie but not at the first hand vnlesse the stomacke also doe sympathize with them or bee drawne into consent by reason of their mutuall society communion and neighbor-hood And whereas Galen writeth that Children are often troubled with vomitings and loosenesse Why Children vomit scoure often hee referres the cause thereof to the weakenesse of their retentiue vertue not of the guttes but of the stomacke for their fibres are softer beside their liquid eiections are caused by their continuall eating and greedy appetites the strength of their naturall heat desiring more then it can conteine
vnprofitable to nourish an Infant The former is begotten by the expression and refluence of the blood from the wombe to the dugges as also by traction this latter onely by the Traction of the proper Aliment the former cannot be generated before true conception because there should be no vse of it before The latter may bee ingendered in growne ripe maydens and well blooded men whose bodies and vessels do abound with laudable iuyces This double kinde of generation of Milke I gather out of Hippocrates his Bookes de natura pueri de glandulis The Nature sayth hee of womens breastes is very rare and spongy and the Aliment which they draw vnto themselues they turne vnto Milke This is Hippocrates the first kinde of generation The other he describeth in the same place The Milke commeth from the wombe to the breasts which after the birth must be the nourishment of the Infant this the Kel presseth out and sendeth vpward being straightned by the growth of the Infant Wherefore the blood is pressed How the milk commeth vnto the breasts and why or strayned and so returneth in women with Child by a wonderfull prouidence of Nature from the wombe to the Pappes and that as soone as the Infant begins to moue After it is brought into the world there is no more expression made but the blood floweth of it owne accord to the Pappes according to his accustomed motion which Hippocrates sheweth in these words in his Booke de natura pueri After a Woman hath borne a childe if shee Hippocrates The first generation of milk also haue giuen sucke before the Milke wil arise into the breastes as soone as the Infant begins to moue so that after the birth it is therefore led vnto the breastes because it was accustomed to bee his course that way all the while the Infant did moue in the mothers wombe Neither doth the blood onely of it owne accord presse vnto the Pappes but they also drawe a greater quantity then is sufficient for their peculiar nourishment Of this Traction there bee diuers causes the Infants sucking the largenesse of the vessels the motion or exercise of the dugs and at length the auoyding of vacuity For when the veines of the breasts are exhausted by the Child 's instant sucking then they draw bloud vnto themselues from euery side Wee conclude therefore that true Milke and perfectly concocted is not generated before conception but that there may be a thinne and raw Milke sometimes made of the reliques of the proper nourishment of the dugs QVEST. XXIIII Wherein certaine Problemes are vnfoulded concerning the generation of Milke COncerning the first generation of Milke there is vpon record a solemne edict of Hippocrates in his Booke de natura pueri As soone as the Infant beginneth to moue the milk giueth warning thereof vnto the mother For the explication of which sentence there are two Problemes to bee discussed The first why at that time the Milke should begin to Why the milk is generated the 3 or 4 moneth be generated The second why the infant should not be nourished out of the wombe with the same wherewith hee was nourished in the Wombe The resolution of the first question will haue some difficult passages in it For seeing that the Milke is onely ordained for nutrition and that therewith the infant in the womb is not nourished but onely after the birth why is the Milke generated before the seauenth month til when there is no vse of it or why doth it not flow from the womb to the brests presently or soone after conception Question Hippocrates Solution as well as in the third and fourth months Hippocrates in the Booke before quoted answereth this Question thus That the infant in the third or fourth month becomming great dooth straine or presse the vessels which are ful of bloode and by this compression there is an expression made vnto the vpper parts This reason is indeede very true but verie subtle and obscure wherefore we wil paine A darke sentence of Hippocrates explained our selues a little to make it manifest In the first months Natures expence of blood is very great First of all because the Parenchymata or substance of the bowels and all the fleshy parts are generated and afterwardes for the nourishment and growth of them all so that there remaineth little or no ouer plus of the Mothers bloode But when the infant beginnes to mooue because there is alreadie a perfect conformation of all partes Nature thereafter onely entendeth nourishment which nourishment requireth but a small quantity Why the blood returneth from the wombe rather to the Dugges then to any other part of Aliment because there is but small and slender exhaustion or expence in the parts and therefore in the veynes of the Wombe there must needes be an ouer-plus of bloode these Veines being pressed by the motion and weyght of the Infant which now is growne great doe driue the blood vnto the vpper parts and rather into the Dugges then into any other as well because of the commodiousnesse and fitnesse of the way as because of the societie and simpathie that is betwixt the wombe and the breasts Add heereto a third cause which also is the finall and that is the wonderfull prouidence of Nature whereby the blood is accustomed by little and little to be transported vnto the place where it shall bee The prouidence of Nature turned vnto Milke and so remaine a plentifull fountaine for the nourishment of the infant after it is borne into the world And that is the reason why women are not so much troubled with bleedings at the nose Why women bleed not at the nose nor are troubled with Haemorhoids and with Haemorrhoides because bloode affecteth the way vnto the wombe to satisfy the ende or intent of Nature which is the generation and nourishment of an infant Giue mee leaue also to giue another reason of this refluence of bloode from the Wombe vnto the Dugges which is That the infant might haue occasion offered it to seeke a way out of the Wombe For if all the blood were still reserued in the vessels of the wombe and no part of it discharged or sent away other whether the Child would neuer striue to come foorth hauing alwayes nourishment enough at hande to content it for Hippocrates Hippocrates The true cause of the trauel saith that the onely cause of the strifte of the Infant in the byrth is the vvant of Nourishment It behooued therefore that in the thirde and fourth Moneths Nature should by degrees transferre the bloode vnto the Dugges to accustome her selfe to leade it thether for the nourishment of the Infant when it is borne as also to defraud the infant nowe becom'd better growne of his nourishment whereby hee might bee prouoked to seeke for it other where Some thinke that the blood returneth vnto the brests after the infant beginnes to mooue to bee kept as
mankinde some there bee that call a woman Animal occasionatum or Accessorium barbarous words to expresse a barbarous conceit as if they should say A A barbarous conceite Creature by the way or made by mischance yea some haue growne to that impudencie that they haue denied a woman to haue a soule as man hath The truth is that as the soule of a woman is the same diuine nature with a mans so is her body a necessary being a first and not a second intention of Nature her proper and absolute worke not her error or preuarication The difference is by the Ancients in few words elegantly set downe when they define a man to be a creature begetting in another a woman a Creature begetting in her selfe The second thing required to perfect generation is the mutuall embracements of these 2. Copulation two sexes which is called Coitus or coition that is going together A principle of Nature whereof nothing but sinne makes vs ashamed Neither are these embracements sufficient vnlesse from either sexe there proccede a third thing by which and out of which a newe man may bee generated The effusion therefore of seeds which are indeede the immediate 3. Emission of seede principles of generation is altogether necessary otherwise it were not a generation but a new Creation These three things therefore must concurre to a perfect generation a distinction of sexes their copulation and an emission of seede from them both CHAP. II. Of the Principles of generation seed the Mothers blood WHatsoeuer is generated saith the Philosopher is begotten out of somwhat and from somvvhat else vvere it as vve said a nevv Creation no Generation Wherfore Two principles of generation the Ancients haue resolued that tvvo principles must concurre to generation Seed the Mothers blood The seed is the principle 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is the efficient or workman which formeth the Creature and ex quo that is the matter whereof the spermatical parts are generated The blood hath onely the Nature of a matter and passiue principle we therefore vse the Schoole words because they most emphatically expresse the thing for out of this bloud the fleshy partes are generated and both the spermaticall and the fleshy are nourished The Nature of both these principles is very obscure which we will endeuour to make plaine on this manner The Seed is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine semen Genitura betweene which Aristotle puts a nice difference but Hippocrates takes them promiscuously for the same And so we wil call it Seed and Geniture which we define A body moyst hot frothy and white consisting of the remainders of the last and perfect nourishment and the spirites mingled therewith laboured and boyled by the vertue of the Testicles and so made fit for the perfect generation of a liuing Creature A perfect definitioÌ„ of seed This definition doth fully and sufficiently expresse all the causes the formall the materiall the efficient and the finall The humidity heate frothinesse and whitenes do make the forme The seed is moist The formall cause Ctesias his error 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is in Power and Consistence and therfore Ctesias Physitian to King Artâ—xerxis was deceiued who thought that the seed of an Elephant was so dry that it wold become like vnto Amber but it is necessary it shold be moyst as wel that it might be moulded by the efficient as also because it must contayne the Idea or specificall forme of all the How moyst particles Hot it is that it might produce those formes for cold entreth not into generation vnlesse it be by accident It is frothy by the permixtion of the spirits and by their motion Why hot Why fâ—othy whence it is that the Poets call Venus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as if shee were made of the froth or foame of the sea and therefore seede when it is auoyded soone looseth his magnitude because the spirits which houed it vp do vanish whereas phlegme and other mucous matters keepe their bulke because they haue little spirites in them It is white because it is boyled in the Testicles and the spermaticall vessels whose inward superficies is white as also because it containeth in it much ayre and spirits and therfore it is but a vaine thing which Herodotus reporteth of the seed of Negroes or Blacke-Moores that it is black The matter of the seede is double the ouerplus of the last nourishment and spirits That The material cause double bloud ouerplus is bloud not altered and whitned in the solid parts as the Antients imagined but red pure and sincere deriued to the Testicles and the preparing vessels from the trunke of the hollow veine through the spermaticall veines And hence it is that those men who Soranus Why kinsmen are called consanguinei are very immoderate in the vse of Venus auoyde sometimes bloody seede yea nowe and then pure blood Of this minde also is Soranus and therefore it is sayeth he that the AntieÌ„ts called those that were of a kindred Consanguineos i. of the same bloud because the seed is made of bloud which phrase we also at this day retayne The other matter of the seede is that which maketh it fruitfull to wit those Spirites which wander about the body these And spirits potentially conteine the Idea or forme of the particular parts for they are ayrie and moyst easily taking any impression and passe through the spermaticall arteries to the mazey vessels of the Parastatae and the Testicles There they are exquisitly minglled with the bloud and of two is made one body like as of that admirable complication of the spermaticall veine and arterie is made one vessell This double matter of the seede Hippocrates expresseth by the names of fire and water Hippocrates How seed is firie How watry for so he sayth sometimes that the seed is fire sometimes he calleth it water It is firie by reason of the spirites which haue in them an impetuous violence or nimble agility whence also it is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 semen turgens swelling seede In respect of the blood which is the corpulency or bulke thereof it is called aqueum watery Both these Hippocrates in his Booke de diaeta in one sentence legantly expresseth where he sayth The Soule creepeth into man being made of a mixture of fire and water By the Soule he meaneth the Seed which A hard place of Hippocrates explained therefore in other places he calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is Animated by Fire hee meaneth the spirits and the in-bred heat which is commonly called Innatum calidum by Water he meaneth the Alimentary moysture which is bloud The fire sayeth hee moueth all things through and through the water nourisheth all things through and through In respect therefore of this double matter the seede carrieth the nature of both the principles of
concocted seede falleth from the Brayn and the spinall marrow This also may be confirmed by some sleight reasons In coition the Brayne is most chiefly affected then the spinall marrow and the veines Reasons to confirme this opinion Hippocrates and oftetimes as Hippocrates obserueth in his Books Epidemiωn and Lib. de internis affectibus vppon the immoderate vse of Venus there followeth Tabes dorsalis a consumption of the marrow of the backe Albertus Magnus maketh mention of a petulant lasciuious Stage-player whose head A story out of Albertus mag when he was dead was opened and there was found but a little part of his Brayne left the rest forsooth was consumed vpon harlots Adde hereto that vpon immoderate vse of women followeth baldnesse now baldnes we know commeth from the want of a hot and fatty moysture which kinde of moysture is spent in coition And Aristotle saith that no man growes bald before he haue knowne the vse of Venus This was often cast in Caesars teeth when he triumphed ouer the Galles Citizens keepe vp your wiues for wee bring home a bald Caesars disgrace Leacher And these are the authorities histories and reasons whereby some are perswaded to thinke that the seed floweth from the head vnto the testicles concerning this matter we will be bold to speake freely I confesse that Hippocrates had a most happy and diuine wit which as sayeth Macrobius would neuer deceiue any man nor could it selfe be deceiued Yet herein hee hath neede to be Hippocrates commendations excused and no maruell for in his age the Art of dissection was but rude scarcely knowne to any man and therefore it is that many of his sayings concerning Anatomy wee cannot His age rude in Anatomicall dissections either vnderstand or giue consent vnto Sure we are that there are no manifest or conspicuous passages as yet found from the Brayn and Spinall marrow to the Testicles vnlesse haply some small nerues which carry onely spirites but are not capable of seede neyther yet doe we finde any braunches deriued to the Testicles from the externall iugular veines vnlesse as all the veines of the body are continued one with another wee therefore cannot conceiue how thick and well laboured seed should passe into the Testicles from those veins which run behind the eares The Story of the Scythians which they obiect who grewe barren vppon the cutting of How the ScythiaÌ„s become barren the veines behinde their eares is of no force for they vnderstand not aright the cause of that barrennesse Some think that the Cicatrice or scar which grewe vppon the wound did shutte vppe the wayes of the seede Auicen thinketh that it came to passe because the descent of the Animall spirit was intercepted others think that the arteries were cut and so the passage of the vitall spirit hindered but these are fond assertions and sauour little of any knowledge in Anatomy for these veines and arteries which appeare behinde the eares are externall vessels There are farre larger vesselles internal which runne into the Brayne through the holes of the skull by which as by riuerets the brayne is wâ—tered and by which rather then by these outward which touch not the brayn at all the seede should fall from the head But let vs grant that the seede falleth through these outward veines shall we thinke that a scarre will hinder the passage or interclude the wayes of the seede and the spirites by no meanes For if thicke bloud floweth and returneth through these vesselles notwithstanding those hinderances why should not the seed passe also which is full fraught with spirits and will passe through insensible pores VVee must therefore enquire further 3. Causes of their barrennes out of Hippocrates for the cause of this sterility or barrennesse and not impute it to the interception of the wayes I finde in Hippocrates three causes of this their sterility their much riding their sciatica payne and the too great effusion of bloud vpon the cutting of those veines Continuall riding weakneth the strength of the loynes the kidneis and the spermatick parts now the Scithians did vse to ride perpetually and without stirrups That much riding may bee a cause of barrennesse Hippocrates sheweth in the place before Much riding may cause barrennes quoted where hee sayeth Amongest the Scythians the richest and most noble weere most of all others thus affected the poorer sorte least of all for the noble spirites because they vsed to ride much incurred these mischiefes whereas the poorer sorte went on foot From their frequent riding proceeded also their hip-gouts which is the second cause of sterility For nothing so much infirmeth and weakneth the body and to weaknes addeth the corruption So may paine of the humors as payne This payne that they might mittigate they cut the veines behinde their eares out of which issued great aboundance of bloud And hence came the third cause of their sterilitie for by the losse of much blood which is the very treasure of Nature theyr Braynes weere ouer cooled Nowe the Brayne is a principall part into consent wherewith the Heart and the Liuer were eftsoones drawne and hence came it to passe that their Seede was waterish And large effusion of bloud barren and vnfruitfull For the principall partes are all of them knitte and tyed together in so great and in so strayght bandes of conspiration that but one of them fayling or faltering both the other are sodainly deaded or be-numbed all their vigor and strength quite abated That their Braynes were refrigerated by the immoderate effusion of bloud Hippocrates Hippocrates playnely declareth in these wordes When the disease beginnes to take hould of them they cut both the veines which are behinde their eares And presently after abundance of bloode yssuing foorth they fall asleepe for meere weakenesse by which it appeareth that the cause of their barrennesse was not the closing vp of the passages but their inordinate riding the paine of the Sciatica and the refrigeration of the braine by the immoderate effusion or expence of blood and so consequently of spirits That which they obiect concerning the Macrocephali doth indeede proue that the sormatiue Faculty yssueth from the braine vnto the Testicles but it dooth not prooue that The obiectioÌ„ of the Macrocephali answered white and perfect seede descendeth thither from thence And whereas in coition the braine and the spinall marrow are especially affected that commeth to passe say we because their soft substance is soonest exhausted and doth lesse why the brain is most affected in coition resist the traction of the Testicles Add heereto that the braine is the last part wherein the traction of the Testicles doth rest and determine Galen in the third Chapter of his second Booke de Semine writeth that Empedocles doth not thinke that the seed fell from the whol body but half of it from one parent halfe from Empedocles opinion the other the
ebullition but they doe infect Answered the humors with that quality which they acquire from the impurity of the meÌ„struall bloud which humors boiling and being offensiue to nature are thrust out into the skin insomuch as the parts themselues are purged by that working which is in the blood So musty vessels saith Auenzoar do infect the wine conteined in them but if the wine do worke in a musty vessell then it becommeth sweete euer after The fifte reason is if the poxe do arise out of the impurity of the Menstruall bloode why then are not women ouer taken with the pox when their courses are stopped We answer Fift Answered that the blood so suppressed is onely in the veins and is not sprinkled through the substance of the parts and therefore doth not setâ—le that malignant quality in the solid parts Their sixt reason Why are not brute beasts which are full of blood and haue those monethly euacuations the matter you say of the poxe and a working heate beside why haue Sixt Answered not such beasts the pox also Haply because they vse a drier kinde of nourishment and beside lead their whol life in labor and exercise whence it is that the reliques of their impure blood are spent and euaporated But a man in his tender infancy sucke aboundantly and after he is wayned neuer ceaseth eating and beside the first seauen yeares of his age hee spendeth in great idlenesse Finally seeing the fault of the Mothers blood hath continued euer since the beginning Seauenth of the world so that this disease should haue beene the most anncient of all others howe commeth it to passe that neither Hippocrates nor Galen nor any of the Graecians did euer make any mention thereof insomuch that it seemeth to be a new disease knowne onelie to the Moores It is not likely therefore that it proceedeth from the impurity of the Mothers blood But we say that it is very likely that the disease was of old time but because men were more continent and liued in better order then now they do it was not so ordinary in the former Answered times as now it is Hippoc. in his Books Epidemiωn doth often make mention of red round small Pustules which he calleth Exanthemata and Aetius in his 14. Book saith that children had certaine Pustules or whelkes which brake out all ouer their bodies I do not therefore thinke that this disease was altogether vnknowne to the Grecians but haply not so acurately described because in those dayes by reason of their good dyet the symptoms or accidents of the disease were not so dangerous So euen at this day we haue knowne many full of the poxe without either Ague or vomiting or any notable disease at all and children oftentimes haue them and know not of it till they be gone They which referre the cause of the poxe to the malignant disposition of the aer are in Fernelius his opinion confuted my opinion fat wide for then we must needs acknowledge that the aer is alwaies infected because we see Children haue them at all times and seasons and euery year Neyther then would the disease haunt children onely but olde folke also as the plague dooth neither would it happen onely once in a mans life but as often as the aer is so affected as it dooth in the plague and other Epidemiall and pestilent diseases which come from the aer Mercurialis that learned man in an elegant Booke hee set out concerning the diseases of Mercurialis his opinion children resolueth many and those very obscure problemes of the nature causes of these small pox but endeauouring to establish a new and vnheard of cause of them he seemeth to be mistaken His opinion is that the pox is a new disease vnknowne altogether to the Grecians and that it spring first of all from the ill disposition of the heauens and the aer and raged almost vpon all men who afterward being themselues tainted conferred the succession of the disease vpon their posterities For as a gowty Father begetteth a gowty child and a leprous father a leprous childe an Epilepticall father an Epilepticall childe why also should not a father infected with this poisonous disease communicate the same disposition to his child These things may seeme to some very probable but if we looke more narrowly into them they will scarse hold water as we say For to knit vp all in few words Hereditary diseases are not communicated from the Father or Mother to the childe but by seede These seeds containe in them potentially the Idea The first Reason Formes and Proprieties of all the partes So the seede of an arthriticall or calculous Father hath in it the disposition of the gowt or the stone wherfore that disposition of the pox must remaine in the solid parts of the parent But in those who haue had the poxe and are perfectly recouerd of them there remaineth no corruption nor any such disposition as being wholly euacuated by criticall excretion and eruption of the postles otherwise out of doubt the disease would againe returne How therefore shall they communicate vnto their children that poysonous disposition which now they themselues haue not in their solid parts Neither are all diseases hereditary but those onely which are in beeing in a mans What diseases are hereditary body and therefore putrid Agues and such other diseases as happen by accident are not communicated to the children Now at that time when this disease first began to rage it must needs be granted that it was as we say in Schooles Morbus Fiens that is a disease not Morbus Fiens subsisting but breeding hauing his hearth or seate in the corruption of the humours and therefore it could not be communicated to the children Add hereto that if these things were so it would follow that as we are all once in our liues troubled with the pox so wee should once in our liues be troubled with the plague For the time hath beene vvhen the The second plague raged so fierce that few men escaped it As is the poxe so is the plague a common disease contracted from the fault and impurity of the aer why then should not our parents leaue vs also that vnwelcome inheritance as well as they do the pox We conclude therefore with the Arabians that the cause of the poxe is the impurity of the Mothers blood wherewith the infant is nourished which impurity it acquireth as well The conclusion with the Arabians by his stay in the body beyond the limited time as also from the permixtion of the humors which fall into the womb as vnto the sinke of the body QVEST. X. Of the causes of the periodicall euacuation of the Menstrua ALl men know that the Menstruall blood is purged through the wombe by certaine standing and limited circuites and Courses but the causes of this returne is a very hard thing to finde out
life and sense but as being the fountaine of the Vitall Faculty and spirit the place and nourishment of naturall heat wherby the naturall heate of all the parts is preserued and by his influence repaired the seate of the Irascible or angry parts of the soule the root of the Arteries and Author of the Pulse It is called Coracurrendo because it seemeth continually to run for that it is continually Naâ—â—es mooued The Greekes call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 either of a worde which signifieth to beate or pante which is 〈◊〉 proper word for the beating of the heart or from a word which signifieth a Bakers moulding-boord because in it the Alimentary blood is as it were kneded wrought moulded and driuen out into thinnesse till it turne into a vitall spirite or finally from a word which signifieth principality because it is a principall part as well as the braine yet so The necessity of the Heart that as the Braine is of greater dignity so the heart is of greater necessity for the least hurt of this most what causeth death and Galen saith that death neuer happeneth but when the heart is immoderately distempered Whereupon also Aristotle saith There was neuer any creature seene without a heart because without it there can bee no Originall at all of heate It is scituated in the midst of the cauity of the chest in a Noble place as it were a Prince and after the manner of those which being but one do occupie the middest as well for security as that the body may be equally ballanced At the fift rib it is embraced by the lobes of the Lungs as it were with fingers Tab 3 N O P Q. Tab. 9. fig. 1 and 2. Table 10 fig. 1 and 2 round about that equally out of all the Lungs it might draw breath by the venall arterie and might againe deliuer ouer and diffuse blood by the arteriall veine and life and heat by the great Artery to all the outward parts it is locked vp in his owne Capcase Tab. 9. fig 1 D E F. Fig. 2 B D but so that the Basis resteth exactly in the middest whether we regard the right hand or the left the fore-part or the back the vpper or the lower but the point tab 9. fig. 2 E reacheth to the left hand yet forward as farre as the left Nipple so that in a liuing man it looketh directly forwarde with a kinde of strutting position to the Gristles of the sixt and seuenth ribs of the left side where they are ioyned to the brestbone that it may the better warme the forepart against which we moue And truly it behooued that it should encline to one side that it might giue way to the Midriffe and so neither of their motions Why it ought to encline to one side which are both perpetuall should be hindred but not vnto the right side for that the hollow veine takes vp as he ascendeth thorough the chest happely also Nature was heere of Aristotles minde in the fourth chapter of his third Booke de partibus Animalium for he was often of hers that the lefte side was the colder and therefore she placed this hot part in it for on the right are the hollow veine and the Non-paril which heate it sufficiently and so Why to the left both sides are prouided of heate and strength alike Notwithstanding the common people are deceyued who thinke it lyeth wholy on the left side because the motion and pulsation is most felt on that side when indeede it lyeth in the very middest as in the more Noble The common error of the multitude place but the left ventricle which is the Store-house of spirites and the great arterie vvere the cause of their error as Galen saith in the second chapter of his sixt Book de vsu partium Add heereto that in dead carkasses it is drawn somewhat to the left side partly by his own waight partly by the waight of the great artery which is fastned vnto it It is tied by the mediation of the Pericardium or purse to the Mediastinum Tab. 9. fig. 1. from F to G His connexioÌ„ and to the Midriffe as also by his vessels to other parts For Galen saith that principals in somâ—things are to be tied together and communicate one with another otherwise it is loose that it may mooue the more freely The Figure of it as Hippocrates saith in his Booke de Corde is Pyramidal expressed so in His Figure the Tab. 9. fig. 2 or rather turbinated and somewhat answering to the proportion of a Pine Kernell because a man is broad and short chested For the Basis aboue Tab. 9. fig 2 C D is large and circular but not exactly round and after it by degrees endeth Tab. 9 figu 2 I in a cone or dull and blunt round point for such a figure was fittest for his function beecause length maketh much for traction or drawing roundnes for amplitude strength so in great dilatations it is sphericall that it might hold more and in his contractions long and as it were Pyramidall especially in bruite beasts His superiour part which is called the Basis the head and the roote Tab. 9. fig 2 C D is The names of the Basis broader because of the vessels which in that place haue ingate and outgate haply also beecause of his motion that in this broad Basis the excauations or cauities might be the larger that when it is contracted both kindes of Blood arteriall and venall might haue place and room to retire to and not be too vehemently wrought or pent vp in too straight a room lest it should violate the continuity of his substance or of the fibres therein His lower part is called the vertex or top Mucro or point the Cone the heighth of the heart Hippocrates calleth it the taile Tab. 4. figure 2 E which Galen saith in the seauenth chapter of his 6. Booke de vsu partium is the basest part as the Basis is the noblest Before The names of the Lower end the heart is gibbous or bunching behinde hollow and in the sides prominent The Superficies or surface of it is smooth and pollished all ouer vvere it not that in some places the Fat in other the Coronarie vesselles strutting with bloode did make it vnâ—â—â—all His quantity or magnitude is not alike in all in a man proportionably as also the brain and the Liuer greater then in other creatures being as long as the bredth of sixe Fingers His quantitie or magnitude four broad and so many high But in fearfull creatures as the hare Hinde asse and such like it is proportionably very great for the heat when it hath too much scope or roomth sayth Aristotle is easily dissipated and vanisheth Table 9 figure 1. sheweth the heart included within his purse or Pericardium together with the Lungs and a part of the Medriffe Figure second sheweth the Pericardium opened and so the
ventricle table 10. figure 3. HH is made iust in the middest of the heart if you The left ventricle take away that part which made the right you shall better perceiue it It is narrower then the former because it is made to contayne a lesse quantity of matter and his cauity is rounder and goeth sayth Galen in the first chapter of his 7. booke de Anatom Administ though Vesalius be of another minde as we haue sayed vnto the verie end of the cone His flesh or The reason of his thicknes wall is thrice so thicke table 10. fig. 8. RQ as that of the other as well because of the smalnesse of his cauity which must needs leaue the sides thicker as also for that it preserueth the in-bred heate it is also harder and more solide to keepe in the vitall spirits that they do not exhale or vapour out and to poyse the body the thicknes of this and subtilitie of the contents answering to the largenes of the other and thicknes of his contents that so the hart might not incline too much on either side In this the vitall spirites are laboured and contayned The poyse of the heart together with the arteriall bloud wherefore Galen in the 7. and 11. chapters of his sixt booke de vsu partium and Russus call it the spirituall others the spongie ayry and arteriall ventricle For in the cauity of this ventricle the vitall spirits are laboured and from hence by the What is contained in it arteries are distributed through the whole body to cherish the in-bred heat of the parts to reuiue it when it growes dull or drowsie and to restore it when it is consumed The matter of this spirite sayeth Galen is double ayrie and bloudy mingled together The matter of the vital spirit The ayre drawn in by the mouth and the nose prepared in the Lungs is carried through the venall artery into the left ventricle whilest the heart is dilated And the bloud attenuated and concocted in the right ventricle is partly distributed into the Lungs by the arterial veine for their nourishment partly is drawne by the left ventricle through his wall and retayned by an in-bred propriety which being mingled with the ayre is absolued and perfected by the proper vertue of the heart his in-bred spirit heate and perpetuall motion and so putteth on the forme of a spirit which is continually nourished by the arteriall bloud This bloud thus fraught with spirits in the contraction of the heart is powred out into the great artery to sustayne the life of the whole body for all life is from the heart and the vitall spirite The inward face of both the ventricles is vnequall and rugged that the substances which The inward superficies of the ventricles come into the heart should not slippe out before they are perfected for which purpose also the values doe stand in great stead That inequality commeth partly by reason of many small dennes which are more notable Whence the inequality is in the left ventricle wherefore Hippocrates in his booke de Corde sayeth it is more broken and abrupt then the right because here Nature hid the diuine fire which the Poets feyne Prometheus stole from heauen to giue life vnto man and Hippocrates because of the great heat of this place thought it to be the seate of the Soule partly because there are Prometheus fire certaine small fleshy particles table 10. figure 5. OO figure 6. L figure HH figure 8. M table 12. fig. 2. sâ— which about the cone of the heart appeare small slender to which the neruous fibres of the values table 10. figure 7. GG figure 8. L called by Galen in the 8. Chapter of his â— Booke de vsu partium and by Archangelus the ligaments of the heart do grow These ventricles are diuided by a wall or partition table 10. figure 3. H figure 6. HH figure The wall of the ventricles 7. â— figure X. R least the contents should bee mingled and shufled together which on the right side beareth out as we sayed and is gibbous on the left concaue and hollow and is of the same thicknesse with the left side of the left ventricle as if the heart were only made for the left ventricles sake This wall is also full of holes and small trenches it may be Aristotle therefore called it â— third ventricle that in them the bloud might be wrought into a further thinnesse porous also it is especially on the right side that the bloud might more freely passe out of the right â—nto the left side for the generation of vital spirits which Galen insinuateth in these words in the 15. Chapter of his third booke de Naturalibus facultatibus Out of the right ciuity that which is thinnest is drawne by the pores of the wall whose vtmost ends a man can scarce discerne because in dead bodies all such passages fall together That the bloud is carried by these passages it appeareth because nature neuer endeuoured any thing rashly or in veine but there are many trenches as it were and deep caues in the partition which haue narrow determinations Thus far Galen These breathing passages are most conspicuous in an Oxe heart after it is long sodden How best discerned But there are some as Varolius Columbus and Vlmus who deny that there is any such passage and wil that the bloud should be carried by the arteriall veine out of the right ventricle The opinion of some learned men into the Lungs part of which to remayne for their nourishment and the remaydâ—â—â— to be conuayed after some alteration in the Lungs mingled with the ayre which is drawne by the breath through the venall artery into the left ventricle of the heart for the nourishment and generation of the vitall bloud and spirits But wee will leaue this subtle question to Philosophers for vs it shall bee sufficient to haue made this mention of both waies by which it may passe leauing the Controuersie to farther disquisition At the Basis of the heart on either side hangeth an appendixe Table 9. figure 2. â—â— â—â— 10. figure 3. BE which is called the Eare not from any profite action or vse it hath sayeth The deafeeares Galen in the fifteenth Chapter of his sixt Booke de vsu partium and therefore wee in English call it commonly the deafe-eare but for the similitude for it hath a long Basis and endeth in an obtuse or blunt cone or poynt These are placed about the ventricles before the orifices or entrances of the vessels Their scituation The right which carry matter into the heart The right Table 9. figure 2. 1table 10. figure 1 B fig. 3. 2 which is placed neare table 10. figure 3. A the hollow veine is the larger and maketh as it weere a common body together with the veine and his cone or poynt looketh vpward But the left Table 10. figure 2 F figure 3. E placed
of the hollow veine powre out bloud into the right ventricle of the heart for that as Galen sayth in the 15. Chapter of his 6. Booke de vsu partium the Lungs in an Infant are redde dense and immouable and are nourished with thick and grosse bloud Secondly the membranes placed in the orifice of the great artery which hee calleth not well three-forked for the values of the hollow veine and the venall artery one are three forked the rest are semicircular he doth not imagine are made to that end that they should prohibit bloud for going out of the great artery into the hart because while the Infant was in the wombe they hindered not the arteriall bloud from entring into the left ventricle of the heart But here Vlmus offendeth at the stone at which he stumbled before for nothing Nothing goeth into the Infants heart out of any of the vessels floweth into the ventricles of the Infants heart by his foure orifices Not bloud by the hollow veine for what need is there of his attenuation when the Infants Lungs are nourished with thick bloud Not ayre by the venall artery for the Infant breatheth not in the womb Not arteriall bloud by the Aorta or great artery for this labor were vaine because in a moment it should bee thrust backe into the same Aorta againe adde to this that there should haue beene no neede of that arteriall canale or pipe going from the great artery to the arteriall veine vnknowne to thee Vlmus as I see and almost to all Anatomists Thirdly whilest Vlmus assenteth to Botallus and fashioneth to himselfe a peculiar vse of that hole or passage he walloweth in the same puddle with him and deserueth the same reproofe Botallus had In confuting of Columbus he is most subtile at length he bringeth Vlmus opiniō to the birth his witty conceite which he trauelled with and after many sharpe throws and pinches is deliuered of it To wit that in the spleene the arteriall bloud is prepared because the spleene is made as it were of a woofe and web of veines and arteries inexplicably wouen How it cannot be true together that when it is so prepared it is sucked away by the arteries and carried into the trunk of the great artery and so into the left ventricle of the heart but there be indeed many obstacles which will hinder this ready passage if wee will but stay a while and follow the streame a little First of all in the orifice of the great artery there are three membranes shut without against it so that by them the arteriall bloud cannot passe This our very eies teach vs and beside our great Dictator in his Booke de Corde hath in direct wordes deliuered the same Vlmus I know also will deny this vse of the values and yet I know also hee will not say that Nature formed them in vaine I say then that if they doe not altogether interclude or hinder the egresse and regresse of the bloud yet as he himselfe is constrayned to confesse they break and stay the aboundant and violent influence of the same which if they doe then cannot the whole matter of the vitall spirits bee brought from the spleene by the great artery vnto the left ventricle of the heart because seeing the generation of the spirits must bee sudden and aboundant their matter also had neede to bee ministred with a full streame and not drop or sipe by degrees into the heart Furthermore in the structure of the heart there is one point of Natures excellent worke-manship that draweth by one vessell and expelleth by another It draweth blood by the Hollow-veine the same it expelleth by the Arteriall veine it draweth aire hy the venall artery which it mingleth with the blood and expelleth the vitall spirit into the great artery but if by the great arterie it should draw the matter of the spirites and almost in the same moment shoulde expell the spirit into the same great artery againe there would be a mixture of those iuices and in the arteries would there also be perpetually two contrary motions one of the bloode ascending from the spleene to the heart another of the arteriall bloode descending from the heart to the spleene which as we admit may be sometimes in criticall euacuations in notable Maister-prises of Nature so we deny it to be perpetuall but the generation of spirits is perpetuall Vlmus will obiect that the venall Arterie leadeth aire vnto the heart and shutteth also out into the Lungs smokie vapours together with some portion of bloode but we will answere Obiection that there is not the like reason of aire and of blood Aire by reason of his subtilitie Answere and finenesse can passe through the blood and the coats which blood cannot do Moreouer if the Arteriall blood be prepared in the Spleene and not in the right ventricle of the heart as Galen thought why doth the Hollow veine open into the heart with so wide a mouth Was it onely for nourishment of the Lungs No verily for the orifice An argument of the Hollow veine is much larger then the orifice of the arteriall veine as Galen saith in his 3. booke and 15. chapter De facultate Natural was it for the nourishment of the heart Nothing lesse For the heart hath a peculiar veine called the Crowne veine by which it is nourished therefore that patent orifice of the Hollow veine at the right ventricle of the heart was ordained to cast in the seede of the spirites into the wombe of the heart where they are forced and sent out into the little world of the bodye Finally from hence I gather that the Spleene was not ordained for the preparation of the Vitall spirites because why thesplene cannot prepare the blood for the heart the Spleene is very subiect to obstructions not by reason of his vessels which are very ample and large nor by reason of his Parenchyma or flesh which is rare and spongie and therefore by reason of the foeculent and muddie humour conteined in it but how shall it serue for the expurgation of the drosse and the bloode and for the preparation also of the same blood Wee therefore conclude that the bloode is prepared in the right Ventricle of The conclusiō the Heart and thence is deriued into the left by the holes and nooks of the partition wal QVEST. VII Whether the Matter and Quitture of those that are called Empyici maybe purged by the left Ventricle of the Heart and the Arteries and how it is purged by the Vrine by the Seidge and by Apostemation THis Question hath wrung the wittes of many Schollers a long time notwithstanding according to the meane modele of our wit we will heere if Who be Empyici it may be vntie that knot Wee call those Empyici with Hippocrates who haue an impostume as we call it or a bladder broken in the side or the Lungs the matter of which
is of opinion that the Aristotle braine is altogether without bloud that we finde false by manifest experience neither contayneth any veine within it but that onely the Meniux about it hath veines Vesalius leaneth Vesalius too neare vnto him for these are his wordes The substance of the Braine and After-braine is neuer found with any veines therein although you shall find in those that die mad or phreneticall and such as are hanged certaine red and bloudy specks or spots but these spottes carry no resemblance of a veine at all Notwithstanding though these two great Clarkes the one the Genius of Nature and the very President of her priuy Councell and the other the Eye of Anatomie haue thus resolued vpon the case I presume there is something Commendation of Hip. in that Hippocrates hath so particularly related whose vse is not so peremptorily to seduce his Reader but I leaue the disquisition to those whose meanes and oportunities are fit for such priuy searches onely adding this one thing which I confidently auouch that the onely writings of Hippocrates after so many ages and Commentaries past haue in these dayes led the diligent and studious Readers into the knowledge of more mysteries of our Art then all the writers in the world beside for he alone is a boundlesse and bottomles ocean of Physicke we returne to our history If you lightly with your fingers deuide the sides of the braine till you come to a veine The corpus Callosum of a notable bignesse running through his length and sprinckling branches on either hand into the braine there will offer it selfe vnto your view a body placed exactly in the middest of the braine Table 9. fig. 3. L M gibbous or rising somewhat round Table 9. figure 2. L in which sayeth Archangelus the two first ventricles are excauated long narrow smooth and Archangelus equall whiter also then the vpper part as being made of the marrow or inward substance which because it is harder and somewhat like a callus or hardnesse of the skinne gotten by labour but much whiter is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by Galen in the 9. Booke of his Anatomicall Administrations and the third Chapter that is A callous body It is a part continued with the braine wherefore at the sides thereof in his length two Sinus or ventricles Table 9. fig. 3. at â— are hollowed in the marrow of the braine like deep lines or hollow pipes which are esteemed to receiue the defluxion of rheume or phlegme out of the vpper partes of the The vse of it braine and to send it forward by the gibbous superficies of the callous body vnto the nose But the vse of the callous body vndoubtedly is by his vpper part to sustaine the waight of the braine which lieth vpon it and that by his mediation both the parts of the brain might be conioyned as also to make a distinction or hedge which they call septum Table 10. fig. â— â—â— holdeth vp YY XX and XY lift vp S T V least A A A in the sixt figure should presse H I in the same fig or H in the 7 and 8. figures of the 11. Table which separateth the two ventricles which partition it also sustaineth lifteth vp the arch called Fornix least falling downe it should compresse the third ventricle In this place sayth Bauhine in the yeare 1582. I found a scirrhus or hard tumor in the noble A story out of Bauhine Baron Bonacurtius who lay a long time in a manner Apoplecticall or astonished when we opened his head after his death When we haue cut away the substance of the braine on either hand as deepe as vnto the Callous body before we lift it vp we must mark the septuÌ„ or partition of the two first ventricles This septum or partition table 10. fig. 5. at RRR reflected backeward in the vpper part groweth to the Callous body and is perfectly vnited thereto wherefore Vesalius calleth it The septum lucidum the inner or lower superficies of that callous body but below it groweth to the place of the Arch or Fornix so that it standeth in the middest between the callous body and the Arch. This septum before it be stretched is loose rugous and doeth not shine neither can you perceiue how it is continued with those bodies of the Callus and the Arch but drawe it vp so high till it be streatched and take heed it breake not for it is but thinne and then if you put a waxe candle to one side of it you shall perceiue the brightnesse of the light through Diuersly compared it as if it were through a glasse Vesalius compares it to the host in the Masse which being a thinne wafer and a little wet you may see a dull light through it or say it is like a sliuer of the Muscouy glasse whereof we vse to make Lanthorns or the horne of a lanthorn it selfe Whereupon Columbus Archangelus and Laurentius haue called it speculum speculum lucidum The names of it septum lucidum and lopis specularis the Looking-glasse Galen giueth it a name from his vse in his 9. Book Anatomicis Aministrationibus the first the third and the fourth chapters calling it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The partition of the foremost ventricles because the inner lips of the ventricles are hereby distinguished wherefore you cannot aright perceiue it vnlesse both the ventricles be layd open and if it be neuer so little too much stretched it easily breaketh because it is so very thinne and subtile yet cannot it not be manifestly seene vnlesse it be lifted vp An Anatomist therefore in these curious thinges had neede to haue a fine and a dainty hand and at command This partition is of the same substance sayth Galen in the book before named and the third Chapter and after him Vesalius with the braine but thinner and The substaÌ„ce of it Galen Vesalius Columbus Archangelus in respect of his tenuity as it were the substance of the braine drawne out into a membrane Columbus and Archangelus thinke it is nothing else then the pia mater in this place duplicated but Laurentius and Bauhine agree with Galen Yet though it bee thinne it is not simple and it hath in the middest a little rising like a line Table 10. figure 5. Y which line bearing downward is by degrees lessened and becommeth the partition of the ventricles tab 10 fig. 5. the lower part of the septum at x x the vpper at Y. These ventricles beeing taken away to the middest of their substance wee meete with foure swelling particles two before about which is the Basis of the ventricles two on the backeside making the Arch or Fornix of which wee will entreate in the next Chapter CHAP. XI Of the ventricles of the Braine the Arch and the Plexus Choroides ALthough the Cauity which is in the Brain be continuated quite through yet because according to
cristalline is nourished indeede ought it least it should haue infected the Cristalline with a redde colour which woulde haue bene a great hindrance to the sight for it behoued aboue al things that the cristalline should be free from all colour because it was to receiue all Wherefore it was necessary that his Aliment should be prepared and not conueyed vnto him before it were fitted for his vse The blood therefore conteined in the Veines of the Grapy Membrane in which it is thicke and blackish is powred foorth into lesser branches running through the Net-like Membrane where it receiueth an alteration becomming very thin and of a cleare ruddinesse which blood is receiued by the glassy humor therein prepared and made a fit Aliment both for itselfe and for the cristalline Hence it is that Galen saith The Glassy humor to the Cristalline is like the stomacke to the Liuer But because Anatomistes are of diuers opinions concerning the nourishment of the Cristalline humour it shall not bee amisse to giue you a taste of euery mans apprehension Diuers opinions concerning the nourishment of the Cristalline humour Galens opinion in this matter especially of those that are accounted Maisters in Anatomy Galen therefore in the first chapter of his tenth Booke De vsupartium sayth that the Cristalline humour is nourished by the glassy and the glassy by that bodye which compasseth it about to wit the Net-like Membrane and that per Diadosin or Transumption of matter because saith he the cristalline humor which is white cleare and resplendent ought not to be nourished by blood as whose qualities doe differ much one from the other whereas the aliment should be familiar to that which is nourished thereby Nature therefore prepared for it a proportionable aliment to witte the glassye humour which glassy humor by how much it is thicker and whiter then blood by so much doth the cristalline humour exceede it in humidity and whitenesse for this cristalline is exquisitely white and moderately hard Varolius enclineth to Galens opinion his wordes are these or at least to this purpose Euery thing is nourished by such a substaunce as determineth nearest vnto that which it should nourish and therefore the glassy humour is immediately placed behinde the cristaline and is of a softer and a thinner consistence Also because so noble a Varolius part which needeth such abundance of spirits by reason of their continual expense shold not at any time be defranded of nourishment Nature made so great a quantitie of the glassy humour in which nutrition the Chrystaline turneth into his owne nature the thicker parts of the glassy humour because it is farre thicker and faster then it But the thinner part of the glassy humour she separateth as an vnprofitable excrement from the Chrystaline and thereof maketh the watery humour Thus far Varolius But sayth Archangelus who thinketh that the Chrystaline is so nourished with the glassie Archangelus humour as a bone is nourished with the marrow if the chrystaline and glassy humours be parts of the body then one part shall nourish another But it may bee answered that there is a surplussage of the nourishment of the glassye humour which is a conuenient Aliment for the chrystaline Another question may be asked sayth he how Galen sayth that in the glassy humour there is no veine It is answered that there is no veine conspicuous but yet there are very many which are so slender that the eye cannot discerne them and hence it is that the glassy humour is not so white as the chrystaline because it is sprinkled with many blinde veines In like manner in the white of the eie which is called Tunica Adnata there appeare no veins at al but if the eye be inflamed then many veines which before lay hid doe rise vp and become conspicuous If the braine of a man bee dissected there appeare no veines therin but if it be inflamed then sayth Archangelus may an infinite multitude be perceiued to run through his substance Laurentius conceiueth that the glassy humour is nourished by bloud and receiueth Laurentius small veines from the Ciliar or hayry crown and that the glassy humour prepares the bloud for the chrystaline which bloud it changeth least the purity of the chrystaline should be infected but he doth not thinke that the substance of the glassy humour is conuerted into the chrystaline and assimilated thereto Aquapendens his opinion is that the christaline is nourished by bloud and that as bones Aquapendens and membranes which are very white and farre remooued from the Nature of bloud by a propriety of their temperament doe change the bloud into their substance so it commeth to passe in the chrystaline humour and that the bloud is conuayed out of the veines of the grapy into the net-like coate and there depurated that it might better be conuerted into the nitid and pure substance of these bodies The thicker part is thrust downe into the grapy coate and there collected The thinner part maketh the watery humour Neither doth he thinke it possble the Chrystaline should be nourished by the glassy humour per Diadosin or Transumption because the cobweb like membrane commeth betweene the two humours which Galen was ignorant of who thought that the forepart only of the Chrystaline was couered and from that mistaking fell into that errour of nourishment by Transumption And so much concerning the nourishment of the humours Two other vses there remaine of the glassy humour the one to retaine the spirites for Other vses of the glassy humour the illustration of the Chrystaline the other to defend it from the hardnesse of the membranes and to make it a seat wherein it might securely rest it selfe CHAP. XI Of the outward Eares HAuing thus absolued the History of the Eye it followeth that wee come vnto the organ of Hearing which Aristotle calleth Sensum disciplinae because it was created for the vnderstanding of Arts and Sciences for Speach because it is audible becommeth the Cause of that we learne therby as the Philosopher saith in the first Chapter of his Book de Sensu sensili This instrument of the Heating is the Eare framed by Nature with no lesse Art then the former Yea so full of intricate Meandersis it that it will be very hard to be disciphered so many so smal are the particles therof and couched so close in narrow distances or nookes betweene the bones Notwithstanding we will endeuour our selues for your satisfaction to acquaint you what wee haue learned as well by dissections as out of the writings of learned men especially Fallopius Eustachius Volcherus Arantius Aquapendens and Placentinus But in the pursuite of this so The history of the eares very difficult to expresse difficult a taske we stand in neede and doe implore the helpe of Almighty GOD that hee would set an edge vpon my wit saith Bauhine to find out the myracles of his Creation the Diuinity of his
and greater because the body of the arterie is harder then that of the arteriall veine These values also doo hinder the aliment which is drawne by the Meseraicke arteries from the guts that is the Chylus which Hippocrates in his Booke De Corde cals Alimentum Hippocrates non principale as if he shold say an aliment at the second hand lest I say this Chylus shold get into the Heart The Orifice also of this artery is established with a hard substance which is sometimes gristly in some greater creatures a bony gristle for it is very rare if it be found a true bone notwithstanding that Galen saith it is a bone in an Elephant but in man there is no such thing found The branches of this great Arterie are distributed into the whole body as may appeare by this Table which we haue heereto annexed In this distribution of the branches of the great Artery they accompany the branches of the Gate and the Hollow-veynes yet are their propagations not so frequent because Tab. xv sheweth the great Artery whole and separated from all the parts of the body together with his diuisions and subdiuisions TABVLA XV. CHAP. XIII Of the vse of Arteries THE vse of the great Artery and of his branches may bee considered two wayes eyther as they are Canales or Pipes or as they mooue and beate A double consideration of their vse perpetually As they are Canales or Pipes they haue three vses or ends First to contayne spirituous and vitall bloud and to distribute it vnto the whole body partly for the perfect nourishment of the particular parts 3. vses as Canales for the parts sayth Galen in the tenth chapter of his sixt Booke de vsu partium which are neare vnto the Arteries doe draw out of thē vaporous bloud though it be but little partly for the nourishment and generation of the animall spirits The second vse is to leade vnto the parts vital spirits to cherish and sustaine those vitall spirits which are seated in the parts Thirdly with the same spirit to transmit heate and the vitall faculty perpetually into the whole body to cherish the in-bred heat of the particular parts to moderate and gouerne their vitall functions and to defend their life As the Arteries doe beate so haue they also a treble vse The first is to preserue the in-bred heat of all the members which they do by ventilation or wafting ayre vnto them 3. vses in respect of their motion For if it were not breathed it would by degrees languish and be extinguished Their second vse is by their motion to make a kinde of commotion in the bloud for the arteries accompany the veines which if it were at rest would putrifie like standing waters for bloud sayeth Hippocrates is water The third vse is to solliciate and to compell the bloud to fall out of the veines into the substance of the parts for more speedy nourishment This motion of the Arteries is called pulsus or pulsation of the worde Hippocrates Pulsation as Galen witnesseth was the first authour which is absolued by dilatation and contraction qualities not bred with the artery or seated in their substance but flowing into them from the heart which may be demonstrated if you intercept a part of an arterie with a tie for the part that is vnder the tye will haue no motion but as soone as the tye is taken away the motion will returne Erasistratus conceiued that the Arteries mooued quite contrary vnto the motion of the heart but wee agree rather with Herophilus Aristotle and Galen who thinke they are dilated and constringed in the Diastole and Systole of the heart onely we must remember that the motion of the heart is swifter and more vehement then that of the arteries which you may thus make experience off Lay your right hand vpon your heart and with your left hand touch the wrest of the right hand and then you shall perceiue whether the motion of both bee the same or contrary but the more certaine knowledge of this poynt is taken from the dissection of liuing creatures In the contraction of the Arteries they strongly driue vital spirits into the whole body and expel by expression sooty and smokie excrements arising from the humors which otherwise would suffocate the head When they are dilated they snatch from the heart spirits as a new matter which in their contraction they communicate to the particular parts to be a vehikle of the heat and do assume out of the neighbour veynes natural blood for their proper nourishment by the inoculations which are betwixt them and the veines and that is the reason especially why the veines the arteries do walke together throughout the whole body vnlesse some great obstacle be in the way But the arteries lye vnder the veynes vnlesse it be at the holy-bone not so much for defence as because by their motion Why they lye-vnder the veines they might constraine the veynes to powre out their blood as also to make a conspiration or consent betwixt the vessels and a communion of their matters that the arteries might affoord vnto the veynes spirit and life and the veynes vnto the Arteries naturall blood Againe by this vicinity of the vessels the membranes which couer the veynes tye them vnto the parts by which they passe are also of great vse vnto the Arteries It is also thought that these Arteries by the pores of the skin do draw Aier whereby the heate which is within is breathed which breathing is called Transperation But concerning the motions of the Arteries and by what faculty they are mooued whether they moue as the heart mooueth or contrary vnto it wee haue intreated in the second third fourth and fift Questions of the Controuersies of the sixt booke to which place we referre the Reader CHAP. XIIII Of the ascending Trunke of the great Artery THE great artery at the left ventricle of the heart from whence it ariseth is exceeding large whence Hippocrates Plato Aristotle and Galen haue al agreed The great Artery that the heart is the fountaine and originall of Arteries Tab. 16 fig. 1 A and before it fall out of the Pericardium or purse of the heart aboue the values Tab. 16 fig. 3 char 1 2 3 it affoordeth sometimes one sometimes two coronary arteries Tab. 16 fig. 1 BB which like a Crowne do compasse the Basis of the heart and through the length thereof together with the veyne dismisseth branches which The coronary Arteries are more and larger in the left side and those make the substance of the heart viuide or liuely Presently after a little vnder the trunke of the Arteriall veyne it ariseth vpward pierceth through the Pericardium is diuided into two vnequal parts one of which ascendeth vpward Tab 16 fig. 1 E vnto the head which is the lesser the other and the greater by much runneth downward Tab. 16 fig. 1 D because the parts of the creature