Selected quad for the lemma: blood_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
blood_n	bone_n	organ_n	smell_a	56	3	15.4457	5	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A35961	The anatomy of human bodies, comprehending the most modern discoveries and curiosities in that art to which is added a particular treatise of the small-pox & measles : together with several practical observations and experienced cures ... / written in Latin by Ijsbrand de Diemerbroeck ... ; translated from the last and most correct and full edition of the same, by William Salmon ...; Anatome corporis humani. English	Diemerbroeck, Ysbrand van, 1609-1674.; Salmon, William, 1644-1713.	1694 (1694)	Wing D1416; ESTC R9762	1,289,481	944

Vessels Muscles 446 455 The Eye-brows 448 F. The Face 440 Fat 13 Fat folke less fit for Venery 207. Why less active 334 The Feet and the Parts of them 493 Females whether begot by the Left Stone 148 Fermentation 27 The Fibres in general Flowers in Women the cause of them 168 The Tendril Fold 132. The Net-resembling Fold in the Womb 176. The Choroides Fold 398. It s progress and use ibid. The Forehead 441 The Fornix 397 398 The Frog-Distemper 486 Frontal Muscles 441 Function of the Brain 420 Function of the Parts 3 G. Gel●… Animals grow fat 207 Genitals of Men and Women how they differ 185 Glandules of the Kidneys 120. Of the Mesentery 49. How passed by the Milky Vessels 59. Of the Breasts 282. Of the Larynx 369. Of the Gullet ibid Of the Tongue 483 Glissons Experiment 82 Gonorrhea the Cause of it 143. Gonorhea simplex the Cause of it 192 The Gristles in general 610 Gristle Scutiform of the Larynx 367 Angular and Guttal of the same 368 The Gristle of the Ear 464 Growth 341 The Gullet its Connexion Vessels Substance 370 c. Its Motion 371 Gums 478 The Guts 42 H. Hare of the Eye-lids 447 Hair its generation 374. The roots of it a Heterogeneous Body its form efficient Cause 375. First Original 376. Variety of Colours whence 377. Whether part of the Body 381. Whether it contributes to the strength of the Body 383 Hang'd People how kill'd 358 The Hand 493. And the Parts of it 494 Dr. Harvey's Opinion touching Conception 213 215 217. Concerning the Uterine Liver 236. His Opinion and two questions concerning the Birth 276 The Head in general 373 Heart in general 305. c. Its motion 312 c. The true Cause 316. Unnatural things bred therein 324. The Office of the Heart 329. Glissons new Opinion ibid. The Helix 463 Heat of the Blood 335 Hermophradites 183 Hernia varicosa Carnosa 133 Herophiius's Wine-press or the For●…ular 385 Histories of Conception 217 c. The hollow Vein and Veins united to it above the Diaphragma 540. Below the Diaphragma 54●… The Horny Tuincle 45●… The Huckle-bone 589 Humors whether Parts of the Body 4. The four Humors always in the Blood 342 Humors of the Eye 459. Whether sensible 462 Hunger what and whence it proceeds 29 The Hymen whether or no 177. Whether a sign of Virginity 178 The Hyoides-bone 480 Hypothyroides Muscle 368 I. Ideas how imprinted in the Seed by Imagination 197 Jejunum Gut why Empty 110 Imagination of the Face of it 292 Indications of the Ancients taken from the Ear 463 Infants Bones how constituted 606 The Infundibulum or Funnel 413 Jugular Kernels 376 K. The Kidneys 116. Their Vessels 117 Their Substance 119. Malpigius's Discoveries ibid. Their use 120. Observations three 121. Whether they concoct Blood 125. Whether Wounds in the Kidneys be Mortal 126. Deputy Kidneys what 127 Kicking of the Infant in the Womb the Cause of it 275 276 L. The Labyrinth 468 The Lachrymal Kernel 415 The Lachrymal points 417 Larynx its Figure Vessels Bulk Substance Gristles 367 Laurentius Bellinus's fleshy Crust 482 Learned men deceived by Old womens tales 273 Ligament Ciliar 459 Ligaments in general 611. Of the Head of the Iaws Hyoides Bone and Tongue 612. Of the whole Trunk ibid. Of the Scapula's Arm and Hand 613. Of the Leg and Foot 614 Likeness of Features whence 198 Liquor in the Amnion what it is 250 c. The Liver 78. Whether a Bowel 79. Worms and Stones in it 85. The functions of it 108 109 112. The Office of the Liver 83. Sometimes joyned with the Lungs 185. Glisson's Experiment 82 The Long Marrow 406. It s difference from The Spinal Marrow ibid. The Lucid Enclosure 397 Lungs their bigness substance c. 350. Preternatural things in them 351. The colour in a Child before it is born 352 Division Lobes 353. Several Observations concerning them 354. Their motion 362 c. Lympha what 74 75. Difference between it and the Serum 76. Whether nutritive 348 Lymphatic Vessels 69. Of the Liver 81. Lymphatic Iuice the use of it ibid. Lymphatic Vessels in the Testicles 137 Of the Lungs 357 M. Males whether begot by the Right Stone 148 Malpigius's Observations of Blood 349 Materials of the Hair 378 Maxillary Kernels 376. Processes 408 The Mediastinum 303 Melancholly 342 Membranes in general 519 Membrane of the Muscles 17. Of the Drum 465 Meninxes of the Brain Dura Mater its Holes Vessels c. 384 385. Pia Mater 387 407 The Mesentery 48 The Mesenteric Milkie Vessels 58 Milk what 285 c. Whether Animal Spirits the matter of it 291 Mesue's Story concerning Milk ibid. Observation concerning it 293. Why dry'd up upon Weaning 294 Milkie Vessels to the Bladder of the Womb 122. To the Vice-Kidneys 123. Milkie Utrine Vessels a question concerning them 252. Milkie Vessels of the Breasts 283 Monstrous Births the reason 247 Mother Fits the cause of them 171 Whether from the Sweetbread juice 172 The Mount of Venus 179 Muscles 17. c. Of the Eur 464 466. Of the Cheeks Lips and lower Iaw 477. Muscles in general 497. Of the Head 503. Of the Arms and Shoulders 505. Of the Scapula 506. Assisting respiration 507. Of the Back and Loins 509. Of the Abdomen 510. Of the Radius 511. Of the Wrist and hollow of the hand ibid. Of the Fingers and Thumb 512. Of the Thigh 513. Of the Leg 515. Of the Foot 516. Of the Toes 517 The Mirtle-form'd Caruncles in Womens Privities 178 N. The Nails 607 The Nameless Bones 597 The Nameless Tunicle 457 Navel string what It s Situation 256. It s use 257 The Neck 372. Strength of the Body judged by it 372 The Nerves in general 548 c. Of the Neck 557. Of the Breast and B●…ok 559. Of the Loins 560. Proceeding from the Os Sacrum 561. Of the Arm and Hand 561. Of the Thighs and Feet 563 Nerves within the Cranium 410. Second third fourth fifth Pair 414 415. Turn-again Nerves ibid. Of the Nostrils 472 Net The wonderful Net 413 Nose It s Figure Bigness Bones and spongy Bones 470 Nostrils 471 The Nut of the Yard 151. Of the Clitoris 181 The Netform'd Tunicle 459 The Nymphe Their Substance Vessels Use and Observation concerning them 180 O. Oesophagus vid. Gullet Old Men whether they grow shorter 342 The Orbicular Bone in the Ear. 467 Order to be observed in Dissecting the Brain 419 Organs of Hearing 463 Organs of Smelling 470 Original of the Principles of the Blood 337 The Os Sacrum 589 Oval Hole in the Heart 327 The Oval Window in the Ear. 468 Ovaries in Women first discovered 156. How the Eggs descend from them to the Womb 159. Womens Stones to be rather called Ovaries 158 P. The Palate 478 The Perastates 139 Pannicle fleshy 16. 383 Parenchyma of the Liver 84 Part of the Body what 3 Net Organs 4 Principal which ibid. Subservient which 8 Noble which ibid. Ignoble which ibid. Parts

Division of the Name The Bigness Whether immoderate Venery diminishes the Brain Whether Men or Women have most Brains The Shape The Substance The Colour and Softness The Fibers The Cortex and Pith or Marrow How the Matter of the Animal Spirit is separated from the Brain Whether the Shell be separable from the Marrow The Temper of the Brain Its Arteries Whether the Arteries enter the Substance of the Brain The Veins The Anastomoses of the Vessels Its Nerves It s Division It s Motion Whether the Brain move by its own proper motion The necessity of the said Motion What Organ it is The Seat of the Animal Faculties The Pr●…minency of the Brain Snakes taken out of the Brain The Brawny Body The Lucid Septum Veins Ventricles The two upper Ventricles The Fornix The Choroid Fold It s Rise Progress It s Use. Slime or Snot The Progress of the superfluous Blood from the Fold Rolfinch's Mistake concerning the Cause of a Catarrh The third Ventricle The Buttocks The Testicles The Pineal Kernel Sand and Gravel in the Kernel The Use of this Kernel The Choroid Fold The Cerebel It s 〈◊〉 It s 〈◊〉 It s Substance 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Vermicular Processes Varolius's Bridge The Cistern Where the Seat of the Memory Its Parts The fourth Ventricle Calamus Scriptorius The long Marrow The difference between this and the Marrow of the Bones It s Moti●…n It s Substance Its Vessels The Coverings 〈◊〉 Division It s Cavity The Coverings The Mamillary Processes Their Number Their Original Little Pipes The Channels for the Flegm Their Coats The Use of them Not Odoratory Nerves Nerves within the Cranium The seven Pairs The first Pair Optic Their Coats The Course or Substance of the Strings The Pituitary Kernel Its Vessels It s Situation It s Substance It s Divison It s Bigness The second Pair moving the Eyes The Third Pair The fourth Pair serving to the Taste The fifth Pair serving to the Hearing The Vagous Pair The Turn-again Nerves The intercostal Fold The Mesenteric Folds Why the Bowels have their Nerves from the 6th Pair The 7th Pair moving the Tongue Whether these nervs differ from others in substance and composition The Office of the Brain The Action of the Brain Whether generated in the Cavities of the Falx Whether generated in the Pineal Kernel Whether generated in the Choroid Fold Whether generated in the exterior Arteries Whether generated in the Substance it self of the Brain Two Objections The Cause of the Motion of the Brain The Reason of the Apoplexy The second Objection answered The Definition of Spirits The Opinion of Glisson concerning the Matter The Opinion of Cartesius The Matter out of which the Animal Spirits are generated Whether Air concurs with the Matter The separation of the Spirituous salt part The separation of the salt part from the sulphury Affinity of Particles The separation of the Spirituous from the thick part The diversity of Spirits in thinness thickness The Passage thro' the Pores of the Nerves Why these Spirits do 〈◊〉 corrode by reason of their Acrimony The Difference between the Animal Vital Spirits The twofold Use of these Spirits Objection What these Spirits contribute to nourishment The progress of Nutrition The Parts of the Face The Forehead The Muscles of the forehead Muscles of the hinder part of the Head The Number The Figure Their Colour The Bigness Their Consent The Light of the Eye Whether diseas'd Eyes be contagious No Inquinations issue from the Eyes Two sorts of parts of the eyes The Orbits The Figure and Largeness The Coats Their holes A Sign of the French Disease The Eye-lids The Vessels Muscles The Ciliar Muscle What is 〈◊〉 Motion Observations taken from the Eye-brows Canthi The inner Canthus The Cilia The Lachrymal Points The Eye-brows ●… Tears in Sadness In the Murr and Sneezing In Laughter Onyons Mustard c. From Pain in the Eye Whenee the great quantity of Tears Why Men in great Sadness cannot weep Wherefore only Man weeps The Arteries Veins Muscles Their Original The Innominate Tunicle The upper Muscle The Humble Muscle The Bibitory Muscle The Indignabund The first Oblique Muscle The second Oblique Muscle The Trochlear A seventh Muscle in Brutes The Nerves Why the Eyes move together The Adnate Tunicle The reason of an Ophthalmy The Innominate Tunicle ●… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and Oxen. Proper Membranes Scl●…rotic The Choroides The Colours of it The Iris. The Apple of the Eye The Ciliar Ligament The Retina The Humors of the Eye The Watry 〈◊〉 The hea●… of i●… Whether a Part of the Body Whether an Excrement The use of the watry Humor The Vitreous Humor The Vitreous Tunicle It s use The Crystalline Humor The Cobweb Tuni cle The use of the Crystalline Humor Whether Parts of the Body Whether these Humors are sensible The Action of the Eye Definition of Sight The Organ of Hearing Their Number Their Magnitude and Figure Helix Anthelix Tragus Antitragus Alvearium Concha Indications The Parts of the Ear. The Gristle The Muscles The Vessels The Parotid Glands The inner Organ of Hearing The Auditory Passage Ear-wax The Bee-hive The Membrane of the Drum It s Rise It s Connexion The String It s 〈◊〉 It 's Muscles The use of the Membrane The Tympanum or Drum The four little Bones By whom discover'd The Hammer The Anvil The Stirrup The Orbicular Bone The passage from the Tympanum to the Iaws An Observation The Holes The Oval-Window The Round Window The Labyrinth The Cochlea The Innate-Air Ve●…ls Nerve●… Use. The Definition Whether Hearing be an Action So●… The Generation of Sound Differences of Sound The Organ of smelling The Description of the Nose Figure and Bigness It s Skin Bones Spungy Bones The Use of the spongy Bones Filling of the Nose Gristles Muscles The Nostrils The inner Membrane Vessels conveighing Blood Lymphatics Nerves The definition of Smelling Scent Whether Smells are Substances The efficient Cause of Smells Difference of Odors The Organ of Smelling Whether by the Nerves Whether by the Papillary Process Whether in the Membranes The true Organ of Smelling The Medium of Smelling The manner of Smelling Smelling is only in breathing Creatures Why a Scent is grateful or ingrateful The Chee●…s The Apple of the face The Bucca The Lips Pro labiae Mentum or the Chin. The Substance of the Lips The Vessels The Use. The Mouth The Use. Common Muscles The square Muscle The Buccinator Muscles proper to the Lips The Muscles of the lower Iaw The Temple Muscle The Digastric The First Mansory The second Mansory The external Wing-like The Gums The Palate It s Use The Uvula It s Use. The 〈◊〉 The Use. The Hyoides-Bone Muscles The Shape It s Substance The Exterior Membrane The se●…undary Use. The glutinous substance The Paplike-Body Fibers The Motion of the Tongue No Kernel The Connexion Its Vessels Nerves The Epigloits The Tonsils Its Muscles Genioglossum Ceratoglossum Myloglossum The little Kernels The Spittle Channels under

Secondly Because action is competible to the whole operating Organ but use to every part of the Organ for instance The action of a Muscle is to contract but the use of the Musculous Membrane is to contain its fibres and to seperate it from other Muscles of the Artery to bring blood to it as of the nerves animal spirits to support the fibres of the flesh Yet oftentimes use action and function are promiscously used by Anatomists And the action of a part because it tends to some end or other is often called use And also use because it excludes not action is called action But use is of greater latitude then action Hippocrates divided things that make up the whole into things containing things contained and things that move or have in themselves the power of motion Galen calls these three things Solid parts Humors and Spirits In this division the threefold parts of the body are not comprehended but only three things without which a man cannot continue entire that is alive For only the containing or solid parts are true parts of the body Yet these parts cannot continue alive except they be continually nourished by the humors Not that humors are parts of the body but the proximate matter which by coction is changed into the substance of the parts into which till they are changed they cannot be called parts and when they are changed they cannot be called humors for a bone is not blood and blood is not bone though the one be bred of the other The same must be understood of spirits which being made of the subtilest and hottest part of the blood do very much contribute to the nutrition of the body Therefore though a man cannot continue alive without these three yet it does not follow that all these three must necessarily be parts of the body A Vine consists of solid woody parts and a Juyce whereby it is nourished and yet it is evident this Juice is no part of the Vine because if a Vine be unseasonably cut abundance of it runs out the Vine remaining entire wherefore a blind man may see that it is no part if the Vine but only liqour which by further coction would be turned into a Vine Thus also when there is a Flux of blood by the Haemorrhoids Menses or any other part or when one makes water or sweats no man in his wits will say that then the parts of a mans body are voided although a man cannot live without blood and serum But if pieces of the Lungs be brought up in coughing or if pieces●… of the Kidneys be voided in Urine as it sometimes happens in their exculceration then it is certain that the true parts of the body are voided Besides these are parts of the body whence actions immediately proceed and they proceed not from the humors and spirits but from solids For the humors and spirits move not the Heart Brain and other parts but they both breed and move the humors and spirits for when the Heart Brain and other parts are quiet humors and spirits are neither bred nor moved this appears in a deep swoon and though there is abundance of them in the body and those very hot and fit for motion as in such as dye of a burning Fever yet as soon as the Heart is quiet they neither move through the Arteries Veins and Nerves nor are able to move the Heart or any part else which is a certain Argument that they are Passive and that no Action can proceed from them And that the humors and spirits are moved by the Heart and bred in it and other parts will more plainly appear lib. 2. cap. 11. and lib. 3. cap. 10 11. and in several other places And now though solids cannot act without the humors and spirits and by them their Actions in as much as by their quantity or quality as their heat cold c. they are able to cause this or that mutation or temper in Solids are made quicker slower stronger weaker better or worse yet they are without air yet air is no part of the body neither does the Action of respiration proceed from it but from the muscles of the breast forcing it out though in the mean time air by giving way to the motion of the muscles and passing in and out through the Aspera Arteria affords such an aptitude for respiration as without it no respiration could be performed though also by its heat or cold it may make respiration quicker slower longer or rarer according as by these mutations the heat of the parts is augmented or diminished and thereupon necessity obliges one to breath quicker or slower So the Heart and other solid Parts are not mov'd by the humors and spirits but act upon the humors and spirits they move attenuate and concoct them till at length they turn their apt particles into a substance like themselves and so apply and unite them to themselves and make them parts of the body which they were not before they were applied and assimilated For one part of the body is not nourished with another part of its whole a bone is not nourished with flesh nor a vein with a nerve c. Neither can that which nourishes the parts by any means be called a part for otherwise there would be no difference between a part and its nutriment With which Nourishment unless the Parts be daily cherished and their consumed particles restored their strength and substance would quickly waste and fail and by that failure at length their Action would be lost So that Man of necessity must have both Blood and Spirits for the support of Life hence saith the Text in Levit. 17. 11. the Soul that is the Life of the Flesh is in its Blood as being the nearest Support of the Body without which neither the Parts of the Body can act nor the Man himself live Yet it does not follow from thence that the Blood and Spirits are part of the Body For the same might be said of the external Air without which no Man can live For take away from a Man the use of external Air either by suffocation or drowning or any other way you presently deprive him of Life as surely as if you took from him his Blood and Spirits Yet no man of Judgment will say that the external Air is a part of the Body Seeing that most certainly if that without which Life cannot subsist were to be accounted a Part the external Air must of necessity be said to be a Part of our Body as well as the Blood and Spirits Moreover it is to be considered that if the Humors and Spirits have contracted any Foulness or Distemper they are by the Physicians numbred among the Causes of Diseases not among the diseased Parts Besides that if they were Parts they ought to be similar yet never any Anatomist that I ever yet heard of recken'd 'em among similar Parts For most of the Organic Parts

contain d in the Amnion and Membrane that wraps about the Birth soon after joyning nourish the Parts delineated and encrease and enlarge their Bulk 'Till of late it was believed that the Blood of the Mother in the first forming of the Parts did concur with the Seed not only as a material but effective Principle which Opinion was afterwards exploded by all the most eminent Philosophers and that some Parts shared of more Seed others of more Blood and others received an equal Share of both And hence proceeded that old Division which divided the Parts in respect of this Principle of Generation into Spermatic which in their Forming were thought to partake of more Seed than Blood as the former eight Similar Parts Others into Sanguine in the forming of which the Blood seemed to predominate as in the Flesh. Others mixt which were thought to be form'd of equal Parts of Blood and Seed as the Skin But this Diversity of the Parts does not proceed from the first forming but from the Nourishment in respect of which some receiv'd more others less Blood for the Increase of their Substance Also others are more and more swiftly others less and more slowly encreased in their Bulk Those Parts which are called Spermatic being cut off never grow again or being broken or separated never grow again but by the assistance of a Heterogeneous Body Thus a Bone cut off can never be restored but it being broken it unites together again by means of the Callus or glutinous Substance that gathers about the Fracture but Parts made of Blood are soon restored as is apparent when the Flesh is wounded or cut off Those that are mixed are in the middle between both Nevertheless as to the Spermatic Parts when broken or separated some question whether they may not be united again without the help of a Heterogeneous Medium and they believe that in Infants and Children whose Spermatic Parts as the Bones are very tender may be united again by Vertue of a Homogeneous Medium But seeing we find that even in Children and Infants wounds of the Skin never unite without a Scar nor fractures of the Bone without the assistance of the Callous Matter 't is most probable that in no Age the Spermatic Parts unite without a Heterogeneous Medium though it be not so conspicuous by reason of the extraordinary Moisture of the Parts in new Born Children and young People XIII Dissimilar Parts are those which are divided into Parts unlike in Nature and Substance but not into Parts like themselves Thus a Hand is not divided into several Hands but into Bones Flesh Nerves and Arteries c. XIV In respect of their Functions the Parts are distinguished two ways 1. Into Organic and not Organic 2. Into Principal and Subservient XV. Organical Parts are such as are design'd for the performing of Actions and to that end have received a certain determinate and sensible Conformation and Fashion Now that they may have an aptness for the Duties imposed there are required in these Parts Continuity fit Situation and Number proper Figure and Magnitude Which Parts are not only Dissimilar as was formerly thought but also Similar For Example a Nerve tho' it be a Similar Part yet because it is entrusted with the office of Conveighing and distributing the animal Spirits for this reason it is no less an Organical Part than a Muscle or a Hand and the same thing is also to be understood of a Bone an Arterie and a Vein So that it is a frivolous distinction of Caspar Bauhinus and some others who while they endeavour to exclude Similar Parts out of the number of Organic distinguish between Instruments and Instrumental Parts whereas indeed there is no more difference between 'em than between an Old Woman and a very Old Woman XVI Parts not Organic are those which have a bare Use but perform no Action as the Gristles the Fat the Hair XVII Principal Parts are those which perform the Noblest and Principal Action By these the Motions of several other Parts are promoted and from them proceed And they are reckoned to be three in Number two in respect of the Individual and one in respect of the Species 1. The Heart the Fountain of Vivific Heat and the Primum Mobile of our Body from whence the vital and Natural Actions proceed 2. The Brain the immediate Organ of Sense Motion and Cogitation in Man by means of which all the Animal Actions are perform'd 3. The Parts of Generation upon which the Preservation of the Species depends XVIII Subservient Parts are all those that are useful and subservient to the Principal As the Stomach Liver Spleen Lungs Kidneys Hands c. And these as necessary to Life are to be called either Noble without which a Man cannot live as the Lungs Stomach Guts Liver and the like Others as not being necessary for Life but are proper for some use or action which renders Life more Comfortable are to be called Ignoble as an Arm a Finger a Foot a Hand Ear Nose Teeth c. which we may want and yet Live To these may be added those whose Office is more mean and hardly manifest as Fat Hair Nails and the like Now that the Demonstration of these Parts may be the more conveniently made plain and described in their Order we shall divide the Body of Man according to the modern Anatomists into the three Ventricles and Limbs XIX The Venters are certain remarkable Cavities containing one or more of the Noble Bowels In this Place the words Cavity and Venter are not to be strictly taken for the Cavities themselves only but lest the Members of this Division should be too Numerous we would have comprehended under 'em at large as well the containing Parts that form those Cavities as also the Parts contain'd within 'em together with the Neck or if there be any other parts annexed to 'em which may be reckoned to the Members Afterwards in the following Chapters when we come to discourse particularly of the several Venters we shall more at large subdivide 'em into Parts Containing Contained and such as are adjoining to them XX. These three Venters are the uppermost the middle and the lowermost XXI The uppermost Venter or Cavity is the Head wherein are contained the Brain the Eyes the Ears and other Parts Now there was a necessity that this same Tower of the principal Faculties should be seated in the highest Place to the end that being at a further distance from the places where the Nourishment is drest the most noble Animal Functions should not be disturb'd by its Steams and thick Exhalations partly for the convenience of the Senses of Hearing Seeing and Smelling whose Objects more easily dart themselves from a higher than a lower place into the Organs of the Senses and by that means become more perceptible XXII The second or middle Venter or Cavity is the Breast the Mansion of the

allow it to be a part of Human Body for four Reasons 1. Because it was not produc'd out of the Seed in the first forming of the Parts but afterwards arises from the Excrements of the third Concoction condens'd and dry'd by the Cold like the film that grows upon Porridge Which they say is apparent from hence that when it is taken away or scrap'd off it easily grows again which the Spermatic parts never do 2. Because it is void of Sense nor is it wasted as the other parts are by Diseases 3. Because it does not live 4. Because it performs no action But all these Arguments are of no force as being full of manifest contradiction For by the unanimous consent of all Anatomists even of those that propose these Arguments it is allow'd to be the first and outermost of all the containing Parts in which particular they had all very grosly err'd were it not a part of Human Body But let us see what weight their Arguments carry To the first we say That the smallest Threds or Fibres of it were form'd out of the Seed in the first delineation of the Parts Which is apparent in all Abortions covered with a Skin where there is always a Scarf-skin to be seen which could not be generated by the external Cold for there can be no such thing in the clos'd Womb nor by the driness of any ambient Substance there being no such thing that can touch the Birth swimming in a moist milkie Liquor and therefore proceeds from some small portion of the Seed Which is apparent in Ethiopian Infants as well brought forth in due season as ejected by Abortion who bring the external blackness along with 'em out of the Womb. Which Colour only dyes the Scarf-skin and not the Skin as Riolanus observ'd in the Dissection of an Ethiopian whose Scarf-skin or Cuticle was only black the Skin it self being whiter than Snow If now they receive that blackness from their first Formation in the Womb then the Cuticle into which that Colour is incorporated in the very first forming of the Body had its Original with the rest of the Parts out of the Seed not from any Excrements or Viscous Exhalations in regard that no such things can be at the beginning of Formation As for its growing again when cut away or rub'd off it has that quality common also to the Teeth which are daily worn by Mastication yet grow again concerning which see lib. 9. cap. 10. following Nay we find that in the change of Teeth the greatest part of 'em shed themselves and afterwards come again The same quality also is common to the Sanguin Parts which are not excluded however out of the number of Parts because they grow again when taken away seeing they have such a copious nourishment of Blood that easily admits of such a Restoration And thus from the ends of the Vessels of the Skin which it covers and shuts certain Exhalations breath continually forth like a kind of Dew from the Blood to the Cuticle for its nourishment which is sufficient easi●…y to restore its decay'd and wasted Particles Then if it be generated as they say like a Film growing over Milk thickned with flower that prove it to be a part of the Body proceeding from the same Principle with the rest For that same cream or film in Milk is not the Excrement of the Milk condens'd nor any thing extraneous to the Milk but the thicker part of the Milk and therefore the Milk To the second we say that though it be not sensible nor wasted manifestly in Diseases yet is it no less a part of the Body than the Bone which is neither sensible nor does seem to be wasted To the third we say 'T is a false Assertion that it does not live for it increases and grows with the rest of the Body which Parts not living never do and is nourished with Alimentary Juices like the rest of the Parts Which Juices though they cannot be manifestly perceived by the sight that signifies nothing for that happens to those Juices that nourish many Bones and the Periostea or Membranes that enclose the Bones the Teeth and many other parts Besides it is subject to its Diseases proceeding from bad Humours and Blood as is apparent in the Leprosie the Meazles and many other disaffections In some it is thinner and softer in others thicker and harder But such differences deprive the Cuticle of Life no more than the Skin which is subject to the same variety Lastly who can be so sottish to believe that our whole living Bodies should be covered and born with a dead substance or matter round about it To the fourth we say That though it do not act yet the use of it is absolutely necessary and consequently that it is no less a part of the Body than a Cartilage or Gristle the Fat many Membranes Flesh and other Parts which are very useful but perform no action at all Therefore we must conclude it a true part of Human Body 1. Because it is one of those things that fill up the space for a man without a Cuticle is not a compleat whole man 2. Because it adheres in Continuity to the Body 3. Because it is appropriated as aforesaid to a certain necessary use V. The Skin Cutis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as it were 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a Band tying together the parts of the Body in Brutes P●…llis and Corium the Pelt or Hide is a covering Membranous thick generated act of the Seed and cloathing the External Body as well to measure the excesses and differences of tactible Qualities as to preserve it against the assaults of accidental Violences VI. It consists of a Substance proper to it self being of a middle Nature between a Nerve a Membrane and Flesh. For it is not without Blood nor so quick of feeling as a Nerve not so thin as a Membrane nor so full of Blood as the Flesh but it is indued with Blood and as it were a Membrane somewhat sinewy and somewhat fleshy which by vertue of its fleshiness enjoys a greater thickness than any Membrane and by vertue of its Nervosity has an acute and quick sense Aristotle seems to allow it a Substance plainly fleshy for in the 29th Problem l. 2. de generat Animal c. 6. he affirms the Cutis or Skin to be produced of the Flesh growing dry In which sence also Columbus l. de Spir. c. 5. 8. calls the Skin the Exiccation or drying up of the Flesh. With whom Galen 3. Method and Ferne●…ius l. 5. Pathog c. 8. seem to consent saying That the Skin is the dryer part of the Flesh that lyes underneath it But seeing there is so great a difference between the Substance of the Skin and the Flesh that lies under it and for that the Skin is almost every where separated from the Flesh by the Fat that runs between and the fleshy Pannicle it is apparent that the Skin

Chylus is to breed good Blood out of it But whether any parts are nourished at the first hand by the Chylus before it be chang'd into Blood is a Controversie This Galen most plainly writes concerning the Ventricle l. 3. de Natural Facult c. 6. in these words Moreover this is the end that is of the Concoction of the Stomach that so much as is apt and agreeing in Quality should take some part to its self And therefore that which is the best in the nourishment that it draws to it self in the nature of a Vapour and by degrees stores up in its Tunicles and fixes it to ' em When it is fully satisfied whatever of Nourishment remains that it throws off as burdensome The same thing he also asserts c. 12 13. of the same Book Vallesius confirms this Opinion of Galen by many Arguments Controvers Med. Philos. l. 1. c. 14. That the Ventricle is nourish'd by the Chylus the shape of its Substance and these Reasons over and above te●…us If the Ventricle were not nourish d by the Chylus neither would it digest the Food For why does it generate the Chylus Is it not to send it to the Liver Therefore 't is the Care of the Ventricle to nourish the Liver and therefore it is not guided by Nature but by Intellect For those things that operate by Nature are never concern'd with the care of other things Moreover either the Ventricle retains some part of the Chylus and sends some part to the Liver or it retains nothing at all of it If it retain'd nothing it would presently covet more since only Nourishment seems to be that which can protect it from Hunger and therefore the Blood alone is not proper to nourish the Members Endi●…s Parisanus is also of the same Opinion with Galen l. 5. Subtil Exercit. 3. c. 2. as likewise Hen Regius Medic. l. 1. c. 4. neither do Peramatus and Montaltus differ from the rest Aristotle contradicts Galen who shews by many Reasons l. 2. de part Animal c. ●… that the Blood is the last Aliment and that all the Parts are immediately ●…ourish'd by that and not by the Chylus Plempius l. 2. Fund Med. c. 8. tho' he thinks that both Pa●…ts may be easily maintain'd by reason of the weakness of the Arguments nevertheless he asserts with Aristotle That the Ventricle and all the Parts are at first hand nourish'd with the Blood and supports this Opinion by many Arguments Of the same Opinion is Bernard Swalve in querel Opprob Ventric we are also enclin'd to approve the Opinion of Aristotle That the Blood is the last Nourishment But I would have this added That the Chylus contributes a certain Irrigation necessary to moisten the Stomach and Milkie Vessels without which they could not continue sound tho' they may be nourished by the Blood In the same manner as many Herbs being expos'd to the heat of the Sun tho' they receive sufficient Nourishment from the Earth yet languish and wither unless they be often water'd the moisture of the Water contributing new vigour to 'em as loosning again the Particles too much dry'd and contracted by the heat of the Sun and by that means giving a freer ingress to the Nourishment In like manner the Tunicles of the Ventricle and Milkie Vessels unless moysten'd by the Chylus would grow too dry and so the Pores of the Substance being contracted would not so readily admit the nutritive Blood flowing into 'em and for that reason would be much weakned and at length quite fa●…l in their Office Which is the reason that by long fasting the Milkie Vessels are many times so dry'd up that they can never be open'd again which afterwards obstructing the Distribution of the Chylus causes an Atro●…hie that consumes the Patient But when there is a defect of that moisture in the Brain then the troublesom contraction of its Tunicles causes Thirst and the Vellication occasion'd by the fermentaceous Juice that sticks to 'em begets Hunger neither of which a new Chylus pacifies by its Nutrition but the Humid Moistures swallow'd produce that effect and the Chylus extracted out of those by their moist'ning by which the contraction of the Tunicles is releas'd and the Acrimony of the Juice yet twitches is temper'd and mitigated And that this is done only by Humectation is mani●…est from hence for that all moist'ning things as Ale Water Ptisan and the like being plentifully drank presently allay and abate the thirst and hunger for the time LXXIII But what shall we say of the Child in the Womb which seems to be nourish'd by the Milkie Iuice alone of the Amnion or Membrane that enfolds the Birth at what time there is no Blood that flows as yet through the Navel Vessels To which I answer That the Birth is nourish'd by the thicker Particles of the Seed remaining after the forming of the Body of the said Seed first partly chang'd into Blood in the Beating Bladder or Bubble partly clos'd together by Proximity a●…d some kind of Concoction not that it is nourish'd by the Chylus or any Milkie Juice of the Amnion Membrane but then the remaining Particles of the Seed being consum'd then it is nourish'd by Blood made of the Lacteous Liquor of the Amnium By which nevertheless it could not be nourish'd were it destitute of that Moisture with which it is water'd by the Lacteous Liquor See more of this c. 29. of this Book LXXIV If any one shall acknowledge That the Stomach which because it is manifestly furnish'd with several Veins and Arteries is therefore nourish'd with Blood but deny that the Milkie Vessels were to be nourish'd with it when they receive into 'em no Blood conveighing Arteries I answer That there are innumerable Parts in our Body wherein the Arteries are not to be discern'd tho' it be certain they enter into those Parts And to which we can perceive no way through which the Blood should be conveigh'd which Parts nevertheless are nourish'd by the Blood and not by the Chyl●…s Of which sort are the Corneo●…s Tuni ●…e the U●…eters the Membrane of the Tympanum or Drum of the Ear sundry Ligaments and Bones ma●…y Gristles c In which number the Milkie and Lymphatic Vessels may be reckon'd For tho' Entra●…ce of the Blood into 'em be not so perceptible yet can it not be thence concluded that the Blood does not find a way into those Vessels when in many other Parts the Entrance of the Blood is not discernable and yet their being nourish'd proves the Access and Entrance of the Blood CHAP. VIII Of the Guts I. FRom the right Orifice of the Ventricle call d the Pylore the Guts are continu'd by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because they are placed within the Body and henco by the Latins call'd also Interanea II. They are Oblong Bodies Membranous Concave Round variously wreath'd about reaching from the Ventricle to the Podex serving to receive the Chylus and to

and Restlesness Watching and such like Inconveniencies arise which cause true Melancholy But if that thicker Salt be somewhat more exalted and fluid and yet is not sufficiently Spirituous then the Blood requires an acid and austere Disposition as in the Scurvy and then the nervous Parts are torn and rack'd by it the thin Skins invelloping the Bones are pain'd and the softer Parts are corroded the Guts also are terribly grip'd and Ulcers arise in the Thighs very hard to be cured Moreover the Blood becomes unfit for Nutrition and thence a slow Atrophie of the whole Body The aforesaid salt Particles being coagulated in colder Kidneys and separated from the serous Humor harden into Stones but being separated in the Joynts and fixed to the sensitive Parts and corroding 'em they cause the sharp Pains of the Gout And lastly heap'd together in greater Quantity they breed knotty Bunches and Corns All which things happen if the fermentaceous Juice in the Spleen be too raw and thick XXIV But if the same Iuice be too thin and full of Spirits and be prepared too sharp then other Diseases arise It excites in the Blood a great Heat conjoyned with some Acrimony which because of the quick and disorderly Motion of the Animal Spirits causes Restlesness Watchings high Deliriums and Madness Sticking lightly coagulated in the Guts it breeds the running Gout for that sharp Humor being by reason of its Tenuity easily dissipated in one Part presently the Pain arises again in another Part to which some other Particles of the same Blood happen to adhere XXV The Spleen Scirrhous or Obstructed or any other manner of way vitiated by breeding a bad fermentaceous Iuice begets a thousand grievous Mischiefs All which things sufficiently make manifest the Office and Duty of the Spleen XXVI And in like manner the Function of the Liver is apparent from the Diseases that proceed from it when the Liver is colder than ordinary it is not able duly to digest the said Splenetic Iuice and together with the Venal Blood and the sulphury Iuice intermix'd and sticking to it to alter the splenetic Iuice into a due Ferment Whereby there can never be a due Fermentation The Chylus is not sufficiently concocted nor sufficiently prepared for future Fermentation in the Heart The venal Blood becomes Crude Serous neither does it get Spirits sufficient in the Heart but is attenuated only into a watry Vapour which turns to a watry Liquor in the Vessels and sost Parts and so filling the whole Body with Serum begets the Dropsy call'd Anasarca attended with continual Drought by reason of the salt Particles lodg'd in the Serum not well mix'd with the Blood which together with the Juices flowing from the Salival Vessels and at that time also saltish being carried to the Chaps and Gullet by reason of their dry Vellication or twitching of the Part occasion continual Drought XXVII But when the Liver is hot and consequently weak then by exalting the sulphury and oily Spirits out of the Blood it raises 'em in too great a Quantity by which the Force of the acid Iuice coming from the Spleen is very much weakened and a bad Ferment generated which produces Inflammations Corruption Fevers and other hot Diseases arising from an over deprav'd Fermentation and begets over much Choler Which Choler if it grow milder by reason of the Mixture of a little acid Juice then it breeds the yellow Iaundice But if sharp by reason of much Salt or acid and sharp splenetic Juice concocted with it then it occasions the Disease Cholera Diarrhaea Dysentery and other like Diseases XXVIII The Liver obstructed and scirrhous not causing the Generation and due distribution of good Ferment is also the Cause of several Crudities and many Diseases arising from Crudities As for the fermentaceous Quality of the Pancreatic Juice and what Diseases arise from a deprav'd Sweetbread has already been discoursed C. 10. XXIX In the Birth while it is in the Womb there is no need of any such Ferment at the Beginning because it is nourished by the Dissolution and Fusion of the Seed which contains in it self a Spirit moderately Fermentaceous and then by the milkie Iuice contained in the Amninium that needs less Ferment Afterwards when it requires somewhat stronger Nourishment brought through the umbilical Vein and begins to enjoy it then the whole Uterine Placenta supplies the Office of the Spleen and Liver and makes a more mild Ferment more proper for the Birth in the Beginning In the mean time the Liver and Spleen increase their Ferment to future Uses that is to prepare a more sharp Ferment afterwards that is when the Child being born should feed upon more solid Nourishment Which Duty however those Bowels do not perform presently after the Birth of the Child as it were by way of a Leap but were also by degrees accustomed to it in the Womb. For the more the Heat of the Heart increases and Blood is generated more full of Spirits and the more the Brain is brought to Perfection and becomes stronger the more sharp Spirits are generated in the Womb. And out of these two things Blood and Animal Spirits meeting every day stronger and stronger in the Spleen which by Degrees is brought to greater Perfection together with the Spleen and preparation of the fermentaceous Matter begins to be made and as for the manner of preparing the same Matter the said Bowels have gain'd to a sufficient Perfection as appears by the Choler which you shall find well concocted in the Gall-bladder of a newborn Infant XXX And thus I think I have set forth the true and never as yet sufficiently demonstrated Duty of the Liver and Spleen As also the Use of Choler Pancreatic Iuice and Lympha Many more things might be alledged for farther Proof but to the Learned what has been said may suffice The impartial Reader may confer these things with the Opinions of other Doctors that have wrote before us and then he will perceive how far they have err'd from the Mark. XXXI And now from what has been said it is manifestly apparent what a necessary League and Confederacy there is between the Liver and the Spleen and what and how many Diseases arise from the bad Constitution of either of these two Bowels How unlikely it is for a Man to live after his Spleen is cut out of his Body It is also apparent how erroneously the second grand Concoction is said to be made in the Liver Spleen and Sweet-bread when of necessity it must be made in the Heart For the forementioned Ferment is only made of the Blood and the Blood must be first made in the Heart before it can come to the Liver Spleen and Sweetbread And therefore the second general Concoction is made in the Heart the third in the Liver Spleen and Sweetbread CHAP. XVIII Of the Serum and Kidneys I. HAving thus explain'd the Office of the Liver

the Brain and is from thence infus'd into the Yard and whereas one Animal cannot be the intregal part of another and whereas the Yard is only part of a Creature compleating the whole with other Parts it cannot certainly be call'd a living Creature but only a Part and Member of a living Creature IV. It is seated at the Root of the Sharebone The shape of it is oblong and for the most part round yet somewhat flat on the upper side The thickness and length of it is proper for the Venereal Act tho' in some larger in others less Generally however Men of short stature who live abstaining from Venery also such as have large Noses are furnish'd with a larger Yard And hence it is that the more salacious sort of Men and Women make a judgment of the largeness of a Man's Yard from the bigness of the Nose in Men and by the wideness of the Mouth in Women of the wideness of their Privities according to these Verses Ad formam Naris noscetur Mentula maris Ad formamque Oris noscetur Res Muliebris Mens Tools according to their Noses grow Large as their Mouths are Womens too below Also Fools and the most blockish sort of People are said to have great Tools Which Rules however does not always hold but are subject to many Exceptions Spigelius Anat. l. 1. c. 10. judges from the bigness of the Yard of the Man 's more or less proneness to Venery A larger Yard says he rather fills the Womb with its bulk than waters it with a fertile Seed For it is not so proper for Venery which it neither vigorously undertakes nor long ●…tustains the Muscles that should stiffen the rigid Spear being enfeebl'd by its weight A smaller one therefore on the other side is more furious and more f●…uitful in regard that by tickling of the neck of the Womb it provokes forth the Womens Seed with more delight and maintains the Combat longer Alexander Petronius Lib. 2. de Morb. Ital. c. 17. conjectures at the Wit and Parts of the Person by the bigness of his Yard and says that a large Tool demonstrates a thick stupid Scull like that of the Ass. V. The Yard consists of a Cuticle a Skin a fleshie Membrane and its own peculiar Substance But it has no fat for that by its weight and bulk would be a hindrance to the part and by stupefying the quickness of Sense would hebetate and take away a great part of the pleasure But it s own proper Substance is most convenient for it not bony as in a Dog Fox or Wolf not cartilaginous nor fleshie but such as may be relax'd or extended properly for the ejection of Seed Which therefore four parts constitute the Urethra two nervous Bodies and the Nut. VI. The Urethra or Piss-pipe is the lower part of it the inside of which is cloathed with a thin and sensible the outside with a fungous and fibrous Membrane and it is continuous to the neck of the Bladder but not of the same Substance with it for it is somewhat more spungy and of a darker colour So that in the erection of the Yard it may swell and be distended and then fall again which things cannot fall out in the neck of the Piss-bladder Moreover it is separated by Concoction from the neck of the Bladder and then the difference of its Substance most apparently manifests it self From whence appears the Error of Andreas Laurentius who writes that the Urethra is nothing else than the Substance of the Yard prolong'd to the end of the Yard or the more extended neck of the Bladder In the mean while that it has a great commerce with the nervous Bodies is hence apparent that it swells and flags together with them VII The Urethra is of an equal largeness through its whole passage except in its forepart near the Exit where the Nut is joyn'd with the nervous Bodies as being the place where it has a little superficial hollowness into which the sharp Urine falling in the Stone while it is mov'd about in that place causes great pain and is a shrew'd sign of the Stone and therein sometimes a sharp Liquor stopping in those that are troubled with the Gonorrhea causes a very painful Exulceration VIII The Use of it is to conveigh the Seed and Urine to which purpose several small and almost imperceptible Chanels open into it from the Prostates and two narrow Vessels from the Seminary Vessels transmitting Seed of both which we have spoken in the former Chapter and the neck of the Piss-bladder and there is in it also a little membranous Valve of which Cap. 20. IX Upon the upper part of the Urethra rest two nervous Bodies constituting the greatest part of the Yard Withoutside they are thick like an Artery also thick and hard withinside thin and spungy of a black colour inclining first to red as it were filled with blackish Blood X. They arise on each side from the lower parts of the Hipbone and are fasten'd to 'em with very strong Ligaments and meet together about the middle of the Share-bone to which they are fasten'd with a nervous Ligament underneath but distinguish'd one from another by the coming between of a thin pellucid and fibrous membranous Partition Which Partition the nearer it comes to the Nut the thinner it grows so that before it comes to the middle of the Yard it ascends by degrees from the Urethra towards the back and thence proceeding a little farther insensibly becomes so thin that near the Nut it is hardly to be seen and so those so nervous Bodies seem in that place to embody into one XI The inner spongy part of these Bodies is fram'd of little Arteries little Veins and little Nerves interwoven together in the form of a Net and the spiritous Blood which flows thither through the Nerves running thither out of the Privity being there collected and growing hot with the Itch of Concupiscence dilates and extends those parts as Bauhinus Riolanus and Veslingius agree Fallopius makes no mention of the Net but writes that there are two large Nerves and between as many dilated Arteries that extend themselves as far as the Nut in like manner that double Veins run forth to the nervous Veins but that generally in the midst of the separation they meet together in one Vein which runs through the middle of the back of the Yard among the Arteries to the Nut and that these Vessels arise from much about the fourth Vertebra the Aorta and the great Veins that run toward the Thighs and about the Conjunction of the share-Share-bones penetrating through the forked Original of the Yard are carried to the back of the Yard This is a very exact description by Fallopius of the Vessels of which the smallest Branches open toward the inner spungy Substance of the nervous Bodies and when the Animal Spirits with the hot Arterious Blood flow more plentifully into it out

was laid wast Ilium ruined and many Kingdoms have been depopulated I say to the Description of those Parts which alone by some peculiar sorts of Inchantments are able to drive the Minds of most Men and those the most Prudent to Distraction while they think these to be the sweetest and the fairest Parts in Women which are the most foul and nasty in her whole Body sordid and diseased Parts besmear'd with ugly Blood and Matter defil'd with hourly Piss Smelling of Sulphur and Puddle-Water and as if unworthy to be seen placed by Nature in the most remote and secret Part of the whole Body next to the Anus and its Dung being the Sink of all the Nastiness and Uncleanness of her Body To the Description of those Parts in which tho' the Barathrum of all the Nastiness of Womans Body the proudest of Creatures in a short time to ascend Heaven it self even Man himself is conceiv'd delineated form'd and brought to Perfection by the Will of the first Creator that afterwards calling to mind his abject Beginning his sordid and unclean Domicil he might not swell with Pride nor erect his Bristles against his Creator but with all Humility admire the Omnipotency of God and adore his Divine Sublimity and Majesty with due Veneration and implore from him another better more blessed and eternal Habitation for his Soul in Heaven not to be obtained but through his Immense Clemency and Mercy II. Now these Parts serving for Generation in Women are twofold some are ordered for the making and passage of the Seed or Eggs and others for Conception III. In the making of Eggs sundry Parts are of great Use Among which we meet first with the preparing Vessels which are twofold Arteries and Spermatic Veins IV. The Spermatic Arteries are two proceeding under the Emulgent from the Aorta and carrying spirituous Blood to the Stones for their Nourishment and the making of Eggs. The left of these Arteries Riolanus reports that he himself has seen in many Women to spring from the Emulgent which I could never see in my Life Bartholine also writes that he has observed a Defect of both What is to be thought concerning this Matter has been above declared C. 22. Regner de Graef has accurately noted how these Arteries descend from their Beginning to the Stones The Spermatic Arteries of Women says he differ from the Spermatic Arteries of Men for those which in Men hasten with a direct Course to the Stones in Women are sometimes wreathed into various Curles imitating the Shoots and Tendrils of Vines and sometimes winding from side to side with a Serpentine Course approach the Stones and that more numerously in the one than the other Side and seldom are ordered after the same manner as in Men. With these Arteries descending by the Sides of the Womb on both sides meets the Hypogastric Artery ascending by the same sides with a winding and serpentine Course which as some thought clos'd together by Anastomoses with the Spermatic Artery but quite contrary to all Sense and Reason when the Blood of the Arteries forc'd upward and downward by the Pulsation of the Heart cannot be forc'd upward and downward out of one Artery into another For so either two contrary Motions must be granted in the same Artery which is absur'd or the Blood of both Arteries would meet one with the other and so not be able to flow any farther but of necessity must stop by the way V. The Spermatic Veins are likewise two carrying back the Blood that remains after the Nourishment of the Stones and Eggs to the Vena Cava The Right Vein of these two ascends from the Testicle to the Trunk of the Vena Cava below the Emulgent but the Left ascends to the Emulgent it self and opens into it after the same manner as in Men. Saltzman observ'd these Veins double on both Sides in a certain Woman as he testifies in his Observat. Anat. But this happens very rarely Both these Vessels are shorter than in Men because that the Stones of Women do not hang forth without the Abdomen and somewhat separated above but in their Progress toward the lower Parts they go joyn'd both together and are closely knit together with a Tunicle proceeding from the Peritonaeum Nevertheless they do not fall out of the Peritonaeum but are divided into two Branches near the Stones of which the uppermost is inserted into the Stone with a threefold Root and in its Entrance constitutes a watry Body but somewhat obscure according to the Opinion of Ruffus Ephesius to which Dominic de Marchettis subscribes The other is divided below the Stones into three Branches of which the one goes to the bottom of the Womb another approaches the Tube and round Ligament a Third creeping through the sides of the Womb under the common Membrane ends in the Neck of it wherein being divided into most slender Branches it mixes with the Hypogastric Vessels turn'd upwards in the form of a Net Through which Passage sometimes the Flowers flow from some Women with Child and not from the inner Concavity of the Womb. Which Blood however at that time flows not thither so plentifully through the Spermatic Vessels as through the Hypogastrics VI. Besides these little Vasa Sanguifera there are very small Nerves that run forth to the Stones from the sixth Pair and the Lumballs VII Wharton also believes there are some Lymphatic Vessels that run between the rest of the Vessels which also was observ'd by Regner de Graef VIII To the Spermatic Vessels below adhere the Stones whose History before we begin it behoves us to promise a few things That is to say that in our times wherein many Secrets lying hid in the Body are brought to Sight by Anatomy by the same Diligence of Anatomists the unknown Ovaries and Eggs in Womens Privities have been discovered by which means it has been found that their Testicles are real Ovaries wherein real Eggs are bred and contain'd as in the Ovaries of Fowl This new Invention easily drew to it self the Lovers of Novelty But others desirous of a more accurate View joyn'd with Reason could not be so easily persuaded to believe it But afterwards when upon a clearer Demonstration of these Eggs men still took more Pains it came to this at length that no Anatomists of Repute and Experience make any farther Doubt of them IX The first Discovery of these Ovaries and Eggs we owe to John Van Horn an Anatomist of Leyden who published this his Discovery in an Epistle to Rolfinch printed 1668. By whom other Anatomists being incited resolv'd to go on with what Van Horn snatch'd away by an untimely Death could not live to bring to Perfection Among whom Regner de Graef Physician of Delph deserves the Laurel tho' to the great Damage of the Art of Anatomy snatched away likewise in the Flower of his Age who put forth his accurate Discovery with elegant Cuts and his own

the least of any inward pain mov'd his Body of himself and when he was ty'd turn'd upon his side of his own accord and cough'd freely to promote the efflux of Blood out of his Wound that he eat and drank something every day till at last his Strength failing he dy'd having liv'd nine days and eight hours after he had receiv'd his Wound Having heard this Relation I went on to view the Body and shew'd the Wound that was given him between the fifth and sixth Rib of the Right Side about a Thumb's breadth before the Ribs run into Gristles Removing the sternum-Sternum-Bone I found the Cavity of the Breast upon the wounded Side to the Mediastinum fill'd with Blood which being dry'd up with a Spunge I perceiv'd where the Sword had gone in without touching the Lungs at the Heart under the Sternum through the Mediastinum and Pericardium and had penetrated directly into the upper part of the right Ventricle of the Heart between the treble pointed little Valves near the entrance of the hollow Vein and had gone no farther the Pericardium also was full and distended with coagulated Blood It will seem a wonder to many how this man after such a Wound could live so many days and hours however I believe the Reason was this because the Wound was very narrow and in the upper part between the little Valves so that in the contraction of the Heart all the Blood which flow'd out of the hollow Vein into the right Ventricle by reason of the obstruction of the Treble-pointed Valves could not be forc'd out of the Wound but that the greatest part of it was forc'd into the Lungs through the pulmonary Artery which was much wider than the Wound and from thence to the Left Ventricle and the Aorta-Artery so that but a very little at a time could be forc'd by the several Pulses out of the Wound into the Pericardium and Cavity of the Breast which was the Reason it was so long before his Strength fail'd him CHAP. VII Of the Motion of the Heart I Have said in the preceding Chapter that the Heart is the principal and perpetual Mobile of our Body from whence proceeds all the Natural Motion of the whole Boyd and perpetually lasts so long as the Motion of the Heart lasts But the Reason of its perpetual Motion is not so perspicuous which is the Reason that Opinions vary concerning it I. Some say That the Heart is mov'd by the Animal Spirits II. Others believe that the Heart is mov'd by the dilatation of the Blood in the Ventricles of the Heart III. Others are of Opinion That it is mov'd partly by the dilatation of the Blood and partly by the influx of Animal Spirits IV. Others say That it is mov'd by a Subtle or Ethereal Matter V. Others hold That it is mov'd by some certain Spirit in the Blood VI. Some assert That the Heart is mov'd by the Respiration of the Lungs I. The first Opinion produces Three very specious Reasons for its Support First Because that in our Bodies all apparent and violent Motions are made by the influx of the Animal Spirits and that therefore the Motion of the Heart must proceed from the same Influx Secondly Because the several little Nerves are not in vain inserted into the Basis of the Heart but rather to that end that they may convey the Animal Spirits to accomplish its Motion Thirdly For that it is manifest in the Passions of the Mind that the Heart is more or less mov'd by the greater or lesser Influx of those Spirits But though these Arguments are propounded with some appearance of Probability yet that this Opinion is far from Truth several Reasons make manifest 1. Because those Motions that proceed from the influx of Animal Spirits are arbitrary especially in the Muscles of which number they assert the Heart to be but the Motion of the Heart is not arbitrary seeing it is not perform'd nor can be perform'd or alter'd at our pleasure 2. Because the Heart beats in a Hen-Egg or other Conception before the Brain is perfected and begets Animal Spirits or before any Animal Faculty is produc'd into Acts of moving and feeling 3. Because the Nerves of the Heart are so small and slender that they cannot contribute a sufficient quantity of animal Spirits to perfect that same durable Motion For to all the moving Parts are allow'd Nerves according to the swiftness or diuturnity of the Motion The Eye that sees and is mov'd all the Day and rests all the Night besides the visual Nerve has another large moving Nerve So the Muscles of the Legs and Arms as they cause swifter or slower Motions have greater or lesser Nerves which happens also in all the other parts Seeing then that all the other moving parts which rest much longer than they are mov'd require large and conspicuous Nerves shall the Heart that moves with a continual motion day and night all a man's Life long and therefore requires a far larger quantity of Spirits than any other part that is mov'd is it possible I say that the Heart should be furnish'd with a sufficient quantity of Spirits to maintain that continual Motion by the means of such slender and almost invisible Nerves Besides that it is as yet uncertain whether those diminutive Nerves whose productions are seen to extend themselves to the Basis of the Heart the Pericardium the Orifices of the Ventricles and the external Tunicle enter any farther into the substance it self of Parenchyma many indeed assert it but no body demonstrates it Galen and Des Cartes very much scruple it and so does Thomas Willis an exact Searcher into the Brain and Nerves to whose Industry in that Particular we are very much beholding who dares not assert any such thing positively but says That more Branches of Nerves and Fibres are distributed into the little Ears of the Heart and Vessels appendent than into the Substance of it We say that very few Nerves enter the Substance it self of the Heart and that they are so small and few that cannot afford or convey sufficient Animal Spirits to perpetuate the Motion of the Heart but only contribute some few which assist to the Nutrition of the Heart 4. Because that to cause Motion there is required a great Quantity of Animal Spirits but that for the Sence of Feeling a very few suffice And therefore all the Parts that are apt to feel which receive many Spirits to perfect their Motion have also a most accurate Sence of Feeling But those which receive but few Spirits they are not mov'd at all and have but a dull sence of Feeling as is apparent in Palsies of the lesser Degree Nevertheless That the Heart has Membranes proper for the Sence of Feeling as the outward and inward enfolding Tunicle treble pointed and miterlike Valves and proper Fibres and yet is endu'd but with a dull Sence of Feeling is manifest from what has been said in the preceding Chapter and

thence it is apparent that it receives but few Animal Spirits Which if it did admit in so great abundance as to accomplish its perpetual Motion they would without all Question occasion a most acute Sence of Feeling therein 5. Because the Hearts of several Animals as Frogs Serpents Eels c. being pull'd out of their Bodies will beat a long time after whereas all the Parts about it being cut away as also all the neighbouring Nerves there can be no Influx of Animal Spirits into them To this purpose take a living Dog and having slit him all along from the Throat take both Trunks of the Wandring Pair through which the Spirits flow to the Heart and either tie it hard or cut it off the Creature indeed will become silent and stiff but the Pulsation or Motion of the Heart will not fail for all that nay he shall live so long till his Strength failing by degrees for want of Food he is famished to Death For he refuses Meat in regard there are no Animal Spirits which can come to the Stomach and increase Hunger 6. Because that seeing the Heart is form'd and perfected before the Ware-house of the Animal Spirits the Brain and proves conspicuous beats and is mov'd before any the least Foundations of the Brain at any time appear as is apparent in an Egg set under a Hen or any other Conception If you say that nevertheless in the Egg or Bubble certain Delineaments of the Brain are in being tho' not to be discern'd by the Eye I answer that they are not yet come to any such Perfection as to operate whereas in the mean time the Heart both operates and is mov'd before it can have any Assistance from those Rudiments of the Brain 7. Because the Animal Spirits are generated out of the Arterious Blood which are generated by no other part besides the Heart Seeing then that they cannot be generated out of any other Matter and that this Matter cannot come to the Brain but by the impulse of the Heart wherein this Matter is generated of necessity it follows that the Heart is mov'd of it self before there are any Animal Spirits in any other part and is the first that forces to the Brain Matter adapted for the Generation of those Spirits that is to say the Arterious Blood Perhaps it may be objected that the Heart is mov'd at first by those animal Spirits which were mix'd in the Seed of the Parents and from that time still are intermix'd with it which is but a frivolous Evasion For the animal Spirit concurs indeed to the making of Seed but loses its own Nature and being mix'd fermented and concocted with the vital Blood becomes one Mass of another Nature with it and so both together put on the Nature of the Seed wherein there is no longer either animal Spirit or arterious Blood but that Seed becomes a new Body generated out of both being mix'd together and changed by Concoction which particularly contains in it self neither animal nor sanguineous Spirit but a new Spirit potentially vi●…al arising out of the Mixture and Concoction of both which if at any time it be stirr'd up in the Womb and proceed from Power to Action will immediately enliven and form Vessels and Instruments that shall produce Spirituous Blood and Animal Spirits So that there are no Animal Spirits any longer in the Seed that are able to cause the first Motion of the Heart at the beginning For as no Man in his Wits will aver that there is any Blood really in a Bone tho' the Blood as a necessary Matter concurs to its making Nutrition and Growth so no Man will say of the Seed that there is in it either Animal Spirit or Blood tho' both concur to its Composition For as in the Generation of Bone the Blood concurring with the Animal Spirit losing altogether its Sanguineous Nature becomes Bone and is no longer Blood as the Spirit is no longer Spirit as it was before so likewise in the making of Seed the Animal Spirit and Blood remain no longer what they were before whence it cannot be said that animal Spirits remain in the Seed that should be able to begin the first Motion of the Heart 8. Because the Motion of the Animal Spirits does not proceed from the Brain but altogether from the Heart and this Motion of the Heart ceasing all Animal Motion ceases As is apparent when Wounds penetrate the Ventricles of the Heart for that the Blood not being forced into the great Artery and the Heart but flowing out through the Wound of the Ventricles presently at the very same instant the Brain rests and the Animal Spirits are no longer sent through the Nerves to the moving Parts neither are they moved in the Brain which is the reason that a Man so wounded falls of a suddain depriv'd of all his principal Faculties and of all Sense and Motion The same appears in Convulsions and Fitts of the Mother affecting the Heart and such like Distempers in which frequently the noxious Vapours and Humours reach no farther than the Heart but not as yet to the Brain and so the Heart ceases to beat the Brain remaining unendamaged which nevertheless upon the ceasing of the Motion of the Heart presently ceases to be mov'd nor does it begin to move again till first the Heart begins to move But most manifestly of all does this appear in Wounds of the Head that take away some part of the Scull and the Brain it self as we have seen in the Camp For if the Patient fall into a Convulsion presently we see the Motion of the Heart ceases but if the Heart begin again to beat which is easily perceived by the Patients Pulse not before but presently after some Pulses the Heart begins by little and little again to be mov'd and after the Brain by degrees all the rest of the Members are mov'd These are all certain Signs that the Heart is not mov'd by the Animal Spirits thrust forward into it from the Brain but that the Brain and by means of that the Animal Spirits are mov'd by the Blood sent upward In the mean time I will not deny but that by reason of certain Nerves scarcely discernable descending toward the Basis of the Heart the Orifices of it are somewhat less sometimes more loosen'd or contracted as in the Passions of the Mind and for this reason that the Blood in the Ventricles is sometimes more difficultly sometimes more easily expell'd according to the various Determination of the Animal Spirits to those Orifices Nevertheless the continual Motion of the Heart does not proceed from thence tho' this be not the cause of any Impediments to hinder from performing its Motion freely and equally as in the respiratory Motion of the Breast sometimes Impediments arise from the Muscles of the Larynx too much contracted by the help of the Animal Spirits flowing thorough the Nerves tho' those Muscles are no cause of Respiration And thus I have

with it as is seen upon Blood-letting in Malignant Fevers which are no part of the Chylus but only corrupt Humors XXI This is the true manner of making the Blood which serves for the nourishment of all the Parts and contains in it self Matter adapted for the nourishment of all and singular the Parts out of which that is appropriated to every one which is most convenient for their nourishment to some Particles more concocted and subtile to others less concocted and thicker to others Particles equally mix'd of Salt and Sulphur as in fat Bodies to others more Salt and Tartarous as in Sinewey and Boney People and to others Particles are united and assimilated some disposed one way some another XXII This Apposition proceeds chiefly from the Diversity of Figures which as well the particular Particles of the Blood as the Pores of the several Paris obtain For hence it happens that the Blood being forc'd into the Parts some Particles more easily enter some sort of Pores and others another sort and are figur'd one among another after various shapes and forms and so are immediately united with the Substance of the Parts and are converted into their Nature and those which are not proper for such a Figure are carry'd to other Parts till the remaining and improper portion is again transmitted back to the Heart there to be concocted anew and endu'd with another more proper Aptitude It is vulgarly said That the several Parts attract from the Blood and unite the Particles most similar to themselves But there is no such Attraction allow'd in our Bodies neither are the Parts endu'd with any Knowledge to distinguish between Particles similar or dissimilar But the Blood such as it is is equally forc'd to all the Parts but the Diversity of Figures as well in the several Particles of the Blood as in the Pores of the Parts is the Reason that some Particles stick and are united to these and others to other Parts to these after one manner to those after another From which Diversity the Diversity of Substances arises some softer some harder some stronger and some weaker XXIII This Nutrition by the Blood is caus'd two manner of ways 1. Immediately when the Particles of the Blood are immediately oppos'd without any other previous or remarkable Alteration as is to be seen in the Fleshy and Fat Parts 2. Mediately when Apposition happens after some remarkable Concoction or Alteration preceding as in the Bones to whose Nourishment besides the Salt Tartareous Particles of the Blood there concurs the Marrow made before out of the Blood as also in the Sinews which are not nourished only by the Blood communicated to their outward Tunicle through invisible little Arteries from the continuation of those Arteries that pass through both Membranes of the Brain and Spinal Marrow but also by the Salter Sanguineous Particles first prepar'd by the Concoction of the Brain XXIV But in this Nutrition from the Blood three Degrees are to be observ'd 1. When the Body is so nourish'd as to grow by that Nourishment 2. When it is nourish'd and remains in the same Condition 3. When it is nourish'd and decays XXV Now that the Cause of this Diversity may be more plainly known we are to consider That there are Four Things necessary to perfect Nutrition 1. The Alimentary Juice it self 2. The Apposition of this Juice 3. Then its Agglutination 4. And lastly Its Assimilation The Alimentary Juice is the Blood which is forc'd by the Beating of the Heart through the smallest Arteries to the Parts that are to be nourish'd and is thrust forward into their Pores by which means the Substance of the Parts does as it were drink it in And because in these Pores something of Humor tending toward Assimilation remains over and above hence it comes to pass that the convenient Particles of the new-come Blood more agreeable to that Humor are mingl'd with that Humor sticking there before and being there concocted by the convenient Heat and proper Temper of the Parts are by degrees agglutinated and more more assimilated to the Substance of the Parts and are so prepar'd and dispos'd by the Vital Spirit continually flowing into the Parts together with the Arterious Blood that they acquire Vitality and become true Particles of the Parts endu'd with Life and Soul equally to the rest XXVI If now while that Nutrition is made the smaller Particles of the Parts by reason of their moister Temperament or cooler Heat stick but softly to each other then upon their first Apposition by reason of the great Plenty of Alimentary Humor flowing in by the impulse of the Heart they easily separate from each other and admit more Nutritive Humor than is requisite to their Nutrition from the Plenty of which being agglutinated and assimilated happens the Growth of the Parts by degrees because more is appos'd and agglutinated than is wasted But when by the increase of Heat the smaller Particles are dry'd up and become hard and firm as in Manhood then they no longer separate one from another by reason of the Alimentary Juice forc'd in and the Juice that is pour'd into the Pores in great quantity is vigorously discuss'd by the more violent and stronger Heat that no more can be appos'd and assimilated than is dissipated whence there follows a stay of Growth wherein the Substance of the Parts will admit no Excess or Diminution of Quantity Lastly Those smaller Particles of the Parts are not only dry'd up by that same stronger Heat and the Pores are streightn'd so as to admit less Alimentary Juice but the Alimentary Juice it self by reason of the Heat dimimish'd by Time and Age and consequently a worse Concoction of the Bowels grows weaker and less agreeable to the Substance of the Part it self and then as in Old Age the Parts themselves decrease and diminish For the unaptness of the Pores in the Parts and of the Nutritive Juice it self as also of the concocting Heat and the small Quantity of the said Juice are the reason that less is appos'd than is dissipated Now ●…his Decrease is chiefly and most manifestly observ'd in the softer Parts whose smallest Particles are moister and more easily dissipated as the Flesh the Fat c. But it is less observable in the Bones and other harder Parts whose smallest Particles are more fix'd and not so easily dissipated XXVII Here by way of Parenthesis a Question may be propos'd Whether Old Men grow shorter than they were in their Prime This many affirm and confirm by Ocular Testimony Spigelius absolutely denies it For says he That they grow shorter I deny but that they grow leaner I grant For the Bones according to which the Length of the Body is extended being hard and solid Bodies are neither diminish'd by Age nor the Force of any Disease But the Flesh is wasted and consumed as well by Age as by many other Causes So that if they

Hippocrates witnesses which could never be if they did not live However they who deny the Blood and Spirits Life seem in our Judgment to be most in the Right 1. Because the Blood and Spirits have not within themselves the Principle of their own Motion as bequeath'd to them from the Soul but because they have their Motion by force of the solid Parts which are mov'd by the Soul as the Heart Brain c. By the Force of which and that often according to the diversity of the Motions of the Mind the Motion of the Chylus Choler and sometimes of the Excrements and various other Humors is promoted and excited which no man however in his Wits will affirm to be living 2. That the Soul of the flesh is said to be in the Blood so far as animated or enliven'd Flesh wants Blood nay and Air too as the next Support without which his Life cannot subsist To the Third That Seed Potentially enliven'd and living is not generated out of the Blood and Spirits because the Spirituous Blood out of which it is made is living but by reason that by a new Specific Mixture and Disposition of the Sanguineous Mixture brought to Perfection by the Heat and Specific Property of the Seminifying Parts a new and potentially Vital Form is introduc'd which was not before in the Matter not Vital as we see dead Bodies rotten Wood Cheese Rain-water and Vinegar long expos'd to the Heat of the Sun will produce Worms alive whereas there is no Life in any of these things To the Fourth That Hippocrates does not ascribe Nourishment properly so call'd to the Blood and Spirits but only their continual Generation and Supply out of the Chylus As we say the Flame of a Lamp is nourish'd with Oil because the Oil is the next Matter with which the Flame is nourish'd To these I add That in an Animal Life cannot be but in the Parts of the Body out of which number that the Blood and Spirits are manifestly excluded we have sufficiently demonstrated l. 1. c. 1. Here some one will urge That the Seed is no Part of the Body and yet it lives Potentially and therefore why not the Blood I answer That though the Seed is a Part of the Body as of Peter being present from whom it was cut off and still perhaps remains in his Spermatic Vessels nevertheless it is only Part of the Body of a future Animal which is to live even such a Matter as contains in it self the Ideas of all the Parts of the Animal that is to be form'd But the Blood cannot be said to be a Part of Peter or the Living Creature but only a Humor or Juice next nourishing the Parts and to be agglutinated and assimilated to the Substance by new Concoction and so to be enliven'd with it at the same time XL. From what has been said the Use of the Blood appears to be for the Nourishment of all the Parts that is not only to afford Matter to be assimilated to every Part but to convey a hot Vital Spirit which excites the Actions and Concoctions of all and singular the Parts and to cause the fit Matter for Assimilation to be assimilated and supply'd in the room of that which is wasted and dissipated by the Heat XLI But seeing the Blood is carry'd as well through the Arteries as Veins the Question is Whether the Parts are nourish'd by Veiny or Arterious Blood Anciently it was believ'd that the Parts were nourish'd by the Veiney Blood because the Blood was thought to be made in the Liver and thence to be carry'd through the Veins to the Parts Which Error being discover'd by the Circulation of the Blood since which time it has been observ'd that the Blood is made only in the Heart and from thence forc'd through the Arteries to the Parts and only carry'd back from the Parts through the Veins thence it has been apparently made clear that the Body of Man is nourish'd chiefly by Arterious Blood I say chiefly because though it cannot be deny'd while the Blood returns through the Veins to the Heart but that some small part of it sweating through the Pores of the Vessels or Tunicles are fix'd up and down to various Parts and nourish them and that the Tunicles of the Veins themselves are nourish'd by the Blood which they carry and that the greatest part of the Liver receives its Nourishment from the Veiny Blood as is apparent from the vast number of Veins and small quantity of Arteries that creep through it yet in some other places where the Arteries accompany the Veins it is manifest that the Parts are chiefly nourish'd by Arterious Blood being more spirituous and concocted and with greater violence forc'd through the Ends of the small Arteries into the Pores of the Parts XLII This ancient Opinion receiv'd by all the Physicians in the Schools about the Nourishment of the Parts by the Blood has Gualter Charleton oppos'd with great Heat and endeavors to destroy it with most Strenuous Arguments as he believes by shewing the unaptness of the Blood for Nutrition The Sum of all his Arguments are these 1. The Blood consists of Four Juices which by farther Concoction degenerate all into Melancholy with which impure Juice all the Parts cannot be nourish'd yet all would be nourish'd with it were they nourish'd by the Blood 2. The Blood never comes to many Parts as the Brain the Bones the Sinews the Ligaments c. 3. Lean men who have most Blood eat most and are less nourish'd than fat People who have nevertheless less Blood whose Veins are narrower and their Diet more sparing 4. They that die famish'd or of a Consumption have a great quantity of Blood remaining in their Veins after their Decease which therefore might have serv'd for farther Nourishment and have prevented their Death 5. The Blood in all parts preserves its Redness neither does it lose its Colour in those parts that encline to White therefore it does not nourish them 6. Hippocrates cur'd a Consumptive Person whom Victuals did no good by frequent Blood-letting 7. The Blood is carry'd through the Arteries to the Parts is mix'd therein with a copious Serum and is there much less Fat and Oily than in the Veins through which it is carry'd back from the Parts 8. The Blood is of a quite different Nature from many Parts of the Body as the Brain Bones Membranes c. 9. The manner of Nutrition is the Progress of the Nourishment from a state of Crudity or Fixation to a state of Fusion by which its Spirits before fix'd are exalted to a farther degree of Activity which Spirits adhering to the Blood and like a Glutton devouring dissolving and dissipating the Nutritive Substance of the Parts render it unfit for the nourishment of the Parts for the consolidating of which a more fix'd nourishment is requir'd 10. The Blood it self is nourish'd by the Chylus therefore it cannot nourish other

Parts because moreover there is contain'd in it a Heat that preys upon the Substance of the Parts 11. All the several Parts ought to be nourish'd with a certain Juice of the same Nature with that out of which they were first form'd but that is not the Blood but the Colliquation of the Seed and therefore their Growth and Nourishment cannot proceed from the Seed All which being thus concluded Charleton at last produces a Similitude between the Flame of a Lamp and that Fermentaceous Flame which is rais'd in the Heart and thence concludes the Use of the Blood to be the Food of the Lamp of the Flame of Life and the next Matter for the Generation of the Spirits To the First That Charleton greatly mistakes while he presupposes that all the Parts must be nourish'd with impure Melan holy if they were nourish'd by the Blood For it has been shew'd already that the Nourishment must be various according to the various Nature of the Parts while some are nourish'd with a cruder others a more temperate others with a hotter and thicker part of the Blood and all those Parts are always in the Blood and if there be an Excess of the one or the other then there happens either an Atrophy or a Cachexy Besides he does not consider That the Melancholic part of the Blood is not call'd an impure Juice but only a thicker Juice and which upon the dissipation of the more Spirituous Part is not easily exalted again to a farther Spirituosity by reason of the weakness of the Bowels that concoct and prepare the Ferments Which Bowels if they happen to be restor'd to their former Soundness by proper Remedies then the Blood is reduc'd to a just Spirituosity and in that manner the Hypochondriacal Affection the Scurvey and other Melancholic Diseases are cur'd by Remedies corroborating the Bowels dissolving the Fixedness of the Humors and subliming them to Spirituosity Lastly He does not consider that there are several Parts that require this same thicker Parts of the Blood for their Nourishment To the Second I say That there are no Parts to which the Blood does not come In the middle of the Substance of the Brain innumerable bloody Spots are to be seen budding forth The Sinews admit Blood which flows to them through the continuation of the Vessels creeping through the Membranes of the Brain Through the Bones pass Arteries and Veins to the innermost Spungy Substance and to the Marrow and their Periostia are wash'd on the outside every way by the Blood To the Third I say That as for lean men though they abound with Blood yet the Bulk of their Bodies does not increase so much by reason of the violent and sharp Heat of the Blood For the violent Heat quickly dissipates whatever is assimilated contrary to what befals fat Men who have less Heat and Acrimony in their Blood and therefore out of their less Quantity there is more appos'd than dissipated To the Fourth I answer Men may be starv'd two ways to Death First When the Body is full of evil Iuice and a great Quantity of vitiated Blood abounds in the Vessels For in such there is a Necessity that the Heart should be frequently supply'd with new and good Juices to comfort and cherish i●… so that it Famine be not the occasion of Death yet the Blood becoming more hot more sharp or some other way more corrupt the ●…eart must be overwhelm'd with bad Humors though there be store of Blood remaining in the Vessels for it is not Quantity alone but good Quality that is requir'd for the Support of Life Secondly Because that as well in sound as deprav'd Constitutions of Body the Blood is wasted by long Famine for though those that die famish'd have much Blood remaining in their Vessels yet it seems to be too little to suffice for the Nourishment of all the Parts and hence all the Parts and Bowels being weaken'd Death ensues To this purpose in Novemb. 1656. upon the dissection of a Person that had starv'd himself to Death I could discover in him no Mesaraic Intercostal or other lesser Veins because they were quite empty'd so that there were hardly three Spoonfuls of Blood in the Hollow Vein and the Great Artery was altogether empty'd In Novemb. 1660. we dissected another Person who by reason of a long want of Appetite had wasted himself to Death in whom we found the Veins and Arteries exhausted after a wonderful manner so that there were hardly two Spoonfuls in the hollow Vein and nothing at all in the Aorta To the Fifth I affirm it to be an Untruth That the Blood does not lose its Redness in the Nourishment of Parts inclining to White For the contrary appears in the Brain which that it is nourish'd by the Blood passing through its Pores the innumerable Bloody Spots every where conspicuous in a dissected Skull do shew and yet the Brain is white Moreover I say That the Red Colour is easily perpetuated by the Specific Concoction of the Heart in the Circulating Blood because the Sulphury Particles readily concur with the Salt and mixt with Spirituosity are as easily united But in the Blood that already stops in the Parts for Nutrition that Colour is easily chang'd again by another Specific Concoction of the Parts inclining to white when the greatest part of the Sulphury Particles are again separated from the Salt or mingl'd after another manner Lastly I add That in the Blood besides the Red Particles there are many white and other Particles of various Colours which the intense Redness does so conceal that they are not to be discover'd but in the separation of the Particles of the Blood In the same manner as in Red Wine there lies hid a most Limpid Spirit and a watery pellucid Part whose Lympid Colour however is not conspicuous in the Wine but presently appears upon Distillation To the Sixth I say That the Blood of some Men is over-salt sharp thick or corrupted who therefore are not reliev'd by Med'cines unless Nature be first reliev'd by letting out some considerable Quantity of that Blood that she may be the better able to digest the new Juices of Nourishments and convert 'em into purer Blood whereby the better to nourish the Body in due manner and such no question was that Person cur'd by Hippocrates with frequent Blood-letting To the Seventh I say That there is not always and necessarily requir'd an Unctuosity of Blood for the Nutrition of all Parts whatever but such an Aptitude as agrees with all and every the Parts which Aptitude does not consist in Unctuosity alone as is before said To the Eighth I answer That the Blood consider'd in the whole seems indeed dissimilar from many Parts of the Body but consider'd in its Particles contains in it self what is like to every Part there being no Parts which are not compos'd of Salt and Sulphur by the Assistance of Mercury variously mix'd according to the Nature of the

the Breast somewhat harder by degrees But whether those little Bodies as well of the Brain as of the Pith be hollow or no and so transmit any Spirits thro' their Cavities has been diligently examined by the Physicians of this Age but nothing has been concluded on but only by Conjectures by reason of the weakness of our Sight and difficulty of Demonstration XVI In the dissected Substance innumerable Bloody Drops appear up and down in like manner as in the dissected Brain but the Blood-bearing Vessels passing through the Substance it self are so very minute that they can hardly be discern'd by the Eye The Original also of these little Vessels by reason of their subtility is no less obscure But in this quick-sighted Age by more quick-sighted Anatomists this has been observ'd that much about that place where the Trunk of the Aorta is dispers'd into the Subclavials a vertebral Artery is sent forth through the holes wrought through the transverse Processes of the Cervical Vertebers and that from thence two little Branches proceed to the Spinal Pith and that from thence downward among the several knots of the Vertebers from the descending Trunk of the Aorta where it rests upon the Spine immediately two Arteries of each side one run along to the said Pith. Which two Arteries of each of the sides meeting together and intermixing one among another form a wonderful piece of Net-work in the Meninxes that they also clasp one another like a Chain of Rings and so hold each other with a winding course by and by they are seen to send certain Capillary Branches toward the inner parts of the Pith as Willis observes Which last is manifest from the little bloody Spots conspicuous in a dissected Substance From the Conjunction of these little Arteries on both sides above the middle fissure of the Pith is form'd a more conspicuous Artery running the whole length of the Pith also two other Arteries of each side one common alike but less creep into the sides of the same Pith. The Veins that carry back the blood remaining after Nutrition from the Pith and its Coverings toward the Heart arising from scarce visible Originals by degrees joyn together and form a Fold like the arterious Fold and mixt with it From this Fold the Blood carry'd farther flows into two larger Veins which Willis calls the lesser Hollownesses of which one of each side is extended within the Cavity of the Bone as far as the Os Sacrum Out of these the Blood is yet pour'd into a larger Vein which Willis calls the large Hollowness running all along the whole length of the Spine and receiving the Blood of both lateral Veins as into a common Receptacle and thro' the lateral holes of the Vertebers conveying it to the next Veins that is to say the Azygos and the Vertebral Veins ascending through the Neck carries it from those to the hollow Vein in like manner as in the Head the larger Bosom of the hard Meninx runs out above the Division of the Brain and receives the Blood of surrounding Vessels to be deliver'd up to the Jugular Veins From this Pith all the Nerves of the whole Body derive their Original neither do any proceed from any other part either Brain Cerebel or whatever it be However the Pith is not a part separated from the Brain but a production of the same and the Cerebel from whence like a Stalk it springs with four Roots For before or rather above it springs from two protuberancies of the third Ventricle by which it is chiefly fasten'd to the Brain behind or rather before from the Buttocks and Stones by means of which it more adheres to the Cerebel Now as I call this Pith a production of the Brain others have design'd it out by other Appellations for Ruffus affirms it to be no peculiar body of the Brain but the purging of the Brain Theophilus calls it the Brain drawn out in length and so doth also Peter Borellus Others have nam'd it the Apophysis others the Process of the Brain because it extends it self from the Brain as from a thick Root or Trunk and obtains continuous Fibers with it Yet Protagoras and Philotinus of old seem'd to be of a contrary Opinion who as Lindan reports affirm'd this Pith to be no production of the Brain but that the Brain was the redundancy of the Spinal Pith. Whose Footsteps Bartholine treading affirms likewise that the Pith is not extended from the Brain but that the Brain rather proceeds from the Pith from whence as from its Root it rises and shoots forth and that it is a certain process of this Pith deducing his Argument from certain Fishes the Pith of whose Head and Tail is of a vast bigness but their Brains very small in quantity To Bartholine's Opinion Malpigius subscribes and extending it farther writes that all the Fibers disperc'd through the Brain and Cerebel proceed from the Trunk of the Spinal Pith contain'd within the Skull as from an extraordinary collection of Fibers in like manner as in Cabbages the Fibers of the Root breaking forth are dispers'd through the Leaves which being wound and folded about form the Head by accident furnish'd with a certain hollowness within like a Ventricle and hence it is that he will allow the Ventricles to be of no use as being made hollow by accident Then whether the same Fibers in number which are rooted in the Brain be extended into the Spinal Pith and there being closely united make a more solid Trunk or whether the Pith be a part proceeding from the Brain the same Malpigius examins and adds that being taught by the dissection of some Fish he thinks it probable that the prolong'd Fibers of the Spinal Pith the Brain and Cerebel are the same in number and thence he believes that the Brain is an Appendix of the Spinal Pith or else that the Trunk of Nerves contain'd in the Spine propagates the Roots crookedly crawling through the Brain and Cerebel in the surrounding Ash-colour'd rind or shell but that the Branches proceeding from the Head are dispers'd through the whole Body This is also the Judgment of Fracassatus which he proves from hence for that if you take a Chicken but newly form'd in the Egg when it is but just cover'd with its Film or Cawl and prick it with a small Needle it presently contracts though at that time nothing possess the Seat of the brain but the Lympha●… not yet fix'd into brains and thence he infers that the Brain and Cerebel are Appendixes of the Spinal Pith. But he considerately weighs what we have said already l. 1. c. 29. will find that neither the Brain owes its original to the Pith nor the Pith to the Brain seeing that all the parts are delineated together in the first formation and are the immediate Works of Nature which depend in such a manner one upon another that the one can neither act or live without the other If any one aver that

from all Parts in greater quantity to the Substance of the brain than is requisite for the nourishment of it For on the outside Thousands of little branches of Arteries empty a great quantity of blood partly into the Ash-colour'd Cortex enfolding the brain in whose little Kernels apt Particles are separated for the Generation of Spirits from those that are unapt and suckt up by the extremities of the little Fibers of the brain extended into the Cortex partly enter the Substance of the brain it self Moreover on the inside also in the third Ventricle that there are infinite slender branches inserted from the Choroid Fold into the white Pithy Substance and which stick and cling to it will easily appear to those who have prudently examin'd that Ventricle and gently lifted up the Fornix or Arch for then they may perceive innumerable little branches of the Choroid Fold sticking to and entring the Substance of the Fornix the furrow'd Monticles the Stones and Buttocks and pouring into the Pores of it the thinner blood freed by the little Kernels of the Fold from a great part of its viscous Serum which in the dissection of the Substance is seen to start as well out of the invisible Vessels as out of the Pores Moreover it is requisite that the Animal Spirits should be generated in that part out of which they may most conveniently either flow or be thrust forward into the Nerves But such a part is the Substance of the brain and pith which as being altogether fibrous and continuous with the Nerves has also Pory Fibers continuous with them into which by the compression of the brain which follows its dilatation those Spirits may commodiously be squeez'd forward Lastly the Soul makes use of the Ministry of these Spirits and therefore they ought to be generated and contain'd in that part where the Soul resides But the Soul does not reside in empty Cavities or Ventricles in the midst of excrementitious Filth but in solid living Parts Therefore as it resides in the Substance of other Parts so likewise in that of the brain where it lays the foundations of the Animal Spirits which from thence it sends every way at her own pleasure through the Nerves X. This Opinion two great Difficulties seem to oppose 1. Because the Apoplexy and other heavy Drowsinesses proceed according to the Iudgment of most eminent Physicians from a stoppage of the Animal Spirits which hinders their Influx out of the Ventricles of the Brain into the Pith by reason of some obstruction of the beginning of the Pith or its compression happening through some other Cause Which Obstruction or Compression would not be the Cause of the Apoplexy or that same Lethargic Drowsiness if the Spirits were not generated in the Ventricles or the Choroid Fold but in the Substance of the Brain it self 2. Because the Disposal of the Spirits determinated by the Mind would not be compleated in the Substance of the Brain it self but in the common Sensory which is seated in the Brain it self This the Catalepsis plainly shews us wherein the Spirits flow in great quantity into the Nerves but no new determination of them follows because of the Obstruction of the common Sensory XI The first Difficulty is easily remov'd if the Cause of the Motion of the Brain be more narrowly pry'd into In the Fifth Chapter we have at large inform'd you that the Brain is mov'd by the perpetual first Mover of our Body that is to say the Heart and that the Heart dilates the whole Brain by forcing through the Arteries the Spirituous Blood into its Substance which upon the cessation of that Impulse presently falls again and so by compression forces the Spirits contain'd in it further into the Nerves XII Now if through any Cause as Obstruction or Compression c. the Arteries happen to be streighten'd through which the Blood is push'd forward and flows into the Brain by which means the free access of the Blood forc'd through the Arteries to the Brain is foreslow'd or obstructed then there is a great diminution of the Matter proper for the generation of Spirits and the motion of the Brain is very small whence happens not only a generation of very few Spirits and a weaker Impulse of them into the Nerves Now in regard that few Spirits and those weakly impuls'd are not sufficient to perform the Actions of the Sensory Organs whose Actions are also perform'd by the continual and sufficing motion of the Spirits of necessity there follows a deep Drowsiness or Rest of the Animal Actions which Drowsiness is either more or less as the streightness of the Arteries is either more or less But if those Arteries through which the Blood flows toward the inner parts of the Brain that is to say the Arteries of the wonderful Net and the Choroid Fold nay the Carotid Arteries themselves be of a sudden strongly compress'd and obstructed by the sudden falling of thick Flegm collected in the Brain upon them or the depression of the Skull and Brain presently the Motion of the Blood toward the Brain is obstructed and hence also the generation of the Animal Spirits and their motion and impulse into and through the Nerves is obstructed which is the Cause of the Apoplexy Which Physicians hitherto have absurdly affirm'd to happen from the obstruction or streightning of the beginning of the Nerves when it altogether proceeds from the obstruction or compression of the Arteries Which Hippocrates most clearly teaches us where he asserts the Cause of the Apoplexy to be the standing of the Blood more especially in the Arteries of the Neck that is to say the Carotides and others deriv'd from thence such as those which compose the wonderful Net and Choroid Fold Seeing that thereby the Motion and Action of the Spirits is destroy'd which Mo●…ion being obstructed the body must of necessity rest Let us hear the most acute Fernelius who confirms this Matter most elegantly by Experiments and Reasons Seeing upon a time says he a lusty sane man fall to the ground upon a desperate Blow upon the Left Eye and presently depriv'd of Sence and Motion together with a difficulty of Breathing and Snoaring and other strong Symptoms of an Apoplexy and that he could neither be preserv'd by Blood-letting nor any other way but that he dy'd within twelve hours I thought it worth my while to search into the Cause of his Death To that purpose having dissected and open'd his Brain and finding no Contusion of the Bone or Meninxes or Substance of the Brain but only that the inner Veins of the Eye were broken by the violence of the Contusion I observ'd that from thence about two Spoonfuls of Blood had lighted upon the Basis of the Brain which being clotted together had bound up those Arteries which form the Net-like Contexture and which being thence propagated into the Ventricles of the Brain constitute the other Choroid Fold But the Ventricles of

of it here they soften there they harden As to the Motion of the Animal Spirits through the Nerves see the foregoing Chapter XIV To these Animal Spirits hitherto no other Use was attributed only that they are serviceable to the Animal Actions that is to say the principal Faculties the Senses and the Animal Motions which is not to be deny'd but besides this there seems to be another natural Use to be assign'd them which is that they conduce in a high measure to the nourishment of the Parts especially the spermatical This is chiefly apparent from hence because that as the blood continually flows out of the Heart thro' the Arteries so likewise these Animal Spirits continually flow from the Brain through the Nerves to the Parts and that naturally without the determination or appointment of the Soul even when the Mind makes no appointment at all as in Sleep and in soporiferous Diseases But altho' besides this natural Motion perpetually proceeding they are frequently mov'd by another determinated Motion proceeding from the Mind yet that detracts nothing from the continual natural Motion but that these Spirits by virtue of that may be serviceable to the Action of Nutrition as they are thereby serviceable to the Animal Actions For the blood when the Body is at rest is forc'd out of the Heart through the Arteries by a setled continual Motion to the nourishment of the Parts shall it therefore when by reason of any extraordinary Exercises or heating of the Body it is ten times swifter and more rapidly mov'd and forc'd out be no longer proper for the nourishment of the Parts Certainly no man of Reason will say that that same second rapid Motion despoyls the blood of its nutritive Quality And so likewise the more rapid determinative motion of the Spirits often altering the first continual Motion cannot be said to deprive them of their Quality necessary to the Assistance of Nutrition XV. But some will say How can the Work of Nutrition equally proceed in the Parts when sometimes more sometimes fewer Animal Spirits flow into these or those Parts For it seems that those into which fewer Spirits flow should be less those into which more Spirits pass should be more nourish'd I answer that the same thing befalls these Spirits as befalls the blood which though it be more rapidly and in greater quantity thrust forward into the Parts upon extraordinary Exercises and Heats of the Body yet does it not nourish them ever a jot the more push'd on by its ordinary continual Motion in regard that rapid Motion of it is caus'd by the great Heat by Motion and Heat the blood becomes more thin and subtil and the Pores of the Parts more loose so that the blood may not be able to stick so close to the Parts but that a great quantity of it may be dissipated So also these Spirits when they are frequently determin'd in greater quantity to these or those parts endue them indeed with a firmer solidity but no larger augmentation because the chiefest part of them by reason of their tenuity is dissipated and what is not serviceable for nourishment or is not dissipated that being pour'd forth according to custom into the Substance of the Parts and being somewhat thickned enters the extremity of the Veins together with the remainder of the Blood and is mixt and circulated together with it and carry'd to the heart Of which Circulation Rolfincius and Deusingius take notice XVI Now we are to take notice what these Spirits afford or contribute to Nourishment It has been said l. 2. c. 12. that the blood consists of a sulphury salt and serous Juice and that it is forc'd forward every way for the nourishment of the Parts Therefore in its Mass there are two sorts of Substances serving to the nourishment of the Parts Sulphur and Salt Mercury is a third for the most part unprofitable indeed for nourishment but altogether necessary for the conjunction mixture and as a Vehicle of the former But of the two former some serve for the nourishment of the fleshy and fat parts others to the nourishment of the Spermatic parts The fleshy and fat parts are chiefly nourish'd by the sulphury particles of the blood which serve to endue them with an Oily softness and something of sweetness Nevertheless there are some salt particles to render the parts more firm and solid But when that in those parts the sulphury particles predominate above the salt then are they softer and fatter where less prevalent more fleshy and firm The Spermatic parts are nourish'd by the salt particles of the blood which render them more solid and hard yet have some sulphury particles mix'd with them according to whose lesser or greater proportion and dissolution some parts are softer as the Membranes Veins and Arteries others harder as the Bones and Gristles XVII But to the end this nourishment may be carry'd on without any ob struction there is of necessity requir'd some kind of separation of the salt particles from the sulphury that the one may the better be enabled to adhere to the Spermatic the other to the Fleshy and Fat Particles and be assimilated to them This Separation is caus'd by the Animal Spirit which by its influx which as it were coagulating by a slight kind of effervescency and peculiar 〈◊〉 the salt particles separates them from the sulphury to the end they may be affix'd to the spermatic parts and by the means of the heat and a small sulphureous Vapor be assimilated to them and as the spermatic parts are more or less dry or moist and more or less of the sulphury particles are mix'd with them so the salter particles of the blood are more or less harden'd in them Thus they become altogether dry and hard in the Bones but softer in the Membranes and Fibers c. These salter particles being thus moderately separated out of the remaining more sulphury Mass of the blood that which is proper goes to the nourishment of the fleshy and fat parts So that the Animal Spirits supply the place of a subacid Rennet or Coagulum which is extracted out of Salt and salt things For that such a sowr Ferment or Coagulum causes the separation of salt and sulphury particles is most evidently apparent in Chymistry For if you mingle Spirit of Wine wherein there is ten times a greater proportion of sulphury than salt particles with Spirit or Water of Tartar which consists of Salt Tartarous particles thinly dissolv'd and melted the Mixture will be exact into which Mixture if you pour in never so little Spirit of acid Salt or Vitriol there will be presently an Effervescency by which the salt particles will be separated from the sulphury and watery and being coagulated they will fix and precipitate to the bottom Thus also by the mixture of Animal Spirits which are endu'd with a gentle subacidish quality the salt particles of the blood flowing into the parts are in a

moderate quantity gently separated from the rest and are somewhat fix'd and coagulated with the Spirit it self and by that means are agglutinated grown to and plainly assimilated with the spermatic parts but those which are less salt and more sulphury adhere to the fleshy and fat parts and are united with them But those particles which are for the most part depriv'd of Spirits and less proper for nourishment flow back through the Veins together with the remaining part of the blood to be impregnated with a new ●…ermentaceous Humor proceeding from the Liver and Spleen and to be spiritualiz'd anew in the Heart either with new Chylus or alone without it But if such a separation of salt and sulphury particles from the Animal Spirits flowing through the Nerves be requir'd in the Parts for the carrying on of the nourishment the Question will be how far this Affair shall be carry'd on in such parts into which there are no Nerves inserted as in the Bones and the like As also in those which admit but very few Nerves and yet in respect of their Largeness and their Use require much nourishment I answer that there are no parts to which Nerves do not reach only to some more and larger to others fewer and less as some require a greater others a less proportion of Animal Spirits for the Duties of Sence and Motion and also Nourishment which is the Reason that in some there is a greater in others a lesser separation of the salt from the sulphury particles The Bones because they are nourish'd chiefly by the Salt and Tartarous Spirits of the Blood want many Animal Spirits to cause a strong separation of the salt particles from the sulphury and therefore they are all invelopp'd with a Periostium into which these Spirits flow in great quantity through the Nerves and from thence penetrating into the Pores of the Nerves efficaciously perform their Office and though no manifest Nerves seem to enter the Bones yet that they enter into some is apparent by the Teeth and 't is probable that they enter many other Bones though so small as not to be discern'd by the Eye And such Bones into which they do not enter there the Periostium receiving the Spirits from the Nerves supplies the Office of the Nerves But where there is neither Nerve nor Periositum they have their just magnitude from the beginning conjoyn'd with a peculiar hardness and afterwards neither wear nor increase as the little Bones of the Ears as the Mallet the Anvil and the Stirrup The Heart which is fleshy because it requires not so great a quantity of Salt for its nourishment nor is to be mov'd by a voluntary Motion and because it makes and contains within it self a sharper sort of Spirits needs very few Animal Spirits and therefore is furnish'd with very slender Branches of little Nerves The Liver and Lungs because they are furnish'd with fermentaceous and sowr Juices from other parts in sufficient quantity the one from the Heart the other from the Spleen receive very small Nerves dispers'd chiefly through the involving Membrane and hardly entring the Paren●…hyma or body of the Bowel The Spleen admits a greater number of Nerves and Animal Spirits for that making the Matter of the Ferment out of the Arterious Blood the acid salt particles of the blood are to be more strongly separated therein from the sulphury And thus it is in the rest of the Parts among which the more solid always require more the softer fewer Animal Spirits and of the softer those that are water'd with more Animal Spirits are harder than other softer parts as we shall make out when we treat of the Muscles Now that such a kind of Quality is most necessary in the Animal Spirits to promote the Nutrition of the Parts sundry Arguments demonstrate 1. Because those Parts which are exercis'd most and oftenest by the voluntary animal motion and into which to cause that motion of a necessity a greater proportion of Spirits flows than into such Parts as are less exercis'd because I say those Parts for the better separation and coagulation of the salt particles of the blood from the sulphury are nourish'd with a more solid Nourishment and consequently become much more hard and strong than other parts which are exercis'd less and into which those Spirits for that reason are not so copiously determin'd but only flow into them according to their ordinary course This we find in most men whose right Arm and Hand is much stronger than the left because of custom the one is ten times more made use of than the other as being the Instrument of most of our Actions for which reason a greater proportion of Spirits is determin'd to the one than to the other in which because there is not so plentiful a mixture of Animal Spirits there is not so great a separation and fixation of the salt and sulphury Spirits and consequently less firm Nourishment though sometimes the Bulk and Thickness may seem greater But that which is oppos'd in regard that by reason of the less coagulating Effervescency it is less freed from the sulphury Spirits it becomes soft pappy and fat and affords less strength to the Member 2. Because in such persons that walk much and frequently their Thighs are much firmer and stronger than in such who being given to Laziness seldom walk and yet their Thighs are fatter more fleshy softer and thicker And then again those that walk much are much stronger in their Thighs than in any other parts of their Body which they exercise less and therefore they are fit for walking and running but not for any other Labour 3. Because for the same reason it is that Women and lazy people are fat and soft but weak because there is no other than only the ordinary influx of Animal Spirits into the Parts and hence a greater quantity of the sulphury particles of the blood mixt with salt and less separated from them are appos'd together with the Salt which renders the Nourishment less firm 4. Because that in Paralytic Persons in whom very few Spirits or none at all flow into the Members that suffer first the suffering parts for some time are languid and somewhat swelling with an Impostume-like Tumor and at length grow lean and wither'd though much blood is forc'd to them through the Arteries 5. Because that such as use immoderate Venery waste away by reason of the great consumption and waste of Animal Spirits which for that cause flowing in a lesser quantity to the nourishment of the Parts Nutrition is obstructed and thence follows a leanness and wasting of the whole body 6. Because in an ill temper of the Brain and upon several Diseases an Atrophy follows either because of the consumption of these Spirits or because few are generated or those that are generated are vicious Thus Malpigius frequently observes that such as have receiv'd any Wound in the Brain at length die of a Consumption 7. Because

firm and so weakly covering the Lachrymal Hole that it gives way to the least violence of the Internal Serous Humors and so procures an immediate Passage for the said Lachrymal Humors To which we may add another Humor that both the one and the other are subject to Grief that arises from Irksomness Love or Anger by reason whereof the Brain contracting its self with its Membranes presses forth the petuitous and serous Humors and expels them through the Sieve-representing Bones Cartesius alledges another Cause of this Matter but not so true for he ascribes the whole thing to the plenty of Blood from whence several Vapors are carried to the Eyes But this Opinion has been sufficiently refuted already Now to tell you how it comes to pass that some weep upon vehement Motion or the riding of swift Race-Horses of this there are three Causes 1. Because the Glandulous Kernels being mov'd from their Places by the violent Motion do not exactly cover the Lachrymal Holes 2. Because those Caruncles are contracted by the troublesome Reverberation of the cold Air. 3. Because those pituitous Humors through violent Agitation flow easily from the Head and descend in a greater quantity than usually through the Sieve-like narrow Passages And the same thing also happens when the Glandulous Caruncles of each Canthus being contracted by the greater Cold of the Air alone especially if suddain the Lachrymal Holes are not well covered and therefore give a free Passage to the Tears XVIII Onions Mustard Errhines and Sternutories provoke Tears by reason that through their attenuating and cutting Acrimony the Humors in the Head are properly attenuated and rendred more fluid Properly the Brain with its Membranes contracts it self by reason of the troublesome Vellication that twinges the Eyes and Nostrils and by that means presses forth and expels the pituitous Humors contain'd therein which glide the more easily through the Lachrymal Holes because the annate Tunicle of the Eye and the Glandulous Caruncles that cover the Holes being twing'd by the same Acrimony are also contracted and so give free passage to the descending Humors XIX Dust Straws Smoak c. that pain the Eye are also the Cause of shedding Tears because that upon the twinging of the Conjunctive Tunicle which is the most sensible the Glandulous Lachrymal Kernel adjoyning to it is contracted in both Eyes but chiefly in that which is most afflicted and so the Hole is uncovered Also the Brain with its Membranes is contracted by reason of that same sad Sensation and by means of that same Contraction pressing forth the serous and pituitous Humors contain'd in its self and its Ventricles expels them through the Mamillary Processes toward the Sive-like Bone and the Nostrils of which the thicker Particles flow forth through the Nostrils the thinner and more fluid through the Lachrvmal Holes XX. Now to tell you why Tears continue so plentiful in Grief so that many People weep for several days together that happens for this reason for that the Brain being contracted with Sadness is refrigerated and cannot duly perform its Work of Concoction so that a great quantity of serous Humors are separated in this Glandulous Bowel from the Blood which is carried thither for its Nourishment and many crude Humors are also generated at the same time which are continually press'd forth by that Contraction and expell'd out of the Ventricles toward the Nostrils But when the Mind refrains from thinking of the sad Accident and the Contraction hereupon relaxes that Effussion of Tears ceases but upon the return of sad Thoughts the Tears burst forth again by reason of the same pressing and squeezing as before But because so large and moist a Bowel has humid Nourishment in great quantity hence it is certain that many and moist Excrements cannot but be generated therein of which there is a long and most plentiful Increase as in Catarrs and the Pose as we found in a Woman dissected by Us in the Year 1663. who had long liv'd in a great deal of Grief and Sorrow and had a thousand times complain'd of a Heaviness in her Head and was very apt to weep and shed Tears in abundance whose Brain was so moist that a viscous Serum distill'd out of the Substance of it squeez'd by our Hand as out of a Spunge dipp'd in Water besides that the Ventricles were also sufficiently fill'd with it To this we may add that the Vapors carried from the lower Parts of the Body to the Head and so wont to be expell'd through the Pores of the Body when it comes to pass that the Pores are streightned by that Refrigeration and Contraction of the Brain and its Membranes cannot be expell'd but being thickned are squeezed toward the Nostrils together with the rest of the Humors which greatly encreases the quantity of Tears By reason of the same bad Concoction of the Brain it comes to pass that many times the Tears are salt and sharp and corrode the Cheeks and for the same reason it is that sharp and salt Catarrhs happen which by their Acrimony corrode the Teeth and exulcerate the Chaps and other Parts because that by reason of their Crudity the salt Particles are more fix'd and not sufficiently dissolved nor exactly mix'd with the rest of the serous Particles Which being so four Doubts remain to be unfolded 1. How it comes to pass that People in sorrow receive great ease from weeping and that they find themselves almost choak'd through sorrow of Mind and are oppressed with Heaviness in their Heads upon the shedding of Tears are very much reliev'd The reason is because that in heavy Sorrow the Brain is many times so contracted that the Evacuatory Passages are streightned so that neither the pituitous and serous Humors can flow out nor the Arterious Blood conveniently flow in whence it appears that fewer Spirits are generated therein and fewer Animal Spirits consequently flow out from thence to the rest of the Parts Through the scarcity of which the detention of the Excrements with all in the Brain several inconveniences happen to Persons in those doleful Conditions their Heads grow heavy their Ratiocination and Judgment grow benum'd most parts tremble the Sight grows dim the Respiration becomes slow with deep Sighs and profound Sobs difficulty of Swallowing and the Orifices of the Heart are streightned so that they can neither expel nor receive the Blood hence an extream Anxiety which with all the other Inconveniences diminishes again and the sorrowful are extreamly eas'd when the Evacuatory Vessels being loosned the serous and pituitous Humors flow through the Eyes like Tears in great quantity from the Brain and also are evacuated through the Nostrils Palate and Mouth which consequently gives a freer access of Arterious Blood to the Brain a more plentiful Generation of Animal Spirits and a larger Influx into the Parts XXI 2. How it comes to pass that in extraordinary Sadness a Man cannot weep yet perceives the foresaid Anxiety with

two Oblique Muscles because of the secret Allurements of Lovers Glances are called Amatorious but from their rowling Motion Circumactors XII In Brutes that feed with their Heads toward the Earth besides these six Muscles there is also a seventh which is sometimes observed to be divided into two but rarely into three Muscles This being short and fleshy encompasses the Eye and is inserted into the hinder part of the Horny Tunicle and sustains the looking down continually upon the Ground and draws it back when it s own weight carries it farther out XIII The Muscles are endued with a moving Power by the little Branches of the second Pair of Nerves which are chiefly inserted into the streight Muscles For the innermost Oblique Muscle receives a little Branch from the fifth Pair the outermost Oblique receives a little Branch from the slender Pair that stands next before the Fifth XIV Here arises a Question when each Eye has distinct and proper Muscles why they do not move with various Motions but are always mov'd together with the same Motion Aristotle ascribes the Cause to the Coition of the Optic Nerves and Galen and Avicen seem to be of the same Opinion But in regard the Optic Nerves are only visory and contribute nothing to Motion nor enter the Muscles they cannot be the cause of this thing Besides Anatomists have now found it out that this Conjunction of the Optics is wanting in several men and yet the motion of their Eyes while they liv'd was the same as in other men so equal always that the Sight of both was always directed to one Point Andrew Laurentius says that such an equal Motion is requisite for the perfection of the Sense and so he only proposes the end of the Motion but does not explain the Cause Others alledg that this equal Motion proceeds from hence that the moving Nerves are mov'd together at their beginning But it appears from this Conjunction that the Spirits indeed may flow to the Muscles of each Eye however it is not manifest why the Spirits flow more especially in greater quantity into these or those Muscles of the Eyes and not into the same external and internal of both Eyes For Example's sake suppose a Man would look for something upon his Right-Side presently the Spirits are determined toward the external Muscle of the Right-Eye and the internal Muscle of the Left-eye and so the Sight is turned to one Point through the two various Muscles of each Eye But if the Union of the Beginning of the Nerves of the second Pair should any way contribute to this in regard of that Union it would be requisite that the Spirits should flow at the same time into the same Muscles of both Eyes as well external as Internal and so by vertue of that Motion both Eyes would look several ways upon several things and not up on the same And therefore the true Reason proceeds from the Mind for when the Mind intends to behold any thing one Eye is not to be turn'd to this another to that thing for so there would happen a Confusion of the Rays and Perception in common Sence but both Eyes are of necessity to be turn'd toward the same thing and hence the Spirits are always determin'd to those Muscles that can draw both the Eyes toward the same Object but not to such Muscles as draw each Eye several ways Because the Mind always intends to behold one Object apart and though it may often intend to behold several things yet it observes a certain Order and beholds one thing after another which may be done with a speedy Motion if the Objects are so near and large that they may be easily perceiv'd But if the Object be remote and small then both Eyes must of necessity be longer fix'd upon the Object and a greater quantity of Rays are requisite to flow into the Eyes for the better Perception of what the Mind is intent to behold CHAP. XVII Of the Bulb of the Eye THE Bulb of the Eye consists of Membranes and Humors The Membranes are either common or proper The Common Membranes are twofold Adnate and Innominate I. The first next the Bone or White Adnate by the Greeks call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it adheres to other Membranes of the Eyes by Galen and Hippocrates call'd the White of the Eye is a thin Expansion of the Pericranium above the Sclerotic as far as the Circle of the Iris joyning the Eye to the Orbit and inner Bones whence it is called the Conjunctive It is endued with an exquisite Sence of Feeling being sprinkled with many diminutive Arteries and Veins Through which little Arteries when there is a greater Afflux of hotter Blood then a Reflux through the diminutive Veins then happens an Ophthalmy of which Distemper this Membrane is the Seat II. The other by Columbus call'd the Innominate is nothing else than a thin Expansion of the Tendons of the Muscles concurring to the Corneous Tunicle produc'd to the very Circumference of the Iris to which it adheres like a small broad Ring which causes the White of the Adnate Tunicle to look more bright Bauhi●… Riolan●…s and Casserius will not allow this Tunicle to be number'd among the Tunicles but rather among the Muscles of whose Tendons it consists However Galea makes mention of it among the Tunicles of the Eye but gives it no Name and therefore perhaps by Columbus call'd the Nameless or In●…ominate III. Besides these two common Membranes in an Oxe there is another Membrane which is the outermost of all not sticking close to the Eye but endued with Motion and a Muscle By means of which Cows and Oxen close and twinkle with their l●…es ●…et their Eye-lids remain open all the while IV. The Proper Membranes or Tunicles are three of which the first and outermost is said to proceed from the Dura Mater and expands it self about the Bulb of the Eye It is call'd the Scl●…rotic from its hardness though Fallopius will not allow the former believing it to differ very much from the Dura Mater both in substance and thickness The Sclerotic en●…olds the whole Eye and is thick hard tough equal opacous behind before transparent like a bright Horn and polish'd whence it had the Name of the Horny Tunicle Which Name however many times is given to the whole Sclerotic by reason of its horny thickness and hardness Though it be thick and hard yet it is generally thought to be single though Bau●…inus will have it to consist of several Rinds or four as it were thin Plates and affirms that from hence it was that Avicen alledg'd it to be four fold But this same Quadruplicity is more easily to be conceiv'd and imagin'd from the thickness and hardness of it then to be demonstrated V. The second and middle Tunicle which is much thinner than the former arising from a thin Film and sprinkled with several diminitive Vessels because

to its self XIII The Arteries are nourished by the Spirituous Blood passing through them wherein because there are many salt volatil and dissolv'd Particles a good part of which grows to its Tunicles hence their Substance becomes more firm and thick XIV The Bulk of the Arteries varies very much The bigness and thickness of the Aorta is very remarkable but the Part of it ascending from the Heart is less the other descending larger by reason of the greater Bulk and number of the lower Parts to be nourished The rest vary in bigness according to their Use as they are required to stretch themselves shorter or longer as they are required to supply the Arteries derived from them with more or less Blood and the farther they are from the Heart the narrower they are and of a thinner and softer Substance For that the Blood the more remote it is from the Heart looses much of its Spirituousity and consequently less salt Particles grow to the Tunicles there not being so much strength required in these remote Vessels as in those which are nearer the Heart in regard the less spirituous Blood may be contained in weaker Vessels XV. Some assert the Number of the Arteries to be less than that of the Veins which however cannot be certainly determined seeing that the little Arteries are much more white and pellucid and consequently less discernable Others make the Number equal others that of the Arteries more in regard there is a greater quantity of Blood thrust forth through the Arteries for the Nourishment of the Parts then is carried back through the Veins seeing that a good Part of it is consum'd in Nourishment and no less dissipated through the Pores before it comes to the Veins But then you 'l say how comes a greater quantity of Blood to be contained in the Veins then in the Arteries and a more conspicuous Swelling of the Veins by reason of the Blood The reason is because the Motion of the Blood is more rapid through the Arteries than through the Veins for there passes more through the Arteries in the space of one moment then through the Veins in ten by reason of the greater force by which the Blood is expelled by the Heart into the Arteries whereas the motion of the Blood is remiss and weak in the Veins and consequently there is more Blood stays in the Veins than in the Arteries XVI The Arteries lye hid in most places under the Veins partly for securities sake partly to stir the Blood residing in the Veins forward by their Neighbouring Pulsation Sometimes they separate from the Veins but rarely cross over them only in the lower Belly about the Os Sacrum where the great Artery surmounts the hollow Vein XVII The Arteries differ either in respect of their Magnitude some being very large as the Aorta and the Pulmonary some indifferent as the Carotides Emulgent and Iliac others lesser as those that creep through the Joynts and Head others least of all as the Capellaries dispierced through the whole Habit of the Body and the substance of the Bowels In respect of their Progression some streight others winding like Vine-twigs In respect of their Situation in the Breast in the Head in the lower Belly in the Joynts others in the Superficies others deeper in the Body In respect to their Connexion some to the Veins others to the Nerves some to the Membranes some to other Parts XVIII The Arteries run along through all parts of the Body there being no part to which Arterious Blood is not conveighed for Nourishment Yet Ent and Glisson seem to affirm that all the Parts of the Body are not nourished with Blood But this difficulty is easily resolved by distinguishing between those Parts that are immediately nourished with the Blood as the Flesh of the Muscles the Parenchym's of the Heart Liver and Kidneys others mediately as when another sort of Juice is first made out of the Blood for the Nourishment of some Parts As when for the Nourishment of the Nerves not only arterious Blood is required but also there is a necessity that a good part of it be first turned into Animal Spirits for the Nourishment of the Bones the Arteries are extended to their inner Parts and powr forth Blood into their Concavities and Porosities for the generating of Marrow also that the Arteries themselves and Veins may be nourish'd with the Blood which passes through them the one with the saltish Particles of the Blood and nearest to fixation which renders their substance thicker and more solid the other with the Sulphury and more humid Particles whence the substance becomes more moist and languid The manner of nourishment Fernelius thus describes The Veins and Arteries says he are nourish'd much after the the same manner which though they contain in themselves the Blood which is the next cause of their nourishment yet cannot in a moment alter it into their own Substance But the Portion which lyes next the Tunicles and being first alter'd grows whitish like dew is hurry'd away into the little holes or Pores of the Veins and Arteries to which when once oppos'd and made thicker it is first fasten'd and then assimilated XIX The Blood is carry'd to the several Parts by the means of the beating of the Heart which at every stroak contracting it self and squeezing the Blood into the Arteries causes the Arteries at the same time to be dilated and to beat for as the Heart beats when it contracts it self and expels the Blood so on the contrary the Arteries beat when they receive the Blood and are fill'd and dilated by it XIX The reason of this many with Praxagorus and Galen assert to be a Pulsific and proper faculty which causes all the Arteries to be distended and beat at the same time that the Heart is contracted To confirm which Plater asserts the Arteries tobe form'd and beat before the Heart The Arteries says he are form'd and beat and carry Spirits before the Heart perceives any motion which is a mistaken Opinion For first upon all alterations of the Pulse of the Heart presently the Pulse of the Arteries is changed whether weak strong swift slow or interrupted c. which would not happen if the Arteries had a proper Pulsific faculty Secondly Let an Artery be bound in a living Creature at the very same moment the Motion shall cease beyond the Ligature which certainly would remain a small while if the faculty of moving were innate But you 'l say that the Tunicle of the Artery being compress'd by the Ligature the Irradiation of the Heart which should excite the Motive faculty to act cannot pass beyond the Ligature In opposition to which I shall make use of the Experiment of Plembius In a living Animal compress with your Finger the Aorta or any other bigger Artery near the Heart and below the pressure make an Incision and thrust a little Cotton into the hole only to a slight

Branches several Subclavials proceed some before it falls into the concavity of the Breast others after it has left the Breast II. While both the Subclavials lye hid in the Breast it sends forth from the lower Part the upper Intercostal which being fasten'd on each side to the Roots of the Ribs communicates several branches to three or four spaces of the upper Ribs of its own side from which other little branches are imparted to the adjoyning Muscles and the Pith of the Back However sometimes these Intercostals are derived from the Cervical Arteries passing thence through the holes of the Vertebers From the upper Part of both the Subclavials proceed these three Arteries III. 1. The Mammary which descends through the Muscles possessing the Spaces of the Gristles of the true Ribs and proceeding to the side of the Mucronated Gristle is divided into several branches under the streight Muscles of the Abdomen which till of late most Anatomists would have to be united at their ends by Anastomosis with the ascending Extremities of the branches of the Epigastric Artery But I could never observe that conjunction nor does it stand with Reason seeing that the Arterious Blood redundant in the Artery cannot be transfus'd into another Artery annex'd to its ending for the Blood is forc'd from the Heart through both the Arteries to the end and therefore can neither be receiv'd nor carry'd to the Heart by the end of either Artery So that if there were any Anastomosis under the said Muscles it ought to be of the Mammary Artery with the Epigastic Veins and the Epigastic Artery with the Mammary Veins Which conjunction however I could never observe IV. 2. The Cervical which contributing little branches to the Vertebers and Muscles of the Neck passes to the seventh Verteber of the Neck through the holes of the tranverse Apophyses and under the Pith uniting with the branch of the opposite side is shatter'd into an Infinite number of diminutive branches which running along with the little branches of the Cervical of the opposite side intermix'd and in several places as it were ingrafted into one another from the wonderful Net-like-fold in the thin Meninx belonging to the Cerebel Which little branches partly creep through the substance of the Cerebel invisibly partly gaping toward the inner Parts of it pour forth a great quantity of the most pure and subtil Blood into the pores of the Cerebel the little drops of which are seen to weep out of the dissected substance Moreover little branches run out toward the Horses Saddle which are intermix'd with the innumerable branches of the Carotides at the lower Part of the Wonderful Net and so seem to contribute toward the compleating of the Net though the cheifest Part of it be made by the Carotides V. 3. The Muscula which imparts little branches to the Muscles resting upon the Neck and sometimes to the Muscles of the Arm. VI. When the Subclavial has forsaken the Breast it changes it's name for that of Axillaris because it runs to the Arm-hole and before it descends to the Arm sends forth from its upper Part the Humerary Artery to the Muscles covering the Shoulder and the Gibbous Part of the Scapula From the lower Part it casts ●…orth three Arteries VII 1. The Upper Pectoral which runs forth with several little branches to the Muscles spread under the Breast VIII 2. The Lower Pectoral which runs downward by the side of the Breast but is chiefly carry'd through the broad Muscle IX 3. The Scapulary which enters the Muscles possessing the Concavity of the Scapula X. These branches sent forth the rest of the Axillary Artery after it hath communicated the little branches to the Kernels seated under the Arm-holes goes away to the Arm call'd therefore by some the Brachial Artery through the inner Part of which descending between the Muscles together with the Basilic Vein distributes on both sides slender little branches to the Muscles embracing the inner Seat of the Shoulder There rising outward with a deep branch of the Basilic Vein it runs to the outer Parts of the Elbow and affords branches to the Joynt and Neighbouring Parts but then descending inward under the bending of the Elbow is divided into two remarkable Branches of which the uppermost carrying along the Radius goes to the Wrist where the Physitians feel the Pulse and thence proceeding under the Annulary Ligament sends forth the following branches 1. Between the Bone of the Thumb and Metacarpus to the Muscles of the outer Part of the Hand Nor has the outer part of the Hand any other Arteries but these discernible 2. A double branch to the inner Parts of the Thumb 3. A double branch to the inner seat of the Fore-finger 4. One to the Middle-finger The lower branch runs along the lower Arm to the Wrist from whence the following branches proceed 1. To the Muscles seated next the Little-finger 2. To the Middle-finger 3. A double branch to the Middle-finger 4. A double branch to the Little-finger CHAP. IV. Of the Carotides and their Branches I. THE Subclavials being sent forth presently the Carotides start out from the ascending Aorta of which the left arises from its upper Trunck then proceeds from the beginning of the right Subclavial sirmounting the Clavicula though many by mistake will have it to rise from the same Trunck with the former These two Corotides near the upper Part of the Sternon being supported with the Thymis Glandule about the beginning take their course upward and with their External and Internal branch ascend to the Head For after they have distributed branches to the Larynx Tongue the Hyoides Muscles and the neighbouring Glandules they ascend on both sides along the Aspera Artera together with the Jugular Vein to the Chaps and there are parted into the inner and outer branches II. The outer Branch which is the slenderest is dispeirs'd with a vast number of scarce discernible sprigs through the Face and Cheeks and waters the Forehead and Pericranium partly crawling to the Ears sends forth the following Branches 1. One branch forward toward the Temples which is perceiv'd in that place by the Pulse and sometimes is open'd in obdurate pains of the Head 2. A Branch to the hinder place of Ear. 3. A Branch to the lower Jaw the small boughs of which are inserted into the lower Lip and entring the Bone of the lower Jaw run with a little branch to the Roots of all the Teeth From this branch little small Twigs penetrate the external Table of the Cranium through diminitive holes and enter the Deploids to which they convey Blood for the making the Medullary juice The innermost branch which is the larger is carry'd first to the Chaps where it affords branches to the Larynx the Paristhmii and the Tongue and sends little branches to the Kernels behind the Ears and the spungy Parts of the Palate and Nose Then

the Body it self of the Stomach XI 2. The Left-hand Gastric which is carried toward the Right-hand to the upper Parts of the Ventricle and to the Pylorus Besides these there proceed also from the Splenic Branch but at the lower Part. XII 1. The Postic Epiplois to the lower Part of the Caul and annexed to the Colon it self XIII 2. The Sinister Epiplois to the Lower and Left-side of the Caul XIV The remainder of the Splenic Branch approaching the Spleen enters its Parenchyma after that a little before its entrance at the upper Part it has sent forth a Short Arterious Vessel to the Left-side of the bottom of the Stomach and the Left-hand Gastro-epiplois which being supported by the upper Part of the Caul crawls along the Left-side of the bottom of the Stomach affording little Branches to the fore and hinder Part of it as also to the Caul this Branch entring the Spleen is distributed through the Substance of it with several Divarications XV. The Mesenteric Artery which also accompanies the Roots of the Vena Porta proceeds from the forepart of the Trunk sometimes single sometimes divided into two Branches presently after its Exit Of these the uppermost rising below the Coeliac is extended through the whole upper part of the Mesentery where it constitutes the Mesaraics as also into the Jejunum Ileon and part of the Colon to the Right-hand Kidney XVI The lower rising below the Spermatics near the holy-Holy-bone enters the lower Region of the Mesentery and is distributed with several Branches into the Lest part of the Colon and the streight Gut and lastly descending to the Podex constitutes the Inner Hemorrhoidal Arteries Through the said Branches proceeding from the Mesenteric the Arterious Blood is caried for the Nourishment of the Intestines and the Mesentery it self Nor are they to be credited who upon Galens Authority affirm that the Mesenteric Arteries suck in the thinner part of the Chylus For the Heart continually forces the Blood through the Arteries from its self to the Parts but receives nothing through them from the Parts Nor can the two contrary Motions of Expulsion and Reception be allowed at the same time in the Arteries Which Mistake proceeded from hence that Galen did not understand the milky Vessels but judg'd them from their white Colour to be Arteries The Branches proceeding from the Trunk of the Aorta before its Division which follow the Stocks of the Vena Cava are several XVII 1. The Emulgent Artery of each side one rarely more to each Kidney which begins about the Conjunction of the first and second Verteber of the Loyns The Right a little lower the Left a little higher and slit into two three or four Branches enters the Kidneys of its own side Rolfinch writes that the Extremities of this unites after many Fashions with the Extremity of the Emulgent Vein by Anastomose's which is no way probable Vide l. 2. c. 18. XVIII 2. The Spermatics both proceeding from contiguous beginnings of which the Right surmounts the Trunk of the hollow Vein rarely the Right-hand One proceeds from the Emulgent though the Left in Women has been observed so to do Each of these uniting with the Vein of its own Side presently after their Rise scarce two Fingers breadth from the Emulgent in Men descend through the Process of the Peritonaeum to the Testicles in Women so soon as they approach the Testicles they are divided into three little Branches of which the first is inserted into the Testicles the second enters the bottom of the Womb with many little Sprigs and the third is distributed into the Tube and Ligament of the Womb. XIX 3. The Lumbars which are not only distributed to the Muscles adjoyning to the Loyns and Peritonaeum but in the hinder Part where the Trunk of the great Artery rests upon the Vertebers are carryed through the holes of the Vertebers of the Loyns to the Spinal Marrow which some think thence ascend to the Brain all the whole length of the Pith together with the Veins adjoyning XX. 4. The Upper Muscula of each side one which runs out to the sides of the Abdomen and its Muscles CHAP. VI. Of the Arteries rising from the descending Trunk of the Aorta after its Division within the Peritonaeum I. THE Trunk of the Aorta descending when it comes to the Region of the fifth Verteber of the Loyns ascends the hollow Vein and is divided into two Branches called Iliac Now at the Division it self comes forth the sacred Artery which passing the Holes of the Os Sacrum with little Sprigs opens it self into its Marrow Every Branch not far from its Biforcation is again divided into the inner and outer Branch From the inner Iliac Branch which is the lesser proceed three Stocks II. 1. The Inferior Muscula which proceeds to the Muscles called Glutei constituting the Buttocs as also to the Extremity of the Iliac Muscle and Psoa About the first beginning of this Artery sometimes from each Trunk a Branch runs out to the skinny Parts of the Pubes Ilion and Abdomen III. 2. The Hypogastric which is large and at the lower Seat of the Os Sacrum proceeds to the Bladder and the Neck of it and the Muscles covering the Share-bone and with some Root-strings runs to the Podex where it constitutes the External Hemorrhoidals But in Men it is carried through the two hollow Bodies of the Yard to the Nut. In Women it is distributed through the bottom of the Womb and the Neck of it with a numerous attendance of Root-strings IV. 3. The Umbilical Artery which ascending near the sides of the Bladder and inserted into the doubling of the Peritonaeum proceeds to the Navel from whence it passes forth again while the Birth is in the Womb and runs into the Uterine Cheeskake But in a Man born after the Navel-string is cut it ceases any more the conveyance of Blood and therefore becomes more solid and harder and is extended like a string from both the Iliac Arteries to the Navel The remainder of the inner Branch assuming a Scien or Graft of the External Branch is dispeirsed into the Muscle possessing the hole of the Share-bone and the Muscles adjoyning From the outer Iliac branch two sprigs go forth V. 1. The Epigastric which winding upward without the Peritonaeum ascends the streight Muscle of the Abdomen in the inner Part and is met above the Region of the Navel by the descending Mammary and with the Extremities of which it is thought to unite by Anatomists which is a mistake as is prov'd already cap. 3. and lib. 1. cap. 5. VI. 2. The Pudenda Arteria which sends forth on each side a remarkable Artery into the Sinewy or Fungous Bodies of the Yard and in Women into the Clitoris Hence it is carry'd inward along the Commissure of the Share-bone to the Privities and Groins and their

Fibres in the Veins when the streight ones are only requisite Which was Lindans Mistake for if the streight ones are to be admitted much more the Transverse and Oblique Spigelius and Plempius observe that these Fibres may be demonstrated by boyling the Trunks of remarkable Veins in large Animals Deusingius believes that by means of these Fibres the Veins attract the Blood and carry it to the Heart and affirms that the Meseraics also draw the Chylus But these are meer Imaginations contrary to Reason and Experience IV. That the Tunicle of the Veins has little or no Sence of Feeling appears by the opening of it in Blood-letting at what time if there be any Pain it proceeds from the Skin and other adjoyning sensible Parts that adhere to the Vein Riolanus reproves Bauhinus for saying the Veins do not feel citing out of Plutarch that Marius felt an extream Pain upon the cutting his Warts and farther that the swelling of the Hemorrhoids causes a most sharp Pain But this Pain was felt in the Skin and adjacent Parts not in the Vein We have also ordered Warts to be cut which have been very painful till the Vein has been freed from the Incumbent Membranes but no longer V. Besides the foresaid proper Tunicle a Vein has also another improper and common with the neighbouring Parts in the Breast from the Pleura in the Abdomen from the Peritoneum in other Parts from the next Membrane the more to secure it being annexed to the neighbouring Parts in the length of its Progress This Tunicle it puts off when it enters the Perenchymas of the Bowels and the Substance of the Muscles or other Parts VI. The Vein is nourished with the Blood which flows through it with which by reason few salt Spirits are mixed there being nourished with a moister Juice the Substance of it becomes more soft The manner of its Nourishment see l. 6. c. 1. VII Here arises a Question why the Veins do not beat seeing they receive the Blood from the Arteries and carry it back to the Heart I answer that the Motion of Pulsation in the Arteries is continued to their very Extremities But by reason of their Divarications the violence of it is diminished more and more by degrees and toward the ends is but very weak if it does not cease altogether so that there can be no Pulsation in the Veins Besides the Blood gently gliding out of the small ends of the diminutive Arteries and entring the narrow Orifices of the Veins presently flows into the broader Veins so that then all violent Motion ceases and consequently all Pulsation See the Comparison concerning this Matter l. 2. c. 8. The Veins more inwardly are furnished with several Valves Membranous and thin however close and compact and are sometimes single like a little Half-moon or double two opposite one to another as is observed in some of the larger Vessels Sometimes threefold triangularly opposed one to another These are all so situated as to give free passage to the Blood flowing through them to the Heart but preventing its Reflux from the Heart And therefore the Valves of the Veins of the Head look downward but the Valves of the lower Parts look upwards VIII The Number of the Valves is infinite neither can they be all discovered by the Anatomists Yet some have taken an accompt of the most conspicuous which they reckon to be a hundred and eight But that is nothing in the lesser Veins there are Myriads of Veins not to be discovered but that they are there is apparent for that the Blood is so restrained by those Valves that you cannot force it back with your Finger into those Parts from whence it flow'd IX The Bigness of the Veins is very various In general the soft hot and most moving Parts have the bigest Veins because the most Blood is required from them the hard colder and less moving Parts have smaller Veins for the contrary reason The biggest of all by reason of its remarkable Hollowness is call'd Vena Cava which is as it were the main River of the Blood into which the lesser Veins like lesser Streams discharge their Blood The bigger sort are by Hippocrates called Blood-powrers because that being broken or cut they powre forth a great deal of Blood the lesser he calls Capillaries as resembling so many Hairs Some few Veins proceed unaccompanied but most have an Artery that runs along with them frequently jigg by jowl rarely spread under it but more frequently by resting upon it Many at their Extremities unite with the ends of the Arteries by Anastomasis but the Capillary ends of most vanish in the substance of the Parts X. The Veins differ 1. In respect of their Substance some having a thicker some a thinner Tunicle 2. In respect of the Bigness some large some indifferent some Capill●…ry 3. In respect of the Figure some streight some arch'd others winding 4. In respect of their Situation some in the Head some in the Breast others in the Abdomen or Joynts 5. Others in respect of their Connexion some to the Flesh some to the Arteries others to the Nerves Bones and other Parts But in regard there is but one use of the Veins to carry Blood to the Heart there can be no difference observed from hence XI The Number of the Veins some think to be greater than that of the Arteries others equal which is a hard thing to determine seeing it is impossible to discern all the Productions either of the Veins or Arteries If you mean the main Trunks then they are equal Three main Arteries and three primary Veins the Porta Cava and Pulmonary To which if we add the Umbilical then we may the umbilical Arteries to their Number And as the latter are the Productions of the Iliac Arteries so is the former the Product of the Vena Porta XII No Man questions but that the Veins have their material Beginning from the Seed But whether they first proceed from the Liver or the Heart is much disputed Most affirm that they rise from the Heart Hence Epigelius The Veins saith he are so intermixed with its Parenchyma that hardly any Anatomist could be hitherto perswaded but that they arise from the Liver But these Disputants are all out of the way for every Part is said to spring from another three manner of ways Either by way of Generation Radication or Distribution In respect of Generation a Vein cannot be said to spring from another Part seeing that all the solid Parts Heart Liver and Veins c. are all formed at the beginning out of the Seed one before another not one by another Not in respect of Radication seeing that a Vein has no Roots to conveigh alimentary Juice for the Nourishment of its Parts drawn from Matter forreign from the Body of Man nor the ends of the Veins be said to be Roots but only their beginnings through which the Blood which has

more slender the second longer and thicker is carried through the middle of the Thigh and extended to to the Leg. The fourth much thicker and longer then the former is carry'd through the Thigh and Legs to the Tops of the Fingers Of those the three foremost appear before the Fourth behind I. The First rises from the upper part of the Net-resembling fold where the Second Nerve of the Loyns unites with the Third and enters the two Muscles extending the Thigh and its Skin distributing little Branches to the first of the Leg-benders and to the second and third extending it and terminates above the joynt of the Knee II. The Second rising from the same Fountain next under the first goes away with the Crural Arteries and Vein through the Groyns to the Thigh and enters its inner and foremost Muscles distributing little Branches also to the adjoyning Membranes and Skin and sending one remarkable Branch to the Foot Laurentius Spigelius and others erroneously assert that this Nerve is united with the Saphena Vein for which reason it is somewhat dangerous to open this Vein whereas it takes its course all alone without any Companion The Third rising from the Fold presently under the Second and carry'd about the second Muscle bending the Thigh IV. The Fourth which Bartholin has observ'd double both at its beginning and Progress and which is the thickest dryest and strongest of all the Nerves in the whole Body form'd out of the lowest of the Loyns and the three upper Pairs of the Os Sacrum after it has provided for the Thigh and the Skin of the Buttocks sends forth little Branches to some Muscles of the Thigh Leg and Foot Thence descending farther with its Trunk at the bending of the Knee in the Ham it is divided into an outer and inner Branch Of which the outermost which is the slenderest is produc'd to the Ham the outer Parts of the Foot Perinaean Muscles and the Internal part of the Malleolus by the way affording many little Sprigs to the Skin The innermost which is the bigger all along the length of the Leg dispatches other Sprigs to the Muscles of the Feet and Toes to the great Toe the Sole of the Foot and the Skin of the Calf and to both the lower sides of the Toes Wherefore all the Nerves carry'd below the Knee to the Nerves proceed from this Crural Trunk except that Branch which descends from the second Pair next the Heel We have not given any particular description of the Cutaneous Nerves which are only little Branches sent to the Skin from the Nerves adjoyning whose productions are only conspicuous but their particular Descriptions are impossible and therefore never undertaken THE NINTH BOOK OF ANATOMY Concerning the BONES CHAP. I. Of the Bones in General MAny Anatomists begin their Anatomical Descriptions from the Bones in imitation of Galen because the Bones are the Establishment of the whole Body without which the rest of the Parts could not subsist For Nature says Galen imitates the building of Ships adapting the Vertebres in the place of the Keel to which she afterwards fits the Ribs Beams Planks and sides and the rest of the Wood-work And therefore Galen begins with the Bones presupposing them to be found before the other Parts as being the Ground-work upon which all the other Parts must subsist But we dislike that method for more pregnant reasons 1. Because the Bones are not form'd before the other Parts but at the same times lib. 1. cap. 29. 2. Because they are later compleated then the other Parts 3. Because the Bones are not the necessary basis for a Ground work at the beginning until they have obtain'd a convenient hardness which they have not at the beginning but some Months after Conception and the Formation of the whole nay many are wanting till after the Birth 4. Because the Bones cannot be shown till all the Parts annexed are remov'd and the Bones be laid bare 5. Because all the softer Parts are lyable to Putrefaction which the Bones are not and therefore necessarily the soft Parts are first to be demonstrated as leading the nearest way to instruction and dueness of Method And therefore we have observed this course adding in the last place the Gristles and Ligaments which fasten the Bones together But here you 'l say that the Knowledge of the Bones is beneath a Physitian and only fit for Chyrurgions whose manual Operations are only proper in Fractures and Luxations of the Bones But in regard it is necessary for a Physitian to understand the whole Body of Physic which consists but of two Parts knowing and curing and that Curation is perform'd by Dyet Chyrurgery and Pharmacy a Physitian certainly ought to have the perfect knowledg not only of the whole Body of Man it 's health and distempers but also of the Remedies and consequently of Chyrurgery which is certainly the most Noble and Antient Part of Medicinal Cure And although a Physitian taken up with more profound Speculations may not practise Chyrurgery yet the Knowledge of it is absolutely necessary for him that he may be able to perform the Office of a Chyrurgion where a Chyrurgeon is not to be had and that he may be able many times to direct a Chyrurgeon in his Operation to which purpose the Knowledg of the Bones is of great importance For which reason Hippocrates the Father of all Physitians recommends it to his Son Tessalus And for the same reason Galen would have all that read Hippocrates's Books of Fractures and Luxations to be perfectly skill'd in the Skeleton I. The Bones by the Greeks called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to stand because the whole Structure of the Body stands by means of Bones according to that of Hippocrates the Bones afford Stability Streightness and Form to the whole Body II. The Bones are similar Parts very hard very dry and destitute of Sense colder than all the rest of the Parts framed for the support of the whole Body They are called similar not that they are absolutely but because they appear so to the Sense nor can be easily divided into other Parts For the clearer Explanation of which S●…igelius distinguishes between Simile and Similare which he says differ as much as the Denominative from the thing from whence the Denomination is derived III. The Bones are generated in the Womb out of the thicker and more tartareous or earthly Part of the Seed nourished with the tartareous Particles of the Blood and moistned with the marrowie Fat IV. But the marrowy Fat called Marrow is not of the same sort in all the Bones for that in the large Hollownesses of the larger Bones it is very oyly and Fat yet of a Colour somewhat inclining to red but in the Cavities of the lesser Bones it is white But in the spungy Bones the Marrow is less thick and unctuous The Marrow is generated out of the Blood thrust forward into the

inner Parts ●…f the Bones through the little Arteries of which more by and by Two things are here to be noted 1. That the Marrow is plainly destitute of feeling though formerly Paraeus thought otherwise 2. That it is not enveloped with any Membrane in the Cavity of the Bones By which Mark Hippocrates distinguishes it from the Spinal Marrow The Spinal Marrow says he is not like the M●…rrow which is in the other Bones for only this has Membranes which the other Marrow has not This Marrow is very useful to the Bones for that the tartareous Particles when they are near to fixation quickly congeal into an Icy Hardness so that the Bones would become very brittle and never grow to their due Magnitude unless that marrowy Fat penetrating the whole Bone did not temper and s●…ften the extream Hardness of the tartareous Particles and so provide that in the Growth of the whole Body that the tartareous Particles do not separate but still continue new Intermixtures with fresh Particles till the Bone have attained its Perfection Which growth surceases when by reason of the increasing Heat of the Body these Particles are so drved up that they can no longer be mollified by the marrowy Fat nor extend themselves Whence it comes to pass that the more the heat of the Body encreases the less the Body shoots out in length because the bones which are the Basis's and Props of the Body become more and more dry and hard●…ed and the Marrow grows thicker and less moist Hence it comes to pass that Insants grow much in a short time Children less and Youth less than they and aged Persons never grow at all by reason their Marrow is less in quantity and less moist and oyly and their dryness of their Bones causes them to be more brittle and easily broken Now the Tartareous Particles are separated from the Arterious Blood by the mixture of the Animal Spirits which that they flow in great quantity to the Periostea the quick Sense of the Periostea testifies Vid. l. 3. c. 11. After which separation the Particles are opposed to the Bones by the help of the marrowy Fat which moistens them V. But the Blood flows to the Periostea and inner Parts through the Arteries and the less useful remainder flows back again through the Veins To which purpose those Vessels not only terminate with their Extremities in the Periostea but also penetrate the Bones themselves and pour forth Blood into their innermost Concavities to be changed into Marrow which is the proper Nourishment for the Bones And though their Ingress is not discernable in all yet in the larger Bones of the Shoulder and thigh it is apparent where the Cavities are perspicuously pervious as far as the Marrow affording passage to the Arteries Besides their Ingress into the Bones appears by the Sanguinous Juice which is form'd in the Deplois the middle spungy Table of the Skull and in the inner spungy Substance of the Ribs of Infants and many other Bones which could never come thither through any other Channels To this add the Observation of Spigelius who at Padua in a great Rottenness of the Shin-bone saw the substance of the Bone perforated by the Arteries at what time Plempius was present by his own report I my self in the Year 1665. had a young Man in cure whose Shin-bone in the Fore-part was corroded with an extraordinary Rottenness After I had taken away the Flesh about it with the Periosteum I perceived in the inner Cavity which reached to the Marrow a little Artery beating very quick whereas no Man could dream of an Artery in the hardest Place of all the Bone nor was the Artery continuous with the Flesh for that was taken away and yet the Pulse remained for many days in the inner rotten Cavity of the Bone Which makes me believe that these Arteries are seldom conspicuous in the hard Part of the Bone when Men are at their full Maturity perhaps because the Arteries being pressed by the hardness of the growing Bone at length vanish all together and where they are somewhat bigger than ordinary those People by reason of some ill Humors in their Bodies are easily subject to Rottenness in their Bones by reason of the sharp and corrupt Blood poured into them through the Arteries which by the Infusion of good Blood when Bones are broken afford Matter for Callosity However this shews Platerus's Error denying that the Arteries never enter the Bones and how much Galen was in the Right who allows to every Bone a Blood-bearing Vessel bigger or lesser according to the Proportion of the Bone Now that the Bones harden by reason of the increasing Heat is plain from those Men who are born and bred in hot Countries for by reason of the great external Heat and the Internal sooner increasing within they are generally shorter dryer and leaner the Humidity of the Body being sooner wasted On the other side they who inhabit cold and most Countries and eat and drink plentifully they grow tall by reason of the flower increase of their Heat and Drought as we find by the Danes Norwegians Muscovites c. Now that Growth is hindred from the Increase of Heat and Drought is apparent from hence that Ladies to prevent their Lap-dog Puppies from growing take away their Milk and moist Food and feed them with Wine or Spirit of Wine which causes a quicker increase of the natural Heat and renders the Alimentary Blood more dry and sharp by which means the Bones being dry'd more suddenly the Puppies cease to grow VI. The officient Cause of the Bones is the vivific Spirit seated in the Seed which Galen calls the Ossific Faculty disposing the more Tartareous Parts of the Seed for the Materials of Bones These Spirits therefore may be said to be the Essential form of the Bones which some Physitians will have to be their cold and dry Temper but Aristotle will have it to be the same Rolsinch finding that the Bones were still the same in dead Bodies as in living believes the formal Cause of the Bones to be no more known than the formal Cause of a Stone But what if we say that the vivific Spirit is the Form of living Bones and their cold and dry Temper together with their own Conformation the Form of living Bones As for their accidental Form it is their Shape and Figure whether round flat streight or crooked according to their various use VII As to the Time of their Formation Aquapendens believes that the Bones are first generated among the other Parts resting upon Galens Argument at the beginning of the Chapter Harvey believes them not to be sooner generated than other Parts of which many turn into Bones of the Birth as in the Teeth Neither is there any thing to be seen in the first Principles and Beginnings of Formation but a soft slimy gluteous Substance that approaches no way to the Constitution or Nature of Bones which Constitution

it acquires afterwards by degrees VIII The end of the Bones when arrived at their just Hardness is no Action but a Use for no Bone exercises any Action This end is either common or particular common to be the Props and Supports of all the Parts Their particular Use is various to defend many principal Parts and Bowels from external Injuries to afford a secure Passage for others as in the Spine to bind the Laxity of the Joynts as in the Knee-pan c. IX The Differences between the Bones according to Galen are three In respect of their Bulk some larger some little in respect of their Cavity some hollow others solid in respect of what they contain some containing Marrow others none The other differences we shall shew as we go along X. Their Substance is whitish and hard though harder or softer according to the difference of Age not altogether dry in living Creatures but bespread with a certain Fat and viscous Moisture which the more plentifully it abounds in the Bones the more tenacious they are and the less brittle and being broken they the sooner unite together again by means of the brawny Callosity XI I say that they unite by means of the brawny Callosity for that the Bones being taken away never grow again according to that Maxim of Hippocrates A perfect Bone or Gristle or Nerve or any thin Particle of the Preputium neither grows again nor unites That is it does not unite without a Heterogeneous Medium But the Callosity by means of which broken Bones unite by degrees hardens and becomes bony in such a manner as if it were a real Bone This Lindan seems to have observed where he says that in Children some Bones are consolidated together without the help of any Callosity for proof of which he produces the Example of a Boy of six years old that broke his Thigh-bone the Fragments of which being sequestred by Art and Nature there happens in the middle of the Bone a boneless Space of about four Thumbs breadth This was at length so filled up by the rest of the Parts of the Bone insensibly increased and at last united together that you could not tell where the Bone had been wanting or that the Fracture had done any harm I remember something like this Story in a Person full grown In the Year 1655. a Miller of Nimmeghen falling from his Mill broke his Leg with a Button in the middle with that violence that the upper Part-of the Bone boaring the Flesh stuck in the Ground which not only deprived it of the Flesh but of the Periosteum My self with three Chyrurgeons more were of Opinion the Leg was to be cut off there being no hopes of Cure But one of the Chyrurgions being old and experienced resolved first to cut of that part of the Bone which was bereft of its Periosteum about the breadth of two Fingers So said so done and then the Chyrurgion extended the Leg to its first length and splintered it up all alike dressing and cleansing the Wound every day in a short time there grew a Callus from each end of the Bone which at length uniting grew into a bony hardness and the Wound being cured retained its due length so that you could not perceive the Bone to have been taken away by any limping of the Patient afterward which Cure proved the more successful because there was no great Artery or Vein broken and the Blood which flowed out of the small ones easily stopped by the first Ligature From whence it is apparent that broken Bones do not unite but by means of the Callus As for the Bones of Infants that unite and consolidate without the help of any Heterogeneous Medium this is to be said that in New-born Infants many Bones have not attained their due hardness but are as yet soft and flexible like Membranes whereas really they appear to be such as when they have acquired their Hardness and such are the Bones of the Bregma in Infants of the hinder Part of the Head and the nameless Bones which are still Bones though they have not attained their due hardness which being afterwards acquired they become absolute Bones XII Many Bones as those of the Thigh Shoulder Leg c. have a remarkable Concavity the Domicel of much Marrow Others as of the Cranium and Ribs c. have only small and obscure little Cells fill'd with a sanguineous and marrowy Juice necessary for their Nourishment But these Cavities are so small that they can either be hardly or not very plainly discerned and then those Bones are said to be sollid as the Bones of the Nose the little Bones of the Wrist and Foot c. which without question are furnished however with some small Porosities though not manifestly conspicuous In the Superficies of the Bones are to be considered Cavities and Prominences made for the Convenience of the Joyntings the Insertion of the Tendons of the Muscles Ligaments c. The Cavity if it be deep and receive the Head of another Bone as in the Ischion-bone is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 if superficiary as in the Knee 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and Sinus or a Hollowness The Processes which occur at the top of the Hollownesses like Lips and most conspicuous in deep Hollownesses are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latin Labra and Supercilia Lips and Brains XIII A Prominence is either round as in the Head of the Thigh-bone or long as in the Stytoides or hollow as in the Scapula-bone The round Prominence is called the Head and if it be low and depressed is called Condilus A Prominency is twofold Apophysis and Epiphysis XIV Apophysis in Latin Processus or Process is the continuous Part of a Bone manifestly bunching out beyond the flat Superficies for the more commodious Insertion of the Muscles Tendons and other Parts of which Processes there are many in the Vertebres of the Back also in the lower Jaw and Scapula There is another short Apophysis as in the Bones of the Fingers and another long and that either sharp pointed or simply long variously named according to the Figure which it resembles as Styloides Coracoides Odontoides c. XV. Epiphysis or Appendix is a Bone growing to a Bone like an Addition by simple and immediate Contiguity and that by the Inlet of small Heads or Bosoms like a Gynglynos though without Motion The Substance of the Epiphysis in Infants new Born is thin and gristly in Men of ripe Years it hardens into a thin and spungy Bone and so in progress of time is united with the Bone as if it were an Apophysis and were one continuous Bone so that it cannot be separated again unless by long maceration and boiling if the Party were young But it is no where more soft and weak than about its Connexion for there as spungy as a Pumice Stone it is furnished with many little Cels But it has

spungy for the more easie passage of the Vapors VI. The thickness of it is various according to the variety of Ages nor is it always the same in the same Age. For the diversity of Regions also causes a great difference Thus Herodotus relates that the Skulls of the Persians are very thin and brittle and easily crack'd those of the ●…gyptians very strong and thick hardly to be broken with the fall of a large Stone Moreover the Skulls of tender People are less thick and hard than in labouring Folks enur'd to Hardship The cause of which Carpus believes to be for that tender People always keep their Heads cover'd from heat and cold but Husband-men Sea-men and the like are used to go bare-headed Winter and Summer for which reason he advises not to cover over much the Heads of Children which are strengthened by being left bare and rendred more sit to endure external Injuries VII The Cranium consists of two Tables or Slates the External and Internal thinner in Women than in Men. Of which the one is thicker and smoother the other harder hollowed with several Furrows to give way to the Vessels creeping through the hard Meninx from which Meninx some remarkable Vessels insinuate themselves near the Ears into the Plates of the Skull and moisten the space between And the Reason why the Cranium is made of a double Table least any Con●…usion of the Head should easily penetrate the whole Cranium by which means sometimes one Table is only broken the other remaining entire VIII In the middle between these Tables lies hid a certain spungy and cavernous Substance containing a marrowy Juice somewhat bloody for the Nourishment of the Cranium which is made out of the Blood flowing through the small Arteries which pass through the little Holes of the Tables And this is that Blood which when the Skull is trepann'd when you come to the Diplois flows forth somewhat ruddy Concerning this Blood Riolanus has 〈◊〉 worthy to be observed by all Practitioners From these Caruncles says he that is the spungy little Caverns seated between each Table being very much contus'd the Blood being sque●…z'd and putrifying ulcerates the Bone outwardly appearing entire but the matter sweating forth from the inner Table putrifies the Brain it self Wherefore if in scraping the Cranium you perceive the Blood to distil forth never think for that reason that the Blood penetrates the second Table because the Blood flows from the foresaid middle Space This middle Spungy space between the double Tablature of the Cranium by Hippocrates and the Anatomists is call'd Diploe though Galen rather chooses to call the External and Internal Table both taken together Diploe This middle space is sometime bigger sometimes less sometimes scarcely discernable where both Tables seem to unite and constitute the simple and pelucid Cranium Bartholinus reports that he dissected a Cranium wherein this middle Space was altogether wanting and all the Cranium seem to consist all of one Table perhaps because the Bones being dryed and contracted through Age it did not manifestly appear or else because the Cranium was only dissected in that Part by Bartholin where both the Tables unite together and left the other spungy Part untouch'd For Anatomists rarely cut the whole Cranium into small Parts Hippocrates making mention of some certain Caruncles means that middle spungy Substance of the Cranium which Fallopius not perceiving seeks after other particular Caruncles in that spungy Substance but erroncously for Hippocrates by those Caruncles means no other than that spungy Substance for that there are no other Caruncles in that Substance But sometimes it happens that in Wounds and grievous Contusions of the Head that a spungy Hyposarcosis grows out from that middle space which nevertheless was no more in that spunginess before than the flesh in the Pyramidical Body near the Testicle before the Sarcocele Burstness In this spungy middle Space especially where the Persons are infected with the French Disease a certain vitious Humor gathers together which in time growing more sharp and virulent corrodes the Tables themselves but more frequently the exterior as being less hard and causes dreadful Pains in the Perios●…eum and Pericranium sometimes we have seen both the Interior and Exterior corroded and so the whole Cranium perforated Which Palmarius Riolanus and Benivenius confirm by their own Observation CHAP. IV. Of the Commissures of the Bones of the Cranium THE Bones of the Cranium are joyned together with various Commissures which some call generally Sutures Others more properly distinguish into Sutures and Harmonies I. A Suture is a certain Composure of the Bones like things sow'd with Seams distinguishing and conjoyning the Bones Which in the upper part of the Head resembles two Saws with their Teeth clapt together In the Cranium there are many Sutures alike both for Number and Situation both in Men and Women con trary to Aristotles Opinion The Skull is seldom seen without Sutures And probable it is that in young People it is never without Sutures for that such a Skull as it would be less apt to resist external Injuries and it would hinder the Growth and Distention of the Head with the rest of the Body Yet Aristotle tells of Skulls that have been seen without Sutures and among the Neoterics Vesalius Fallopius Coiter Iohannes à Cruce Alexander Benedictus and others assert the same and as is shewn at Helmstadt and the Monastery of the French at Heidelbergh which were perhaps the Skulls of old Men in which those Sutures were dry'd up such as I have two by me at this present and as have been many times seen in other places And thus we are to understand Herodotus Arrianus and Arrian concerning the Heads of the Moors and Ethiopians by them reported to be without Sutures not that they were without Sutures when they were young but were afterwards so hardned by the extream Heat of the Air and driness of Age that the Sutures united II. These Sutures are twofold some proper to the Skull others call'd Illegitimate III. The real Sutures resembling the Teeth of two Saws clapp'd one into another and hence call'd Serratae These I say will sometimes part asunder and give way to Humors and Vapors molesting the Brain as in those Hydrocephalics troubled with redundancy of ●…erous Humors IV. The Illegitimate Sutures lying upon the Bone like Scales are therefore call'd Squamous But these Commissures are rather to be referred to Harmony than Suture or else to the middle between both and therefore are not unduly called Harmonical Sutures The real Sutures are three V. The first which is foremost is the Coronal because it surrounds the Fore-part of the Head like a Crown This runs forth from one Temple to the other Transverse above the Forehead and joyns the Bones of the Forehead with the Bones of the hinder Part of the Head VI. The Second which is the hindermost opposed to this

somewhat unequal with a certain hollow Asperity to which the upper Hollowness of the Scithe is strongly fastned In new born Infants this Cocks-comb is not to be found To the Cocks-comb on the other Part another Process is opposed thin and hard distinguishing the Nostrils at the upper part whence it is called the Plough-Share or the Diaphragma of the Nostrils or the Interstitium X. To the upper Cavity of the Nostrils the spungy Bones adhere resembling a Pumice stone furnished with innumerable Labyrinthy Caverns and winding little Holes fill'd with a very spungy sort of Flesh. Of which Hippocrates In the Nostrils there is n●… Hole says he but somewhat as spungy as a Spunge However Hippocrates Galen and other Anatomists oft-times confound these with the Sieve-like Bones and when they name Bones oft times mean the Sieve-like But we believe them to be distinct Bones of which the spungy sort are pendulous and adhere to the sides of the Bones of the Nose but yet are different from both XI Galen with others will have the use of these spungy Sieve-like Bones to be for the Evacuation of the flegmatic Excrements out of the Brain partly to carry the Exhalations to be smelt to the Mamillary Processes partly to stop the too sudden ingress of the cold Air or any ill Smell to the Brain But this Opinion is refuted also at large l. 3. c. 8. and 19. CHAP. VIII Of the upper Iaw THE Jaws are two the upper and the lower constituting the outer part of the Face I. The upper comprehends the lower and lateral Parts of the Orbit of the Eyes the Nostrils Cheeks Palate and the whole Order of the upper Teeth This in Men is short and semicircular for handsomeness sake In Brutes long Moreover it is immoveable in Man as it is in most other Creatures unless Parrots Phoenicopters and Crocodiles unless there be any other Creatures unknown to us that move the upper Jaw II. The Substance of it is solid but cavernous within especially toward the Teeth in which place in Children the Marrowy Juice is contained for the Nourishment but that being consumed by Age the cavernous Bones remains Highmore having diligently scarched into this Cavernosity found on each side under the lower Seat of the Eye where the Bone jets forth for the Guard of the Eye a certain Den seated at the lower sides of the Nose remarkably hollow spherical and somewhat oblong and covered with a thin bony Scale in the bottom of which certain Protuberances rise up wherein the slender Points of the Roots of the Teeth are included This Den is frequently empty but sometimes found full of S●…ime which he believes distils through a certain Cavity from the little Caverns of the Fore-head Bone and the Ethmoids III. It receives Blood for Nourishment through the Branches of the Soporal Arteries and the remainder after Nourishment it sends through little Veins to the External Jugular It is composed of twelve Bones six on each side all joyned together by Harmonies rather than thin Sutures The First almost triangular is seated at the outer Corner of the Eye This by means of its Apophysis joyned with the foremost Process of the Temporal Bone by an oblique Suture forms the Iugal Bone which being gibbous without and hollow within covers the Temple Muscle The second which is small thin pellucid and brittle constitutes the Corner of the Eye and in this the Lachrymal Hole is pervious to the Nostrils through which the serous Humor distilling from the Ventricles of the Brain causes Tears in the Eyes Vid. Lib. 3. Cap. 14. But to stop their continual flowing there is a little Caruncle which lies upon this Hole which hinders the ordinary Efflux but gives way to it when more violent Sometimes near this tender Bone about the Top of the Nose and the bigger Corner of the Eye certain Abscesses happen which the Greeks call Aegylopas which if neglected corrode the Bone it self and cause a Lachrymal Fistula The Third is thin and pellucid within the inner side of the Orbit of the Eye interposed between the rest and more inward continuous to the spungy Bones of the Nostrils The Fourth is the least Bone of all which constitutes the most porous Parts of the Cheeks and Palate and receives the upper Row of the Teeth into its Caverns It has a conspicuous Hole seated under the Orbit of the Eye producing a Branch of the third Pair of the Nerves to the Face also another Hole at the hinder Part of the cutting Teeth in the middle bony Fence again divided into two Holes toward the upper Parts Of which one tends to each Nostril and r●…mits a little Vein thither out of it Some think that the Spitly Humors descending this way to the Nostrils flow into the Mouth which is not probable Moreover under the Orbit of the Eye at the lower side of the Nose there is a remarkable Hollowness which however in Children is not easily found but is hollowed by Age. The Fifth which is thin little long and almost quadrangular with its Pair constitutes the more eminent Part of the Bones of the Nose The Sixth which is broad and thin with its Pair forms the Palate To these Fallopius adds one more as does also Columbus and Laurentius interposed between the innermost Part of the Palate and the Sphenoides separating the lower Part of the Nostrils like a Fence and thence called the Plough Share To which Vesalius adds the spungy Bones already described CHAP. IX Of the lower Iaw THE lower Jaw in Man is moveable This in Children till about seven years old according to Laurentius and Bartholine but not beyond the second year according to Riolanus consists of two Bones joyned in the Chin by Synchondrosin which afterwards in riper years unite into one Bone thick hard and strong This Conjunction as Galen writes is afterwards dissolved as was also observed by the French Chyrurgions as Riolanus reports and that the Jaw being broken by a Stone was often cut away in that Part where the Bones united together But notwithstanding all this the said Coalescency has been observed in Men grown to be firmer than the rest of the Bones of the Jaw and that the Jaw is sooner broken at the sides than in that Coalescency Eisson observes that he has sometimes found another Division in Infants on both sides almost in the middle place of each side where the Bone acquires a thicker Protuberance and endeavors to enlarge it self I. This Iaw is shorter in Men and almost semicircular thick and broad before behind divided like a Greek Hypsylon or as Platerus will have it resembling a Fork for handsomness sake II. On both sides at the end it advances two Processes by some called Horns The first of which being thin and broad terminates in a sharp Point called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to this also a Tendon of the Temple Muscle is strongly knit and therefore the Laxation of

this Jaw is accounted dangerous The hinder Process is obtuse furnished with a Neck and a long little Head called Condylus wrapt about with a Gristle for the more easie Motion by which it is joyned into the Cavity of the Rocky Bone smooth'd with a Gristle also and is ty'd to it with a common Membranous Ligament III. More inward it has a Cavity containing a marrowy Iuice for the Nourishment of the Bone Which in Men appears chiefly in the Fore-part toward the Region of the Chin. IV. It is furnished with four Holes of which there is one internal on both sides seated at the beginnings of the said Processes which admits a Nerve of the fourth Conjunction to be distributed to the Teeth together with a small Artery and sends forth a little Vein So likewise the two other which are lesser and round are both placed at the sides of the Chin on each side and sends forth little Branches of the foresaid Nerve outward to the lower Lip its Muscles and Skin In the Fore-part it is somewhat rough having an unequal Excrescence in the inner and middle Seat of the Chin for the faster Insertion of the Nerves It has also superficial Cavities both External and Internal about the beginnings of the Processes for the Insertion of the Muscles It is also full of little Holes for the Insertion of the Teeth of which there is no certain number in regard the number of the Teeth is not alike in all Persons but in some more in some fewer These Holes sometimes perish sometimes grow again For upon the pulling out of a Tooth if another does not presently succeed the Hole closes up so hard that it is able to supply the Office of a Tooth On the other side when the Teeth of Wisdom break forth at fifty or threescore years of age as sometimes they do you shall have new Holes made In Children also when they shed a Tooth it often happens that a new Hole is made the other being quite stopp'd up Below the lower Jaw under the Tongue the Hyoides Bone is sea●…ed of which Lib. 3. Cap. 23. CHAP. X. Of the Teeth I. THE Teeth by the Greeks call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 are small Bones hard white fixed into the Holes of the Iaws by the way call'd Gomphosis appointed for the chewing of Food and serving also for Pronunciation I say they are Bones though it has been greatly disputed whether they are Bones or no. But for the Affirmative Riolanus produces these Reasons 1. Because they were form'd out of the Seed with the rest of the Bones 2. Because they are nourished by the Blood as the rest of the Bones 3. Because they are hard like the rest of the Bones 4. Because they do not feel in their own Substance but only by the Periosteums of their Roots and by means of the little Nerves that enter into them no otherwise than all the rest of the Bones are sensible III. Now for the chewing of hard things the Substance of the Teeth is also very hard and where they appear above their Holes smooth and naked without any Periosteu●… but within their Holes rough and enfolded with a thin Pellicle of a most quick Sense having a Cavity withinside which is manifest in the grinding Teeth when broken but invisible in the Dog-teeth and Nibblingteeth whereby they receive through the little Holes in the Roots besides a little Artery from the Roots a little Nerve also from the Branch of the fourth Pair expanded through a most thin little Membrane which enfolds the said Cavity by means of which and the Periosteum investing the Roots the Teeth are so sensible of Pain though their bony Substance which is destitute of the inner little Membrane and Nerve is altogether insensible IV. Now these three Vessels Artery Nerve and Vein being first united and wreath as it were into one small Chard begirt with a small Membrane enter the inner Part of the Iaw and in a peculiar Channel different from the Caverns of the Marrow run under the Teeth though how they enter the Teeth in Men we must confess is not discernible to the Sight for that although the small Holes of the Roots though they are somewhat conspicuous in Infants and seem to penetrate to the slimy Substance of the Roots yet in Men of riper years become so narrow that they are not to be discern'd by the Eye But Reason tells us however that there must be some ways by means of which those Vessels enter the inner Parts of the Teeth which is apparent by their continual Nourishment from the Arteries and Veins besides that the inner Cavity of the grinding Teeth especially the first mucous Substance is seen to be somewhat discoloured with Blood and many times there follows a Flux of Blood upon drawing the Tooth That there is some little Nerve that enters is apparent by the quick Sense of the Tooth Moreover though the Ingress of these Vessels in the Teeth cannot be so well demonstrated in Men yet if you open the lower Jaw of an Ox at the inside presently the Cavity containing the Marrow and the Artery Nerve and Vein enfolded with their peculiar Membrane appear in their proper Channel The Membrane being cut the little Nerve appears consisting of several small Threads between which the Veins and Arteries are carried and the Membrane being removed certain Fibres like Cobwebs are seen to be stretched from thence to the Roots of the Teeth And upon the drawing of a Grinder or a cutting Tooth you shall perceive small Fibres sticking to the Root of the Teeth which are extended from the Hollowness of the Jaw But this is to be wondered at that the Dogs Teeth and cutting Teeth which are less and fix'd with one Root should have large and conspicuous Branches openly coming to them and that the Grinders which are larger and fix'd with four Snaggs should only have capillary Branches to attend them and that in a kind of hugger mugger Which no question is no otherwise in Men were it discernible to the Sight V. The Principles or Beginnings of the Teeth generated with the rest of the Parts in the Womb lye latent between the Jaws and the Gums within whose Enclosures they are brought to Perfection by degrees wherein are first observed the Follicle the bony Part and the mucous Part. VI. The white little Bladder not exactly membranous but somewhat slimy covers the whole Teeth as the Cortex of the Seed covers the Pith of a Plant but never inseparably unites to the Plant. This by degrees is perforated upwards and downwards and then the Tooth it self buds forth in which beginning of it two Substances are to be observed the one bony the other slimy VII The bony Part is the Basis of the Tooth which by degrees is hardned into a firm and white Substance and thrust forth without the Gums The beginnings are more conspicuous in the new born Infants in

laid bare at that time we could perceive nothing for the Blood but the next day we discovered two apparent Fissures in the Cranium and upon one side a small Particle about half a Fingers length somewhat depressed which Particle was every way sever'd and broken from the Bone Therefore in the next firm Part we made a perforation with a Trepan and took out half an ounce of Blood which had flow'd out of the little broken Veins between the Cranium and the thick Meninx and there had shelter'd it self which being wiped off we laid a little rag dipped in Honey of Roses upon the Meninx and having filled the Wound without side with dry Wooll we covered it with Emplaster of Betony The sixth of February some little Blood came forth but after that none at all in the mean time we kept his Belly loose with a gentle Purge thus we ordered the Wound till the twelfth of February and covered his Head with a quilt of Cephalic Herbs and other things afterwards we began to lay the following Powder mixed with Honey of Roses upon the Meninx ℞ Sanguis Draconis Frankincense Aloes Myrrh an ℈ j. Fine Barley Flower ℈ j. s. Make it into a very fine Powder The eighteenth of February the flesh began to grow from the inside of the Meninx The first of March the Meninx was covered with flesh The sixteenth of March a little Scale was separated from the upper Bone of the Skull laid bare and at the beginning of April the Man being perfectly cured went abroad ANNOTATIONS THE suddain Consternation of this Person as it were Apoplectic was a certain sign of the Skull being depress'd which depression could never have been made without a Fracture or a Fissure And though for the following days the Patient felt nothing in his Head in regard such a depression and Fissure could not happen without breaking some of the little Veins it was better to open the Skull and take out the Extravasated Blood then to expect the Symptoms of it when Corrupted and Putrified For a very little Blood though no more then a dram yet Putrifying upon the Meninx may cause terrible Symptoms and Death it self OBSERVATION LIII The Head-ach PEtronel de Kuijck a Country-Woman about threescore Years old complained in February of terrible Pains in her Head as also of Catarrhs falling upon her Eyes Teeth Shoulders and other parts that she had been troubled all the Winter and felt a very great cold at the top of her Head as if the fore part of her Head had been dipped in cold Water Therefore having prescribed her a hotter and Cephalic Diet I Purged her with Pill Cochiae and Golden Pills then I ordered Linnen-cloths four doubled and dipped in Spirit of Wine warmed and gently squeezed to be laid over all the upper Part of her Head and to continue so doing for some days which done that Diuturnal Pain together with her Catarrhs all ceased within a few days then for prevention and preservation I prescribed her a Quilt to wear upon her Head ℞ Marjoram one little Handful Rosemary Sage Flowers of Melilot Lavender an one little Handful Nutmegs Cloves an ℈ ij Make a Powder for a Quilt ANNOTATIONS IN these cold Maladies of the Brain besides general and internal Medicines proper Topics are very beneficial so that many times they alone at the beginning of the Distemper contribute very much to the Cure In which case we made use of Spirit of Wine with good Success the Fomentations of which are highly commended by Arculanus Plater commends Dill Forestus Cammomile however they are made use of in Head-achs proceeding from cold Causes Aetius applaudes Goats dung bruised and laid on Morning and and Evening Others dry up cold superfluous humors after this manner ℞ Millet-seed lb j. common Salt lb s. Leaves of Majoram Rosemary Sage Flowers of Lavender Melolet an one small handful Seeds of Anise Fennel Dill Cummin an ʒ ij Lawrel Berries ʒiij These being fryed in a Frying-pan let them be put into little bags and while they continue warm let the head be first dried and then well rubb'd with them for half an hour Aetius prefers Vervein with the Roots and creeping Time boyl'd in Oyl for the Cure of all Head-aches proceeding from cold and thick Humors He also recommends Hog-lice boyl'd in Oyl for the same purposes P. Aegineta writes of a Woman who was very famous for cuing Head-aches either with or without a Fever by this means She boyl'd the green Roots of Asses Cucumers cut very small and Wormwood in Oyl till they grew soft and with this Oyl and Water she moistened and watered the Head and then clapt the Root bruised with the Wormwood upon it Which Medicine is highly recommended by Avicine who prescribes it after this form ℞ Common Oyl common-water an lb j. Leaves of Wormwood M. j. s. Root of Asses Cucumers ʒ ij Let them boyl together OBSERVATION LIV. A Hickup ANtonetta N. a poor Woman desired me to see her Daughter a Maid about twenty four Years of Age she had been troubled for ten days with a continual violent and troublesome Hickup and none of the old Womens Remedies would do her any good when I understood her Womb was well I judg'd that the Malady proceeded from some sharp Matter firmly Impacted in the Tunicles of the Stomach therefore I gave her first a light Vomit which gave her three or four Vomits but no release from her Hickup Thereupon I prescribed her this following little Bag. ℞ Flowers of Mint camomil Dill an M j. of red Roses Melilot an M. s. one white Poppy Head cut small Nutmeg Aniseed an ʒj of Dill and Cumin an ʒj s. cut and bruise them grossly and make a Linnen bag about the bigness of two hands breadth This Bag I ordered her to boil for half an hour in new Milk and common Water an lbj. s. and to take ever and anon a Draught of this Decoction and after she had gently squeezed the Bag to apply it hot to the Region of her Stomach which when she had continued to do but for one day her Hickup left her ANNOTATIONS SAys Hippocrates A Convulsion is caus'd by Repletion or Emptiness and so is a Hickup But for the most part a Hickup proceeds from Repletion seldom from Emptiness as Galen testifies Under the word Plenitude are comprehended also whatever matter sticks close to the Tunicles of the Stomach and twiching and gnawing them with its Acrimony whether sharp tough Humors Pepper or any other thing A Hickup if it last long is very troublesome but it seldom uses to continue long Yet M. Gatinaria tells a Story of a Doctor of Law who was troubled with a Hickup for twelve days together and Forestus makes mention of an old Woman that Hickupp'd many times for half a year together To suppress this Hickupping those Medicaments are most proper which loosen and remove the sharp and biting humors from the Tunicles of the Stomach such are Vomiting Medicines

and Sternutories Hence says Hippocrates Sneezing frees the Person that is troubled with a Hickup But if these things nothing avail and that the sharp Matter will not be thus removed then the Acrimony of it is either to be mitigated thus in Forestus we read that a certain old Woman when no other Remedies would prevail was cured with Looch Sanum or else to be concocted and mitigated together To which purpose a Decoction of Camomil-flowers and Seeds of Dill Cumin Figs or drinking of Malmsey or other soft Wine neat and pure Or else the Matter is to be concocted and at the same time the acute Sense of the Stomach is somewhat to be blunted and then Treacle Mithridate and chiefly Philonium are mainly contributory Sometimes we read of Hickups cured by suddain Frights and Variola confirms the same OBSERVATION LV. A Wound in the Head and an opening of the Skull with a Trepan LAmbert N. a Dutch Gentleman about twenty four Years of Age Young and strong the seventh of March as he was managing a sprightly Horse was unawares thrown out of his Saddle and knockt the hinder part of his Head against the Carriage of a great Gun yet so that no Wound appeared outwardly Presently after his fall he fell a Vomiting and was taken with an extraordinary dizziness which ceasing for some time he mounted again and rode home But no sooner was he alighted in the Stable but being again taken with a dizziness he fell down upon the Flower and his memory being as it were quite lost he neither knew what had befallen him nor how he fell from his Horse nor where he was At the same time a Camp Chyrurgeon being sent for after he had shav'd off the Hair behind the left Ear somewhat upward where the Patient complained of no Pain made a slight incision which no way concerned the Pericranium and the next day took about a pint of Blood out of his left Arm. The twelfth of March the Pains increasing I was sent for at what time I found that the Patient complained of most sharp Pains in his Head yet there was no Fever in the place affected besides the Wound which the Chyrurgeon had made I perceived a slight and soft Tumour so that by the feeling a Man might easily conjecture a depression or Fracture of the Skull the Chyrurgeon had hitherto laid on a defensive of Bolearmoniac whites of Eggs and Vinegar mixt together for fear of an Inflammation which because it was misapply'd in this case I threw away and ordered Linnen Cloaths four doubl'd and dipt in the following Fomentation and gently squeezed to be clapt warm over all his Head and to be shifted three or four times a day â„ž Betony Rosemary Thyme Sage Marjoram Vervain an M. j s. Flowers of Stocchas Camomil Melilot an M. s. Lawrel berries Comin seed an Ê’iij White-wine q. s boil them according to Art to lb iij. add to the straining Spirit of Wine â„¥ vj. mix them for a fomentation But in regard the Patient had not gone to Stool in four days I gave him a gentle Purge which gave him five Stools the same Evening after the fomentation several times applied appeared in the place affected a Tumour about the bigness of half a Hens-Egg which being perforated there flow'd out Black Blood therefore the next day sending for a more skilful Chyrurgeon I advised him to open the Skull But the Patient and his Friends being extreamly against it we staid two days longer till the fifteenth of March which was the ninth day from the fall by which time there appeared in the same place a Tumour bigger then the former so that then with the Patients consent I ordered the Skull to be laid bare about the Evenings and in regard the Wound was near the temporal Muscle there was an Incision made cross-wise to the very Bone it self somewhat toward the hinder part of the Head by the Lambdoidal Suture presently gushed out a large quantity of Blood black and coagulated which was expelled by the strength of Nature through the Lambdoidal Suture which by the Incision we had in part laid bare and had stuck between the Cranium and the Pericranium the Cranium thus laid bare and the Pericranium scraped the Wound was filled with dry Wool the next Night the Pain being somewhat mitigated the Patient slept a little the next day the Cranium was Trepan'd but scarce a Dram of Blood flowed out upon the opening of it which till then had stuck between the Cranium and the Hard Meninx and by this time was in some Measure coagulated from thence I judged the Patient to be in great danger when I found coagulated Blood and believ'd there might be more which still lying hid under the Cranium could not come forth and for that the Meninx being gently squeezed nothing followed The seventeenth of March a Fever seiz'd him the next Night followed Convulsions so strong that four robust stout Men could hardly hold his Arms and his Thighs Moreover he slept not at all raved altogether was very thirsty and when Drink was offer'd him Drank very greedily the next day he remain'd in the same Condition so that because of his Delirium and his Convulsions his Wound could not be bound up thus raving he both Dunged and Pissed in his Bed and more then that he bit off a peice of the tip of his Tongue with his Teeth of the Pain whereof when he came to himself he very much complained these three mortal Signs the Delirium the Fever the Convulsions continued till the twentieth of March at what time the Convulsions remitted but the Fever and raving contiued that day the Chyrurgeon with a flat obtuse and oblong Instrument which I ordered to be provided on purpose compressed the Meninx a little and between the Meninx and the Cranium thrust in his Instrument about the breadth of two Fingers separating the Meninx from the Cranium by depressing it every way round about to the end that if any coagulated Blood lay there concealed it might the more conveniently be evacuated but when he put down his Instrument upon the Meninx toward the Back-part by chance he litt upon the place where the cause of all the mischeif recided out of which there came out about half an ounce of black Blood purulent and watry The twenty first twenty second and twenty third of March the same Instrument being every day thrust in a good quantity of Blood and watry putrified Matter was brought away in the mean time the Delirium abated very much and the Patient took several naps The twenty fourth the Meninx being pressed downward nothing came out then the Delirium was very slight and the Patient rising out of his Bed sat two hours by the Fire then also the flesh began to grow up from the lower Bone about the Meninx in the hole of the Cranium he could hardly eat because of the Pain in his Tongue of which he had bit of the tip with his

kill'd Hildan tells a remarkable Story of a Gentleman who was Thunder-struck himself at what time his own Horse and his Man with another Horse were both killed out right The Gentleman's Cloaths were torn to Peices and his Sword melted the Scabbord receiving no harm only that the Iron Chape was melted at the same time Therefore says Cardan upon this Motion not only causes a greater Penetration but kindles the Heat it self and renders the Fire hotter Therefore it is no wonder there should be such a force in Lightning and that a Fire so different from the Nature of other Fires should work Miracles for by reason of the Swiftness of its Motion it not only penetrates more but the Fire is also hotter than any other Fire For what other Fire is there that kills by touching This is peculiar to this Fire that is the hotest of most hot or as I may say the Fire of Fires And therefore sometimes it melts the Money in the Purse and leaves the Purse untouched c. OBSERVATION XCVII A Cough NIcolaus Kerckwegg in the Vigor of his Age was troubled with a lamentable Cough for three or four years he was nothing but Skin and Bone and seemed to be perfectly Ptisical When after he had tried several others in vain he came to me I examined the Condition both of the Person and the Disease I looked upon his Spittle which was slimy and tough without any Matter or Blood therefore I could not judge him to be in a real Consumption but that the Cough proceeded from a Cathar falling upon his Lungs which in a long time of continuance had weakned not only his Lungs but his whole Body For Cure I prescribed him a proper Diet and some few Remedies for that his Antipathy against Physic and his Weakness would not permit me to give many Therefore having gently purged his Body I ordered him to take a Draught of the following Decoction three or four times a day ℞ White Horehound M. iij. Shred it small and steep it all night in common Water lbj▪ s. to which the next day add the Head of one white Poppy shred into bits Leaves of Hyssop M. j. Oxymel lbj. s. Boil them in an earthen Pipkin close stopped to the Consumption of the third Part and keep the Straining for your Use. This Decoction he continued for three or four months till at length the Cough abated every day more and more and at length ceased the Man also having recovered his Strength and growing fat and lusty so continued without any further Molestation OBSERVATION XCVIII An Uterine Suffocation THE Wife of a Brick-layer at Nimeghen about twenty eight years of Age in Iuly was troubled with a Suffocation of her Womb with a great pain in her Left-side and difficulty of Breath Being sent for about Evening I gave her the following Draught which when she had taken the Malady ceased in part and so she slept quietly that Night ℞ English Saffron Castoreum an gr v. Trochischs of Myrrh ℈ s. Prepared Amber ℈ j. Treacle ℈ ij Treacle-water ℥ j. Mugwort ℥ s. Oyl of Amber gut ix Mix them for a Draught The next day her Fit returned with the same vehemency and because she had not been at Stool in three or four days I gave her this Purge ℞ Leaves of Senna ℥ s. Lovage-seed ʒj s. Mugwort-water q. s. Make an Infusion then add to the Straining Elect. Diaphenicon Hiera Picra an ʒj s. For a Potion This gave her five Stools the Suffocation remaining nay growing more violent than before wherefore I prescribed her the following Decoction of which she drank warm an ounce or an ounce and a half every hour which after she had continued the whole day her Evacuations came down and the Suffocation vanished ℞ Roots of Masterwort Valerian an ℥ s. Dittany Briony an ʒiij Savine M. j. Seed of Lovage ʒvj Of wild Carrots ʒij White-wine q. s. Boil them for an Apozem to lbj. s. OBSERVATION XCIX Deafness THE Wife of Henry Iordens in the Month of August complained that for half a year she had been troubled with a very great Deafness so that she could hear nothing but very loud Noises She was about forty years of age and during this Deafness had been all along very hard bound in her Body so that she seldom went to Stool in four or five days for which reason I judged that many Vapors ascended up to her Brain which furring the auditory Nerve and Tympanum caused this Deafness Thereupon after I had well purged her Body with Pills I ordered her every Evening when she went to Bed to swallow two Pills of Lucid Aloes about the bigness of a Pea by taking of which her Body was naturally loosned and so that great Deafness within a Fortnight was quite taken away to the Admiration of many ANNOTATIONS THE Head like a Lembick receives the Vapors of all the Parts that lye underneath Which if they are carried thither in greater abundance than can be digested and discussed by the Brain causes various Diseases of the Head Pains Catarrhs Ophthalmies Deafness c. And this abounding Ascent of copious Vapours chiefly happens to those that are bound in their Bodies For this reason if the Deafness have not been of a very long standing then the Malady is easily cured by loosning the Body by which means the morbific Matter is derived to the Intestines Which Celsus intimates where he says Nothing more prevails against Deafness than a Choleric Belly For which Galen gives this Reason because that Choler being carried to the Auditory Passages and causing Deafness if it be removed from those Parts to the lower Parts the Deafness is cured by Choleric Stools Neither is this only true in Deafness but in Ophthalmies and other Affections of the Head according to that Saying All Stools below remove the Diseases of the Superior Parts Which is to be understood not only of Evacuations of Choler but of all other Evacuations by Stool Hippocrates and Celsus speak particularly of Choleric Humors because they occasion Deafness more than any other Humor in regard that Choler has a familiar passage to the Ears as appears by the Bitterness of the Excrement of the Ears Which Mercurialis believes that Nature carries thither meerly to cleanse the Auditory Organ and keep it clean Wherefore in such Maladies of the Head purging Medicins that mollifie the Belly are of great use partly to hinder the Ascent of such Humors and Vapors partly to draw off such as are already got up into the Head of which we saw the happy Event in our Patient For though there be no conspicuous Passage for the Descent of those Humors from the Brain yet Nature finds out ways unknown to us by which she evacuates the Morbific Matter and rids her self of many Distempers OBSERVATION C. The Itch. A Young Gentlewoman had got the Scab which chiefly infested her Hands with an extraordinary Itching This Malady had continued for half a year and

Liniment and then cover the Head with the following Quilt ℞ Oyls of Amber Rosemary Marjoram an ℈ ij Martiate Oyntment ʒij Castoreum Powdered ℈ s. For a Liniment ℞ Leaves of Marjoram M. j. of Rosemary Sage and Flowers of Melilot an one little handful Cloves Nutmegs an ℈ j. Castoreum ℈ s. Beat these into a gross Powder for a Quilt XIV Let him have a good Air a light Room moderately warm and Perfumed with Castor Peny-royal Rosemary Sage Thime Marjoram Baum c. let his Food be easie of Digestion Condited with Rosemary Betony Marjoram Hyssop and the like Let him avoid Milk Pulse and Fruit Garlic Onions Mustard Radishes c. Let his Drink be Barley-water with Majoram Hyssop Rosemary and the like boil'd in it sweetened with a little Hydromel or Honey and a●…omatiz'd with Saffron Let him sleep as little as may be and make his natural Evacuations come forth in due order HISTORY VIII Of the Profound Sleep call'd Carus A Stout young Man having fallen from a high Place upon his Head was seized with a deep sleep being put by his Friends who thought him drunk into his Bed he continued so for two days There was no Wound appeared in his Head which was defended by a good strong Cap only in the top of his Head there was a Contusion not very big his Pulse beat well nor did he shew any Signs that his Heart was affected he breathed freely If he were prickt he shrunk up the prickt Member In the mean time no noise nor pulling him by the Hair nor other means would wake him I. How far this Patients Head was affected the profound sleep sufficiently shew'd II. This sleep is called Carus which is a profound sleep with an injury to the Animal Actions III. 'T is no Apoplexy because the Person breaths freely nor Lethargy because there is no Fever and the Patient cannot be waked wherein it differs from Coma since the Patients in that Distemper are often waked and move their Limbs from one place to another IV. The cause of this is a depression of the upper Skull and the Bones of the Bregm●… caused by the Fall by which the Brain being depressed the Brain is hindered in its Motion which injures all the Animal Actions Besides that the Choroid-fold being obstructed by the Compression hinders the Passage of the Vital Spirits to the Brain and consequently the Generation of Animal to supply the wast of Spirits in the Organs of the Senses into which the Animal Spirits having not a free Influx by reason of that Compression the actions of the Parts fail and thence that deep sleep V. This Carus is very dangerous and threatens an Apoplexy if not taken care of in time VI. The Cure consists in raising the depressed Skull 2. In corroborating the wakened Brain 3. In taken care of the whole Body to prevent the flux of many Humors to the Head or any other Disease from breeding at that time in the Body VII Therefore a Glister given take eight or nine Ounces of Blood out of the Arm. Then proceed to Denudation and if need require Perforation of the Brain VIII The same day the Glister is given and the Vein opened toward the ●…kull in the place where the Contusion ●…ppears must be laid bare with a Cross●…ike Incision made in the fleshy Parts The next Morning raise the Bone with ●…roper Instruments But for fear least ●…y that violent Contusion some little Veins should be broken in the hard Meninx which may have poured forth any Blood between the Meninx and the Cranium which corrupting there should af●…erward be the Cause of unexpected death the safest way would be to Perforate the Skull in the firm Part next the depressed Part to give ●…he extravasated Blood an easie Exit and for the more easie raising of the depressed Skull IX The Skull being raised and the wound stopt according to Art let this Fomentation be clapt warm about his Head still shifting it as it grows cold ℞ Betony M. iiij Marjoram Rosemary Vervain Fennel Leaves of Lawrel Baum Thime Rue Flowers of Stoechas Camomil Melilot an M. j. Common Water q. s. boil them according to Art adding toward the end White-wine lb j. Make a Fomentation of 〈◊〉 iij. X. Anoint his Fore-head with this Liniment ℞ Oyls of Amber Rosemary Marjoram distilled an ℈ j. Castoreum pulverised gr ix Martiate Unguent ʒ ij XI The Patient being rous'd from his sleep which uses to happen after the raising of his Skull give him this Purging draught ℞ Leaves of Senna ʒ iij. Rubarb ʒ j. s. white Agaric ʒ s. Anise-seed ʒ j. Decoction of Barley q. s. Infuse them then add to the straining Elect. Diaprunum solutive ʒ iij. XII The Body being Purged let him drink twice or thrice a day a draught of this Apozem ℞ Succory Root ℥ j. s. of Fennel and Acorus an ℥ s. Herbs Betony Dandelion Borage Baum Rue an M. j. Rosemary Marjoram Flowers of Stoechas an M. j. Orange and Citron Peels an ℥ s. Currants ℥ ij Water q. s. For an Apozem of lb j. s. XIII Instead of the Apozem he may now and then take a small quantity of this or such like Conditement ℞ Specier Diambrae ʒ j. Roots of Acorus Condited Candied Orange-peels Con●…erve of Anthos and pale Roses an ℥ s. Syrup of Stoechas q. s. XIV If he be bound at any time in his Body let him be loosened with Glisters Or else take the following Mixture and hang it up in a little Bag in a Pint and a half of small Al●… and give him a draught or two every Morning ℞ Leaves of Senna ℥ j. s. Rubarb ʒ ij Root of Iallop ʒ j. Anise ʒ ij Leaves of Marjoram Carduus Benedict an M. s. XV. Keep him in a good temperate clear Air let his Meats be of easie Digestion and spa●…ing at first His Drink small his Exercises moderate little Sleep at first especially But let his natural Evacuations duly proceed either spontaneously or provoked by Art HISTORY IX Of a Catalepsis A Young Maid her Evacuations being obstructed and frequently liable to Uterine Suffocations being taken of a suddain remained void of Sence and in that Posture as she taken waxed cold keeping her Eyes open and fixed but seeing nothing if the standers●…y moved her Arm upwards or downward or side-ways it remained as they laid it if they set her upon her Feet she stood if they moved her Body forwards she put out her Foot if they turned her Head on one side so it stood all this while she breathed freely when this fit had lasted an hour she came to her self but remembered nothing of what had happened Two days after she was taken with another Fit which went off of it self I. THat the Seat of this Distemper was in the Head the terrible Molestation of the Animal Actions declare as the Uterine Suffocation shewed the Distemper of the Womb. II. This Affection is called a Catalepsis and is a sudden and very great

drives the Chylus to the Breasts in Beasts See l. 1. c. 28 29. What is that something Analogous to the Rational Soul Whether Analogon be the same with the Rational Soul The said Analogon is the more excellent Spirit An Objection refuted The refutation The names 'T is a Muscle The Substance The Membranes The site and connexion The Holes Vessels It s Motion Whether the Situation of it be Natural or Animal The Pleura The Names It s duplicity The little Fibres Holes Its Vessels It s Original The Mediastinum It s Cavity Its Vessels It s Use. The Kernel under the Canel-Bone or Thymus Lactes Its Vessels It s Iuice Lymphatic Vessels It s Original Its Membranes It s Connexion Its Vessels The Liquor of the Pericardium It s Use. Wh●… such it is i●… diseased Bodies The cause of the difference in Quantity The plenty of it does not cause Palpitation of the Heart The Names It is a principal Part. The Fuel of Heat It s Si●…ation It s Substance It s Fibres Whether the Heart be a Muscle It s Figure It s Bigness Its Coats It s Fat. Its Hairs It s 〈◊〉 Coronary Arteries Coronary Veins Nerves The Opinion of Descartes The Use of the Animal Spirits in the Heart The Dignity of the Heart Wounds of the Heart mortal A rare Observation 1. Whether the Heart is mov'd by the Animal Spirits Whether mov'd by the Dilatation of the Blood Whether 〈◊〉 part ly by the ●…ation of the Blood and partly by the animal Spirits Whether ●…ov'd by ●…n Ethere●…l Matter Whether mov'd by the Spirit of the Blood Whether mov'd by the Lungs The true Cause of the Heart's Motion Why the Heart of an Eel taken out of the Body beats Digression Dilatation When the Cavities are bro●… est Vicious Motions The vse of the Pulse Circulation of the Blood First proof from the plenty of Blood The Second Proof from the Situation of the Valves The Third Proof from Ligature in Blood-letting The manner of Circulation Riolanus his manner The common manner The true manner of Circulation The Cause of Inflammations The vse of Circulation Whether the Chylus and the Serum circulate The Cause of vterine Fluxes The Parts of the Heart The little Ears Their number Their substance The Superficies Their Cavity Colour Motion Their vse The Ventricles Unnatural Things bred in the Ventricles Vessels The Right Ventricle The hollow Vein The Treble-pointed Valves The Pulmonaery Artery Sigmoid Valves The left Ventricle The Pulmonary Vein The Mitral V●…ves The Aorta The Half-Moon Valves The Bone of the heart The Motion of the Blood in the Birth Double Unions of the Vessels The Oval Hole It s 〈◊〉 The other Union The Use of the Right Ventricle The Oval Hole is abolish'd in Children when born The Channel also closes up The Opinions of the Ancients concerning the Seat of the Soul in the Heart The Office of the Heart Glisson's New Opinion The Reply to Glisson's Opinion Whether any vivific Spirit be in the Blood A Simili●… The names It s Definition It s Substance Its Iuices A Doubt Double Spirits Vital Spirit Whether this Spirit be different from the Blood The Heas of the Blood The Temper of the Blood The quantity and quality of the Spirits various An Error concerning the Spirits An Error concerning Air. The Original of the Principles of the Blood The Chylus passing thro' the Heart ceases to be Chylus Whether the whole Chylus be chang'd into Blood The Proof of the former Opinion It s Refutation W●… 〈◊〉 part of the Chylus may not be mix●…d with the Blood Whence the red Colour proceeds How the Parts are nourish'd by the Blood The Diversity of Figures The Nourishment from the Blood twofold The Degrees of Nutrition Four Things necessary to Nutrition Growth Stay of Growth Decay Whether Old Men grow shorter Two doubts Of the four Humors of the Blood Flegm Blood Choler Melancholy The four Humors are always in the Blood Whence the Temperaments of the Body proceed Phlegmatic Temperament 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Whether 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and Spirits 〈◊〉 The Use of the Blood What Blood nourishes Charleton's contrary Opinion His Arguments The Refutation Whether the Lympha be nutritive Malpigius ●…is Observations a●…out refrigerated blood The Differences of the Blood The Definition It s Bigness It s Substance Preternatural things in the Lungs Observation The Cloathing Membrane The Colour The Colour in a Child before it is born The Division Their Division into little Lobes The Connexion Observation Several Observations The Vessels The rough A●…tery The Pulmonary Vein and Artery Whether the Blood passes only through the Anastomoses The Bronchial Artery Lymphatic Vessels Nerves Office Respiration what It s End What kills People that are strangled Cause of Swooning in Stoves The necessity of Respiration How the Blood is cool'd Charleton's Error The new Opinion of Alexander Maurocordatus Whether the Lungs wheel about the Blood Malpigius his Opinion Thruston his Opinion The Conclusion The Secondary Use of the Lungs The Motion is passive Contrary Opinions The Refutation Whether the Lungs be mov'd by the Head The manner of Respiration What sort of Action it is It is an Animal Action An Objection Whether a man might live without Respiration Stories of of such as have liv'd long with out Breathing The Reason of what has been said It s Definition It s Situation It s Division Bronchia Bigness Substance The Rings Division Figure Vessels It s Bulk Substance Gristles The Scutiformis The Annular The Guttal The Epiglottis Muscles Common ones Hypothyroides The Proper Muscles The hinder Cricoartaenoides The Lateral Cricoartaenoides Thyro-Artaenoides The Ninth Muscle The Muscle of the Epiglottis The Kernels The Tonsillae Wharton his Error Parotides The Voice A Digression It s Situation It s Connexion Its Vessels It s Substance Kernels It s Us●… Cervix Epomis Shoulders Axilla or Arm-pit●… Iudgment of the Strength of a man's Body It s denomination It s Scituation It s Shape and Bigness The Division The Desinition The 〈◊〉 Why Women have no Beards The Place where they break forth Their Roots The Division They are Heterogeneous Bodies The Form The Efficient Cause The first Original The Diversity The reason of the Colours Why the Hair of the Head first grows grey Signs of the Temper of the Body The Materials of Hair The manner of its Generation Whether the Kernels afford Matter for the Hair 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Matter of Hair be a●… Excrement Objections The ●…lution Turning Grey of a sudden The Reason Whether Hairs be Parts of the Body An Observation Whether store of Hair contribute strength to the Body The Skin Fat Fleshy Pannicle The Pericranium The Periostium Bones Dura Meninx It s Holes Its Vessels It s Duplicature The 〈◊〉 or Scy the. The Cavities Torcular Hierophili The Use of the Cavities Whether any small Pipes in the Hollownesses Tenuis Meninx The Fells of the 〈◊〉 The Brain Whether the Brain be a Bowel or a real Kernel The formation of it The

after they asswage the Pains and carry away noxious Humors Paraeus tells us of one who when all other Remedies would not prevail was at length cured with drinking â„¥ iiij of the Oyl of sweet Almonds mix'd with White-wine and Pellitory-wall-water and then swallowing a leaden Bullet smear'd over with Quick-silver This we also saw our selves of a Trooper who being troubled frequently with the Cholic swallowed three or four Pistol Bullets which coming out again he was presently rid of his Distemper OBSERVATION LI. A Wound in the Head THomas Gravener about sixty years old but a good strong Man of his age a Trooper under Captain Conyers an English Officer upon the fourteenth of November playing with some others in the Lieutenants Quarters by what Misfortune I know not fell backward and broke the hinder Part of his Head against the Pavement which made a slight Wound in the Skin which the Chyrurgeon slighted and only laid some sort of Plaister to it But immediately after the Fall the Trooper grew sick at his Stomach and had an Inclination to Vomit besides he had a slight giddy Pain in his Head yet not so but that he walked the Streets for the three or four first days but upon the sixth day his Face and all his Head began to swell very much The twenty fourth day of November and the eleventh after his Fall about Evening I was sent for I found the Patient very weak with his Face so swell'd that he could not open his Eyes for the Swelling and under his Eyes were black and blew Spots Thereupon having examined the whole Case more diligently from the beginning of the Fall I concluded he would dye in regard that by the Signs his Head seemed to me to be cleft and that the Blood being extravasated between the Meninxes and the Cranium was there putrified and that therefore this Blood which the Chyrurgeon should have drawn out at first by a Perforation of the Cranium would be the Cause of his Death The Chyrurgeons therefore that had him in Cure Mr. Edmunds and his Son observing their Mistake as also the Troopers Wife and Friends earnestly desired that the Operation might yet be try'd and notwithstanding all my Perswasions to the contrary I stood by while it was done Thereupon that Evening the Hair being taken off and a Cross-like Incision made in the place affected the Cranium was laid bare to a good breadth The next day the Tents being taken and the Wound more narrowly look'd into we found a long Fissure in the Skull which Cranium was immediately trepan'd But then we found the Blood which the Wound had bled sticking to the thick Meninx not coagulated or putrified but altogether dry'd up so that it stuck like a clammy Powder the more close to the Meninx and Cranium which was a most certain Sign of Death by reason that the Blood so dry'd could in no manner flow forth So that upon the twenty sixth of November he fell into a deep Sleep and the next day he dy'd ANNOTATIONS COntusions and Wounds in the Head are never to be made slight of For sometimes they deceive the quickest Eyes so that such as seem to be nothing dangerous bring a Man into the greatest hazard of his Life We have observ'd some who after the tenth nay fourteenth and twentieth day after a slight Wound in the Head have felt little or no pain yet of a suddain have been taken with an Apoplexy Convulsions or some terrible Distemper which contrary to expectation has ended their Days Thus a Servant of the Sieur Morignan a French Gentleman falling from his Horse upon his Head had no outward Wound to be seen the first day his Head aked and he was so very Giddy that he could not stand from the second to the twelfth he felt no harm but went about his business The twelfth day he complain'd of a Giddiness of his Head the fourteenth about noon he fell down with an Apoplexy and within a few hours Expir'd In the same manner a Servant of Captain Lucas a Captain of Horse in a Scuffle among certain Souldiers received a slight blow upon the Head with a Cudgel whence ensued a very great swelling without any wound for the first few days he was Giddy after that he complained of a Heaviness of his Head the thirty second day an Epilepsy took him and the forty sixth after the blow he Dyed Convulsive Valeriola also tells a Story of a Woman that having received a very slight Wound with a Pot in her Forehead for two days seemed to aile little or nothing The third day a terrible Fever seiz'd her her face swelled all over with a Redness and Inflammation soon after a Delirium and Convulsion afflicted her to all which Evils upon the fifth day Death put a final end Her Head being open'd there appear'd a Chink in her Skull which was hardly conspicuous a very great Inflammation within the Skull the hard Meninx swelled black and blew and covered with a great quantity of Putrefaction In such cases therefore it is better to lay bare the Skull at first and if need be to perforate then by lingring to expose the Patient to mortal danger OBSERVATION LII A Fissure of the Skull PEter ab Ewjick a Trooper under Captain Conyers about thirty four Years of Age being talking to the Lieutenant with his Hat off in the Yard belonging to his quarters a Servant of the House threw down out of an upper Window a peice of Wood of ten or twelve Pound weight which fell accidentally upon the Troopers Head Immediately the Trooper fell down Speechless and was carry'd into the next Room for dead where for an hours space he appeared so Apoplectic that every Body thought he would have dy'd at length he came to himself but rav'd all that day and the next Night the Chyrurgeon that was sent for perceiving nothing but a slight superficial Wound thought there was no danger and promised to cure him in three or four days However Mr. Cooper not confiding in that Chyrurgeon upon the third day desired me to see him I found him without Pain sound in his judgment with a slight Wound in the fore-part of his Head yet hardly Penetrating his Eyes also were surrounded with black and blew so that so few Symptoms appearing the Chyrurgeon and all the standers-by made slight of the business But I having examined the business from the beginning certainly affirmed that the Skull was either broken or slit and therefore that it was absolutely necessary to make a preforation as soon as possible that the Extravasated Blood might be let out and that there was no dallying till more terrible Symptoms ensued when Art and Industry would be too late so that at length my Advice was followed First therefore after we had loosen'd his Belly with a Glister the same Evening upon the sinister Bone of the Bregma an Incision large enough was made in the form of the Letter T. and the Skull triangularly