they see a hunter but if one of their pigs be hunted they fly not not though one be alone but shee will rush on the huntsman they whet their teeth ere they fight though they in combate among themselves yet if they spy Wolves they combine against the common foe and hasten to help as soon as they heare the cry Fulvius Hirpinus was the first of the Gowndorder that had a parke for wild Boares and other wild and not long after L. Lucullus and Q. Hortensius imitated him How savoury meat they are is well knowen Servilius Rullus father to that Rullus who in Cicero his Consulship proclaimed the field or Agrarian law was the first Roman who set a whole Boar on his table at a feast Some such were a thousand pound weight that the Romans had to their suppers thence called Milliary from their weight Consult Apicius about the manner of seasoning them The flesh is much better then common porke soon disgested and very nourishing begetting a thick and glevy juice Heliogabalus for ten dayes together shewed on his table the paps of sowes that had newly farrowed three hundred a day On the day of Lentulus his instalment when he was made Flamen he had at his supper such pappes and teats with loyns and heads of brawn Wild Boares have also their place in Phisick The brain with the blood is commended as souverain against serpents and carbuncles in the privities Bacon boiled and bound about broken parts suddenly and strangely settles them heals men annoint with the fat of roses The pouder of the cheek-bones heals spreading sores The teeth shavings disperses the pleurisy The lungs mixt with hony some put under their feet when hurt by a strait shoos The liver rayses from a lethargy and helps mattery-ears if drop'd in Drunke in wine fresh and unsalted it stays a loosnesse The small stones found therein poudered help the stone The galle warme dissolves swellings the ashes of the hoof burnt sprinckled in drink provokes urine The claws burnt and bruised helps those that pisse abed The dung dried drunke in water or wine stanches blood eases an old pain of the side taken in vineger helps ruptures and convulsions and parts out of joynt with a serecloath and oyl of roses Fresh and hot it is good against running of the nose Kneaded with wine a plaster of it draws out what sticks in the body Poudered and searsed and kneaded with grasse-hony it helps the joynts Men pour the pisse into mattery eares The bladder boyled and eaten helps those that cannot hold their water See more in Gesner The Indians have a wild Boare of a strange nature on their mountains they call Koya Metl and by six other names like ours but lesse and not so handsome with the navell on the back and about the reins strange to behold pinch it and a watry humour gushes out yet it is properly no navel but a kind of soft grisly fat and under is nothing but as in other beasts as is well known by the dissecting of him Some thinke that he breaths that way He is noysome he gnashes with his tusks horridly and is leaner and slenderer then ours He is fierce The huntsmen climbe trees a herd of these Zaini bite at and teare the body of the tree not being able to come at the men who from above wound them with bore-spears They go in herds and choose a leader and as men report the least and vilest of the herd old and feeble nor part they company till he be slain they will dy ere they forsake him Some ascribe the like to the Bachirae They abhor the Tiger The captain of the Zaini calls of his kind more then three hundred together and conducts them as a Generall his forces with these he sets on the Tiger who though the fiercest of all American wild beasts is yet overmastered by multitude but not with a great destruction of the Zaini many of whom have been found lying dead with the Tigre and but a few left to ring their knell Hee bites shrewdly when first taken but when tamed men take pleasure in him His flesh is like porke or brawn but tougher and not so sweet his bristles are sharp and party-cloured black and white He feeds on acorns roots and other mountain-fruit and also on worms and such vermine as are bred in moyst-fenny places Their toes are some longer then other their tayls are short and their feet unlike those of ours one of their hinder-feet having no claw The flesh of the Indian wild Bores is moyster and wholesomer then ours but unlesse the navell of the Zainies be pared off they putrifie in one day Wee give you the picture of him with the Jajacu Kaaigora of the Marckgrave Ampliss de Laet had one very tame but died with eating moyst feed as it seemed Valckenburg calls that navell an udder but hee mistakes since it is well known that the young suck not at that part TITLE II. Of the vvater-cloven-hoofed Beasts CHAP. I. Of the Hippotame or River-Horse FOllowing Aristotle hether I refer the River-Horse though others and perhaps more properly to another head Hee is called an Horse not from his shape but his greatnesse Hee is stiled the Horse of Nile and the Sea-ox and the Sea-hog that afore resembles an ox in the rest of the body a swine called a Sea-Elephant from his vastnesse and the whitenesse and hardnesse of his teeth and the Elephant of Egypt the Rosmarus the Rohart the Gomarus in Pretebans country Writers differ in describing him Some say that hee is five cubites high and hath ox-hoofs three teeth sticking out each side of his mouth greater out then any other beasts eared tayled and neighing like the horse in the rest like the Elephant he hath a mane a snout turning up in his inwards not unlike an horse or asse without hair taken by boats Bellonius saw a small one at Byzantium cow-headed beardard short and roundish wider jaw'd then a lion wilde nostrills broad lips turning up sharp teeth as a horse the eyes and tong very great his neck short tayled like a hog swag-bellied like a sow his feet so short that they are scant foure fingers high from the ground But Fabius Columna describes him most accurately from the carcasse of one preserved in salt brought by a Chirurgion called Nicholas Zerenghus from Damiata into Italy hee saith that he was liker an ox then a horse and about that size leg'd like a bear thirteen foot long from head to tayl foure foot and an half broad three foot an half high squat-bellied his legs three foot and an half long and three foot round his foot a foot broad the hoofs each three inches groutheaded two foot and an half broad three foot long seven foot about in compasse his mouth a foot wide snout-fleshy and turning up litle-eyed each an inch wide and two long the ears about three the bulke thick the
very great and there are of the race yet left But now they desire yearlings for breed but those of two years are better In Eubaea the oxen are almost all white whence Poëts call Eubaea Arggroboaeon silver-oxed In Galata a hill of Africk the oxen when oldest are not so great as those of eight moneths in Italy saith Leonius In or neare the region of the Garamantes they feed praeposterously for if they direct their mouths strait to their pasture their horns bending downward hinder them The Helvetian oxen specially those by Zofinga a town of Bern are prayzed for tender flesh In India there are oxen with one and with three horns and whole-hoof'd they are as tall as Camells their horns foure foot broad One of them was brought to Ptolomy that held three pitchers full of water They run there with horses being equally fleet perhaps Pliny means these speaking of Indian wood-bulls greater then wild ones swifter then all others yellow blew-eyed their hair turning thwart their chaps gaping to their eares their horns wagging their hide as hard as a flint and wound-free they hunt all wild beasts they are taken only in pits and kill themselves with their fiercenes I know not whether they are those the Sangiaci and Bassae use by Damascus with thin tayls and hair valued each at four or five Ducats Wee read also that in India is an Ox called in their native tongue Ignaragna near the Fort of the Holy Ghost so called and elsewhere where it is lesse cold of a monstrous bulk feeding on grasse that is red far bigger then our oxen skin'd like the Elephant having two armes near the breast the teats hidden wherewith shee suckles her young headed and mouthed as ours sweet of flesh that the Indians much long after yeelding fat like butter wherewith they season their food the bones as firme as ivory The Umbrian Oxen chiefly by the river Clitumnus are famous they are the greatest in Italy and most white The Sabine are also cried up there was one of old bred by a househoulder of a strange size and shape whose hornes were many ages kept for a miraculous monument in the porch of Dianaes Temple The Leutrican Oxen their hornes and eares are alike and of apeece In a Province of Catay are white and black ones tayl'd as a horse but bushier and long bearing fine hairs like feathers of great value which the Cavaliers hang on their lance top counting it an ensigne of high gentility the hornes as they lift up their head reach to their tayle the hornes are so great that the inhabitants use them in stead of buckets The Mysian have no horns Among the Negros the cows are all black or white or mixt none red They winter them by the marsh Maeotis among the Nomades and summer them in the plain fields Of the Oxen some have no horns some they saw off The Poeonian bulls are shagged bodied especially on breast and chin and carry so great horns that scarce three or foure quarts of wine can fill them whereof the Poeonian Kings and Nobles make cups tipp'd with ivory and silver saith Theopompus Hungary abounds so with them that Sigismundus Baron of Heberstein affirmed that he saw one onely way toward Vienna driven above 80000 in one year Comandu a Persian region so called of a city there hath many vast ones all white short and blunt-horned bunch'd-backed like Camels whence they become so strong and fit for carriage Such are also in Quivira The Bulls there are wild yellow low crookbacked great mained and hanging their flesh good wholesome and not unpleasant the Natives eat the tayl drink the blood weare the hides The Phaenician Cows are so tall that the tallest shepheards milk standing lower men must have a footstool In Phrygia and Erythraea the Oxen wag the hornes as the ears saith Aristot. and Aelian In Norwey Island Gothland Feronia Oxen are wilde untameable and long-bearded The hunters skulk among the trees and when they are stroken they either revenged or kill themselves There is also a Sea-cow a great strong furious dangerous monster spawning the like not above two at once oftner but one which it tenders and caries carefully about where-ever she swims or goes aland shee carries her fry 10 moneths she is known by cutting of her tayl to have lived 130 years On some Northeren-Coasts they have teeths like Elephants In Caricta a Scotch Province above Galloway are Oxen of tender and sweet flesh but the fat never thickens but slows like oyl About Torona lastly are some that a few dayes afore calving have no milk but at other times are flush they go ten months with calve Of the Tartarian Oxen tall as Elephants black and white-hayred and hanging thick on their shoulders like Lions three foot long soft as silk I have spoken already As also of the Tartarian that Scaliger calls Syrian that have no dew-laps Thus far of their differences in a promiscuous way Hetherto belongs the beast called in Corgo Empalanga shaped like an ox and of the like bulke onely he carries his head and neck aloft like a Stag the horns strait and long knotty at top bending a litle inwards wilde but not harmfull nor fierce and might be brought to the plow if the inhabitants had the wit to use them As for monsters there was seene at Millian and Satura a calf with two heads at a village of Thuringia one with six feet two heads and but one passage and one hath been seen with seven feet and a bunch of flesh on the side also one nose and eare like a man with two heads and faces and double-bodied onely two hind-feet and faced like a Lamb. Anno 1551 was seen at Basil of the Rauraci an Ox with five feet such as we saw once in London in England and another with a horn in the neck and short legs like a dwarfe You shall here also have the print of a monstrous calfe with two bodies upright and with five eares ARTICLE II. Of wild-Oxen POINT I. Of the Wild-Ox or Bugle WId-Oxen in Greek Agrioi that differ from the wild Agrayloi in this that these though tame and bred of such yet running loose among the hills a pleasure are left to feed in woods and fields but those are not wild so much from the nature of the place as their own naturall disposition such are Bugle Bison The Urus or Bugle Macrobius makes a French and Aldrovand a German name For Ur signified among the old Dutch wild or great vast and strong Servius yet will have it to be Greek fetching it from Oroi the mountains The Poles at least about Mafovia Samogitia call him Tur which Gesner thinks to be the Tarand among the Ancients The Liturnians calls him Zumbro Whether it be Iphicrates his thezes we shall inquire elsewhere S. Hieronymus calls him Bubalus or Buffe as also Martialis and the unskilful common Romans saith Pliny Authours differ somewhat about
R. l. 2. c. 3. that wild-Goats will frisk away from a stone above sixty foot They can better away with cold then sultry heat especially the breeders that conceive in deep winter They love woody furzy shrubby places much better then plain pasture-ground or medow and thrive best on clifty shadowy-land They hang so strangly on clifts and rocks that they who view them from beneath would verily believe they were falling whence the rocks are called Aigilipes and the flock Aipopolion from their loftinesse and clambring They skip and frisk wantonly about near brinks of rivers browzing on the banks Authours are not agreed about the quality of their flesh Hippocrates holds it raw windy in the stomack begetting crudities and belching but more harmlesse in Summer their feed being better At the falling of the leaf it is most unwholesome In Winter it breeds somewhat better blood Some affirm that though it be rank it nourishes and strengthens much Clitomachus of Carthage a follower of the new Academie saith that a wrestler of Thebes out-went all of that age in strength because kid or goat-flesh was his diet and that the toughest and hardest of digestion with eating whereof his sweet was rank and rammish Homer in Aâ—hillus his entertaining of Agamemnon his Ambassadours shews it to be souldiers diet The milk is as moderate as most kindes except womens breast-milk Yet is very different according to their age feed season of the year and length of time after they bring forth their young without hony it is dangerous food curdling in the stomack And it troubles the belly a little unlesse eaten with scammony and other things In some parts of the East those that are weaned at three months are wont to be fed with it The cheese follows the nature of the milke But hee-goats flesh is worst of all to dresse breeding ill blood and is most corrupt and offensive at coupling time And yet it hath been a dish at a feast in Antiphanes as bad and rank as it is The testicles and liver also are much condemned About kid writers are not agreed It was a delicate with the Patriarches under the old Testament And Ascraeus the Poët calls it good juicy nourishment And Platina after Galen cries it up for the best houshold fare easily disgested as having litle dros in it nourishing and breeding well tempered blood But Brujerinus cries it downe because shee-goats are feverish and therefore the kid cannot but be unwholsome Yet Jul. Alex. confessing it indeed to be hot yet the tendernes of the kids age is an allay to the hot and dry quality of the dam and especially if the kid suck yet not so much for the age as the nourishment which takes of from the heat and makes tender and juicy Heathen also of old made it a messe in their feasts seasoning it with Laser and other herbs The blood made into a dish was called Sanguiculus or blooding which the Laconians call Melas Xoomos or black-meat and Pollux Aâ—matian blood-meat Apycius will tell you how to dresse the liver and lungs The use of this creature in medicine is great Pliny speaks of a thousand medicines to be fetched from them Democritus magnifies that is borne alone The Magitians prescribed goats flesh rosted against a mans carcasse burning against the falling sicknes Hee-goats flesh sod in water breaks impostumes and divers ulcers The Porredge drives away Spanish flies Drusus the Tribune of the people is said to have drunke goats blood when hee with wannes and envy accused Q. Cepio of poysoning him The same washes out spots And fried it stops the pain in the bowells and the flux of the belly as Galen and Dioscorides relates Hee-gaots blood soon ripens make it hot mingled with somewhat waxy it eases the gout helps ill-eyes that of one fed with diereticall herbs dried to pouder and taken with parsly in wine is very good against the stone See in Aldrovand how and when it must be gathered Some call this medicine Gods hand Authors of great note as Scaliger and Ioubert c. say that goatsâ—blood can soften and dissolve the Adamants glasse heated therein and in juyce may be made as soft and yeelding as wax or clay and wrought into any shape but dip it in water it shall return to its former firmnes This is a secret of Geberus Albertus and an ingenious Bituricensian glasmaker which when hee was near death hee freely revealed to Antâ—Mizoaldus as himself relates The same mixt with vineger is good against vomiting and hauking and spitting The whey is good for them that have been bitten in right gut or the colon because it soon congeals It is very loosning taken with melanthins and brimstone and takes away morphew and spots and itch With goos grease deers marrow rosin and chalk it closes chapped lips If an oxes neck swell it is a golden soveraign help with soft pitch and ox-marrow and goat-sewet and old oyl of each an equall portion and unsod With chalk it scatters swellings with wax it stops spreading of ulcers with pitch and brimstone it is through healing and with hony and juyce of bramble it stops the running of the reines The fat of it self alone helps the sting of the green Spanish fly Magitians commend it against the falling sicknes with bulls gall boild in equall portions and put up in litle gallbags it must not touch the ground forsooth and is to be drunk out of water at doore The same with Ptisana or barly unhusked boyled is good for the colique Goats-fat boyled with barly rhoe and cheese they give for the bloody flux and taken in with juyce of barly unhusked And helps much against diseases in the bowells supt in in cold water It is also good against the dropsy Those of the Canary Islands annoint their flesh with goat-sewet and juyce of certain herbs to thicken their skins the better to endure cold because they goe naked It is used also against the gout with shee-goats dung and saffran and mustard with Ivy stalks bruised or the flower of wild-cucumber The same is an ingredient into Pomatum good for chapped lips The marrow next to deers and calves-marrow is commended The liver rosted and layd with oyl of mirrhe on the navell helps the cholique and is better then the same boild with sowr wine and drunk The same is good for Nyctalopia and against the falling sicknes and for convulsions It is also commended against the biting of a mad dog and layd on it takes away the feare of water they say which the bitten dread Hippocrates prescribes sheeps or goats liver buried in embers to a woman in child-birth sweld to be eaten for four dayes and old wine to be drunk therewith The gall yeelds many medicines It helps against venome from a wild Weezel with allom ashes it remooves the itch with fullers earth and vineger it helps scurf so
harmony is marred if you mingle in musick strings of Sheeps and of Wolves guts Fopperies If he touch Sea-onion he is straight shrivelled together He fears stones because worms breed in that part that is struck with a stone Sparks struck out of a flint frights him so that he dare not approach be he never so hungry A Drum made of his hide drives other beasts away A Pipe or any musick or a Drum frights them away when flinging of stones cannot They are said to love Parrats they run mad sometimes they get the Gout and are troubled with the Squincy Wolf-bane or Lycoctonum kills them When wounded they stench the blood by wallowing in the myre They live long and when old they are troubled with the tooth-ach and cast all their teeth Having weake-inwards they eat herbs especially Dracontium to sharpen their teeth The lowest are thought bouldest Falne into a pit and seeing themselves inclosed they are stupied and harmelesse They observe who strikes them and watch to be revenged They love their young the females stay by them and the males cater for them Flying they take their young with them They are soonest taken in cloudy weather then they hide themselves most Walking among leaves they lick their feet that they may not be heard Being to passe a river that the stream carry them not away they hold one the other by the tayl with their teeth and so hanging on another they will drag an Ox out of a marsh While they eat they are angry with lookers on meeting with a man and a beast together they ever spare the man saith Albertus One related to Gesner that he saw a Wolfe in a wood bite off a piece of wood of thirty or fourty pound weight and practised to go to and fro upon it as it lay and then hide it when he was perfect and a wilde Sow comming thether with her Hogs of severall ages because oats were sowed there he brake in and tooke a Hog away about the weight of that block and leaping took the wood back and devoured the Hog Sometimes they grow familiar with dogs and so enter the folds without resistance and worry all the sheep to death afore they fall to eat any one They dare not make at the face of a Bull because they feare his hornes but they first seeme to threaten him afore and then suddenly take advantage of him behind Like Horses and Dogs they wax gray through age When hungry they can sent their prey by night half a mile against the wind One will houle and call many more and set together on a troop of Horses which happens oft in Bononia At midnight they will go by troupes to a village and stay at the entrance one shall enter and awake the dogs and so entice them forth and devoure them They will hold willow boughs forth to goats to enveagle them within their reach Their voyce is houling Fashionable people admit not the flesh to their table it being a dry grosse rank food yet in Savoy some eat it They are very usefull in Physick Boyled alive with oyl and wax it is commended against the gout The Hide binds and helps the colick The flesh eases child-bearing eaten by the teeming woman or any that are by The fat is mixt with salves against the gout the blood with oyl of nuts helpes the deafish the Head layed under your pillow provokes sleep the right Ey salted and tied on helps agues the tooth takes away the swelling of the gums making way for the teeth to come with ease he who drinks through a Wolfs throat escapes the danger of a Squinsy Agricola confesses he learnt that experiment of Adolphus Occo The heart a dram of it mixt with an ounce of the gum of an oke and another of that of the Pear-tree and two drams of Harts-horne helps the falling sicknesse The Liver is good against a furred mouth the same in warm wine helps the cough and Tisick the gall bound with Elaterium on the navell makes laxative The dung gathered up among shrubs and briars hath helped the colick drunk or hanged on nay the bones found in the excrements if they have not touched the ground tied to the arme The bones dried to powder remove the pain between the ribs the head hanged up in a Dove-coot drives away weesels and cats I omit the use or abuse rather about venery and witchcraft and the heathens sacrifices with them when they invoked Divells The newly married among the Romans smeared their posts with Wolfs-fat the tayl hanged over mangers keeps away the Wolf The Differences follow ARTICLE II. Of the wolf in speciall and of the Gulo AMong Wolves some are wild as on the Doffâ—inian mountains that part Norwey from Sweden in Sardinia They are more shaggy then others yellow and their tayl standing up In Media they used them in their sports armed men fighting with them Some are called from their elegant colour Golden-ones lesse then ordinary Wolves but as greedy They go in troops hurting neither men nor herds They seeme to barke like dogs They are seen in Turky and Cilicia They visite the Turks cottages by night and eat what is eatable that comes in their way if they meet with nothing else they carry away caps cloathes shooes and what ever is of leather Men make garments of their skins There are also Scythian wolves in the utmost borders of Scandinavia behind Norwey and Gothland It is a beast as big as a wolf and very angry the Germans call them Grimmeklaw because the edges of the nayl make them teachy There is also the Sea-wolfe a mungrell as big as a Bear so hardskind as a sword can scarce pearce it He hath a wondrous great head his eyes are shadowed with very many hairs nosed and toothed like a dog sharp-shagged on his skin black-spotted his tayl long thick and shaggy Small stones are found in his stomack very fat he is found on the British coasts In the Isle of Angra a thousand of them have been seen in a troop They are also seen in an Isle behind the Port of S. Crux and in the Sea-tract of Peru. The Birds called Buitri kill them sometimes they have wings fifteen foot broad If they spy a wolfe one takes him by the legs another with the beake blinds him The old ones roar like Lions the young have a kids voyce the liver is eatable Those of Angra eating their flesh fresh and salted live long The skins are worn The Gulo or Gorbelly hath the name from greedinesse Scaliger calls him a fourfooted vultur Crollius an Ox-eater the Germans Vielfrase Found they are in Lituania Moscovy and other Northern Regions They feed on carcasses and so cram themselves that they strut like a drum They squeeze out their excrements between two trees by force and then returne to their carcasse and cram themselves
large Let it suffice that Pliny hath advised that you shear of the Horse main that they may condescend to cover an asse for they pride themselves in their crest There have been those also that would win a course without a wagoner In the circe put into Chariots they undoubtedly manifest that they understand both hartning and prayse In Claudius Caesars races a Charioter being shaken at setting out from his seat the Horses clad in white won the race dashing out of their way whatever hindred them and performing all against their corrivals as if they had had a guide shaming men and their skill that they should be outdone by horses and comming having run their course to the goal they stood stone still It was a great matter of divination of old that Horses in the Plebejan-games having cast off their guide ran into the Capitol and thence compassed the seat there as Pliny adds And the greatest omen of all that Ratumena being Conqueror of Veja ran with lawrell and crownes thither from which gate came to beare the name In Pausanias we read that Phidotus of Corinth his Mare her name was Aura her rider falling off at first starting held her course as exactly as if he had been managed by a Horseman and reaching the goal she turne herself but hearing the Trumpet sound shee was mad to be running and preventing the Judges she stood still as knowing that she had won If you mark their Sympathy and Antipathy The Horse holds much friendship with Hens and the Buzzard but is at enmity with the Camel Elephant Wolf Beare Sow Sheep Asse Serpents a Fish called Trachurus the Sea-Calf Apples and Figs a kinde of Barly called Pelwort of a black colour and dead carkasses When Cyrus encountred Craesus his Horse with Camels the Horse fled Xerxes placed his Arabians mounted in Camels in his rere least his Horse should bee frighted In the Tarentine war the Horses being terrified by the greatnesse the misshapen Bulk and strange Hew and hideous noyce of the Elephants thinking those unknown beasts to be huger then indeed they were fled all which cause a great slaughter Caesar wading over a River in Brittain mounted on an Elephant amazed the British Horses Aporta reports that they cannot abide so much as drums made of the skins either of Elephant or Camel or Wolf Pliny testifies that it went by tradition that a Horse will burst that under his rider treads in a Wolfs steps We read in Aelian that if a Wolf tread on a Horse heel as he is drawing a Cart he stands still and stif as if with the Carter he were frozen Pierius Valerianus reports that you cannot get a Horse to passe by where a Wolfs bowels are buried Pliny saith that if you ty great teeth to horses they will never tire We shall speake of Lycospadi and Lycophori or Horses that men ride with bits when we shall deal with the differences of Horses Wee ow it to Portaes relation that Bears in the wildernesse are affrighted by a drum made of a horsehide Geldings will by no meanes come neare a Lion others not gelt will run on him If Sheep stand in a stable wherein Mules Horses or Asses have stood they easily get the scab Braying Asses in Darius his expedition against the Scythians troubled their Horses Of Serpents and Horses Silius Ital. hath written The tayl of a Trachurus hung at a Mares belly makes her cast her foal if we beleeve Aelian They cannot abide the sight of a sea-calf They swound if they carry Appels or Figs but come to themselves again if you lay bread afore them They will not touch a kind of barley that grows in Thrace near a Province of the Scythians and Medes They run mad if you smeare their nostrils with the herb laser or benjamin Gesner was informed by an old man that Gentiana or Pelwort causes Mares to cast fole If they tread on henbane they cast their shoos If Horses drink of the River Sybaris they are troubled with neezing if of Cossiniris in Thrace that fall into the land of the Abdeerites they run mad The same is said of a well or pit not far from Potniae a city of Boeotia SIlius Ital. writes that Catoes Horse though spurr'd on would not approach a black Moore in black harnesse We have it from Homer that they loath carcases Wee have great use of the Horses in meat phisick war hunting journeying triumphs and other occasions we will onely see in what account they are to be had in meats and medicine That not onely besieg'd persons have eaten horse-flesh as in Verona under Maximilian the First in Novara under Lewis Aurelian at Rupel under Lewis 13 of France to name no more but we read that heathens make it their food the name of the Nomedes the Scythians the Scarmathae and the late Tartarians is well knowne these take pleasure in wounding and cutting of Horses and feeding upon half rawe flesh they eat Horses dyeing the day before of themselves or of a desease the impostumed place being cut up and their Kings when they would distribute provisions amongst them were wont to give one horse amongst 40 men And also amongst the Persians in their Feasts on their bearth-day they had set before them whole roasted horses and among the Gearmans they ate both wild and tame horses untill it was forbidden by Gregory the III. Bruerenus relates that he hath heard that the Inhabitants of the Alpes eate colts Blood also hath beene a delicate Pliny indeed reports that the Sauromatae doe live of hirse especially puls and also rawe meal mingled with blood out of the thigh vaines Mecovius and Paulus Venetus have written that if travellers be surprized with hunger and thirst they satisfie themselves with opening of vaines and drinking of blood Wee read in Horace that the Cancany who according to some are Besalte and according to Acron and Porphiry are Spanish nations delighted in the same food Concerning milk there is no doubt For the Scithyans give their children Mares-milke assoone as they are borne Thence have they their names of horse and milke-suckers The same lay the milke in the Sun that the thicker part may settle downe and by and by they seath it They say that it becomes like white wine The Moschy once the servants of the Tarters were wont to present them Mares-milke upon their journey as they came with their Captaine to demand tribute Writers are not agreed what Hippacks is Hypocrates Dioscorides and Pliny write that it is chees which he ads smels of vennome and answers in proportion to ox-milke others beleeve it to be Mares-milke crudled Theopompus writes that it was Scithian food of Mares-milke however it is we read in Theophrastus that they could live 11 or 12 days together upon that and licourise Hypocrates testifies that for the most part they use Mares-milk chees Neither is that any wonder since some relate
that Zoroaster lived once six moneths with milke alone which Atheneus declares also of another As for what belongs to Medicines Horses milk whay blood greace curd teeth heart-bone liver stones gall hayre hoofes sweat foame spittle stale and dunge hath place therein their Milke is very purgative as Dioscorides delivers Whay serves to cleanse the Ulsers of the reins to wit that that by seathing is sever'd from the milk if we beleeve Aethius Rhasis writes that a woman if shee unwittingly drink Mares-milk if shee presently accompany with her husband shall conceive I find also in Pliny that the same milk is good to wash the matrix Their blood is of a purifying quality but whether that of mares that have taken horse or of stallions or of either sex experience may best decide Pliny writes that the same is good for the Kings evill and fariers use it for divers diseases The Phragmaticum drawn from the matrix warme with oyl and wine and smeard on over the whole beast against the hayr cures it The Gall is of a malignant nature and is reckoned among poysons so that the Priest for that cause must not touch a Horse His grease smoked brings forth a dead birth and the after-birth follows His marrow is mixt with ointment for the cramp Curd from the Mares milke is accounted a remedy against bloody fluxes and collicks say Dioscor Gale Avicenna and Haly. Meal made of their teeth sprinkled on the privities cures many cures their greefs The teeth that a Horse first sheds tied to infantes eases them in breeding teeth and with more successe if they have not toucht the ground Sextus writes that with a touch they heal the toothake for hee adds that if an infant kisse a horse mouth the pain of the teeth is not felt nor will a horse bite an infant The tongue in wine is a present remedy for the Milt saith Pliny The Heartbone neerly resembles dogsteeth It scarifies or opens a sore or if you take a tooth out of a dead horses jaw it helps a sore shoulder Plini saith infallibly The Liver laid up in a cedar chest tempered with wine of chies and water prevents the consumption of the Liver De Milt drunke in fresh water cast forth a dead child saith Pliny Their stones dride and drunke provoke lust Bunches in their knees and the hard skin of their hoofs or grown ground to pouder and given in vineger are good against the falling sicknesse as Dioscor Galen and Pliny write The hayr tied at a doore keepes flies and the worms called cniphes out as Rhasis and Albertus have delivered Three Horse bristles tied in so many knots within sores in the privities helpe them The ashes of the same taken out of the head or belly stops a flux of blood Warts are taken away if you bind a horse hayr about them because by tying that that feeds them is stopt and so they dry away The ashes of their Hoofs smeare with oyl and water on wax kernels and apostumate mattery swelling in any part scatters and removes them and also bunches if mingled with hot urine The same being taken in with wine and water helps against the stone in de bladder Hierocles write scrapings pourd into a horses nostrils provokes him to stale Their sweat drunk with urine in a bath drives out belly wormes and serpents if you will trust the promises of some mixt with wine and drunke by one great with child makes her miscarry If a knife or sword warme out a wound be dipt therein it is so infected saith Albertus that the wounded place will never leave bleeding till the party dy Their fome newly taken from them infuse in oyl of roses helps eares though never so sore Gesner commends their spittle as a remedy for the pestilentiall burning in the jaws that sometimes in summer troubles especially shouldiers Let the patient saith hee gargle horses spittle in his mouth that is provenderd with oats or barly then bruse together living crabs presse out the moysture and wash it again with the same if you cannot get living ones sprinkle the pouder of crabs dried in an oven after you have washt it with horses spittle Give to them that are so far gone in a consumption of the lungs that they are given over an horses some or spitle in warme water three dayes together the sick person shall without delay be healed but the horse shall dy As for their stale and dung let it suffice to have said that mingled with smiths forge water it helps the falling sicknesse the same sod in white wine is used against the collicke and the bite of a Scorpion and in water good against a flux Being fresh and put to the nose stanches blood especially if stird with chalk and sharp vineger mingled with Egg-shell beaten to powder it prevents the over-bleeding of a wound Their breath as some feign is a preservative against the plague The differences or kinds of Horses are manifold the cheefe are borrow from places parts and certain accidents From place those of Acarnan are said to be greatest whence it grew a proverb when men spake of any huge thing The Aethiopian Horses the wild I beleeve are reported to be wingd and horned and can endure no heat Those from Agrigentum were use to be sent of old to the Graecian games and went away still conquerors The Alanican were fleetest and strongest Probus had one as men say of such swiftnesse that between sun and sun hee went an hundred mile and would hold out so ten dayes together as wee have said The English are most pacers few trotters saith Polydore Virgil. The Apaniensers in Sytia kept above 30000 Mares and 300 they sent out for breed Those of Apulia are cried up for the best war-horses saith Varro and Volateran Those of Arabia specially the Mares in a day and a night or thereabout can rid an 100 mile ground if we beleeve Vartomannus Arcadia is famous for breed of mules tween-horses and shee-asses whence it hath the name Hippobatos The Armenian are of the Parthian race but have greater heads saith Absyrtus The Gennets of Austria are small having a soft turning in the opening of their thighs have been in great request but are unfit for warre The Barbaries out of Tunis and Numidia are swiftest Those of Bengala are so hard hooft that they need not be shod though they travell among rocks and mountains In Bisnagar they are sould for 400 or 500 peeces of gold and sometimes 800 because they are fetcht elsewhere The Britones have short thighs and eares Those of Burgundy most patient The Calabrian best travellers Those of Cappadocia best of all They used to pay yearly to the Persian a thousand five hundred Those of Caraja are brought by merchants into India the natives use to cut two or three joynts from their tayl that they may not swinge their rider Those of Biscay are whitish brought into the
of ground in one day low crested and with their feet they search for their food and water under the snow and are fleeter then others as the Moschi say Those of Thessalie have this brand on them that they are Oxheaded The Thrasian Horses are ugly mishapen rough-bodied great-shouldered saddle-back'd crooked-shanked and goe an uncertain jogging pace Yet Virgil praises the Delphique uncertain doubtfull oracle The Toringi Vegetius commends setting them next the Hunnisci Volateran makes those of Sardinia and Corsica Isles of the Tyrrhene Sea to be very low but generous and restles And thus much of their kinds in respect of places Very many differences also meet us taken from their severall shaped parts some are stild Elaphopodes or hartfooted from their deersfeet who have bones in their hough joynt that make them of a hobbling pace that they tire their rider with their shufling so hard they set Some in the same parts have short and low bonds and their hoofs come to the inmost part of their heels so that they trail and drag their legs after them and halt these are dog-footed Some are waglers Absyrtus calls them Eteroskeleis not having a right stroak Some tosse their heads up or hold them like a Pig on a spit others are unlike jaw'd one jaw hard the other soft from their accidents or qualities they are distinguisht to let passe the rest from their colour In which respect they are some fleabitten some streaked some pide some all of a colour white black red chestnut c. The spotted especially with great coleblack spots and ringlets whether on the thighs or back at length or distinct on the neck are counted the noblest and are thought the choyser because nature seemes in so marking them to keep a kind of order whether in respect of numbers endures or placed in those spots or straitnesse next to these are the red and dark spotted To these may be refer'd the chequered or dappled the speckled like Panthers the pide the fleabitten those like magpies full of black and white spots Those whose right or left feet are both white are esteemed bad Those that have each other foot white worst of all The reason is because the legs lay clapt together in the dames belly whence they became so spotted Those that are of one onely colour Palladius advises to choose for stallions The white Claudian counts fleetest and are most magnified by Plato Those also that are gray-eyed for since they all either black or goot-eyed or grey-eyed the colour of the ey answers that of the body The blackish are cried up especially if they have a star in the forehead and a white streak and some white on one foot The cole-blacke as it were schorcht in the fire Homer calls them Aithoonas Oppian commends them for hunting the wild boar There are some brightbloody and palme colour'd and bay and chestnut Becanus saids the azure or blewish are fleet Hesychius and Varinus mention flame-colour'd Some calls Heterophthalmi have one ey greater or lower then the other Lacuna miscalls them one-eyed The Parthians liked the fearfull ones best perhaps because good to run away upon Some are called Aetogeneis or eaglebreed from a native scarlet spot on the shoulder as Absyrtus thinks the Sarmatae hold them for good but reject those that have an eagle marke about their hips or tayl Lastly those that are called Alphorugchoi are said to hold out good and not to decay so soon as others CHAPTER II. Of the Asse NExt the Horse I shall treat of the Asse a beast contemptible indeed but no lesse usefull Certainly the report goes that it is above beleefe almost how gainfull they proove to their owners and it is said for certain that a Shee-asse there was that brought in more then any the most fruitfull farme for it was knowne as we read in Pliny that in Celtiberia Shee-asses each yeelded 400000 pieces of mony so fruitfull they were No wonder therefore that Q. Axius the Senatour gave 400 pieces for an Asse and that Heliogabalus distributed Asses for rich magnificent presents and donatives to the people of Rome The name the Asse hath obtained among the Romans Asinus is not derived from A and Sinos as if he were a senselesse beast as Bartholomaeus plays upon the word but from sitting as one should say a Waine or Waggon or rather from the Hebrew word Ason that signifies an Asse The Greeks call him Onos because helpfull to us in our works unlesse it were better to say from the Palish wan colour whence also it is thought that the same name Asellus is put on the cod-fish The Cyrenenses call him Brikos from his untowardnesse Aristophanes Boupalas as a man should say blockish as an ox Nicander Broomaees the brayer and from his hideous absurd voyce Megamocos Eustathius and Suidas Kanthoon from his packsadle Hezyc and the Dores Killos others Koothulos Lepargos from his whitish bowells Cyrill Memmemnoon Monios which yet the Phocenses give onely to those that are sent in hast Also Keeloon he is called and Okribas that is wild Ogkistees from braying If you looke on his Description his eares are long and broad proportionable to his body he is thick lipped great headed there are black streaks on his neck and feet In the enterance of his skin he bears the shape of a crosse in which place also his burdens fall more uneasie to him then near his reines because he is there weakerboned His hair very rough and unfit to make cloaths his bowells white he is fairer hang'd then any other of the fourfooted beasts Nicander calls it Korooneen he fo rs teeth both male and female loose at 30 months old the second in the sixth month and if they bring no yong afore they shed their last teeth they are undoubtedly barren Their skin is so tough and thick that they scarce feel a club The heart very great as in all timerous beasts or those out of fear doe mischief The blood extream thick fat and black As for places the Nomades have them not by reason of the coldnesse of the region therefore northward you find but few Very many are found in Italy France Germany Greece as we shall see in their differences their food is of the meanest For even where there are no pastures they will be fed with anything and a little serves their turne for they will eat leaves and thorns and willow spruggs or bavins if you lay them afore them They thrive on chaff that you may find every where in abundance Therefore Tetzes declaring a cities utter ruïne said wittily that he fears it should prove Asses-provender He delights in reed that to other beasts is poyson and in figs the which when one had greedily eaten and a boy desired that wine or grapes should be also given to him Philemon the Poët seeing the Asse eat them died with laughing
the like of a shee-Asse of Iohn à Grua the juggler Shee saith hee would first daunce three severall kinds of daunces as the musick changed and that with her forefeet held up with great alacrity and anone as if all her jollity were turn'd into the deepest sorrow cast herself all along on the ground and there ly stone still as struck with an apoplexy and could not be brought to stir with spurning or kicking after being bid to greet all the beholders shee would like a man turne her eyes and head toward them all and salute them doing obeysance with her forefeet and which was the greatest wonder of all shee to the amazement of the bystanders would cast her body through a hoop at her masters beck as cleverly as a dog should leap through Lastly like a dogge shee would take up an handkerchief or glove dropt on the ground and restore it to the owner They are so fond on their colts that they will run through fire to come at them and are so loving to their kind that they swound if they see them dy It is also observed that the sheeashe takes speciall heed that shee bring not forth afore any mans eyes or in the light When shee is overloaden shee shews it by hanging down her eares That Asses flesh hath serve for food is witnest by Galen The story also of Charles V. relates the Spanjards did sometime eat it Wee know also that M.D.XVI. at the siege of Verona it was counted a dainty when they used lentils and beanes but seldome The Persians also on their birth-feast-day would rost an Asse whole and reckoned it among Princely delicates Mecaenas saith Pliny was the first who appointed Asse-colts in feasts at that time prefer'd afore wilde Asses after his time the tast grew out of request That they are ill tasted and hard of disgestion and spoil the stomach they that have fed on them can witnes The Physitians have brought into use Asses milk blood flesh liver spleen yard stones hoofs scurf stales and dung Galen saith their milk is thinnest if compared with that of the cattell that we use to milke but thick if compared with that of camels and Mares Unlesse we so distinguish he must be said to contradict himself since Pliny also writes that camels-milk is thinnest next that of Mares the shee-asses so thick that men use it in stead of curds It is best if she be well well fed young and shortly after her foaling Physitians advise some of them that they that are in a consumption should suck it themselves that it abate not of the native warmth Galen prescribe it to yong man who was wasted away mixt with hony as soon as he came out of a bath The same drunke alone refresheth an exulcerated stomack and is commended against a cough leannes and spitting of blood Drinking it helps a sore breast as Pliny delivers and taken in with hony it helps monthly terms It is not good for a weak or giddy swimming head It helps against parget ceruse brimstone and quicksilver Gargling it is most comfortable for exulcerated jaws There are examples of some helped of the gout by drinking Asses-milk And some eased of that gowtish pain by drinking the whey thereof It is thought to help somewhat to the making womens skin white It is certain that Domitius Nero his Poppaea carried still along with her 500 bigbellied Asses and bathed her whole body in the milk on a conceit that it saftned and suppled her skin The blood some say stanches a flux of blood out of the brain Pliny sayes that it is said to cure a quartan ague if the patient drink three drops of the blood taken out of a vein in the Asses-eare in a pinte and a half of water Hartmannus commends the same taken after the ears as extreme good against madnesse Linnen never used afore is thereby softened and bleached whereof a part is softned in a draught of spring-water and the water taken in against frenzy Aelian witnesses the same of Asses flesh and that one Bathylis of Candia was recovered of lunacy thereby it being prescribed him Pliny saith it cures the Tisick especially in Achaja wee read the same in Avicen who addes that it is given in against the falling sicknesse The liver also eaten helps against the same disease but is prescribed to be eaten fasting Others advise it to be drop'd into the mouth mixt with a little of the universall medicine The milt is so effectuall against the spleen that the profit is felt in three dayes usage The same beaten to powder and out of water put on the breasts brings the milk into them if we credit Sextus The fume is good for old matrices as Pliny holds Their Reins in powder given in pure wine help the bladder and to hold the water The Asses genital is conceived sayes Pliny burnt to ashes to make hayr come thick and prevent gray hayrs if smeare on the new shaven with oyl and pounched to powder with lead His right stone drunke in wine or bound to the arme provokes lust Either of them helps against witchraft Wrapping infants in the skin keeps them from frighting A ring made of his hoof if there be no black in it carried about one inclinable to sounding fits keeps him from falling The Asses of the same are also good for that end drunk many dayes together and kneaded with oyl dispersse swellings or bunches Tarentus used it for a bait to take many fishes That they call lichen whether male or scurf or tetter burnt and powderd and laid on with old oyle breeds hayr so that if you annoint but a womans jaw with it shee shall have a beard daubd on with vineger raises from a lethargy or dead sleep Their stale smeard on with clay takes away corns and cures hard flesh saith Marcellus Savanarola hath written that it is good against an ill savour of the nostrils Dioscorides that in drinke it helps the ache and gravell in the reins Wherefore those of old have still used it Of their dung thus Pliny The dung of the Asse-colt voided first after his foaling is called Polea The Syrians minister it in vineger and meth against the spleen The same helps the collick and bloody flux boyld in wine it greatly relievs the pain of the skin In three dayes it cures the kings-evill given but as big as a bean in wine A mares foles dung hath the like efficacy The same is used to stanch blood Tarentinus much commends it moystned in Coriander juice and kneaded with barly-flower for the taking of trachuris and perch I need not speake of their usefulnesse in carriage in the mill in warre and at the plow c. This may be added that pipes are made of Asses bones and are shriller then others and that the Arabs make parchment of the asse-hide and cloath of the hayr Some differences and kinds they may be divided into
his weight falling disentangles himself The cunning of beasts in self-defence is singular as in those Dragons who not being able to clime so high as the Elephant spying their prey cast themselves thereon from a high tree He is not able to avoid the Serpents circling him seeks a tree or a rock to rub against The Dragon aware of this clings with his feet about the Elephants taile he unites the knot The Dragon flies then and hides his head in one of the Elephants nostrils stops his breath and tears the softest parts Dragons meeting them being surprised stand upright and make at their eyes most so that many of them being blind and famished are found dead Among colours he avoids the light-red and the white most We shall shew the cause else-where That fire frights them Livy tells us by an example of Hannibal who at the siege of Capua by fire drove them away It so terrified them that they fly and can by no means be brought back again Of their Age men write diversly Some say they live two hundred years some three hundered some say one hundered and twenty years One Sicritus saith that they live to three hundered seldome to five hundered and that they are very strong about the two hundered year of their age Philostratus relates that one of those that fought against K. Alexander live above three hundered and fifty years after him I say nothing of Juba his Elephant and that of Ptolom Philad and that of Seleucus Nicanor At sixty years begins their youth By the greatnesse of their teeth you may know how long they shall live They can endure no cold that is their greatest bane They are troubled with wind and flux of the belly and feel no other diseases Yet Aelian speaks of sore eyes They that are taken and wounded their wounds are washed with warme water first then if very deep gashed anoynted with butter after that men lay on fresh and bleeding swines-flesh and so the inflammation is asswaged Some years I find they are madde and then they spare none they meet A foretoken thereof is an oyly substance flowing out of their ears The cure is to chide and rage at them Their keepers shew by reason that they are of a base and degenerate disposition and that lust casts them into their mad-sits Men write that they are troubled with rheums and that the humour will petrifie or harden into a kind of stone whereof there have been a statue shewen They walk slowly by reason of their heavy bulk Yet they say none is so swift whom they with their walk cannot overtake They bend their hams inward like a man And because his bending joynts of the legs are not so high as those of other beasts but stand lower toward the earth it is troublesome to the Rider he being so used to sitting which yet is to be meant of those that are grown up Since the young have an easie pace and as delightfull to the Rider as that of the ambling Mule There are many things that witnesse their singular nature and ingenuety that it is no wonder that Pliny calls him the wittiest of all that go on four feet We said afore that they fear water whereof Hannibal had much adoe to bring his to it and Pliny saith that at Puteoli they ran away from the ships for fear Yet L. Caelius Meteilus joyning tunnes together ferried them over the Sicilian sea for want of ships The female is much stronger then the male as shews plainly a masculine ability Aristotle yet affirmes them to be more timerous Opian saith they can with their tuches turne beeches wild-olives and palm-trees upside down One of them laid flat a body of a tree of such a vastnesse that four and twentie men could scarce stir it and three of them drew a shoar a very great Pinnace They fight eagerly one with another The conquered flyes the very voyce of the conquerour holding to him earth and verwain It come to a proverb the conquered brings grasse to the conquerer from hence yet with Vossius I can hardly yeeld beleefe to it They will revenge an injury One of them kept a nut-shell that a souldier flung at his face and many daies after cast it at him again walking in the same street They are strangly kind to their keepers or masters and also mindfull of any wrong offered them as Seneca excellently expresses it the wildnesse of Elephants condescending to the basest offices deservs them their meat Strabo saith indeed that some of them have carried their chariotters falne in battail clearly off and others have saved others And Cassiodore writes that when they thinke that their Masters provision falles short they will by a certain motion by meat of diverse who if they slight them and regard not answering their desire they will open a bladder wherein much filth is gathered together and cast so much out on the refusers houses that you would thinke there ran a river therein with that stink revenging the deniall At Cochin some of them tooke a souldier and ducked him severall times in the water because he refused to give their Master the way Porus an Indian King being almost dispatched with wounds his Elephant with his trunk plucked out the darts by degrees and gently and himself being also much wounded would not fall till he felt the King slide down from his back having lost much blood and then he bowed himself a little that the King might not tumble down but reach gently the ground They by nature fear man for if he but see the print of humane footing though he spy not yet the man he trembles for feare of ginnes or snares makes a stand smels snufs and looks about him puffes but tramples not on him but plucks him out and delivers him over to the next and he to the next like a message and so to the very last of the herd that goes too and fro order themselves as preparing for a battell That sent of a mans steps though bare footed they hold long Cicero is of opinion that they are great lovers of mankind and there is a kind of a conversation between them Philos intimates the same saying that if be once wonted to man he suffers any thing from him imitates all his carriages delights to take food from a mans hand like dogs and embraces him with his trunk suffers a man to thrust his head into his mouth hold it there as long as he please See Athenaeus and Aelian their relations of a certain Elephants love toward an infant One is said to be in love with an Egyptian Herbwoman it seemes his choyse was not common for shee was also very acceptable to Aristophanes the famous Grammarian Many arguments there are of their teachablenesse which is singular They will cast weapons into the aire and catch them again the wind not carrying them away they among
woollen cloath and so three dayes renewed and the third day an ox-gall is to be shaven and the shavings mixt with oyl and put in a linnen cloath and three dayes together layd on and then she shall conceive Finally it is strange that is written that some Egyptian women to become fat take in a bath 9 dayes a chirat of Cows-gall dissolved in Cow-pisse About the calves-gall understand that with vineger warmed it takes away Nits it lesses the chops of the eyes bruized with hony and especially Mirrhe and Safran and is very good to put into the eare with a Snakes-slough sprinkled with lees mixt with oyl it drives away gnats The stone in an Ox-gall the Philosophers call it Alcheron it is like a ring bruised to pouder and snuffed up helps the sight and prevents eye-rheums and is good for the falling-sicknesse if you take thereof the quantity of a pea with the juyce of into the nostrills The hide and glue also hath it's use in Phisick Burnt it heals kibes especially out of an old shoe with hony it eats off cankers in sores the ashes of an old soal burnt helps against a bruise from a pinching shoe Glew sod out of Ox-hides especially Bulls and that out of their ears and pizles of very soverain nor is any thing better against burnings But it is often counterfaited nothing more taken out of other leather to cozen you That of Rhodes is truest and therefore used by Painters and Phisitians The best at this day called German is of a light-red-colour very hard britled as glasse and blackish and twice as deere as the other It is called Xylocolla or wood-glue because it is used in gluing wood together others call it Taurocolla or Bulls-glue we owe the invention of it to Daedalus it joyns things firmer then any other thing can Melted in vineger it heals the scab adding lime-wit if it be not gone too far weakened in vineger and with brimstone boild on a soft fire to the thicknesse of hony and stird boyling with a fig-tree sprig applied twice a day it cures itch melted and dissolved the third day it heals and closest wounds made by iron Mixt with vineger and hony it removes Nits It helps teeth boyld in water and rubed on and presently taken of again and then the teeth washt with wine wherein hath been sod sweet Pomegranet-roots drunk with three cups with hot water it helps spitting of blood as also the hot collique and belly-ake if layd on The horne the top of it burnt two spoonfulls weight with hony swallowed in pills helps the Ptisick or short-breath or wheezing as much burnt to pouder with three cups of hot water and a litle vineger helps the Spleen taken three dayes in if fasting The hoof is also medicineable boyled and eaten with mustard it resists poyson burnt and drunk in pottage wine or other liquour it restores milk to womens dried breasts the smoke thereof kills or chases away Mice The Ancledust drunk with hony brings away worms with mulled vineger it lessens the Spleen with wine it fastens the teeth It is frivolous but not to be left out saith Pliny if it be but to please women that the ankle of a white heifer sod 40 dayes and nights till dissolved rub'd on with a linnen cloath makes a clear smooth skin The Hips burnt and drunk stopt fluxes of blood The thin skin moyst from the calving heals a sore face The Stone found in the head drunk out of the same water that the ox drinks helps effectually the head-ake The milke being thick and fat passes not so easily through us yet Pliny saith it loosens the belly and is drunk in the spring to purge because it comes from many herbs whereon the Cows feed hartily It works out poyson especially that that corrodes and inflames particularly it helps against Doryenium Colchicum Hemlock and the sea-hare Warmed and gargled it soon allayes the pain and swelling of the almonds under the eares Taken warme from the Cow it helps an exulcerated stomack A cupfull with so much deer-sewet tried and moyst pitch and Scythian red-oker helps strangely a consumption A black Cows milk with pouder of Sesamum is good to drink for a women that after child-birth vomits blood after fourty dayes The same boyled mitigates and removes fluxus and desire to stool if newly milk and two parts boyled away for the strangury a little hony must be added and if the pain be great lay on the navell dust of Harts-horn or Ox gall mixt with cummin-seed with flesh up-goared Nor are these the prescriptions only of Aëtius Galen and Pliny but our late Physitians prescribe the like and therein they quench a gad of steel nine times and apply it hot to the patient or glister wise Hippocrates prescribed it of old and others mixt with liquour For he when the guts were wounded and the breath came forth beneath apparently by the wound and the breasts emptied advised it to be given with a like quantity of milke wine and water And Gesner also testifies that some cried it up if the liquour mixt with wine and milke were drunk certain dayes in Maries-bath Butter although Pliny say it was a food prized only by Barbarians and poor common people yet Galen and Diosco and others proclaim great vertue to be in it Vitalis de Furno Cardinal and a famous Physitian saith that butter is naturally warm and moyst heat is predominant in it it is viscous and oylie Oft eaten it moystens the stomack and make loos-bodied softens the breast cures ulcers in breast and bowells especially when fresh and new agreeing to mans complexion helps apostumate breasts and lungs it being the proper quality to ripen disperse and cleanse all superfluous humours especially if eaten with hony and sugar Butter resists poyson supples the members softens and helps smeared on eye-smart disperses and ripens impostumes eases sore breasts and lungs and gripings of the bowels supples and loosens shriveled up sinews It is a speciall remedy against inward poyson if hartily drunk melted in hot milk after you have drunk venome for by its fatnesse it stops the passages that the venome reach not suddenly the heart But new butter is thus praise-worthy not so the old c. Thus far the Cardinall Cheese is good against flaxes strangury and colique Hippocrates uses the same against his third sort of consumption Donatus writes that he gave a pellet of Sicilian cheese dipt in hony to a boy troubled with wormes Of the whey hote or cold we shall elsewhere discusse certain it is that it thins and cleanse away the thick humours and brings down the belly to this last purpose the ancients have used it often especially in those which they would purge gently as the melancholy and those that had the falling sicknesse the leprous the scald and those that brake out with blisters over the whole body above all it is good for shortwinded
taken with neezing pouder Ox-pisse allayd with amber burnt and quenched therein removes impotence Hippoc. purged therewith female wombs that conception might follow Bulls-pisse takes away leprosie and scurf heals sore running-heads allays grief of the ears dropped in with myrrhe Finally if the hearing be very thick the Hee-goats or Bulls or mans old urine hot and vapouring out of a long necked bottle helps they mixt with it a third part vineger and some Calves-pisse that never tasted grasse Ox-blood men write that taken with vineger and moderately it helps against blood-vomiting it cures dogs newly faln mad it concocts ulcers if a playster be made of it with sewet by the fire Bulls-blood with meal smeard on softens hardnes and dried it scatters impostumes in any part it kills serpents takes away face-spots and that it is deadly to drink by reason that it soon congulates and hardens Midas King of Phrygia and Psammenitus of Egypt Themistocles and others who died by drinking it are sad examples Pliny excepts Aegyra a city doubtles of Achaia which Homer calls Hyperesia where the Priestesse being to divine drinks bulls blood afore shee descend her prophesying cave Signes that you have drunk it are stopping of breath even to choaking closing the jaws and eares almonds rednes of tongue infecting the teeth c. They help against ik with mariorane cole wildfigs calamint ladyglove salpeeter pepper copperas black southistle thorn and time A few words of the Dung The bulls dissolves swellings and callow hardnes the ox-dung is layd on made up with vineger cataplasme-wise for hand-greefs and hard-swellings Layd on coles with melantine snuffed up it heals megrim freck prest out and weakened in urine it is commended for gut-ake men use of it bruised and sifted for a purge for the barren The calves dung differs little from the oxes in vertue Marcellus saith that it is a present help daubed on sore joints Some parts are for many other uses to say nothing of husbandry treading out corne carriage warre sights of the hornes are made besides cups lavers cupping glasses lanterns cornets buglehorns trumpets and bows Of the hide are made shields bucklers helmets tents ships ladders belts girdles mony pouches bottles bellowes whips shoos and other things nay the Pyraeaean siege in Greece and that of Ripella in France witnes that they have been for food Out of the fagg-ends of hides comes glew Out of the sinews are made both tough and yeelding whips The teeth smoothen paper Cleanthes the Philosopher wanting mony to buy paper wrote what hee heard from Zeno with ox-bone on tiles or slate The powder of the same helps rheums and gout The blood being thicker then other and soon coming together and stifning is very fit to make morter And calves blood with minced veal kept ten dayes in an earthen pot makes fit baits for fish The sewet especially of the heifer and that about three year old makes the best candles If you mash your seed with ox-gall afore you sow it it is good against field mice nor will Ants come neare a tree if you rub the root with cow-gall The same and lees counterfait Lyciam and make a golden colour Of old they made brushes of ox-bristles and painters their pencills The Troglodites spent with age used to strangle themselves with an ox-tail The Chinois feed their fish to fatten them with cow-dung Some smear their walls with it against flies Their hoofs drive vermines from vines Oxen admit of many differences from their bignesses variety of hornes monstrous shape of parts place and otherwise In the Isle Aden of old Madoce and Ocellis their Cows are as great as a Camell snow-white with hornes and ears some pricking up some hanging Aristot. saith that the Aegyptian are greater then those of Greece Those of Ethiopia in Prete Gan his dominâ—ons beare such great hornes that thereof are made vessells that hold many galons The African Cows are so little that they scarce reach the greatnesse of our calves but can beare any labour and hardship And such are the Alpine or rather Altine Altinum being an old city and a flourishing one on the Venetian coast near Aquileia The English Oxen pride themselves in their hornes and admirable savoury flesh called Beefe Those in the north of America want a dewlap and are bunsh-backed In Dariena they are said to be whole-hoof'd not unlike Mules great ear'd trunked like Elephants ash-colour'd and of a delicate flesh Out of Spain are transported into Hispaniola Cows so fruitfull that one common Cow in 26 years shall calve 800 calves while their race is still breeding also The Aonian Oxen are many coloured whole-hoof'd have one horne coming out of their mouth Vartomannus saw the Sultan in Arabia presented with Cows-horne like Deer and black and some had but one horne and that on the forehead Among the Arachatae are wilde Oxen black ginning flat-horned The Armenian have a double-horne writhed bending and entortled like an zuy and so hard that it can turn a swords-edge In the Province of Bengala their Oxen are as thick as Elephants In Holland the Cows especially the pied ones yeeld a great soop of milk In some parts in summer-dayes each Cow yeelds to the pale 44 quarts a day In the Lazerhuys at Amsterdam they hold 22 Cows out of which they gain in milk and cheese beside what themselves daily spend about 500 crowns a year It is not wonder then that in butter and cheese they export to forreigne parts each year for 200 Sesterties that is 1000000 Carolusses They make it out of Butter-milk that we in England give to the poore and to our swine In Scotland there are very white wild Oxen of thick and long Manes savage and fierce so hating mankind that they will for many dayes abstain from that that man hath handled or breathed on and being taken by wiles they dy of themselves they have a sinewy gristly kind of flesh In the Camanduan quarters there are vast Oxen short and blunt-horned of aspotles whitenesse bunched-back'd and strong as Camels that will take up burdens Camel-like with bended knees at their keepers command I know not whither he mean those of Caria in Asia ugly with a bunch on the shoulders reaching from their necks with loose horns and laborious The other black or white are condemned to toyl Those of Cyprus feed on mans dung In the City Diu are small Oxen with great and strait hornes but besides their fitnesse to carry and toyl they will be taught to obey a bridle and to pace like horses The Cows of Epirus each fill a payl with milk the milker stands upright or stoups a little for sitting he cannot come by the udders The Oxen of the same place that are called Pirrhique from Pyrrhus who held men say so much of them are highly cried up they come to that perfection at foure years old They were
are good for the falling-sickness Their lungs take away bunches in the flesh roasted prevents drunkennesse shreded helps bruises and makes black scars white And is used for purges The Liver helps blood-shot-eyes and is good for a woman swelled in child-bearing taking in drink and with meat The Milt tosted powder taken in wine resists the collick which yet Pliny somewhere counts it superstition it being among the Magical precepts that the patient must say that he maks a remedy for the spleen and then he must hide and steal it up in his chamber and repeat a Verse three times nine times The Sheeps-bladder Galen advises them to take in drink burnt to powder who let water go from them in sleep Their Gall and honey cleanses the ears and smeared on the head with earth dryes up scurffe with the sewet it eases the Gout The Milk is cried up for wholesome against all kind of venome except the Buprestis and Hemlock Afore your quartan-fit take three cups of it with a dram of Swallows-dung If to a sixt part you adde four peny weight purified Cnicus and you drink the decoction it loosens The same boyled on hot stones is good against fluxes and of an exulcerated belly The Butter that comes from Sheeps-Milke smeared on with hony together with ashes of a dogs head or the womb boyled in oyl takes away dead-flesh growing about the fingers Old Cheese taken with our meat refreshes disentericks or eaten and scraped and taken in wine helps the collick Rams-horns burnt to powder with oyle some give to make the hair curle The ashes of the Trotters with hony heals the bite of a Mouse and a Spider The Curd in a dram of wine helps against pricks and all strokes and bites of the Peterman and other Sea-fishes And is good for Infants drunke out of water when troubled with pend or curdled breast-milke or given out of Vineger Put under or into the nostrils it strenches blood when other things help not The Sewet is taken either simply or for that that is taken from the ribs or call One saith that melt it and dip a cloth in it and lay it on a burnt part it helps It is laid on the kibe-heels with allum If mingled with ashes of womens hair it cures fellons It heals all kind of griefs about the privities mixt with ashes of the pumice and salt that fat taken from the call especially that from the reins The Lambs marrow melted by the fire drunke with oyle of nuts and white sugar dissolves the stone in the bladder The urine of a red or black sheepe mixt with hony is good for the dropsy Their dung a Physitian in Mysia used weakened in vineger to take away Cornes and hard knobs and mingled with rose-salve to close and skin over an ulcer from burning Out of vineger smeard on it works the same effects The pouder out of oyl applied as a cataplasme cures a fresh wound The ashes of the same with salpeter or the ashes of lambs hucklebones are good against the canker and ulcers that will not close Sheeps dung also heat and kneaded allays the swelling of wounds And is good for the colique A mountain-sheeps dung in September shut up the Moon decreasing the day afore gather up early and harden in the Sun and pounce it to pouder and keep it in a glasse or tin vessell for use A spoonfull of it given three dayes out of water cures the colique if a fever goe with it use wine The wool only layd on or with brimstone helps many unknowen griefs and is of that vertue that men put it on medicines The wool of a butting ram taken from between his hornes and burnt is good for the head-ake The ashes in Dioscor opinion draws over a crust hinders dead flesh closes ulcers Men burn it when clean and pickt in a new earthen pot to use as afore Some shear it some pluck it off and clip of the top dry and pick it and put it together into a new earthen pot and drench it in hony Others with lincks set it on fire it being sprinkled with oyle and rub the ashes with their hands putting in water and then let it stand and oft shift the water till it lightly touch but not bite the toung then they lay up and keep the ashes It hath a cleansing vertue to the cheeks Wool taken after sheep-shearing between the spring Aequinoctiall and the Solstice when they begun to sweat that from the neck is most commended Such wool helps green wounds cleansed and broken bones with oly vineger or wine since they soon suck up moysture and by reason of the ranknes of the cattell called Oesypus soften changed or applied seven dayes it heals the bite of a mad dogge and out of cold water heals the splents fingers out of hot oyle it helps running sores Herodotus relates that the Carthaginians sheephards with such wool sindge the veins of the crown of the head of their children when foure years old and some the temple-vein to prevent rheums and catarrs And if the children in finging chance with crampes the sprinkling of goats-pisse helps them If a plowsheard hurt an ox his legs or hoof stoned pitch and grease with brimstone wound up in shorn wool with a red hote iron thrust in cures it The same wool with oyl of roses stanches blood in the nose and another way is good to stop the eares of hearing Blood is also stanched by binding the joynt-ends Oesypus or the foul that cleaves to wool helps disgestion It eases closes supples ulcers It helps the inflammation of the matrice taken with butter and Melilote It cures wounds also taken with barly ashes and rust equally divided it helps also the canker and ulcers It eats out the swelling about ulcers and evens knobby flesh It cures Sint Antonies fire taken with Pompholyx It provokes sleep used with a little Mirrhe washt in two cups of wine It lessens face-spots with Corsick hony that is counted stronger About gathering and preparing it see Aldrovandus The skin of the feet and musles of the ox and sheep long boyled on a soft fire to a gelly taken out and dried in the open ayre when it whistles is commended agains ruptures So much for the medicinall use Sheep are also usefull otherwise outwardly both their fleece and pelts or skins yeeld us stuf for cloathing The Arabian Bedevini weare no other as Vitriacus relates Zeno Citicus and Crates of Thebes sewd Sheeps-skins within their cloaks Wolstan also Bishop of Worcester in England was ever clad in Sheeps-skins because not Leopards but the Lamb of God is celebrated in the Temples They were also used in Tragedies whence the wearers were called Diphtheriai Only beware of the skins of sheepe that dy of the plague for such breed not only lowsinesse but also Sint Anthonies fire That out of Aelian
that the hairs by degrees dry With cheese and brimstone it takes away morfew with sponge-ashes thickened as hony It scatters swelling if often touched therewith at first rising Layd on the eybrows it takes away hair To say nothing of the squincy and eare-diseases Lastly smear your beds or walls with goats or bullsâ—gall steeped in keen-vineger you shall not be troubled with wall or bedsted-lice The spleen fresh taken out of the beast and laid on mans spleen in a few dayes strangly removes the spleenative pains if you after hang it up in the smok and there dry it The head with hair and all boiled and pounded strengthens the bowels The brain dropt through a gold-ring into Infants afore they have ever sucked the Magitians prescribe against falling-sicknesse and all other Infants-griefs With honey it heals carbuncles And water poured out of a goats palate and what ever it eats if mixt with houy and salt destroys liceâ—f you rub the head body with it in whay and is a remedy against belly ake The ashes of the skin smeared on with oyl rids strangly the kibe-heel Shaving thereof pounded with pumice and mingled with vineger helps the Mazels Bind a womans paps with a thong of goats-lether and it will stop excessive rheums out of her nostrils The hair burnt heals all fluxes and burnt with pitch and vineger and put into the nostrils stanches bleeding When burning it chases Serpents away The horn burnt mixt with meal laid on mends scurffe and scald-heads Pieces of it scorched in the flame with vineger are of good use against S. Anthonies fire Laid under a weak mans head it causes sleep Shave or burn it and mingle it with goats-gall and myrrhe and rub the arm-pits it takes away the rank-smell It helps against the Epilepsy and the sent of it rowseth out of a Lethargy or dead-sleep And burnt if you rub the teeth therewith it makes them clean and white The hoof burnt it drives away Serpents and the ashes smeared on with vineger helps baldnesse and shedding of hair Goats-milke also is many wayes medicinable Democratis to my knowledge saith Pliny caused Conâ—idia M. Servilius the Consuls daughter who could not bear strong physick to use goats-milke which sustained her long in her weaknesse The goats were fed with Mastixtrees There is a healing vertue in it A draught of it with uva taminia grape cures a Serpents bite That which is first milked lessens the fits of a quartan ague whether eaten or drunk Some Magi give swallows-dung a dram out of goats or sheeps-milk or sweet wine three measures afore the fit Annoint the gums therewith and the teeth are bred with more ease Drunk with salt and hony it loosens the belly it is given against the falling sicknesse palsy Melancholy leprosie c. Hot in barly-meal like pulse it is given against the pain in the bowels It cures the spleen after two dayes fasting the third day the goats being fed with Ivy if it be drunk three dayes without any other food The cheese being fresh heals bites being dry with vineger and hony it clenses wounds soft and kneaded with hony and laid on and covered with woolen or linnen it speedily helps bruises c. newly curdled laid on it helps sore eyes If a woman hath eaten what goes against stomack so that her belly ake and she be feverish Hippocrates prescribes a fift part of white Peplium and half a chaenix and as much nettle-feed and half an pound of goats-cheese shaved mixt with old wine and supped up And if in the womb any thing be putrified or blood or corruption come forth he prescribes goats-cheese tosted or scraped alone or with as much barly-meal and taken in with win fasting As for the curd a dram out of wine is good against the bite of the Pieterman and other Sea-fishes It is drunk also for fluxes and taken against curdled-milk A third part drunk out with vineger is good against rank excesse of blood the bignesse of a bean steeped in myrtle-wine taken fasting eases the collick It is good against the lask The pisse drunk with Sea-Aquin vineger helps against the biting of Serpents and breakis impostumes where ever they are poured into the ears it helps the pulling of the sinews The Carthaginian shepherds burn the crown veins of their children of four years old with unwasht wool and some the temple-veins to prevent rheums If they faint under the pain they sprinkle goats-pisse on them and fetch them again The same drunken two cups a day with spicknard is good against the water under the skin drawing it away by urine Sextus thinks it helps women in their months Their dung is of frequent use Spurathoris the Greeks call it it is of a digestive and eagre property softning the hardest swellings not only of the spleen but also of others parts Being burnt it is thinner but not stronger Given in vineger it cures the vipers bite in wine with frankincense female-issues Ty it on a cloath it stills children especially girles They daub it on parts out of joynt Sod in vineger it disperses throat and other swellings And warmed and smeared on it cures spreading ulcers Prepared with hony and laid on it heals cancers and belly carbunckles and disperses them Bruised to powder and mixt with vineger and applied to the fore-head it takes away the migram It cures burns and leaves no scar kneaded with vineger to the thickness of hony it loosens contracted joynts and removes tremblings with barly-meal and vineger especial in tough and rustical bodies it helps the sciatica Pills thereof are a remedy for the months and second-birth Adde hereto that in Plague-time if you keep a Goat at home his breath and smell is good against infection Besides all this of the Goats-hair are made sives of the skin garments shoos coverlids bottles boots bellows sails paper and whips Pirrhus of the horns made him a crest The Locrians the Ozoli wear sheeps and goat-skins and live among flocks of goats The Sardi and Getuli had no other cloaths In Cypris they make Chamlets of goats-hair and to that purpose near the rivers Betolis and Issa in Armenia the lesse they keep and shear a multitude of goats yearly The Turks also at Ancyra the head-City of Capadocia make their choysest watered stuffes thereof and also their tapestry The paper or parchment I speak of were first found out at the Troian Pergamus and thence obtain the name We read little of their differences The Egyptian bring five at a birth because they drink the fat fruitfull water of the river Nile In Phrigia there are four horned goats as Scaliger relates with long hair and snow-white in the Weveries they shear not but pluck the hair out The Egyptians say that when the Dog-starre arises the goats turn ever Eastward and their looking that way is a sure signe of the revolutions of that Star In the Nothern-coasts
their skin that they cannot pluck it back again so that they through anguish will cast themselves from the highest clifts and taken they dy of pain or famish to death They haunt rocky mountains yet not the tops as the Ibex nor leap they high or far they come down sometime to the lower Alps. They meet oft about some sandy rocks and thence they lick sand as Goats do salt whereby they rub off their sluggish flegme and sharpen their stomack When they are hardly chased they climb so high that no dogs can come at them Then when they see the hunters creep on all four to pursue them they frisk from stone to stone and make to the mountain tops where no man can follow them there they hold and hang by the horns till they are shot with guns or driven headlong from their hold or famish to death Presently after S. Iames time they betake themselves to the colder clifts to inuse themselves by degrees to cold Being taken they are sometimes made tame Of the skins are made gloves for horsemen When they stray to find out new pastures the next rock they look wishly on putting forth a foot they try often whether it be fast or loose and slippery It is pleasant saith Scaliger to see how in my uncle Boniface his hall they that are kept tame will leap at the hangings wherein the like wild are woven As for their use their flesh is somewhat dry and a breeder of melancholy and is of a wild sent Hunters drink the blood afresh springing out for a present help for the swimming of the head A cup of the sewet mixt with the milk it is said to cure a deep consumption We represent here a double figure of the Rupicapra or wild and mountain-Goats The Buck is twofold one that the ancients write of whereof here the other the common one that the Moderns write of called Platykeroos or broad-horned men it may be by Gaza who translates Proka in Aristotle Dama or Buck. Pliny reckons it among the wild outlandish goats It may be it is that that Dioscor calls Nebros It is like a Goat and coloured like the Doe Ovid calls it a Doe with a yellow back They are famous for their fearfulnesse therefore they are seldome tamed They catch hold of Crags with their horns as if they were hooks nor do they any other wayes clim the inaccessible ridges of mountains POINT II. Of the Ibex DIoscorides in his Chapter of Curdles â—akes no mention of this Goat and scarce any other of the Ancients except Homer who calls it Ixalon Aiga But the learned witnesse as with one mouth that it is the same that the Germans call Ston-Buck Pliny comprizes the whole story in short saying that among the wild-goats are the Ibices on the Alps of a wonderful swiftnesse though their heads by burdened with huge horns where with they defend and poyze themselves and can safely tumble and frisk as they lift from clift to clift most nimbly It is a gallant creature and great-bodied almost shaped like an Hart but not so great slender thighed and small-headed the skin dark-coloured growing old they wax gresly and have a black list along the back clear and fair-eyed cloven and sharp-hoofed The female is lesse then the male and not so dusky of colour He is bigger then the shaggy goat not unlike the Rupicapra The hee hath along black beard that happens to no other beast so Bellonius writes haired like the Hart unlesse happily to the Hippelaphus His vast massy horns bent toward his back sharp and knotty and the more the older he growes for they wax yearly till that they grow to about twenty knots in the old ones Both horns when grown to their utmost are well neat sixteen or eighteen pound weight Bellonius had seen some horns four cubits long they have as many crosse-beams as they are years old Fleet they are nor is their any rock so high lofty or steep that they will not reach with some leaps if it be but rough and just but so far out that they can fasten their hoofs on They are wont to leap from clift to clift six paces distant from each other Falling he breaks the force of the fall with his horns See Aldrovand about the manner of hunting them There are two kinds of them in Candy Bellonius writes having seen of their horns brought out of Cyprus If they are surprized and have space enough they venture on the hunters and cast them head-long from the rock But finding there is no escaping they easily yeild themselves Of the same kind is that African wild beast which Aelian H. A. l. 14. c. 16. describes thus Wild-Goats abide on the tops of the Lybian mountains they are well near as great as oxen their shoulders and thighs extreme shaggy small legged their foreheads round thin and hollow-eyed not bolting much out the horns from the first sprouting very unlike each other scambling and crooked and not uniformed and strait as other goats horns but bend-back to their very shoulders No Goats so fit and able to leap so far as they from clift to clift and though they sometimes leap short and fall headlong downe between the crags they get no harme so made he is against such brunts so firme bodied that hee hurts no horns nor head The Goat-heards have many arts to take them as high as they are with darts or nets or gins being very cunning in that hunting On the plain ground any slowfooted hunts-man can overtake them Their skins and horns are of some use for the skins are very good to make gloves for shepheards and carpenters in cold winters The horns are as fit to draw water out of rivers or wells to drink in as cups themselves for they hold so much as cannot be taken in at one draught if well fitted by a good workman it may hold three measures It hath it's use also in physick The curds as usefull as those of the hare The blood with wine and rosemary is commended against the stone The only helpe for the Sciatica and the gout gather the dung when the moone is 17 dayes old or when the moone is oldest if it be needfull it may be of like efficacy so the medicine be made on the 17 day a handfull must be taken stamped in a morter with 25 pepper cornes make it into pills the number odd adding three quarters of a pint of the best and of the most generous old wine a pinte and halfe first making all into one masse lay them up in a glasse but to make it more effectuall doe it on the 17 day of the moon and begin on a thirsday to apply it giving it for seven dayes together so that the patient stand eastward on a footstool and drinke it which are meer fopperies though Marcellus prescribe so POINT III. Of the Buff the Bubalides and the Pygargus or Roe-Buck ALdrovand sayes c. 14. p. 303.
bats he sucks Pigeon-egges and the blood of birds killed picks out dead mens eyes catches hares he hath been seen with one in his mouth That they bring forth at the mouth is a tale forged out of the fained turning Galanthis Alkmenas Mayd by Iuno into a Weesel That they have a womb is certain The Raven and crow hate them for sucking their egs their voyce frights hens they fight with Cats They fight with serpents armed only with a sprig of run or with so wthistles if they want these they are worsted Their dung if they live in fields and woods smells like musk With their age they change colour They recover their whelps sight with an herb are easily tamed if you rub their teeth with garlick They dare set on greater beasts They build their holes with two doors one North the other South They transport their young thence for a dayes space Their bite is mortall and makes mad if it but touch a Cows udder it is inflamed Oyl wherein the Weesel hath rotted is a remedy or rubbing the place with the skin dry Aristides of Locris died of the bite of a Weesel The Mexicans eat them Galen saith that corned with salt and dried the flesh tasts like Hare The brain dried helps not a little against swounding fits The stomack stuf'd with Coriander-seed cures serpent bites The lungs are good for the lungs The liver helps giddinesse and swounding because it increases and decreases with the moon Pliny commends the gall against all venome Matthiolus used it with Fennell-water against dimnesse of sight and skin spots The yard dried is soverain against the strangury The stones and womb like the Eagle-stone prevents a womans miscarrying Lonicerus cries up the blood with juice of Plantan against the gout Galen against catarhs Mathiolus magnifies the dung taken in hony with pulse-meal and feny-greek against swellings and wens The Weesel whole is of use Dioscorides commends it unbowelled and long pickled against sting Galen used the dust dried against the falling-sicknesse Matthiolus the ashes of it burnt made with water into a dow against head-ache dimnesse of sight and blood-shot smeared on Marcellus burned it to ashes in an old pot and mixt them with hony on a thirsday in the wane of the moon against swellings of the jaws See Ambrosine about the divers uses of it A Weesels foot hung with rose and mustard-feed on the branches of a barren tree make it beare Farriers with a piece of the skin have cured Horses of the parlous disease called Tach. Some sprinkle seeds with the ashes on their ground to drive away field-mice others seeth them in much water to that purpose Some make the Weesel and Ictis herein to differ that the one is kept tame the other goes wild Others call the white one Hermellani that that is white only on the breast Visela The Rosola or Guisela his dung smells sweet One is called a Salamander for his many colours The Austrian Girella is of the bignesse of a Weezel The Italian Curriers shew a skinne black and glistring brought out of the cold Coasts called the Rosoleus or Romulus Some count the Chiurca a Ferret The Vormela mentioned by Agricola is another and Cardan adds the Lardironi and the Genetâ—a Scaliger writes that the Chiurca hath a ferrets face and bulk a foxes head lives under ground is very fruitfull bringing at a birth twelve at once The tayl small and almost bald It self is black-haired carrying her young under her belly in a bag The African Ferret is as big as a great Mouse resembling a Ferret and a Squirrell lifting up the tayl but not over the head as the Squirrell but high and spreading it abroad and sitting eating on the breech holding his food with the fore-feet squirrell-like and tossing it In either jaw were two longer fore-teeth the ears roundish the haire party-coloured from head to tayl sandy dusk and white with streaks The tayl very handsome he could display it like a Pea-cock five toes on each foot foure forwards the middlemost longest the fifth like a spur behinde He refused no food but liked bread best he was tame and went loose On shipboard they come into the marriners laps and stockins so tame they are Nieremberg calls it a Lybia Weezel ARTICLE II. Of the wilde Ferret or Fitcher SOme call it Putorius some Furo either from his theeving by night or his darke colour from his digging and myning in burrows some Viverra or Ferret from verrunco ferriting and driving beasts out of burrows Also Iktis from a bird of that colour and Pholita or Pholenta Coloured betweene white and box white-bellied reddish-eyed greater then a tame Weesel Aristotle makes it of the bulk of a Malta-whelp but in hair shape colour white below very unlike the common-Ferret In Italy France and Germany they are not but onely in Africa and in England He lives on hony fish pigeons and Conies which he likes best of all The females dy with heat if they couple not when lust is on them They mix as cats and bring seven or eight in a lutter they carry them fourty dayes the young after for thirty dayes are blinde and the fourtieth day after sight comes they go a hunting Provoke them and their dung sents well when time in boxes they sleep away most of their time In Narbon France they hunt Rabbets with them and elswhere they fetch with them dirds out the high nests that men cannot come by There is a peculiar kind in Zeilan foe to the crowned Serpent he bites on the roote of snake-wood when he goes to combate with him The Hamester is of this kinde bigger then a tame Forret the back is Hare-coloured the belly black the sides shining feet short He is a great gatherer of grain into his burrow Thuringia is full of them called Putorius from his stinking breath and Icktis because he loves fish Scaliger calls him a stinking cat Bodied like a Mattern but bigger narrower necked broader bellied blacker on the tayl and thighs the sides yellower It hath a double ranke of hair some shorter and yellow other longer and black the left legs are not shorter as some think They inhabite garners stables woods and bank-sides They feed on Mice Hens and other fowles whose heads they strait pull off fish frogs In Spring their skin smell strongly in Winter not There also the Noërza as big as a Pole-cat of an Otters-colour is a stinking beast lurking in wood-corners CHAPTER XI Of the Mattern or Pole-Cat and of the Zibelline-Ferret or Musk-Cat THe Martes or Mattern hath the name from his fiercenes called also Martia Marta Marrus and Foina Gainus Scismus His teeth pure white even set and keen The dog-teeth in either jaw hang out six smaller of diverse length are between in stead of cutters and are very small in the lower jaw The grinders are eight and like
purse or bag The bladder fastened above to the Peritonaeum and below to the streight gut The stones are covered with foure skins the outmost called scrotum the next dartos the third erythroides or the red the fourth is the inmost There is somewhat also considerable in the vessells preparing and conveying the seed c. Wee saw the uriteres descending from flat or hollow of the reins to the bladder-neck also the milk-veins tending toward the bunchy-part of the reins both sprouting from the body of the hollow-gut but the left is higher then the right and all most twice as long The straight-gut is tied to the beginning of the tayl by a middle-string it hath veines and sharp kernels Wee saw the mid-rif and meseraicks and sweet-breads being a kernelly substance Wee saw the blind-gut a thumb-breeth long the other guts are uniform but winding and brittle The reins large bigger then a great nut wherein are a few creeks through which the pisse is strained We saw the vein porta with it's meseraick and Spleen-branch hereout sprouts the coeliacus a branch compassing the stomack and conveys the melancholy humour thither to provoke appetite We saw the vein ascendent pearcing the mid-rif and reaching the heart and set into the right side thereof Wee saw the peerles vein-branched from the hollow vein by the heart and turning backagain and descending by the backbone on the right side which sends forth sprigs to the ribs to nourish them The liver is distinguished by six strings out of the midst of two of them on the right side goes the gall forth the bottome shews like a bolt-eye The gall-bag hath two branches the one passes from the liver to the duodenum carrying the dregs away The other running back to the bladder to be kept there In the duodenum foure fingers below the pores called cholidochi is found a worme little but of the bignes of the ureteries from the sides of the ascendent hollow veine descends a sinnew to the fleshy ringlet of the diaphragm and another on the left side proped with the thin skins of the sharp artery conveying feeling to the diaphragm We saw the turnagainsi news which propagated from the sixth conjugation of sinews are set in at the head of the sharp artery the one on the left turning upward about the great artery the other about the branches of the arterie tending toward the throte the heart with a double lappet on the right and left side the right is greatest and blackish the left of the colour of the heart The heart hath a right venticle to beget vitall spirits and a left one whether the vein-blood is conveyed and it hath foure large vessells the first is the hollow ascending vein which is set into the left eare the third the arteriall vein containing blood having a double coat whence it hath the name this is set into the lungs to nourish them The fourth is a vein-artery set into the left ventricle of the heart to convey to the brain blood prepared there to beget animal spirits In the right venticle are lappets or partitions which keep in the blood and so in the left The lungs have six fins Wee saw the inner-muscles about the larynx or the head of the sharp artery which being inflamed breed a squincy There are kernells in the yard like a Cats-tongue Wee marked the passage leading to the bladder The Cats brain-pan hath red streaks like veins the inner-eare is rarely fashioned whereof they have such use to listen and looked and prey by night Herein we marked the communion between the great artery and the great vein where the first parting is into the bowels I beleeve it is common to all living creatures what I observe in the tame Cats-back bone for with the own membranes it being covered at the end that which answer the hard menynx the inner sends forth nerves from it self but since there are companies of them like strings we note that they having passed a little way meet as in one knot as we in top of grain And since those severall strings are covered with the same skins if you strain one you spoyl the other till they come to the knot In one rib of the house cat was noted a round knob like a tree-knot the midst whereof being broken asunder was porose and full of pits with drops of blood My fellow dissecters doubted whether it was the breach of a bone in anatomizing or some error in the first shaping and superfluous stuffe In a man on the flat part of the forehead bone that lies between the two eybrows ly equally on the right root of the nose Bruize but that bone or peirce it you find two long pits passing sidelings above under the skull and below blind ones with partitions These are doubtlesse the chambers of smelling where the breath is as also in the ear which is but of late discovered That which strengthens my opinion is that in a hound these cells are broader and more conspicuous then in man dogs excelling in sent This is not found in a Monky perhaps because he needs not excell in that sense THE NATURALL HISTORY OF THE FOURFOOTED BEASTS THE FOVRTH BOOKE Of the Fourfooted Creatures that have toes and spring of an Egge THE FIRST TITLE Of the skined ones CHAPTER I. Of the Frog ARTICLE I. Of the VVater-Frogs THus far of the Fourfooted beasts that bring forth living broods those that lay egges follow These are either skined or shelled Those that are covered with skin are the Frog Lizard Salmander Chamaeleon Crocodile c. The Frog is either the water or Land-frog Called Rana either from the summer-croaking ra ra or the Hebrew 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is to cry out In Greek Batrachos from his shrill voyce and Boox c. By the Cypriots Brouchetos the Ionians Bathrakos the Phocians Brianchone by those of Pontus Babakos by the late Greeks Bordakos and Gurinos and Brinoi and Parphusides from their puffed-cheeks with croaking It is an Amphilium living both in water and on land afore not fleshy but behind the hinder-legs nature hath made thick and longer the fore-legs They have five toes long skined between to help their swimming The Shee is biggest they have no neck the belly white the tong as infants tied afore but loose by the throat the milt small the liver imparted into three laps whereunder on each side part of the lungs is seen frothy not very bloudy the guts knotly the testicles and other parts like those of other beasts In England are no green ones but they abound in Germany Italy especially in Bononia They swarm so in the waterish places of Egypt that they would destroy all if the storks did not devour them They are said to be dumb in the Island Seriphus and Cyrene perhaps because the water is cold They are in streams but delight in puddles where bulrushes reeds and sea-gras grows They are ever found
the earth and eat not comming forth they creep slowly whether from feeblenesse or their nature They are at variance with Partriges and Eagles that snap them oft up to crack them on Rocks as one let one fall of the bald-pate of the tragick Poët Aeschylus mistaking it for a stone and killed him who abhorred to lengthen life according to Hyppocrates directions Their voyce is a little louder then a snakes hisse they fight with Serpents fenceing themselves with origanum c. Some parboyl them and then fry them in steaks Some reckon them among fishes and allow them on fasting-dayes others not they have bones and breath Not to speak of their eyes Some Americans count them dainties the flesh is usefull against dropsie and short-breath or wheesings Boiled they remove the loathsomnes of glutting of hony The ashes of the shell are used against fistulaes and shedding of hair and with oyl and wine against sore legs and in a fume against Emrods Burne them they close chapped-nipples with the white of an egge and they help bursten people the blood of the head cut off when it lies on the back and dried in the Sun quenches S. Anthonies fire and removes warts and morfew and is good for a sore-head and with ants-egges Henbane Hyoscyamus Hemlock is made an excellent oyntment the shell makes a good pot-lid that keeps the pot from boyling over the blood in wine makes abstemious the flesh fattens Horses and Hogs Vegetius makes an ointment of the live Tortoys burnt on chips and raw Allum and Deers-marrow and wine to make cattells hair grow The shell-shavings drunk in wine allay lust Of the greater some have framed tables vessells and beds Pliny and Seneca complain of the luxury in this kind under Nero and of counterfaiting the colour of the shell to make coverings for cup-bords The Amazons made shields of the shells and cradles for their children Pliny divides them into land and Sea and Ponds-tortoyses and such as live in sweet water called Emyclae In the Isle Zambol are seene small beasts like them round-bodied crosse-streakt at the end of each streak is an eare and an eye they have but one belly many feet and can goe every way The blood is soveraigne to close any wound Gesner calls it the many-footed-Tortoys In the Isle Mauritius under the line they are so large and strong that they carry men too and fro the Portugees speak of fifteen such CHAPTER II. Of Tortoyses in speciall ARTICLE I. Of the Land-Tortoyse THe Land-Tortoys is called by some the hill wood field wild-one in Greek Chersaian c. It is as the Salmander markt with yellow and black spots on the back shelled like the sea-one The under-shell of the female is plain but of the male hollow and heavier under the under-shells are two moving muscles afore on each side one either seems double the greater outward the lesse inward both rising sideling as out of the arm-pits springing from a thin skin clinging to the shell and ending in a sharp tendon under these long round muscles six other appeares long that haply bend the arms Two come to the thighs sprouting from the foresaid membrane these are lesse then the former but more fleshy and are set into the thighs The back-bone is compact and fastened strongly to the shell in the middle of the length Below the head in the midst a fingers breath from the sides descend two muscles plucking the head inward and two other a little below all long The liver is parted but alike big on the right and left side without bunched within hollow on the right side craggy containing in a strange workmanship the nether mouth of the stomack and a part of the duodenum the left side holding the greater hollow of the stomack like a hollow eyebrow The gall-bag lies deep in the right string of the liver The stomack nearly resembles a mans or swines but after it comes to the bowells it hath three large hollows wherein are perfected the three digestions In the two first is a herby substance the latter better wrought and from hence cleaves the milt round and black in the third a certain moystish and very white substance like a chewed chesnut but washy It is thought this serves for a bladder that as Hens use darts out sometimes a white moysture It is large and shaped like a chesnut thin and of a large conveyance It clings fast to the peritonaeum The straight gut at the end hath such side passages as all Cocks have but parted and reaching into the sides even to the reins Here on each side ly their egges The mid-rif is interwoaven with great veins The heart is roundish and whitish hollow on one corner placed just above the liver The sharp artery which is worthy marking a little after the beginning is cloven and the branches are twisted The lungs above cling to the back-bone thin not fleshy but rather skinny set into the sharp artery like a blackish net-worke The disposition of the Hyois-bone and shield-gristle is remarkable In the skull of the Sea-tortoyse is a partition These come about in the deserts of Africa and in some part of Lybia Also in the Arcadian woods they of old made harps of them They are most in the Isle Dioscoris in the red-sea Living in the deserts they have been thought to feed on dew Others say they crop young sprouts of pot-herbs and Pompions c. Worms also they eat and shell-fish In house they kept with bran and meal To passe by fables of their being gendred of Geranus a woman turned into a Crane and Nicodamas They lay hard shelled and party-coloured egges which they hide in the ground and at times sit on and the following year they foster them It is a mistake that they conceive only when the wind blows It is certainer that the female being very slow to coupling is of the male quickned by an herb The Greeks eat them not Certain Hungarians seeing Clusius tast of one beleeved he should dy of it In India they are commonly eaten In August and September when corn is ripe they are fattest and most cried up Some say from February to May the Shee s are best being then full of egges and from June to Autumne the Hees Some praise them with garlick sauce At this day at Bononia they behead the female land-Crocodile and throw away the blood and seeth it till the shell fall from the flesh and wash the inward and boyl all together with saffran sweet spices pines and raisins in Malmsy and so serve it in The flesh makes good perfumes against witchraft and poyson In Africa they cut off the head and feet and make an antidote of them In pottage eaten they disperse swellings and help the falling sicknesse and spleen the blood clears the ey-sight and removes blood-shot rednesse in the eyes and helps against all venome of
serpents spiders toads the blood wrought with meal into pilles and take in wine the gall with Athenian hony is good for the yellow in the eyes and the stroak of a scorpion the ashes of the shell kneaded with wine and oyl closes chaps and ulcers The scales shaven off at top in drinke allay as the the powder of the shell inflames lust The urine I thinke is not seen but in dissection but is thought good against aspick-bites better if mixt with hog-lice the egges hardened make an ointment for swellings and ulcers comming from cold or burnes Some swallow them in stomack-aches Among the Bononians there is syroop of Tortoyses for short-breath and consumptions Some also made a decoction for rheums and cough described by Amatus the Portugees Wecker compounds an electuary against sharp uds of seed Galen stampt the liver to drink for the suffocations of the mother In India are great ones They pluck off their shells with spades they have fat and sweet flesh In Brasil is one called Jubeti by the Portugees Cagado de terra it hath a black shell with many six cornered marks thereon snowted as others The head and legs dusk but shadowed and spotted The liver hath a more savoury tast thenof any other beast ARTICLE II. Of the VVater-Tortoyse POINT I. Of the fresh-water and Pond-Tortoyse PLiny calls it water-mouse and Emyda The clay-coloured is called Myda In Greek Potamia Cheloonia or river-Tortoyses They live in fresh water in lakes and rivers as near Adelfing in a small lake in the Tigurine territory And near Constance in a hote that runs long and wide among the rocks there are plenty of them the women of that city call them divells and ascribe all their sicknesses to them They wander also in Ganges and Nile they breath In breeding time they dig a hole on dry land where they lay and hide their egges and after thirty dayes they uncover them and bring their brood presently to the water Of the fat bruized with Aizoon or the everliving herb and Lily-seed some annoint those that have quartans all over but the head afore the fit then they wrap them warme and give them hote water to drinke They catch it on the fifteenth day of the moon when it is fattest and annoint the patient the day after The blood droped in eases head-akes and swellings Some behead them lying on their backs with a brazen knife receiving the blood in a new earthen pot annointing with the blood cure all kinds of S. Anthonies fires and running sore heads and warts The dung is said to disperse waxen kernels some beleeve that ships sayl slower if a Tortoyses right foot be aboard The Indian river-Tortoyse is just as big as a Boat and holds sixty bushells of pulse The clay or Pond-Tortoyse Pelamida and Amida is alike broad on back and breast the shell makes a handsome cup. It abides in muddy places but at spring seekes running-water They want bladder and reines They are seene about Ferraria and in France Poland Hungary Some think to drive over a shoar of hayl by laying one with the right hand about their garden or field on the back so that it may see the cloud big with hayl Some lay three on a fire of chips and take the bodies from the shells and parboyl them in a gallon of water and a litle salt to a third part and make a drink for palsy and gout for those that have feeling The gall is good for flegm and corrupt blood Drunk in cold water it stays a loosnes POINT II. Of the Sea-Tortoyse PLiny calls it the Sea-mouse the Greek Cheludros the German and Flemish Fishers the Souldier because it beares a shield and helmet and Barchora and of old Zytyron that or such another with rugged hard armed-head and a buckler hanging at the neck It resembles the Land-Tortoyse if you except the feet and bignes In stead of teeth it hath a bone so hard it breaks asunder the thickest staffe with one stroke The snout brims seeme like teeth The eyes sparkle from farre the balls being exceeding bright and glittering The feet like wings wherewith they swim as with oars turn him on his back and cut him up crosse taking away the shell you see a peritonaean membrane covering all the fore-parts from the throat to the secrets tied to the shell by fleshy strings especially by the breast Kall it hath none nor blind gut but slender bowells from above downwards contrary to other fourfooted beasts Nay from the gullet top which is two thumbs thick it reaches to the beginning of the straight gut and lessens all along it hath also double tunicles the outer sinewy the inner fleshy and this is hairy and limber and moyst like a fat Cows right gut In the beginning of the Oesophagus are many thwart prickles bigger then in an Ox-tongue which is strange they serve happily to chew the grosse food they use to gobble in The neck of the bladder answers the straight gut within and have both but one out-let the milt round as an egge tied to the upper-gut Reins plain and long as if made up of many small ones heart moyst full of intricate vessels in the entrance the lappes large blackish dangling by a thin skin lungs large comming down much lower then the heart the neck bent with many muscles and two very long plucking the head in to the shell They live in salt water and about Moluris and live on small fish shell-fish and being brought a land they eat grasse They at breeding-time lay about an hundred egs on land and hide them in a pit and by night sit on them with their foot make a mark on the covered-place to find it again They plain the earth with their breast In fourty dayes they are hatched In America are hide oft above three hundred egges in one hole and are hatched by the Sun with the dams sitting so that an army seemes to be poured out at once They sleep sometimes on land but cannot live long there like Sea-calves they come by night on land and feed greedily and being full and weary they float on the water on their backs sleeping and snorting If they ly long dried by the Sun-beams and cannot get into the sleep they dy They thrust forth their heads to take ayr like Sea-calves and are so bold they dare set on three men at once Cut off their heads they dy not presently but shall bite if you put your hand to them The Armenians by the Patriark of Alexandria are forbidden to eat them on pain of excommunication Between Spring and fall they are good meat Some make pies of them In Brasile they catch some that may suffice 80 men They lard and roast them they tast like veal Their flesh and Frogs-flesh help against Salamanders the blood against shedding of hair itch and foreheads but dried and washt
with breast-milk men drop it into the ears for paine there Some eat it with corne-meal for the falling-sicknes some mixt the blood with vineger wine and barly-meal and eat a pellet as big as a bean morning and evening and after some dayes at evening It is taken in a castor-glister for the cramp wash the teeth long with the blood you shall have no tooth-ake and in barly-meal soked and fried it removes shortnes of breath the gall makes eyes clear lessens scars swellings of the amonds of the ears squincies and all sorenes in the mouth sorenes creeping on by degrees and the burning of the cods Smeard on the nostrils it is good for the falling-sicknes and for mattery-ears with snakes-sloughs and vineger Some adde ox-gall and juice of tortoyse-flesh long boyld in wine The gall with hony is good for the eyes and for the pin and web with the blood of the river-tortoyse and breast-milk womens hair is poysond by the gall Some drink Salamanders and the sop the brain with Saâ—â—â—an and Egyptian-salt makes a suppository for the stoppings of the mother The eye-balls worn in gold are good for dâ—maes of sight they give the blood with wild-cymine for viper-bites The liver pouder in breast-milke kneaded with rain-bow ointment and wine purges a châ—lde-bed-woman Some give the egges in an Epilepsie Of old they trimed their posts with the shâ—lls Those of Taprobana Isle cover their houses with them The Tortoys-eaters use them for ships and water-vessells and tents they wash new-borne Bâ—bes in them By Gambra River they make shields of them the Turks make Sword handles of the transparent shells They are of a different bignes and shape In Taprobana one weighed an hundred and three pound In the Red-Sea are shells as broad as a doore In India some hold ten bushels The Sea-tortoyses are longer the shore rounder Among the Trogodites are horned ones the horns as on a Harp broad and loose that help their swimming that kind is called Costium vast but rarely found The sharp Rocks of the Chelonophagi fright them away they frequent the Trogodites that even worship them Her-Barbarus bids us to call them Cheleta or Cavaleers that use their hornes as spurs One sort is covered as with a tanned hide and is like a Lobster the head and feet gone the back consists of six tablets joyned and the tayl like that part of the harp wherein the pegs stick there aâ—e two sorts the Brasilians call one Iuruâ—ua with legs like wings the fore-legs about a foot and half long the tayl sharp and conick eyes great and black mouth toothles and like a birds bill I have had of them whose shells were three foot long and above two broad the shells set into the ribs on each side eight the former shorter middelmost longer the hindmost also smaller They eat the egges as flesh they lay their eggs on the shore digging a pit in the sand and burying them I have oft trackt them in their walke Some I have had foure foot long and three broad of such a bulk foure strong men could scarce stirre one The shells as carved in diverse geometricall figures some black and glistring with yellow streaks goodly to see too others otherwise shaped The other sort the Portugees called Iuruta Cadago d' agoa it is lesse then other Tortoyses the shell the upper-shell is ten fingers long and broad the hollownesse considered the lower shell nine fingers long foure and an half broad and flat The upper hath an crooked longsquare shape It can hide it self under the shell and thrust out the head three fingers the head is three fingers thick and longish the nose rising and pointed mouth wide eyes blackish balls cole-black on the feet are foure very long black nails the tayl short and copped the skinne rugged and scaly the upper-shell dusky the undermost yellowish they lay roundish eggs half as big as Hen-egges white-shelled they taste well fried Marckgrave ate often of them AN ADDITION Of certaine Outlandish Foure-footed Creatures of a doubtfull kind CHAPTER I. Of the Tlacaxolotl the Cabim and the Sea-secker HAving through Gods grace finished the History of the Foure-footed Beasts as many sorts as are as yet knowen I thought good to adde this appendix about forreigne doubtfull Creatures which I am yet thinking to what head or kind to referre As first The Tlacaxolotl it is roundish-faced bigger then a Bull great-headed long muzzle broad eares cruell teeth faced almost like a man whence it hath the name the neck thick the nails like the Bulls but larger the buttocks great and broad tayl thick and long skin thick hair yellowish and brisly It is seldome found living among stones and in desolate places The Atzaceani Tepotzonzotla and Haquelagani are not far from the Honduras It feeds on Kacaotli Quapachtli and green-Hoali in the wide fields and sowen grounds and where they are not on leaves and shrubs The flesh is eateable It fears not the face of man Arrows cannot pearce the hide therefore they catch them in pitfalls and holes covered with leaves as the Indians doe Elephants The Cabim or Sionium or Thabal is bred in Java It hath one strange vertue if any carry with them the tip of the mouth thereof wound him in a thousand places he shall not bleed one drop There have been many trialls of it and it is famous and well knowen for when Naodabeguea Malacensis an enemy of the Portugees in a manfull fight against them was at length overpowered and wounded in many places and fell no blood started out of the widest wounds after in rifling him as they plucked from his arme a gold arm-let strange to say the blood with his life gushed all out suddenly as out of a broken vessell which they being astonished to see they understood by other captives that in that arm-let was closed a Cabims mouth that is so potent in stanching of blood As for the Maripetum Aloysius Almeida writes and others affirme both with what truth that among the Japons in the Gotian kingdome is a wood wherein is bred a beast as big as a dog short-leged good to eat gold-coloured soft-haired Growing old it leaves the land and takes the sea and by degrees turns fish in a certain space loosing his beasts shape and that some have been taken not wholly transformed the full time being not exspired one part beast the other scaled and fined CHAPTER II. Of the Danta â—and Cappa THe Danta or Capa or Tapiroussu or Doueanar resembles the Mule having such ears a Calves lips the upper-lips hangs a handfull over the lower which he lifts up when angred in the rest like other beast but a Calf most he hath no harme The hoof helps heart-pain the skin makes an impenetrable target It hath two stomacks one receives the food the other is found none knows how stuft with wood and twigs The use of this stomack is not knowen Nature uses not to make any thing
is roaring He walkes as the lion withdrawing his claws and runs aside to amuse hunters onely for prey hee stretches out his claws In sent hee excells all beasts but the civet and mush-cat He hath wiles when hee waxes old to inveagle beasts to come to him and then preys upon them By his sent hee invites them and no wonder for wee see dogs diverted from their chase by sents As for their nature if they aile any thing as they are sometimes distempered and mad or have eaten the herb Pardalianche they betake themselves to wilde Goats-blood or many ordured they ever lead their whelps and defend them to the death They after whelping keep their Den and the male provides food They seldome are wholly tamed After the death of a King of France Francis the Kings Leopards got loose a male and female and tare very many about Orleans and there were womens carcasses found whose breasts only they had devoured But it is memorable that is reported of a Leopard lying by the way and seeing the father of one Philinus a Philosopher came to him he affrighted steped back shee fawned on him seeming to make great moane shee pulled him gently by his coat inviting him to follow her he did so shee led him to a pit into which her whelps were fallen he helped them out shee jocund attends him with her whelps till he came to the borders of the wildernese and after her fashion exprest her gratitude towards him which in man is rarely found Read also in Aelian of the kid that a Leopard would not touch dead because alive it had been his play-fellow Savages use to feed on them as they between Caucasus and the river Cophena In India also where they seeth them twice the better to disgest them They are also of use in Physick as the brain with the juice of rocket The right testicle helps womens terms saith Cardan The blood helps swoln veins the fat sleeks the skin The Moors use the skin for cloathing the Ethiops for armour They were of old presented in the Cirk at Rome Scaurus shewed fifty of them After Pompey shewed four hundred and ten Augustus four hundred and twenty Some make three kinds of them the Panther the Pard and the Leopard some four Panthers Pard the Leopard without mane sprung from a Pard and a lionesse and the spotted one the issue of a Pantheresse and a lion Some call the males Variae and Pards as those in Africk and Syria Some difference them only by colour and brightnesse There was an order of Senate that transporting them out of Africk into Italy but Cneius Auffidius the Tribune for all that allowed it to gratifie the people in the Cirk-shews Perhaps we may aptly refer hether the beast that the Spaniards call Dazypodes and the Indians Theotochtli he is about the bignesse of a Tumbler round low thick small-eared Lion or Cat faced with lively eyes and red circles thick thighed crooked claws duskish hair about the neck white about the belly the rest of the body ash-coloured everywhere black spotted the muzzle and tayl short the tongue rough rather grumbling then roaring and of incredible swiftnesse He lives on the Tetrocamian hills hunts Deere and other beasts of that bulke and sometimes men The tongue is so venomous that a lick on the ey of his prey blinds and kills it He covers the carcasses of the slain with herbs hay and greensward then climbs the next trees and houles when the beast within hearing by instinct of nature come at the call hastning as to a feast and fill themselves together with the provided prey Then the Tocotochtli comes down for his share and not afore knowing that should he eat first all the guest beasts should be poysoned So civill charitable and providently kind is he to the rest None but can profit others if he will We stand not so much in need of power and riches as of a good heart to do good Most rich are unprofitable it were well if they were not mischievous but all that are benevolent can in some degree be beneficient Love is ever liberall CHAPTER III. Of the Lynx or Lyzard THis wild Beast hath his name Lynx from Lykes light he being the most quick-sighted of all creatures Called also a Deer-wolfe not from his shape but his greedinesse and preying on deere It is not the Thois as we shall see hereafter I question whether it be the Chaus or no that the French call the Raphius Pompey shewed one in his plays faced like a Wolfe and spotted like the Pard He is smallheaded his eyes glister his face cheerfull hath teats on the breast The spots are more distinct and round on the Hee The skin from the nose-tip to the tayl is three foot four inches long the tayl seven inches long the neck-skin half a foot the back-skin fifteen inches about the thighs afore fourteen and the hinder twelve inches The Hair soft and downy the back hair tips bright the belly middle white but varied with black spots most near the belly on the sides the ears little and triangular and round black and shaggy a few white hairs intermixt the beard like the Cats with white bristles the feet very shaggy the forefeet having five the hinder four toes the tayl blackish at the end of the same thicknesse everywhere the temples hath weak muscles the skull three futures or seams armed with twenty teeth whereof twelve are fore-teeth but the first and sixt both of the upper and lower jaw are lesser then the middlemost as we observe in Weazles four dog-teeth longer then the rest ten grinders four in the upper-jaw on each side the first next the dog-teeth of a trigon figure the last parted and broad six in the under-jaw the second shaped like a lily the third broader and greater cloven in the midst sharp-pointed The lower jaw is little because hanging and not so employed in chewing The foot armed with sharp clear claws covered with a thin skin like those of the Eagle and Vulter the under part hard-skinned They are found in the Eastern parts thence brought into Europa Also in the mountains of America Those in Lithuania are black and marked on the back with handsome spots They are also in Poland Muscovy Swethland by Helsing they call them Rattluchs Also in Wittemberg where one set on a countreyman who knocked him down with his bill They feed on flesh especially of wild Cats whose flesh is sweeter They love also beasts brains and lurk on trees and catch at beasts as they passe by fastning their clawes on their necks and hold them till they tear them and eat their brains Some say they wound not but only suck the blood out In Scandinia are few beasts that they prey not on They engender as dogs and bitches and as Hares admit of superfaotation They bring at birth two
three or four No beast is so sharp-sighted whence it is fabled that they can see through a solid body They are so swift of foot they run headlong Pliny saith their pisse congeals into gems like carbuncles sparkling like fire called Lyncurium like a kind of amber They themselves know it and as out of envy bury their urine which hardens it the sooner Some say it and some deny it Some grant it to be an Amber and that it will draw and take up fethers but count the other relations frivolous They are so forgetfull that if they spy another prey they forget what is afore them but that is rather their overgreedines In summer they cast their hair but are shaggy in winter which Odonus affirmes of all shaggy beasts Lucan saith that their bowells are as venemous as the fome of a mad Dog They are of some reasonable use in Physick Evonymus mingles Saxifradge with the blood against the stone Wekerus makes an oyntment of the fat for the same grief Crollius makes salt of the stone and crabs eyes The claw of the greater toe of the right foot shut in silver and worn helps convulsions In the Isle Carpathus the claws and hide and drinke the ashes against running of the reins and sprinkle them on the body to cure itch and their pisse is good against Bear-pissing and sore throats A skin was sold at Bononia for 120. pound some are greater and some lesser In Italy they shew two kinds of skins a larger and inclining to white thought to belong to the Deer-Wolfe and a lesser yellowish which some think to be the Cat-pards CHAPTER IV. Of the Tyger THe name of this beast is imposed by the Medes from his swiftnesse they calling an Arrow Tigris Some say he is of the bignesse of a Dog Nearchus of a Horse There hath been a skin seen five foot long He hath fiery glistering eyes a short neck as other beasts that feed not on grasse his clawes crooked teeth keen feet cloven There is great store of them in the East and South in India within Ganges and Hyphasis on mount Caucasus by the Besiâ—gi near the Peninulei in Java where the fear of them makes lesse Gum Benjuin also in Bengala and the hill of Peru and ever in Taprobana They prey on and devour all kind of living creatures they are oft too hard for Elephants they draw Mules away by the legs as also Sheep Oxen Dogs c. which they tare not sparing men but they love kids-flesh best So greedy they are that if they see but blood they devour the whole body Because no males are ever taken some fancy they are all female and engender by the wind because of their fleetnesse They couple averse and whelp many at a birth They lust also after Bitches which men ty in woods which they haunt these they either tare or couple with The first and second brood from this commixture the Indians think too fierce the third they bring up Linschot relates that in West-Indies they do the Spaniards no hurt but infest the Natives that in Bamba they will not touch white men but assault the blacks yea if they find a black and white man sleep together they spare the one and fasten on the other They are enraged at the sight of an Elephant the sent of Ox-dung drives them away the noyse of a Drum mads them so that they wound themselves Their voyce is called rancatus a kind of roaring they change it and guash the teeth when enraged They are of an admirable fleetnesse the young ones are taken and fresh Horses are layd to carry them away because the Dam finding her Den empty her Welps gone hastens headlong by the sent after them for the Hee regards not the brood He that seazed the young upon the approach of the Dam casts away one of them for they bring many at one whelping that she snatches up in her mouth and hids back with it to her Den then hastens in chase after the rest and they being shiped she raves and complains on the shore This is the opinion of the Ancients but the Modern report the contrary that the Tiger is heavy-paced that a man much more other wild can out-runne them that the Boor wild Bull Deer senting them run away and escape their clutches wherefore the Tigers lurk in sedgy places among reeds and with a side-leap surprise beasts as a Cat Mice and Dor-mice So also they seaze on men and if with over-greedy hast they misse their prey and leap wrong they retire softly roaring and finding themselves detected they go away This I have out of Bontius who being dead it is sad to think how many exotick rarities about Plants and Beasts died with him The Tigresse is very fond of her Whelps wherefore upon sight of a man she forthwith removes them and if they be taken away she cruelly rages at whatever comes in her way and dies mad Now though they are for the most part untameable yet they have been tamed and obeyed a whip their keepers have dared to kisse them Augustus Q. Tubero and Fabius Maximus being Consuls first shewed a tame Tiger in a Cage at Rome at the Dedication of Marcellus his Theater Claudius also shewed four Under Gordian ten were seen at Rome At Aurelians triumph four Heliogabalus yoakd them together in a Chariot Yet they never lay their fiercenesse so aside but that they start out and shew their savagenesse when we least think of it When they have been led to be seen men have surrounded them with bells to warn the beholders from being surprized by them Sometimes chains cannot hold them Men must stupify them with juice of Mandragora and Opium to prevent doing harm when led along the streets The Indians ate their hind-parts and consecrated their fore-parts to Phoebus holding them up toward the rising-Sun but ate them not The Congitani ate all but the parts under the arm-pits or mustachio because whosoever did eat them ran mad wherefore it was ordered by Edict that none should be allowed to sell the skins without those parts Ledesina the Spaniard thinks the flesh so good as Beef the Cerebrarians wear the teeth into Garlands and think the wearing makes them couragious Some count the Manticora a Tiger that hath three rowes of teeth and hairs in his tail as sharp as darts Among the Prasy are said to be Tigers twice as big as Lyons they differ in fiercenesse and shape and bulk The lesser sort the Indians call Tilaco-ocelotl or little Tigers marked with black and dusky spots and not pale and bright as others commonly are The Perunians call them Ururuncu as Bears Aboronocus they are fiercer then Lyons and are greedy after Indians seeking them in their houses and cottages and if they keep not their doors shut then slink in and snatch an Indian away
the bitches twelf other kinds fifteen The whelps have white teeth and a shrill bark the elder their teeth blunter saffran-coloured the bark greater Which voyce we call barking in Latine latrare and banbare In Greeke Whelps are said Banzein older Ylaktein to yelpe c. when they drink they lap when they quarrell or fawne they grumble We say a salt-bitch hot go to dog in hunting they open Prokunein provoked they snarl Ararizein They dread the Hyaena so that the very shadow strikes them dumb In Nilus they give but a lap and away for feare of the Crocodile A Wolf they hate Porta saith a Wolfs-skinne hanged on one bitten with a mad dogge removes fear of water They dread the Buzzard for her slow and low flying Blondus his dog would not come neare Hens-flesh Some refuse the bones of wilde-fowles Of old they would not enter Hercules his temple either by reason of his club or they sented something buried under the threshold that they hated Some complain lamentably if you strike a Harp some houl if they hear a Trumpet The report of a Gun makes them run Well they agree with mankind wee shall see anone They are soon vexed and will fight long about a bone They are watchfull house-keepers they are soon waked They drive them in Sparta from their temples for their lust after women They are skilfull in senting and by smelling behind distinguish of the disposition of bodies They are ever hunting with their nose near the ground and so soon infected Quick of hearing they are At foure moneths old they shed teeth and hayr If crop-sick they devour grasse They soon cast puppy if the dog be killed they coupled with They are very cunning and have a good memory and are very teacheable That in Plutarch cast so many stones into the oyl-cruyze till the oyl swelled high enough that he could lick it They forget not a way once gone Man onely exceeds them in remembring One in Venice knew his master after three years Ulisses his dog after twenty years absence On Vespasians Theater was shewn a dog that was taught all kinds of daunces and fained himself sick and dead suffered himself to be draged about by the tayl then started up as out of a deepe sleep Francis Marquesse of Mantua becomming dumb in a sicknesse taught a Dog by signes to call any courtier to him Another in the presence of Justinian the Emperor and the people having rings from the spectators which his master jumbled together returned each his own ring Being asked which of the company was poore or rich a whore or a widow he shewed each taking their cloaths in his mouth They are very faithfull to their masters We have heard of one that fought with theeves for his master and would not leave his dead body but drive birds and beasts of prey from the carcasse Of another in Epire that discovered one that killed his master and never left rending and barking till he confest the deed Two hundred dogs rescued the Garamant King from banishment withstanding all resistance Those of Colophon and the Castabaleâ—â—es made use of squadrons of Dogs in warre they set them in the front neither would they give ground they were the most faithfull forces they had and asked no pay When the Cimbrians were slain their Dogs defended their houses lying on Carts Jason the Lycian his dog would not eat when his master was slain but starved himself to death Another called Hircanus leaped into King Lysimachus his funerall flame the like is said of King Hierons dog Pyrrhus King Gelons dog also is famous and that of Nicomedes the Bithinian King his Queen Consinga being torn wantonizing with her husband With you a dog defended Volcatius a Gentleman a Civilian from a rouge who assailed him returning out of the suburbs homeward And Caelius also a Senator of Placentia who was sickly and opprest with armed men nor was he slain till his dog was first killed But above all that surpasses any instance in our age that the Roman Chronicle testifies that when Appius Jenius and Publius Silius were consuls T. Sabinus who was condemned for Nero Germanicus sons sake to be cast down the Gemonies had a dog that hould piteously for his master there many Romans standing about and being offered meat he put it to his dead Lords mouth and the carcasse being cast into Tiber the dog swam to it and endevoured to keep it from sinking all the people ran to beholds the dum beasts faithfulnesse Another discovered and killed the murderer of his master That of Corsica that would not suffer the nearest friends to take away his masters body frozen to death till they killed him I mention not yet those that would be burnt or buried with their masters as that of Polus the Tragedian that of Pyrrhus and Theodorus his dog Eupolis the Poëts dog would never eat after his masters death nor Jasons the Lycian Darius the last Persian Monarch had no companion at his death but his dog Xantippus his dog swam after him and was drowned Few or civilized people will eat dogs flesh unlesse need compell them Yet those of Senega eat them and those of Guinee Some nations gueld and eat them But in medicine they are of speciall use The brain-pan pouder takes down the swelling of the cods a playster of the brain sets bones the greatest tooth if you scarifie the jaw-bone eases tooth-ache some hang a black dogs longest tooth on those that have a quartan ague the dogtooth of a mad dog hung in raw leather allays frenzy the congeal stuffe dissolved in wine eases collick in vineger is taken in against dropsy Sextus layes it on their belly and by vomit draws out the hydroptique humour the liver of a mad-dog roasted is souverain against madnesse the gall with hony cures inward ulcers Marcellus applies the milt when fresh to the spleen the blood helps parts hurt by a mad dog the fat eases the gout a Puppies fat removes skars and face freckles the milke is good for sore eyes and to rub infants gums with all and drunk brings away a dead child The pisse fetches off hair and warts and mixt with salpeter cleanses leprosy The pouder of their dung is excellent against squincies ey-sentery and old sores if the dog be kept up and fed three dayes with bones Marcellus prepares it dried in the Sun and sifted with red wax by bits and a little oyl for the sciatica Pliny thinks that the bones found in their dung tied on helps the Siriasis in children The skin helps rheums if drawn on the fingers and thongs of it tied thrice about the neck helps the squincy The hair laid on the bite of a mad dog draws out the venome and stanches blood Some cure a quartane or remove it by making a cake of meal kneaded with the water the sick person makes in one fit at once and giving it to a
hungry dog See the rest in Gesner Some take two puppies newly puppied and four pound of oyl of violets and a pound of earthwormes prepared and make an ointment for wounds made by gunshot Andrew Furnerius cries up the destilled water out of whelps to prevent growing of hair Dogs differ in many respects Horned ones are said to be found in the Hellespont In Hispaniola are some that bark not In Guinee some strive to bark and cannot Some in regard of their qualities are Wind-hounds some coursers running-dogs some tumblers some house some gate-dogs some hunting some setting dogs some blood-hounds some shoks If we regard place there English Scotch Epire Cyrenaick Arcadian Indian c. dogs We shall in order treat of the severall sorts and first of mad dogs which become such by eating rotten and worm-eaten meats and flesh chiefly in the dog-daies Then they hate to eat and drink dread water rome up and down bark hoarsly fome extremely at mouth and ears look fearcely their tail hangs down they bite men without barking Many used manifold remedies as white hellebore with barly boyled to make them spew Hen-dung mixt with their meat blooding them after the third day in the swelling veins on the thighs casting them in a pond where many hors-leeches are to suck their bad blood away annointing them over with oyl of poplar washing them in a decoction of fumitory sorell and Elicampane root To prevent it some prescribe giving them while puppies breast-milk of one hath lien in of a son some cut off whelps tails when fourty dayes old Some pinch it off with their fingers the utmost joynt of the tail There are Malta dogs bred in that Isle over against Pachynus a promontory of Sicily some of them short some long haired with shagnecks Blondus prayses the black and white ones now the red and white are cried up As big as a wild weasle They keep and feed them in baskets to keep them little They are dainty of food If they whelp more then once they dy on a sudden That they may be whelped shaggy they strew the place where they ly with woolly fleeches that the bitches may have them ever in ey At Lions in France they are sould for ten pieces In Bononia for four hundred pound They are womens delights Hunting-dogs or Hounds are almost every-where Those are best that are bred in Hircania between a Bitch and a Tiger and those of Epire and the region of the Molossi and Chaonia The Persian are stoutest and fleetest The biggest are in Thebeth Those in the Province Gingue are so bold they dare venture to fasten on a Lion The writers of Husbandry shew how to breed such Alphonso King of Naples prized them and the great Cham of Tartary keeps five thousand of them They are diversly distinguished In relation to the sundry wild that they hunt or chase there are Hare-hounds and little Badger-dogs some good at a fowl that hunt them softly into the nets there are Water-spaniells others are to bait great beasts as Bull and Bear-dogs In respect to places there are those called Arcadian Ausonian Carian Thracian Iberian Hungarian Argive Lacedemonian Tegeatians Sauromatan Candian Celtan Magnetian Amorgan Hounds If you regard their colours there are ash-coloured hony-colour'd yellow white black The white are somewhat afraid of the water and will not willingly take water Those with black spots are thick and tender-footed The ash-coloured or russet are strong set and bold but slow-footed The black are stout but not so fleet as the white being lowthighed Men choose a Hound by his eager looke great head hanging upper-lip red-eyes wide nostrills sharp teeth thick neck broad breast lion liked That is the best Hare-hound that is long and plain-headed sharp-eared behind strait and little the upper-lips not hanging over the lower long and thick necked copped breast strait guts high and lean thighs tayl not thick nor too long not alwayes yelping Some of them go out a hunting of themselves and bring Hares home they call them Tumblers There are as many sorts of wind or sented as of hounds In Scotland are three kinds some bold and very fleet Some will catch fish Some red and black-spotted or black and red-spotted are lime-hounds that will hunt out theeves and stolen goods and take rivers to chase them The English and Scotch usually breed such blood-hounds up and count him a theef who is sky of letting them have accesse where ever they would hunt though into their bed-chamber Such a lime-hound must be low flat-nosed neat-mouthed the hind-thighs of one length not big-bellied plain-backed to the tayl dangling eares quick eyes The Brittish Spanish Gnosian and Tescan excell There is the Village and Shepheards Dog The white Dog is approoved being better distinguished from the Wolf Among the Turks no one master owns them nor come they into house they lay in yards on mats Of old the Romans kept five hundred of them to keep their stables We read little about the Warre-dogs and the useles Curres England breeds some that theeves murderers and traitors breed up for their cursed purpose and some that thirst after royall blood this very yeare Such the Spanjards in battell against the Indians which they feed with mans flesh to train them to hunt men Vazquez Nunnez used them in stead of hangmen The Indian Dogs in America are a new breed yet almost like ours in nature qualities shape The Xeloitzevintly is great most what above three cubits without hair sleek-skinned with yellow and blew spots Another sort they call from the country Itzcevinteporzotli michva canem like those of Malta white black and yellow a litle misshapen yet sportive pleasing fawning with an ugly bunch sticking out from the head and shoulders having almost no neck A third kind is the Tetichi not unlike ours but with a surly looke The Indians eat him as the Thracians of old Diocles the Physitian of the Asclepiad Schole prescribed Puppies-flesh to some Patients But the Cozumellol are a dainty with the Indians they fatten them as the Spanjards Conies and geld them to fatten the sooner and keepe many bitches to breed as shepheards with us for want of children they foster these and are found of them The Alco is a little Dog they are much taken with they pinch themselves to feed them travell with them on their shoulders or in their lap never are without them They have also dogs like Foxes that never barke bred in the Isle Cozumella If you strike them they will not complain nor cry These are called in Hispaniola Calamitan frogs spawned like Vermine by nature no need of an afterâ—birth dogs thin skin nor Hares-dung nor hair Pliny superstitiously seekes after them to strike dogs-dumb In Hispaniola are little dogs that grumble onely aâ—d bark not they taste well In Quivira they lay packs on their greatest Dogs CHAPTER II. Of the Cat. THe Cats